XABCH. 1884. MONTHLY WEATEEB REVIEW. 63
;in arch formed near the horizon and gradually moved upward until it reached iE point 15O rloutli of the zenith. When the
teague, Virginia; 30O.3 at Indianola, Tesas, and 30O.1 at Nor- folk, Virginia. Tlie smallest monthly ranges are : 1 O .3 at East- port, Maine; 3O.7 at Ban FranciRco, California ; 5O.9 at Port- land, Oregon ; 6O.7 at Portland, Maine ; i O .2 at Sandy Hook,
New Jersey, and So a t New London, Connecticut. Observn-
tions were not made on account of ice during tlie nionth as fol- lows : Grant1 Haveu, Michigan from 4th to 10th ; Cleveland,
Ohio, from 1st to 23cl,23cl to 26th and 31st ; Toledo, Ohio, from
l R t to 31st ; Sandusky, Ohio, from 1st t;o 19th ; Chicago, Illi-
noiN from 1st to 53d :
Twnperatrcre qf rculzr .h i . Mardi. 1884.
WIaIiani. !- ... -
i MHX. ! Min.
!--
I-_'
:o ;o
Eseansbn. Michigan*. ....................................................
Grand Hnren, Nirhignn t .................................. 44.3 32.1 Indinnub. Texas ................................................ I 72.8 i 52.5 Jnrksonville. Floridn .......................................... Key West. Plorida ................................... Iwkioaw City, Miclligflll* ...................... 31ncon, Fort, Nurth Carulina ..................... 3lnrqnrr tp. I irhigun" _... ........................... MiIwa~~kre, \Viscviirilt *. ....................... ........................................ Mubile. Alabnirln
New Haven, Connrctlcut Nrw London, Co~~nerticnl ......................... New York City ........ .. ................................ Norfulk. Virgiiiir ..................................... Penancola. Fluridn ............................ Portland, ?lainr ....................................... Portland, Urrgun .............................................. 45.6 . 42.7 Provincetown. ninseacIi1tsetta ........................... .I 41.2 I 31.5
Jnndndty, Uliiot .............................................. i 44.0 34.3 Snndy Hook. iirw~J~r8t.). ................................... 41.4 34.2
San Franriwa,. C!nlihmiin .................................. 55.4 j 52.7 Sarnniiah. Grorgia ........................................... 65.8 48.5
Smithrille. North (';irulina ............................... 1 64.1 ! 49.0 Toledo. Oliiot .................................................... 48.5 38.6 \*ilniingtoti. Nvrtli C'nrolina ............................. 1 63.2 I 47.3
Qnlvcston. Texas ............................................... I 71.6 I &
...........................
~
---I
'.' .n. is. I o
16.3
~
4 5
~
38.f
..........I .............. .I ............... 21.0 : 17 4 ' 3.t
12.8 Y 6 . 44.1:
12.1 I I .. 36.1 10.4 ' 22 ; 33.:
..........I ...... ...................... 10.3 I 10 6 . JJA
25.7 I I2 2 66.;
4 9 j 42.:
'
14.7 ! 40 11 j 5p.L
5 i I 34.1
14 0 , 33.f
1.3 I I4 9 ! 23.2
21.3 I 12 1 I 64.8
12.2 I 19 0 , 32.c
20.3
~
9 5 05.2 14.0 ' 18 0 ' UU.2
13.2 I 1: 74.t .......... ! ............ ..............
......................................... I
15.5 I 2 IO ' 9 .t ..............
7.2 I 7 $2 2.7 I 3 3 I 3 .C
l j .0 10 61.7
9 .2
9.4 12 6
.. . . - ._ ........ ....
* Vraw.eii eiitirr nwntl~. t Frown parr #if niamrli: m w t v s f .
VERIFICATIONS.
INDICATIONS.
