Index

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 684
Acute renal failure
Description of, 386, 387
Dietary management, 387-89
Protein-energy malnutrition, 387, 392
Protein role, 392
Adipose cell metabolism, 292-94
Aging population
Alzheimer's disease. 4%. 500.613-14
Caloric intake, 603-4
Dental diseases, 348-50
Dietary guidance, 614-U
Drug-nutrient interactions, 611, 673
Economic and social changes, 601
Energy and nutrient status, 603-10
Historical perspective, 596-97
Infections and immunity and, WI,
   455,612-13

Life expectancy factors, 595
Mental function and, 613
Minerals and, 6OM
Morbidity and mortality, 61 l-12
Nutritional status, 599-601
Nutritional status assessment, 601-I 1
Nutrition programs and services, 598,
  615-16

Physiological changes, 600
Policy implications, 598-99.614
Protein and, 605
Psychologic changes, 600-601
Public health significance, 597-98
Research and surveillance, 61617
Vitamins and, 608-12
Aticultural Act of 1933. 35.542
A&icultural and Consumer Protection
  Act of 1973, 33
Agricultural support policies, 33
AIDS (acquired immunodeticiency
  syndrome), 445-41,455
Alcohol
Abuse, 635
Caloric intake and, 639-41,649-5 1
Cancer and, 214, 216-17
Carbohydrates and, 64143
Cardiovascular diseases and, 656-59
Consumption, 632-34
Coronary heart disease and, 110, 123,
    659
Diabetes and, 261
Dietary guidance, 660-61
Drug interactions, 636-37, 643, 682-83
Fats and, 641,658

Fetus and, 559-X&659-60
Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420
High blood pressure and, 153, 155
Historical perspective, 629-32
Minerals and, 64749
Neurologic disorders and, 498, 501
Nutritional deficiencies and. 638-39
Nutritional status and, 649-31
Nutrition programs and services,
  661-62

Physiology of use, 635-37
Policy i&&cations, 660-62
Protein and. 638, 643, 646
Public health significance, 632-33
Recommendations and reports, 630-32
Recommendations for, 14
Reproductive disorders and, 659-60
Research and surveillance, 662
Scientific background, 633
Vitamins and, 638,64U7,654-56
Alcoholic cirrhosis, 418.420. 638. 651-52
Alcoholic hepatitis; 653
Allergies, 429,430,439,447,450-52,455,
  456

Alternative sweeteners, 26162, 363, 499,

500,526,527

Aluminum, 331,500,613,676
Alzheimer's disease, 4%, 500,613-14
Amino acids. 58. 163. 392.436.443.

523-24,529,653
Anemia
Alcohol use and, 645,647
Causes, 469-70
Definition, 465
Dietary guidance. 483
Folate-and, 482, 483
Historical perspective. 46M
Iron role, &X-&8, 470-81
Nutrition programs and services,
   483-84
Policy implications, 483-84
Public health significance, 466-69
Research and surveillance, 484
Scientific background, 469-73
Vitamin Blz, 470,482,684
Anorexia nervosa. 51&l 1. 5W22
Antabuse, 682
Antacids, 676
Antibacterial drugs, 678,680
Antibiotics, 677, 680, 683
Anticoagulants, 678
Anticonvulsants, 677-78
Antihypertensive drugs, 679


0 Nutrition and Health

Antimalarial drugs, 678
Antisocial behavior, 528-29
Antitubercular drugs, 678-79
Apoproteins, 89
Appendicitis, 418
Appetite mechanisms, 675-76
Arachidonic acid, 57-58,393,444
ArtificiaI sweeteners. See Alternative
   sweeteners

Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Aspartame, 261. 499, 500. 526, 527
Aspirin, 681,682
Asthma, 439, 451
Atherogenesis, 87-88,91
Atherosclerosis, 83,84,91,99, 100,
  104-6. See also Coronary heart
  disease

