ORNL/CDIAC-134
                                                       NDP-078A

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* NOTE: FILES hw9399.dat AND hw00.dat WERE REVISED ON 28 FEBRUARY 2003 *
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 Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiment Data Report:
      Site Characterization, System Performance, Weather,
                Species Composition, and Growth

                          Contributed by

                        Paul J. Hanson (1)
                        Donald E. Todd (1)
                       Jeffery S. Riggs (2)
                         Mark E. Wolfe (3)
                     Elizabeth G. O'Neill (1)
                                
              (1) Environmental Sciences Division
                 Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                                
           (2) Instrumentation and Controls Division
                 Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                                
                (3) Tennessee Valley Authority
                       Norris, Tennessee
                                
                          Prepared by
                                
                       Robert M. Cushman
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                Environmental Sciences Division
                 Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                                
                    Date Published: July 2001
                                
                        Prepared for the
                Environmental Sciences Division
        Office of Biological and Environmental Research
              Budget Activity Number KP 12 04 01 0
                                
                        Prepared by the
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                Environmental Sciences Division
                 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
                Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
                           managed by
                        UT-Battelle, LLC
                             for the
                   U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725

          CONTENTS

     LIST OF TABLES
     ABBREVIATIONS
     ABSTRACT
     1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
               INTRODUCTION
               MEASUREMENT METHODS
                         Soil Water Content and Potential
                         Soil Rock Content
                         Weather and Radiation
                         Litter Temperature
                         Soil Temperature
                         Tree Mortality and Growth
                         Sapling Growth and Mortality
                         Leaf Area Index
                         Data Logging
     2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA
     3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
     4. QUALITY-ASSURANCE CHECKS AND DATA-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY CDIAC
     5. REFERENCES
     6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION
     7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED
     8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE
     9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE ASCII DATA FILES
    10. SAS (R) AND FORTRAN CODES TO ACCESS THE DATA

     APPENDIX A: REPRINTS OF PERTINENT LITERATURE (not included in this file)

     APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS OF THE
     WALKER BRANCH THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT EXPERIMENT SITE

     APPENDIX C: SPECIES NAMES AND SPECIES CODES (VARIABLE SPC IN THE DATA
     FILES) OF THE WALKER BRANCH THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT
     EXPERIMENT SITE

     APPENDIX D: LISTING OF THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT EXPERIMENT PUBLICATIONS

          LIST OF TABLES

1  Environmental sensors attached to the TDE ambient plot CR10X data logger
   as of December 2000
2  Files in this numeric data package
3  Contents and format of sw.dat (File 4)
4  Contents and format of nine.dat (File 5)
5  Contents and format of tdr.dat (File 6)
6  Contents and format of rocks.dat (File 7)
7  Contents and format of littert.dat (File 8)
8  Contents and format of st9398.dat (File 9)
9  Contents and format of st9900.dat (File 10)
10 Contents and format of mweather.dat (File 11)
11 Contents and format of dweather.dat (File 12)
12 Contents and format of hw9399.dat (File 13) and hw00.dat (File 14)
13 Contents and format of comptree.dat (File 15)
14 Contents and format of compsap.dat (File 16)
15 Contents and format of atree.dat (File 17)
16 Contents and format of asapling.dat (File 18)
17 Contents and format of rellai.dat (File 19)

          ABBREVIATIONS

CDIAC   Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
CEC     cation exchange capacity
CLR     canopy light ratio
dbh     diameter at breast height
FTP     file transfer protocol
LAI     leaf area index
NDP     numeric data package
PAR     photosynthetically active radiation
QA      quality assurance
RelLAI  relative leaf area index
TDE     Throughfall Displacement Experiment
TDR     time-domain reflectometer
WBW     Walker Branch Watershed

          ABSTRACT

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, J. S. Riggs, M. E. Wolfe, and E. G. O'Neill. 2001. Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement
Experiment Data Report: Site Characterization, System Performance, Weather, Species Composition, and Growth.
ORNL/CDIAC-134, NDP-078A. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

This numeric data package provides data sets, and accompanying documentation, on site characterization, system
performance, weather, species composition, and growth for the Throughfall Displacement Experiment, which was established
in the Walker Branch Watershed of East Tennessee to provide data on the responses of forests to altered precipitation
regimes. The specific data sets include soil water content and potential, coarse fraction of the soil profile, litter
layer temperature, soil temperature, monthly weather, daily weather, hourly weather, species composition of trees and
saplings, mature tree and sapling annual growth, and relative leaf area index.

Fortran and SAS (TM) access codes are provided to read the ASCII data files. The data files and this documentation are
available without charge on a variety of media and via the Internet from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
(CDIAC).

Keywords: forests, growth, leaf area index, litter, sapling, soil, soil temperature, soil water content, soil water
potential, tree, weather

          1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

INTRODUCTION

Models of global climate change predict that increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will (1) cause
an increase in average global temperatures and (2) alter regional levels of precipitation. It is also predicted that
the incidence of drought will increase with a warming global climate. Forests throughout the southeastern United States,
where evapotranspiration demand is high and is predicted to increase as temperatures rise, would be particularly
vulnerable to declines in annual precipitation. Potential responses of U.S. forests to future drought associated with
climate change include a reduction in net primary production and stand water use, along with increased mortality of
seedlings and saplings (Hanson and Weltzin 2000).

To provide data on the responses of forests to altered precipitation regimes, the Throughfall Displacement Experiment
(TDE) was established in the Walker Branch Watershed (WBW) of East Tennessee (latitude 35o 58' N, longitude 84o 17' W).
Funding for the TDE was provided by the Program for Ecosystem Research
(http://www.er.doe.gov/production/ober/GC/per.html) of the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Biological and
Environmental Research.

Remotely sensed imagery of the WBW is available from the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (http://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/val/coresite.asp?SiteID=28 and
http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/LAND/VAL/prove/forest/prove.html) and from the U.S. Geological Survey
(http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/pathfinder/walker/gsm011na.htm).

A detailed description of the TDE is provided by Hanson et al. (1998) and Hanson et al. (2001). Experimental
manipulation of hydrologic inputs at the TDE is accomplished by intercepting throughfall in approximately 2000
subcanopy troughs (0.3 x 5 m) suspended above the forest floor on a "dry" treatment plot and transferring the
throughfall across a control plot for distribution onto a "wet" treatment plot. Each plot is 80 x 80 m in size.
The treatments result in a 33% decrease in precipitation reaching the forest floor on the dry plot and a
corresponding increase in precipitation on the wet plot. Reductions in soil moisture on the dry plot are expected
to be equivalent to the driest growing seasons of the 1980's drought, which resulted in reduced tree growth of
some species.

The site was chosen because of its uniform slope, consistent soils, and a reasonably uniform distribution of
vegetation. The physical and chemical characteristics of the typic Paleudult soils (Fullerton cherty silt loam)
of the TDE site are summarized in Appendix B. The forest community is dominated by white oak, chestnut oak, and
red maple, but it contains more than 25 tree species (Appendix C). The past 25 years of research on the Walker
Branch Watershed provide an important reference database against which to judge the outcomes of this large-scale
field experiment.

MEASUREMENT METHODS

Soil Water Content and Potential

Soil water content (%, v/v) was measured with a Soil Moisture Equipment Corp. (R) TRASE SYSTEM time-domain
reflectometer (TDR) following the procedure of Topp and Davis (1985) as documented for soils with high
coarse-fraction content (Drungil et al. 1989). Three hundred and ten sampling locations were installed at
an 8 x 8-m spacing across the site, giving more than 100 soil water monitoring locations per plot. At each
location two pairs of TDR waveguides were installed in a vertical orientation (0 to 0.35 and 0 to 0.7 m).
The surface (0 to 0.35 m) TDR measurements coincide with the zone of maxium root density in these soils.
TDR measurements were obtained biweekly during the growing season and approximately monthly during the dormant
season. The TDR soil water content measurements were adjusted for the coarse fraction of these soils and
converted to soil water potentials using laboratory-derived soil moisture retention curves for the A, A/E,
and E/B horizons (Hanson et al. 1998).

Soil Rock Content

Soil was sampled from depths of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm in ~10-cm-diameter cylindrical cores with a total
volume of 2430.96 cm^3. The soil coarse fraction was determined by weighing the material retained by a 2-mm
sieve. To convert coarse-fraction mass to volume all rock (i.e., chert) was assumed to have a mean density
of 2.3 g cm^-3. This density was based on laboratory observations for chert taken from the TDE samples.

Weather and Radiation

Weather data are collected as hourly means and logged on LiCor (R) LI-1000 data loggers housed in instrument
enclosures located at one upslope and one downslope location per treatment plot and one enclosure in the nearby
clearing. Measurements of incoming rainfall, irradiance (LiCor (R) LI-200SA pyranometer), and photosynthetic 
photon flux density (LiCor (R) LI-191SA quantum sensor) were obtained in a nearby clearing until 1998 when 
above-canopy observations were added to the ambient plot tower. Clearing data were used to represent
"above-canopy" conditions for the experimental site for the years 1993-1997. Mean incident shortwave radiation 
was measured with an Eppley (R) precision spectral pyranometer located 44 m above the forest canopy (these data 
are not available for 1993 and 1994). Two tipping bucket rain gauges with 3-m extension troughs attached are 
installed on each plot to evaluate the amount of throughfall reaching the forest floor. Sub-canopy air temperatures 
(2 stations per treatment plot) are measured with thermistors at approximately 1 m height in a location shielded 
from direct solar radiation. Wind data for 1993 through 1997 are from a height of 37 m on the the Oak Ridge Ameriflux 
tower (10 m above the canopy). A value of 1.5 m s^-1 is used to fill in for missing hours for those years in the 
hourly weather data. Wind data for 1998 through 2000 are from the ambient plot tower on the TDE experimental site 
and the anemometer is nearer to the canopy (4 m above the canopy).

Litter Temperature

Self-contained Onset Computer (R) data loggers were deployed within the Oi litter layer during extensive periods 
in 1997 1998 and 2000. In 1997 1998, StowAway XTI08 sensors in the dry (x4) and ambient (x4) plots were used. 
The XTI08 sensors employed an external thermistor positioned inside litter decomposition bags that were located 
in the Oi horizon leaf litter from March 15, 1997, through February 6, 1998. StowAway TidbiT sensors were placed 
directly in the Oi layer of the dry (x4) and wet (x4) plots from January 27, 2000, to December 14, 2000.