The detailed comparison of the tri-tlikily intlic;ttions for
Mi~r~li, 1884, with the te1egrtq)hic reports for tlie succeeding t,weuty-four Itoiirs, shows the genernl average percentage of
veriticutions to be S9.Gi per cent, The percentages for the
ibiir elen1ent.w are: weather. 87.26: direction of the wind. 76.51 : I~ ~
~~
te!nperi~.t~re, 80.56 : bnroiieter, ~i .9 4 per cent. BY geographi: ca,l districts they are : for New England, 83.GO ; micldle Atlmi- tic states, S3.4H; soutlr Atlantic states, SA36 ; eastern Gulf
stat.es, 81.4ii ; western Gulf states, 79.73 ; lower lake region, 84.00 ; upper lake region, 83.68; Ohio valley and Tennessee, 84.15 ; upper Mississippi valley, 82.96 ; Missonri vdley, 78.94 ;
north Pacific coast region, 73.37 ; middle Pacific cowt region, 88.16; south Pacific coa.st region, 99.11. There were five omissions to predict, ont of 3,448 or 0.15 per cent. Of the
3,443 predictions that have been made, one hunclred and eleven, or 3.22 per eelit., itW considered to have entirely failed; oue hundred and forty-four, or 4.18 per cent., were one-fourth verified; four hundred and fifty-one, or 13.10 per cent., were
one-half verified; sir hundred and eight, or 17.66 per cent.,
.- . - .......
CAUTIONARY SIGNALS.
During March, 1884, two hundred and forty-six cautionary signals were ordered. Of these, two hundred, or 81.30. per ceut., were justified by winds of twenty-five miles or more, per'' hour, at or within one Iiundred miles of the station. Sixty-
two cautionary off-shore signals were di.rpli%yed, of which num- ber, fifty-four,or 87.09 per ceirt., were fully justified both as to direction and velocity; sixty-oue, or 98.38 per cent., were justified a8 to direction; and fifty-five, or H8.71. per cent., were justified as to velocity. Three C'iiorthwest " signals were dis- played on the lttkes; all ofthese werejustified both as todirection aiicl velocity. Thi-ee hiiadred and eleven signals of all kinds were displayed, two hundred and fifty-seven, or 52.60 per cent., being fully justified. These do not include Nignals ordered et display stations, where the velocity of the wind is only esti- mated. Of the above cautionary off-shore signals, sixty were chauged from cautiona.ry ; the " northwest " signals were alm cha,nge.eil from cautionary. In seventy caseR, winds of twenty-
five miles or more, per liour, were reported tor which 110 sig-
nals were ordered. The verification of railway nigualrJ issued during the mouth
by the '6 Ohio Meteorological Bureau," Professor T. C. Menden-
hall, Director, was a8 follows :
Temperatiire, 99 per cent. : precipitation, 88 per cent. The signals above referred to cotisist of colored symbols diR- I)layed from the sides of the baggage cars on various railroads!..
in Ohio, and represent the daily forecasts as telegraphed from
the office of the Chief Signal Officer to said bureau.
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY.
AURORAS.
An auroral display which occurrt?tl ou the evening of the 28th was observed throughout the northern part of the United
States. This was the most extengively olbserved display of the month, and appear8 to have been most brilhnt fmm the lake region westward to the Pacific. The display occurring on
the evening of the 1st was generally observed in the lake region and New Euglanil. On the 25th a display was obwrved at New River Inlet, North Carolina, which wtw not reported from auy other station. The following reports relate to the
display of the 35th :
Provincetown, Massad~uset.ts : auroral display from 10.50 p.
m. of the 38th, until micluight, consisting of' faint beamn reach-
ing nearly to the zenith. Fall River, Massachusetts : :t brilliant auroral display occur-
red on tlie SStli, lasting from 8 to 11 p. in. The auroral light
extended over rtlmit GOo of the northern horizon a.nd beyond the
zenith. New HRVBII, Ooniieuticiib : an auroral arch, extending over a.bout 100 of the northern horizon, ww visible iu tho northern 4ky at i.30 p. ni. of the 28th. The display wa,s of' moderate
brilliancy and was obscurer1 by clouds et 10 1). 111.