B
Barbiturates, 678
Behavior
Anorexia netvosa, 510-11,519-22
Antisocial, 528-29
Bulimia, 510, 511, 522-23
Childhood hyperactivity, 525-27
Dietarv guidance. 529
Eating-b;havior determinants, 5 12-14
Food and nutrients and, 523-25
Historic significance, 509-10
Hypoglycemia and, 528
Methodoloeical issues. 51 l-12
Nutrition piogtams and services,
    529-30
Obesity, 514-19
Pica, 511, 523,555-56
Policy implications, 529-30
Public health significance, 510-l I
Research and surveillance, 530
Scientific background, 511-12
Benzodiazepines, 682
Beta blockers, 679
Beta-carotene, 60, 209-10, 213
Body mass index, 280-81
Body weight. See also Obesity
Alcohol use and, 639-41
Cancer and, 199,202-3
Diabetes and, 255-57, 262. 266. 267
Energy balance and, 54
Pregnancy and, 552-53
Recommendations for. I l-12
Reference standards, 279-8 1
Bone physiology, 314-15
Breast cancer, 194, 195, 199,216
Breastfeeding, 441,454,472,479,563,
   577
Bulimia, 5 10. 5 11, 522-23

C
Caffeine

Behavioral effects, 524-25,527,529
Fetus and, 560-61
High blood pressure. and, 163-64
Neurologic disorders and, 501
Calcioi, 61

Calcitriol, 3 lt3-23, 327
Calcium

Absorption, 316-17, 319
Aging population and, 319-20,6054
Alcohol use and, 648
Coronary heart disease and, 113-14
Dental diseases and, 362-64,366
Dietary guidance, 333-34
Drug interactions, 676, 679,680
High blood pressure and, 157-59
Infant and child health, 563,568,572
Intake estimates, 70
Kidney diseases and, 388
Peak bone mass and, 317-20
Recommendations for, 16
Retention, 317
Skeletal diseases and, 315-21
Toxicity, 321
Caloric intake

Aging population, 603-t
Alcohol and, 639-41,649-51
Cancer and, 199, 202-3
Diabetes and, 256, 262, 263,266, 267
Estimates, 68
Kidney diseases and, 388
Maternal and child health, 553. 557-58,

   561-62, 570,512
Skeletal diseases and, 328-29
Cancer

Alcohol and, 214, 216-17
Body weight and, 199, 202-3
Caloric intake, 199, 202-3
Carcinogenesis, 182-84, 213
Definition, 177
Dietary guidance, 190, 192, 224-26
Fats and, 194-95, 197-98
Fiber and, 203-4,20@
Food and color additives, 224
Gastrointestinal tract, 414-15, 420
Historical perspective, 177-78
Lifestyle factors, 179, 181-82
Methodological issues, 185-90
Nutritional support, 184-85
Nutrition programs and services, 226
Oral, 366-67
Policy implications, 224-27
Protein and, 220, 222
Public health significance, 178-79, 405
Research and surveillance. 227

714


Index 0

Salt-i&led. salt-cured. and smoked

&Is and, 222-23
Scientific background, 179
Selenium and, 219-20
Vitamin A and, 2oP-10,213-14,366
Vitamin C and. 217-18
Vitamin E and, 218-19, 367

Carbohydrates See also Fiber
Alcohol use and. 641-43
Behavioral effects, 524, 528
Cancer and, 226
Coronary heart disease and, 110-l 1
Definition, 54-56
Diabetes and, 257-58
Drug interactions, 676, 681
High blood pressure and, 161
Infant and child health and, 562.564,

568

Infections and immunity and, 438
Recommendations for. 12-l 3

Carcinogenesis, 182-84,213
Cardiomyopathy, 656-57
Cardiovascular diseases, 656-59
Camitine, 684
Carotenes, 60,61
Carotenoids, 209-10, 213
Celiac disease, 415
Cellular immunity, 433,437,438,440
Cereal product availability, 68
Cerebrovascular disease, 492,497-98
CHD. See Coronary heart disease
Chemotherapeutic agents, 678
Child Care Food Program, 543
Child nutrition

Adolescents, 551,555,571
Anemia, 467X&472,474-75,47&80,
  482
Cholesterol guidelines, 95
Coronary heart disease, 573-74
Dental diseases, 348, 349,3.58, 361,369
Dietary guidance, 577-78
Eating patterns, 571, 572
Energy and nutrient requirements,
  570-72
Goals and recommendations, 54446
Growth and development factors,
  550-51
Historical perspective, 539-40,542-46
Hypera&e behavior, 525-27
Infants. 561-64.566-70.685
Infect&s and immune hiseases, 430,
  440-41,450,451,454
Mental function, 575-76
Metabolic disorders and, 576
Nutrition programs and services,
  578-79

