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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Space Shuttle Mission STS-75
Press Kit
February 1996

TETHERED SATELLITE SYSTEM-1R (TSS-1R)

UNITED STATES MICROGRAVITY PAYLOAD-3 (USMP-
3)

For Information on the Space Shuttle

Ed Campion, Policy/Management, 202/358-1778
  Headquarters,   Washington, DC

Rob Navias, Mission Operations, 713/483-5111
  Johnson Space Center, Astronauts  Houston, TX

Bruce Buckingham, Launch Processing, 407/867-2468
  Kennedy Space Center, FL, KSC Landing Information

June Malone, External Tank/SRBs/SSMEs, 205/544-0034
  Marshall Space Flight Center,  Huntsville, AL

Cam Martin, DFRC Landing Information, 805/258-3448
  Dryden Flight Research Center,   Edwards, CA

For Information on STS-75 Experiments & Activities

Jerry Berg, TSS , 205/544-0034
  Marshall Space Flight Center,  Huntsville, AL

Mike Braukus, USMP, 202/358-1979
  Headquarters,   Washington, DC

Debbie Rahn, International Cooperation, 202/358-1639
  Headquarters,   Washington, DC

Jim Cast, CPCG, 202/358-1779
  Headquarters,   Washington, DC

CONTENTS

1.0 General News Release
2.0 Media Services Information
  2.1 NASA Television Transmission
  2.2 Status Reports
  2.3 Briefings
  2.4 Internet Information
3.0 Quick-Look Facts
4.0 Shuttle Abort Modes
5.0 Mission Summary Timeline
6.0 Orbital Events Summary
7.0 Payload and Vehicle Weights
8.0 Crew Responsibilities
9.0 Science Aboard STS-75
  9.1 Tethered Satellite System-1R (TSS-1R)
  9.2 Scientific Investigations
  9.3 Tethered Satellite System-1R Flight Operations
  9.4 United States Microgavity Payload-3 (USMP-3) Science
     9.4.1 Cargo Bay Experiments
     9.4.2 Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX) Combustion 
Investigations
  9.5 Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)

10. STS-75 Crew Biographies

1.0 General News Release

RELEASE:  96-27

REFLIGHT OF TETHERED SATELLITE HIGHLIGHTS STS-75

     NASA's second Shuttle mission of the year and the 75th 
in the history of the program will be highlighted by the 
flight of the Italian Tethered Satellite System designed to 
investigate new sources of spacecraft power and ways to study 
Earth's upper atmosphere.  STS-75 also will see Columbia's 
seven-person crew work with the United States Microgravity 
Payload which continues research efforts into development of 
new materials and processes that could lead to a new 
generation of computers, electronics and metals.

     The STS-75 crew will be commanded by Andrew Allen, who 
will be making his third Shuttle flight.  Scott Horowitz will 
serve as pilot and will be making his first space flight.  
Jeff Hoffman will serve as Mission Specialist-1 and will be 
making his fifth flight.  There will be two European Space 
Agency astronauts -- Maurizio Cheli and Claude Nicollier.  
Cheli will be serving as Mission Specialist 2, making his 
first flight, and Nicollier, serving as Mission Specialist-3, 
will be making his third flight.  NASA astronaut Franklin 
Chang-Diaz, serving as Payload Commander and Mission 
Specialist-4, will be making his fifth flight.  Also serving 
as Payload Specialist-1 for STS-75 is Umberto Guidoni, from 
the Italian Space Agency (ASI).

     Launch of Columbia is currently targeted for February 
22, 1996, at approximately 3:18 p.m. EST from Kennedy Space 
Center's Launch Complex 39-B.  The STS-75 mission is 
scheduled to last 13 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes.  An ontime 
launch on February 22 would produce a landing at Kennedy 
Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility on March 7 at 7:32 
a.m. EST.

        The Tethered Satellite System's flight, designated 
TSS-1R ("R" for reflight), will be a scientific adventure 
aimed at understanding the possibilities for putting tether 
technology to work in space for a variety of applications.  
Tethered systems can be used to generate thrust to compensate 
for atmospheric drag on orbiting platforms such as the 
international Space Station.  Deploying a tether towards 
Earth could place movable science platforms in hard-to-study 
atmospheric zones.  Tethers also could be used as antennas to 
transmit extremely low frequency signals able to penetrate 
land and sea water, providing for communications not possible 
with standard radio.  Non-electrical tethers can be used to 
generate artificial gravity and to boost payloads to higher 
orbits.

     Computer-based communications traveling at the speed of 
light along the information superhighway have led to a 
revolution in the way we conduct business, and our lives.  
The third United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-3) 
continues a series of missions aimed at understanding the 
basic properties of materials in order to produce better 
semiconductors for complex computers and other high-tech 
electronics.  USMP science also could help produce stronger 
metal alloys sought by the aircraft and automobile industries 
to improve their economic competitiveness.  Millions of 
dollars are spent each year on ground-based studies in these 
areas, but on Earth, gravity overshadows or distorts many 
measurable results.  The near-weightless environment aboard 
the Space Shuttle unmasks subtle physical processes, giving 
researchers a clearer look into the laws of nature, a 
perspective that cannot be seen in laboratories on Earth.

     The STS-75 mission will be the 19th mission for Columbia 
and the 75th for the Space Shuttle system.

- end -

2.0 Media Services Information

2.1 NASA Television Transmission

     NASA television is available through the Spacenet-2 
satellite system.  Spacenet-2 is located on Transponder 5, at 
69 degrees West longitude, frequency 3880.0 MHz, audio 6.8 
MHz.

   The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter 
and for mission briefings will be available during the 
mission at Kennedy Space Center, FL; Marshall Space Flight 
Center, Huntsville, AL; Dryden Flight Research Center, 
Edwards, CA; Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX; and NASA 
Headquarters, Washington, DC.  The television schedule will 
be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission operations.

     Television schedules also may be obtained by calling 
COMSTOR at 713/483-5817.  COMSTOR is a computer data base 
service requiring the use of a telephone modem.  A voice 
update of the television schedule is provided daily at noon 
Eastern time.

2.2 Status Reports

     Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-
orbit activities and landing operations will be produced by 
the appropriate NASA newscenter.

2.3 Briefings

     A mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior 
to launch.  During the mission, status briefings by a flight 
director or mission operations representative and when 
appropriate, representatives from the payload team, will 
occur at least once each day.  The updated NASA television 
schedule will indicate when mission briefings are planned.

2.4 Internet Information

     The NASA Headquarters Public Affairs Internet Home Page 
provides access to the STS-75 mission press kit and status 
reports.  The address for the Headquarters Public Affairs 
Home Page is: http://www.nasa.gov/hqpao/hqpao_home.html

     Informational materials, such as status reports and TV 
schedules, also are available from an anonymous FTP (File 
Transfer Protocol) server at ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao.  
Users should log on with the user name "anonymous" (no 
quotes), then enter their E-mail address as the password. 
Within the /pub/pao directory there will be a "readme.txt" 
file explaining the directory structure. 

     Pre-launch status reports from KSC are found under 
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/ksc, and mission status 
reports can be found under 
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc.  Daily TV schedules 
can be found under 
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc/tvsked.

     Users with CompuServe accounts can access NASA press 
releases by typing "GO NASA" (no quotes) and making a 
selection from the categories offered.

3.0 STS-75 Quick Look Facts

Launch Date/Site:       February 22, 1996/KSC Launch Pad 39-B
Launch Time:            3:18 PM EST
Launch Window:          2 hours, 30 minutes
Orbiter:                Columbia (OV-102), 19th flight
Orbit Altitude:         160 nautical miles
Orbit Inclination:......28.45 degrees
Mission Duration:       13 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes
Landing Date:           March 7, 1996
Landing Time:           7:32 AM EST
Primary Landing Site:   Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Abort Landing Sites:    Return to Launch Site            KSC
              Transoceanic Abort Sites   Ben Guerir, Morocco
                                         Moron, Spain
               Abort-Once Around         Edwards AFB, CA

Crew:         Andrew Allen, Commander (CDR)
             Scott Horowitz, Pilot (PLT)
             Jeff Hoffman, Mission Specialist 1 (MS 1)
             Maurizio Cheli, Mission Specialist 2 (MS 2)
             Claude Nicollier, Mission Specialist 3 (MS 3)
             Franklin Chang-Diaz, Mission Specialist 4 (MS 4)
             Umberto Guidoni, Payload Specialist 1 (PS 1)

Shifts:         Red Team:      Horowitz, Cheli, Guidoni
                Blue Team:     Nicollier, Chang-Diaz
                White Team:    Allen, Hoffman
                               (joins Blue team after TSS)
EVA Crew (if needed):         Franklin Chang-Diaz (EV 1),
                              Claude Nicollier (EV 2)

Cargo Bay Payloads:   Tethered Satellite System
                      USMP-3
                      OARE

In-Cabin Payloads:    Middeck Glovebox
                      Commercial Protein Crystal Growth

Developmental Test Objectives/Detailed Supplementary 
Objectives
DTO 301D:  Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation
DTO 307D:  Entry Structural Capability
DTO 312:  External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance
DTO 667:  Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer
DTO 805:  Crosswind Landing Performance
DSO 331:  Interaction of Shuttle Launch Entry Suits on Egress 
Locomotion
DSO 487:  Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers
DSO 491:  Characterization of Microbial Transfer Among 
Crewmembers
DSO 492:  In-Flight Evaluation of a Portable Clinical Blood 
Analyzer
DSO 493:  Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding 
in Astronauts
DSO 802:  Educational Activities
DSO 901:  Documentary Television
DSO 902:  Documentary Motion Picture Photography
DSO 903:  Documentary Still Photography

4.0 Shuttle Abort Modes

     Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe 
and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and its 
payload.  Abort modes for STS-75 include:

     * Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine 
thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 105-nautical 
mile orbit with the orbital maneuvering system engines.

     * Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine 
shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit of the Earth 
before landing at the Kennedy Space Center, FL.

     * Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or 
more main engines midway through powered flight would force a 
landing at either Ben Guerir, Morocco; or Moron, Spain.

     * Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one 
or more engines, and without enough energy to reach a TAL 
site, would result in a pitch around and thrust back toward 
KSC until within gliding distance of the Shuttle Landing 
Facility.

5.0 Mission Summary Timeline

Flight Day One:  Launch/Ascent, TSS Checkout and Activation, 
USMP-3 Activation.

Flight Day 2:  TSS Pre-Deploy Checkout, USMP-3 Operations.

Flight Day 3:  TSS Flyaway, USMP-3 Operations.

Flight Day 4:  TSS Science Operations and Retrieval, USMP-3 
Operations.

Flight Day 5:  TSS Retrieval and Docking, TSS Post-
Retrieval Safing, USMP-3 Operations.

Flight Day 6:  Middeck Glovebox Setup.

Flight Day 7-12:  USMP-3 Operations.

Flight Day 13:  USMP-3 Operations, Crew News Conference.

Flight Day 14:  Flight Control System Checkout, Reaction 
Control System Hot-Fire, USMP-3 Deactivation, Cabin Stow.

Flight Day 15:  Deorbit Prep, Deorbit Burn, Entry, KSC 
Landing.

6.0 STS-75 Orbital Events Summary
(Based on a Feb. 22, 1996 Launch)

EVENT...................MET.......TIME OF DAY (EST)

Launch....................0/00:00........3:18 PM, Feb. 22

OMS-2.....................0/00:42........4:00 PM, Feb. 22

TSS Flyaway...............2/00:19........3:37 PM, Feb. 24

TSS On-Station............2/06:00........9:18 PM, Feb. 24

TSS Retrieve-1............3/03:30........6:48 PM, Feb. 25

TSS Docking...............3/22:27........1:45 PM, Feb. 26

Crew News Conference.....11/16:00........7:18 AM, March 5

Deorbit Burn.............13/15:17........6:35 AM, March 7

KSC Landing..............13/16:14........7:32 AM, March 7

7.0 Payload and Vehicle Weights

Vehicle/Payload                              Pounds

Orbiter (Columbia) empty and 3 SSMEs        160,328

Tethered Satellite System                     1,486

TSS Support Equipment                        10.653

USMP-3 Experiments and Support Equipment      5,351

Commercial Protein Crystal Growth                57

Middeck Glovebox Experiment                     395

Detailed Test/Supplementary Objectives          129

Shuttle System at SRB Ignition            4,523,663

Orbiter Weight at Landing                   229,031

8.0 Crew Responsibilities

Payloads                 Prime            Backup

Tethered Satellite Sys.      Hoffman, Guidoni   Chang-Diaz,
                                                Nicollier
TSS Science                  Chang-Diaz         Guidoni, 
                                                Hoffman
                                                Nicollier
USMP-3 Systems                Cheli              Chang-Diaz
Middeck Glovebox              Horowitz           Chang-Diaz
Earth Observations            Nicollier          Horowitz
EVA (if needed)           Chang-Diaz (EV 1)  Nicollier (EV 2)
Intravehicular Crewmember     Hoffman           --------
TSS Rendezvous/Proximity Ops  Allen          Horowitz, 
                                                 Nicollier

9.0 Science Aboard STS-75

        Science aboard STS-75 comes in two parts:  developing 
and understanding the basic dynamic and electrodynamic 
processes governing tethered systems.  The flight also will 
focus on improving our basic knowledge on materials under 
microgravity conditions.

        The TSS-1R flight will explore ideas and test 
concepts which may be applied to spacecraft of the future.  
It also will lead to an increased understanding of physical 
processes in the near-Earth space environment.  USMP-3 is a 
pathfinder for 21st century technologies needed to spur 
development of a new generation of computers, electronics and 
metals.

        During the first two days in space, the crew will 
activate and perform health checks on the Tethered Satellite 
System and the USMP equipment.  On the third flight day, the 
astronauts will unreel the Tethered Satellite spaceward into 
Earth's electrically charged upper atmosphere, known as the 
ionosphere, to begin a series of studies about how the two 
interact.  The major portion of TSS investigations will be 
conducted on flight days two through five, although data 
collection will continue throughout the mission. 

        Also on flight day two, crew members will activate 
major USMP experiments.  Once microgravity experiments are 
running, most will be remotely controlled, a mode of 
operation known as telescience.  Flight days five through 12 
will be devoted mainly to conducting USMP investigations 
while the crew carries out combustion experiments in a device 
known as the glovebox, located in the middeck.  During this 
time, Columbia's position will be adjusted periodically to 
give USMP experiments the best possible conditions based on 
measurement of microgravity disturbances by on-board sensors.  

9.1 Tethered Satellite System Reflight (TSS-1R)  

        NASA and ASI long have planned the TSS reflight but a 
formal commitment awaited U.S. congressional approval for 
NASA to spend funds on the project.  TSS originally was flown 
on the Space Shuttle STS-46 mission launched in July 1992.  
TSS deployment was curtailed when mechanical interference in 
the deployer reel assembly prevented full deployment of the 
satellite.  The TSS reflight will focus on science objectives 
not accomplished on the STS-46 mission.

        The TSS flight will be a scientific adventure aimed 
at understanding the possibilities for putting tether 
technology to work in space for many uses.  TSS-1R will take 
advantage of the knowledge gained about tether dynamics 
during the first TSS mission.  This mission will gather more 
crucial information needed to test theories for a variety of 
future tether applications. 

        For example, by reversing the direction of the 
current in the tether, the force caused by its interaction 
with Earth's magnetic field could put an object in motion, 
serving to boost a spacecraft's orbit without using precious 
fuel.  Also, a satellite could be moved up and down in orbit 
by releasing a tethered body from a primary spacecraft to 
position it into a desired location.  Deploying a tether 
downwards towards Earth could place movable science platforms 
in hard-to-study atmospheric zones, such as the ozone region 
over the South Pole. 

        Tethers also may be used as antennas to transmit 
extremely low frequency signals to Earth.  Such low frequency 
waves can penetrate land and sea water providing for 
communications not possible with standard radio.  Tethers 
could place instrumented experimental aircraft models in the 
region 60 to 90 miles (100 to 150 kilometers) above Earth to 
gain a more accurate evaluation than is possible in wind 
tunnels, which only partially simulate flight conditions.  It 
may one day be possible to create artificial gravity for 
long-duration missions, such as the first human trip to Mars, 
by using tethered systems.  

        TSS-1R experiments support seven mission objectives:  

     (1) Determine the amount of electrical current collected 
and voltage produced by the Tethered Satellite-Shuttle system 
as it interacts with Earth's ionospheric environment of 
charged gas (plasma) and its magnetic and electric fields.
     (2) Understand how a tethered satellite makes contact 
with the ionospheric plasma and how an electrical current is 
extracted.   
     (3) Demonstrate electrical power generation, as a 
product of current and voltage, to determine how such a 
system could be used as a space-based power source.   
     (4) Verify tether control and dynamics from short (1.2 
mile/2 kilometer) to long (12.8 mile/20.7 kilometer) 
deployment ranges.  
     (5) Demonstrate how neutral gas affects the satellite's 
plasma sheath and current collection, possibly enhancing 
tether-produced current.  
     (6) Determine how electrical current is conducted 
through the near-Earth plasma by measuring waves broadcast as 
the tethered satellite passes over a series of ground-based 
receiving stations, as well as how the tether acts as a low-
frequency-band antenna.  
     (7) Learn to control tether motion by collecting data 
about how current flow produces force.  

Earth's Charged-Particle Environment and the Tethered 
Satellite System

        TSS-1R will make use of Earth's magnetic field and 
electrically charged atmosphere for a variety of experiments.  
Just as a bar magnet produces invisible lines of force known 
as "field lines," so does Earth.  The Sun is a ball of 
electrically charged, or ionized, gas known as plasma.  
Plasma from the Sun, the solar wind, continually rushes past 
Earth; most is deflected around the planet, but some 
penetrates Earth's upper atmosphere, creating electric 
fields.  Lightning is a commonly seen form of plasma.  More 
than 99 percent of matter in the universe exists in the 
plasma state. 

        Speeding through the magnetized ionospheric plasma at 
almost five miles per second, the Tethered Satellite should 
create a variety of very interesting plasma-electrodynamic 
phenomena.  These are expected to provide unique experimental 
opportunities, including the ability to collect an electrical 
charge and drive a large-current system, generate high 
voltages (around 5,000 volts) across the tether, control the 
satellite's electrical potential and its plasma sheath (the 
layer of charged particles created around the satellite), and 
generate low-frequency electrostatic and electromagnetic 
waves.  While ground-based scientists are limited to small-
scale experiments, Earth's ionosphere offers TSS-1R 
scientists a vast laboratory for space plasma experiments 
that cannot be conducted any other way. 

