[Cover]
Environmental Assessment

Lake Tahoe Vegetation Management

Nevada Division of State Parks FEMA-1540-DR-NV, HMGP #1540-2-5 

May 2007 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security
1111 Broadway, Suite 1200 Oakland, California 94607 

[Inside Cover]
This document was prepared by 

URS Corporation
1333 Broadway, Suite 800
Oakland, California 94612

Contract No. HSFEHQ-06-D-0162
Task Order No. HSFEHQ-06-J-039

15298898.20400

Table of Contents
Section 1 	Introduction				1-1
Section 2 	Purpose and Need for Action		2-1
Section 3 	Analysis of Alternatives		3-1
3.1		Alternatives				3-1
3.1.1		Alternative 1: No Action		3-1
3.1.2		Alternative 2: Proposed Action		3-1
Section 4 	Affected Env., Impacts, and Mitigation	4-1
4.1		Geology, Seismicity, and Soils		4-1
4.1.1		Geology and Soils			4-1
4.1.2		Seismicity				4-2
4.2		Air Quality				4-3
4.3		Water Resources				4-4
4.3.1		Surface Water				4-4
4.3.2		EO 11988: Floodplain Management		4-6
4.4		Biological Resources			4-6
4.4.1		Natural Vegetation Communities		4-6
4.4.2		Federally Listed Species		4-10
4.4.3		Invasive Species - EO 13112:		4-12
4.4.4		Wetlands - EO 11990			4-13
4.5		Cultural Resources			4-14
4.6		Socioeconomics and Public Safety	4-15
4.6.1		Economics				4-15
4.6.2		Environmental Justice - EO 12898:	4-17
4.6.3		Public Health and Safety		4-18
4.7		Land Use and Planning			4-20
4.8		Transportation				4-21
4.9		Noise					4-21
4.10		Visual Resources			4-22
4.11		Cumulative Impacts			4-23
Section 5 	Public Participation/Agency Coordination5-1
Section 6 	References				6-1
Section 7 	List of Preparers			7-1
7.1		Federal Emergency Management Agency	7-1
7.2		URS Corporation				7-1

Tables
Table 1. 	Selected 2000 Census Data		4-18

Figures	
Figure 1. 	Vicinity Map				2-2
Figure 2. 	Action Areas				3-5

Appendices
Appendix A	Agency Responses

Acronyms
APE		area of potential effect
BMP		best management practice
CEQ		Council on Environmental Quality
CFR		Code of Federal Regulations
dbh		diameter at breast height
DHS		United States Department of Homeland Security
EA		Environmental Assessment
EO		Executive Order
ESA		Endangered Species Act
FEMA		Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIRM		Flood Insurance Rate Map
GCR		General Conformity Rule
HMGP		Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
NAAQS		National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NDEM		Nevada Division of Emergency Management
NEPA		National Environmental Policy Act
NEWO		Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office
NHPA		National Historic Preservation Act
NPDES		National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRHP		National Register of Historic Places
PA		Programmatic Agreement
Park		Lake Tahoe Nevada State Park
PM2.5		particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter
PM10		particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter
SHPO		State Historic Preservation Officer
sp.		species
State Parks	Nevada Division of State Parks
U.S.		United States
USACE		United States Army Corps of Engineers
USEPA		United States Environmental Protection Agency
USFWS		United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Section 1 Introduction
The Nevada Division of State Parks (State Parks) has applied through the State of Nevada 
Division of Emergency Management (NDEM) to the United States Department of Homeland 
Security (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IX Hazard Mitigation 
Grant Program (HMGP) for funding to implement a vegetation management project in the Lake 
Tahoe Nevada State Park (Park) in Washoe County, Nevada. The HMGP was authorized by 
Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act to provide 
grants to states and local governments to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after 
a major disaster declaration.

FEMA has prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) to evaluate the impacts of the 
proposed HMGP project. The EA has been prepared according to the requirements of the 
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), the Council on Environmental Quality 
(CEQ) regulations implementing NEPA (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Parts 
15001508), and FEMAs implementing regulations (44 CFR Part 10).

The EA process provides steps and procedures to evaluate the potential environmental, social, 
and economic impacts of a proposed action and alternatives as well as an opportunity for the 
public and local, state/territorial, and other federal agencies to provide input and/or comment 
through scoping studies and a public comment period. These potential impacts are measured by 
their context and intensity, as defined in the CEQ regulations. 

Section 2 Purpose and Need for Action
The objective of FEMAs HMGP is to reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters 
and to enable long-term hazard mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate 
recovery from a disaster. Through this program, FEMA provides grants to states and local public 
entities to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after major disaster declarations. In 
2004, the Waterfall Fire burned 8,800 acres in the slopes above Carson City, NV; destroyed 15 
homes and one commercial building; and burned 275 acres within the Park. The fire was 
declared a major disaster (FEMA-1570-DR-NV). This major disaster declaration allows FEMA 
to provide HMGP funds to NDEM for eligible hazard mitigation projects in any county of 
Nevada, including Washoe County. State Parks identified the east slope the Park (i.e., the areas of 
the Park outside of the Lake Tahoe basin) as having a long history and high risk of wildfire and 
seeks an HMGP grant to address this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this action is to provide 
HMGP funding to the Nevada Division of State Parks, through NDEM, to reduce the risk of 
wildfire in Lake Tahoe Nevada State Park.

Fire suppression techniques, repeated drought cycles, insect infestation, and diseases have 
combined in the vicinity of the action area (the east slope of the Park) to result in a thick forest 
with significant ladder fuels (lower branches on trees) and both dead and down and standing 
dead plant material. Due to the condition of this forest, it has the potential to carry intensely hot 
and devastating wildfires. The entire Park and the surrounding areas are susceptible to these 
wildfires. 

The 13,631-acre Park (Figure 1) contains many structures, utilities, and resources that could be at 
immediate risk if a fire started in or migrated through the Park. In addition, surrounding areas 
could also be at risk of a fire starting within or carrying through the east slope area of the Park. 
The Park is adjacent to the communities of Incline Village to the northwest and the Lakeview 
subdivision of Carson City and Washoe County to the northeast. The Park is located close to the 
urban areas of Carson City and the community of Franktown. A 120-kilovolt power transmission 
line traverses the Park for approximately 4.62 miles, running through part of the Parks 
backcountry unit. The power transmission line supplies power to communities on the north side 
of Lake Tahoe. The Park contains the Marlette Lake Water System, a National Register Historic 
District, which currently supplies water to Virginia City, Silver City, Gold Hill, and Carson City. 
The Park has many prehistoric cultural resources and historic cultural resources from the 
Comstock-era. The meadows, streams, lakes, and high peaks contain diverse habitat types. The 
Park contains a large visitor center, camping and day-use facilities, a boat ramp, and many other 
facilities and infrastructure, such as sewage treatment plants, that could be affected or lost in the 
event of a wildfire. Therefore, action is needed to reduce wildfire risks within the east slope of 
the Park.

Figure 1.  
Vicinity Map
[Figure 1 shows both the general location of the proposed project (in an insert) and the specific action 
areas (Priority Zones 1, 2, and 3).]

3.	Section 3 THREE	Analysis of Alternatives
3.1	ALTERNATIVES
3.1.1	Alternative 1: No Action
Inclusion of a no action alternative in the environmental analysis and documentation is required 
under NEPA. The no action alternative is defined as maintaining the status quo with no FEMA 
funding for any alternative action. The no action alternative is used to evaluate the effects of not 
providing eligible assistance for the action, thus providing a benchmark against which the 
action alternatives may be evaluated. For the purpose of this alternative, it is assumed that the 
State Parks would be unable to implement the proposed action for lack of federal assistance, and 
the wildfire hazard on the east slope of the Park would remain unmitigated. Economic losses 
from wildfires would occur on a periodic basis. Adverse environmental, health, and safety effects 
resulting from fires would not be mitigated.

3.1.2	Alternative 2: Proposed Action
State Parks proposes to create fuel breaks along several Park access roads. These fuel breaks 
would extend a maximum of 150 feet on either side of the centerline of the roads in three linear 
alignments referred to as Priority Zone #1, Priority Zone #2, and Priority Zone #3 (Figure 2). In 
addition, fuel reduction activities would occur at two primitive camping areas and at a historical 
structure, all of which are located adjacent to or near to the proposed linear fuel breaks.
 