Obesity, 287, 300-301, 574-75
Policy implications, 577-80
Public health significance, 546-49
Research and surveillance, 579-80
Scientific background, 550-51
Skeletal diseases and, 32, 328
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, 35, 542
Children's Bureau, 34, 36, 42, 542
Chloride, 159-60
Chlorpropamide , 643, 682
Cholecalciferol. 61
Cholestasis, 570
Cholesterol
Alcohol use and, 110,658-59
Animal studies, 1046
Cancer and, 195
Carbohydrates and, 110, 111
Child health, 564, 573, 574
Clinical studies. 96-99. 115-20
Coffee and, 112     `-
Coronary heart disease, 86-87.92,
   102-6, 11620
Definition, 58
Dietary guidance, 92-95
Dietary intervention effects, 115
Drug interactions, 679
Epidemiologic studies, 99-104
Fish oil effects, 108-9
Gallbladder disease and, 418-19
Intake estimates, 68, 92
Lipoprotein metabolism and, 88-91
Protein and, 11 l-12
Recommendations, 9-l 1
Vitamins and minerals and, 113-15
Cholestyramine, 676
Choline, 4%
Chronic renal failure

Description of, 384-86
Dietary management, 387-89
Protein and, 389-91
Protein-energy malnutrition, 386-87
Chylomicrons, 88,99, 292
Cigarette smoking, 83,89,91,329,333
Cirrhosis, 418,420,638,651-52
Cocoa availability, 68
Coffee. See also Caffeine
Availability, 68
Coronary heart disease and, 112
Cognitive function. See Mental function
Colchicine, 677
Colestipol, 676
Colon, 412
Colon cancer, 194, 195, 199, 2034, 206-g.
  216,405
Color additives, 224, 525
Color Additives Amendment, 33

715


0 Nutrition and Health

Committee on Food and Nutrition, 48
Commodity Supplemental Food Program,
  543

Community health centers, 544
Complex carbohydrates. See
  Polysaccharides
Congregate Meals, 598
Constipation, 415
Conti&ng Survey of Food Intakes by
  Individuals ICSFID. 68

Contraceptives, iiT .'
Copper
Bone metabolism role, 332
Coronary heart disease and, 114
Drug interactions, 676
Infections and immunity and, 445
Intake estimates, 70
Iron intake and, 481
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Alcohol use and, 110,659
Atherogenesis, 87*8,91
Carbohydrates and, 110-l 1
Causes,w 83-84
Children, 573-74
Cholesterol and, 86-87, 92, 102-6,
   116-20
Coffee and, 112
Definition, 83
Dietary factors in, 109-15
Dietary guidance, 91-95, 120-23
Dietary intervention effectiveness,

High blood pressure, 165-66
Kidney diseases, 389,394
Maternal and child nutrition, 577-79
Neurologic disorders, 502
Skeletal disease related, 334

Cow milk, 566-67
Crohn's disease, 416
CSFII. See Continuing Survey of Food
  Intakes by Individuals
Cyclamate, 261. See also Alternative
   sweeteners
Cycloserine, 678

D
Dairy product availability, 64
Death rate
Alcohol-related problems, 632, 633,
   644,652
Cancer, 178, 181
Coronary heart disease, 85, 101
Diabetes, 254
Gastrointestinal diseases, 40,406
Infants, 547
Kidney diseases, 386
Obesity, 287
Delaney Clause, 33
Dementia, 655-56
Dental diseases
Alternative sweeteners and, 363
Dietary guidance, 359, 368-69
Fat and. 361
Fluoride and, 3m7,349,358-60,
    3W9
Historical perspective, 345-47
Minerals and, 3W7,349,358-60,
   362-64.366.36849

  ii5-20
Fat and, 90,95-W& 116-18
Historical perspective, 84-85
Lipoprotein metabolism, 8%91,99
Minerals and. 112-15

Nutrition programs and services, 123     Nutrition programs and services,
Obesity and, 89,91,93,95, 109-10.           369-70
    121-22                   Oral cancer, 366-67
Policy implications, 12&24           Periodontal disease, 347, 349-50,
Protein and, 111-12                  355-56.36345
Public health significance, 85-86
Research and s&veillance, 123-24       Policy implications, 368-70
                         Prevention, 355, 358, 368-69
Scientific backaround. 87-95
Thrombosis, 1069              Protein and, 360-61, 365
                       Public health significance, 347-50
Vitamins and, 112-13, 117            Research and surveillance, 370
Counseling                   Residual ridge resorption, 365-66
Alcohol use and, 661,662            Scientific background, 350.352-56

Cancer, 226                  Sugar and, 346: 356-58,368, 369
Coronary heart disease, 123             Tooth decav. 345-50.354-55.356-63.