Rochester, New York : iMrOra from 7.20 to 11 1,. 111. of the
9,'Yth ; very bright at, 9 p. m., when beanis of pile yellow color
extmencled upward GSO from the Iiorizon. Oswego, New York : mrora at 8.30 1,. in. of 28l&, consisting
of a band of white light which extended from northwest to east.
Tlie display reached its niasimum bril1i:uicy at 8.55 1). m. and
clisappeitred at 9.30 p. 111.
Alpena, Michigan : 8urora at 23.15 1). m. of 38tlr, confiinting
of a diffuse light with it few pale streamers having an appar-
ent iiiotion froin earst to west. Dulnth, Minnesota : faint aurora at 9.45 1). UI. of the 28th, consisting of flashes of pale green light., atr tinien reitching up-
ward t.0 the zenibh. Escanaba, Michig;tn : ~t brilliant anroral display occurred on
the 38th. It was first neeti at 7.54 p. m. Four minutes later
Bismarck, Dakota : an auroral display, consisting of beam8 extending from. the horizon to the zenith, wm observed from
29d.-Gardiner, Mitine ; Cambridge, Massachusetts j New-
port, Vermont.
observed froin 4.30 until daylight on the morning of the 38th. which extended along the horixoii from north to northeast and
served bright auroral bea,ms of a variety of tints, and having a
from 8 p. m. of the 38th until the early morning of the 29th.
soon south of'
tremulous motion. Baint, Vincent, Minnesota : au auroral display was visible,
it first, appearecl, a corona formed at a
S'Jth.--Toronto, Province of Ontario.
ATiVfOSPHER.IC ELECTRICITY INTERFERING WITH TELE-
i GRAPHIC CONMUNICAT ION. '
Fort Starnuton, New Mexico: ail intense electrical storm pre- vailed on the 13th. Between 15 ni. aucll.30 p. in. the telegraph
Lewiston, Idaho; aurora visible fmm 7.30 to 9.10 p. m. on
the 28th. Port Angeleu, washingtoll ~~~.~.i ~~~ : an wltR \visible in nortller,l $ky at 7.& p. of the 3sth. At m. tllere were obser\ved two mell-cjefined between wllich was
The aurora reached its niaximum brilliancy at 10 p. m., when At there was a beautiful display of '' merry dancers."
p. m. the display bad become very faint. Fort Cauby, Washiugton Territory : a brilliant aiirora w:w observed fi-m 9 to 10 1). In. on the 28th. The clisl>lay consisted
of three &reamers which extmeut2etl to an altitude of 60 from a base of bright bluish-pink color.
band of straw lor^^(^ light,oue one-lla1fdegrees in width,
Other stations re1)orti1lg the <lisplay of the 2St.11 fire as fol-
Massachuset,ts : La,nsing alln Monistique, Michigan ; C1ieste;
North Volueg, and Palermo, New York; Montreal, Province of
: polo, Illinois crenco anti Manchester, Iowa
and Northfield, Minnesota ; Auburn, It.haca, Madison Barracks,
Quebec ; Toronto, Province of Ontario ; Bninbridge Island and Pleasant Grove, Wasliiiigton Tbrritory ; Enil)a,rrms, Frank- lin, Madisoil, Monitowoc, and Wausau, Wisconsin.
Dodge loth, !Uth. Fort Elliot.t, Texas: diiring a high southwesterly wind on the 97th the atniosphere was so charged wit,h electricity that the insulated wire, witlioot battery connection, emitted large elect,ric sparks, accompanied by a lond cracking noise.
charged electric,itg On the 31st. Fort Reno, Incliau Territory : during the wind st,orm of the
2fth, the atmospheric electricity was of sufflcient intensity to
' give o severe shock on t,ouching the telegraph wire or binding
l'osts Of 'lie inst'runlente~ The observer on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, reportn tha$ on the evening of the 8Gth, a11
hands slight shocks were esperienced. This phenomenon was
during which t,iine a light snow fell and a dense fog prevailed.