Soil Temperature

From 1993 through 1997 hourly soil temperatures were measured at two depths (10 and 35 cm) at 2 locations in each 
treatment plot. LiCor (R) LI-1000-15 soil temperature thermistors were installed vertically from the surface 
to the specified depth. Data were automatically logged on six independent LiCor LI-1000 data loggers housed 
in instrument enclosures located at one upslope and one downslope location per treatment plot. No differences 
among treatment plots or slope positions were observed for temperatures at these depths, and the data were pooled 
as hourly site averages. Starting in 1998, soil temperature observations were obtained from Campbell Scientific (R) 
Model 107 soil temperature thermistors installed horizontally into the walls of an excavated and subsequently 
refilled soil pit. The probes were distributed at four depths in each pit (~10 cm, ~30 cm, ~45 cm, and one deep 
probe in the 60 to 100-cm range). Data were logged as hourly means of 5-second (for 1993-1997 data) or 1-minute 
(1998 and thereafter) observations on a Campbell Scientific (R) CR10X data logger.

Tree Mortality and Growth

Prior to the experiment and at approximately annual intervals thereafter, all trees greater than 0.1 m in diameter 
at 1.3 m height (diameter at breast height, dbh) were identified to species (762 trees). Presence/mortality was 
recorded annually. Annual diameter measurements were conducted with diameter tapes at tagged locations on all trees.

Tree heights and crown widths were measured directly on approximately one-third of the trees or derived from 
allometric relationships from a subset of the measured data. Quercus spp. and Acer spp. were the major canopy 
dominants; Liriodendron tulipifera L. was a canopy dominant on the lower slope positions; and Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 
and Oxydendrum arboreum [L. ] D. C. were the predominant species occupying mid-canopy locations. In March of 1994, 
stand basal area averaged 21 m^2 ha^-1 with nearly identical basal area on each plot. By December 1999, mean basal 
area across all plots had increased to 22.8 m^2 ha^-1.

Quercus alba L., Q. prinus L., Acer rubrum L., L. tulipifera L., and N. sylvatica Marsh. trees greater than 0.2 m dbh 
were fitted with dendrometer bands (170 trees) for biweekly measurements of stem circumference during each growing 
season. A single dendrometer measurement consists of duplicate digital caliper measurements (0.01 mm resolution) 
of the distance between two reference holes in stainless steel dendrometer bands (25.4 mm wide x 0.2 mm thick) 
installed around the circumference of each tree (McLaughlin and Downing 1996). Measured changes in the circumference 
of each tree were combined with information on its initial stem diameter to obtain the change in stem basal area over 
time (mm^2 day^-1 or mm^2 year^-1). Dendrometer bands were installed on the Q. alba, Q. prinus, and A. rubrum trees 
prior to the 1993 growing season, and bands for L. tulipifera and N. sylvatica were added in February of 1994. All
dendrometer bands were installed during the dormant season, ahead of the initial growth measurements, to eliminate 
potential first-year bias in the dendrometer band measurements (Keeland and Sharitz 1993).

Sapling Growth and Mortality

Starting in 1996 all saplings in 27 plots (8 x 8 m) randomly distributed across the TDE experimental area (9 plots 
per treatment) were observed for survival and diameter (measured with a caliper) at marked locations on the stems. 
The preferred target height for diameter measurements was 1.3 m unless the sapling was too small, in which case 1 m 
was used instead. The 27 plots, each 8 x 8 m, yielded a total of 1728 m^2 of monitored area, which was 9% of the 
total TDE experimental area. The number of saplings (trees < 0.1 m dbh) across the TDE area averaged 3073 ha^-1 in 
1994 and 2112 ha^-1 in 1999. Saplings contributed an additional 3 and 2.6 m^2 ha^-1 to total stand basal area 
in 1994 and 1999, respectively. Acer rubrum L. and Cornus florida L. combined to make up 59 percent of all saplings 
and 53 percent of the sapling basal area.

In February and March of 1994, 10 transects for observations of sapling growth and mortality were established 
across the three plots from lower- to upper-slope positions. Although other species were considered for these 
measurements, only A. rubrum and C. florida were distributed across the TDE in sufficient numbers for inclusion. 
Saplings ranged from 10 to 60 mm dbh with the majority from 10 to 40 mm. Height measurements were not included 
because the crowns were broad without predominant main shoots and because height growth was minimal in the 
low-light understory environment of our closed canopy stand. Starting at the time of spring leafout each year, 
biweekly measurements of stem diameter at a permanently marked location on each sapling's main stem (typically 
between 1 and 1.5 m above the ground) were conducted until sapling growth had ceased for that year. Each stem 
caliper measurement was the mean of three replicate diameter measurements made with a digital caliper (0.01 mm 
resolution) from three different angles around the marked point of measurement. The mean of replicate measures 
from different angles was required to minimize the impact of noncircular stem cross sections. Sapling stem 
diameters were converted to basal area to express mean daily sapling growth rates per plant in mm^2 day^-1, or 
integrated annual sapling growth in mm^2 year^-1. Incremental growth of saplings that died in a given year 
were included in the calculation of that year's mean growth rate but excluded in all subsequent estimates 
of annual growth. Additional randomly chosen saplings were added to the measurement pool after the 1994, 1995, 
and 1996 growing seasons (to make up for mortality losses), but no additional plants were added to this 
observation set after that time.

Leaf Area Index

Seasonal patterns of stand leaf area development were determined from the ratio of understory to overstory 
light penetration. This canopy light ratio (CLR; Equation 1) was calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the daily 
sum of understory photosynthetically active radiation (PARu; PAR at 1.5 m) to the daily sum of overstory 
incident PAR (PARo):

                                   CLR = 1-(PARu/PARo)                             Eq. 1

Because of the presence of tree boles and branches, pre-leaf out and post-senescence baselines for the CLR 
were not zero.Therefore, to express the CLR on a 0-1 scale it was necessary to adjust the ratio for the 
light penetration during leafless periods as shown in Equation 2:

         RelLAI = (Observed CLR-baseline)/(Maximum CLR-baseline)                   Eq. 2

where RelLAI is the relative leaf area index on the 0-1 scale for a given date. However, because the baseline 
ratio resulting from the presence of boles and branches changed with solar elevation, we found it necessary 
to use more than one baseline for the calculation of the seasonal pattern of RelLAI.Although the baseline CLR 
in the absence of leaves would vary continuously with solar elevation, we found that use of the pre-leafout 
baseline for days 80 through 180 and the post-senescence baseline for days 181 through 350 yielded an acceptable 
RelLAI pattern. It is important to note that the RelLAI values are representative of the development of leaf area, 
not leaf mass (i.e., they may overpredict the rate of annual leaf mass accumulation).Approximations of leaf 
mass development or a direct estimate of leaf are index (LAI) could also be made from the same data using a 
light extinction approach as described by Hutchinson and Baldocchi (1989).

Data Logging

Environmental data for the TDE were logged on Campbell Scientific (R) CR10X data loggers located on each of the 
treatment plots. All loggers were interfaced with a Campbell Scientific MD9 coaxial multidrop interface, and data 
from all loggers were remotely accessed weekly via Campbell Scientific (R) COM200 modem and cellular telephone. 
As a backup to remote data downloads, the logged data were also stored in Campbell Scientific (R) SM192 nonvolatile 
circular memory with the capacity to hold approximately one month's data for the configuration used here. The loggers 
and associated instrumentation operated off three 12-volt, deep-cycle marine batteries wired in parallel. The batteries 
were trickle-charged from solar panels (Solarex (R) 55 watts @ 17.4 volts; with a metered Morningstar (R) PS30M 
photovoltaic controller, 30-amp PV current @ 12 volts) installed on towers above the forest canopy. Sensors were 
connected to the CR10X data logger via a standard wiring panel and two Campbell Scientific (R) AN416 multiplexer 
modules.

An example data program for the CR10X data logger editor and the data logger download file for the TDE ambient plot 
and its instruments are included in this numeric data package (NDP) as files tdeambi.csi and tdeambi.dld, respectively. 
The example program includes two sampling tables. The majority of the instrumentation is queried once per minute and 
logged as hourly means or sums as a part of the first sampling table, and a second samling table is included to query 
heat dissipation matric potential sensors (Campbell Scientific (R) Model 229) twice a day (noon and midnight). 
Table 1 lists the measurement interval, logging interval, and type of sensors being logged on the TDE ambient plot 
as of December 2000.

**********
Table 1. Environmental sensors attached to the TDE ambient plot CR10X data logger as of December 2000

Sensor                             Units             Number     Measurement   Logging
                                                     of         interval      interval
                                                     sensors

     Time stamp

Year                               y                 n/a        1 h           hourly
Day                                d                 n/a        1 h           hourly
Time                               hh:mm             n/a        1 h           hourly
Fractional day of year             d                 n/a        1 h           hourly
Battery voltage                    v                 n/a        1 h           hourly

     Above-canopy sensors

Pyranometer (LiCor (R) LI-200SA)   W m^-2 s^-1       1          1 min         hourly mean
Wind speed (Campbell
   Scientific (R) 014A)            m s^-1            1          1 min         hourly mean
Rainfall (Campbell Scientific (R)
   TE525MM)                        mm                1          continuous    hourly sum
Quantum (LiCor (R) LI-191SA)       mol m^-2 s^-1     2          1 min         hourly mean
Air temperature/relative humidity
   (Rotronics (R) 101)             deg C/%           1          1 min         hourly mean

     Understory sensors

Understory rainfall (a) (Campbell
   Scientific (R) TE525MM)         mm                1          continuous    hourly sum
Quantum (LiCor (R) LI-191SA)       mol m^-2 s^-1     1          1 min         hourly mean
Air temperature/relative humidity
   (Rotronics (R) 101)a            deg C/%           1          1 min         hourly mean

     Soil and litter sensors

Soil temperature (Campbell
   Scientific (R) 107)             deg C             4          1 min         hourly mean
Soil water content (Campbell
   Scientific (R) 615)             % v/v             8          1 min         hourly mean
Litter water content (DC
   half-bridge) (a)                g g^-1            8          1 min         hourly mean
Soil matric potential              MPa               8          12 h          twice daily

     Plant measurements

Sapflow (a)                        deg C             8          1 min         hourly mean
Sapflow voltage (a) (Dynamax (R)
   thermal dissipation sap
   velocity probe)                 V                 1          1 min         hourly mean
**********
     (a) data not included in this numeric data package.

This NDP provides datasets, and accompanying documentation, on site characterization, system performance, 
weather, species composition, and growth. Related NDPs are planned on physiology, decomposition, and nutrient cycling.