Dental diseases, 369,370            368..
Diabetes, 265-66               Tooth development, 350, 352-54
Diet change, 514                Tooth loss, 350, 367-68
Drug-nutrient interaction related, 686      Vitamins and, 36162, 364-65
Eating disorders, 530             Department of Health and Human
Gastrointestinal diseases, 420,421         Services (DHHS), 37,42, 544

716


Index O

Department of Health, Education, and
  Welfare (DHEW), 37. See also
  Department of Health and Human
  Services

Depression, 517-19, 522,600-601
Develonmental disorders. 575-76
DHEW. See Department of Health,
  Education, and Welfare
DHHS. See Department of Health and
  Human Services
Diabetes
Alcohol use and, 261,64243
Alternative sweeteners, 261-62
Caloric intake, 256,262,263,266,267
Carbohydrates and, 257-58
Coronary heart disease and, 89
Definition, 249-50
Dietary guidance, 263,266-67
Dietary therapy role, 262-66
Fat and, 258-59,266
Fiber and, 259-61
Historical perspective, 250-53
Nutrition programs and services,
    267-68
Obesity and, 255-57,262, 266,267
Policy implications, 266-68
Pregnancy and, 556-57
Protein and, 259
Public health significance, 253-54
Research and surveillance, 268
Dietary adequacy, 45-46
Dietary fiber. See Fiber
Dietary guidance, 42,45-46
Aging population, 614-15
Alcohol use, -1
Anemia, 483
Behavior related, 529
Cancer, 190, 192,224-26
Coronary heart disease, 91-95, 120-23
Dental diseases, 359,36869
Diabetes, 263,266-67
Drug-nutrient interactions, 685
Gastrointestinal diseases, 419-20
High blood pressure and, 141-42,
     164-65
Infections and immunity, 4X55
Kidney diseases, 394
Maternal and child nutrition, 577-78
Neurologic disorders, 501-2
Nutrition fraud, 707
Obesity, 299-301
Skeletal diseases and, 333-34
Dietary intake estimates, 68.70
Diet-induced thermogenesis, 295
Diet therapy. See also Nutritional support
Chronic renal failure, 387-89

Coronary heart disease, 122
Diabetes, 26266
Digestive system, 406,410-12.67677
Digitalis, 680
Dilantin, 500
Disaccharides, 55
Disuhiram, 682
Diuretics, 678,679
Diverticular disease, 415-16
Docosahexaenoic acid, 58
L-dopa, 501, 678
Drug-nutrient interactions

Aging population and, 611,673
Alcohol related, 636-37. 643. 682-83
Dietary guidance, 685
Drug metabolism, 679-81
Drugs in animal feeds, 683
Historical perspective, 671-72
Methodological issues, 673-74
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 681-82
Neurologic disorders and, 500-501
Nutritional status and, 675-79
Nutrition programs and services,
   685-86
Policy implications, 685-87
Public health significance, 672-73
Research and surveillance, 686-87
Scientific background, 673-74
Therapeutic nutrient doses, 683
Dysrhythmias, 657

E

Eating disorders. See also Obesity
Anorexia nervosa, 510-11, 51%22
Bulimia, 510, 511, 522-23
Counseling, 530
Pica, 511,523,555-56
Pregnancy and, 555-56
Public health significance, 510-11

Egg availability, 64
Eicosanoids, 393
Eicosapentaenoic acid, 58,439
Electrolyte metabolism, 445
End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 382, 385
Energy, 54. See also Caloric intake
Environmental Protection Agency, 34
Epilepsy, 492,498-500,502
ESRD. See End-stage renal disease
Estrogen, 320, 328,329, 334
Exchange lists, 264-65
Exercise

Obesity and, 296-97,300
Skeletal diseases and. 332-33

717


O Nutrition and Health

F

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966,
  34

Familial hypercholesterolemia, 90
Fats

Alcohol use and, 641,658
Cancer and, 194-95, 197-98,226
Child health, 564
Cholesterol and, 96-106, 108-9, 115-17
Coronary heart disease and, 9&109,
  116, 117

