Title: 1999 Annual Report to Congress.
Series: Annual Report
Author: National Institute of Justice
Published: NIJ, July 2000
Subject: Criminal justice system
95 pages
138,000 bytes

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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice

National Institute of Justice

Annual Report to Congress

July 2000

U.S. Department of Justice 
Office of Justice Programs
810 Seventh Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20531

Janet Reno
Attorney General

Daniel Marcus
Acting Associate Attorney General

Mary Lou Leary
Acting Assistant Attorney General

Julie E. Samuels
Acting Director, National Institute of Justice

Office of Justice Programs 
World Wide Web Site
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov 

National Institute of Justice
World Wide Web Site
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice
Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and
Office for Victims of Crime.

NCJ 182949

-----------------------------

Contents

Message From the Director

Overview of the Year

Rethinking Justice
--Strategic Approaches to Community Safety
--Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis
--Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems
--Rethinking Justice in Indian Country

Understanding the Nexus
--Chicago Helps Reveal Nexus Between Crime and Neighborhoods
--Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program

Breaking the Cycle of Crime
--Court-Enforced Drug Treatment Intervention
--Focusing on Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle: What Works?
--Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Facilities
--Returning to Society After Incarceration

Creating the Tools
--Nationwide System of Technology Centers
--NIJ's Regional Technology Centers
--Less-Than-Lethal Technology
--Enhancing School Safety
--Standards Development
--Improving Public Safety Communications
--Counterterrorism Technologies
--National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence
--Training
--Forensic Improvements

Expanding the Horizons
--International Center
--Electronic Crime

Sharing Information
--Making Information Available Through NCJRS
--Making Data Available Through the Data Resources Program
--Publishing Activities
--Meetings, Conferences, and Other Gatherings

Appendix A: Organization and Financial Data

Appendix B: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1999

Appendix C: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 1999

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Message From the Director

Fiscal year 1999 at the National Institute of Justice was characterized by
ongoing growth, new collaborations, and continued incremental advances in our
understanding of crime and justice issues.

This year's report highlights the Institute's major activities and summarizes some
of the findings in key areas of interest. As we add to our knowledge base, 
two developments strike me as significant. 

First, it is rewarding to see new and productive relationships between
researchers and practitioners taking hold everywhere--from the local level to
the international level. During the past several years, NIJ investments 
have brought together researchers and practitioners in the areas of law
enforcement, corrections, substance abuse, and violence against women. These
partnerships can inspire incredible cultural changes. For example, U.S.
Attorneys are devising ways to solve complicated community crime problems
by looking beyond traditional prosecution strategies. Police and
community-corrections officers are sharing data and jointly designing
interventions aimed at addressing specific local crime issues. Universities are
restructuring their tenure systems to reward researchers who work with
practitioners and policymakers so that professionals in the field can rely on data
and gain insight from research. 

Researchers and practitioners are also partnering across national boundaries.
Through a partnership with the Department of State, NIJ is supporting
collaboration between American and foreign researchers, as well as special
collaborations between American and Ukrainian researchers and practitioners. 

These partnerships are surviving beyond the length of Federal funding because
the partners see the value they bring to all parties.

Second, the growth of NIJ's science and technology portfolio has been
remarkable. In the early 1990's, the Institute's budget for law enforcement and
corrections technology was $3.5 million; in fiscal year 1999, it was $67.1
million. This funding has allowed NIJ to enhance our science and technology
activities in a number of important ways. We are working, for example, to
improve the options available to public safety agencies so they can better
communicate with one another in real time during emergencies. We are
expanding and strengthening the network of State forensic laboratories so that
evidence gathering and analysis can solve crimes faster and with greater
accuracy. In addition, we are continuing to refine and improve a number of
ongoing research and development efforts intended to make law enforcement
and corrections officers safer and more effective. 

In my role as Acting Director of the Institute, I will continue to be a strong
advocate for using research and data to inform criminal justice policy and
practice at all levels of government, for supporting independent and high-quality
research, and for translating research investments into useful knowledge for our 
customers in the field.

Acting Director
Julie E. Samuels

Overview of the Year

The National Institute of Justice was created by Congress through the Omnibus
Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 as amended. When it was created
31 years ago, NIJ scientists began a journey to inform policy and practice
through research and development about crime and justice.

The Institute's mandate remains the same today as in 1968--to marry science to
criminal justice problem solving and policy development. 

Specifically, the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directs
NIJ to:

--Conduct research about the nature and impact of crime and juvenile
offending.

--Develop new technologies to reduce crime and improve criminal justice
operations.

--Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify promising
new programs.

--Test innovative concepts and model programs in the field.

--Assist policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies.

--Disseminate knowledge to many audiences. 

This report summarizes the National Institute of Justice's operations,
achievements, and overall role in 1999. It reports on key research, evaluation,
and technology activities that achieve the Institute's strategic objectives and
describes outreach and dissemination efforts.

Three appendixes provide information on financial resources, list the awards the
Institute made in fiscal year 1999, and list the materials published in FY 1999. 

Rethinking Justice

NIJ is committed to finding new ways to help the criminal justice system ensure
fair, efficient, and effective outcomes. The NIJ activities that fall under the 
theme of rethinking justice encourage researchers, practitioners, and
policymakers to work as partners to improve the delivery of justice and public
safety as they build on the existing base of research knowledge, fill in gaps, and
test promising hypotheses.

Key areas of interest include studies that examine ways to achieve the purposes
of the justice system, such as swift and certain apprehension of criminals, fair
and speedy trials, appropriate punishments, and concern for crime victims. 

This year, NIJ became deeply involved in two major pilot efforts to develop
collaborative partnerships among community organizations. The partnerships
aim to better identify particular crime problems, analyze the nature of the
problems, and develop strategic approaches to resolve them. They are built on
the lessons learned from crime analysis approaches used by: (1) the 
New York City Police Department's CompStat unit, which emphasizes using
data to solve problems, (2) the Weed and Seed program, which emphasizes
coordination of resources to revitalize neighborhoods, and (3) Boston's Gun
Project, which was a key component of the dramatic reductions in youth
homicides in that city.

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety

The first of the two pilot projects, called the Strategic Approaches to
Community Safety Initiative (SACSI), is supported by more than a dozen U.S.
Department of Justice agencies.[1]

The SACSI model follows five major steps or stages:

--Form an interagency working group led by the U.S. Attorney.

--Target a local crime problem, then gather information and data about it. 

--Design a strategic intervention to tackle the problem.

--Implement the intervention.

--Assess and modify the strategy as the data reveal effects. 

The five pilot sites and their target problems are:

--Indianapolis: Homicide (particularly drug-related homicide) and gun violence

--Memphis: Sexual assault

--New Haven: Gun-related crime and community fear

--Portland: Youth gun violence, with special attention to 15- to 24-year-olds
and the role of alcohol in youth-related violence 

--Winston-Salem: Violent and assaultive crimes committed by youth, age 17
and younger

The SACSI partners in each site are striving to create new, effective, and
lasting relationships across agencies and disciplines. As the partners become
more involved in their projects, they begin to recognize how difficult and
rewarding their pioneering efforts are and how the cultures of their partner
agencies differ. 

Three partners are essential: the U.S. Attorney, the researchers, and the project
coordinator. The U.S. Attorney in each site is demonstrating a new, emerging
role for prosecutors: proactive problem solver. The research partner, too, is
demonstrating a new, emerging role: a fully engaged participant rather than a
traditional, neutral observer. The project coordinator manages the daily process
by facilitating the conversation, moving the group toward the collective goal,
ensuring that different components of the partnership are working effectively,
and working with the research partner to think through the nexus of operational
capacities, local data analysis, and crime control theory. 

One of SACSI's goals is to institutionalize the projects in each site by the end of
2000, when Federal support comes to an end. It is hoped that an infrastructure
will be in place to continue supporting the SACSI way of working together,
analyzing data, developing strategies, and fine-tuning interventions so the sites
can continue to apply the approach to other crime problems and so the model
can be replicated in other sites. 

At this early stage, support for the SACSI effort seems strong; participants
believe it is addressing their community's most important issues. Findings from
the national assessment are expected in early 2001.

For more information about SACSI:

--Read "Using Knowledge and Teamwork To Reduce Crime," by U.S.
Attorneys Veronica Coleman, Walter C. Holton, Jr., Kristine Olson, Stephen
C. Robinson, and Judith Stewart, NIJ Journal, October 1999 (JR 000241).
Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals.

--Contact Erin Dalton, 202-514-5752, daltona@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis

The second new initiative launched in 1999 is called COMPASS (Community
Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies). COMPASS uses
SACSI's basic problem-solving approach, but it is coordinated from the
mayor's office and begins with the development of a data infrastructure to
inform problem-solving efforts. 

The core element of the COMPASS initiative is the creation of a data
infrastructure to collect information from a variety of sources on public safety
indicators (such as arrest statistics, calls-for-service, and victimization) as well
as community indicators (such as employment, housing, schools, and public
health). 

The analytic strength of COMPASS lies in the wealth of data available to
analyze relationships among key indicators. One analytic tool through which this
is done is geographic information systems (GIS), which can be used to develop 
and test models of hypothesized relationships among factors (for example, are
assaults concentrated around bars or other specific locations?) and the impact
of interventions (for example, is crime being displaced to a neighboring area?).
(See "Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems.")

The first pilot site, Seattle, is being directed by a strong local advisory
committee that has the knowledge and skills necessary to make full use of the
available information. 

COMPASS, like SACSI, involves the collaboration of several Department of
Justice agencies.[2] COMPASS will add one more site in 2000 and, depending
on the congressional appropriation for the initiative, may be able to expand to
multiple demonstration sites in the future. 

For more information about COMPASS:

--Contact Laura Winterfield, 202-616-3482, winterfi@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Rethinking Justice in Indian Country 

Communities in Indian Country have unique relationships with the Federal
Government and its law enforcement agencies. Rethinking justice in Indian
Country means acknowledging tribal sovereignty and the
government-to-government relationship. This is an especially important concept
to recognize because of the historically strong feelings of distrust Indians have
toward the U.S. Government. 

The Departments of Justice and Interior have initiated an effort to address the
compelling need for improved law enforcement and the administration of
criminal and juvenile justice in Indian Country. The initiative is designed to
increase coordination among Justice Department agencies and other Federal
agencies (such as the Department of the Interior) that fund law enforcement
efforts in Indian Country. Specifically, NIJ is supporting research on various
aspects of law enforcement and criminal justice in Indian Country, including
evaluations of the Tribal Strategies Against Violence Initiative and other
projects. 

In addition, NIJ recently completed an evaluation of the Indian Country Justice
Initiative in two sites: (1) the Pueblo of Laguna Nation in New Mexico, and 
(2) the Northern Cheyenne Nation in Montana. The program encouraged the
two Nations to apply for Department of Justice grants to strengthen their justice
systems and enhance the working relationships among participating government
entities.[3] The evaluation concluded that slowly and with effort, positive
improvements can be attained, despite a long history of mistrust. 

During 1999, NIJ continued developing its research portfolio on Indian Country
crime and justice issues by building the capacity of researchers to work
collaboratively with the elders in Indian Nations.

For more information about NIJ's Indian Country portfolio:

--Contact Winnie Reed, 202-307-2952, winnie@ojp.usdoj.gov.

NIJ's Strategic Challenges 

NIJ conducts business through multiple approaches, but primarily through
research and evaluation, technology development, and identification of effective
programs and policies. Much of the Institute's work is guided by five strategic
challenges:

--Rethinking justice and the processes that create just communities.

--Understanding the nexus between crime and its social context. 

--Breaking the cycle of crime by testing research-based interventions.

--Creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs of practitioners.

--Expanding horizons through interdisciplinary and international perspectives. 

Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems

One technology has emerged as a key planning and analysis device for
community leaders: computerized mapping. 

Mapping has a long history as a tool to understand crime, but today's computer
technology makes mapping much more powerful by making it possible to 
identify and predict patterns and watch trends develop, and to analyze criminal
events in the context of other neighborhood features so that plans of action can
be targeted more specifically to community needs and resources. 

NIJ's crime mapping activities during 1999 focused on continued outreach and
dissemination of mapping technology and continued support for the
development of research-based, data-driven policymaking. 

For more information about crime mapping:

--Visit NIJ's Crime Mapping Research Center at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc.

--Visit NIJ's Crime Mapping and Analysis Program at
http://www.nlectc.org/nlectcrm. 

--Download a copy of Vice President Al Gore's Task Force Report on Crime
Mapping and Data-Driven Management, in which NIJ participated, by 
visiting http://www.npr.gov/ library/papers/bkgrd/crimemap/content.html.

--Read Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice, by Keith Harries, Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ
178919). The report is available online in both HTML and PDF format or can
be ordered through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service by calling
1-800-851-3420.

--Join the Crime Mapping Research Center's listserv and post and respond to
questions and receive announcements about upcoming conferences and new
publications. Subscription instructions, as well as frequently asked questions
and answers, are available at the Crime Mapping Research Center's Web page
at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc.

---------------------------

Understanding the Nexus

The existence of persistent relationships between crime and other social
problems has been understood for several decades. Crime does not occur in a
vacuum; it occurs within the context of a community's social, economic, and
cultural context, which also contributes to the type of crime that occurs and the
community's reaction to it. 

Under the theme of understanding the nexus, NIJ explores and further develops
the theoretical linkages between criminal activity and other social phenomena, 
then verifies the correlations and temporal connections through empirical
observation and analysis. 

Chicago Helps Reveal Nexus Between Crime and Neighborhoods

Using Chicago as a laboratory, researchers are attempting to answer questions
about the complex relationships among community, crime, delinquency, family,
and individual development. The study, called the Project on Human
Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, is being conducted in partnership
with the Harvard Medical School and is cofunded by the John D. and
Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, the
National Institute of Mental Health, and the Administration for Children,
Youth and Families of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Among the study's most recent findings is that neighborhood disorder does not
necessarily equate to a higher crime rate.[4] It is not the amount of litter, the
extent of graffiti, or the number of broken windows that is likely to increase
crime. It is concentrated poverty and an inability of neighbors to work together.
The efforts of residents appear to be more effective than police-led cleanups in
fighting crime. Neighborhoods with a high degree of resident cohesion are
better able to deal with the problems that produce crime in the first place than
neighborhoods that have similar economic and demographic characteristics but
less cohesion. 

These findings support a related finding from the Chicago Project first
announced in 1997, which noted that a community's cohesiveness offers insights
into the social mechanisms that link neighborhood poverty and instability with
high crime rates.[5] This cohesiveness, or "collective efficacy," is defined as
mutual trust and a willingness on the part of neighborhood residents to help
maintain public order where they live. Examples of collective efficacy include
monitoring children's play groups; helping one another; and intervening to
prevent juvenile truancy, street-corner loitering, and similar antisocial behavior.
The researchers also found that collective efficacy is itself influenced by the
extent of a neighborhood's residential stability. 