          2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA

These data are useful for quantifying certain responses of temperate forest ecosystems (litter and soil water 
content, growth, mortality) to changes in precipitation patterns. Other datasets from the TDE will be useful 
for quantifying other aspects of ecosystem response (e.g., physiology, decomposition, nutrient cycling).

Data from the TDE have been used in published studies of the effects of altered water regimes on forest root 
systems (Joslin et al. 2000) and sapling and large-tree growth and mortality (Hanson et al. 2001), and a wide 
variety of process-based studies (see Appendix D for TDE publications). 

          3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
                                
Users should be aware of limitations to the data as a result of suspect values. The quality-assurance checks 
performed by CDIAC, and the results of those checks, are described in Section 4.

In the weather files, some reported values of relative humidity (in files mweather.dat, dweather.dat, hw9399.dat, 
and hw00.dat) exceed 100%; this is physically impossible. However, it is not yet known how these values arose 
nor how to adjust the data.

Some values of relative leaf area (in file rellai.dat) were suspiciously low, such as the value of 0.44 on day 289 
in 1998. Most such values occur in the fall; a lower sun angle may contribute to these low values. A curve-fitting 
approach may be appropriate to analyze the patterns of leaf senescence.

Hourly weather data were checked by the data contributors for errors and missing data. If bad or missing data 
were found, approximate replacement data were obtained from other weather data sources in the area, if possible, 
to provide the most complete data set.

If TDE shortwave radiation data are needed for model input, the values for SWISIS should be used instead of the 
LiCor (R) pyranometer data. Both are in good agreement for most years, but the TDE pyranometer data for 1998 and 
2000 do not agree very well with the SWISIS data (mean of 5 observations) distributed across the reservation.

The issue of pseudo-replication in the experimental design is addressed by Hanson et al. (1998) and Hanson et al. (2001).

In addition to the above considerations, users should be aware that there is some evidence of minor effects 
of the experimental infrastructure (specifically, the precipitation-collection equipment) on the microclimate 
of the "dry" treatment plot.

          4. QUALITY-ASSURANCE CHECKS AND DATA-PROCESSING ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY CDIAC

An important part of the data packaging process at CDIAC involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before 
distribution. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining 
the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy.

Comma-delimited files provided by the data contributors were imported into Microsoft Excel (R) for QA checks (and, 
ultimately, converted to space-delimited ascii files for archiving). Files were renamed when necessary, for 
consistency. Variable names were made consistent across files, for simplicity of documentation and analysis.

The file soiltemp.txt provided by the data contributor was divided into two files, st9398.dat (data from 1993 
through 1998) and st9900.dat (data from 1999 through 2000). Sixteen tdr*.txt files (one set for each of two 
depths, 35 and 70 cm, and for each year from 1993 through 2000) were combined into one tdr.dat file. For consistency 
with other files, in file tdr.dat integer values 1, 2, and 3 for the variable TREAT were replaced by character 
values W, A, and D, respectively; and values 1, 2, and 3 for the variable SLOPE were replaced by values B, M, 
and U, respectively. Eight monthly and eight daily weather files (one monthly and one daily file for each year 
from 1993 through 2000) were combined into a single mweather.dat file and a single dweather.dat file, respectively. 
Seven hourly weather files (for the years 1993 through 1999) were combined into a single hw9399.dat file.

The format of all values was checked for improper entries.

Several files (e.g., atree.dat) were reformatted by adding variables for year, depth, etc., but eliminating 
variables that were a combination of year, depth, etc., and another variable (e.g., growth), thereby reducing 
the total number of variables, resulting in a "narrower" but "longer" file.

For all variables in all files, the range of values was checked for impossible or suspiciously large or small 
values, such MONTH >12 or values of water potential (e.g., variable A35WP in file sw.dat) >0 MPa. Values of 
relative humidity apparently exceeding 100% are discussed in Section 3.

Comparisons and X-Y scattergrams were used to check for outliers and impossible or unlikely combinations. For example, 
file mweather.dat was inspected to ensure that, for air temperature, relative humidity, and soil temperature, the 
minimum did not exceed the mean, which in turn did not exceed the maximum; no observations failed this test. 
Scattergrams were plotted and visually examined to check the correlation between PYRAN and QUAN; and ATMIN and 
STMIN, ATMEAN and STMEAN, and ATMAX and STMAX (minimum, mean, and maximum air and soil temperatures) in file 
mweather.dat; no obvious outliers were detected.

The following lists the specific data-quality checks by file:

File sw.dat
     range checks for all variables
     scattergrams: DOY v RDOY, RDOY v DATE

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File nine.dat
     range checks for all variables
     scattergrams: DOY v RDOY

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File tdr.dat
     range checks for all variables

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File rocks.dat
     range checks for all variables

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File littert.dat
     range checks for all variables
     scattergram: FDOY v DOY

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File st9398.dat and st9900.dat
     range checks for all variables

Result: No suspect data were identified.

     
File mweather.dat
     range checks for all variables
     comparisons: ATMIN <= ATMEAN <= ATMAX, RHMIN <= RHMEAN <= RHMAX, STMIN <= STMEAN <= STMAX
     scattergrams: PYRAN v QUAN, ATMIN v STMIN, ATMEAN v STMEAN, ATMAX v STMAX

Result: No suspect data were identified (other than some values of RHMIN, RHMEAN, and RHMAX >100%).

File dweather.dat
     range checks for all variables
     comparisons: ATMIN <= ATMEAN <= ATMAX, RHMIN <= RHMEAN <= RHMAX, STMIN <= STMEAN <= STMAX
     scattergrams: PYRAN v QUAN, RADMEAN v QUAN, ATMIN v STMIN, ATMEAN v STMEAN, ATMAX v STMAX

Result: No suspect data were identified (other than some values of RHMIN, RHMEAN, and RHMAX >100%).

File hw9399.dat
     range checks for all variables
     comparisons: UQUAN <= QUAN

Result: Some values of RH >100%; 1502 occurrences of UQUAN > QUAN were detected (with values of UQUAN minus 
QUAN ranging from 1 to 366 umol m^-2 s^-1, typically during periods of low light conditions), tentatively 
attributed by the data contributor to random error in the sensors or data loggers; these data were not adjusted.

File hw00.dat
     range checks for all variables
     comparisons: UQUAN <= QUAN
     scattergrams: PYRAN v QUAN, UQUAN v QUAN, HOY v DFOY, AT v ST

Result: Some values of RH >100%; 97 occurrences of UQUAN > QUAN were detected (with values of UQUAN minus QUAN 
ranging from 1 to 6 umol m^-2 s^-1), as with file hw9399.dat.

File comptree.dat
     range checks for all variables
     check for duplicate values of ID
     check SPC values against list of species
     
Result: No suspect data were identified.

File compsap.dat
     range checks for all variables

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File atree.dat
     range checks for all variables
     check for duplicate values of ID
     check SPC values against list of species

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File asapling.dat
     range checks for all variables
     check for duplicate values of ID
     check SPC values against list of species

Result: No suspect data were identified.

File rellai.dat
     range checks for all variables
     Relative LAI values between 0 and 1

Result: All years had some values of relative LAI that were outside the range of 0.00 to 1.00 (minimum of -0.33 
in 1994 and maximum of 1.05 in 1998); per instruction from the data contributor, these were set to missing. 
A few anomalously low values, such as 0.44 on day 289 in 1998, were detected; per instruction from the data 
contributor, these were not changed.

          5. REFERENCES
                                
Drungil, C. E. C., K. Abt, and T. J. Gish. 1989. Soil moisture determination in gravelly soils with time 
domain reflectometry. Transactions Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 32:177-180.

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, and J. S. Amthor. 2001. A six-year study of sapling and large-tree growth and 
mortality responses to natural and induced variability in precipitation and throughfall. Tree Physiology 21:345-358.

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, M. A. Huston, J. D. Joslin, J. L. Croker, and R. M. Auge. 1998. Description and 
field performance of the Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiment: 1993-1996. ORNL/TM-13586. Oak Ridge 
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Hanson, P. J., and J. F. Weltzin. 2000. Drought disturbance from climate change: Response of United States forests. 
Science of the Total Environment 262:205-220.

Hutchinson, B. A., and D. D. Baldocchi. 1989. Forest meteorology, pp. 21-95. In D. W. Johnson and R. I. Van Hook 
(eds.), Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling Processes in Walker Branch Watershed, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Joslin, J. D., M. H. Wolfe, and P. J. Hanson. 2000. Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems. 
New Phytologist 147:117-129.

Keeland, B. D., and R. R. Sharitz. 1993. Accuracy of tree growth measurements using dendrometer bands. Canadian 
Journal of Forestry Research 23:2454-2457.

McLaughlin, S. B., and D. J. Downing. 1996. Interactive effects of control ozone and climate measured on growth 
of mature loblolly pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 26:670-681.

Topp, G. C., and J. L. Davis. 1985. Measurement of soil water content using time domain reflectometry (TDR): 
A field evaluation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49:19-24.

          6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION

This database (NDP-078A) is available free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available, via the Internet, 
from CDIAC's Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) or from CDIAC's anonymous FTP (file transfer protocol) 
area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) as follows:

1. FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl. gov (128.219.24.36).
2. Enter "ftp" as the user id.
3. Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., fred@zulu. org).
4. Change to the directory "pub/ndp078a" (i.e., use the command "cd pub/ndp078a").
5. Set ftp to get ASCII files by using the ftp "ascii" command.
6. Retrieve the ASCII database documentation file by using the ftp "get ndp078a.txt" command.
7. Retrieve the ASCII data files by using the ftp "mget *.dat" and "mget tdeambi.*" commands.
8. Exit the system by using the ftp "quit" command.

For non-Internet data acquisitions (e.g., floppy diskette or CD-ROM), or for additional information, contact:

     Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
     Oak Ridge National Laboratory
     P. O. Box 2008
     Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U. S. A.

     Telephone: 1-865-574-3645
     Telefax: 1-865-574-2232
     Email: cdiac@ornl.gov

          7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED

This database consists of 19 ASCII files: this text documentation file (ndp078a.txt, File 1) and 18 data files 
(Table 2).