Dental diseases and, 361
Diabetes and, 258-59.266
Dietary guidance, 93-95
Drug interactions, 676,677,680
Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420
High blood pressure and, 162-63
Infant and child health, 562,564,573
Infections and immunity and, 438-39,
  444

Intake estimates, 68.92, 100
Kidney diseases and, 393, 394
Recommendations, el 1
Fats and oils availability, 64
Fat-soluble vitamins
Alcohol and, 64647
Definition, 60-61
Drug interactions, 676
Therapeutic doses, 684
Fatty acids

Cancer and, 198
Cholesterol and, %
Definition, 5658
High blood pressure and, 162
Infant and child health, 562.564
Infections and immunity and, 438-39,
  444

Intake estimates, 68
Thrombotic effects, 106-9
Fatty liver, 653

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Federal Emergency Relief
  Administration, 35
Federal Maternity and Infancy Act, 35
Federal Meat Inspection Act, 33
Federal Trade Commission, 34, 701
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914,
  698, 701

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 559, 660
Fetal health, 557-61, 659-60,684
Fiber

Cancer and, 203-4, 206-8
Coronary heart disease and, 111
Definition, 55-56
Diabetes and, 259-61
Drug interactions, 680,681

Gastrointestinal diseases and, 414,
  41&20

High blood pressure. and, 161
Intake estimates, 70
Recommendations for, 12-13
Fish availabilitv. 64
Fish oils, 107-i; 163, 198
Flour availability, 68
Fluoride

Dental diseases and, 3ti7,349,

   358-60,368-69
Infant health and, 563
Recommendations for, 15
Skeletal diseases and, 330-31
Folate
Alcohol and, 644-45
Anemia and, 482,483
Dental diseases, 365
Drug interactions, 677
Maternal and child health, 554,564,
   569,572
Folic acid, 678
Food additives, 224,500,525,529
Food Additives Amendment, 33
Food allergies, 429,430,439,447,450-52,
  455,456
Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, 33,37
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 34,
  42, 141-42,695,69p=MK), 708

Food and Nutrition Board, 48
Food assistance. 34-35.5434l
Food-associated.diseases, 415,417,
  428-30,447-54,499-500
Food availability data, 6344,68
Food consumption surveys, 68.70
Food Distribution Rogram, 35
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 33, 38,
  698-700
Food faddism, 6%, 697
Food intake monitoring, 36-37
Food labeling, 34
Alcohol and, 661
Anemia and, 484
Behavior and, 529
Cancer and, 226
Coronary heart disease and, 123
Dental diseases and, 369
Diabetes and, 267
Drug-nutrient interactions and, 685&
Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420
High blood pressure and, 140-42, 165
Infections and immunity and, 455
Kidney diseases and, 394
Neurologic disorders and, 502
Nutrition fraud and. 708
Obesity and, 301

718


Index O

Recommendations for, 18
Skeletal diseases and, 334
Food products. See also Nutrition fraud

Ag&g related, 616
Behavior disorders and, 530
Drug-nutrient interaction related, 686
Gastrointestinal diseases and, 421
Infections and immunity and, 455
Maternal and child nutrition and,
    578-79
Neurologic disorders and, 502
Nutrition fraud and, 708
Obesity and, 301
Recommendations for, 19
Skeletal diseases and, 335
Food quackery, 6%
Food safety and regulation, 33-34. See
  also Nutrition fraud
Food services. See Nutrition services
Food Stamp Act of 1%5,35
Food Stamo Program, 35,543, 598
Fortification, 34,335,479-81
Fructose, 54,55, 111,258,356
Fruit availability, 64
Furosemide, 679

G
Galactose, 54,55
Gallbladder disease. 417-18. 420
Gastrointestinal diskase
Bone loss and, 322
Cirrhosis, 418, 638, 651-52
Dietary guidance, 4 19-20
Digestive system, 406, 410-12
Fiber and, 414,416-20
Food-related, 415,417,451-54
Gallbladder disease, 417-18,420
Gastrointestinal function and, 412-14
Gastrointestinal system, 403
Historical oersoective. 403-4
Intestinal disoiders, 414-17
Malnutrition. 413
Nutrition p&rams and services,
    420-2 1
Policy implications, 419-21
Public health significance, 404
Research and surveillance, 421
Scientific background, 406,410-12
Gingivitis, 355
Glucose, 54, 55, 161, 356,557-58,676
Glucose tolerance, 642, 679
Gluten-induced enteropathy, 415
Glycemic indexes, 257
Glycogen, 55
Goat milk, 567