Thunder st.ornin were reported iu the various districts, at?
hTem E~@and.-9tsh, Xst, %th, Stith, 38th.
CttIltoume1lt, Iudiall Territory : the atl11(%lhere wm highly
pointed objects were wit'h light* On holding l1p the
continued for abOl1t one hour, ' first 11otiCed at 8.40 1). ni.,
THUNDER - rJTORMS.
follows :
1st.-Sycamore, Illinois ; Crewo, Iowa ; Cornish, Eastport, Gardiner, Orono, a,nd Portland, Maine ; Boston and Chmbridge,
Massachusetts ; Alpena, Escanaba, Lansing, Ma.ckinaw Uit,y, Marquette, Manistique, Saartz Creek, Tiiornville, and Tramverse City, Michigan ; Johnson, Nebraska ; Mount Washington,
33d to 36tl1, 2Sth, 89th.
26th
19t.11, 93d t.0 96th.
Floridn. peii.iwtcla.-Sth to 14tli,l7th to 20th, Ed, 34th to
Eastera G,u(f statm.-lst, 31, Gth, 7th, lltli to 13th. 17th to
. Gth.->Iarquet,te, Michigan. 15t h .-S~ndwich, I1 1 i nois.
19th.-Boston, Miwsachusetts ; Mackinow City, Manistique, and Marquette, Micliigau ; Mnnitowoc, Wisconsin ; Cha~tliam,
New Brun~wick mid Sidney, Nova Scotia. 20th.-Fort Buford, Dakota; Riley, Illinois ; Coiiiisli, Gar-
diner, and Orono, &Famine ; Fort Brady, Micliigan ; Cha.tIiam, New Brunswick; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Clha.rlottet,own, Prince Edward Island ; Burlington and Newport,, Vermont ; Einhnr-
I B1st.-Eastport and Orono, Ma,ine ; Boston, M;tssitc.husetts ;
Fort Brady, Manistique, and Traverse City, Micliigm ; Chat-
ham, New Brnnswiak ; Siduey, Nova Scotia; Chitrlottetown, Prince Edward Island : Point Judith, Rhode Island; Burling- ton and Newport, Vermont..
raw and Madison, Wisconsin.
30t.11, 31st. Ext.renae t?.ortlt?rest.-Fort Buford, Dakota, 35th, 36t.h. Upper Mi8sixs.ippi anlley.-lOtli, l l t l i , 31st, 22~1, 24t.h, 35th,
' 27th, 2!8tli, 30t11, 31st.
ilfissoir~ri ~dity.-lOtb, lGt11, lfth, 19th to 23~1, 91th, 25th, 37th, 38t11, 30th, 31st.
Northerib dope.-Cheyenne, Wyoming, 30th; Fort Shaw, Montana., 36t.h ; North Plat,te, Nebraska, 37th, 30th ; Fort Metide, Dakota,, 30th.
SSth, 30tl1, 31st. Middle do~e.-Gth, 9tI1, l O t l i , 15th, 1Gt11, 20th to 23d, 87th,
Soutlrern dope.-tith, 16th to 18th, 31st to 83~1, 30th, 31st.
Soutlr,errb plntenu.-6tb, 15th, J6tl1, 36tl1, 30th.
.$fiddle plateau.-Salt Lake City,. Utah, 5th, cith, 10th; Lo- gan, Utah, 6th.
MABUH, 1884. MONTHLP WBATHER RETLEW. %E
~~
Northern plateau.-BoisB City, Idaho, 35th. Cnlifornin.-Los Angeles a.nd Princetown, 4th ; Sacramento, 9th; Sail Francisco and Oakland, 35th.
The followiiig instances of damage by lightning have been reported :
IndirtnqJoliR, Indiana : the electrical display accompanying the thunder storm of tlie l l t h was very unusual. A building in this city was damaged by the liglitiiiiig and several persons were stsunned. Austin, Teras : during a thuuder stom on the 17th, several objects in this city were struck by lightning.