The Chicago study is devoting particular attention to early childhood and family
economic conditions and how they are related to the services available in
neighborhoods. The local environment has a crucial role in a neighborhood's
educational, recreational, and child care services; the question of why similar
environments affect children differently, depending on their age, gender, and
ethnicity, is being examined. 

For more information about the Project on Human Development in Chicago
Neighborhoods: 

--Visit http://phdcn.harvard.edu, which offers brochures, news-letters, articles,
and reports. 

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program 

The National Institute of Justice's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM)
program tracks trends in the prevalence and types of drug use among booked
arrestees in 35 jurisdictions. ADAM collects data on 10 drugs (including
cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, and marijuana) and is the only national
drug data program to report trends based on drug tests. 

ADAM data play an important role in assembling the national picture of drug
abuse in the arrestee population. The data have been a central component in
studying the links between drug use and crime. The data provided by the
ADAM program allow analysts and policy-makers to view trends as they
develop, potentially permitting earlier intervention against problems. 

One of ADAM's greatest strengths is that it gives communities the ability to
monitor the dynamics of their own local drug patterns. Drug use in one
community differs in important ways from drug use in another, and each
jurisdiction can tailor its drug prevention and intervention policies
accordingly.[6] The use of methamphetamine, for example, is highly localized.
Opiate use, on the other hand, remains fairly stable across the country, although
several communities, including New Orleans, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, show
a growing rate of heroin use among young offenders. 

In addition to giving support to the 35 ADAM sites in the United States,
NIJ/ADAM staff provide technical assistance to domestic and international
affiliated sites, including Albany (New York) and Australia, Chile, England,
Netherlands, Scotland, and South Africa.

In 1998 (the latest year for which data are available), the ADAM program
conducted interviews and drug tests with more than 30,000 recent arrestees in
35 metropolitan areas. A total of 20,716 adult males, 6,700 adult females,
3,134 juvenile males, and 434 juvenile females participated in the program
during 1998. Twelve of the 35 sites (Albuquerque, Anchorage, Des Moines,
Laredo, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, Sacramento, Salt Lake City,
Seattle, Spokane, and Tucson) were added during 1998.

For more information about ADAM:

--Visit http://www.adam-nij.net.

--Obtain a copy of ADAM's Annual Report and companion reports, 
1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
April 1999 (NCJ 175656). Companion reports include:

o Cocaine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175657).

o Marijuana Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175658).

o Opiate Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175659).

o Methamphetamine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175660).

--See also Meth Matters: Report on Methamphetamine Users in Five Western
Cities, by Susan Pennell, Joe Ellett, Cynthia Rienick, and Jackie Grimes,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
April 1999 (NCJ 176331).

---------------------------

Breaking the Cycle of Crime 

Much criminal justice activity centers on recurring problems. Crimes occur at
the same locations month after month, with no apparent resolution. Police arrest
offenders, many of whom are tried, sentenced, released, and then rearrested. In
frustration, both criminal justice professionals and the media have coined such
phrases as "revolving door justice," "career criminals," and "hot spots." 

To meet its strategic challenge of breaking the cycle of crime, NIJ encourages
researchers and practitioners to experiment with pragmatic solutions to
recurring criminal justice problems. This experimentation attempts to break the
linkages between crime and social conditions previous research identified as
connected to criminal activity, such as the connection between drug abuse and
subsequent criminal behavior. 

Court-Enforced Drug Treatment Intervention 

NIJ's Breaking the Cycle (BTC) program is one of several efforts to sever the
linkage between drug abuse and crime. BTC is funded by the Office of
National Drug Control Policy through NIJ. The program applies research
suggesting that outcomes from substance abuse testing and treatment will
improve when reinforced by the coercive power of the justice system.

Operating at three adult and one juvenile site, BTC tests the premise that
continuous drug testing, treatment, and supervision--enhanced by proactive
judicial involvement--will reduce defendants' and delinquents' level of drug use
and will result in a decline in criminal behavior and in more effective use of
criminal and juvenile justice resources. 

The program uses a collaborative, systemwide intervention strategy to identify
and assess drug users as soon as possible after arrest, assign them to
individualized treatment, monitor and supervise them, and levy sanctions or
incentives, as appropriate. The court plays a pivotal role by:

--Ordering drug testing and treatment.

--Overseeing drug treatment and using its broad authority to impose and
enforce pretrial conditions that address public safety.

--Reviewing drug test results and treatment participation at each scheduled
court hearing.

--Applying leverage--both sanctions and incentives--to keep offenders in
treatment and off drugs. Sanctions are graduated and imposed as soon as
possible after a violation of judicial orders.

Evaluation of BTC will determine, among other outcomes, whether it is
lowering drug use among offenders, reducing their criminal behavior, improving
their health and employment, and making more effective use of criminal 
justice and treatment resources. 

For more information about the Breaking the Cycle Demonstration:

--Visit the BTC Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/brekprog.htm.

--Contact Spurgeon Kennedy, 202-616-5121, kennedys@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Focusing on Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle: What Works?

An extensive literature review and interviews with experts in the field form the
basis of an NIJ-funded report that summarizes knowledge about programmatic
attempts to intervene in the juvenile drug-crime cycle and identifies interventions
judged as having the greatest likelihood of success.[7] One indication of the
importance of such interventions is that, in five large cities from 1996 through
1998, on average about 60 percent of booked juvenile arrestees (ages 9-18)
tested positive for one or more illegal substances, according to findings of NIJ's
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. In the remaining seven
ADAM sites, between 40 and 60 percent of booked juvenile arrestees tested
positive in the 3-year period. 

The report cites an analysis of 200 studies of interventions targeting
institutionalized and noninstitutionalized juveniles, most of whom were
adjudicated delinquents who had records of prior offenses.[8] Noninstitutional
interventions focused primarily on juveniles on probation or parole. Institutional
interventions centered on youths incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities.

Noninstitutional interventions showing consistent evidence of effectiveness were
individual counseling (including multisystemic therapy and reality training),
interpersonal skills training, and behavioral programs (including family
counseling and contingency contracting). The analysis found that those
interventions reduced recidivism by about 40 percent.

Institutional interventions showing consistent evidence of effectiveness were
interpersonal skills training (such as social skills development, aggression
replacement, and cognitive restructuring) and community-based, family style
group homes (including small behavior modification group homes with "teaching
parents" and token economies). According to the analysis, those interventions
could be expected to reduce recidivism by 34 to 38 percent. 

For more information about Juvenile Breaking the Cycle:

--See Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse Among Juvenile Offenders, by D.C.
McBride, C.J. VanderWaal, Y.M. Terry, and H. VanBuren, Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ
179273). Available only from NIJ's Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij.

Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Facilities

In a speech, former NIJ Director Jeremy Travis quoted a report published by
the Office of National Drug Control Policy:

"The fastest and most cost-effective way to reduce the demand for 
illicit drugs is to treat chronic, hardcore drug users. They consume the most
drugs, commit the most crimes, and burden the health care system to the
greatest extent. Without treatment, chronic hardcore users continue to use
drugs and engage in criminal activity, and when arrested, they too frequently
continue their addiction upon release. The cycle of dependency must be broken
and the revolving door of criminal justice brought to a halt."[9]

Reflecting such thinking is the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT)
for State Prisoners Formula Grant program, which provides funding for
developing and implementing substance abuse programs in State and local
correctional facilities and encompasses adults and juveniles.[10] 
The Office of Justice Programs' Corrections Program Office awards RSAT
grants to the States and provides funds for NIJ to evaluate the program.

NIJ's RSAT evaluation effort includes a national evaluation and 56 local
process and outcome evaluations. They are designed to provide information
about the kinds of programs implemented, the clients served, the barriers 
to implementation, and the behaviors of offenders who have entered RSAT
programs compared to those who did not. Findings from the outcome
evaluations will not be ready until the programs are more mature. Findings from
the process evaluations include the following: 

--Primary treatment approaches include therapeutic community, cognitive
skills/behavior, 12-step, and a combination of the foregoing.

--All State survey respondents indicate that the RSAT initiative helped to
increase substance abuse treatment capacity.

--Treatment gains in prison are frequently lost after release if aftercare
programs are not available in the community.

--The need for the treatment programs to keep beds separate from the general
prison population can be compromised by the prison's need for additional beds
for the general population.

For more information about the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment
Program: 

--Contact Laurie Bright, 202-616-3624, bright@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Returning to Society After Incarceration

The vast majority of inmates return to society, many after years of separation
from their families and communities. In 1999, more than 500,000 inmates were
expected to be released from State prisons, about 200,000 more inmates than
were in State prisons 20 years ago.[11] To that figure must be added those
released from Federal prisons and local jails. The magnitude of those returns,
coupled with their concentrations in poor, urbanized areas, presents significant
challenges to lawmakers and community leaders. 

In collaboration with other agencies, NIJ is working with policymakers, judges,
and correctional officials to fashion solutions to this large-scale reentry by
inmates. 

Reentry partnerships, key components of the reentry initiative, are under
development by NIJ, the Corrections Program Office, the Office of Community
Oriented Policing Services, and the Executive Office of Weed and Seed. 
The partnerships will involve State correctional officials, local police agencies,
and neighborhood-level community leaders. Partners will work with returning
prisoners to create support networks and accountability systems to enhance the
prospects for successful reintegration into the community. 

A call for concept papers on reentry courts has been issued. The role of the
courts will be to oversee returning inmates and review their progress until the
end of parole or other form of supervision. Reentry courts will act in much the
same way as drug courts do now but will operate at the point of release, not at
the point of arrest. Demonstration projects are expected to begin operating 
in fiscal year 2000.

For more information about reentry initiatives: 

--Contact Amy Mazzocco, 202-305-2587, mazzocco@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Sites for the Breaking the Cycle Demonstration

Birmingham, Alabama
Foster Cook
Director, University of Alabama at Birmingham Treatment Alternatives to Street
Crime Program 
205-917-3784, ext. 231

Eugene, Oregon
Stephen J. Carmichael
Director, Lane County Department of Youth Services
541-682-4705

Jacksonville, Florida
Judy Truett 
Director, City of Jacksonville Community Services Department
904-630-3632

Tacoma, Washington
Terree Schmidt-Whelan
Director, Pierce County Alliance
253-572-4750

---------------------------

Creating the Tools

Few State and local criminal justice agencies possess adequate knowledge and
resources to consistently develop, evaluate, and implement new and innovative
techniques, practices, and technologies. As a result, these agencies may not be
able to benefit from the advances in technology and techniques that improve the
delivery of public safety services. 

Helping to remedy the situation are activities NIJ undertakes to meet another of
its strategic challenges: creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs
of practitioners. 

Nationwide System of Technology Centers

In 1994, NIJ created a system of regional technology centers and specialty
offices to respond to the needs of State and local law enforcement and
corrections agencies for the latest technology information and assistance. The
National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)
system constitutes the only comprehensive Federal program to focus
specifically on those needs. (See "NIJ's Regional Technology Centers.")

The mission of the Centers is to: 

--Identify technologies that meet specific law enforcement or corrections
requirements.

--Develop minimum performance standards for equipment and technology.

--Test equipment to ensure it meets minimum performance requirements.

--Assist in the introduction and demonstration of new technologies.

--Disseminate technology information to help agencies make informed
purchasing decisions.

--Provide science and engineering advice, support, and technical assistance to
agencies.

--Assist in building technology-related capacity within agencies, such as through
train-the-trainer activities.

--Help agencies acquire Federal surplus or excess property.

--Help commercialize technologies.

During 1999, the NLECTC system responded to more than 4,300 requests for
technology assistance, distributed about 246,500 publications, and recorded
approximately 225,000 user sessions on its JUSTNET Web site
(http://www.nlectc.org). With facilities located nationwide, the NLECTC
system receives guidance on its activities from the Law Enforcement and
Corrections Advisory Council.[12] Each facility focuses on a different
technology area and is colocated with or supported by a technology 
partner that can provide unique science and engineering advice and support.
Despite individual specialties, the facilities work together to form a seamless 
web of support, technology development, and information. 

Less-Than-Lethal Technology

Arresting a combative suspect, controlling a violent inmate, stop-ping a fleeing
vehicle--these and similar situations run the risk of injury, even death, to law
enforcement officers, offenders, suspects, and the general public. NIJ's
less-than-lethal (LTL) program provides options that reduce the risk of injury
or death.

During 1999, NIJ funded the research and development of several LTL
technologies: 

--Blunt trauma weapons. NIJ is funding research to validate a three-rib chest
structure (like those used on crash dummies) to determine the probability of
blunt trauma to the chest. NIJ also continues to fund the development of 
a device to launch the ring airfoil projectile, which was developed by the
military in the 1970's. The donut-shaped device is nonlethal even when it hits a
subject's head at very close range. A prototype hand-held launching device was 
successfully demonstrated in 1999. NIJ is funding efforts to make the projectile
a pepper spray carrier and to develop a production-quality launch device to be
field tested in 2001 (see "Pepper spray" below).

--Electrical devices. An NIJ-funded review of research on electric stun devices
(tasers, stun guns) to assess the health effects of a wireless taser called the
electric stun projectile (developed with NIJ and DOD funding in 1997). This
review revealed that virtually no laboratory testing on these devices has been
published. Based on this finding, NIJ will fund the needed testing to determine
the health effects of the electric stun projectile. 

--Pepper spray. Efforts are under way to determine whether pepper spray can 
be encapsulated in powder form and placed in a ring airfoil projectile that, upon
impact, would release a cloud of pepper powder. 

--Light. NIJ helped fund a safety assessment of the laser dazzler, which
generates a randomly flashing, green laser light to distract a subject. Based on 
the assessment, the laser dazzler is being modified, and NIJ plans to fund
another safety assessment of the modified device. 

--Nets. NIJ funded the development of a prototype baton-launched net device
to incapacitate fleeing offenders or noncompliant suspects or prisoners. The
prototype was demonstrated to law enforcement audiences, and plans are
under way to fund further development. 

For more information about NIJ's less-than-lethal program:

--Contact Sandy Newett, 202-616-1471, newetts@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Enhancing School Safety

As part of the effort to address school safety concerns in many communities,
NIJ, in coordination with the U.S. Department of Education's Safe and
Drug-Free Schools Program, published a technology-oriented school 
safety guide in 1999.

The Institute supported research required for preparation of the guide, which
was prepared by Sandia National Laboratories.

The guide, distributed to thousands of schools and law enforcement agencies,
covers technologies applicable to some of the issues of school violence: video
surveillance, weapon detection, entry control, and duress alarms. Urging
thoughtful consideration of the potential safety benefits of the technologies once
the risks and threats faced by any given school are assessed, the guide 
also recommends appropriate attention to the costs schools may incur for
capital improvements, site modifications, additional staffing, training, and
equipment maintenance and repair. 