H
Hatch Act, 33
HDL. See High density lipoproteins
Headaches, 492,498,502
Head Start, 544
Height and weight tables. 279-80
Heme iron, 472-73
Hemochromatosis, 481
Hepatitis, 653
High blood pressure
Alcohol use and, 153, 155, 657
Blood pressure regulation, 144
Caffeine and, 163-64
Carbohydrates and, 161
Dietary guidance, 14142, 164-65
Fat and, 162-63
Fiber and, 161
Historical perspective, 14W2
Minerals and, 15541
Nutrition programs and services,
    1654
Obesity and, 140, 142, 146, 148
Overview, 13W
Policy implications, 164-66
Pregnancy and, 556
Protein and, 163
Public health sianificance. 142-44
Research and s&-veillance, 166
Scientific background, 1W
Sodium and, 140-42, 148, 150-53
Stroke and, 497
High density lipoproteins (HDL), 88-89,
  91, 110,658-59,679
Home-Delivered Meals, 598
Homocystinuria, 684
Human milk, 564, 566, 569. See also
  Breastfeeding
Humoral immunity, 433-34,437
Hydralazine, 500.678.680
Hyperactive behavior, 525-27
Hypercholesterolemia, 86-87,90, 106,

  110
Hyperlipidemia, 658,679
Hyperrnetabolism, 442-43
Hyperplastic obesity, 285-86
Hypertriglyceridemia, 658
Hypertrophic obesity, 285-86
Hypoglycemia, 528,642,643

I

ICHNR. See Interagency Committee on
  Human Nutrition Research
Imitation milk. 566
Incidence. See Prevalence and incidence
Infant feeding, 563-68, 684
Infant Formula Act of 1980, 562

719


0 Nutrition and Health

Infant formulas, 566, 569, 684
Infections and immunity
Age-related factors, WI, 612-13
Carbohydrates and, 438
Dietary guidance, 454-55
Fats and, 438-39, 444
Food allergies, 429, 430,439, 447,
   4X)-52,455,456
Food associated, 428-30, 447-54
Historical perspective, 427-29
Immune mechanisms, 433-34,437
Iron and. 478-79.481
Malnutrition and; 427-29,43 1,435-37,
   446-47
Methodological issues, 434
Minerals, 439-40,445
Nonspecific defenses, 432-33
Nutritional status effects, 441-47
Nutrition programs and services,
   455-56
Policy implications, 454-57
Protein aid, 438,443-44
Public health signiIicance, 429
Research and surveillance, 45&57
Scientific background, 431-34
Vitamins. 439. 440. 444

hfhmmato~~ bowel hisease, 416, 420
Insoluble fiber, 55, 56, 418
Interagency Committee on Human
  Nutrition Research (ICHNR), 42
Intestinal disorders, 414-17
Iodine, 494
Iron

Absorption, 471-73,480
Adverse effects, 481
Age-related factors, 474-76, 606-8
Alcohol use and, 647
Anemia and, 466-68.470
Causes of deficiency, 474
Consequences of deficiency, 477-79
Infant and child health, 563,568, 572
Infections and immunity and, 440,445
Intake estimates, 70
Predisposing factors of deficiency. 473
Pregnancy and, 554
Prevention of, 479-81
Recommendations for, 16-17
Role of, 470-7 1
Stages of deficiency, 474
Irritable bowel syndrome, 417,420
Isoniazid, 678, 680.

K

Kidney diseases
Acute renal disease, 386-89, 392
Caloric intake and, 388

Chronic renal disease, 384-91
Dietary guidance, 394
Fats, 393, 394
Historical perspectives, 381-82
Kidney function, 383
Minerals and, 38%89,392,394
Nutrition programs and services, 394
Phosphate and, 392
Policy implications, 39&%
Protein and, 381. 386-92. 394
Public health significance, 382,386
Research and surveillance, 395-%
Scientific background, 383-89
Skeletal diseases and, 324,331
Stones, 383-84, 394
Vitamins and, 389

L
Lactose, 55

Lactose intolerance, 417,420
Laxatives, 676
LDL. See Low density lipoproteins
Lead poisoning, 479
Life expectancy, 595
Linoleic acid, 57-58, 107, 162, 198, 562,

564,568

Linolenic acid, 57
Lipids, 5658. See also Fats
Lipoprotein lipase, 293
Lipoprotein metabolism, 88-91, 99, 108
Liver disease, 420, 647,651-53
Low birth we&t. 547-49. 555. 568-70.