**********
Table 2. Files in this numeric data package

File                   File size
number  File name      (bytes)    File description

1       ndp078a.txt    98k        Descriptive file (i.e., this document)
2       tdeambi.csi    16k        Example data program for the CR10X data logger editor for the TDE ambient plot and
                                  its instruments
3       tdeambi.dld    4k         Example data logger download file for the TDE ambient plot and its instruments
4       sw.dat         13k        Mean soil water content and potential (1993-2000), by date, treatment, and depth
5       nine.dat       14k        Mean soil water content and potential for the 0- to 35-cm depth increment (1993-2000),
                                  by date, treatment and slope position
6       tdr.dat        2.1M       Gridded soil water content
7       rocks.dat      12k        Coarse fraction for the 0- to 30- and 30- to 60-cm portions of the soil profile
8       littert.dat    824k       Litter layer temperature
9       st9398.dat     1.9M       Soil temperature for 1993-1998
10      st9900.dat     1.9M       Soil temperature for 1999-2000
11      mweather.dat   7k         Monthly weather data
12      dweather.dat   265k       Daily weather data
13      hw9399.dat     4.6M       Hourly weather data for 1993-1999
14      hw00.dat       678k       Hourly weather data for 2000
15      comptree.dat   68k        Species composition: Trees (>10-cm dbh)
16      compsap.dat    27k        Species composition: Saplings (<10-cm dbh and >1 m tall)
17      atree.dat      53k        Mature tree annual growth
18      asapling.dat   88k        Sapling annual growth
19      rellai.dat     37k        Seasonal patterns of relative leaf area index
**********

          8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE

ndp078a.txt (File 1)

This file is identical to this document.

          9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE ASCII DATA FILES

Table 3 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file sw.dat (File 4) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 3. Contents and format of sw.dat (File 4)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

DATE      Character  18        1         18      n/a    Measurement date (month, day, year)
RDOY      Integer    5         19        23      d      Running day of the year (days since January 1, 1993)
DOY       Integer    4         24        27      d      Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or 366 = 31 December)
W35WC     Real       5         28        32      % v/v  Mean 'wet' plot water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth increment 
A35WC     Real       5         33        37      % v/v  Mean 'ambient' plot water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth increment
D35WC     Real       5         38        42      % v/v  Mean 'dry' plot water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth increment
W35WP     Real       6         43        48      MPa    Mean 'wet' plot water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth increment
A35WP     Real       6         49        54      MPa    Mean 'ambient' plot water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                        increment
D35WP     Real       6         55        60      MPa    Mean 'dry' plot water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth increment
W70WC     Real       5         61        65      % v/v  Mean 'wet' plot water content of the 0- to 70-cm depth increment
A70WC     Real       5         66        70      % v/v  Mean 'ambient' plot water content of the 0- to 70-cm depth increment
D70WC     Real       5         71        75      % v/v  Mean 'dry' plot water content of the 0- to 70-cm depth increment
W3570WC   Real       5         76        80      % v/v  Mean 'wet' plot water content of the 35- to 70-cm depth increment
A3570WC   Real       5         81        85      % v/v  Mean 'ambient' plot water content of the 35- to 70-cm depth
                                                        increment
D3570WC   Real       5         86        90      % v/v  Mean 'dry' plot water content of the 35- to 70-cm depth increment
W3570WP   Real       6         91        96      MPa    Mean 'wet' plot water potential of the 35- to 70-cm depth increment
A3570WP   Real       6         97        102     MPa    Mean 'ambient' plot water potential of the 35- to 70-cm depth
                                                        increment
D3570WP   Real       6         103       108     MPa    Mean 'dry' plot water potential of the 35- to 70-cm depth increment
**********

The missing-value indicators in this file are -9.9 for variables A35WC, D35WC, W70WC, A70WC, D70WC, W3570WC, A3570WC, 
and D3570WC; and -9.99 for variables A35WP, D35WP, W3570WP, A3570WP, and D3570WP.

First two data records:

  January 14, 1993   14  14 25.5 25.4 24.8 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 26.2 26.6 26.5
27.7 28.6 29.0 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
 February 24, 1993   55  55 26.6 25.6 25.1 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 26.0 25.8 26.4
26.3 26.8 28.5 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02

Last two data records:

  November 1, 2000 2862 306  6.6 -9.9  5.6 -1.83 -9.99 -2.77 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9
-9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99
 December 15, 2000 2906 350 23.0 23.4 22.4 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 23.8 22.4 21.9
24.6 21.4 21.4 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06

Table 4 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file nine.dat (File 5) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 4. Contents and format of nine.dat (File 5)

Variable  Variable  Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type      width     column    column

YEAR      Integer   5         1         5       y      Year
DOY       Integer   4         6         9       d      Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or
                                                       366 = 31 December)
RDOY      Integer   5         10        14      d      Running day of the year (days since
                                                       January 1, 1993)
WBWC      Real      5         15        19      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom wet plot location
WMWC      Real      5         20        24      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle wet plot location
WUWC      Real      5         25        29      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper wet plot location
ABWC      Real      5         30        34      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom ambient plot location
AMWC      Real      5         35        39      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle ambient plot location
AUWC      Real      5         40        44      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper ambient plot location
DBWC      Real      5         45        49      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom dry plot location
DMWC      Real      5         50        54      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle dry plot location
DUWC      Real      5         55        59      % v/v  Mean water content of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper dry plot location
WBWP      Real      7         60        66      MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom wet plot location
WMWP      Real      7         67        73      MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle wet plot location
WUWP      Real      7         74        80      MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper wet plot location
ABWP      Real      7         81        87      MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom ambient plot location
AMWP      Real      7         88        94      MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle ambient plot location
AUWP      Real      7         95        101     MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper ambient plot location
DBWP      Real      7         102       108     MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the bottom dry plot location
DMWP      Real      7         109       115     MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the middle dry plot location
DUWP      Real      7         116       122     MPa    Mean water potential of the 0- to 35-cm depth
                                                       increment of the upper dry plot location
**********

The missing-value indicators in this file are -9.9 for variables WBWC, WMWC, WUWC, ABWC, AMWC, AUWC, DBWC, 
DMWC, and DUWC; and -9.999 for variables WBWP, WMWP, WUWP, ABWP, AMWP, AUWP, DBWP, DMWP, and DUWP.

First two data records:

 1993  14   14 26.5 25.9 24.4 26.2 24.6 25.4 24.2 25.5 24.7 -0.037 -0.039
-0.043 -0.037 -0.045 -0.036 -0.044 -0.038 -0.039
 1993  55   55 27.1 26.7 26.5 26.7 24.5 25.4 24.9 25.6 25.1 -0.035 -0.035
-0.033 -0.035 -0.045 -0.036 -0.040 -0.037 -0.037

Last two data records:

 2000 306 2862  8.1 -9.9  5.0 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9  6.2 -9.9  4.9 -1.162 -9.999
-3.641 -9.999 -9.999 -9.999 -2.104 -9.999 -3.632
 2000 350 2906 24.7 22.1 22.3 24.3 23.1 22.9 20.6 22.0 19.9 -0.046 -0.063
-0.058 -0.047 -0.054 -0.050 -0.073 -0.060 -0.077

Table 5 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file tdr.dat (File 6) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 5. Contents and format of tdr.dat (File 6)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units      Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y          Year
DOY       Integer    4         6         9       d          Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or
                                                            366 = 31 December)
DEPTH     Integer    3         10        12      cm         Depth interval (35 = 0-35 cm, 70 = 0-70 cm)
TREAT     Character  2         13        14      n/a        Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         15        16      n/a        Slope position (U = upper, M = middle, B = bottom)
Y         Integer    3         17        19      arbitrary  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
                                                 units
X         Integer    3         20        22      arbitrary  X coordinate position across the slope
                                                 units
YM        Integer    3         23        25      m          Y coordinate position up/down the slope
XM        Integer    4         26        29      m          X coordinate position across the slope
SWC       Real       5         30        34      % v/v      Soil water content
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.9 for variable SWC.

First two data records:

 1993  14 35W B   1  1  0   0 17.8
 1993  14 35W B   1  2  0   8 26.6

Last two data records:

 2000 350 70D U  10 30 72 232 22.0
 2000 350 70D U  10 31 72 240 22.7

Table 6 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file rocks.dat (File 7) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 6. Contents and format of rocks.dat (File 7)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units      Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

TREAT     Character  2         1         2       n/a        Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         3         4       n/a        Slope position (U = upper, M = middle, B = bottom)
Y         Integer    3         5         7       arbitrary  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
                                                 units
X         Integer    3         8         10      arbitrary  X coordinate position across the slope
                                                 units
CFMASS30  Integer    5         11        15      g          Mass of rocks (mostly chert) at depth of 0-30 cm
CFVOL30   Real       6         16        21      cm^3       Volume of the rocks at depth of 0-30 cm
CFPCT30   Real       5         22        26      % v/v      Percent coarse fraction by volume at depth of 0-30 cm
CFMASS60  Integer    5         27        31      g          Mass of rocks (mostly chert) at depth of 30-60 cm
CFVOL60   Real       6         32        37      cm^3       Volume of the rocks at depth of 30-60 cm
CFPCT60   Real       5         38        42      % v/v      Percent coarse fraction by volume at depth of 30-60 cm
**********

The missing-value indicators in this file are -999 for variables CFMASS30 and CFMASS60, -99.9 for variables 
CFVOL30 and CFVOL60, and -9.9 for variables CFPCT30 and CFPCT60.

First two data records:

W B   2  1 -999 -99.9 -9.9 -999 -99.9 -9.9
W B   2  2  475 206.5  8.5  697 303.0 12.5

Last two data records:

D U  10 30  651 283.0 11.6  734 319.1 13.1
D U  10 31 -999 -99.9 -9.9 -999 -99.9 -9.9

Table 7 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file littert.dat (File 8) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 7. Contents and format of littert.dat (File 8)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y      Year
DOY       Integer    4         6         9       month  Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or
                                                        366 = 31 December)
DFOY      Real       7         10        16      d      Day fraction of the year
TREAT     Character  2         17        18      n/a    Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
LITTERT   Real       6         19        24      deg C  Litter temperature
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.9 for variable LITTERT.

First two data records:

 1997  21  21.66 A  12.2
 1997  21  21.70 A   9.9

Last two data records:

 2000 349 349.50 D   6.9
 2000 349 349.54 D   7.4

Table 8 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file st9398.dat (File 9) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 8. Contents and format of st9398.dat (File 9)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y      Year
MOY       Integer    3         6         8       month  Month of the year (1 = January, ...,
                                                        12 = December)
DOY       Integer    4         9         12      d      Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or
                                                        366 = 31 December)
DFOY      Real       7         13        19      d      Day fraction of the year
HOY       Integer    5         20        24      h      Hour of the year
ST10      Real       6         25        30      deg C  Soil temperature at depth = 10 cm
ST35      Real       6         31        36      deg C  Soil temperature at depth = 35 cm
**********

The missing-value indicators in this file are -99.9 for variables ST10 and ST35.