In general, treatment activities would involve reducing the density of live trees, dead trees, 
downed logs, and general biomass within the priority zones. These activities would occur while 
avoiding sensitive resources. Historical and archaeological resources, except for circumstances 
described below, would be avoided with a 25-foot non-activity zone surrounding each site. 
Riparian areas, except for the specific circumstances described below, would be avoided with an 
approximate 15-foot non-activity zone. 

Before treatment, a forester from the Nevada Division of Forestry would conduct a detailed 
examination of each action sites productivity, exposure, and terrain. This examination would 
result in detailed treatment specifications, such as determination of the exact trees to be cut, 
which trees would be left standing at each priority zone (leave trees), and where exclusion areas 
for sensitive resources would be created. This examination may result in variations from those 
described below in the density of live trees left standing (leave trees) in specific areas. At some 
locations, it may be desirable to have a higher density of leave trees on south-facing slopes and a 
lower density of leave trees on north-facing slopes.

Except where otherwise noted below, treatment areas would be thinned to approximately 20 
leave trees per acre. Trees identified as being hazardous to public safety (hazard trees) would be 
removed. All standing dead trees would be cut with the exception of trees deemed valuable as 
wildlife snags. Live trees with a 24-inch diameter breast height (dbh) size or greater would be 
left to add to the forest old growth component, unless they are considered a hazard. Pine species 
would be given priority as leave trees. The resultant leave trees would represent an uneven-aged 
forest, to the extent practical. Stump height would not exceed 2 inches measured from the ground 
on the uphill side or 4 inches above natural obstacles. A fungicide (Sporax) would be applied to 
all live-cut stumps greater than 3 inches in diameter, except for stumps in wet areas. Ladder fuels 
would be removed as high as is safely possible by work crews, but no greater than one-third of 
the canopy would be removed. All dead and decadent shrubs (shrubs with less than 50 percent 
foliar cover), all shrubs growing directly beneath the drip line of leave trees, and a minimum of 
50 percent of the remaining live brush would be removed to reduce horizontal fuel continuity. 
Some downed logs would be left in the treatment areas and would be preferentially located 
parallel to slope contours to slow and disperse water runoff throughout the area. Downed 
decaying logs would be reserved for wildlife, erosion control, and nutrient cycling. 

Felled trees and cut debris would be kept out of waterways. Any material that falls or rolls into 
stream channels, open water, perennial streams, and intermittent streams as a result of the 
proposed action would be removed immediately.
 
Stems usable as fuel wood (cordwood) would be cut into approximate 18-inch lengths, moved to 
roadside areas, and stacked. Except where otherwise noted, this cordwood would be moved to 
staging areas and made available to the public. Standing dead trees designated as wildlife habitat 
or downed, decaying logs would be left undisturbed. All other biomass would be chipped, piled 
and burned, or burned in place. 

All burning activities would be conducted under a prescription fire plan that would be developed 
and approved by the Nevada Division of Forestry. Burn piles would be approximately 4 feet tall 
and 5 feet in diameter. Burning sites for burn piles would be established in open canopy areas to 
prevent the scorching of live trees. Large pieces of wood that would not be able to completely 
burn in a 5-hour burn day would not be placed in burn piles. Feeder piles would be fed into the 
burn pile when the flame length permits it. The work crew supervisor would call the local Fire 
District before igniting any burn piles. A forester from the Nevada Division of Forestry would be 
on-site during the pile burning.
 
Chipped biomass would be broadcast in areas where an inadequate forest floor duff layer exists 
(less than approximately 4 to 5 inches of duff layer). In areas where a maximum duff layer (6 
inches) already exists, excess chips would be moved to staging areas for future disposal or 
dissemination. Trimming, tree felling, and other cutting activities would be conducted using hand 
tools. Work crews would reach a maximum of 34 people working on vegetation management 
activities for the action at any one time. A forester from the Nevada Division of Forestry would 
be on-site during treatment activities. Staging areas would occur on the existing dirt roads. 
Chippers, log splitters, and other mechanized equipment would be used at staging areas. 
Activities such as the refueling of equipment would be conducted away from water bodies and 
camping areas and would be confined to staging areas.
 
Action activities would occur in the spring, summer, and fall after the ground has dried from the 
winter thaw. Treatment activities would likely occur for 75 days each year, over a 3-year period.

Specific treatment activities for each priority zone are described below.

Priority Zone #1
Priority Zone #1 would be subdivided into three areas. Area 1 would extend from the eastern 
terminus of this zone, at the sawmill steam boiler, to Hobart Reservoir. Area 2 would be at 
Hobart Campground, a primitive campground adjacent to Hobart Reservoir. Area 3 would extend 
from Hobart Reservoir to Sunflower Hill Junction at the western terminus of this zone.
 
In Area 1, aside from the general treatment specifications described above, approximately five 
dead trees per acre would be left as wildlife snags. Where available, a minimum of five downed 
logs larger than a 15-inch dbh and 20 feet in length would be retained per acre.

In Area 2, the treatment area would consist of a 150-foot radius along the outside of the 
horseshoe access road to the campsites except at Hobart Reservoir and Franktown Creek, 
where no treatment would occur. Aside from the general treatment specifications described 
above, all standing dead and hazard trees would be removed. No wildlife snags would be left in 
this area. Areas adjacent to the open water and streams at this site would be treated for aspen 
release only. All small-diameter, dense stands of lodgepole and fir would be removed. Removal 
of small lodgepole and fir saplings would not occur closer than 15 feet from open water. Ladder 
fuel removal would be a priority in areas adjacent to campground fire rings and may require the 
use of ladders or pole-saws to increase cutting height. A 15-foot radius around each campground 
fire ring would be cleared of all vegetation. Any ladder fuels entering this perimeter would be 
removed to a minimum of 15 feet above the ground. Dead shrub patches would be completely 
removed. Where available, a minimum of three downed logs larger than 15 inches dbh and 20 
feet in length would be left per acre. 

Area 3 encompasses an established aspen community. Treatment specifications would be 
designed to encourage growth of aspen stands. All aspen plants would be left with the exception 
of hazard trees and all leave trees would represent an uneven-aged forest. All conifer vegetation 
less than 24 inches dbh would be removed. Where available, a minimum of three downed logs 
larger than 15 inches dbh and 20 feet in length would be left per acre. Except for these downed 
logs, all other standing dead and dead and downed vegetation would be removed. Conifer 
vegetation greater than 24 inches dbh may have ladder fuels removed to 15 feet or as high as 
possible. Understory shrubs would be cut back to waist height. Damage to residual aspen trees 
and regeneration would be minimized to prevent spread of disease such as aspen cankers.
 
Priority Zone #2
Priority Zone #2 would extend linearly from the top of Sunflower Hill on Hobart Road to the 
junction of Hobart Road and Tahoe Rim Trail. In addition, this treatment zone would include 
Marlette Peak Campground. Aside from the general treatment specifications described above, 
treatment along the road would result in approximately five dead trees per acre to be left as 
wildlife snags. Where available, a minimum of five downed logs larger than 15-inch dbh and 20 
feet in length would be retained per acre. 

In Marlette Peak Campground, treatment areas would be 150 feet to the exterior of the existing 
wagon wheel campground layout (approximately 250 feet from the center of campground at the 
bear pole). Aside from the general treatment specifications described above, all standing dead 
vegetation would be removed, hazard trees within the 150-foot boundary would be removed, and 
ladder fuels would be removed to a minimum of 15 feet above the ground. A 15-foot radius 
around each fire ring in the campground would be cleared of all vegetation. Any ladder fuels 
within this perimeter would be removed to a minimum of 15 feet above the ground. Burn piles 
would not be located within the campground area.

In this priority zone, cordwood moved to staging areas may or may not be made available to the 
public. Public access to this wood may be prohibitive and present unacceptable impacts to the 
park resources due to the distance the public would need to travel and the poor road conditions to 
access some of this zone. Cordwood vendors may be used instead for biomass disposal.
 
Considerations for cordwood vendors would be explored as implementation of the proposed 
action progresses.

Priority Zone #3
Priority Zone #3 would extend linearly along East Tunnel Creek Road and would include the 
area immediately surrounding the Hannahs Cabin historical site. Aside from the general 
treatment specifications described above, treatment along the road would result in approximately 
five dead trees per acre to be left as wildlife snags. Where available, a minimum of five downed 
logs larger than 15-inch dbh and 20 feet in length would be retained per acre.