        The tether system consists of a five-foot (1.6-meter) 
diameter battery-powered satellite secured by a strong, 
electrically conducting cord, or tether, to the satellite 
support structure attached to the Shuttle orbiter.  Data-
gathering instruments are mounted in the Shuttle's cargo bay 
and middeck area, and on the satellite.  During the second 
day on orbit, the STS-75 crew will reel the satellite out on 
its tether -- which looks like a long white shoelace - to 
about 12.5 miles (20.7 kilometers) away from the Shuttle, 
into the ionosphere.  TSS-1R scientific instruments will 
allow scientists to examine the electrodynamics of the 
conducting tether system, as well as clarify the physical 
processes of the near-Earth space environment and, by 
extension, throughout the Solar System. 

        The conducting tether's generator mode will produce 
electrical current at a high voltage, using the same basic 
principle as a standard electrical generator.  A small 
portion of the mechanical energy of the Shuttle's more than 
17,500-mile-an-hour orbital motion will be converted into 
electrical energy as the electrically conducting metal 
strands in the tether's core pass through Earth's magnetic 
field lines. 

        The conductive outer skin of the Tethered Satellite 
will collect free electrons from the space plasma, and the 
resulting voltage will cause the electrons to flow down the 
conductive tether to the Shuttle.  An electron accelerator, 
also called an electron gun, will then eject them back into 
space.  Scientists expect the electrons to travel through the 
ionosphere to complete the loop required to close the 
circuit, just as a wire must close the circuit between the 
positive and negative poles of a car battery before current 
will flow.  They will use a series of interdependent 
experiments -- conducted with electron guns and tether 
current-control hardware along with a set of diagnostic 
instruments -- to assess the nature of the external current 
loop within the ionosphere.  This also will shed light on the 
processes by which the circuit is completed at the satellite 
and the Shuttle.  

9.2 Scientific Investigations  

        Of the TSS-1R mission's 12 scientific investigations, 
NASA will provide six, ASI will provide five and the U.S. Air 
Force Phillips Laboratory will contribute one.  Seven 
experiments include equipment that either stimulates or 
monitors the tether system and its environment, two will use 
ground-based instruments to measure electromagnetic emissions 
from the TSS, two will use satellite and orbiter-mounted 
instruments to study tether dynamics and one will provide 
theoretical support in the area of electrodynamics.

        Only a complete set of data on plasma and field 
conditions can give an accurate understanding of the space 
environment and its interaction with the tethered system.  
TSS-1R science investigations are complementary - while some 
instruments will measure magnetic fields, others will record 
particle energies and densities, and still others will map 
electric fields.  

        The Tethered Satellite System Deployer Core Equipment 
and Satellite Core Equipment, by Dr. Carlo Bonifazi of the 
ASI, Rome, will control the electrical current flowing 
through the tether between the satellite and the Shuttle, as 
well as make a number of basic electrical and physical 
measurements of the system. 

        The Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics 
experiment, by Dr. Nobie Stone of Marshall, will study the 
behavior of charged particles in the ionosphere and ionized 
particles around the satellite under a variety of conditions.  
The Research on Electrodynamic Tether Effects experiment, by  
Dr. Marino Dobrowolny of the Italian National Research 
Council, Rome, will measure the electrical potential in the 
plasma sheath around the satellite and identify waves excited 
by the satellite and tether system.  The goal of the Magnetic 
Field Experiment for TSS Missions investigation, by Prof. 
Franco Mariani of the Second University of Rome, will be to 
map the levels and fluctuations in magnetic fields around the 
satellite. 

        The Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System 
investigation, by Dr. Brian Gilchrist of the University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, will study the ability of the Tethered 
Satellite to collect electrons by determining the current and 
voltage of the tethered system and measuring the resistance 
to current flow in the tether itself.  The Shuttle Potential 
and Return Electron Experiment, by Dr. David Hardy of the 
U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, Bedford, MA, will measure 
the charged particles around the Shuttle. 

        How well the Tethered Satellite -- the longest 
antenna ever placed in orbit -- broadcasts radio signals from 
space is the main goal of the Investigation of 
Electromagnetic Emissions for Electrodynamic Tether, by Dr. 
Robert Estes of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 
Cambridge, MA, and the Observations at the Earth's Surface of 
Electromagnetic Emissions, by  Dr. Giorgio Tacconi of the 
University of Genoa.  The Tether Optical Phenomena 
experiment, by Dr. Stephen Mende of Lockheed Martin's Palo 
Alto Research Laboratory, CA, will use a hand-held low-light-
level television camera operated by the crew, to provide 
visual data to help scientists answer questions about tether 
dynamics and optical effects generated by the Tethered 
Satellite. 

        The Investigation and Measurement of Dynamic Noise in 
the TSS, by Dr. Gordon Gullahorn of the Smithsonian 
Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, and the Theoretical 
and Experimental Investigation of TSS Dynamics, by Prof. 
Silvio Bergamaschi of the Institute of Applied Mechanics, 
Padua University, Italy, will analyze data from a variety of 
instruments to examine TSS oscillations over a wide range of 
frequencies.  The Theory and Modeling in Support of Tethered 
Satellite Applications, by Dr. Adam Drobot of the Science 
Applications International Corp., McLean, VA, will provide 
theoretical electrodynamic support for the mission.  

TSS-1R Responsibilities  

        TSS-1R mission responsibilities are shared between 
the Marshall and Johnson Centers, with ASI support at each 
location.  Marshall provides project management, as well as 
system development, testing and integration.  Science teams 
work under Marshall direction.  Marshall will furnish real-
time engineering support for the TSS-1R system components and 
tether dynamics.  All remote commanding of science 
instruments aboard the satellite deployer and the Tethered 
Satellite will be executed by the Marshall Payload Operations 
Control team.  Because of the unique interaction between the 
payload and the Shuttle, Mission Control in Houston is 
responsible for the crew's deployment and retrieval of the 
satellite.  Mission Control also will manage the satellite in 
orbit and monitor the state of the instrument pallet, the 
deployer and the satellite.  ASI will provide equipment 
engineering support during the mission.  

TSS-1R Mission Management

        TSS-1R is directed by Program Manager Tom Stuart, 
Office of Space Flight, and Science Payload Program Manager 
Mike Calabrese, Office of Space Science, NASA Headquarters, 
Washington, DC.  Responsible for project management at 
Marshall are Mission Manager Robert McBrayer and Mission 
Scientist Dr. Nobie Stone, who also serves as project 
scientist and co-chairman of the Investigator Working Group.  
The chief engineer is Tony Lavoie. 

       At the Italian Space Agency, Rome, Italy's TSS-1R 
contribution is directed by ASI Program Manager Dr. Carlo 
Bonifazi, also the ASI Science Program Manager.  Responsible 
for the Project Management of the satellite and the Core 
Equipment are, respectively, Raffaele Battaglia and Francesco 
Svelto.  
Dr. Marino Dobrowolny is ASI Mission Scientist, with his 
assistant Dr. Jean Sabbagh.

9.3 Tethered Satellite Flight Operations

        The Tethered Satellite's primary scientific data will 
be taken during a planned 22-hour period when the satellite 
is extended to the maximum distance from the Shuttle and 
throughout the 7- to 10-hour period after the satellite has 
been reeled back to within approximately 1.2 miles (3.2 
kilometers) of the Shuttle.  Secondary science measurements 
will be taken before and during the 5.5-hour deployment and 
retrieval operations, and throughout the period when the 
satellite is within approximately 1.5 miles of the Shuttle. 

        Most activities not carried out by the crew will be 
controlled by command sequences stored in an onboard 
computer.  To make the mission more flexible, however, 
modifications to these sequences may be uplinked, or commands 
may be sent in real-time to the instruments aboard the 
Shuttle.  During the mission, teams of scientists will be 
stationed in the Science Operations Area at Marshall's 
Spacelab Mission Operations Control Center.  

     The responsibility for flying the Tethered Satellite, 
controlling the stability of the satellite, tether and 
Columbia, lies with the flight controllers in Mission Control 
at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.  The primary flight 
control positions that will contribute to the flight of the 
Tethered Satellite System are the Rendezvous Guidance and 
Procedures (RGPO, commonly called Rendezvous) area and the 
Payloads area.

     Rendezvous officers will oversee the dynamic phases of  
the deployment and retrieval of the satellite and are 
responsible for determining the correct course of action to 
manage any tether dynamics.  To compute corrective actions, 
the Rendezvous officers will combine data from their 
workstations with inputs from several investigative teams.  
The Payloads area will oversee control of the satellite 
systems, the operation of the tether deployer and all other 
TSS systems.  Payloads also serves as the liaison between 
Mission Control and the science investigators at Marshall, 
where all real-time commands for science operations will 
originate.  Columbia's crew will control the deployer reel 
and the satellite thrusters from onboard the Shuttle.

Deploy Operations

     The satellite will be deployed from Columbia when the 
cargo bay is facing away from Earth, with the tail slanted 
upward and nose pitched down.  A 39-foot long boom, with the 
satellite at its end, is raised out of the cargo bay to 
provide clearance between the satellite and Shuttle during 
the deploy and retrieval operations.  The orbital dynamics 
will result in the Tethered Satellite initially being 
deployed upward but at an angle of about 40 degrees behind 
Columbia's path.