For more information about technology for safe schools:

--Read The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S.
Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies, by 
Mary W. Green, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National
Institute of Justice, September 1999 (NCJ 178265). 

--Contact Trent DePersia, 202-305-4686, depersia@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Standards Development

The safety and legal consequences of equipment failing to meet adequate
standards can range from inconvenient to catastrophic. Deficient equipment
poses a danger to officers and adversely affects the public by increasing
criminal justice costs, precluding arrests, or resulting in evidence subsequently
found inadmissible in court. 

NIJ contributes to safer equipment by developing minimum performance
standards for specially selected equipment and technology. NIJ also supports a
voluntary program that tests products against those standards. NIJ's 
primary partner in standards development and product testing is the Office of
Law Enforcement Standards at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. Among the accomplishments 
for 1999 are: 

--Creation of a stab-resistant body armor standard to address the danger
embodied by sharp-edged and pointed instruments. The stab and 
slash threats posed by those weapons represent the primary threat to
corrections officers and a secondary threat to police officers.

--Update of the NIJ standard pertaining to ballistic resistance of police body
armor.

--Preparation of an NIJ guide on the selection and application of video
surveillance equipment and of a standard pertaining to certain types of kits for
preliminary identification of drugs of abuse.

For more information about standards and performance guides:

--Visit JUSTNET, the Web site of the National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Centers, at http://www.nlectc.org. 

Improving Public Safety Communications

One of policing's most important functions is to use effectively and efficiently the
tremendous amount of information pertinent to managing police resources and
solving or preventing crimes. Yet, for example, police units from multiple
departments engaging in a joint operation, such as a high-speed pursuit,
frequently cannot communicate with one another directly as events are
unfolding. This inability to communicate is called interoperability. It may result
from use of different radio frequencies, varying and proprietary protocols or
system architectures that are incompatible, outdated equipment, or operational
restraints. 

NIJ is addressing interoperability problems through its AGILE program
(Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement). During 1999, 
AGILE continued work on four principal components:

--Supporting or seeding interoperability research and development. Planning is
under way to invest in such technologies as high-bandwidth and wireless 
communications.

--Testing, evaluating, and demonstrating technologies. NIJ has deployed a
communications switch that links disparate radio systems so that over-the-air
communication is now feasible among three police agencies. 

--Developing standards. The AGILE team is identifying existing standards
related to interoperability so that a "suite" of open architecture standards can be
used to procure interoperable equipment. The process for identifying, adopting,
and when needed, developing standards is under way through partnership with
the Office of Law Enforcement Standards. 

--Engaging in education and outreach. This will entail a public awareness
campaign aimed at decisionmakers to emphasize the urgency of the
interoperability problem, propose solutions, and facilitate multiagency
cooperation.

For more information about AGILE:

--Read "Can We Talk? Public Safety and the Interoperability Challenge," by
Brenna Smith and Tom Tolman, NIJ Journal, April 2000, Washington, D.C.: 
U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (JR 000243). Online at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals.

--Contact Brenna Smith, 202-305-3305, askagile@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Counterterrorism Technologies

Congress charged NIJ with determining State and local law enforcement
technology needs for handling terrorist activities and with developing
technological solutions to respond to those needs.[13] NIJ completed its
inventory of needs in 1997 and began development of relevant technologies in
collaboration with its technology partners (the FBI and agencies of the
Department of Defense).

The technology development efforts are focusing on six areas: (1) technology
that will screen for weapons and explosives; (2) information technology to 
better enable law enforcement agencies to anticipate, prevent, and recover from
terrorist attacks; (3) technology to assist agencies in more effectively dealing
with hostage-taking situations, such as improved nonlethal technology to
neutralize hostage takers without injuring their captives; (4) cost-effective
technology to help agencies more safely disable explosive devices; (5)
technologies that better assist agencies in identifying an attack with chemical or
biological weapons, surviving it, and continuing to protect and defend the
public; and (6) development of standards required to test and assess new
technologies.

Either under development or already commercialized are a number of
counterterrorism products, such as an advanced electromagnetic weapons 
detection portal (operational in Bannock County, Idaho); a hand-held system
using ultrasound to detect concealed weapons; a product for disabling large 
explosive devices; a concrete-penetrating portable radar for tracking the
movement of individuals behind exterior or interior building walls; a
computer-based portable system that diagnoses explosive devices in real time
and transmits x-ray images of them via modem to experts at remote sites for
analysis; an information sharing system (operational in South Florida); and a
PC-based, inter-active training tool for bomb technicians. 

For more information about NIJ's counterterrorism activities: 

--Visit NIJ's counterterrorism Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.
gov/nij/sciencetech/counter.htm.

--Read Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to
Combat Terrorism, by Hollis Stambaugh, Chris Tillery, and Philip Schaenman,
Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National
Institute of Justice, January 1999 (NCJ 173384). Available at the NCJRS
Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/ 173384.pdf.

--Contact Pete Nacci, pnacci@darpa.mil.

Training 

Law enforcement and corrections officers repeatedly cite the need to improve
the quality, availability, and frequency of their training, but attempts to meet that
need are often thwarted by budget constraints. Using advanced training
technology tools can be a relatively low-cost alternative or supplement to
conventional training methods. 

NIJ is funding the development of several technology-based training tools and
an Internet-accessible database, the Law Enforcement Instructional Technology
Information System (LEITIS), to catalog training curricula. 

An example of technology-based training is the Bomb Threat Training
Simulator, a multimedia package in CD-ROM format that shows officers who
are first on the scene how to conduct bomb threat assessments, including 
evaluating the situation, searching, and evacuating. An alpha version was
developed and tested, and plans are under way to test a beta version.

Another CD-ROM training tool, developed by NIJ and the FBI, is a
computer-based, interactive method for instructing technicians in the highly
dangerous and delicate process of dismantling bombs. This tool is intended as a
refresher course, supplementing basic training for bomb technicians.

Now under development with funding from NIJ, the Weapons Team
Engagement Trainer is a high-tech, interactive simulation system. Focusing on
weapons team responses, the engagement trainer simulates various scenarios,
such as those calling for rescuing hostages, using force, clearing rooms and
buildings, and dealing with threats to school security. 

A prototype is being used by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, and plans
are under way to evaluate the training. 

Other CD-ROM training tools being developed with NIJ funding cover
techniques for dealing with computer crime, collecting blood evidence, and
using global positioning systems. NIJ plans to evaluate these tools and bring
them to the beta level. 

In addition to using technology to train officers, NIJ supports training in how to
use technology. One example was an event that took trainees out of classrooms
and put them into realistic scenarios so they could use their knowledge and new
technologies. Sponsored by NIJ, Sandia National Laboratories, and
NLECTC-Rocky Mountain, the 10-day train-the-trainer event assembled 160
bomb experts to practice using new technologies on about 150 mock bombs.
After teams of hand-picked bomb technicians reacted to several complex 
scenarios, instructors offered evaluations.

With support from the NLECTC system's Office of Law Enforcement
Technology Commercialization, conversion of an abandoned prison into a
state-of-the-art training facility for corrections, law enforcement, and other
public safety personnel is under way. Already the site for two mock prison riots
to demonstrate the use of new corrections technologies, the facility will offer
year-round, hands-on training for Federal, State, and local corrections, law
enforcement, fire, and emergency response personnel. It will showcase new
and emerging technologies and help put them into the hands of end users. 

For more information about training and training simulation technologies:

--Visit http://www.nlectc.org.

--Contact Sandy Newett, 202-616-1471, newetts@ojp.usdoj.gov.

Forensic Improvements

DNA evidence was first introduced into criminal court proceedings in 1986,
and now every State in the Nation allows the introduction of this kind of
evidence by statute or court rule. States are now permitting the testing of DNA
samples of different categories of convicted offenders to support a national
database so that DNA also can be harnessed for its power to solve new
crimes. Legislative decisions to create a national database--called CODIS--
have created a backlog of at least a half million DNA samples of convicted
offenders that have not been analyzed and entered into the database. NIJ's
investment to upgrade and improve State and local DNA laboratory capabilities
now approaches $40 million, but the capacity of labs to conduct DNA analysis
has not yet reached a point at which they can keep up with the ever-increasing
demand. 

NIJ also is supporting the development of technology that will make DNA
analysis a routine, inexpensive, and highly flexible crime-solving tool. Over the
past 4 years, NIJ has undertaken a DNA research initiative, budgeted at
approximately $5 million a year, with three ambitious goals: to make DNA tests
affordable ($10 per test versus $50), timely (taking seconds, rather than hours),
and portable (onsite, rather than in a far-off laboratory). 

NIJ is the primary Federal agency funding forensic science research and
development in support of State and local law enforcement. This activity
involves rethinking how forensic and investigative methods are applied. NIJ first
assembles a small planning group to define the needs and develop initial
strategies and to steer a larger group of content-area experts. Collectively, over
many months, the members of the working groups (in some cases, with as many
as 40 or more specialists) develop guides and training criteria for disciplines
within the field of forensic sciences. 

During 1999, NIJ produced several products as a result of this process:

--Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement, January 2000
(NCJ 178280).

--Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator, November 1999
(NCJ 167568).

--Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement, October 1999 (NCJ
178240).

For more information about NIJ's forensics and investigative sciences portfolio: 

--Contact Lisa Forman, 202-307-6608, 
formanl@ojp.usdoj.gov.

NIJ's Regional Technology Centers

The NLECTC system consists of a national center, four regional centers, and
four special offices:

--National (Rockville, Maryland). Serves as the system's hub and provides
information and referral services, manages a voluntary equipment standards and
testing program, prepares product lists of equipment meeting specific
performance standards, and operates the JUSTNET Web site. The National
Center also publishes TechBeat, a quarterly newsletter that reports on
developments in technology for criminal justice applications. 

--Northeast (Rome, New York). Focuses on technologies related to command
and control, concealed weapons detection, computer forensics, secure
communications, and audio and image processing.

--Southeast (Charleston, South Carolina). Focuses on corrections technologies
and surplus property acquisition, information management and technologies,
simulation training, and school safety vulnerability assessments. 

--Rocky Mountain (Denver, Colorado). Focuses on communications
interoperability and technology for detecting and neutralizing explosive devices,
and administers the Crime Mapping and Analysis Program. 

--West (El Segundo, California). Focuses on technologies pertaining to analysis
and enhancement of audio, video, and photographic evidence; offers access to
analytic instrumentation to aid criminal investigations; and provides expertise in
computer architecture, data processing, communications systems, and
identification of technologies to stop fleeing vehicles.

The four special offices are:

--Border Research and Technology Center--BRTC (San Diego, California).
Works with Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies along the U.S.
borders and focuses on technologies to improve border enforcement activities. 

--National Center for Forensic Science (Orlando, Florida). Conducts
fundamental research into the nature of fire and explosion reactions and
supports the development of standard protocols for analyzing arson and
explosion debris.

--Office of Law Enforcement Standards--OLES (Gaithersburg, Maryland).
Develops minimum performance standards for equipment and technology,
conducts research leading to the publication of technical reports and equipment
guides, and develops methods for measuring analytical techniques and standard
reference materials for forensic scientists and crime laboratories. 

--Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization (Wheeling, West
Virginia). Facilitates the commercialization of technologies by working with
industry, manufacturers, and laboratories.

The NLECTC system also receives support from federally funded technology
partners who provide unique science and engineering advice and support.
These partners include the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National
Laboratories, Savannah River Technology Center, and Space and Naval
Warfare Systems Center. 

For more information about the NLECTC system:

--Visit JUSTNET, the Web site for the National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Center, at http://www.nlectc.org.

--Contact Marc Caplan, 202-307-2956, caplanm@ojp.usdoj.gov.

National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence

The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence is an independent
panel coordinated by NIJ. The Commission is charged with reviewing critical
policy issues involved in the development and use of DNA technologies. Over
the course of its charter, the Commission will review critical policy issues
regarding DNA evidence and recommend courses of action to improve its use
as a tool of investigation and adjudication in criminal cases.

The Commission is addressing five specific areas: 

--The use of DNA in postconviction relief cases.

--Legal concerns, including privacy considerations. 

--Training and technical assistance tools for criminal justice professionals
involved in the identification, collection, and preservation of DNA evidence at
the crime scene.

--Essential laboratory capabilities in the face of emerging technologies.

--The impact of future technological developments on the use of DNA in the
criminal justice system. 

A final report is expected in late 2001. 

For more information about the DNA Commission: 

--Visit the National Commission's Web site at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna.

--Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
September 1999 (NCJ 177626). Available on the DNA Commission's Web
site. 

--"What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA,"
September 1999 (BC 000614). Available on the DNA Commission's Web
site.

---------------------------

Expanding the Horizons

Under the theme of expanding horizons, NIJ looks past the traditional definitions
and relationships and into developing trends. These trends include new forms 
of criminal enterprises and marketplaces--such as cybercrime, Russian
organized crime, and smuggling of humans across international boundaries. 

During fiscal year 1999, NIJ continued to consider betterways to describe and
classify criminal events, identify new threats to public safety, and find new
approaches that law enforcement can adopt (or adapt) to solve and prevent
crimes. 

International Center

Like many aspects of our lives--transportation, communications, economic
affairs--crime has taken on a global dimension. The same changes and
advances that make international travel, communication, and business
transactions easier and more common also facilitate the movement of criminal
behavior across borders. 

Criminal justice officials today are increasingly asked to deal with offenses and
offenders whose origins and connections lie outside the country: trafficked
prostitutes from Southeast Asia and the former Soviet Union, migrant workers
being exploited in sweatshops and farm fields, an array of credit card and
banking frauds, automobiles stolen for shipment overseas, and gun smuggling. 

NIJ's International Center stimulates and facilitates research and evaluation on
transnational crime and justice issues and disseminates the knowledge gained
throughout the national and international criminal justice communities.

Among the many initiatives the International Center undertook during 1999,
two deserve special attention:

--Affiliation with the United Nations. NIJ is a member of the UN's program
network institutes. This network of regional centers provides a wide array of
research, technical assistance, and anticrime information to countries around the
globe. The International Center is NIJ's principal liaison with the institutes.
Center staff have played a major role in assisting the UN to mount studies of
transnational organized crime, corruption, and human trafficking. 

--Partnership with Ukraine. Under the framework created by the joint United
States-Ukraine commission, called the Gore-Kuchma Binational Commission
and funded with $1.1 million from the State Department, American and
Ukrainian researchers are collaborating on joint studies of organized crime,
economic crime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking in Ukraine. The research
is important for many reasons, foremost because it is in America's best interest
to prevent crimes that originate in Ukraine--whether they be organized crime or
general trafficking of women, children, drugs, arms, or nuclear materials--before 
they spill over the borders into Europe and the United States.[14] 

For more information about NIJ's International Center:

--Visit the International Center Web site at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international.