575, 578 -
Low density lipoproteins (LDL), 87.
  89-92,94,98-99, 112,679
Lower body obesity, 286
Lung cancer, 181, 210,213,218

M
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, 645
Macrocytosis, 645
Macrominerals, 62
Magnesium
Alcohol use and, 648
Coronary heart disease and, 114
Drug interactions, 676
Epilepsy and, 498-99
High blood pressure and, 160
Kidney diseases and, 388
Skeletal diseases and, 331
Mail fraud. 701
Mail Order Consumer Protection
  Amendments, 701
Malnutrition, 21
Alcohol and, 638,649,650
Gastrointestinal diseases, 413

720


Index 0

Infectious diseases and, 427-29,431,
   435-37,446-47
Maltose, 55
Maternal and child nutrition programs,
  5424l
Maternal nutrition

Adolescents, 555
Alcohol use and. 559-60.659-62
Caffeine and, 5&l
Diabetes and, 55&57
Dietarv auk-lance. 577-78
Eating-disorders and, 555-56
Energy and nutrient requirements,
  552-55
Fetal requirements, 557-59
Fetal risks, 559-61,659-60,684
Goals and rcsommendations, 5W
Historical perspective, 539-46
Nutrition programs and services,
  578-79
Obesity and, 553
Policy implications, 577-80
Pregnancy and lactation factors, 549-50
Public health significance, 546-49
Research and surveillance, 579-80
Scientific background, 549-50

Meat availability,drl
Medicaid. 544
Menorrhagia, 475
Mental function
Aging and, 613
Infants and children, 575-76
Metabolic rate, 294
Metronidazole, 682
Milk
Availability, 64
Infant feeding, 564-67,569
Minerals
Alcohol use and, 64749
Coronary heart disease and, 112-15
Definition, 62-63
Dental diseases and, 346-47,349,
   358-60,362-44,366,36849
Drug interactions, 676, 677, 680
High blood pressure and, 155-61
Infections and immunity and, 439,440,
    445
Intake estimates, 70-7 1
Kidney diseases, 388-89, 392, 394
Maternal and child health, 554-55.559,
   563,568,570,572
Neurologic disorders and, 491,494,
   498-99,501,502
Skeletal diseases and, 315-21,325-28,
    330-32
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors,
  500-501,681-82

Monosaccharides, 54-55
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Cholesterol and, 96-98
Coronary heart disease and, 87
Definition, 57
High blood pressure and, 16243
Intake estimates, 68
Thrombotic effects, 109
Mood disorders, 517-19, 522
Mot-till Act, 33
Mortality rates. See Death rate
Mouth

Cancer, 366-67
Digestive role, 406,410

N

National Cancer Institute, 190, 192
National Cholesterol Education Program
  (NCEP), 93

National Health and Nutrition
  Examination Surveys (NHANES),
  31, 37,38

National High Blood Pressure Education

Program (NHBPEP), 142
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 37,
  42

National Nutrition Monitoring System, 37
National School Lunch Act. 542
National School Lunch Program, 35,542
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey

(NFCS). 36

NCEP See National Cholesterol
  Education Program
Neurologic disorders
Alcohol related, 653
Drug-nutrient interactions, 500-501
Epilepsy, 492,498-500,502
Food additives and, 500,525, 529
Food-borne toxins, 499-500
Headache, 492,498, 502
Historical perspective, 491-92
Neurotransmitter dietary precursors,
   49s-%,523-24
Nutrition programs and services, 502
Policy implications, 501-3
Public health significance, 492
Research and surveillance, 502-3
Scientific background, 493-%
Stroke, 492,497-98, 501
Vitamin excess and, 499
Neurotransmitters. 495-%. 500,517, 518,

523-24, 529

NHANES. See National Health and
  Nutrition Examination Surveys
NHBPEP See National High Blood
  Pressure Education Program