     As an electric motor at the end of the boom pulls tether 
off of the reel and a nitrogen gas thruster on the satellite 
pushes the satellite away from Columbia, the satellite will 
begin its journey.  The deploy will begin very slowly, with 
the satellite eventually moving away from Columbia at about 
one-half mile per hour.

     The initial movement of the satellite away from the boom 
will be at less than two-hundredths of one mile per hour.  
The speed of deploy will continue to increase, peaking after 
one and a half hours from the initial movement to about one 
mile per hour.  At this point, when the satellite is slightly 
less than one mile from Columbia, the rate of deployment will 
be slowed briefly, a maneuver that will reduce the 40-degree 
angle of the satellite to the Shuttle to five degrees and 
will put the satellite almost directly overhead of Columbia, 
by the time about three miles of tether has been unwound.

     When the satellite is almost 2,000 feet, or 600 meters, 
from Columbia, it will be allowed to begin a very slow 
rotation.  Once the satellite reaches about 3.7 miles from 
the Shuttle, about two and a half hours after the start of 
deployment, the rotation rate will be increased by the 
satellite's attitude control system thrusters to a one-
quarter-of-a-revolution-per-minute spin.  The slight spin is 
needed for science operations with the satellite.  After 
this, the speed of deployment will again be increased 
gradually, climbing to a peak separation from Columbia of 
almost 5 mph about four hours into the deployment, when the 
satellite is about nine miles away.  From this point, the 
speed with which the tether is fed out will gradually 
decrease through the rest of the procedure, coming to a stop 
almost five and a half hours after the initial movement, when 
the satellite is a little more than 12.8 miles, or 20.7 
kilometers, from Columbia.

     Just prior to the satellite's arrival at its most 
distant point, the quarter-revolution spin will be stopped 
briefly to measure tether dynamics.  Then, a seven-tenths-of-
a-revolution-per-minute spin will be imparted.  At full 
deploy, the tension on the tether, or the pull from the 
satellite, is predicted to be equivalent to about 12 pounds 
of force.

     The tether is 13.7 miles, or 22 kilometers, long, 
allowing an extra mile, or1.3 kilometers, of spare tether 
that is not planned to be unwound during the mission.

Dynamics Functional Objectives

     During the deploy of TSS, several tests will be 
conducted to explore control and dynamics of a tethered 
satellite.  Models of deployment have shown that the longer 
the tether becomes, the more stable the system will be.  The 
dynamics and control tests that will be conducted during 
deploy also will aid in preparing for retrieval of the 
satellite and will serve to verify the ability to control the 
satellite during that operation.

     During retrieval, it is expected that the stability of 
the system will decrease as the tether is shortened, opposite 
the way stability increased as the tether was lengthened 
during deploy.  The dynamics tests involve maintaining a 
constant tension on the tether and correcting any of several 
possible disturbances to it.

     The possible disturbances include:  a bobbing motion, 
also called a plumb bob, where the satellite bounces slightly 
on the tether, causing it to alternately slacken and tighten; 
an oscillation of the tether, called a libration, resulting 
in a pendulum-like movement of tether and satellite; a 
pendulous motion of the satellite, rolling and pitching 
motion of the satellite at the end of the tether; and a 
lateral string mode disturbance, a motion where the satellite 
and Shuttle are stable, but the tether is moving back and 
forth in a "skip rope" motion.

     All of these disturbances may occur naturally and are 
not unexpected.  Some disturbances will be intentionally 
induced.  The first test objective will be performed when the 
satellite is 250 yards from Columbia, and will involve small 
firings of the satellite's steering jets to test the response 
of the satellite's automatic rate damping system.

     Other methods of controlling the satellite and tether 
motion can be performed by the crew when needed.  Those 
methods include using visual contact with the satellite or 
telemetry information from it to manually stabilize TSS from 
aboard the Shuttle by remotely firing the satellite's 
attitude thrusters.

     Another test will be performed when the satellite is 
about 2.5 miles from Columbia.  Columbia's autopilot will be 
adjusted to allow the Shuttle to drift by as much as 10 
degrees in any direction before steering jets automatically 
fire to maintain Columbia's orientation.  The 10-degree 
deadband will be used to judge any disturbances that may be 
imparted to the satellite if a looser attitude control is 
maintained by Columbia.  The standard deadband, or degree of 
allowable drift, set in the Shuttle's digital autopilot for 
Tethered Satellite operations is two degrees of drift.  Tests 
using the wider deadband will allow the crew and flight 
controllers to monitor the amount of motion the satellite and 
tether impart to Columbia.

     When the satellite is fully deployed and on station at 
12.8 miles, Columbia will perform jet firings to judge 
disturbances imparted to the tether and satellite at that 
distance.  The satellite is planned to remain at that 
distance, called On Station-1 (OST-1), for about 22 hours.  
Damping of any motion which is expected to occur in the 
tether and satellite while at 12.8 miles and during the early 
portion of retrieval will be accomplished using electrical 
current flow through the tether.  During the later stages of 
retrieval, damping will be accomplished using a combination 
of the Shuttle's steering jets, a built-in damping system at 
the end of the deploy boom and the satellite's steering jets.

Retrieval Operations

     Retrieval operations of the satellite will occur more 
slowly than deployment.  The rate of retrieval of the tether, 
the closing rate between Columbia and the satellite, will 
build after five hours since its initial movement to a peak 
rate of about three miles per hour.  At that point, when the 
satellite is about four and a half miles from Columbia, the 
rate of retrieval will gradually decrease, coming to a halt 
about five and a half hours after the start of retrieval 
operations when the satellite is approximately 1.5 miles from 
Columbia.  The satellite will remain at 1.5 miles from 
Columbia for seven to nine hours of science operations before 
the final retrieval begins.

     The final phase of retrieval is expected to take about 
two hours.  A peak closing rate of closing between Columbia 
and the satellite of about 1.5 miles per hour will be 
attained just after the final retrieval begins, and the 
closing rate will gradually decrease through the remainder of 
the operation.  The closing rate at the time the satellite is 
docked to the cradle at the end of the deployer boom is 
planned to be less than one-tenth of one mile per hour.

9.4 United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3) Science

     Once on orbit, crew members will activate the USMP-3 
experiment hardware, while science teams in the Science 
Operations Area of Marshall's Spacelab Mission Operations 
Control watch preliminary data, awaiting their turn as 
primary payload following TSS operations.  Science teams will 
monitor and adjust experiments as necessary, based on data 
downlinked from Columbia.

9.4.1 Cargo Bay Experiments

Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace 
(AADSF)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Archibald L. Fripp, NASA 
Langley Research Center, Langley, VA

     Objective.  The speed and the amount of information 
that can be stored and sent by computers and high-tech 
electronics, using sophisticated semiconductor materials, may 
be increased by better control of how the semiconductor's 
structure forms.  Millions of dollars are invested each year 
in ground-based research to reach this goal.  The Advanced 
Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) will fly 
again on USMP-3 to expand upon findings from USMP-2 to help 
researchers develop processes and materials that perform 
better and cost less to produce.

     A semiconductor's usefulness is determined by how atoms 
are ordered within the crystals underlying three-dimensional 
structure.  These materials, when produced under the 
influence of gravity, often suffer structural damage that 
limits the crystal's usefulness.  A warm fluid is less dense 
than a cooler sample of the same fluid, and on Earth, gravity 
causes the cooler, denser material to sink while the warmer 
fluid rises.  Flows caused by this process, known as 
buoyancy-induced convection, as well as another undesirable 
phenomenon  sedimentation  are greatly reduced in the 
Shuttle's orbiting microgravity laboratory.  The effects of 
gravity on the orbiting spacecraft are roughly a million 
times less than experienced on the ground.

     Procedure.  During USMP-3, the AADSF will be used to 
grow a crystal of lead-tin-telluride (PbSnTe), a material 
used to make infrared radiation detectors and lasers.  This 
will be done by the technique known as directional 
solidification.  This method involves cooling a molten 
material, causing a solid to form at one end of the sample.  
The solidification region grows at the point where the solid 
and liquid meet, known as the solid/liquid interface.  This 
interface is moved from one end of the sample to the other at 
a controlled rate, resulting in a high degree of crystalline 
perfection.

     The facility has multiple temperature zones, ranging 
from extremely hot  above the melting point of the material 
(about 1600 degrees Fahrenheit/870 Celsius)  to cooler zones 
below the melting point (about 650 degrees Fahrenheit/340 
Celsius).  Once a region of the crystal is melted, the sample 
is slowly moved and directional solidification takes place.

     The solid/liquid interface is where the flows in the 
molten material influence the final composition and structure 
of the crystal sample.  After the mission, scientists will 
analyze the solidified sample to determine the density of 
defects and the distribution of elements in the crystal.  

Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (Zeno)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Robert Gammon, Institute for 
Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 
College Park, MD

     Objective.  The Zeno investigation, named for the Greek 
philosopher, will explore an unusual state of matter by 
measuring the density of the element xenon at its critical 
point, a unique set of conditions when it is literally on the 
edge of simultaneously being in a gaseous phase and a liquid 
phase.  More precisely, the material rapidly changes back and 
forth from one state to the other so that one is unable to 
determine the state of a given volume of material.