--Contact the International Center at 202-307-2942, 
intlcntr@ojp.usdoj.gov, or Director James O. Finckenauer at 202-616-1960.

--Visit the World Justice Information Network Web site at
http://www.justinfo.net.

Electronic Crime

The explosive growth in Internet commerce, e-mail, and electronic technology
has created an abundance of new opportunities for criminal activity. Hackers
are capable of disrupting commercial operations and inflicting substantial
financial losses. Online pedophiles and stalkers prey on youngsters in chat
rooms. White-collar criminals are adept at electronic money laundering. 

Criminals may employ electronic media and communication systems as a means
to perpetrate their crimes, or alternatively, may attack electronic media and
communications systems as the target of their crimes. Law enforcement needs
to better understand the nature of electronic crime, to comprehend rudimentary
aspects of electronic technologies, and to investigate electronic evidence.

During 1999, NIJ assessed the needs of State and local law enforcement to
combat electronic crime. The findings, which were based on input from 126
representatives from 50 States, are anticipated in summer 2000.

Also during 1999, NIJ assisted the U.S. Secret Service and the International
Association of Chiefs of Police with the publication of a pocket-sized guide for
investigating electronic crime. The booklet, "Best Practices for Seizing Electronic
Evidence," is intended for use by law enforcement officers and investigators who
are responsible for gathering electronic evidence at the crime scene. An initial
printing was done in fall 1999; a second printing is anticipated in summer 2000.

Through the Office of Law Enforcement Standards, NIJ is working with the
Secret Service, the FBI, and the National Cybercrime Training Partnership to
produce a series of seven quick reference guides for handling electronic
investigations. These guides will include information provided by field
investigators, crime lab analysts, and litigation experts who come together
through a working group formed by NIJ. The series will cover evidence
handling, from crime scene awareness to courtroom presentation, and will have
the following themes: managing technology, handling evidence at the crime
scene, analyzing evidence, investigative use of technology, investigating
technology-based crime, setting up a forensic lab, and presenting electronic
evidence in the courtroom.

Also under development is computer software to ensure that forensic software
tools provide consistent, accurate, and objective test results. The capability to 
validate forensic software will establish software configuration standards against
which various operating software and applications software may be compared
for authenticity. Validation testing is being developed by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, with investigative expertise being provided by the
Department of Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory. 

Finally, work was initiated to create a National Software Library, which will
initially contain known file filters and other support software for the FBI's
Automated Computer Examination System forensic software. In time, other
computer forensic software tools, including commercial off-the-shelf versions, as
well as software validation standards, may be available in the library.

For more information on electronic crime:

--Read "Best Practices for Seizing Electronic Evidence," prepared by the
International Association of Chiefs of Police and the U.S. Secret Service with
support from NIJ. Available at
http://www.treas.gov/usss/electronic_evidence.htm.

--Contact Amon Young, 202-514-4338, young@ojp.usdoj.gov.

-----------------------------

Sharing Information

One of NIJ's mandates is to disseminate findings to State and local agencies.
NIJ reaches its audiences primarily through print and electronic media and
through conferences and other face-to-face meetings. 

Making Information Available Through NCJRS 

When useful research findings are validated, they should be disseminated
vigorously to State and local agencies. That is why NIJ, in response to its
congressional mandate, created the National Criminal Justice Reference Service
(NCJRS) in 1972 as its national clearinghouse of information. 

NCJRS has become one of the world's most extensive sources of information on
criminal and juvenile justice. Under NIJ's management, it has grown into a 
collection of clearinghouses supporting all agencies allied as part of the Office of
Justice Programs. Other partners include the White House's Office of National
Drug Control Policy and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 

NCJRS's bricks-and-mortar library contains copies of more than 160,000
publications. An online database contains abstracts of these publications.
NCJRS's virtual library contains electronic versions of all documents published
by NIJ since the mid-1990's. 

During fiscal year 1999, NCJRS distributed 8.6 million documents via mail and
accommodated more than 7.8 million visits to the NCJRS Web site. Also
during the year, NCJRS added an events calendar to its repertoire of services.

Visit NCJRS at http://www. ncjrs.org.

Making Data Available Through the Data Resources Program 

NIJ's Data Resources Program was established to ensure the preservation and
availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded
research. Data sets collected through NIJ-funded research are archived and
made available to others in order to support new research to replicate original
findings or test new hypotheses. NIJ grantees have deposited more than 200
data sets at the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of
Michigan. Much of the data can be downloaded from the Internet. 

Visit the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ NACJD/home.html.

Publishing Activities

NIJ uses two primary publishing mediums: print and electronic. A list of the 115
documents, videos, and solicitations published in 1999 can be found in
Appendix C or by visiting NIJ's Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. Many
are announced in the NCJRS catalog, which is published quarterly, and in the
e-mail newsletter, JustInfo, which is delivered to subscribers twice a month.

During fiscal year 1999, NIJ revamped its repertoire of print publications in
three ways: (1) The NIJ Journal, a quarterly periodical for policymakers and
practitioners, was redesigned and more features were added, (2) plans were
made to launch a peer-reviewed scholarly periodical for researchers, and (3)
steps were taken to publish the Research Review, a quarterly bulletin listing all
recently received final grant reports. 

Meetings, Conferences, and Other Gatherings 

NIJ uses planning meetings, focus groups, and technical working groups to
gather information, learn from the field, and help focus the Institute's research 
agenda. Gatherings of professionals stimulate thinking, generate new ideas, and
provide valuable two-way, face-to-face interaction.

To convey early findings and give researchers a chance to present their data,
NIJ hosts Research in Progress seminars approximately 10 times per year.
Videotapes of the Research in Progress lectures are made available through
NCJRS.

The Perspectives on Crime and Justice lecture series brings widely respected
scholars to Washington, D.C., for candid discussion of provocative issues in
crime policy. The lectures challenge conventional wisdom, stimulate lively 
discussion, and bring new perspectives to the policy debates that occur in our
capital city and in other communities across the country. Videotapes of the
lectures and the collected papers are made available through NCJRS. 

The lectures in fiscal year 1999 included: 

--Mark A.R. Kleiman, University of California, Los Angeles, "Getting
Deterrence Right: Applying Tipping Models and Behavioral Economics to the
Problems of Crime Control," December 3, 1998.

--Felton Earls, Harvard Medical School, "Men and Fathers in the Community,"
February 4, 1999.

--Sissela Bok, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies,
"Violence, Free Speech, and the Media," April 12, 1999.

--James B. Jacobs, New York University Law School, "Dilemmas of
Corruption Control," May 18, 1999.

Key NIJ Conferences During FY 1999

(Due to limited space, only some key conferences and events held during fiscal
year 1999 are listed here.)

--Annual Conference on Research and Evaluation, "Enhancing Policy and
Practice," July 18-21, 1999, Washington, D.C. 

NIJ's premier conference highlighted current research in the field from both
the researcher and practitioner perspectives. 

--National Conference on Science and the Law, April 15-16, 1999, San Diego,
California.

The goals of the conference were to improve the understanding of physical
and social scientific evidence among scientists, attorneys, and judges and to
foster questions for future research on the role of science and scientists in the
criminal justice system.

--Third Annual ADAM Conference, April 28-30, 1999, Chicago, Illinois.

This gathering brought together representatives from 35 domestic and 
6 international ADAM sites to share information about the updated ADAM
interview instrument, program methodology, communication and 
dissemination strategies, outreach to rural areas, and crime mapping
applications. 

--Third Annual Mock Prison Riot, May 2-5, 1999, Moundsville, West
Virginia.

This event, which takes place each year at a former maximum security
penitentiary, showcased existing or emerging technologies for corrections and
demonstrates their application in a realistic setting. 

--Fourth Annual Conference on the Future of DNA Evidence: Implications for
the Criminal Justice System, May 3-4, 1999, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 

This conference highlighted important advances in the technologies, methods,
and practices of forensic sciences. 

--Technologies and Tools for Public Safety in the 21st Century, May 26-28,
1999, Orlando, Florida.

This conference showcased the technologies and training tools available for
law enforcement, fire, medical, and emergency services personnel to safely and
efficiently respond to terrorist threats and acts. 

--Sentencing and Corrections Challenges National Workshop, June 10-11,
1999, Palm Springs, California.

More than 400 policymakers, researchers, and practitioners, representing 50
States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, discussed a range of
complex issues and problems the States face in shaping sentencing and
corrections policies. 

--Third Annual Crime Mapping Research Conference, December 11-14,
1999, Orlando, Florida.

Presentations demonstrated the practical utility of Geographic Information
Systems for justice and related agencies and described and evaluated
innovative uses of computerized mapping for both practical applications 
and theory testing.

Notes

1. The Office of the Associate Attorney General, the Criminal Division,
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys; the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs,
the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; and the offices and
bureaus of the Office of Justice Programs. 

2. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, and the Executive Office for Weed and Seed. 

3. Program operations were funded by BJA. The evaluation was funded by NIJ.

4. Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, "Systematic Social
Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban
Neighborhoods," American Journal of Sociology, 105, no. 3 (November
1999):603-652 (NCJ 181623).

5. Sampson, Robert J., "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study
of Collective Efficacy," Science 277 (August 15, 1997):2-25 (NCJ 173119).

6. For example, in 1998, 33 percent of adult arrestees in San Diego tested 
positive for methamphetamine. By contrast, methamphetamine use was
nonexistent in New York City. In Miami, 53 percent of male arrestees tested
positive for cocaine use, while in San Jose only 8 percent of that group tested
positive. 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile
Arrestees, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, April 1999 (NCJ 175656).

7. McBride, D.C., C.J. VanderWaal, Y.M. Terry, and H. VanBuren, Breaking
the Cycle of Drug Abuse Among Juvenile Offenders, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ 179273). This
report is available from NIJ's Web site only (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij).

8. Lipsey, M.W., and D.B. Wilson, "Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile
Offenders: A Synthesis of Research," in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders:
Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, ed. by R. Loeber and D.P.
Farrington, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1998. Loeber and
Farrington's book is the final product of the Study Group on Serious and
Violent Juvenile Offenders, convened by the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of
Justice.

9. Travis, Jeremy, "Framing the National Agenda: A Research and Policy
Perspective," speech to the National Corrections Conference on Substance
Abuse Testing, Sanctions, and Treatment, New Orleans, April 23, 1997. More
recently, Director Travis commented, "...We know that treatment works, by
which we mean that individuals who participate in treatment programs are less
likely to use drugs after completion of those programs than comparable
individuals who did not participate in such programs. And we know that, with
this reduction in drug use, we also see reductions in criminal behavior. So we
can say that treatment works and can endorse the phrase that General
McCaffrey uses to such great effect, 'If you hate crime, you should love
treatment.'" Excerpt from "Addressing Drug Abuse in the Justice Context: The
Promise and the Challenge," speech to the National Assembly on Drugs,
Alcohol Abuse, and the Criminal Offender, Washington, D.C., December 7,
1999. (Text of speeches is available at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/speeches.htm.)

10. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 authorized
the RSAT program. States applying for funding under the program must agree
to implement or continue to require proven, reliable forms of drug and alcohol
testing of offenders who either are participating in the program in correctional
facilities or have been released from the program but remain in the custody of
the State. The RSAT program encourages States to provide relapse prevention
and aftercare services.

11. Travis, J., "Prisons, Work, and Reentry," Corrections Today, October
1999. See also Travis, J., "Addressing Drug Abuse in the Justice Context: The
Promise and the Challenge," speech to the National Corrections Conference on
Substance Abuse Testing, Sanctions, and Treatment, New Orleans, April 23,
1997.

12. Council members represent Federal, State, and local criminal justice
agencies; labor organizations; and national and international criminal justice
organizations. The Council identifies law enforcement and corrections
equipment needs, recommends priorities, reviews NLECTC programs, and
recommends ways to improve the programs' relevance to the needs of
NLECTC's clientele.

13. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.

14. Ukraine is the third largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid, is a supporter of
American interests in the former Soviet Union, and is a repository of significant
nuclear capability. The United States has invested heavily in law enforcement
training in Ukraine, and American policymakers and law enforcement
participants need to know how effective the training has been.

---------------------------

Appendixes

Appendix A

Organization and Financial Data

NIJ's internal organization, shown in exhibit 1, "Organization of NIJ," reflects
the discrete missions of each component of the Institute: 

--The Office of the Director sets the Institute's agenda, develops strategic plans
and policies, initiates collaboration with other government and private agencies,
and oversees the Institute's budget and management activities.

--The Office of Development and Communications develops and tests
research-based programs, brings promising new practices to the attention of the
field, and communicates findings and technological innovations through multiple
methods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local officials and criminal
justice practitioners. The new International Center focuses on crime and justice
issues that transcend national boundaries and have impact on State and local
criminal justice systems. 

--The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, conducts, directs, and
supervises comprehensive research and evaluation activities. The range of
research and evaluation cuts across a wide array of distinct topics within the
Institute's charter. Three programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program; the Crime Mapping
Research Center; and the Data Resources Program, which ensures the
preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through
NIJ-funded research.

--The Office of Science and Technology directs and supervises technology
research, development, and demonstrations to provide law enforcement and
corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides
technology assistance so that these agencies can enhance their capabilities to
improve efficiency and effectiveness. Technology assistance is provided through
the network of the regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections
Technology Centers.

Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ

As of May 1, 2000

Exhibit 2: Growth of NIJ's Research and Development Portfolio, FY 1994-99

Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994-99

Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditures,* FY
1999

---------------------------

Appendix B: 

Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1999

Corrections

Assessing Mental Health Problems Among Serious Institutionalized Delinquents
California Youth Authority
Rudy Haapanen
$10,000
98-CE-VX-0024

Assessing Suicide Risk and Behaviors Among Incarcerated Inmates
University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.
Margaret E. Severson
$49,996
99-IJ-CX-0016

Developing Countywide Assessment in Los Angeles County
Rand Corporation
Susan Turner
$87,778
99-IJ-CX-K008

Effect of Privatization on Juvenile Correctional Institutions
University of Maryland-College Park
Doris MacKenzie
$63,899
99-IJ-CX-0061

Evaluation of Hampden County Correctional Centers
Abt Associates Inc.
Theodore M. Hammett
$299,978 
99-IJ-CX-0047

An Evaluation of Neighborhood-Based Supervision in Washington
Washington State University
Faith E. Lutze
$59,973
99-CE-VX-0007

Evaluation of the CHANGE Program and Its Impact on Inmates
Ferris State University
Shannon M. Barton
$49,016
99-CE-VX-0006

Examination of Privatization in the Federal Bureau of Prisons 
Abt Associates Inc.
Douglas McDonald
$674,982
99-IJ-CX-K018

Identifying Effective Correctional Programs for Female Felony Offenders 
Michigan State University
Merry A. Morash
$82,114
96-IJ-CX-0021

International Assessment of Birth Cohort Research
University of North Carolina- Charlotte
Paul C. Friday
$121,117
99-IJ-CX-0048

Management Practices for Young Inmates in Adult Prison 
Abt Associates Inc.
Dale Parent
$299,827
99-CE-VX-0002

Religion and Postrelease Community Adjustment
Florida State University
Melvina Sumter
$19,592
99-IJ-CX-0001

Strategic Threat Group Program Evaluation
Arizona Department of Corrections
Daryl Fischer
$183,146
99-CE-VX-0004

Telemedicine Technology for Corrections Applications
U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center,
Charleston
Jerry A. Koenig
$300,000
98-IJ-CX-A014

Courts

The American Terrorism Study: Patterns of Behavior
University of Alabama- Birmingham
Brent L. Smith
$49,964
99-IJ-CX-0005

Drug Court Evaluation: Phase II
Abt Associates Inc.
Terence Dunworth
$345,236
97-DC-VX-K002

Effect of Implementation of Indigent Defense Standard
National Legal Aid and Defender Association
Scott Wallace
$48,221
99-IJ-CX-0049

Public Opinion on the Courts: National Portrait and Interpretation
National Center for State Courts
Victor Flango
$159,933
99-IJ-CX-0021

Crime Mapping

Applications of Geographic Analysis in Parole and Probation
University of Maryland-Baltimore County
Keith Harries
$59,488
99-CE-VX-0005

Continuing Development of Crimestat Spatial Statistics
Ned Levine & Associates
Ned Levine
$86,595
99-IJ-CX-0044

SCRAM: Streamlined Reporting
Laramie (Wyoming), City of
Bryan Vila
$84,614
99-IJ-CX-0027

A Spatial Analysis of Rural Crime in Appalachia
James G. Cameron
$113,350
99-LT-VX-0001

Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention, General

Analyzing Variation in Local Life Circumstances and Involvement in Crime
Temple University
Alex Piquero
$19,127
99-IJ-CX-0058

Community Readiness and Intervention
Colorado State University
Pamela J. Thurman
$192,213
99-WT-VX-K007

Community Safety Law
Roger L. Conner, 
NIJ Visiting Fellow
$319,377
99-IJ-CX-0002

Determining the Effects of Neighborhood Peers and Family
Duke University
Kenneth C. Land
$34,980
99-IJ-CX-0035

Evaluating the Impact of Multijurisdictional Task Forces
Abt Associates Inc.
Terence Dunworth
$462,058
99-DD-BX-0034

The Jersey City Police Foundation Safe Schools Partnership
Police Foundation
David Weisburd
$258,039
99-LT-VX-K018

New Estimates of the Cost of Crime: A Hedonic Valuation
Vanderbilt University
William Alan Bartley 
$21,825
99-IJ-CX-0006

Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
Harvard University
Felton J. Earls
$2,200,000 
93-IJ-CX-K005

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative

The Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) is a
problem-solving, information-driven approach intended to reduce crime in five
pilot sites. SACSI enhances the effectiveness of U.S. Attorneys, working in
partnership with Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies, community-
based organizations, government agencies, and a research partner. 

SACSI involves several key steps: forming an interagency working group,
gathering information and amassing knowledge about a local crime problem to
understand the problem fully, designing a strategy and intervention to tackle the
problem, implementing the interventions, and evaluating and modifying the
strategy as necessary. 

National Evaluation of SACSI
University of Illinois
Dennis P. Rosenbaum
$449,210
99-IJ-CX-K013

Indianapolis
Target problem: homicide (particularly drug-related homicide) and gun
violence.
Planning Component
Hudson Institute
Ed McGarrell
$49,993
99-DD-BX-K003
Research Component
Hudson Institute
Ed McGarrell
$249,092
99-IJ-CX-K002

Memphis
Target problem: sexual assault.
Research Component
Memphis State University
Richard Janikowski
$249,967
99-IJ-CX-K007

New Haven
Target problem: gun-related crime and community fear.
Planning Component
Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc.
Eliot Hartstone
$27,854
99-JN-FX-K003
Research Component
Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc.
Eliot Hartstone
$250,000
99-IJ-CX-K001 

Portland
Target problem: youth gun violence, with special attention to 15- to
24-year-olds and the role of alcohol in youth-related violence. 
Research Component
The Reed Institute
Stefan J. Kapsch
$250,000
99-IJ-CX-0025

Winston-Salem
Target problem: violent and assaultive crime committed by youth, age 17 and
younger.
Planning Component
North Carolina Juvenile Justice Council
Sylvia Oberle
$50,000
99-DD-BX-K004
Research Component
Wake Forest University
Julie B. Cole
$249,758
99-IJ-CX-K003

Drugs and Crime

Drugs and Crime, General

Assessment of a Drug Screening Instrument
Texas Christian University
Kevin Knight
$79,757
99-MU-MU-K008

Drug Markets on the Lower East Side of Manhattan
John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Richard Curtis
$249,240
99-IJ-CX-0010

Drugs, Incarceration, and Neighborhood Life
John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Dina Rose
$65,555
99-CE-VX-0008

Evaluating New Hampshire Department of Corrections Drug Testing Programs
University of New Hampshire
John Humphrey
$164,292
99-DD-BX-K009

Evaluation of Breaking the Cycle: Florida, Alabama, and Washington
The Urban Institute
Adele Harrell
$1,688,276
97-IJ-CX-0013

Evolution of Drug Markets
Temple University
George Rengert
$261,047
99-IJ-CX-K005

Illicit Drugs: Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply
Abt Associates Inc.
Terence Dunworth
$299,999
99-IJ-CX-K004

Impact of Alcohol Policies on Incidence of Violent Crime
Florida State University
David W. Rasmussen
$161,127
99-IJ-CX-0041

Informal Social Control of Crime in High Drug Use Neighborhoods
University of Kentucky Research Foundation
Barbara D. Warner
$268,926
99-IJ-CX-0052

Juvenile Breaking the Cycle
Lane County (Oregon) Department of Youth Services
Stephen Carmichael
$2,000,000
99-IJ-CX-K017

Juvenile Breaking the Cycle Evaluation
Research Triangle Institute
Richard E. Strowd
$699,856
99-IJ-CX-0032

Substance Abuse, Medication Adherence, and Criminality
University of California-Los Angeles
David Farabee
$299,961
99-CE-VX-0003

Understanding the Nexus Between Alcohol, Drugs, and Crime in Two Indian
Communities 
University of New Mexico
Philip A. May
$87,625
99-MU-MU-0023

Use and Evaluation of Hair Analysis and Ion Mobility
Orleans Parish District Attorney
Thomas Mieczkowski
$182,362
99-IJ-CX-0018

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program

Assessing and Improving the Value of ADAM for Drug Policy
Rand Corporation
Jonathan Caulkins
$24,950
99-IJ-CX-K006

Monitoring the Marijuana Upsurge With Drug Use Forecasting/ADAM
Arrestees
National Development & Research Institutes, Inc.
Andrew Golub
$25,000
99-IJ-CX-0020

Pathological Gambling in Arrestee Populations
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
Richard McCorkle
$137,629
99-IJ-CX-K011

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) Program

15-Month Process Evaluation of Adult and Juvenile RSAT in Kansas
National Council on Crime and Delinquency
Michael A. Jones
$60,000
99-RT-VX-K015

24-Month Impact Evaluation of Kansas RSAT Programs
National Council on Crime and Delinquency
Michael A. Jones
$100,000
99-RT-VX-K022

Evaluation of the Barrett Juvenile Correctional Center for Juveniles
Virginia Commonwealth University
Jill A. Gordon
$99,380
99-RT-VX-K024

Evaluation of the Crossroad to Freedom House and Peer I Therapeutic
Communities
University of Colorado-Colorado Springs
Kelli J. Klebe
$100,000
99-RT-VX-K021 
and
$44,777
99-RT-VX-K011

Evaluation of the Pine Lodge Treatment Program
Washington State University
Pretha Phillips
$99,566
99-RT-VX-K001

Evaluation of Prison-Based Drug Treatment in Pennsylvania
Temple University
Wayne N. Welsh
$171,684
99-CE-VX-0009

Evaluation of the Seeking Safety Substance Abuse and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder Treatment Program
Butler Hospital
Caron Zlotnick
$75,251
99-WT-VX-0004

Four Tier IV Connecticut Department of Corrections RSAT Programs
Central Connecticut State University
Susan E. Pease
$99,402
99-RT-VX-K019

Georgia Department of Corrections Local Evaluations of RSAT
Georgia Department of Corrections
Audrey Moffett
$60,000
99-RT-VX-K008

Impact of an Intensive Continuum of Care for Parole Violators
Vera Institute of Justice, Inc.
Douglas Young
$99,985
99-RT-VX-K014

Investigating Gender-Appropriate, Corrections-Based Drug Treatment
Programs
Delaware Criminal Justice Council
Arthur Garrison
$48,658
99-RT-VX-K016

Local Evaluation of Arkansas Therapeutic Community
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Deborah Laufersweiler-Dwyer
$57,611
99-IJ-CX-K015

Local Outcome Evaluation of the RSAT for State Prisoners
Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety
Diana Brensilber
$99,925
99-RT-VX-K026

New Jersey Evaluation of the RSAT for State Prisoners
New Jersey Department of Corrections
Mario Paparozzi and Robert McCormack
$100,000
99-RT-VX-K018

Ohio RSAT Outcome Evaluation
Ohio Office of Criminal Justice Services
Edward J. Latessa
$99,861
99-RT-VX-K025

The Other Way Outcome Evaluation
University of Iowa
Remi Cadoret
$99,554
99-RT-VX-K010

Outcome Assessment of Correctional Treatment
Texas Christian University
Matthew L. Hiller
$99,400
99-RT-VX-K027

Outcome Evaluation of the Forever Free Substance Abuse Treatment Program
University of California
Michael Prendergast
$100,000
99-RT-VX-K003

Outcome Evaluation of the Rhode Island RSAT Program
Brown University
Craig Love
$99,874
99-RT-VX-K002

Outcome Evaluation of the Texas Youth Commission RSAT
University of Texas-Austin
William R. Kelly
$89,962
99-RT-VX-K009

Outcome Evaluation of the WAR Program
University of New Mexico
Paul Gverin
$100,000
99-RT-VX-K006

Process Evaluation of Four Tier IV Connecticut Department of Corrections
RSAT Programs
Bridgeport Futures Initiative, Inc.
Susan Pease
$58,742
99-RT-VX-K012

Process Evaluation of Maine's Intensive Residential Therapeutic Community 
and Transitional Treatment Facility
National Development & Research Institutes, Inc.
Josephine Hawke
$59,959
99-RT-VX-K013

Process Evaluation of New Hampshire Summit House Program
University of New Hampshire
Suzanne McMurphy
$59,995
99-RT-VX-K005

Process Evaluation of the RSAT Program at Minnesota's Correctional Facility
Marquette University
Todd Campbell
$59,448
99-RT-VX-K007

Process Evaluation of SARGE--A North Carolina RSAT Program
National Development & Research Institutes, Inc.
Robert Hubbard
$59,994
99-RT-VX-K017

RSAT Program of the New Hampshire Department of Corrections
University of New Hampshire
Suzanne McMurphy
$99,631
99-RT-VX-K020

RSAT for State Prisoners Partnership Process Evaluation
Boise State University
Mary K. Stohr
$59,990
99-RT-VX-K004 

State of New Jersey Local Evaluation of RSAT for State Prisoners
New Jersey Department of Corrections
Mario Paparozzi and Robert McCormack
$60,000
99-RT-VX-K023

Information Dissemination and General Support

Annual Review of Justice Research
Castine Research Corporation
Michael Tonry
$199,113
92-IJ-CX-K044

Committee on Law and Justice Core Support
National Academy of Sciences
Faith Mitchell
$245,000
98-IJ-CX-0030

Communicating Research Findings: Assessing the Communication Strategies
and Products of NIJ
The Gallup Organization
Don Beck
$249,793
99-IJ-CX-0019

Planning Conference for Thematic Crime and Justice Volume on Transnational
Crime
Castine Research Corporation
Michael Tonry
$30,672
99-IJ-CX-0039

Publishing the Documents of the Lyon Group of Senior Experts
Rule of Law Foundation
Sergey Chapkey
$79,634
99-IJ-CX-0057

International Research

Assessing the Fit Between U.S.-Sponsored Training and the Needs of
Ukrainian Police Agencies
Police Executive Research Forum
Dennis Jay Kenney
$245,328
99-IJ-CX-0026

Building the Rule of Law Information Network in Moldova
Rule of Law Foundation
Sergey Chapkey
$245,366
99-IJ-CX-0063 
and
$154,714
99-IJ-CX-0065

Community-Oriented Policing in Poland
John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Maria Haberfeld
$18,951
99-IJ-CX-0042

Criminal Violence in Russia 
State University of New York- Albany
Mark A. Pridemore
$34,867
99-IJ-CX-0009

Criminology and Criminal Justice in Post-Soviet Ukraine
University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.
Todd Foglesong
$49,787
99-IJ-CX-0012

The Internet Studio: Building the Infrastructure
Rule of Law Foundation
Sergey Chapkey
$724,002
98-IJ-CX-K004

Social Organization of Human Trafficking
California State University-San Marcos
Sheldon Zhang
$203,977
99-IJ-CX-0028

A Study of Scope, Character, and Impact of the Phenomenon of
Transnational Crime
Yuriy A. Voronin, International Visiting Fellow
$61,680
99-IJ-CX-0014

Urban Policing in the Democratic Third World
University of Connecticut
Frederick P. Roth
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0066

Policing

Policing, General

Lessons in Projecting Police Reform Abroad
State University of New York- Albany
David Bayley
$74,753
99-IJ-CX-0055

North Carolina Highway Traffic Study
North Carolina State University
Matt Zingraff
$397,231
99-MU-CX-0022

Police Officer Hiring and Retention
The Urban Institute
Jeffrey Roth
$250,000
99-IJ-CX-0011

Potential Sources of Observer Bias in Police Studies
State University of New York- Albany
Richard J. Spano
$19,770
99-IJ-CX-0059

Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention at NIJ
Anthony A. Braga
$52,189
99-IJ-CX-0023

Searching for Legal Domination
Northwestern University
Gail Stein
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0045

Social Research--Getting It Right for Practitioners and Policymakers
Gloria Laycock, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$161,999
99-IJ-CX-0050