A 25-foot radius non-activity zone would be flagged around the Hannahs Cabin structure with 
the exception of the removal of hazard trees and the removal by hand of dead and down biomass. 
In addition to the treatment specifications described above, the excessive amount of dead and 
down trees within 150 feet of the cabin would be removed outside of the non-activity zone. A 
splitting operation may be necessary to remove large-diameter trunks. Hazard trees within 100 
feet of the cabin would be removed. All trees would be directionally felled away from the cabin 
site. Burn piles would not be located within 50 feet of the cabin site. Burn piles near the cabin 
site would not be greater than 4 feet in diameter and must completely burn in a 5-hour burn day.

Figure 2.  
Action Areas
[Figure 2 shows a close-up of the action areas (Priority Areas 1, 2, and 3).]

Section 4 Affected Environment, Impacts, and Mitigation
This section describes existing conditions in the action area, evaluates the potential for the no 
action alternative and the proposed action to result in direct and indirect impacts on the 
environment, and discusses mitigation measures to avoid or minimize these impacts. This section 
focuses on the environmental resources for which some level of impact may result: geology, 
seismicity, and soils; air quality; water resources; biological resources; cultural resources; 
socioeconomics and public safety; land use and planning; transportation; noise; and visual 
resources. No other resource areas require evaluation pursuant to NEPA.

4.1	GEOLOGY, SEISMICITY, AND SOILS
4.1.1	 Geology and Soils
Affected Environment
The action area is located east of the Tahoe Basin, in the western Carson Range of the Basin and 
Range physiographic province. This province is characterized by parallel mountain ranges and 
basins  an area of east-west extension, which has resulted in a series of north-south trending 
ranges and sediment-filled valleys bounded by high-angle normal faults. This landscape was 
formed by a combination of volcanic activity and a consequence of plate tectonics called block 
faulting. The Carson Range was formed by uplifting between 2 and 10 million years ago.
 
Geologic hazards in the region include a potential of landslides. Localized, small-sized landsides 
may occur on steeper mountain slopes if sufficient rainfall occurs on unprotected land surfaces. 
Landslide potential can be exacerbated by wildfires that destroy the stabilizing vegetative ground 
cover, thereby resulting in increased risk of landslide, mudslide, or debris flow during high-
rainfall events.
 
The soils in the action area consist of primarily stony sands and loams that were weathered from 
volcanic andesites or granitic glacial deposits. In Priority Zone 1, the soils are roughly 75 percent 
Temo-Witefels-Rock outcrop association, which are bouldery coarse well-drained woodland 
sands formed from weathered granites. The zone also included poorly-drained Marla loamy sand 
in outwash fans, and some Inville variant gravelly sandy loam. In Priority Zone 2, the soils are 
approximately 50 percent Temo-Witefels-Rock outcrop association. The other half are Tallac 
very bouldery sandy loam, a well-drained soil weathered from glacial deposits. Finally, in 
Priority Zone 3, the soils are roughly 75 percent Jorge-Boomtown-Fugawee association, which 
consists of well-drained, very stony sandy loam, formed from weathered basic volcanic 
andesites. The remaining soils are Apmat gravelly sandy loams, which are found in alluvial 
glacial outwash of volcanic rocks (NRCS 2004).

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. During and after wildfires, soil of the east slope of the Park would be 
substantially less vegetated and would be highly susceptible to increased erosion; dry ravel; rock 
fall; debris flows; and flooding during precipitation events. The destabilization of the soils could 
lead to an increase in the landslide hazard in the vicinity. These resulting geologic hazards would 
result in an increased to loss of life and property downstream of the fire. Post-fire mitigation to 
reduce this vulnerability would be costly and its effectiveness would be uncertain.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Under the proposed action, no impacts would occur to geology, and the potential for landslides 
would remain unchanged. The vegetation removal would not result in an overall loss of 
stabilizing vegetative ground cover. Implementation of the proposed action would not alter the 
potential for landslides.
 
Soils would be temporarily affected by implementation of the proposed action. Activities such as 
vegetation removal can cause compaction and leave soils exposed and susceptible to water and 
wind erosion. Areas that would be disturbed by action activities would be stabilized with erosion 
control measures to reduce any erosion that might occur. State Parks would minimize any ground 
disturbance from the impact of felling trees, from transporting biomass to staging areas, and from 
foot traffic from hand-thinning crews. Best management practices (BMPs) would be employed, 
such as chipping and spreading removed biomass to maintain an appropriate duff layer, which 
would eliminate or reduce soil erosion during the implementation of the proposed action and 
after the action is complete. All vehicle disturbances would be kept to hardened access roads.

The proposed action would reduce the hazard of large wildfires in the east slope of the Park. This 
would result in beneficial effects to soils in the Park, which would be susceptible to erosion, dry 
ravel, rock fall, and debris flows after large wildfires.
 
The proposed action would not result in an adverse impact to geology and soils.

4.1.2	Seismicity 
Affected Environment
The Carson Range is a seismically active area, with noticeable earthquakes occurring frequently. 
Thirteen earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or greater have occurred in the region since 1850. FEMA 
classifies the Reno/Lake Tahoe/Carson City region as Seismic Zone 4, which means it will 
experience earthquake ground shaking of greater than 0.5g peak horizontal acceleration (where 
g is the unit used to express gravitational force) and has a one in 500 chance per year of 
sustaining substantial building damage (i.e., 10 percent probability of experiencing ground 
shaking of at least 0.5g every 50 years). This is the highest hazard zone on this scale.

Executive Order (EO) 12699, Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or Regulated 
New Building Construction, requires newly constructed buildings to meet standards for seismic 
safety set by the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. However, EO 12699 applies 
only to construction of new buildings that are to be used or intended for sheltering persons or 
property. Because the HMGP project does not involve new building construction, EO 12699 does 
not apply.

Environmental Consequence
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, no impacts would occur to the existing seismicity.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Under the proposed action, the potential for earthquakes remains unchanged. An earthquake of 
0.5g is unlikely to affect the proposed action. Evacuation routes would not be altered by 
implementation of the proposed action.

4.2	AIR QUALITY
Affected Environment
The Clean Air Act is a comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, 
stationary, and mobile sources. It authorizes the United States Environmental Protection Agency 
(USEPA) to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) to protect public 
health and the environment. The NAAQSs include standards for the following six criteria 
pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter less than 
2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10). 
Areas where the monitored concentration of a pollutant exceeds the NAAQS are classified as 
being in nonattainment for that pollutant. The Clean Air Act requires that State Implementation 
Plans be developed for nonattainment areas. These plans are to address how compliance with the 
NAAQS would be achieved for criteria pollutants. If the monitored concentration is below the 
NAAQS, the area is classified as being in attainment.
 
The federal General Conformity Rule (GCR) was established by the USEPA and the U.S. 
Department of Transportation. The GCR requires the analysis for all federal actions of emissions 
of criteria pollutants, or their precursors, for which an area is designated nonattainment. The 
GCR includes a comprehensive set of exemptions found in 40 CFR 51.853. Each federal action 
must be reviewed to determine whether it qualifies for one of the GCR exemptions or whether 
further analysis is required under the GCR to establish conformity with the applicable State 
Implementation Plans.

Washoe County is classified as being in attainment or is unclassified for ozone, nitrogen dioxide, 
sulfur dioxide, lead, and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter. However, Washoe 
County is in serious nonattainment for concentrations of PM10 (USEPA 2007). Because the 
region is in nonattainment for a criteria pollutant, the GCR applies.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, air quality standards would not be directly affected. However, in 
the event of a wildfire within or carrying through the east slope of the Park, the resulting smoke 
would cause temporary, adverse impacts to air quality. Smoke from a fire consists of carbon 
dioxide, water vapor, and particulates (some of which contain volatile organic compounds and 
carbon monoxide). In addition, support vehicles used in fighting the wildfire would cause a 
slight, temporary increase of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur 
dioxide, and ozone precursors. Soils exposed by a wildfire would increase particulate matter 
levels through wind erosion.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed action would result in minor, short-term deterioration of air 
quality. The action-related effects to air quality would be limited to increases of fugitive dust, 
equipment-related fossil fuel combustion emissions, and smoke released from biomass burn 
piles. Fossil fuel combustion from equipment and vehicles used in action implementation would 
result in minor and short term emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, 
volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Pile burning activities would occur during a 
5-hour period. Smoke from biomass burn piles would consist of carbon dioxide, water vapor, 
particulates (some of which contain volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide). Prior to 
igniting burn piles, a forester from the Nevada Division of Forestry would notify the Washoe 
County Air Quality Management Division of the planned burning activities. Washoe County Air 
Quality Management Division requires no additional action from State Parks when conducting 
biomass pile burning, per the State of Nevada Revised Statutes. Because of the temporary nature 
of emissions from the proposed action, fugitive dust, equipment-related fossil fuel combustion 
emissions, and smoke released from biomass burn piles would not result in adverse affects to air 
quality.