Montgomery, Alabama : the telephone wires in this city were damaged by lightning during the thunder storin on the night of the 33-34th.
OPTICAL PHENOMENA.
SOLAR HALOS.
Solar halos have been observed in the various districts on
New Etagland.-2d to Stb, loth, llth, 13th to 15tmh, 17th t,o
Middle AtlnnlBa 8t&8.-ht, 10th t,o 12th, 16t11, 18th, SSd,
the following dates :
19th, Blst to 35th, 29th to 31st.
26th, 38th. Sodh Atlantic 8ta.t&8.-3d1 4th, 9th, 10th. 13th, 17th to 90th. 32~1, 34th, 36th to 38th. Ploridn peni~aln.-Archer, 24th. Emtern Gulf statea.-lsth, SOth, 94th. '
Wt%tm Gulf states.-3d, loth, lGth, 18th. Slst, 32d, 35th
27th, 30th. Tenv&eseee and Ohio vaZ&v.--4th, 9th. 12th. lGth, 17th, 35d to SPth, 36th to 28th, 31st.
31at, 33d, 34th.
95th, 2Gtli, %th, 30th.
to 33d, 37th, 29th.
"
Lower lnke region.-1st to 3d, 5th, Gth, loth, 13th, l d t h , lGth,
Upper lake region.-lst, 4th, Gth, Sth, loth, lUh, 16th, SOth,
upper Mi88i88ippi Vdley.-3d, 3d, Gth, Tth, 12th to 16th, f 3 l R t
Niaeouri valley.-5th, Sth, loth, llth, 13t11, lGth, 33d.
,i t i d l e slope.-llth, 14t11, 19tli, 30th, 33d, 30th. Southern ebpe.--Fort Stockton, Tens, 19th. Middle plai!enu.-Salt Lake City, Utah, 13th ; Nephi, Utah, 23d; Carsou City, Nevada, 29th.
Northern pZalea%-Bois6 City, Ids.ho, Sth, 13th, 18th. North Pncific coast region.-Roseburg, Oregon, 13th ; Albmy, Qregon, 39tli, 31st ; Boinbridge Idaucl, Washington Territory, 29th, 30th.
CnZ~omia.-San Fraticisco, lst, 3cl,3d, 7th, 12tb, l'itli, lstli,
alst, 35th; Fall Brook, lst, llth, 90th; Los Angeles am1 Oak- land, 31st.
Lunar lilt lo^ have been observed in the various districts on .the following dates :
Middle Atlatbtic stntee.-lst, 3d, 4th, Gtb, Rth, 10th to 15th, ,95th, 3ht.
8oorth Atlantic.states.-l~t, Gth, 8th to 11th.
Fbvid(r peniscnrh.-3d, 5th, Gth, loth, lath to idth. .Enei!ern Gulf stntes.-2(1, Sth, 9th to llth.
Weatern G*u!t' etcctes.-dth to Gth, 9th to 13th, 30th, 31sL Rio Qrande vnlley.-Rio Qmnde City, Tesas, 31st. l'eniaeeaee a d Ohio .i~nlky.-4t,b7 5th, 9tl1, loth, lath, 13th,
.ht@W lake ,V f ?f l i O ?b .4 t h , Gth, l o t h , 13th. Upper lake region.-lst, 4th to 7th, gth, 12th, 13th, 30th.
Eztrettae northioest.-3d to Gth, 11th.
Upper Mirsissippi ,ralley.-2d, 3c1, 5th to 9tli, ldth, 15th.
Mi88oul.a valley.-4th to Gth, 8th to 12th, 30th. Northern slope.--5th to gth, 13th.
llfiddle elope.-Fort Elliott, Texas, 5th ; Ya,tec! Centre, Kan-
R ~S , and Bed Willow, Nebrmka, 9th. Southern elope.-Fort Stockton, Texaa, 3d, ith ; Fort Davis, Texas, 3d, 5th, 8th.
LUNAR HALOS.