Community Policing

Enhancement and Dissemination of Findings of the National Evaluation of
COPS
The Urban Institute
Alexandra Ferguson
$546,742
95-IJ-CX-0073 
and
Jeffrey Roth
$118,967
99-IJ-CX-0007

Longitudinal Evaluation of Chicago's Community Policing Program
Northwestern University
Wesley G. Skogan
$575,764
94-IJ-CX-0046

Variation in Community Policing Activities Across Neighborhoods
University of Cincinnati
Frank James
$20,053
99-IJ-CX-0017

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support: Organizational Impacts of
Community-Oriented Policing
Sacramento County Deputy Sheriff's Association
Darryl Petersen
$92,030
99-FS-VX-0004

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Program
Middlesex (Massachusetts), County of
James V. DiPaola
$73,041
99-FS-VX-0006

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support (CLEFS) Program
Robert P. Delprino, Visiting Fellow
$67,235
99-FS-VX-0002

Development and Evaluation of a Training Program for Officers and Their
Spouses
Lubbock (Texas) Police Department
Dena Morris
$99,887
99-FS-VX-0005

Family Support Program
New Mexico Department of Corrections
Alan Shuman
$77,884
99-FS-VX-0001

Reducing Correctional Officer and Family Stress
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction
Horst Gienapp
$100,000
99-FS-VX-0003

Schools

Security Technologies Guide
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories
Mary W. Green
$50,000
97-IJ-CX-A072

Sentencing

Dangerousness and Incapacitation: Sentencing Policy in California
University of California-Riverside
Kathleen Auerhahn
$7,022
99-IJ-CX-0043

District of Columbia Truth-in-Sentencing Study
The Urban Institute
William J. Sabol
$699,960
98-CE-VX-0006

Paradoxes of Neutrality
Northeastern University
Amy Farrell
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0064

Separating and Estimating the Effects of Federal Sentencing
University of Nebraska-Omaha
Paula Kautt
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0054

Survey of Citizen Perceptions Toward Corrections and Sentencing
Vanderbilt University
Mark A. Cohen
$191,719
99-CE-VX-0001

Technology Development

Officer Protection and Crime Prevention Technologies

Assessment of Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System
SEASKATE, Inc.
E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$103,096
99-IJ-CX-K012

Demonstration of the Use of an Encapsulated Perfluorocarbon Vapor Taggant
to Track and Detect Currency or Contraband
Tracer Detection Technology Corporation
Jay Fraser
$99,727
99-LT-VX-K008

Electronic Supervision Tools: Improving Practice and Technology
Council of State Governments/ American Probation & Parole Association
Carl Wicklund
$108,459
99-LT-VX-K001

Evaluation of Thermal Imagers for Law Enforcement Operations
Raytheon TI Systems, Inc.
Frank Bates
$50,000
98-LB-VX-K001

Evaluation of Vehicle-Stopping Electromagnetic Prototype Devices Phase III
JAYCOR Defense Sciences Group
Duncan Stewart
$78,780
99-LT-VX-K003

Intelligent Security Integration System
Chang Industry, Inc.
Barry Bradshaw
$203,730
99-LT-VX-K024

Preliminary Evaluation of Technology to Deliver Pepper Spray via a Ring
Airfoil Projectile
Chemical Delivery Systems, Inc.
Victor Crainich
$99,700
99-IJ-CX-K019

A Proposal to Develop a Software Tool for Enhancing School Safety
Abt Associates Inc.
Terence Dunsworth
$214,588
99-LT-VX-K017

Public Acceptance of Police Technologies
Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.
Thomas McEwen
$99,859
93-IJ-CX-K012 

Racine Security Management Project
Racine Unified School District
Karen Albeck
$100,358
99-LT-VX-K013

Ring Airfoil Projectile System for Less-Than-Lethal Application
Guilford Engineering Associates, Inc.
David Findlay 
$299,182
97-IJ-CX-K019

ROAD SENTRY Vehicle-Stopping Prototype Electrostatic Discharge Device
Non-Lethal Technologies, Inc.
David Pacholok
$12,370
99-LT-VX-K005

Safe School Technologies
Mei Technology Company
William Walsh
$150,000
99-LT-VX-K015

School Security Pilot Program
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratory
Mary W. Green
$100,000
99-JS-FX-A082

Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System
Criminal Information Sharing Alliance
Glen Gillum
$8,899,376
97-LB-VX-K009

Technical Support for the Concealed Weapons Detection and Through the Wall
Surveillance
Program: The Interferometric Impulse Radar Study
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate
David Ferris
$1,577,000
98-MU-MU-A062

Voice Command Mobile Phone Technology for Community Policing
Integrated Wave Technologies, Inc.
John H. Hall
$168,549
99-LT-VX-K007

Investigative and Forensic Sciences

Forensics, General

Development of a PCR-Based Forensic Typing System for Genetic
Individualization of Domestic Cats
National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity
Barbara Holder
$265,570
99-IJ-CX-A079

Firearms Identification System
Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology
James Lawrence
$150,000
99-LT-VX-A065

Fluorescence Imaging Tools for Law Enforcement
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories
David R. Sandison
$100,000
97-LB-VX-A071

Fourth International Conference on Forensic Statistics
North Carolina State University
Mitzi Sheridan
$20,000
99-IJ-CX-K016

Handwriting Identification: Research to Study Validity of Individual Handwriting
and Development of Computer-Assisted Procedures
State University of New York- Buffalo
Sargur N. Srihari
$428,328
99-IJ-CX-K010

Medicolegal Death Investigator Guidelines and Training Project
Occupational Research and Assessment, Inc.
Steven C. Clark
$276,750
98-LB-VX-0007

National Auto Image Database
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Richard Voder Bruegge
$150,000
99-LT-VX-A101

National Center for Forensic Science
University of Central Florida
Carrie Whitcomb
$1,077,874
98-IJ-CX-K003

Reflective Imaging and Processing of Fingerprints
Albuquerque, City of
John Krebsbach
$40,000
99-LT-VX-K014

Support to the 15th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic
Sciences
International Association of Forensic Sciences
Barry A.J. Fisher
$100,000
98-LB-VX-0011

Teleforensics Applications
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center
Jacob I. Trombka
$140,000
99-LB-VX-A007

Teleforensics Demonstration Project: Phase II
New York State Police, 
Forensic Investigative Unit
Captain Gerald M. Zeosky
$197,000
98-IJ-CX-A051

DNA 5-Year Plan

Chip-Based Genetic Detector for Rapid Identification of Individuals
Nanogen, Inc.
Tina Nova
$799,692
97-LB-VX-0004

Database With 5,000 New Human mtDNA Sequences
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Joseph DiZinno 
$300,000
99-LT-VX-A100

Development of DNA-Based Identification Techniques for Forensic
Entomology, Phase 2
University of Alabama- Birmingham
Jeffrey Wells
$115,366
99-IJ-CX-0034

Development of New Analytical Buffer Systems for the Separation and Analysis
of PCR-Amplified DNA
Ohio University
Bruce McCord
$165,278
99-IJ-CX-K014

Development of Rapid, Immobilized Probe Assay for the Detection of mtDNA
Variation
Children's Hospital-Oakland Research Institute
Kathleen H. Hogue
$355,589
96-IJ-CX-0028 

Discrimination of Forensic Glasses via Trace Element Analysis by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
U.S. Department of Energy, Lockheed Martin Energy Research, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory
Scott A. McKenney
$158,942
97-MU-MU-A077

The DNA Commission
U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
Roslyn Young
$105,800
99-IJ-CX-A033

Evolution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP's) for Human
Identification Use
University of Texas-Houston
David N. Stivers
$103,056
98-LB-VX-0010

Forensic DNA Typing Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
American University
Cathy Samuels
$54,996
99-IJ-CX-0033

Identification and Analysis of Polymorphic Alu Repeats
Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Dentistry
Mark Batzer
$257,534
99-IJ-CX-K009

Microdevice for Automated, Ultra-High-Speed, and Portable DNA Forensics
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Daniel J. Ehrlich
$899,110
98-LB-VX-K022

Validation of PCR-Based DNA Typing Databases for Forensic Use
University of Texas-Houston
Ranajit Chakraborty
$96,704
96-IJ-CX-0023

DNA Laboratory Improvement Program

The following awards represent an ongoing NIJ effort to enhance the DNA
analysis capabilities of State and local crime laboratories across the country.
Projects focus on installation and upgrade of lab-oratory equipment,
implementation of a national DNA database, development of faster methods of
DNA typing, and training for analysts. 

Development of a Database to Help in Solving Sexual Assault Cases for Which
There Is No Suspect
North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory
Patrick W. Wojtkiewicz
$136,855
99-DN-VX-0015

Development and Implementation of the West Virginia STR CODIS Database
Marshall University Research Corporation
Terry W. Fenger
$2,000,000
98-DN-VX-K001

DNA Data Bank of Convicted Felons for Specified Crimes in Puerto Rico
Institute of Forensic Sciences
Lyvia A. Alvarez
$407,048
99-DN-VX-0005

DNA Improvement Project
Wisconsin Department of Justice
Jerry Geurts
$660,760
99-DN-VX-0016

DuPage County Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program
DuPage (Illinois) County Sheriff's Department
Douglas Saul
$72,473
99-DN-VX-0004

Enhancement of the DNA/ CODIS Program in the Utah Bureau of Forensic
Services
Utah Department of Public Safety Criminalistics Laboratory
Pilar Shortsleeve
$117,805
99-DN-VX-0011

Enhancement of STR Capabilities
New Hampshire Department of Safety
Melisa A. Weber
$44,123
99-DN-VX-0006

Equipment and Training for DNA Evidence Analysis
Charlotte, City of
Roger Thompson
$43,800
97-IJ-CX-0016

Establishment of DNA PCR/STR Analysis Facility With CODIS Site
Baltimore, City of
Edgar F. Koch
$271,128
99-DN-VX-0008

Expand Felon DNA Databank Program for the State of Alabama
Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences
Elaine Scott
$247,300
98-DN-VX-0021

Expansion of DNA Services
North Carolina Department of Justice
Mark S. Nelson
$493,180
99-DN-VX-0002

Expansion of Statewide DNA Typing Capabilities
Colorado Bureau of Investigation
Kevin Humphreys
$269,932
99-DN-VX-0014

Forensic DNA Laboratory Expansion
St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
Harold R. Messler
$141,009
99-DN-VX-0012

Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program: Implementation of STR
Analysis
Harris County (Texas) Medical Examiner's Office
Joseph Mathew
$124,090
99-DN-VX-0013

Improvement of Capability to Analyze DNA
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services
Deanne F. Dabbs
$250,000
98-DN-VX-0018

Improvement and Expansion of Forensic DNA Analysis
Philadelphia Police Department
Thomas Banford
$193,266
99-DN-VX-0009

Improvement and Expansion of the Pennsylvania State Police DNA Laboratory
Pennsylvania State Police
Christine S. Tomsey
$302,016
99-DN-VX-0001

Increasing DNA Sample Throughput: Enhanced Specimen ID and Processing
Coupled With STR Analysis
Vermont Department of Public Safety
Eric Buel
$60,000
97-DN-VX-0007

Kansas Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Sidney Schueler 
$201,672
97-IJ-CX-0015

Louisiana State Police DNA Analysis Improvement Program
Frank L. Tridico
$259,895
97-DN-VX-0012

Massachusetts State Police/ Boston Police DNA Laboratory Improvement
Project
Massachusetts State Police
Carl M. Selavka
$387,930
97-DN-VX-0015

Montgomery County Police Department DNA/Serology Laboratory Project
Montgomery County Department of Police
Richard P. Gervasoni
$76,682
99-DN-VX-0003

Nebraska DNA Identification Laboratory II
Nebraska State Patrol
John Dietrich
$95,031
97-DN-VX-0002

New York Statewide Integrated DNA Program
New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
Kenneth J. Konzak
$600,000
97-IJ-CX-0021

North Dakota Department of Health Crime Laboratory Division DNA Project
North Dakota Department of Health
Hope R. Olson
$33,858
98-DN-VX-0030

Northern Illinois Police Crime Lab Forensic DNA Analysis Program
Northern Illinois Police Crime Laboratory
Reena Roy
$171,218
98-DN-VX-0011

Offender Core Loci Analysis Program
Indiana State Police
Paul B. Misner
$202,032
99-DN-VX-0007

Ohio Statewide Consortium DNA Grant
Ohio Attorney General Bureau of Criminal Identification & Investigation
Roger Kahn
$375,155
97-DN-VX-0009 

Phoenix Police Department DNA Analysis Enhancement Program
Phoenix Police Department
Susan D. Narveson
$344,000
99-DN-VX-0017

Prince George's County Police Department DNA/Serology Laboratory Project
Prince George's County Government
Michael Ricucci
$56,137
98-DN-VX-0028

Rhode Island Forensic DNA/Robotics Laboratory Improvement Project
Rhode Island Department of Health
David B. Uliss
$128,649
99-DN-VX-0010

South Carolina State DNA Offender Database Program
South Carolina Law Enforcement Division
Matthew G. Fitts
$3,000,000
97-DN-VX-0006

Validation and Implementation of PCR-STR Analysis and CODIS Site
Establishment
Baltimore County Police Department
Karen L. Irish
$56,181
98-DN-VX-0015

Less-Than-Lethal Incapacitation

Applicability of Nonlethal Weapons Technology in Schools
DynMeridian Corporation
Michael Heaney
$80,846
99-LT-VX-K023

Biomechanical Assessment of Nonlethal Weapons
Wayne State University
Cynthia Bir
$49,935
98-LB-VX-K017

Biomechanical Assessment of Nonlethal Weapons
Wayne State University 
Cynthia Bir
$148,447
98-LB-VX-K017

Communication and Information Technologies
Adaptive Surveillance: A Novel Approach to Facial Surveillance for CCTV
Systems
Visionics Corporation
Kirsten Rudolph
$246,146
99-LT-VX-K020

Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement (AGILE)
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate
Jack Mineo
$1,591,950
99-LT-VX-A034

AGILE Executive Forum Coordination
International Association of Chiefs of Police
G. Matthew Snyder
$49,875
99-LT-VX-K012

Bringing the Dispatcher to the Scene With Panoramic Imaging and Remote
Video Transmission 
InterScience, Inc.
Jeffrey Beckstead
$72,850
99-IJ-CX-K020

Central New York Law Enforcement Network
Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate
Jack Mineo
$1,000,000
99-IJ-CX-A043

COPLINK--Database Integration and Access for a Law Enforcement Intranet
Tucson, City of
Jennifer Schroeder
$230,176
97-LB-VX-K023

Development of a Voice Translator for School Police
Language Systems, Inc.
Christine Montgomery
$150,000
99-LT-VX-K025

Establish and Publish a Suite of Very Narrow Band 6.25 KHz Standards 
Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International, Inc.
Craig M. Jorgensen