The proposed action qualifies under an exemption of the GCR. Applicable exempt actions are 
described as those which implement a decision to conduct or carry out a conforming program, 
such as prescribed burning actions, which are consistent with a conforming land management 
plan (40 CFR Sections 51.853(c)(4) and 93.153(c)(4)). The proposed action would implement 
the phase one program of the East Slope Fuels Reduction Program land management plan. 
Therefore, the proposed action would be exempt from the GCR applicability requirement, would 
conform to the applicable State Implementation Plans, and a formal determination of the GCR is 
not required.

To minimize the effects on air quality, State Parks would maintain properly tuned mechanical 
equipment, minimize idling time of support vehicles, and employ dust control measures, such as 
watering work sites, as necessary.

Under the proposed action, no long-term impacts would occur to air quality in the action area.

4.3	WATER RESOURCES
4.3.1	Surface Water
Affected Environment
Hydrology and water resources in the Park are depended upon by towns and cities in the 
region.The Park is home to the historic Marlette Lake Water System, which supplies water to 
Virginia City, Silver City, Gold Hill, and Carson City. This National Civil Engineering Landmark 
system was originally developed in the 1870's to supply water to the booming Comstock mining 
area, and today 100 percent of the municipal needs for Virginia City and around 30 percent of the 
annual needs of Carson City are still provided by this system. The system includes Marlette 
Lake, Hobart Reservoir, and a system of flumes and pipelines that transport an average of 16,925 
acre feet/year of water.
 
Precipitation in the action area is around 17 inches annually, falling primarily as rain or snow in 
the winter months, although more snow can accumulate at higher elevations. Precipitation along 
the western slope of the Carson Range is collected by the water system. As shown in Figure 2, 
several ephemeral and perennial creeks and drainages occur in the Park. The streams and creeks 
in the general action area drain into the Washoe Valley.
 
The provision of high-quality municipal water is a critical function of the Park. Portions of the 
Marlette Lake Water System were damaged during the Waterfall Fire of 2004, and the system is 
still at risk of damage due to wildfire. In addition, the quality of surface water in the vicinity of 
the action area in the Park effects the downstream water quality in Washoe Valley. Intact 
vegetation, especially in the riparian area around streams, provides important controls for 
minimizing runoff and sedimentation. Complete loss of vegetation, as occurs during a wildfire, 
can significantly reduce water quality by destabilizing soil. This results in an increased in surface 
runoff, sedimentation, and in some severe cases, it can lead to mud slides, debris flows, or 
landslides. The proposed action is located outside the Lake Tahoe Basin, however, the proposed 
action would help protect parts of the park that are within the basin.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that project proponents receive a United States 
Department of the Army permit for work involving the discharge of dredged or fill materials in 
waters of the United States. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible 
for reviewing actions for United States Department of the Army permits. Section 401 of the 
Clean Water Act requires that applicants for federal permits or licenses to conduct work 
involving any discharge into waters of the United States receive a Water Quality Certification. 
Nevada Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for reviewing actions for Water 
Quality Certification. A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is 
required for any action that disturbs 1 acre of land or more. 

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. The Marlette Lake Water System would remain at risk for damage due to a 
catastrophic wildfire. After a wildfire, downstream surface water quality would be affected. 
Surface water quality would deteriorate as a result of increased sedimentation, turbidity, and 
concentrations of suspended solids due to the vegetation from a catastrophic wildfire. These 
effects would be short-term; as vegetation recovers in the burned area, turbidity and suspended 
sediment concentrations would gradually lower to pre-fire levels.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
The proposed action would involve minimal activities within streams or water bodies, and it 
would result in no discharges or fill in waters of the United States (U.S.). The proposed action 
would not require Section 404, Section 401, or NPDES permits.

State Parks would implement BMPs, when applicable, including erosion control measures, to 
reduce the potential for erosion to occur from action activities. All vegetation removal activities 
would flag and avoid a 15-foot buffer in riparian areas, except for the removal of fir trees that 
have invaded the riparian zone. Other BMPs may include but are not limited to using silt fencing 
and chipping and spreading biomass in cleared areas to maintain a 4- to 6-inch duff layer. The 
application of fungicides (Sporax) to freshly cut stumps for disease control would not occur in 
permanently wet areas. With the implementation of these measures, direct impacts to water 
quality as a result of the proposed action would be minimal.
 
Implementation of the proposed action would help mitigate threats to water quality due to 
wildfire by protecting vegetation as well as the Marlette Lake Water System. The proposed 
action would not have a long-term adverse impacts on water quality.

4.3.2	EO 11988: Floodplain Management
Affected Environment
EO 11988, Floodplain Management, requires federal agencies to avoid, to the extent possible, the 
short- and long-term adverse impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of 
floodplains. FEMAs regulations for complying with EO 11988 are found at 44 CFR Part 9.

According to the 1994 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) for the action area, the action 
area is within Zone X, an area outside the 500-year flood plain.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, no impacts would occur to flood hazards in the action area.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed action would have no impact on flood hazards in the action 
area.No further action under EO 11988 would be required.
 
4.4	BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4.1	Natural Vegetation Communities
Affected Environment
Vegetation communities found within the action area were identified and mapped in the field by 
using high quality aerial photography obtained from the Nevada Department of Transportation 
for the Marlette Lake Area. Nine vegetation communities were identified in the action area. The 
communities include Sierran Mixed Conifer, Montane Chaparral, Montane Riparian, Aspen, 
Sagebrush, Bracken Fern, Sunflower, Grassland, and Disturbed. A description of each of the 
vegetation communities located within the action areas is provided below.

Sierran Mixed Conifer
The majority of the action area is composed of Sierran Mixed Conifer. This community is 
described as containing more than three kinds of conifer species. The dominant conifer species 
within this community type include Jeffrey pine (Pinus jefferyii), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), 
Western white pine (P. monticola), white fir (Abies concolor), and red fir (A. magnifica). The 
dominance of these species shifts within the action area with relation to slope, aspect, soil, 
availability of moisture, and elevation. The understory within the community is varied and 
composed of a variety of shrubs, herbs, and grasses including, but not limited to, Sierra bilberry 
(Vaccinum caespitosum), tobacco brush (Ceanothus velutinus var. velutinus), mountain 
whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus), green leaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), bitterbrush 
(Purshia tridentata), sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus sp.), currants 
(Ribes spp.), buckwheat (Eriogonum sp.), arrow-leaved balsam-root (Balsamorhiza sagittata), 
bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens), woolly mules ears (Wyethia mollis), lupine 
(Lupinus sp.), and spreading phlox (Phlox diffusa). The assemblage of dominant tree canopy 
cover varies in each Priority Zone of the action area. 

Montane Chaparral
Montane Chaparral areas are located in the central portion of Priority Zone 1. This community is 
found on exposed granitic soils with rock outcrops and contains sparse conifer coverage. This 
vegetation community is dominated by low growing shrub species such as Sierra bilberry, 
tobacco brush, and green leaf manzanita. This shrub association is also found in some of the 
Sierran Mixed Conifer areas where an open canopy occurs. This community is fire adapted and 
typically species sprout back following a fire.
 
Aspen
Aspen groves are located in various locations adjacent to streams and wetland areas within all 
three of the priority zones. These areas are characterized by a canopy of quaking aspen (Populus 
tremuloides). Aspen trees are phreatophytes and have deep root systems that allow them to grow 
in both wetland and adjacent upland areas. In some areas conifers, such as white fir and 
lodgepole pine, have invaded these stands. Occasionally, shrub layer species occurring within 
this community include several different species of willow as described in Montane Riparian 
(below). Ground-cover species within this area are typically a dense assemblage of herbs and 
grasses, including cow lily (Veratrum californicum var. californicum), horse tail (Equisetum 
arvenses), onion (Allium sp.), Fendlers meadow rue (Thalictrum fendleri var. fendleri), and 
canarygrass (Phalaris sp.). 