First two data records:

 1993  1   1   1.00    1   7.0   7.0
 1993  1   1   1.04    2   7.0   7.0

Last two data records:

 1998 12 366 366.92 8783 -99.9 -99.9
 1998 12 366 366.96 8784 -99.9 -99.9

Table 9 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file st9900.dat (File 10) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 9. Contents and format of st9900.dat (File 10)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y      Year
MOY       Integer    3         6         8       month  Month of the year (1 = January, ...,
                                                        12 = December)
DOY       Integer    4         9         12      d      Day of the year (1 = 1 January, 365 or
                                                        366 = 31 December)
DFOY      Real       7         13        19      d      Day fraction of the year
HOY       Integer    5         20        24      h      Hour of the year
ST10      Real       8         25        32      deg C  Soil temperature at depth = 10 cm
ST27      Real       8         33        40      deg C  Soil temperature at depth = 27 cm
STW6      Real       6         41        46      deg C  Soil temperature for wet plot, depth = 6 cm
STW31     Real       6         47        52      deg C  Soil temperature for wet plot, depth = 31 cm
STW55     Real       6         53        58      deg C  Soil temperature for wet plot, depth = 55 cm
STW72     Real       6         59        64      deg C  Soil temperature for wet plot, depth = 72 cm
STA7      Real       6         65        70      deg C  Soil temperature for ambient plot, depth = 7 cm
STA32     Real       6         71        76      deg C  Soil temperature for ambient plot, depth = 32 cm
STA59     Real       6         77        82      deg C  Soil temperature for ambient plot, depth = 59 cm
STA100    Real       6         83        88      deg C  Soil temperature for ambient plot, depth = 100 cm
STD9      Real       6         89        94      deg C  Soil temperature for dry plot, depth = 9 cm
STD30     Real       6         95        100     deg C  Soil temperature for dry plot, depth = 30 cm
STD45     Real       6         101       106     deg C  Soil temperature for dry plot, depth = 45 cm
STD63     Real       6         107       112     deg C  Soil temperature for dry plot, depth = 63 cm
**********

The missing-value indicators in this file are -9.999 for variables ST10 and ST27, and -9.99 for variables 
STW6, STW31, STW55, STW72, STA7, STA32, STA59, STA100, STD9, STD30, STD45, and STD63.

First two data records:

 1999  1   1   1.00    1  6.1571  7.4550 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -
9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99
 1999  1   1   1.04    2  6.0109  7.3718 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -
9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99 -9.99

Last two data records:

 2000 12 366 366.92 8783 -9.9999 -9.9999  3.10  5.50  6.90  7.40  4.20  7.00 
8.20  9.70  3.90  5.80  6.80  7.60
 2000 12 366 366.96 8784 -9.9999 -9.9999  3.00  5.50  6.90  7.40  4.10  7.00 
8.20  9.70  3.80  5.80  6.80  7.60

Table 10 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file mweather.dat (File 11) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 10. Contents and format of mweather.dat (File 11)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units     Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y         Year
MONTH     Integer    3         6         8       month     Month (1 = January, ..., 12 = December)
QUAN      Integer    5         9         13      mol m^-2  Integrated incident photosynthetically
                                                           active radiation (PAR)
PYRAN     Integer    4         14        17      MW m^-2   Integrated incident total radiation
RAIN      Integer    4         18        21      mm        Monthly total rain (sum of hourly values)
ATMIN     Real       6         22        27      deg C     Monthly 1-h minimum air temperature
ATMEAN    Real       5         28        32      deg C     Monthly 1-h mean air temperature
ATMAX     Real       5         33        37      deg C     Monthly 1-h maximum air temperature
RHMIN     Real       5         38        42      %         Monthly 1-h minimum relative humidity
RHMEAN    Real       5         43        47      %         Monthly 1-h mean relative humidity
RHMAX     Real       6         48        53      %         Monthly 1-h maximum relative humidity
STMIN     Real       5         54        58      deg C     Monthly 1-h minimum soil temperature (15-cm depth)
STMEAN    Real       5         59        63      deg C     Monthly 1-h mean soil temperature (15-cm depth)
STMAX     Real       5         64        68      deg C     Monthly 1-h maximum soil temperature (15-cm depth)
WIND      Real       6         69        74      m/s       Mean daily wind speed
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.99 for variable WIND.

First two data records:

 1993  1  384 186 101  -3.3  5.5 16.5 21.5 76.8 101.5  5.0  6.1  7.5 -9.99
 1993  2  488 241  50 -11.7  3.8 20.0 16.5 67.9 101.6  6.0  7.8  9.5 -9.99

Last two data records:

 2000 11  439 232 104  -6.5  8.0 25.1 15.0 68.4 100.0  6.7 12.2 17.8  1.40
 2000 12  376 189  75 -12.4 -0.5 11.5 31.7 71.2  99.8  3.2  6.7 10.0  1.60

Table 11 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file dweather.dat (File 12)
distributed with this numeric data package.

**********
Table 11. Contents and format of dweather.dat (File 12)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units     Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y         Year
DOY       Integer    4         6         9       d         Day of the year (1 = 1 January, ...,
                                                           365 or 366 = 31 December)
QUAN      Real       6         10        15      mol m^-2  Integrated incident photosynthetically
                                                           active radiation (PAR)
PYRAN     Real       6         16        21      MW m^-2   Integrated incident total radiation
RADMEAN   Real       10        22        31      W m^-2    Mean daily radiation
RAIN      Integer    6         32        37      mm        Monthly total rain (sum of hourly values)
ATMIN     Real       6         38        43      deg C     Monthly 1-h minimum air temperature
ATMEAN    Real       6         44        49      deg C     Monthly 1-h mean air temperature
ATMAX     Real       5         50        54      deg C     Monthly 1-h maximum air temperature
RHMIN     Real       6         55        60      %         Monthly 1-h minimum relative humidity
RHMEAN    Real       6         61        66      %         Monthly 1-h mean relative humidity
RHMAX     Real       6         67        72      %         Monthly 1-h maximum relative humidity
STMIN     Real       5         73        77      deg C     Monthly 1-h minimum soil temperature (15-cm depth)
STMEAN    Real       5         78        82      deg C     Monthly 1-h mean soil temperature (15-cm depth)
STMAX     Real       5         83        87      deg C     Monthly 1-h maximum soil temperature (15-cm depth)
WIND      Real       5         88        92      m/s       Mean hourly wind speed
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.9 for variable WIND.

First two data records:

 1993   1  8.04  3.61   66.8359   1.0   1.6   4.8  9.7  65.2  74.9  84.3  6.9 
6.9  7.0 -9.9
 1993   2  8.04  3.61   66.8359   0.0   1.6   4.9  9.7  65.2  75.0  84.3  6.7 
6.8  6.9 -9.9

Last two data records:

 2000 365  8.90  4.70   57.0000   0.0 -10.5  -8.2 -6.3  63.0  71.1  83.3  3.7 
4.0  4.7  2.1
 2000 366 14.30  7.60   85.0000   0.0  -8.7  -6.3 -3.3  57.3  72.6  85.4  3.2 
3.6  3.9  1.4

Table 12 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data files hw9399.dat (File 13) and hw00.dat (File 14) 
distributed with this numeric data package.

**********
Table 12. Contents and format of hw9399.dat (File 13) and hw00.dat (File 14)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units          Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y              Year
MOY       Integer    3         6         8       month          Month of the year (1 = January, ...,
                                                                12 = December)
DOY       Integer    4         9         12      d              Day of the year (1 = 1 January, ...,
                                                                365 or 366 = 31 December)
DFOY      Real       7         13        19      d              Day fraction of the year
HOY       Integer    5         20        24      h              Hour of the year
QUAN      Integer    5         25        29      mol m^-2 s^-1  Mean incident photosynthetically
                                                                active radiation (PAR)
PYRAN     Integer    5         30        34      W m^-2         Mean incident hourly radiation
UQUAN     Integer    5         35        39      mol m^-2 s^-1  Mean hourly understory (1.5 m
                                                                above ground level) PAR
AT        Real       6         40        45      deg C          Hourly mean air temperature
RH        Real       6         46        51      %              Hourly mean relative humidity
RAIN      Real       5         52        56      mm             Hourly rainfall
WIND      Real       5         57        61      m/s            Mean hourly wind speed
ST        Real       5         62        66      deg C          Mean 1-h soil temperature (10- to
                                                                15-cm depth)
VPD       Real       7         67        73      kPa            Mean vapor pressure deficit
SWISIS    Integer    5         74        78      W m^-2         Mean incident shortwave radiation
**********
                                
The missing-value indicators in file hw9399.dat are -99 for variables QUAN, UQUAN, and SWISIS; -9.9 
for variables WIND and ST; -99.9 for variable AT; and -9.999 for variable VPD.
                                
First two data records in file hw9399.dat:
                                
 1993  1   1   1.00    0    0    0  -99   2.6  71.2  0.0 -9.9  7.0  0.213  -99
 1993  1   1   1.04    1    0    0  -99   2.4  71.8  0.0  2.6  7.0  0.206  -99
                                
                                
Last two data records in file hw9399.dat:
                                
 1999 12 365 365.96 8759    0    0    0  11.2  65.9  0.0  2.5  9.7  0.454    0
 1999 12 365 366.00 8760    0    0    0  11.4  64.6  0.0  2.5  9.8  0.454    0
                                
                                
There are no missing values in file hw00.dat.
                                
First two data records in file hw00.dat:
                                
 2000  1   1   1.04    1    0    0    0  11.1  66.1  0.0  2.3  9.4  0.449    0
 2000  1   1   1.08    2    0    0    0  10.4  69.0  0.0  2.1  9.3  0.392    0
                                
                                
Last two data records in file hw00.dat:
                                
 2000 12 366 366.96 8783    0    0    0  -5.6  70.3  0.0  1.6  3.6  0.120    0
 2000 12 366 367.00 8784    0    0    0  -5.9  73.8  0.0  1.7  3.6  0.104    0
                                
Table 13 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file comptree.dat (File 15) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********                                
Table 13. Contents and format of comptree.dat (File 15)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units            Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

ID        Real       7         1         7       n/a              Arbitrary individual tree
                                                                  identification number
SPC       Character  8         8         15      n/a              Species code (see listing of codes and
                                                                  species names in Appendix C)
TREAT     Character  2         16        17      n/a              Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         18        19      n/a              Slope position (U = upper, M = middle, B = bottom)
Y         Integer    3         20        22      arbitrary units  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
X         Integer    3         23        25      arbitrary units  X coordinate position across the slope
YM        Real       5         26        30      m                Y coordinate position up/down the slope
XM        Real       6         31        36      m                X coordinate position across the slope
D010693   Real       6         37        42      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 June 1993
D010694   Real       6         43        48      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 June 1994
D011294   Real       6         49        54      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 December 1994
D010695   Real       6         55        60      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 June 1995
D010796   Real       6         61        66      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 July 1996
D010797   Real       6         67        72      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 July 1997
D010998   Real       6         73        78      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 September 1998
D011299   Real       6         79        84      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 1 December 1999
D290101   Real       6         85        90      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m on 29 January 2001
**********

Trees that died during the experiment are represented as missing in the years after death occurred. Trees that 
reached (or approached) the 10 cm dbh cutoff during the experiment are represented as missing until the year 
they attained tree status.