     Scientists are interested in what happens at the 
critical point because these phase change phenomena are 
common to many different materials.  Understanding how matter 
behaves at the critical point can provide insight into a 
variety of physics problems, ranging from state changes in 
fluids (gas to liquid) to alterations in the magnetic 
properties of solids.  This knowledge will be valuable in a 
wide variety of fields, including liquid crystals, 
superconductors and even matter fluctuations in the early 
formation of the universe.

     Procedure.  Aboard the Shuttle, Zeno will measure 
properties of xenon a hundred times closer to its critical 
point than is possible on Earth.  USMP-3 will use a refined 
procedure for approaching the critical point temperature more 
slowly, gradually scanning from one temperature to the next, 
taking advantage of the Zeno instrument's sensitivity to 
minute variations in fluid density that arise in 
microgravity.  This will be done by shining laser light on a 
xenon sample and analyzing the resulting light scattering.  
At controlled temperatures extremely near the critical 
temperature, the fluid will be a billion times more 
compressible than water but will have similar density.  It 
will change from a vapor clear as glass to a milky white 
fluid with a large capacity for absorbing heat, but will 
transport heat very slowly.  Accurate measurements of a 
fluid's physical properties when very close to the critical 
point cannot be made on Earth because gravity causes the 
fluid to layer, with respect to density, (vapor on top, 
liquid below) severely at the temperatures of most 
significance.  The orbital environment will permit 
measurements to be made within a few millionths of a degree 
of the critical temperature.

     The Zeno instrument is contained within two flight 
modules to isolate electrical noise sources and thermal loads 
from the most sensitive optical and electronic subsystems in 
the light-scattering instrument.  A precision, high-pressure 
sample cell will hold the xenon sample with a 100-micron-
thick fluid layer for the light-scattering experiment.  This 
cell and a compact, high-performance thermostat are the key 
elements in making precision measurements.  The main 
components of the light-scattering system are housed on an 
optics bench.

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Martin Glicksman, Rennselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

     Objective.  Metals manufacturing for many industrial 
and consumer products involves the process of solidification.  
Industrial materials research traditionally has tried many 
different things instead of developing a clear understanding 
of the fundamental processes involved.  Microgravity research 
such as this will lead to manufacturing improvements in 
metals and alloys that display dendrite formation.

     As most molten materials solidify, they form tiny pine 
tree-shaped crystals called dendrites, from the ancient Greek 
for "tree."  The size, shape and direction of these crystals 
dictate the final properties of the resulting solid material, 
such as its hardness, its ability to bend without breaking 
and its electrical properties.  On USMP-2, dendrite 
researchers were able to observe dendrites in the absence of 
convection at extremely small temperature differences below 
the freezing point, a phenomenon never seen on Earth.  During 
USMP-3, the experiment will continue to build upon that 
foundation.

     Procedure.  The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment 
apparatus consists of a thermostat that contains the dendrite 
growth chamber.  The growth chamber will be filled with ultra 
pure succinonitrile (SCN), a substance that mimics the 
behavior of metals, but is transparent, thus allowing the 
dendrites to be easily photographed.  Dendrite growth begins 
by cooling a tube, known as a stinger, which is filled with 
the liquid and extends into the growth chamber.  This causes 
the SCN to solidify, with a solidification front moving down 
the tube to the tip of the stinger and emerging into the SCN 
volume as an individual dendrite.

     Two television cameras will allow scientists to watch 
for dendrites to emerge.  The images of dendrites growing in 
space will be viewed in near-real-time by scientists on the 
ground.  When the experiment computer detects dendrites, it 
will trigger two 35-millimeter cameras to photograph the 
samples.  Researchers will compare photographs of the space-
grown dendrites to evaluate growth rate and dendrite shape.

Materials for the Study of Interesting Phenomena of 
Solidification 
on Earth and in Orbit (MEPHISTO)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. J.J. Favier, Center for 
Nuclear Study, Grenoble, France

     Objective.  The investigation known as MEPHISTO is a 
cooperative program between NASA, the French Space Agency and 
the French Atomic Energy Commission, with the goal of 
understanding how gravity-driven convection affects the 
production of metals, alloys and electronic materials.  
MEPHISTO flew on both previous USMP missions.  Analyses of 
samples produced on orbit are being conducted by science and 
technical teams to improve processes for making products 
ranging from alloys for airplane turbine blades to electronic 
materials.  This third flight of MEPHISTO will continue the 
investigation into how material solidifies in microgravity.  
Ultimately, the MEPHISTO experiments may bring dramatic 
improvements in materials production.

     Researchers want to know what happens at the boundary 
between solid and liquid  the solid/liquid interface  
during solidification of a molten material, to better control 
this process on Earth.  Temperature differences at this 
boundary can cause fluid movements that affect the structure 
and properties of the solidified product through convection 
and sedimentation.  In microgravity, sedimentation and 
buoyancy-induced convection are greatly reduced, so 
researchers can explore underlying processes that normally 
are masked by gravity.

     Procedure.  The MEPHISTO furnace aboard USMP-3 will 
repeatedly process three samples of a tin-bismuth alloy using 
directional solidification, a common method for growing 
crystalline materials such as metals and semiconductors.  As 
the solidified region grows, the boundary between the solid 
and liquid material will move from one end of the sample 
toward the other.  Electrical measurements will gauge 
temperature variations in the solidification front.  These 
temperature variations are indicative of the stability of the 
interface which is very important in controlling the 
properties of the material in its solid state.  The shape of 
the front will be marked in the growing crystal by subjecting 
the sample to electric-current pulses. 

     Researchers will compare results produced on orbit with 
those produced on the ground to better understand and expand 
theories of materials, materials processing and the potential 
that the microgravity environment offers for research in 
areas with down-to-Earth applications.

Measuring the Microgravity Environment of the 
Orbiting Shuttle

Space Acceleration Measurement Systems (SAMS)
 Project Scientist:  Richard DeLombard, NASA Lewis Research 
Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  When the Space Shuttle is in orbit, the 
effects of gravity are reduced by close to one million times.  
However, disturbances happen when crew members move about and 
equipment is operated, as well as when the Shuttle maneuvers 
by firing thrusters and even when it experiences subtle 
atmospheric drag.  USMP-3 scientists will depend on 
measurements of minute changes in the orbital environment to 
tweak their experiments and improve scientific data 
collection, as well as to determine how such vibrations or 
accelerations influence experiment results.  Future mission 
designs also will benefit from Space Acceleration Measurement 
System data.

     Procedure.  The system accurately measures the orbital 
environment via five sensors, called "accelerometers," placed 
throughout the Shuttle.  Microgravity profiles are 
transmitted to the ground through the Shuttle's 
communications system.  These data also are recorded on 
optical disks for post-flight analysis.

Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE)
 Project Scientist:  Richard DeLombard, NASA Lewis Research 
Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  In the past, the Orbital Acceleration 
Research Experiment has helped scientists obtain data to make 
the best possible use of the low-gravity environment.  While 
the orbiting Shuttle offers a remarkably stable ride for 
space-based experiments, it does experience some low-level 
disturbances from the Shuttles orientation, atmospheric drag 
and venting of liquids or gases, among others.  USMP-3 
experiments will use this acceleration data to complement the 
data provided by the Space Acceleration Measurement System 
and improve research results.

     Procedure.  The heart of the OARE instrument is a 
miniature electrostatic accelerometer that accurately 
measures low-frequency on-orbit acceleration disturbances.  
The Shuttle's flight attitude can be changed to satisfy the 
needs of any particular experiment based on information 
measured, processed, stored and downlinked in near real-time.

9.4.2 Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX) Combustion 
Investigations

 MGBX Project Scientist:  Dr. Donald Reiss, NASA Marshall 
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL

     Three combustion investigations will be conducted in the 
Middeck Glovebox Facility.  The glovebox facility is a 
contained space where potentially hazardous materials can be 
handled and crew members can perform operations that are 
impractical in the open cabin environment.  This glovebox was 
developed to provide such capabilities in the Shuttle middeck 
and for future use on the international Space Station.  The 
facility provides power, air and particle filtration, light, 
data collection, real-time monitoring, and sensors for gas, 
temperature, air pressure and humidity.  For each experiment, 
a crew member will remove the experiment kit from stowage and 
place it through the glovebox door, then tightly seal the 
opening.  Using gloves that project into the facility, a crew 
member will set up the experiment and conduct it in this safe 
enclosure.

Forced-Flow Flamespreading Test (FFFT)
 Investigator:  Kurt R. Sacksteder, NASA Lewis Research 
Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  On Earth, gravity causes air motion known 
as buoyant convection  the rising of hot air and falling of 
cool air.  Scientists who study combustion want to know the 
details of how air motion affects flame spreading, to be able 
to better control fires that may occur on orbit.  When a fire 
starts on Earth, flames spread due to the movement of air 
around and through the flames.  Air motion provides oxygen 
for the chemical reactions in the flame, removes combustion 
products (some toxic), and controls how the heat released in 
the flame is distributed.

     Procedure.  A crew member will place small solid fuel 
samples (flat paper and cellulose cylinders) into the test 
module; seal the module in the Middeck Glovebox; establish 
air flow; heat, then ignite the fuel sample; and record the 
results on video and film for later study.  Gas samples will 
be extracted from the combustion products.  Researchers on 
the ground will watch downlinked video of the flame and 
temperature displays to analyze early results and possibly 
change subsequent test runs.