Montane Riparian
Montane Riparian areas are found adjacent to and within streams and adjacent wetlands. This 
community is characterized by low growing shrub to small tree species predominately composed 
of several different species of willow including Eastwood willow (Salix eastwoodiae), 
Lemmons willow (S. lemmonii), Scoulers willow (S. scouleriana), and narrow-leaved willow 
(S. exigua). An occasional Aspen tree was present and a dense, diverse assemblage of 
herbaceous ground cover is present throughout this community. The dormant herbaceous and 
graminaceous vegetation within this community is similar to that observed within the Aspen 
designations.

Sunflower
One area was identified as a Sunflower community. This area was devoid of dominant tree and 
shrub species and the herbaceous layer in the community was dominated by woolly mules ears 
and arrow-leaved balsam-roothead. Other subdominant vegetative species observed include 
immature red fir, bitterbrush, sagebrush, lupine, and Andersons thistle (Cirsium andersonii). 
This designation is located in proximity to the eastern extent of Priority Zone 3 and within the 
central portion of Priority Zone 2 near the turn-off road to Hannahs cabin.

Bracken Fern
One area was dominated by bracken fern located on the western portion of Priority Zone 3 on a 
steep hillside. This area is devoid of canopy tree species and shrubs and is composed almost 
exclusively of bracken fern. Factors that may have created this forest opening include prior forest 
disturbance, slope, aspect and variation in the soil.
 
Grassland
Three areas are identified as grasslands composed of a variety of herbs and grasses. These areas 
are open and devoid of tree species and contain less than 10 percent of shrub species. Due to the 
timing of the surveys many species within this vegetation association were not identifiable, 
species such as bluegrass (Poa sp.), other unidentifiable grass species (Poaceae), lodgepole pine 
saplings, bitterbrush, sagebrush, rabbitbrush, onion, and cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.). Grasslands 
are located in the central portions of Priority Zone 1 and Priority Zone 2, as well as at the 
extreme eastern edge of Priority Zone 3. 

Sagebrush
Sagebrush vegetation communities were identified in several areas where canopy coverage was 
absent. This community is dominated by sagebrush with associated species such as lupine, 
bitterbrush, buckwheat, unidentified grasses (Poaceae), and immature western white pine. This 
community was identified in the west-central portion of Priority Zone 2. Some characteristics of 
this ground-cover assemblage are also present in the Sierran Mixed Conifer community where 
tree coverage and a relatively open canopy occur. 

Disturbed
Disturbed areas were identified throughout the central portion of each of the priority zones. The 
disturbed areas are primarily composed of dirt roads, camping grounds, or bare ground. These 
areas are primarily at grade with some cut and fill. These areas are typically not vegetated.
 
Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. In the event of a large wildfire, biological resources could be adversely 
directly affected through mortality of the flora and fauna of the burned areas. Indirect adverse 
effects would likely occur due to the destruction of habitat through loss of vegetative cover, 
erosion, and sedimentation. These indirect effects from habitat loss could be short-term as the 
burned areas would eventually revegetate, however, it is uncertain if the habitat that would 
become established after a large wildfire would be the same prior to a wildfire. Invasive plant 
species could become dominant and the habitat could become converted to a habitat with lower 
biological diversity.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
The proposed action would result in temporary adverse effects to biological resources but would 
have long-term beneficial effects. The removal of trees, thinning of branches, removal of dead 
trees, and downed logs, and a reduction of the general biomass of the action area would result in 
direct effects to individual trees and the specific biota that would be occupying the removed 
biomass. However, the proposed action would result in an action area that more closely mimics a 
forest habitat that experiences natural disturbance regimes, such as occasionally low intensity 
fire. The proposed action would result in improvements to the habitat of the action area. 
Vegetative response after implementation of the proposed action would result in the appropriate 
growth of desirable native plant species; enhance wildlife habitat, and improved aquatic habitat. 
In addition, the proposed action would reduce the hazard of the large wildfire in the area, which 
would have long-term beneficial effects to biological resources within the action area and the 
general vicinity of the action area.

4.4.2	Federally Listed Species
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 establishes a federal program to conserve, protect, 
and restore threatened and endangered plants and animals and their habitats. Section 7 of the 
ESA specifically charges federal agencies with the responsibility of using their authority to 
conserve threatened and endangered species. All federal agencies must ensure that any action 
they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a 
threatened or endangered species or result in the destruction of critical habitat for these species.

Affected Environment
FEMA obtained information concerning species that are listed as endangered or threatened, 
proposed for listing as endangered or threatened, or candidates for listing as endangered or 
threatened under the ESA that may occur in the action area.. The background data review 
identified three wildlife species known from the action vicinity that are federally listed as 
threatened or endangered: bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Lahontan cutthroat trout 
(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi), and Carson wandering skipper (Pseudocopaeodes eunus 
obscurus). Based on the habitat identified in the action area and its historic range, the bald eagle 
is the only federally listed species that has the potential to occur in the action area. 

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout
The Lahontan cutthroat trout occur in a wide variety of cold-water habitats including large 
terminal alkaline lakes (e.g., Pyramid and Walker lakes); alpine lakes (e.g., Lake Tahoe and 
Independence Lake); slow meandering rivers (e.g., Humboldt River); mountain rivers (e.g., 
Carson, Truckee, Walker, and Marys rivers); and small headwater tributary streams (e.g., Donner 
and Prosser creeks) (NFWO 2006). Generally, Lahontan cutthroat trout occur in cool flowing 
water with available cover of well-vegetated and stable stream banks, in areas where stream 
velocity breaks occur, and in relatively silt free, rocky riffle-run areas. The action area does not 
provide suitable habitat for the Lahontan cutthroat trout because it lacks these habitat features.

Carson Wandering Skipper
The Carson wandering skipper is locally distributed in grassland habitats on alkaline substrates 
in Nevada and California. Salt grass is the larval food plant and is commonly found in the salt-
bush-greasewood community of the intermountain west (NFWO 2006). Known nectar sources 
for the adults include thelypody (Thelypodium crispum), tumble mustard (Sisymbrium 
altissimum), racemose golden-weed (Pyrrocoma racemosus), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), 
bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), slender birds-foot trefoil (Lotus tenuis), slender cleomella 
(Cleomella parviflora), small-flowered cleomella (Cleomella plocasperma), and heliotrope 
(Heliotropium curassavicum) (NFWO 2006). Suitable habitat for the Carson wandering skipper 
appears to have the following characteristics: located east of the Sierra Nevada, elevation less 
than 5,000 feet, presence of salt grass; near nectar sources, near open areas near springs or other 
water bodies, and possibly near geothermal activity (NFWO 2006). The action area does not 
provide suitable habitat for the Carson wandering skipper because it is located from 
approximately 7,200 to 8,200 feet in elevation, which is above this species known range.
	
Bald Eagle
The bald eagle is listed as threatened under the federal ESA since 1995. The current range of the 
bald eagle includes all of the conterminous United States and Alaska. Bald eagles winter 
throughout most of California and Nevada at lakes, reservoirs, river systems, and some 
rangelands and coastal wetlands. Currently, no proposed or designated critical habitat occurs for 
this species.

The bald eagle is especially common in areas with large expanses of aquatic habitat. Throughout 
their range, they select large, super-canopy roost trees that are open and accessible, mostly 
conifers. They winter primarily in coastal estuaries and river systems, where thousands of bald 
eagles migrate each fall to take advantage of salmon-spawning runs.
Bald eagles are monogamous and thought to mate for life unless one mate dies. Their breeding 
season extends from January through August. Bald eagles build large stick nests lined with soft 
materials and nests may be used for several years by the same pair of eagles. The main current 
cause of their declining bald eagle populations is the loss of nesting habitat due to development 
along the coast and near inland rivers and waterways.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unchanged. In the event of a large wildfire, potential bald eagle habitat (both inside and 
outside the Park) could be adversely directly affected within the burn area. The effect of this 
habitat loss would be long-term as the large trees used by bald eagles for nesting would take 
several decades to grow to the size that would be used by nesting eagles.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
FEMA initiated consultation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for the 
proposed action on December 20, 2005. FEMA determined that the proposed action would not 
likely adversely affect any federally listed species in the action area. FEMA documented the 
results of this determination in a "No Likely Adverse Affect" Letter Report that summarized the 
findings of the biological surveys performed at the action site. In electronic correspondence to 
FEMA on March 12, 2007, the USFWS issued a determination of "no effect" to federally listed 
species. USFWS reasoned that because no bald eagle nest sites occur within 1 mile of the action 
sites and no loud concussive noise (blasting, heavy equipment, etc.) would be generated by the 
action, there would be no effect on bald eagles (Appendix A). Therefore, FEMA has determined 
that implementation of the proposed action would not likely to adversely affect Federally listed 
species or their critical habitat. 