The missing-value indicator in this file is -99.9 for variables D010693, D010694, D011294, D010695, D010796, 
D010797, D010998, D011299, and D290101.

First two data records:

   30.0AR      W U   8  2 61.6  11.9 -99.9 -99.9   9.9   9.9  10.9  11.4  12.1 
12.7  13.5
   32.0AR      A B   2 16 15.1 122.5 -99.9 -99.9  10.4  10.4  11.5  12.3  12.9 
13.1  13.7

Last two data records:

 6019.0CF      D B   1 24  2.5 189.6 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9   9.8  10.1  11.3 
10.3  10.4
 6020.0OA      D B   1 23  0.8 182.4 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9 -99.9  12.1  12.2  12.5 
12.8  12.9

Table 14 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file compsap.dat (File 16) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 14. Contents and format of compsap.dat (File 16)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units            Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

ORDER     Real       6         1         6       n/a              Arbitrary individual tree identifier
SPC       Character  9         7         15      n/a              Species code (see listing of codes and
                                                                  species names in Appendix C)
TREAT     Character  2         16        17      n/a              Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient,D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         18        19      n/a              Slope position (U = upper, M = middle,
                                                                  B = bottom)
Y         Integer    2         20        21      arbitrary units  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
X         Integer    3         22        24      arbitrary units  X coordinate position across the slope
PLOTID    Integer    3         25        27      n/a              Number of the sapling within an individual plot
D1996     Real       6         28        33      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m in year 1996
D1997     Real       6         34        39      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m in year 1997
D1998     Real       6         40        45      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m in year 1998
D1999     Real       6         46        51      cm               Diameter at height = 1.3 m in year 1999
**********                                
                                
The missing-value indicators in this file are -9.99 for variables D1996, D1997, D1998, and D1999.

First two data records:
                                
   1.0AR       W U  9  2  1  2.12  2.32 -9.99 -9.99
   2.0AR       W U  9  2  2  2.96  2.95 -9.99 -9.99
                                
                                
Last two data records:
                                
 597.0QV       D B  3 27 13  4.17  4.18  4.40  4.44
 598.0Carya    D B  3 27 14  1.52  1.50  1.60  1.61
                                
                                
Table 15 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file atree.dat (File 17) distributed with this 
numeric data package.
                                
**********
Table 15. Contents and format of atree.dat (File 17)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units            Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y                Year
ID        Integer    5         6         10      n/a              Arbitrary individual tree
                                                                  identification number
SPC       Character  3         11        13      n/a              Species code (see listing of codes and
                                                                  species names in Appendix C)
TREAT     Character  2         14        15      n/a              Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         16        17      n/a              Slope position (U = upper, M = middle,
                                                                  B = bottom)
Y         Integer    3         18        20      arbitrary units  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
X         Integer    3         21        23      arbitrary units  X coordinate position across the slope
GROWTH    Integer    6         24        29      mm^2/y           Basal area growth rate
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9999 for variable GROWTH.

First two data records:

 1993   51AR A M   5 12  2673
 1993   52AR A M   5 12  2462

Last two data records:

 2000 2992QA A M   6 13  1576
 2000 2996QP W M   5  9  2157

Table 16 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file asapling.dat (File 18) distributed with this 
numeric data package.

**********
Table 16. Contents and format of asapling.dat (File 18)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units            Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    4         1         4       y                Year
ID        Character  8         5         12      n/a              Arbitrary individual tree
                                                                  identification number
SPC       Character  3         13        15      n/a              Species code (see listing of codes and
                                                                  species names in Appendix C)
TREAT     Character  2         16        17      n/a              Treatment (W = wet, A = ambient, D = dry)
SLOPE     Character  2         18        19      n/a              Slope position (U = upper, M = middle,
                                                                  B = bottom)
Y         Integer    3         20        22      arbitrary units  Y coordinate position up/down the slope
X         Integer    3         23        25      arbitrary units  X coordinate position across the slope
GROWTH    Real       7         26        32      mm^2/y           Basal area growth rate
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.999 for variable GROWTH.

First two data records:

1994 3001   AR W U  10  1  0.122
1994 3002   AR A U  10 11  0.090

Last two data records:

2000 4027a  CF A M   6 14 -9.999
2000 5015a  CF W B   3  8 -9.999

Table 17 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file rellai.dat (File 19) distributed
with this numeric data package.

**********
Table 17. Contents and format of rellai.dat (File 19)

Variable  Variable   Variable  Starting  Ending  Units  Definition and comments
          type       width     column    column

YEAR      Integer    5         1         5       y      Year
DOY       Integer    4         6         9       d      Day of the year (1 = 1 January, ...,
                                                        365 = 31 December)
RELLAI    Real       6         10        15      n/a    Fractional LAI (leaf area index)
**********

The missing-value indicator in this file is -9.99 for variable RELLAI.

First two data records:

 1992  85 -9.99
 1992  86 -9.99

Last two data records:

 2000 349 -9.99
 2000 350 -9.99

          10. SAS (TM) AND FORTRAN CODES TO ACCESS THE DATA

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file sw.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read sw.dat ***/

data sw ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/sw.dat' ;
input DATE $ 1-18 RDOY 19-23 DOY 24-27 W35WC 28-32 A35WC 33-37 D35WC 38-42 
      W35WP 43-48 A35WP 49-54 D35WP 55-60 W70WC 61-65 A70WC 66-70 D70WC 71-75
      W3570WC 76-80 A3570WC 81-85 D3570WC 86-90 W3570WP 91-96 A3570WP 97-102 
      D3570WP 103-108 ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file sw.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "sw.dat"
C
      INTEGER RDOY, DOY
      REAL W35WC, A35WC, D35WC, W35WP, A35WP, D35WP, W70WC,
     +     A70WC, D70WC, W3570WC, A3570WC, D3570WC, W3570WP,
     +     A3570WP, D3570WP
      CHARACTER DATE*18
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='sw.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) DATE, RDOY, DOY, W35WC, A35WC, D35WC,
     + W35WP, A35WP, D35WP, W70WD, A70WC, D70WC, W3570WC, A3570WC,
     + D3570WC, W3570WP, A3570WP, D3570WP
  100 FORMAT (A18,I5,I4,3F5.1,3F6.2,6F5.1,3F6.2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file nine.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read nine.dat ***/

data nine ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/nine.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 DOY 6-9 RDOY 10-14 WBWC 15-19 WMWC 20-24 WUWC 25-29 
      ABWC 30-34 AMWC 35-39 AUWC 40-44 DBWC 45-49 DMWC 50-54 DUWC 55-59
      WBWP 60-66 WMWP 67-73 WUWP 74-80 ABWP 81-87 AMWP 88-94
      AUWP 95-101 DBWP 102-108 DMWP 109-115 DUWP 116-122 ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file nine.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "nine.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, DOY, RDOY
      REAL WBWC, WMWC, WUWC, ABWC, AUWC, DBWC, DMWC, DUWC,
     +     WBWP, WMWP, WUWP, ABWP, AMWP, AUWP, DBWP, EMWP,
     +     DUWP
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='nine.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, DOY, RDOY, WBWC, WMWC, WUWC, 
     + ABWC, AMWC, AUWC, DBWC, DMWC, DUWC, WBWP, WMWP, WUWP,
     + ABWP, AMWP, AUWP, DBWP, DMWP, DUWP
  100 FORMAT (I5,I4,I5,9F5.1,9F7.3)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file tdr.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read tdr.dat ***/

data tdr ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/tdr.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 DOY 6-9 DEPTH 10-12 TREAT $ 13-14 SLOPE $ 15-16 Y 17-19 
      X 20-22 YM 23-25 XM 26-29 SWC 30-34 ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file tdr.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "tdr.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, DOY, DEPTH, Y, X, YM, XM
      REAL SWC
      CHARACTER TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='tdr.test')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, DOY, DEPTH, TREAT, SLOPE,
     + Y, X, YM, XM, SWC
  100 FORMAT (I5,I4,I3,2A2,3I3,I4,F5.1)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file rocks.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read rocks.dat ***/

data rocks ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/rocks.dat' ;
input TREAT $ 1-2 SLOPE $ 3-4 Y 5-7 X 8-10 
      CFMASS30 11-15 CFVOL30 16-21 CFPCT30 22-26 
      CFMASS60 27-31 CFVOL60 32-37 CFPCT60 38-42 ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file rocks.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "rocks.dat"
C
      INTEGER Y, X, CFMASS30, CFMASS60
      REAL CFVOL30, CFPCT30, CFVOL60, CFPCT60 
      CHARACTER TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='rocks.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) TREAT, SLOPE, Y, X, CFMASS30,
     + CFVOL30, CFPCT30, CFMASS60, CFVOL60, CFPCT60
  100 FORMAT (2A2,2I3,2(I5,F6.1,F5.1))
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file littert.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read littert.dat ***/

data littert ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/littert.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 DOY 6-9 DFOY 10-16 TREAT $ 17-18 LITTERT 19-24  ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file littert.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "littert.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, DOY 
      REAL DFOY
      CHARACTER TREAT*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='littert.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, DOY, DFOY, TREAT, LITTERT
  100 FORMAT (I5,I4,F7.2,A2,F6.1)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file st9398.dat:

*** retrieval routine to read st9398.dat ***/

data st9398 ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/st9398.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 MOY 6-8 DOY 9-12 DFOY 13-19 HOY 20-24
      ST10 25-30 ST35 31-36  ; 