Radiative Ignition and Transition to Spread 
Investigation (RITSI)
Investigator:  Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi, National Institute for 
Standards and Testing, Gaithersburg, MD

     Objective.  Fires in spacecraft pose a significant 
threat.  A short-circuit in an electrical system or 
overheated electrical components could ignite flammable 
material.  Toxic gases can quickly poison the air, and fire 
extinguishers can damage critical equipment.  To prevent and 
control fires on orbit, the conditions that lead up to 
ignition must be understood.

     Procedure.  The experiment apparatus consists of a 
flow duct with screens at both ends and a fan that pulls air 
through the duct.  The clear lid of the duct opens for access 
to the sample holder to change out samples of ashless filter 
paper.  A high-intensity lamp will be focused on the sample 
to preheat and then ignite it.  The crew member will use a 
small control box attached to the outside of the glovebox to 
perform the experiment.  During operations, Dr. Kashiwagi's 
team will monitor the experiment.  Between tests, downlinked 
data will be analyzed to recommend conditions for subsequent 
tests.

Comparative Soot Diagnostics (CSD)
 Investigator:  Dr. David L. Urban, NASA Lewis Research 
Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  An understanding of soot processes in 
flames produced in microgravity will contribute to our 
ability to predict fire behavior on Earth.  However, no soot 
measurements have been made of quasi-steady, microgravity 
flames.  The Comparative Soot Diagnostics experiment will 
provide the first such measurements and will provide data 
useful for understanding soot processes on Earth.  Since fire 
detector systems currently flown on the Shuttle and scheduled 
for use on the international Space Station have not been 
tested for quasi-steady, low-gravity sources of minute 
particles, this data will be studied for its applicability to 
the design and operation of future spacecraft smoke detection 
systems.

     Procedure.  The experiment will examine particle 
formation from a variety of sources, including a candle and 
four overheated materials  paper, silicone rubber, and wires 
coated with Teflon and Kapton.  These materials are found 
in crew cabins, and silicone rubber is an industrial product.  
The apparatus consists of two modules, one installed inside 
the glovebox and the other attached to the outside of the 
glovebox.  After running a self-diagnostic procedure on the 
smoke detectors in the internal module, the crew member 
performing this experiment will activate a video camera and 
turn on an igniter.  A probe will sample the soot when flames 
are well developed.

9.5 Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)

        STS-75 includes a flight of the Commercial Protein 
Crystal Growth systems identified as CPCG-09.  This payload 
will process nine different proteins seeking the development 
of new therapeutic treatments for infections, human cancers, 
diseases caused from hormone disorders, and Chagas disease.

        Columbia will carry into space the first joint U.S.-
Latin American experiment in protein crystal growth.  The 
project, conceived in March 1993, brings together a small 
team of investigators from Costa Rica, Chile and the United 
States.  It involves the crystallization in microgravity of 
ultrapure samples of Tripanothione Reductase, a DNA-grown 
protein expressing key features of the Tripanosoma Cruzi, the 
parasite that causes Chagas Disease.  The experiment will 
seek to determine the structure of this protein through 
crystallographic studies of the crystals obtained in space.  
The high resolution resulting from the space grown crystals 
could pave the way for the development of effective 
pharmaceuticals to combat this debilitating disease and lead, 
some day, to an effective vaccine.

        The CPCG-09 payload was developed by the CMC, which 
was formed in 1985 as a NASA Center for the Commercial 
Development of Space.  The CMC's objective is to form 
partnerships with industrial groups and other government 
agencies who are pursuing commercial applications of 
macromolecular crystallography relating to structure-based 
drug design.  This is a drug discovery methodology based on 
inhibiting or enhancing the biological activity of 
macromolecules, or proteins, responsible for various 
diseases.  Protein crystallography, using X-ray diffraction, 
is the lead technique whereby the three-dimensional molecular 
structure of a protein disease target is established.  
Protein structural information leads to the discovery and 
synthesis of complementary compounds that can become potent 
drugs specifically directed against the disease target.  
Structure-based drug design is a productive and cost-
effective targeted drug development strategy.

        CPCG-09 will be the CMC's 29th space flight, and will 
use the CMC's newly developed Commercial Vapor Diffusion 
Apparatus (CVDA).  Analysis of the results of previous CMC 
missions has shown that techniques have produced proteins 
crystals of significantly higher quality than ever grown on 
Earth before.  The CMC has developed over ten pieces of 
flight hardware specifically for the support of microgravity 
investigations in protein crystal growth.  These systems use 
vapor diffusion, temperature induction, and batch mixing 
techniques and certain pieces of hardware have been augmented 
with instrumentation for localized temperature, light 
scattering, and video monitoring.  The newest addition to the 
crystal growth hardware inventory, the Commercial Vapor 
Diffusion Apparatus (CVDA), was designed, developed, and 
manufactured by the CMC.  The CVDA can accommodate 128 
protein samples.  The flight of CPCG-09 is sponsored by the 
Space Processing Division of the Office of Space Access and 
Technology, as part of NASA's commercial development of space 
program.

10.0 STS-75 CREW BIOGRAPHIES

NAME: Andrew M. Allen (Lieutenant Colonel, USMC) NASA 
Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, 
PA.  His father, Charles A. Allen, resides in Richboro, PA.  
His mother, Loretta T. Allen, is deceased.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Archbishop Wood High School, 
Warminster, PA, in 1973; received a bachelor of science 
degree in mechanical engineering from Villanova University in 
1977.

CHILDREN:  Jessica Marie, July 19, 1985; Meredith Frances, 
January 9, 1990.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Recipient of the Defense Superior Service 
Medal, the Single Mission Air Medal, the NASA Exceptional 
Service Medal, the NASA Space Flight Medal, and an honorary 
Doctorate of Public Service from Bucks County Community 
College (PA) in 1993.

EXPERIENCE:  Allen was a member of the Navy ROTC unit and 
received his commission in the United States Marine Corps at 
Villanova University in 1977.  Following graduation from 
flight school, he flew F-4 Phantoms from 1980 to 1983 with 
VMFA-312 at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Beaufort, SC, and 
was assigned as the Aircraft Maintenance Officer.  He was 
selected by Headquarters Marine Corps for fleet introduction 
of the F/A-18 Hornet, and was assigned to VMFA-531 in MCAS El 
Toro, California, from 1983 to 1986. During his stay in VMFA-
531,he was assigned as the squadron Operations Officer, and 
also attended and graduated from the Marine Weapons & Tactics 
Instructor Course, and the Naval Fighter Weapons School (Top 
Gun). A 1987 graduate of the United States Navy Test Pilot 
School at Patuxent River, MD, he was a test pilot under 
instruction when advised of his selection to the astronaut 
program.

       He has logged over 4,500 flight hours in more than 30 
different aircraft.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in June 1987, Allen became 
an astronaut in August 1988. His technical assignments have 
included: Astronaut Office representative for all Space 
Shuttle issues related to landing sites, landing and 
deceleration hardware, including improvements to nosewheel 
steering, brakes and tires, and drag chute design; Shuttle 
Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), which oversees, 
checks, and verifies all Shuttle flight control software and 
avionics programs; served as Technical Assistant to the 
Flight Crew Operations Director who is responsible for and 
manages all flight crew operations and support; was the lead 
of the Astronaut Support Personnel team which oversee Shuttle 
test, checkout, and preparation at Kennedy Space Center; 
served as Special Assistant to the Director of the Johnson 
Space Center in Houston, Texas; was lead of a Functional 
Workforce Review at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, to 
determine minimal workforce and management structure 
requirements which allow maximum budget reductions while 
safely continuing Shuttle Flight Operations. A veteran of two 
space flights, Allen has logged over 526 hours in space. He 
was the pilot on STS-46 in 1992, and STS-62 in 1994. Allen is 
assigned to command the STS-75 mission, a 13-day flight 
scheduled for launch in early 1996.

NAME: Scott J. "Doc" Horowitz, Ph.D. (Lieutenant 
Colonel, USAF) NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born March 24, 1957, in Philadelphia, 
PA, but considers Thousand Oaks, CA, to be his hometown. His 
father, Seymour B. Horowitz, resides in Thousand Oaks, CA. 
His mother, Iris D. Chester, resides in Santa Monica, CA.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Newbury Park High School, Newbury 
Park, CA, in 1974; received a bachelor of science degree in 
engineering from California State University at Northridge in 
1978; a master of science degree in aerospace engineering 
from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1979; and a doctorate 
in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology 
in 1982.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Lisa Marie Kern.  Her 
parents, Frank and Joan Ecker, reside in Briarwood, NY. 

SPECIAL HONORS:  USAF Test Pilot School Class 90A 
Distinguished Graduate (1990); Combat Readiness Medal (1989); 
Air Force Commendation Medals (1987, 1989); F-15 Pilot, 
22TFS, Hughes Trophy (1988); F-15 Pilot, 22TFS, CINCUSAFE 
Trophy; Mission Ready in the F-15 Eagle at Bitburg Air Base 
(1987); Systems Command Quarterly Scientific & Engineering 
Technical Achievement Award (1986); Master T-38 Instructor 
Pilot (1986); Daedalean (1986); 82nd Flying Training Wing 
Rated Officer of the Quarter (1986); Outstanding Young Men In 
America (1985); Outstanding T-38 Instructor Pilot (1985); 
Outstanding Doctoral Research Award for 1981-82 (1982); Sigma 
Xi Scientific Research Society (1980); Tau Beta Pi 
Engineering Honor Society (1978); 1st Place ASME Design 
Competition.