4.4.3	Invasive Species - EO 13112: 
Affected Environment
Under EO 13112 actions that occur on federal lands or are federally funded must be subject to 
the availability of appropriations, and within administration budgetary limits, use relevant 
programs and authorities to: (i) prevent the introduction of invasive species; (ii) detect and 
respond rapidly to, and control, populations of such species in a cost-effective and 
environmentally sound manner; (iii) monitor invasive species populations accurately and 
reliably; and (iv) provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions in ecosystems 
that have been invaded.

No invasive species were identified in the action area during biological resources field surveys.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. With an unmitigated fire hazard, there would be potential for a large fire to 
occur that could result in the establishment of invasive species in the burned area.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Under the proposed action, vegetation would be selectively cleared from the action area. The 
action is designed to help restore the action areas to a natural healthy function in the absence of 
normal fire regime. The action areas would remain vegetated with native species. Invasive 
species are not expected to become established in the action area as a result of the proposed 
action. Occasional maintenance of the action area by State Parks to maintain the vegetation 
density of the area would likely result in the removal of any invasive species if they become 
established. 

4.4.4	Wetlands - EO 11990 
Affected Environment
EO 11990 requires federal agencies to take action to minimize the destruction or modification of 
wetlands by considering both direct and indirect impacts to wetlands that may result from 
federally funded actions. FEMAs regulations for complying with EO 11990 are found at 44 CFR 
Part 9.

Wetlands delineations were not prepared for the action area. Based on site reconnaissance of the 
action area and review of the National Wetland Inventory maps, some wetlands are found in the 
action area associated with Aspen and Montane Riparian communities. 

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. Wildfire could affect wetlands within the action area and the Park. While 
fire may have some beneficial effects to native wetland plant species, fires of severe intensity 
could cause long-term damage. Additionally, increased runoff and sedimentation may degrade 
water quality, affecting not only the health of wetlands within the action area , but also wetlands 
located downgradient.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
All activities of the proposed action would follow BMPs to avoid any impacts to wetlands. All 
vegetation removal activities would flag and avoid a 15-foot buffer in riparian areas, except for 
the removal of fir trees that have invaded the riparian zone. The application of fungicides 
(Sporax) to freshly cut stumps for disease control would not occur in permanently wet areas. 
Through the implementation of avoidance measures, the proposed action would not impact 
wetlands; therefore, the proposed action complies with EO 11990.

4.5	CULTURAL RESOURCES
Affected Environment
In addition to review under NEPA, consideration of impacts to cultural resources is mandated 
under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Requirements include 
identifying significant historic properties and districts that may be affected by a federal 
undertaking and mitigating adverse effects to those resources as well as coordination with local 
Native American tribes.

The cultural setting of the region has been recently summarized in a confidential Cultural 
Resources Technical Report. The full report is available through FEMA on a need to know 
basis. The following discussion is a summary of data presented in this report.

Pursuant to the NHPA, FEMA contacted the Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada, 
Gardnerville, Nevada on November 8, 2006 to solicit comments regarding the proposed action. 
The Washoe Tribe responded via telephone to FEMAs archaeological consultant on December 
5, 2006, and via letter to FEMA dated December 7, 2006, stating that no prehistoric resources are 
known in the action area. The Tribe requested to be informed of any prehistoric finds and to be 
provided an opportunity to review the cultural resource report. The Tribe expressed a preference 
for site avoidance. The Cultural Resources Technical Report prepared for the proposed action 
was transmitted to the Tribe on April 9, 2007.

Cultural resource investigations were undertaken to ensure that all cultural resources, including 
archaeological sites and built environment features, had been identified within the actions area 
of potential effect (APE). The efforts to identify both previously recorded sites and previously 
undiscovered sites within the APE were undertaken in compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA 
and the existing Programmatic Agreement (PA) among the Nevada State Historic Preservation 
Officer (SHPO), FEMA, and NDEM. The results of these investigations were summarized in the 
Cultural Resources Technical Report for the proposed action.

FEMAs archaeological consultant conducted a thorough literature review and a field survey of 
the APE. The literature review occurred at the Nevada State Museum in Carson City on 
November 1, 2006. The field survey was conducted on November 2 through November 4, 2006. 
The APE was determined to consist of all areas where vegetation would be removed, as depicted 
in Figure 2. The field survey consisted of an intensive pedestrian survey using 20-meter transect 
intervals. The ground surface within the APE was rocky and partially covered with dried grasses 
and leaves, allowing 50 to 90 percent ground visibility. In areas with dense ground cover, the 
archaeologists periodically cleared the vegetation from the ground to inspect the underlying soil 
surface. Additionally, the archaeologists inspected the excavation spoils at the openings of rodent 
burrows because they can bring buried items, including cultural artifacts and midden, to the 
surface from subsurface deposits. 

A total of 12 cultural resources were identified within the APE during the archaeological surveys 
for the proposed action, including three previously undocumented resources. New artifacts 
and/or features were identified at two of the previously recorded sites.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the No Action Alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the vicinity of the action area 
would remain unmitigated. A large wildfire could result in substantial impacts to cultural 
resources in the action area if they are burned, damaged, or destroyed. In addition, archeological 
sites exposed by fire could be subject to erosion or vandalism from the loss of vegetative cover.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
FEMA evaluated the potential for the proposed action to affect cultural resources. In addition, as 
the SHPO requested during a meeting on September 28, 2006, FEMA evaluated the context of 
the road alignments in the action area as contributing elements of the Marlette Lake Water 
System, which is listed on National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). These evaluations are 
described in the Cultural Resources Technical Report for the proposed action.

FEMA initiated consultation with the SHPO for the proposed action on February 22, 2007. This 
consultation included the Cultural Resources Technical Report and a summary cover letter 
requesting consultation and concurrence with FEMAs findings. FEMA determined that the 
proposed action would result in no historic properties affected within the APE, with the 
exception of the Marlette Lake Water System roads, which would result in no adverse effect. In 
an electronic correspondence with FEMAs archaeological consultant on April 3, 2006, the 
SHPO stated that they did not object to FEMAs conclusions of effects (Appendix A).

It is possible that previously unidentified archaeological resources could be discovered during 
action implementation. In accordance with Stipulation X of the PA, FEMA would require State 
Parks to stop work in the event of an unexpected discovery of previously unidentified 
archaeological resources (including human remains), notify FEMA, and fully comply with the 
steps outlined in Stipulation X of the PA. In the event of the discovery of Native American 
human remains, State Parks would initially notify FEMA. Under the direction of FEMA, State 
Parks would then notify the Washoe Tribe.

4.6	SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC SAFETY
4.6.1	Economics
Affected Environment
Socioeconomics describes a community by examining its social and economic characteristics. 
The action area is located within a State Park with no permanent residents. The Park is 
frequented by a diverse population of visitors. Visitation to the park averages 1 million people, 
annually.  Recreationally, the Park is utilized for hiking, mountain biking, fishing, picnics, and 
other outdoors activities. In addition, the Park serves as a municipal water source for residents 
outside the park boundaries. 

The maintenance of the Park and its resources provides direct employment for State Park staff, 
staff of the Marlette Lake Water System, and Nevada Division of Forestry staff. The Park also 
serves as an economic resource to the general region by attracting non-local visitors to the 
region, who may provide support to businesses of the area. In addition, by providing an essential 
infrastructure resource to the nearby area (i.e., the Marlette Lake Water System), the resources of 
the Park contribute an element that promotes economic stability to the area.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. A large wildfire in the Park could result in damages to the Marlette Lake 
Water System, which could affect the municipalities receiving this water by affecting the 
consistency and quality of their water supply. Depending on the extent of damages, a dramatic 
change in the water supply could have effects to the economy of the areas. A large wildfire could 
also reduce the number of non-local visitors both during and after the fire is extinguished. Many 
of the resources attracting visitors to the Park, could be damaged or destroyed by a large fire. The 
decrease in visitors to the Park could adversely affect local businesses whose business is directly 
related to visitors of the Park. A large fire would likely not change the employment status of 
State Park or Division of Forestry staff. However, large fire would result in a large reduction in 
recreational opportunities in the Park. Parts of the Park may become closed or access may be 
restricted and recreational opportunities may be lost. Necessary repairs to the Marlette Lake 
Water System would likely result in short-term increases in staff of the Marlette Lake Water 
System to repair damages.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
The proposed action would result in a short-term economic benefit, through the employment of 
the work crew performing the vegetation management activities. Since the functions and general 
resources of the Park would not change under the proposed action, no other economic impacts 
would be expected.