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file st9398.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "st9398.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, MOY, DOY, HOY 
      REAL DFOY, ST10, ST35
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='st9398.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, MOY, DOY, DFOY, HOY, ST10, ST35 
  100 FORMAT (I5,I3,I4,F7.2,I5,2F6.1)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file st9900.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read st9900.dat ***/

data st9900 ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/st9900.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 MOY 6-8 DOY 9-12 DFOY 13-19 HOY 20-24
      ST10 25-32 ST27 33-40 STW6 41-46 STW31 47-52 
      STW55 53-58 STW72 59-64 STA7 65-70 STA32 71-76 
      STA59 77-82 STA100 83-88 STD9 89-94 STD30 95-100 
      STD45 101-106 STD63 107-112 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file st9900.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "st9900.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, MOY, DOY, HOY 
      REAL DFOY, ST10, ST27, STW6, STW31, STW55, STW72,
     + STA7, STA32, STA59, STA100, STD9, STD30, STD45, STD63
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='st9900.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, MOY, DOY, DFOY, HOY, ST10, ST27,
     + STW6, STW31, STW55, STW72, STA7, STA32, STA59, STA100,
     + STD9, STD30, STD45, STD63
  100 FORMAT (I5,I3,I4,F7.2,I5,2F8.4,12F6.2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file mweather.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read mweather.dat ***/

data mweather ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/mweather.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 MONTH 6-8 QUAN 9-13 PYRAN 14-17 RAIN 18-21 
      ATMIN 22-27 ATMEAN 28-32 ATMAX 33-37 RHMIN 38-42 
      RHMEAN 43-47 RHMAX 48-53 STMIN 54-58 STMEAN 59-63 
      STMAX 64-68 WIND 69-74;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file mweather.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "mweather.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, MONTH, QUAN, PYRAN, RAIN 
      REAL ATMIN, ATMEAN, ATMAX, RHMIN, RHMEAN, RHMAX,
     + STMIN, STMEAN, STMAX, WIND
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='mweather.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, MONTH, QUAN, PYRAN, RAIN,
     + ATMIN, ATMEAN, ATMAX, RHMIN, RHMEAN, RHMAX, STMIN,
     + STMEAN, STMAX, WIND
  100 FORMAT (I5,I3,I5,2I4,F6.1,4F5.1,F6.1,3F5.1,F6.2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file dweather.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read dweather.dat ***/

data dweather ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/dweather.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 DOY 6-9 QUAN 10-15 PYRAN 16-21 RADMEAN 22-31 
      RAIN 32-37 ATMIN 38-43 ATMEAN 44-49 ATMAX 50-54 RHMIN 55-60 
      RHMEAN 61-66 RHMAX 67-72 STMIN 73-77 STMEAN 78-82 
      STMAX 83-87 WIND 88-92 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file dweather.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "dweather.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, DOY, RAIN 
      REAL QUAN, PYRAN, RADMEAN, ATMIN, ATMEAN, ATMAX, RHMIN,
     + RHMEAN, RHMAX, STMIN, STMEAN, STMAX, WIND
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='dweather.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, DOY, QUAN, PYRAN, RADMEAN,
     + RAIN, ATMIN, ATMEAN, ATMAX, RHMIN, RHMEAN, RHMAX, STMIN,
     + STMEAN, STMAX, WIND
  100 FORMAT (I5,I4,2F6.2,F10.4,3F6.1,F5.1,3F6.1,4F5.1)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file hw9399.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read hw9399.dat ***/

data  hw9399 ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/hw9399.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 MOY 6-8 DOY 9-12 DFOY 13-19 HOY 20-24 
      QUAN 25-29 PYRAN 30-34 UQUAN 35-39 AT 40-45 
      RH 46-51 RAIN 52-56 WIND 57-61 ST 62-66 
      VPD 67-73 SWISIS 74-78;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file hw9399.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "hw9399.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, MOY, DOY, HOY, QUAN, PYRAN, UQUAN, SWISIS 
      REAL DFOY, AT, RH, RAIN, WIND, ST, VPD
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='hw9399.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, MOY, DOY, DFOY, HOY, QUAN,
     + PYRAN, UQUAN, AT, RH, RAIN, WIND, ST, VPD, SWISIS
  100 FORMAT (I5,I3,I4,F7.2,4I5,2F6.1,3F5.1,F7.3,I5)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file hw00.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read hw00.dat ***/

data  hw00 ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/hw00.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 MOY 6-8 DOY 9-12 DFOY 13-19 HOY 20-24 
      QUAN 25-29 PYRAN 30-34 UQUAN 35-39 AT 40-45 
      RH 46-51 RAIN 52-56 WIND 57-61 ST 62-66 
      VPD 67-73 SWISIS 74-78;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file hw00.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "hw00.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, MOY, DOY, HOY, QUAN, PYRAN, UQUAN, SWISIS 
      REAL DFOY, AT, RH, RAIN, WIND, ST, VPD
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='hw00.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, MOY, DOY, DFOY, HOY, QUAN,
     + PYRAN, UQUAN, AT, RH, RAIN, WIND, ST, VPD, SWISIS
  100 FORMAT (I5,I3,I4,F7.2,4I5,2F6.1,3F5.1,F7.3,I5)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file comptree.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read comptree.dat ***/

data  comptree ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/comptree.dat' ;
input ID 1-7 SPC $ 8-15 TREAT $ 16-17 SLOPE $ 18-19 Y 20-22 X 23-25 
      YM 26-30 XM 31-36 D010693 37-42 D010694 43-48 D011294 49-54 
      D010695 55-60 D010796 61-66 D010797 67-72 D010998 73-78 
      D011299 79-84 D290101 85-90 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file comptree.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "comptree.dat"
C
      INTEGER Y, X 
      REAL ID, YM, XM, D010693, D010694, D011294, D010695,
     + D010796, D010797, D010998, D011299, D290101
      CHARACTER SPC*8, TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='comptree.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) ID, SPC, TREAT, SLOPE, Y, X, YM,
     + XM, D010693, D010694, D011294, D010695, D010796,
     + D010797, D010998, D011299, D290101
  100 FORMAT (F7.1,A8,2A2,2I3,F5.1,10F6.1)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file compsap.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read compsap.dat ***/

data  compsap ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/compsap.dat' ;
input ORDER 1-6 SPC $ 7-15 TREAT $ 16-17 SLOPE $ 18-19 Y 20-21 X 22-24 
      PLOTID 25-27 D1996 28-33 D1997 34-39 D1998 40-45 D1999 46-51 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file compsap.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "compsap.dat"
C
      INTEGER ORDER, Y, X, PLOTID 
      REAL D1996, D1997, D1998, D1999
      CHARACTER SPC*9, TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='compsap.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) ORDER, SPC, TREAT, SLOPE, Y, X,
     + PLOTID, D1996, D1997, D1998, D1999
  100 FORMAT (F6.1,A9,2A2,I2,2I3,4F6.2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file atree.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read atree.dat ***/

data  atree ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/atree.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 ID 6-10 SPC $ 11-13 TREAT $ 14-15 SLOPE $ 16-17 Y 18-20 X 21-23 
      GROWTH 24-29 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file atree.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "atree.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, ID, Y, X, GROWTH 
      CHARACTER SPC*3, TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='atree.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, ID, SPC, TREAT, SLOPE,
     + Y, X, GROWTH
  100 FORMAT (2I5,A3,2A2,2I3,I6)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file asapling.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read asapling.dat ***/

data  asapling ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/asapling.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-4 ID $5-12 SPC $ 13-15 TREAT $ 16-17 SLOPE $ 18-19 Y 20-22
      X 23-25 GROWTH 26-32 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file asapling.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "asapling.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, Y, X 
      REAL GROWTH
      CHARACTER ID*7, SPC*3, TREAT*2, SLOPE*2
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='asapling.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, ID, SPC, TREAT, SLOPE,
     + Y, X, GROWTH
  100 FORMAT (I4,A8,A3,2A2,2I3,F7.3)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

The following is SAS (TM) code to read file rellai.dat:

/*** retrieval routine to read rellai.dat ***/

data  rellai ;

infile '/home/cdp/ndp078a/rellai.dat' ;
input YEAR 1-5 DOY 6-9 RELLAI 10-15 ;

run ;

The following is Fortran code to read file rellai.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the NDP-078a file "rellai.dat"
C
      INTEGER YEAR, DOY 
      REAL RELLAI 
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='rellai.dat')
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) YEAR, DOY, RELLAI
  100 FORMAT (I5,I4,F6.2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

          APPENDIX A: REPRINTS OF PERTINENT LITERATURE (not included in this file)

          APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOILS OF THE WALKER BRANCH THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT
          EXPERIMENT SITE

Initial characteristics of the TDE typic Paleudult soils (Fullerton cherty silt loam). Most data are from Tables 55-58
of Peters et al. (1970), supplemented by measurements on the TDE site.

Physical characteristics (sil = silt, sic = silty clay, c = clay)

                                                             Peters    Peters    Joslin/Wolfe
                                                             Coarse    Coarse       Coarse
Horizon Depth   Bulk density   Texture Sand    Silt    Clay Fraction  Fraction     Fraction 
        (cm)      (g cm^-3)             (%)     (%)     (%)  % (g/g)   %(v/v)       %(v/v)

A       0-7         1.06       sil      34      63       3        30      12.0        14.2
E       7-33        1.27       sil      28      60      12        29      13.9        14.2
AB      33-43       1.43       sil      28      64       8        36      19.4        17
B1      43-51       1.31       sil      24      56      20        31      15.3        17
B21t    51-71       1.29       sic      17      43      40        18       8.8        17
B22t    71-107+      1.2       c        13      36      51        17       7.7        --  

     Exchangeable cations (CEC = cation exchange capacity)

Horizon  pH   CEC        Ca        Mg         K          Base
                                                      saturation
            (meq/100g) (meq/100g) (meq/100g) (meq/100g)  (%)

A        4.5  5.64       0.68      0.17       0.11       29
E        4.2  1.94       0.09      0.04       0.03        9
AB       4.4  2.08       0.12      0.04       0.04       14
B1       4.2  2.73       0.08      0.04       0.03        7
B21t     4.2  5.42       0.1       0.11       0.03        6
B22t     4.2  8.92       0.15      0.2        0.05        6

           Elemental analysis (O.M. = organic matter)

Horizon     Ca      Mg      K       Fe     N        P         O.M.
            (%)     (%)     (%)     (%)    (%)      (%)       (%)

A           0.06    0.08    0.37    0.96   0.158    0.02      6.54
E           0.05    0.1     0.45    1.47   0.05     0.02      1.75
AB          0.03    0.1     0.4     1.43   0.031    0.01      0.65
B1          0.06    0.12    0.56    1.68   0.031    0.02      0.62
B21t        0.04    0.22    0.57    2.19   0.041    0.01      0.63
B22t        0.05    0.23    0.72    2.48   0.039    0.02      0.62

 Root distribution by depth (J. D. Joslin, Tennessee Valley Authority, personal communication)