N ~I P E,)&&tbd.-lst, 3d to Gth, 10th to 13th, 17th,19th.
lGth, 22d, 30th, 31st.
Southernplateau.- Wickenburg, Adzons, and El Paso, Texas,
Middle plateau.-Nephi, Utah, 11th ; Salt Lake City, Utah,
Northern plateau.-Lemiston, Idaho, 4th ; Spokane Falls,
North Pacific coast regioa.-lst, 3d, 7th to loth, 12th, 13th. Cal~~ornia.-Fall Brook, 1st ; Sen Diego, lst, 3d: Los Auge-
9th ; Yiima, Arizona, lst, 13th, 14th, 2lst.
13t.h ; Carson City, Nevada, 19th, 31at.
Washington Territory, 'Ith, 10th, 11th.
les, 13th.
MIRAGE.
Vermillion, Dakota, 13th.
Webster, Dakota, 9th.
Manistique, Xichigan, 38th. Gencia, Xebraska, 9th. Indianola,, Texas, %I, 13th.
Pretty Prairie, Kansas, 9th, 12th, Mth. Prof. Cuthbert P. Courad, of E'ayetteville, Arkansas, fur- nishes the following report :
On the eveniy of February 26, 1884, a phenomenon known locally a8
" weather liphkq was the precursor of a violent mow storm. 1 have watched these " weather lights" in this locality for four years, and, while I have lived in
five states east of the Alleghanies, have never witnessed similar phenomena
elsewhere. The nppearance is that of rosy red to white light appearing above the horizon, 5 O , IO', and even 30'. and a11 the way from northeast around to
southwest-sometimes only in the northwest (the most frequent quarter) ;
sonietimes tirst in the northeast, fading out and appearing i n northwakt,
west, or southwest. These lights invariably precede a change in weather-either rain or snow
(i. e., a change invariably follows). but I have not been able to fix upon any definite interval of time.
The Chief Signal Officer desires to 8hte that if others have observed similar phenomena, the reports of such observation&
are desirable.
MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
Couceriiiug the phenomenal appearance of the sky at sun- rise and sunset, which ~B H been observed for several monthn past, the following reports for March have been received. Alabawm.-Red sunsets with afterglow were uoticed at Au- burn, Lee county, and at Tuscumbia, Colbert county, on the 34th aud 35th. Arkmasa8.-Lead Hill, Bootie county, 31st : the red sky at sunrise and sunset has nearly disappeared ; a faint display was observed on the morning of the 3d and on the evening of
the 95th; on the Sd, 34 9bh, llth, and 13th, only a white glare was noticed. Cal.ifor~in .-Hydewil le, Hnmbol d t county : during Narc ti,
the unnsual colors of the sky were only observed before sunrise
and on the morning of t,he 3d, atd on the erening of the 14th. I)a.kola.-Webster, Day county : tlie tmilights observed dur-
iiig March were not so bright m those of February, with the exception of the display of the 13th, which WAS quite brilliant. F/oridn.-Limonla, Hillsborough county : red sunrise on
the 3d. Archer, Ala.chua county : red sunset& on the %I, 15th, 96th;
red suurise on the 16th. Cfeorgia.-l?orsyth, Monroe coiiutg : red auuKets %th, 3ht,
36t11, 28th.
Indiana.-Vevay , Switzerland county : orange-colored sun- rise on the 37th. I~urn.-Hnmboldt, Hiiuibolclt county : red xunaets 011 the
3d, 13th, gud 14th. ~~~sccs.-Welliiigton, Suuiner county, 31nt : the phenome-
nal sunset after-glow was ob.rerved on all clear evening8 dur- ing the month, its brilliaucj having decreased to a great ex.
tent. Sherloctk, Finney county, 31st : the glow at sunrise and sun- set Wils observed several times during the month, but the din- plays were fainter than those of November mid December. Allison, Decatur county : the glows at sunriae and suiiaet,
observed clriring March, were less conspicuous than thoRe Reen
in the preview months.