The recreational resources and opportunities at the Park would be temporarily affected during 
implementation of the proposed action. Some recreational opportunities may be affected and 
access restricted in areas where work crews would be working. This would occur in small and 
isolated areas and would not be an adverse affect. The proposed action would not result in any 
permanent change to the recreational resources in the Park. 

4.6.2	Environmental Justice - EO 12898:
EO 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-
Income Populations, directs federal agencies to ensure that their programs, policies, and 
activities do not have a disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental 
effect on minority and low-income populations. This EO also tasks federal agencies with 
ensuring that public notification regarding environmental issues is concise, understandable, and 
readily accessible.

Affected Environment
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the action area is in Census Tract 32.01 within Washoe 
County, Nevada. Table 1 provides selected 2000 U.S. Census data from Census Tract 32.01, 
Washoe County, and the State of Nevada.

In 2000, this tract had a total population of 5,616 persons with only 3.6 percent minority 
population. The percentage of minority population is much less than that found in Washoe 
County or Nevada as a whole. The median family income in this tract was much higher at 
$78,433 than Washoe County ($45,815) or the State of Nevada ($44,581). The percentage of 
persons below the poverty level (4.6%) was lower than the county and the state. This tract had 
higher value homes ($256,500) than the other areas of comparison. This tract also showed a 
lower percentage of disabled individuals compared to the county and the state. This census tract 
could be characterized as an area with above average personal income and a small number of 
minorities.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Because no federal action would occur under the no action alternative, compliance with EO 
12898 is not required.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
As described above, the action area and the surrounding vicinity does not have a high proportion 
of low-income or minority persons. Any impacts associated with the proposed action would be 
unlikely have disproportionate effects on minority or low income populations. Further, no 
substantial adverse impacts to any populations are expected to occur as a result of the proposed 
action. All impacts from the proposed action would be short-term and temporary in nature. In 
general, the proposed action would benefit area residents by reducing the potential for wildfire in 
the Park, which could damage the historic and functional Marlette Lake Water System or could 
spread to communities near the Park. No disproportionately high and adverse human health or 
environmental effects upon minority or low-income populations would occur as a result of the 
proposed action. Therefore, the proposed action complies with EO 12898.

4.6.3	Public Health and Safety
Affected Environment
Although no permanent residents are present within the Park, populated areas occur around the 
perimeter of the park, including the town of Incline Village and Carson City. These areas are 
vulnerable to damage by wildfire, which can originate in or be transmitted through the action 
area. The action area also contains the Marlette Lake Water System, which provides 100% of the 
municipal water needs of Virginia City and 30 percent of the needs of Carson City. This system 
was partially damaged by the Waterfall fire of 2004, which temporarily interrupted service to 
hundreds of residents, and it remains vulnerable to wildfire. 

					Table 1.  
				Selected 2000 Census Data

				State of Nevada	Washoe County	Census Tract 32.01

2000 Population			1,998,257	339,486		5,616

RACE CHARACTERISTICS
White (%)			75.2		80.4		96.4
Black (%)			6.8		2.1		0.3
Indian (%)			1.3		1.8		0.3
Asian (%)			4.5		4.3		1.1
Other (%)			8.4		8.2		.6
ETHNICITY
Hispanic Origin (%)		19.7		16.6		2.8

AGE CHARACTERISTICS	
Below 25 years (%)		34.7		34.8		29.8
25 to 34 years (%)		15.3		14.5		25.2
35 to 54 years (%)		29.6		31.2		41.3
55 to 64 years (%)		9.6		9.1		13.3
65 to 84 years (%)		10.1		9.6		8.1

DISABILITY STATUS
Pop. 21 to 64 years(%)		21.8		19.7		14.0
% Pop. 65 years/over(%)		40.6		38.4		24.4

INCOME CHARACTERISTICS 
Median Family Income (1999)	$44,581		$45,815		$78,433
Persons Below Poverty Level(%)	10.5		10.0		4.6

HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
Occupied Housing Units		827,457		132,084		2,071
Owner Occupied (%)		60.9		59.3		91.9	
Renter Occupied (%)		39.1		40.7		8.1

OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSING VALUE
Under $50,000 (%)		1.3		1.0		.5
$50,000-99,99 (%)		14.4		7.3		.4
$100,000-149,999 (%)		41.4		34.5		7.6
$150,000-199,999 (%)		22.3		26.3		18.7
$200,000-or higher (%)		20.5		31.0		72.7

YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
1990-2000 (%)			42.4		27.3		43.9
1980-1989 (%)			20.8		20.6		25.8
1970-1979 (%)			19.3		25.0		14.5
1969 or earlier (%)		17.5		27.1		15.8

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, nearby populations and the Marlette Lake Water System would 
continue to be vulnerable to wildfires that might originate in or be transmitted through the action 
area. A large wildfire in the Park could migrate into nearby communities and compromise public 
safety. Damages to the Marlette Lake Water System resulting from a large wildfire could affect 
consistency and quality of their water delivered by the system, which in turn could compromise 
public health.
 
Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed action would reduce the potential of wildfire damage to the 
Marlette Lake Water System and the potential of a wildfire migrating from the Park to nearby 
communities outside the action area. Thus, the proposed action would have beneficial effects to 
public health and safety. 

4.7	LAND USE AND PLANNING
Affected Environment
The Park is one of 24 units within the Nevada Division of State Parks. The Division's mission 
and objective is the following:

"The Division of State Parks plans, develops and maintains a system of parks and recreation 
areas for the use and enjoyment of residents and visitors. The Division also preserves areas of 
scenic, historic and scientific significance in Nevada." 

Land uses in the action area consist of backcountry forest, trails for foot and bike traffic, and 
park access roads. Some areas also contain structures related to the Hobart-Marlette Lake Water 
System, and historical anthropological resources occur in the action area. These resources have 
scenic, historic, and scientific significance and could be damaged or destroyed in a wildfire. 
  
Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, no impacts to current land uses would occur.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed action would not modify existing land use in the Park. The 
action would support the stated mission and objectives of the Nevada Division of State Parks by 
mitigating a hazard to the scenic, historic, and scientific resources of the park.

4.8	TRANSPORTATION
Affected Environment
The action area would create 150-foot wide fuel breaks on both sides of several park access 
roads within the park boundaries. These roads are unpaved and serve as the access for several 
destinations within the park, such as Marlette Peak campground and one access to the Tahoe Rim 
Trail. These roads are generally permitted for use by hikers, cyclists, employees of the Marlette 
Lake Water System, State Park officials, and peoples owning inholdings within the Park. 
Vehicular use of these roads by the general public is not permitted.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, no impacts to transportation would occur.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Implementation of the proposed action may temporarily disrupt users of the roads along some 
routes within the park. However, these disruptions would only occur while work such as the 
felling of trees and burning of biomass is occurring. These disruptions would be of limited reach 
and short duration. The use of the Park roads would neither substantially nor permanently 
increase as a result of the proposed action. Therefore, the action would have no long-term effects 
on transportation.

4.9	NOISE
Affected Environment
Noise is federally regulated by the Noise Control Act of 1972. Although the Noise Control Act 
tasks the USEPA to prepare guidelines for acceptable ambient noise levels (USEPA 1971), it only 
charges those federal agencies that operate noise-producing facilities or equipment with 
implementing noise standards. By nature of its mission, FEMA does not have statutes defining 
noise.

Certain land uses are sensitive to noise. Noise-sensitive receptors are located at land uses 
associated with indoor and/or outdoor activities that may be subject to stress or significant 
interference from noise. Because the action areas are remote, the closest noise-sensitive receptors 
would be any visitors to the area that seek to enjoy the quiet and solitude of the backcountry. 
Noise sources in the action area are typically natural sounds such as bird calls and the wind 
rustling leaves.  

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, noise would remain at current levels.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
Noise associated with the proposed action would include human voices, the felling of trees, and 
the operation of chainsaws and other mechanical and motorized hand tools.