Depth   % of all roots
(cm)
0-30          66
30-60         23
60-90         11

REFERENCE

Peters, L. N., D. F. Grigal, J. W. Curlin, and W. J. Selvidge. 1970. Walker Branch Watershed
Project: Chemical, physical and morphological properties of the soils of Walker Branch
Watershed. ORNL/TM-2968. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

          APPENDIX C: SPECIES NAMES AND SPECIES CODES (VARIABLE SPC IN THE DATA FILES) OF THE WALKER BRANCH
          THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT EXPERIMENT SITE

AR = Acer rubrum
AS = Acer saccharum
Aralia = Aralia spinosa
Carpins = Carpinus caroliniana
Carya = Carya sp.
Cercis = Cercis canadensis
CF = Cornus florida
FG = Fagus grandifolia
Fraxinus = Fraxinus sp.
JV = Juniperus virginiana
NS = Nyssa sylvatica
LS = Liquidambar styraciflua
LT = Liriodendron tulipifera
Mag = Magnolia tripetala
OA = Oxydendrum arboreum
PE = Pinus echinata
PS = Pinus strobus
PV = Pinus virginiana
Prunus = Prunus serotina
QA = Quercus alba
QP = Quercus prinus
QR = Quercus rubra
QS = Quercus stellata
QV = Quercus velutina
Rhamnus = Rhamnus sp.
Sass = Sassafras albidum

          APPENDIX D: LISTING OF THROUGHFALL DISPLACEMENT EXPERIMENT PUBLICATIONS

A. INTRODUCTORY PAPERS AND SUMMARIES

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, D. W. Johnson, J. D. Joslin, and E. G. O'Neill (in press). Responses of eastern 
deciduous forests to precipitation change. In J. F. Weltzin and G. R. McPherson (eds.), Precipitation and 
Terrestrial Ecosystems, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Hanson, P. J. 2000. Large-scale water manipulations. pp. 341-352. In O. E. Sala, R. B. Jackson, H. A. Mooney, 
and R. W. Howarth (eds.), Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, N. T. Edwards, and M. A. Huston. 1995. Field performance of the Walker Branch 
Throughfall Displacement Experiment. pp. 307-313. In A. Jenkins, R. C. Ferrier, and C. Kirby (eds.), Ecosystem 
Manipulation Experiments: Scientific Approaches, Experimental Design and Relevant Results, Ecosystem Research 
Report #20, Commission of the European Communities, Copenhagen.

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, M. A. Huston, J. D. Joslin, J. Croker, and R. M. Auge. 1998. Description and Field 
Performance of the Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiment: 1993-1996, ORNL/TM-13586, Oak Ridge 
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee.

Turner, R. S., P. J. Hanson, M. A. Huston, C. T. Garten, Jr., and P. J. Mulholland. 1993. A large-scale 
throughfall manipulation experiment on Walker Branch Watershed. pp. 96-105. In L. Rasmussen, T. Brydges and 
P. Mathy (eds.), Experimental Manipulations of Biota and Biogeochemical Cycling in Ecosystems: Approach - 
Methodologies - Findings, Commission of the European Communities, Copenhagen.

B. LONG-TERM RESPONSE PAPERS

Curtis, P. S., P. J. Hanson, P. Bolstad, C. Barford, J. C. Randolph, H. P. Schmid, and K. B. Wilson. Biometric and 
eddy-covariance based estimates of ecosystem carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. 
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (submitted).

Hanson, P. J., D. E. Todd, and J. S. Amthor. 2001. A six-year study of sapling and large-tree growth and mortality 
responses to natural and induced variability in precipitation and throughfall. Tree Physiology 21:345-358.

Johnson, D. W., P. J. Hanson, and D. E. Todd. The effects of throughfall manipulation on soil solution chemistry 
and leaching in a deciduous forest. Journal of Environmental Quality (submitted).

Joslin, J. D., M. H. Wolfe, and P. J. Hanson. 2001. Factors controlling the timing of root elongation intensity 
in a mature upland oak stand. Plant and Soil 228:201-212.

Joslin, J. D., M. H. Wolfe, and P. J. Hanson. 2000. Effects of shifting water regimes on forest root systems.
New Phytologist 147:117-129.

C. PROCESS STUDIES

Auge R. M, C. D. Green, A. J. W. Stodola, A. M. Saxton, J. B. Olinick, and R. M. Evans. 2000. Correlations 
of stomatal conductance with hydraulic and chemical factors in several deciduous tree species in a natural habitat. 
New Phytologist 145:483-500.

Auge R. M, X. Duan, J. L. Croker, W. T. Witte, and C. D. Green. 1998. Foliar dehydration tolerance of twelve 
deciduous tree species. Journal of Experimental Botany 49:753-759.

Auge R. M., C. D. Green, J. L. Croker, T. B. Johnson, A. J. W. Stodola, X. Duan, W. T. Witte, A. M. Saxton, 
R. M. Evans, J. B. Olinick, and P. J. Hanson. 1998. Nonhydraulic signaling of soil drying and stomatal regulation 
in a forest ecosystem. Final Technical Report, Southeast Regional Center, National Institute for Global 
Environmental Change. Environmental Institute Publication Number 66. The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.

Bruhn, J. N., J. A. Brenneman, J. J.Wetteroff, Jr., J. D. Mihail, and T. D. Leininger. 1997. Spatial patterns 
of Armillaria populations in the Walker Branch Watershed Throughfall Displacement Experiment, Tennessee, USA. 
pp 49-57. In S. G. Pallardy, R. A. Cecich, H. G. Garrett, and P. S. Johnson (eds.), 11th Central Hardwood Forest 
Conference. U.S. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-188.

Bruhn, J. N., J. J. Wetteroff, Jr., J. D. Mihail, J. M. Kabrick, and J. B. Pickens. 1998. Patterns of Armillaria 
gallica, A. mellea, and A. tabescens occurrence under field conditions. pp. 247-257. In C. Delatour, J. J. Guillaumin, 
B. Lung-Escarmant, and B. Marais (eds.), Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees (9th International Conference on Root 
and Butt Rots), INRA Editions (France), Les Colloques.

Chambers, L. S. 1998. Characterization of forest floor carbon dioxide efflux from three forest ecosystems in East 
Tennessee, USA. M.S. thesis. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Croker J. L., W. T. Witte, and R. M. Auge. 1998. Stomatal sensitivity to nonhydraulic root to-shoot signals of 
partial soil drying in six temperate, deciduous forest trees. Journal of Experimental Botany 49:761-774.

Edwards, N. T., and P. J. Hanson. 1996. Stem respiration in a closed-canopy upland oak forest. Tree Physiology 
16:433-439.

Edwards, N. T., and S. D. Wullschleger. 2000. Carbon dioxide efflux rates from stems of mature Quercus prinus L. 
and Acer rubrum L. trees do not appear to be affected by sapflow rates. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 10:125-131.
 
Gebre, G. M., T. J. Tschaplinski, and T. L. Shirshac. 1998. Response in water relations of several hardwood species 
to throughfall manipulation in an upland oak forest during a wet year. Tree Physiology 18:299-305.

Gebre, G. M., and T. J. Tschaplinski. Solute accumulation of chestnut oak and dogwood leaves in response to 
throughfall manipulation of an upland oak forest. Tree Physiology (in preparation).

Holmgren, M. 1996. Interactive effect of shade and drought on seedling growth and survival. Ph.D. thesis. The 
University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Holmgren, M. 2000. Combined effects of shade and drought on tulip poplar seedlings: Trade-off in tolerance or 
facilitation? Oikos 90:67-78.

Johnson, D. W., P. J. Hanson, D. E. Todd, R. B. Susfalk, and C. Trettin. 1998. Precipitation change and soil 
leaching: Field results and simulations from Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 
105:251-262.

Johnson, T. B., R. M. Aug, C. D. Green, A. J. W. Stodola, J. B. Olinick, and A. M. Saxton. Correlations of 
stomatal conductance with hydraulic, chemical and environmental variables in five urban tree species. Scientia 
Horticulturae (in press).

Joslin, J. D., and M. H. Wolfe. 1998. Impacts of long-term water input manipulations on fine root production 
and mortality in mature hardwood forests. Plant and Soil 204:165-174.

Joslin, J. D., and M. H. Wolfe. 1999. Effects of minirhizotron installation disturbance upon root observation 
data. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63:218-221.

Shure, D. S., P. D. Mooreside, and S. M. Ogle. 1998. Rainfall effects on plant herbivore processes in an upland 
oak forest. Ecology 79:604-617.

Tschaplinski, T. J., G. M. Gebre, and T. L. Shirshac. 1998. Osmotic potential of several hardwood species as 
affected by manipulation of throughfall precipitation in an upland oak forest during a dry year. Tree Physiology 
18:291-298.

Wilson, K. B., D. D. Baldocchi, and P. J. Hanson. Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity 
and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest. Plant, Cell and Environment (in press).

Wilson, K. B., D. D. Baldocchi, and P. J. Hanson. 2000. Quantifying stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to 
carbon assimilation resulting from leaf aging and drought in mature deciduous tree species. Tree Physiology 
20:787-797.

Wilson, K. B., D. D. Baldocchi, and P. J. Hanson. 2000. Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic 
parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest. Tree Physiology 20:565-578.

Wilson, K. B., P. J. Hanson, and D. D. Baldocchi. 2000. Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning 
beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 102:83-103.

Wilson, K. B., P. J. Hanson, P. J. Mulholland, D. D. Baldocchi, and S. D. Wullschleger. 2000. A comparison of 
methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components across scales: Sap-flow, soil water budget, 
eddy covariance, and catchment water balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 106:153-168.

Wullschleger, S. D., and P. J. Hanson. 1996. Measuring stem water content in four deciduous hardwoods with a 
time-domain reflectometer. Tree Physiology 16:809-815.

Wullschleger, S. D., P. J. Hanson, and D. E. Todd. 2001. Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as 
estimated by xylem sap flow techniques. Forest Ecology and Management 143:205-213.

Wullschleger, S. D., and A. W. King. 2000. Radial variation in sap velocity as a function of stem diameter and 
sapwood thickness in yellow-poplar trees. Tree Physiology 20:511-518.

Wullschleger, S. D., K. B. Wilson, and P. J. Hanson. 2000. Environmental control of whole-plant transpiration, 
canopy conductance and estimates of the decoupling coefficient for large red maple trees. Agricultural and 
Forest Meteorology 104:157-168.

Wullschleger, S. D., P. J. Hanson, and T. J. Tschaplinski. 1998. Whole-plant water flux in understory red maple 
exposed to altered precipitation regimes. Tree Physiology 18:71-79.