EXPERIENCE:  Following graduation from Georgia Tech in 1982, 
Scott worked as an associate scientist for the Lockheed-
Georgia Company, Marietta, GA, where he performed background 
studies and analyses for experiments related to aerospace 
technology to validate advanced scientific concepts.  In 
1983, he graduated from Undergraduate Pilot Training at 
Williams Air Force Base, AZ. From 1984 to 1987, he flew as a 
T-38 instructor pilot and performed research and development 
for the Human Resources Laboratory at Williams Air Force 
Base.  The following two years were spent as an operational 
F-15 Eagle Fighter Pilot in the 22nd Tactical Fighter 
Squadron stationed at Bitburg Air Base in Germany.  In 1990, 
Scott attended the United States Air Force Test Pilot School 
at Edwards Air Force Base, CA, and was subsequently assigned 
as a test pilot flying A-7s and T-38s for the 6512th Test 
Squadron at Edwards. Additionally, from 1985 to 1989, Scott 
served as an adjunct professor at Embry Riddle University 
where he conducted graduate level courses in aircraft design, 
aircraft propulsion and rocket propulsion. In 1991, as a 
professor for California State University, Fresno, he 
conducted graduate level courses in mechanical engineering 
including advanced stability and control.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in March 1992, Scott 
reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1992.  He 
completed one year of training and is qualified for selection 
as a pilot on Space Shuttle flight crews. Scott is currently 
working technical issues for the Operations Development 
Branch of the Astronaut Office. 

NAME: Jeffrey A. Hoffman (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New 
York, but considers Scarsdale, New York, to be his hometown. 
His parents, Dr. and Mrs. Burton P. Hoffman, are residents of 
White Plains, New York.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Scarsdale High School, Scarsdale, 
New York, in 1962; received a bachelor of arts degree in 
astronomy (graduated summa cum laude) from Amherst College in 
1966, a doctor of philosophy in astrophysics from Harvard 
University in 1971, and a masters degree in materials science 
from Rice University in 1988. 

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Barbara Catherine 
Attridge of Greenwich, London, England. Her father, Mr. 
Frederick J. C. Attridge, resides in Kidbrooke, London, 
England.

CHILDREN:  Samuel L., May 3, 1975; Orin P. F., April 30, 
1979.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Awarded the Amherst College 1963 Porter 
Prize in Astronomy, 1964 Second Walker Prize in Mathematics, 
1965 John Summer Runnells Scholarship Prize, and 1966 Stanley 
V. and Charles B. Travis Prize and Woods Prize for 
Scholarship. Elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1965 and Sigma Xi 
in 1966. Also received a Woodrow Wilson Foundation Pre-
Doctoral Fellowship, 1966-67; a National Science Foundation 
Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, 1966-71; a National Academy of 
Sciences Post-Doctoral Visiting Fellowship, 1971-72; a 
Harvard University Sheldon International Fellowship, 1972-73; 
and a NATO Post-Doctoral Fellowship, 1973-74. Dr. Hoffman was 
awarded NASA Space Flight Medals in 1985, 1991, 1992 and 
1994, NASA Exceptional Service Medals in 1988 and 1992, and 
the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1994.

EXPERIENCE:  Dr. Hoffman's original research interests were 
in high-energy astrophysics, specifically cosmic gamma ray 
and x-ray astronomy. His doctoral work at Harvard was the 
design, construction, testing, and flight of a balloon-borne, 
low-energy, gamma ray telescope.

       From 1972 to 1975, during 3 years of post-doctoral 
work at Leicester University, he worked on three rocket 
payloads, two for the observation of lunar occultations of x-
ray sources and one for an observation of the Crab Nebula 
with a solid state detector and concentrating x-ray mirror. 
He designed and supervised the construction and testing of 
the lunar occultation payloads and designed test equipment 
for use in an x-ray beam facility which he used to measure 
the scattering and reflectivity properties of the 
concentrating mirror. During his last year at Leicester, he 
was project scientist for the medium-energy x-ray experiment 
on the European Space Agency's EXOSAT satellite and played a 
leading role in the proposal and design studies for this 
project.

       He worked in the Center for Space Research at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1975 to 1978 
as project scientist in charge of the orbiting HEAO-1 A4 hard 
x-ray and gamma ray experiment, launched in August 1977. His 
involvement included pre-launch design of the data analysis 
system, supervising its operation post-launch, and directing 
the MIT team undertaking the scientific analysis of flight 
data being returned. He was also involved extensively in 
analysis of x-ray data from the SAS-3 satellite being 
operated by MIT, performing research on the study of x-ray 
bursts. Dr.Hoffman has authored or co-authored more than 20 
papers on this subject since bursts were first discovered in 
1976.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in January 1978, Dr. 
Hoffman became an astronaut in August 1979.  During 
preparations for the Shuttle Orbital Flight Tests, Dr. 
Hoffman worked in the Flight Simulation Laboratory at Downey, 
California, testing guidance, navigation and flight control 
systems. He has worked with the orbital maneuvering and 
reaction control systems, with Shuttle navigation, with crew 
training, and with the development of satellite deployment 
procedures. Dr. Hoffman served as a support crew member for 
STS-5 and as a CAPCOM (spacecraft communicator) for STS-8. 
Dr. Hoffman has been the Astronaut Office Payload Safety 
Representative. He has also worked on EVA, including the 
development of a high-pressure spacesuit for use on the Space 
Station. Dr. Hoffman is a member of the Astronaut Office 
Science Support Group. 

       Dr. Hoffman made his first space flight as a mission 
specialist on STS 51-D, April 12-19, 1985, on the Shuttle 
Discovery. On this mission, he made the first STS contingency 
space walk, in an attempted rescue of a malfunctioning 
satellite.

       Dr. Hoffman made his second space flight as a mission 
specialist on STS-35, December 2-10, 1990, on the Shuttle 
Columbia. This Spacelab mission featured the ASTRO-1 
ultraviolet astronomy laboratory, a project on which Dr. 
Hoffman had worked since 1982.

       Dr. Hoffman made his third space flight as payload 
commander and mission specialist on STS-46, July 31-August 8, 
1992, on the Shuttle Atlantis. On this mission, the crew 
deployed the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), an ESA-
sponsored free-flying science platform, and carried out the 
first test flight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS),  a 
joint project between NASA and the Italian Space Agency. Dr. 
Hoffman had worked on the Tethered Satellite project since 
1987. 

       Dr. Hoffman made his fourth flight as an EVA crew 
member on STS-61, December 2-13, 1993, on the Shuttle 
Endeavour. During this flight, the Hubble Space Telescope 
(HST) was captured, serviced, and restored to full capacity 
through a record five space walks by
       four astronauts.

       With the completion of his fourth space flight, Dr. 
Hoffman has logged more than 834 hours and 15 million miles 
in space.

NAME: Maurizio Cheli, ESA Astronaut 

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born May 4, 1959, in Modena, Italy.  
His parents, Araldo and Eulalia Cheli, reside in Zocca 
(Modena), Italy.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from the Italian Air Force Academy in 
1982.  Studied geophysics at University of Rome in 1989.  He 
received a master of science in Aerospace Engineering from 
the University of Houston. 

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Marianne Merchez.  Her 
parents, Marcel and Annie Merchez, reside in Brussels, 
Belgium.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Top graduate, Italian Air Force War College 
(1987); top graduate, Empire Test Pilot School, Boscombe 
Down, United Kingdom (1988).

EXPERIENCE:  After graduation from the Italian Air Force 
Academy, Cheli underwent pilot training at Vance Air Force 
Base, Oklahoma, in 1982-1983. Following fighter lead-in 
training at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico and initial 
training in the F-104G in Italy, he joined the 28th Sqaudron, 
3rd Recce Wing in 1984.  In 1987, he attended the Italian Air 
Force War College and in 1988 he graduated from the Empire 
Test Pilot's School, Boscombe Down, United Kingdom. While 
assigned to the Italian Air Force Flight Test Center in 
Pratica di Mare, Rome, he served as a Tornado and B-707 
Tanker project pilot on a variety of test programs. His 
flight experience includes over 3,000 flying hours in over 50 
different types of fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. In 
June 1992, he was selected by the European Space Agency for 
astronaut training. 

       Cheli holds a commission as Lieutenant Colonel in the 
Italian Air Force.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Cheli reported to the Johnson Space Center 
in August 1992 and completed one year of training in August 
1993. He is qualified for assignment as a mission specialist 
on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His technical 
assignments to date include: flight software verification in 
the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); remote 
manipulator system/robotics; crew equipment. 

NAME: Claude Nicollier, ESA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey, 
Switzerland. His father, Mr. Georges Nicollier, resides in La 
Tour de Peilz, Switzerland.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Gymnase de Lausanne (high school), 
Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1962; received a bachelor of 
science in physics from the University of Lausanne in 1970 
and a master of science degree in astrophysics from the 
University of Geneva in 1975. Also graduated as a Swiss Air 
Force pilot in 1966, an airline pilot in 1974, and a test 
pilot in 1988.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Susana Perez of 
Monterrey, Mexico. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jose L. Perez, 
reside in Guadalajara, Mexico.