All noise-producing equipment and vehicles using internal combustion engines would be equipped 
with properly operating mufflers and air inlet silencers, where appropriate, that meet or exceed 
original factory specification. This measure would assure that noise emissions from vehicles and 
other equipment are limited to the minimum feasible levels. Because no fixed sensitive receptors 
occur in the action area, and all action-related noise would be temporary during the 75-day per year 
work season, no adverse noise impacts would occur to sensitive receptors. 

4.10	VISUAL RESOURCES
Affected Environment
The existing visual character of the action area includes a mix of topographic features and native 
vegetation communities along the sides of unpaved roads. The existing visual character is typical 
of undeveloped land within the region. Primary viewers consist of visitors to the Park.

Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1: No Action
Under the no action alternative, the existing wildfire hazard in the east slope of the Park would 
remain unmitigated. A large wildfire in the action area would result in substantial impacts to 
visual resources. Burned areas would eventually revegetate and would likely result in a similar 
visual quality as found under current conditions.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action
The proposed action would have a temporary negative effect on the visual character of the setting. 
During implementation of the proposed action, existing vegetation in the action area would be 
selectively removed, piled, cut, and burned.

The visual character of the setting would be permanently changed through the thinning the density 
of the forest, the removal of dead trees, and the clearing of understory brush. This would return 
the forest to a healthier state that more closely resembles native forest without human-managed 
fire suppression regimes, resulting in a long-term beneficial effect to visual resources. 

4.11	CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
CEQ defines a cumulative impact as the impact on the environment which results from the 
incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable 
future actions (40 CFR Part 1508.7). 

The proposed action would be the first phase of a two-phase program for vegetation management 
and fuel reduction on the east slope of the Park. The second phase would involve similar 
activities as the proposed action, but would incorporate the remaining east slope areas of the 
Park. The desired resultant densities of vegetation after implementation of this second phase 
would likely be higher than compared to the proposed action  meaning that more vegetation 
would be left in the treated areas. The general goal of this two-phase program would be to create 
a healthy forest and the program is designed as a forest restoration action. Funding for this 
second phase has not been determined and the action is currently being planned.
 
Vegetation management activities have occurred or are being planned to occur to most forested 
areas in the Lake Tahoe Basin, west of the action area, under the multi-agency Environmental 
Improvement Program. Activities have been implemented utilizing mostly hand crews to remove 
excessive forest biomass through thinning, lop and scatter, chipping, fuel wood sales, and pile 
burning. Additional activities are being planned to include large-scale mechanical thinning, 
helicopter removal, and prescribed burning. Many of these activities would occur or have 
occurred on federal land or have been funded by federal agencies, which would subject the 
individual actions to compliance with the applicable federal environmental regulations, including 
Section 7 of the ESA, Section 106 of the NHPA, and NEPA. In general, the environmental 
impacts associated with all vegetation management actions occurring in the Park and in the other 
areas of the Lake Tahoe forest would be similar to the impacts addressed for the proposed action. 
These actions would result in short-term and minimal negative impacts and long-term beneficial 
impacts to the environment. Although the area (size) of different sites is additive, cumulative 
impacts of the proposed action in conjunction with these actions would not result in 
incrementally adverse impacts to the environment. 

Section 5 FIVE	Public Participation and Agency Coordination
FEMA is the lead federal agency for conducting the NEPA compliance process for HMGP grants. 
It is the lead agencys responsibility to expedite the preparation and review of NEPA documents 
in a way that is responsive to the needs of the Nevada Division of State Parks while meeting the 
spirit and intent of NEPA and complying with all NEPA provisions.

State Parks and FEMA circulated the Draft EA for a 2-week public comment period. The public 
was notified of the Draft EA availability via the FEMA web site, direct mailings to known 
interested parties, and publication of a public notice in the Nevada Appeal; the Reno Gazette 
Journal; and the North Lake Tahoe Bonanza on June 19 and June 20, 2007. During the public 
comment period, FEMA accepted written comments on the Draft EA addressed to: FEMA 
Region IX Environmental Officer, 1111 Broadway Street, Suite 1200, Oakland, California 
94607. FEMA received no comments on the Draft EA. 

Section 6 References
Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office (NFWO). 2006. Website located at 
http://www.fws.gov/nevada/protected%5Fspecies/inverts/invertebrates.html.

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2004. Soil Survey of Washoe County, Nevada.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1971. Noise from Construction Equipment and 
Operations, Building Equipment and Home Appliances. Prepared under contract by 
Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Boston.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007. USEPA Greenbook, "Currently 
Designated Nonattainment Areas for All Criteria Pollutants". 
<http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/ancl.html>, updated March 30, 2007	 
	

Section 7 SEVEN	List of Preparers
7.1	FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
	o Alessandro Amaglio, Region IX Environmental Officer
	o Juliette Hayes, Hazard Mitigation Specialist
	o Clayton Pang, Hazard Mitigation Specialist

7.2	URS CORPORATION
	o Geoff Thornton, Environmental Planner
	o Nathan Taylor, Environmental Scientist
	o Lorena Solorzano-Vincent, Senior Biologist
	o Brian Hatoff, Senior Archaeologist
	o Sarah McDaniel, Archaeologist
	o Sarah Lewis, GIS Specialist 
	o Quentin Bliss, Senior Environmental Planner

Appendix A
Agency Responses

From: Kevin_Kritz@fws.gov [mailto:Kevin_Kritz@fws.gov] 
Sent: Monday, March 12, 2007 4:42 PM
To: Amaglio, Alessandro
Subject: Your request for informal consultation for Lake Tahoe State
Park project

Alessandro:

We received your letter, dated February 8, 2007, that requested informal
consultation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for bald eagle on a
vegetation management project at Lake Tahoe State Park in Nevada
(FEMA-1540-DR-NV, HMGP #1540-2-5). In your biological assessment on
this project you had concluded that the proposed action was may affect, not
likely to adversely affect for the bald eagle.

After reviewing your biological assessment we conclude that the project
is actually a "no effect" for bald eagle and therefore no section 7
consultation is needed on this project for the species. We were able to
conclude this for several reasons. First none of the proposed
vegetation treatment areas are within 1 mile of either of the known bald eagle nest
sites at Marlette Lake.  Another reason we were able to conclude this
was the avoidance and minimization measures listed in section 8.0 of your
biological assessment. Finally in our telephone conversation of March 9
you had indicated that work would be completed with motorized vehicles
and chainsaws, but that the project implementation did not include
blasting, or use of helicopters, or other activities that could generate loud
concussive type noise.

We thank you for your consideration of bald eagles in your project
designand implementation. If you have any further questions about this let me
know.

Kevin Kritz
Fish and Wildlife Biologist

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office
1340 Financial Blvd.  Suite #234
Reno, NV  89502-7147

phone: (775) 861-6325
fax:    (775) 861-6301
kevin_kritz@fws.gov

[Email 2]
From	"Rebecca Palmer" <rlpalmer@clan.lib.nv.us>	
To 	Brian_Hatoff
Subject	RE: Status of FEMA HMGP Project...	
cc	Geoff_Thornton

Yes, we had no objections.
 
Rebecca Palmer
Archeologist, Review and Compliance Officer
State of Nevada Historic Preservation Office
100 North Stewart Street
Carson City NV 89701
 
Phone: 775-684-3443
Fax: 775-684-3442
 

From: Brian_Hatoff@URSCorp.com [mailto:Brian_Hatoff@URSCorp.com] 
Sent: Monday, April 02, 2007 8:42 AM
To: Rebecca Palmer
Cc: Geoff_Thornton@URSCorp.com
Subject: Status of FEMA HMGP Project 1540-2-5
 
Rebecca:

Just following up on the FEMA report for NV Division of State Parks, Lake 
Tahoe State Park Vegetation Mgt. Project 1540-DR-NV, HMGP Project 
1540-2-5. FEMA submitted this report on February 22, 2007. As noted in 
their transmittal letter per Stipulation VII.D.1.a of the PA, unless FEMA 
receives an objection form your office within 14 days of submittal it will 
assume it has satisfied its Section 106 responsibilities for the 
undertaking. As more than 30 days have elapsed I just wanted to follow up 
to confirm this is the case.

Hope all is well.

Thanks.

Brian

Brian W. Hatoff
Senior Project Archaeologist
URS Corporation
1333 Broadway, Suite 800
Oakland, CA 94612

510-874-3195
510-874-3268 (fax)
brian_hatoff@urscorp.com

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