$100,000
97-LB-VX-K002

Innovative Spatial Phase Video Sensor Enhancements Photon-X
Blair Barbour
$74,625
99-LT-VX-K016

Law Enforcement Data Mining Using the Baltimore/ Washington High-Intensity
Drug Trafficking Area
University of Maryland-College Park
Thomas H. Carr
$1,421,816
99-LT-VX-K010

Real-Time Computer Surveil-lance for Crime Detection
University of Maryland-College Park
Larry Davis
$124,229
99-LT-VX-K019

Software Radio Interoperation Device
Vanu, Inc.
Andrew Beard
$291,469
99-LT-VX-K009

Surveillance Tools for Safer Schools
Indiana University-Indianapolis
Herb Blitzer
$399,916
99-LT-VX-K011 

Training and Simulation Technologies
Explosives Detection and Remediation Research and Evaluation
U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology
Jeffrey David
$1,510,000
97-DT-CX-A068

Incident Command Operations Exercise
U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Analysis Center 
Mel Parish
$30,000
99-LT-VX-A057

Kentucky Advanced Technology Tools for Law Enforcement
Eastern Kentucky University
Pamela Collins
$1,250,000
99-LT-VX-K006

Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination and Training
Eastern Kentucky University
James Thurman
$288,417
99-LT-VX-K002

National Assessment of Technology and Training for Law Enforcement
Eastern Kentucky University
Pamela Collins
$300,000
99-LT-VX-K022

Training Technology Development and Implementation
U.S. Department of Defense, Naval Air Warfare Center
Janet Weisenford
$629,250
97-IJ-CX-A042

Counterterrorism Technologies

Advanced Technology Needs for Countering Terrorism
Potomac Institute for Policy Studies
Dave Siegrist
$10,000
99-DT-CX-K002

Body Cavity Screening System
Quantum Magnetics, Inc.
Peter Czipott
$266,984
98-DT-CX-K005

Demonstration and Assessment of a Chemical Agent Detector
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Barry J. McDevitt
$150,000
99-DT-CX-A032

Demonstration of a Concealed Weapons Detection System Using
Electromagnetic Resources
AKELA, Inc.
Allan R. Hunt
$298,995
97-IJ-CX-K013

Standards for X-Ray Systems for Bomb Disarmament
Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology
James Lawrence
$40,000
99-DT-CX-A068

Program Assessment, Policy, and Coordination
Assessment of an Explosively Formed Penetrator (Flying Plate)
U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Surface Warfare Center
Marc Magdinec
$105,848
97-DT-CX-A074

Joint Program Steering Group Projects at Space and Naval Warfare Systems
Center, Charleston
U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center,
Charleston
Jerry A. Koenig
$2,327,000
97-IJ-CX-A013

Law Enforcement/Corrections Technology and Policy Assessment
SEASKATE, Inc.
E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$486,212
96-MU-MU-K016

Office of Law Enforcement Standards
U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Law Enforcement
Standards
Kathleen M. Higgins
$1,350,548
99-IJ-CX-A094

Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance Support to NIJ
U.S. Department of Defense, Intelligence Systems Support Office
John B. Salvatori
$2,182,956
96-LB-VX-A038

Technology Assessment Program
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Office of Law Enforcement Standards
Kathleen M. Higgins
$364,000
94-IJ-CX-A004

Technology Assistance

Technology Assistance, General

Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology and Policy Liability Assessment
SEASKATE, Inc.
E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
259,719
96-LB-VX-K006

Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination
Eastern Kentucky University
Tom Thurman
$124,619
99-DT-CX-K001

Sandia National Laboratories Test Facility
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories
Debra D. Spencer
$350,000
97-LB-VX-A004 

Technology Conference Support
Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc.
James Scutt
$39,992
99-LT-VX-K021

Technology Information Exchange for State and Local Law Enforcement
International Association of Chiefs of Police
Jerry Needle
$199,998
99-LT-VX-K004

Working With Technology in Corrections
American Correctional Association
William Taylor
$75,000
96-LB-VX-K004

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers
NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers
(NLECTC) offer centralized sources of product and technology information,
assessment, and referral services to law enforcement, corrections, 
and other criminal justice professionals. The awards in this group continue the
operation of NLECTC to provide support through information and technologies
both as outreach and general support activities.

Border Research and Technology Center
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories
Chris Aldridge
$924,000
99-LB-VX-A031
and
U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San
Diego
John Bott
$814,299
96-IJ-CX-A036 

National Center NLECTC
Aspen Systems Corporation
Dave Hart
$2,954,684
96-MU-MU-K011 

Northeast Region NLECTC
Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate
John Ritz
$1,780,000
96-IJ-CX-A032

Rocky Mountain Region NLECTC
University of Denver-Colorado Seminary
Robert Epper
$2,395,083
96-MU-MU-K012

Southeast Region NLECTC
U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center,
Charleston
Steve Morrison
$150,000
96-IJ-CX-A010 
and
South Carolina Research Authority
Tommy Sexton
$2,018,637
97-MU-MU-K020

Western Region NLECTC
Aerospace Corporation
Robert Waldron
$1,641,735
96-MU-MU-K006

Governance and Technology Delivery Processes for NLECTC and Its User
Communities
Pymatuning Group, Inc.
Ruth M. Davis
$379,000
98-LB-VX-0001

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Support 
U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Donna Phillips
$32,780
98-LB-VX-A075 

Operation of the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization
Wheeling Jesuit University
Carole Coleman 
$2,800,000
98-IJ-CX-K002

Support for NIJ Surplus Property Program
Ultimate Enterprises Limited
Bill LeGro
$245,760
96-LB-VX-K002

Victimization and Victim Services

Criminal Victimization of Parolees: Effects and Failures
Pennsylvania State University
Barry Ruback
$284,739
99-VF-GX-0010

Effects of Prosecutorial Policies on Victim Empowerment and Outcomes
Georgia State University Research Foundation
Mary A. Finn
$230,945
99-WT-VX-0008

Extending Findings From Repeat Victimization: The Nexus
Police Executive Research Forum
Deborah Lamm Weisel
$199,445
99-IJ-CX-0046

National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs
The Urban Institute
Martha Burt
$799,990
99-WT-VX-0010

National Study of Procedures Undertaken After an Institution of Higher
Education Receives a Report of Campus Sexual Assault
Education Development Center, Inc.
Debra Whitcomb
$574,818
99-WA-VX-0008

Victims With Disabilities
National Academy of Sciences
Faith Mitchell
$170,000
99-IJ-CX-0031

Violence

Violence, General

Childhood Antecedents of Adolescent and Adult Crime and Violence
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Patricia Cohen
$242,973
99-IJ-CX-0029

Nonfatal Workplace Violence Epidemiology: Risk Factors
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
David O'Neil Washington
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0062

Violence Against Women and Family Violence

Battered Women, Battered Children
Education Development Center, Inc.
Debra Whitcomb
$191,504
99-WT-VX-0001

Beliefs and Perceptions About Domestic Violence: The Effects of Individual,
Contextual, and Community Factors
State University of New York-Albany
Alissa P. Worden
$29,506
98-WT-VX-0018

Change and Associated Treatment Outcomes in Assaultive Men
Southern Methodist University
Christopher Eckhardt
$225,564
99-WT-VX-0012

Child Custody and Visitation When Father Batters Mother
New England Research Institutes, Inc.
Allison Morrill
$249,963
99-WT-VX-0013

Community Partnership Models Addressing Violence
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Rachel A. Rodriguez
$236,136
99-WT-VX-0011

Domestic Violence and Child Aggression
University of Houston
Renee McDonald
$249,961
99-WT-VX-0009

The Effects of Welfare Recipiency on Domestic Violence
University of Minnesota
Samuel L. Myers
$119,450
99-WT-VX-0003

Evaluating the Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team Program in
Colorado Springs
21st Century Solutions
Craig Uchida
$25,114
98-WE-VX-K010

Evaluating Domestic Violence Programs in Clinton County
Plattsburgh State University
Lynda Ames
$71,317
99-WE-VX-K010

Evaluation of a Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence
San Diego Association of Government
Susan Pennell
$7,978
98-WT-VX-K014

Evaluation of Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies for Domestic Violence
Iowa Department of Corrections
Roxann M. Ryan
$71,076
99-WE-VX-K011

Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight
The Urban Institute
Adele Harrell
$499,954
99-WT-VX-K005

Examination of Developmental Antecedents Among Blacks
Wichita State University
Jana L. Jasinski
$13,387
98-WT-VX-0017

Exposure to Family Violence and Adjustment in Correctional Institutions
University of Maryland-College Park
Angela R. Gover
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0051

Impact Evaluation of STOP Grant Programs for Reducing Violence Against
Women 
University of Arizona
Eileen M. Luna
$10,992
98-WT-VX-K010

Investigating the Roles of Context, Meaning, and Method in Violence Against
Women
Georgia State University Research Foundation
Sarah Cook
$358,194
99-WT-VX-K008

Mandatory Custody Mediation
San Diego State University Foundation
Dennis Saccuzzo
$249,913
99-WT-VX-0015

National Evaluation of the STOP (Services Training Officers Prosecutors) 
Formula Grant Program
The Urban Institute
Martha Burt
$95,999
95-WT-NX-0005 

Native American Women's Safety and the Criminal Justice System
Minnesota Program Development, Inc.
Thomas Peacock
$190,050
99-WT-VX-K006

Next Millennium Conference: Ending Domestic Violence
Chicago Abused Women Coalition
Vickii Coffey
$50,000
99-WT-VX-0002

Partners' Drug and Alcohol Use, Mediating Factors, and Violence Against 
Women 
University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center on Child Abuse and Neglect
Nancy Nisbett
$186,752
99-WT-VX-K003

Protection of Women: Health and Justice Outcomes (Phase 2)
University of Washington
Marsha Wolf
$250,000
99-WT-VX-0014

Researcher-Practitioner Partnership
Pennsylvania State University
Jennifer A. Mastrofski
$17,854
99-WE-VX-0032

Responding to Domestic Violence in Southern Illinois
Southern Illinois University
Joan McDermott
$74,999
99-WE-VX-K006

Sacramento Batterer Treatment Experiment: Stage II Data
California State University-Sacramento
Carole Barnes
$130,000
99-IJ-CX-K021

Social and Neighborhood Risks of Violence Toward Women
Columbia University
Jeffrey Fagan
$114,909
99-WT-VX-0005

Understanding the Link Between Violence Against Women and Women's
Subsequent Criminal Behavior
University of Illinois-Chicago
Beth Richie
$186,012
99-WT-VX-0006

Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women in America
Center for Policy Research
Patricia G. Tjaden
$12,000
93-IJ-CX-0012

Women's Experience With Violence
Memphis State University
Phyllis Betts
$338,448
99-WT-VX-0007

Firearms

Developing Problem-Solving Interventions
Harvard University
Mark Moore
$293,245
99-IJ-CX-0015

Evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative
Abt Associates Inc.
Marianne Beauregard
$299,981
95-IJ-CX-0069

The Situational Role of Firearms in Violent Encounters
University of Nebraska-Omaha
Mary Laura Farnham
$23,455
99-IJ-CX-0004

Youth

Youth, General

Childhood Victimization and Delinquency
Washington Department of Social and Health Services
Diana J. English
$11,581
97-IJ-CX-0017

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the United States, Mexico, and
Canada
University of Pennsylvania
Richard Estes
$232,089
99-IJ-CX-0030

Competence-Related Abilities of Juveniles
University of South Florida
Jenine C. Boyd
$14,010
99-IJ-CX-0003

Comprehensive Overview of Community Youth Sanctioning Models
Florida Atlantic University
Mara Schiff
$179,626
99-IJ-CX-0060

Dreams, Drugs, and Gangs
Vera Institute of Justice, Inc.
Pedro Mateu-Gelabert
$48,786
99-IJ-CX-0024

Effect of Juvenile Justice System Processing
University of Colorado-Boulder
David Huizinga
$174,121
99-IJ-CX-0037

Evaluation of the Youth Curfew in Prince George's County, Maryland
The Urban Institute
Caterina Gouvis
$49,765
99-IJ-CX-0008

Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant Program
Abt Associates Inc.
Dale Parent
$499,838
99-JR-VX-K006

Network Approach for Understanding Adolescent Delinquency
Pennsylvania State University
Dana Haynie
$18,774
99-IJ-CX-0022

Process and Outcome Evaluation of Prosecutorial Waiver to Criminal Court in
Virginia
Caliber Associates
Gerald M. Croan
$180,827
99-JR-VX-0003

A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders
University of Pittsburgh
Edward P. Mulvey
$368,176
99-IJ-CX-0053

Prospective Study of Serious Delinquency in Adolescent Girls
Harvard University
Dawn A. Obeidallah
$49,958
99-IJ-CX-0040

Social Capital and Young At-Risk African American Males
Rutgers State University of New Jersey
Joseph Richardson
$15,000
99-IJ-CX-0056

Youth-Police Interaction and the Implication for Co-Production of Safety 
in Chicago
Chicago Alliance for Neighborhood Safety
Warren Friedman
$40,000
98-IJ-CX-0077

Gangs

Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. (Gang Resistance Education and Training)
University of Nebraska-Omaha
Finn Esbensen
$216,990
94-IJ-CX-0058

Gangs in Rural America
Illinois State University
Ralph Weisheit and Edward Wells
$68,208
99-IJ-CX-0036

Police Problem-Solving Strategies for Dealing With Youth and Gang-Related
Firearms Violence
Rand Corporation
Peter Greenwood
$249,991
98-IJ-CX-0043

---------------------------

Appendix C: 

Materials Published in Fiscal Year 1999

Most NIJ materials are free and can be obtained in several ways:

--Download documents from the World Wide Web site at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij.

--Call or write to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) at
800-851-3420 (outside the United States, call 301-519-5500), P.O. 
Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000, or download documents from the 
NCJRS Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org.

--Order Research Previews via fax-on-demand by calling 800-851-3420.

--For many science and technology publications, call the National Law
Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) at 800-248-2742 
or download documents from the NLECTC Web site at http://www.nlectc.org.

NIJ publishes several types of publications, including:

--Research in Action: Overviews of specific topics and programs in research
and practice.

--Research in Brief: Summaries of recent NIJ research, development, and
evaluation findings.

--Research Reports: Comprehensive reports on NIJ-sponsored research and
development projects.

--Research in Progress Videotapes: Sixty-minute lectures with a
question-and-answer segment presented by well-known scholars and
accompanied by a Research Preview summarizing the salient points of the
discussion.

--Research Previews: Two-page fact sheets on research and evaluation findings
and activities.

--Issues and Practices: Reports presenting program options and issues for
criminal justice managers and administrators.