CHILDREN:  Maya, July 19, 1974; and Marina, June 15, 1978.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Two NASA Space Flight Medals (1992 & 1993), 
Prix d'honneur de la Fondation Pro Aero, Switzerland (1992), 
Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal from the International Aeronautical 
Federation (1994), Silver Medal from the Acadmie Nationale 
de l'Air et de l'Espace, France (1994), Collier Trophy 
(awarded to the crew of STS-61) from the National Aeronautics 
Association (1994), Prix de l'Universit de Lausanne (1994), 
honorary doctorates from the Swiss Federal Institute of 
Technology, Lausanne, and the Geneva University (both in 
1994). Appointed professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of 
Technology, Lausanne, in November 1994.

EXPERIENCE:  From 1970 to 1973, Claude worked as a graduate 
scientist with the Institute of Astronomy at Lausanne 
University and at the Geneva Observatory. He then joined the 
Swiss Air Transport School in Zurich and was assigned as a 
DC-9 pilot for Swissair, concurrently participating part-time 
in research activities of the Geneva Observatory. At the end 
of 1976 he accepted a Fellowship at the European Space 
Agency's (ESA) Space Science Department at Noordwijk, 
Netherlands, where he worked as a research scientist in 
various airborne infrared astronomy programs. In July 1978 he 
was selected by ESA as a member of the first group of 
European astronauts. Under agreement between ESA and NASA he 
joined the NASA astronaut candidates selected in May 1980 for 
astronaut training as a mission specialist.

       His technical assignments in the Astronaut Office have 
included flight software verification in the Shuttle Avionics 
Integration Laboratory (SAIL), participation in the 
development of retrieval techniques for the Tethered 
Satellite System (TSS), Remote Manipulator System(RMS), and 
International Space Station (ISS) robotics support. During 
1988 he attended the Empire Test Pilot School in Boscombe 
Down, England, from where he graduated as a test pilot in 
December 1988.

       Claude holds a commission as captain in the Swiss Air 
Force and, during leave periods in Switzerland, maintains 
proficiency in the Northrop F-5E aircraft. He has logged 
5,300 hours flying time--including 3,700 hours in jet 
aircraft.

       A veteran of two space flights, Claude has logged more 
than 451 hours in space. He flew on STS-46 in 1992, and STS-
61 in 1993.

NAME: Franklin R. Chang-Daz (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born April 5, 1950, in San Jos, Costa 
Rica, to the late Mr. Ramn A. Chang-Morales and Mrs. Mara 
Eugenia Daz De Chang.  His mother resides in Costa Rica.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Colegio De La Salle in San Jos, 
Costa Rica, in November 1967, and from Hartford High School 
in Hartford, CT, in 1969; received a bachelor of science 
degree in mechanical engineering from the University of 
Connecticut in 1973 and a doctorate in applied plasma physics 
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1977.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Peggy Marguerite 
Doncaster of Alexandria, LA.

CHILDREN:  Jean E., December 22, 1973; Sonia R., March 31, 
1978; Lidia A., March 1, 1988; and Miranda K., July 9, 1995.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Recipient of the University of Connecticut's 
Outstanding Alumni Award (1980); NASA Space Flight Medal 
(1986); the Liberty Medal from President Ronald Reagan at the 
Statue of Liberty Centennial Celebration in New York City 
(1986); the Medal of Excellence from the Congressional 
Hispanic Caucus (1987); NASA Exceptional Service Medals 
(1988, 1990, 1993); American Astronautical Society Flight 
Achievement Award (1989); NASA Space Flight Medals (1986, 
1989, 1992, 1994).  Outstanding Technical Contribution Award, 
Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference 
(1993).  Awarded the Cross of the Venezuelan Air Force by 
President Jaime Lusinchi during the 68th Anniversary of the 
Venezuelan Air Force in Caracas, Venezuela (1988). Recipient 
of three Honoris Causa Doctorates:  Doctor of Science from 
the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Doctor of Science 
from the University of Connecticut and Doctor of Law from 
Babson College.  Also Honorary faculty from the College of 
Engineering of the University of Costa Rica. Honorary 
Citizenship from the government of Costa Rica (April 1995).  
This is the highest honor Costa Rica confers to a foreign 
citizen, making him the first such honoree who was actually 
born there. 

EXPERIENCE:  While attending the University of Connecticut, 
he also worked as a research assistant in the Physics 
Department and participated in the design and construction of 
high energy atomic collision experiments. Following 
graduation in 1973, he entered graduate school at MIT, 
becoming heavily involved in the United States' controlled 
fusion program and doing intensive research in the design and 
operation of fusion reactors. He obtained his doctorate in 
the field of applied plasma physics and fusion technology 
and, in that same year, joined the technical staff of the 
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. His work at Draper was 
geared strongly toward the design and integration of control 
systems for fusion reactor concepts and experimental devices, 
in both inertial and magnetic confinement fusion. In 1979, he 
developed a novel concept to guide and target fuel pellets in 
an inertial fusion reactor chamber. More recently he has been 
engaged in the design of a new concept in rocket propulsion 
based on magnetically confined high temperature plasmas. As a 
visiting scientist with the M.I.T. Plasma Fusion Center from 
October 1983 to December 1993, he led the plasma propulsion 
program there to develop this technology for future human 
missions to Mars. In December 1993, Dr. Chang-Daz was 
appointed Director of the Advanced Space Propulsion 
Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center where he continues his 
research on plasma rockets. He is an Adjunct Professor of 
Physics at the University of Houston and has presented 
numerous papers at technical conferences and in scientific 
journals.

       In addition to his main fields of science and 
engineering, he worked for 2-1/2 years as a house manager in 
an experimental community residence for de-institutionalizing 
chronic mental patients, and was heavily involved as an 
instructor/advisor with a rehabilitation program for hispanic 
drug abusers in Massachusetts.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in May 1980, Dr. Chang-
Daz became an astronaut in August 1981.  While undergoing 
astronaut training he was also involved in flight software 
checkout at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory 
(SAIL), and participated in the early Space Station design 
studies. In late 1982 he was designated as support crew for 
the first Spacelab mission and, in November 1983, served as 
on orbit capsule communicator (CAPCOM) during that flight. 
From October 1984 to August 1985 he was leader of the 
astronaut support team at the Kennedy Space Center. His 
duties included astronaut support during the processing of 
the various vehicles and payloads, as well as flight crew 
support during the final phases of the launch countdown. He 
has logged over 1,800 hours of flight time, including 1,500 
hours in jet aircraft. 

       Dr. Chang-Daz was instrumental in implementing closer 
ties between the astronaut corps and the scientific 
community. In January 1987, he started the Astronaut Science 
Colloquium Program and later helped form the Astronaut 
Science Support Group, which he directed until January 1989.

SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIENCE:  A veteran of four space flights, 
Dr. Chang-Daz has logged over 656 hours in space. He was a 
crew member on STS 61-C in 1986, STS-34 in 1989, STS-46 in 
1992, and STS-60 in 1994. 

NAME: Umberto Guidoni (Ph.D.) Italian Space Agency 
(ASI) Astronaut, (Payload Specialist)

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born August 18, 1954, in Rome, Italy. 
His parents, Mr. Pietro Guidoni and Giuseppina Cocco-Guidoni, 
reside in Rome, Italy.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Classic Liceum "Gaio Lucilio" in 
Rome, Italy, in 1973; received his BS degree in physics and 
Ph.D. in Astrophysics (Summa Cum Laude) from University of 
Rome in 1978.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to Mariarita Bartolacci of Milan, 
Italy.

CHILDREN:  Luca, February 21, 1992.

ORGANIZATION:  Member of the Italian Space Society (ISS).

MILITARY STATUS:  Reserve Officer of the Italian Air Force.

EXPERIENCE:  In 1983, as a staff scientist in the Solar 
Energy Division of the National Committee for Renewable 
Energy (ENEA), he was responsible for developing new 
techniques to characterize solar panels.

       In 1984, he became a permanent researcher of the Space 
Physics Institute (IFSI-CNR) and was involved as co-
investigator in the Research on Electrodynamic Tether Effects 
(RETE) experiment, one of the payloads selected for the 
Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1). From 1985 to 1988 he 
designed the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) and supervised 
the design and testing of the Data Processing Unit (DPU) for 
the RETE experiment. He also collaborated to the realization 
of a plasma chamber at IFSI, for laboratory simulations of 
electrodynamic tether phenomena and for characterization of 
plasma contactors in ionospheric environment. In 1988, Dr. 
Guidoni was appointed Project Scientist of RETE.  In this 
capacity he was responsible for the integration of the 
experiment with the Tethered Satellite System.

       In 1989, he was selected by the Italian Space Agency 
(ASI) to be one of the two Italian scientists to be trained 
as payload specialists for the TSS-1 mission and joined ASI 
as a member of the Astronaut Office. In 1991 he was relocated 
to the NASA Johnson Space Center to follow the training for 
STS-46/TSS-1 flight. 

       In 1992, completing his training as Alternate Payload 
Specialist (APS), Dr. Guidoni supported the STS-46/TSS-1 
mission by assisting the Science Team for on-orbit operations 
at the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at the 
Johnson Space Centerfor the duration of the mission.

       Dr. Guidoni is currently assigned as payload 
specialist on the STS-75, Tethered Satellite System Reflight 
(TSS-1R) mission, scheduled for launch in February of 1996 
aboard Space Shuttle Columbia.