--Program Focus: Highlights of specific innovative State and local criminal
justice programs.

--Research Forum: Reports based on NIJ-sponsored conferences and lectures
series.

ADAM Annual Reports

1998 Annual Report on Cocaine Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees,
April 1999, NCJ 175657.

1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April
1999, NCJ 175656.

1998 Annual Report on Marijuana Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees,
April 1999, NCJ 175658.

1998 Annual Report on Methamphetamine Use Among Adult and Juvenile
Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175660.

1998 Annual Report on Opiate Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April
1999, NCJ 175659.

Corrections

Coordinating Community Services for Mentally Ill Offenders: Maryland's
Community Criminal Justice Treatment Program, Conly, C., Program Focus,
April 1999, 20 pages, NCJ 175046.

Keeping Track of Electronic Monitoring, NLECTC Bulletin, October 1999, 7
pages.

Mock Prison Riots, Videotape, 1999, 5 minutes 36 seconds.

1996-1997 Update: HIV/AIDS, STD's, and TB in Correctional Facilities,
Hammett, T.M., P. Harmon, and L.M. Maruschak, Issues and Practices, July
1999, 107 pages, NCJ 176344.

Police-Corrections Partnerships, Parent, D., and B. Snyder, Issues and
Practices, March 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 175047.

Washington State's Corrections Clearinghouse: A Comprehensive Approach to
Offender Employment, Finn, P., Program Focus, July 1999, 20 pages, NCJ
174441.

When Neighbors Go to Jail: Impact on Attitudes About Formal and Informal
Social Control, Clear, T.R., and D.R. Rose, Research Preview, July 1999, 3
pages, FS 000243.

The Women's Prison Association: Supporting Women Offenders and Their
Families, Conly, C., Program Focus, November 1998, 24 pages, NCJ
172858.

Courts and Sentencing

Fragmentation of Sentencing and Corrections in America, Tonry, M., Research
in Brief, September 1999, 8 pages, NCJ 175721.

Incorporating Restorative and Community Justice into American Sentencing
and Corrections, Kurki, L., Research in Brief, September 1999, 11 pages,
NCJ 175723.

Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing, Tonry, M., Research
in Brief, September 1999, 11 pages, NCJ 175722.

Reforming Sentencing and Corrections for Justice Punishment and Public
Safety, Smith, M.E., and W.J. Dickey, Research in Brief, September 1999, 12
pages, NCJ 175724.

Crime Prevention

Adolescent Girls: The Role of Depression in the Development of Delinquency,
Obeidallah, D.A., and F.J. Earls, Research Preview, July 1999, 4 pages, FS
000244.

Controlling Drug and Disorder Problems: Oakland's Beat Health Program,
Mazerolle, L.G., and J. Roehl, Research in Brief, March 1999, 8 pages, NCJ
175051.

Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline: A Longitudinal Look, Taylor, R.B., Research
in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 177603.

Crime in the Schools: Reducing Conflict With Student Problem Solving,
Kenney, D.J., and S. Watson, Research in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ
177618.

The Detroit Handgun Intervention Program: A Court-Based Program for
Youthful Handgun Offenders, Roth, J., Research Preview, November 1998, 4
pages, FS 000231.

Fraud Control in the Health Care Industry: Assessing the State of the Art,
Sparrow, M.K., Research in Brief, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 172841.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed, Dunworth, T., and G. Mills, Research
in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 175685.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Cross-Site Analysis, Dunworth, T., G.
Mills, G. Cordner, and J. Greene, Research Report, July 1999, 90 pages, NCJ
176358.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Akron Case Study, Decker, S., J.H.
Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 42 pages, NCJ
175695.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Hartford Case Study, Rich, T.F., and
K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 55 pages, NCJ 175696.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Las Vegas Case Study, Decker, S., T.
Dunworth, G. Mills, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 52 pages, 
NCJ 175697.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Manatee/Sarasota Case Study,
Cordner, G., C. Roberts, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 64
pages, NCJ 175698.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Case Study,
Bynum, T., G. Mills, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, July 1999, 53 pages,
NCJ 175699.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Salt Lake City Case Study, Greene, J.,
J.H. Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 52 pages, NCJ
175700.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Seattle Case Study, Bridges, G., J.H.
Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 51 pages, NCJ 175701.

National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Shreveport Case Study, Cordner, G.,
C. Roberts, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 58 pages, NCJ
175702.

Reducing Crime and Drug Dealing by Improving Place Management: 
A Randomized Experiment, Eck, J.E., and J. Wartell, Research Preview,
January 1999, 2 pages, FS 000235.

Reintegrating Juvenile Offenders into the Community: OJJDP's Intensive
Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Program, Altschuler, D.M.,
Research Preview, December 1998, 4 pages, FS 000234.

What Can the Federal Government Do To Decrease Crime and Revitalize
Communities? January 5-7, 1998, Panel Papers, Research Forum, October
1998, 106 pages, NCJ 172210.

Drugs and Crime

The BTC (Breaking the Cycle) Review, Program Brief, April 1999, 4 pages.

Comparing Drug Use Rates of Detained Arrestees in the United States and
England, Taylor, B., and T. Bennett, Research Report, April 1999, 60
pages, NCJ 175052.

Meth Matters: Report on Methamphetamine Users in Five Western Cities,
Pennell, S., J. Ellett, C. Rienick, and J. Grimes, Research Report, April 1999,
67 pages, NCJ 176331.

Law Enforcement

Attitudes Toward Crime, Police, and the Law: Individual and Neighborhood
Differences, Sampson, R.J., and D.J. Bartusch, Research Preview, June 1999, 2
pages, FS 000240.

Civilian Police and Multinational Peacekeeping--A Workshop Series: A Role
for Democratic Policing, Burack, J., W. Lewis, E. Marks, D.H. Bayley, R.M.
Perito, and M. Berkow, Research Forum, January 1999, 35 pages, NCJ
172842.

Informal Information Sharing Among Police Agencies, Weiss, A., Research
Preview, December 1998, 2 pages, FS 000233.

Measuring What Matters: Proceedings From the Policing Research Institute
Meetings, Langworthy, R.H. (ed.), Research Report, July 1999, 224 pages, 
NCJ 170610.

Michigan State Police Tests 2000 Patrol Vehicles, NLECTC Bulletin, October
1999, NCJ 180377.

1999 Model Year Patrol Vehicle Testing, NLECTC Bulletin, February 1999.
Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From St. Petersburg, Mastrofski, S.D.,
R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, Research Preview, July 1999, 2
pages, FS 000245.

Systematic Observation of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to
Policy Issues, Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., R.E. Worden, C.
DeJong, J.B. Snipes, and W. Terrill, Research Report, December 1998, 43
pages, NCJ 172859.

The Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement: Survey
Results, Mamalian, C.A., and N.G. La Vigne, Research Preview, January
1999, 3 pages, FS 000237.

Technology

The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A
Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies (Nonsensitive Version),
Green, M.W., Research Report, September 1999, 130 pages, NCJ 178265.

The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools
(Sensitive Version), Green, M.W., Research Report, September 1999, 130
pages, NCJ 178266.

Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers, NIJ Standard-0112.03, Equipment
Performance Report, January 1999, 24 pages, NCJ 173943.

Evaluation of Analytical Methodologies for Nonintrusive Drug Testing:
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Cocaine From Hair: NIJ Report 601-98,
Report, December 1998, 18 pages, NCJ 175661.

Forensic Sciences: Review of Status and Needs, Issues and Practices,
February 1999, 71 pages, NCJ 173412.

Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to Combat
Terrorism, Research in Brief, January 1999, 6 pages, NCJ 173384.

New Technology Batteries Guide: NIJ Guide 200-98, October 1998, 52
pages, NCJ 172868.

1999 Patrol Vehicle Tires, Equipment Performance Report, September 1999,
NCJ 177610.

Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests,
National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, Research Preview,
September 1999, 118 pages, NCJ 177626.

Selection and Application Guide to Police Body Armor, Guide 100-98,
October 1998, 90 pages, NCJ 169587.

TechBeat, Winter 1999, Spring 1999, Summer 1999, and Fall 1999.

Telemedicine Can Reduce Correctional Health Care Costs: An Evaluation of a
Prison Telemedicine Network, Carlson, K., E. Fournier, A. Hassol, J.
McCullough, D.C. McDonald, and J. Yap, Research Report, March 1999, 84
pages, NCJ 175040.

Test Protocol for Comparative Evaluation of Protective Gloves for Law
Enforcement and Corrections Applications (Test Protocol 99-114), Fatah,
A.A., Report, June 1999, 16 pages, NCJ 177600.

What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence,
Brochure, September 1999, 5 pages, BC 000614.

Why Can't We Talk? Videotape, 1998, 13 minutes, NCJ 172213.

Victims

The Rights of Crime Victims: Does Legal Protection Make a Difference?
Kilpatrick, D.G., D. Beatty, and S.S. Howley, Research in Brief, December
1998, 11 pages, NCJ 173839.

Violence

Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youths, Huff,
R., Research in Brief, October 1998, 8 pages, NCJ 172852.

"Designing Out" Gang Homicides and Street Assaults, Lasley, J., Research in
Brief, November 1998, 6 pages, NCJ 173398.

Findings About Partner Violence From the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health
and Development Study, Moffitt, T.E., and A. Caspi, Research in Brief, July
1999, 12 pages, NCJ 170018.

High School Youths, Weapons, and Violence: A National Survey, Sheley, J.F.,
and J.D. Wright, Research in Brief, October 1998, 7 pages, NCJ 172857.

Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994-96, Roth, J.A., and C.S.
Koper, Research in Brief, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 173405.

Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women:
Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, Tjaden, P., and
N. Thoennes, Research in Brief, November 1998, 16 pages, NCJ 172837.

Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group Meetings, 1997 and
1998, Research Forum, July 1999, 297 pages, NCJ 175709.

Other

Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 1999 Research Prospectus
of the National Institute of Justice, November 1998, 15 pages, NCJ 172883.

Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, Healey, K.M., Research in
Action, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 173409.

Crime and Justice, A Review of Research (volume 23) and Youth Violence
(volume 24), published by the University of Chicago Press, Journals Division,
with support from NIJ.

NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1998, Research in Brief, July 1999, 47 pages, NCJ
173932.

NIJ Research Portfolio 1998, November 1998, 64 pages, NCJ 171670.

Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1997-1998 Lecture Series, Kelling, G.L.,
R. Kennedy, D.F. Musto, J. Petersilia, and P. Cook, Research Forum,
November 1998, 125 pages, NCJ 172851.

Viewing Crime and Justice From a Collaborative Perspective: Plenary Papers
of the 1998 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation,
Kennedy, D., J.P. Thompson, L.B. Schorr, J.L. Edleson, and A.L. Bible,
Research Forum, July 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 176979.

NIJ Journal

January 1999, Cover Story: "NIJ's Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in
Policing--Factors That Add Up to Success," by Tom McEwen, 40 pages, JR
000238.

April 1999, Cover Story: "Community Policing: Chicago's Experience," by
Susan M. Hartnett and Wesley G. Skogan, 44 pages, JR 000239.

July 1999, Cover Story: "Putting Ex-Offenders Back to Work," by Peter Finn,
36 pages, JR 000240.

October 1999, Cover Story: "Mapping the Path to Problem Solving," by
Thomas Rich, 36 pages, JR 000241.

Solicitations for Research and Evaluation 

Assessment of the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative,
December 1998, 7 pages, SL 000314.

Basic Research on Violence Against Women, April 1999, 6 pages, 
SL 000350.

Data Resources Program Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, February
1999, 4 pages, SL 000320.

Evaluation of the Domestic Violence Victims' Civil Legal Assistance Program,
April 1999, 8 pages, SL 000355.

Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight of
Domestic Violence Cases, May 1999, 8 pages, SL 000357.

Evaluation of Policies, Procedures, and Programs Addressing Violence Against
Women, March 1999, 9 pages, SL 000337.

Examination of Privatization in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, April 1999, 6
pages, SL 000354.

FY 1999 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Research and Evaluation
Grants, November 1998, 11 pages, SL 000311.

FY 1999 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Solicitation for
Research, Evaluation, Development, and Demonstration Project, March 1999,
16 pages, SL 000329.

Graduate Research Fellowship Program: Tomorrow's Research Community,
December 1998, 2 pages, NCJ 172869.

John B. Pickett Fellowships in Criminal Justice Policy and Management,
December 1998, 2 pages, SL 000309.

Juvenile "Breaking the Cycle" Evaluation, October 1998, 5 pages, SL 000308.

National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs Funded Through the
S.T.O.P. Violence Against Women Formula Grants Program, April 1999, 7
pages, SL 000351.

NIJ Science and Technology Solicitation, August 1999, 10 pages, SL 000374.

Office of Research and Evaluation 2000 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated
Research, September 1999, 9 pages, SL 000385.

Operations and Maintenance of the National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)-West, July 1999, 15 pages, SL
000368.

Research on Procedures of Institutions of Higher Education to Report Sexual
Assaults, July 1999, 7 pages, SL 000373.

Research on Violence Against Indian Women, May 1999, 6 pages, 
SL 000359.

Researcher-Practitioner Partnerships: Evaluation of Grants to Encourage Arrest
Policies for Domestic Violence, April 1999, 9 pages, SL 000349.

Solicitation for Forensic DNA Research and Development, 7 pages, SL
000369.

Solicitation for Research and Evaluation on Corrections and Sentencing (1999),
March 1999, 8 pages, SL 000331.

Solicitation for Safe School Technologies, April 1999, 6 pages, SL 000338.

Solicitation for Video Sensing and Processing Technologies, April 1999, 6
pages, SL 000348.

Solicitation to Municipalities to Become an Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring
(ADAM) Site, August 1999, 24 pages, SL 000375.

NIJ Annual Report

1998 Annual Report to Congress, December 1999, 76 pages, NCJ 177617.

Catalogs of Publications

NCJRS Catalog #42, September/ October 1998, 24 pages, BC 000266.

NCJRS Catalog #43, November/ December 1998, 24 pages, BC 000267.

NCJRS Catalog #44, January/ February 1999, 24 pages, BC 000268.

NCJRS Catalog #45, March/April 1999, 24 pages, BC 000269.

NCJRS Catalog #46, May/June 1999, 24 pages, BC 000270.

NCJRS Catalog #47, July/August 1999, 24 pages, BC 000271.

NCJRS Catalog #48, September/ October 1999, 24 pages, BC 000272.

The NIJ Publications Catalog, 1997-98, July 1999, 59 pages, NCJ 177599.

-----------------------------

For more information on the National Institute of Justice and to obtain an
electronic version of this report, please visit the NIJ World Wide Web site at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij or contact:

National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Box 6000
Rockville, MD 20849-6000
Phone: 800-851-3420
Phone: 301-519-5500
E-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org