721


O Nutrition and Health

Niacin
Alcohol and, 644
Coronary heart disease and, 113, 117
Drug interactions. 678
Neurologic disorders, 493
Therapeutic doses, 683,684
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
Nitrofurantoin, 680
Nonheme iron, 471-72
Non-nutritive sweeteners, 261, 262, 363
Nonspecific host defenses, 432-33
Nontropical sprue, 415
Nursing bottle caries, 358
Nutrition
Conclusion on, 2
Dietary patterns, 63-64, 68. 70-71
Findings and recommendations, 8-17
Health problems and, 2,4-6
Policy development, 29, 33-42, 454
Recommendations for, 3
Report organization, 23-24
Requirements. 46-48, 53-63
Science development, 24, 27-29
Scientific judgment criteria, 6-8. 71-75
Status of.il-22
Nutritional rehabilitation. 447
Nutritional requirements
Carbohydrates, 54-56
Energy, 54
Infants and children, 561-63, 570-72
Lipids, 56-58
Minerals, 62
Pregnancy and. 554. 555
Principles of, 4647
Protein, 58-59
Recommended Dietary Allowances, 48,
    53
Vitamins. 59-62
Nutritional science, 24, 27-29
Nutritional status
Aging population. 599-611
Alcohol use and. 649-51
Drug-nutrient interactions and. 675-79
Monitoring, 36-37
Nutritional support
AIDS. 44W7. 455
Alcoholic hepatitis. 653
Cancer. 184-85
Kidney diseases, 389. 392
Low birth weight infants. 568
Nutrition education, 42, 4546
Diabetes, 264-66
Eating behavior change, 514
Nutrition fraud, 700, 705, 707
Nutrition fraud
Definitions. 695-96
Dietary guidance, 707

Economic consequences, 705-7
Federal agency roles, 699-701
Health consequences, 702-5
Historical perspective, 695-97
Nutrition programs and services, 708
Policy implications, 707-8
Regulation of, 697-99
Research and surveillance, 708
Nutrition Program for Older Americans,
  598

Nutrition Program for the Elderly, 35, 598
Nutrition services, 35-36
Aging populations and, 598, 615-16
Alcohol use and, 661-62
Anemia and, 483-84
Behavior related, 529-30
Cancer related, 226
Coronary heart disease and, 123
Dental diseases and, 369-70
Diabetes and, 267-68
Drug-nutrient interaction related,

685-86

Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420-21
High blood pressure and, 165-66
Infections and immunity, 455-56
Kidney diseases and, 394
Maternal and child nutrition and,

578-79

Neurologic disorders and, 502
Nutrition fraud and, 708
Obesity and, 301
Recommendations for, 18-19
Skeletal diseases and, 334-35
Nutrition training. 18, 36,578
Nutritive sweeteners, 261, 262

0
Obesity

Adipose cell metabolism and, 292-94
Aging population and. 604, 605
Alcohol use and. 639, 641
Behavioral aspects, 51619
Causes, 290-97
Children and. 287, 300-301, 574-75
Coronary heart disease and, 89.91.93,

  95. 109-10. 121-22
Definition. 275, 279-81, 285-87
Diabetes and, 255-57,262,266,267
Dietary guidance, 299-301
Exercise and, 296-97
Genetic causes, 290-91
Health effects, 287-89
High blood pressure and, 140, 142, 146,
  148
Historical perspective, 275-76
Medications and, 297
Nutrition programs and services, 301

722


Index 0

Overeating and, 29192
Policy implications, 299-302
Pregnancy and.553
Public health significance. 277-78
Recommendations for, 1 l-12
Reference body weight standards.
  279-81
Research and surveillance, 301-2
Thermogenesis and, 294-96
Treatment of, 297-99
Tvpes, 285-87

Older Americans Act, 35
Oleic acid. 57, 107. 162-63. 198
Omega fatty acids, 57-58, 107-8. 163. 198
Oral cancer, 366+7
Oral contraceptives. 677
Osteomalacia, 311, 313-14. 323-26. 331.
  677,678
Osteoporosis, 312-13, 319,322-23,
  330-33

P
Paraminosalicyclic acid, 679
Parenteral nutrition. See Nutritional
  support
Parkinson's disease, 4%
Peak bone mass, 314, 317-20
Penicillin. 680, 683
Periodontal disease
Diet and, 363-65
Process of, 355-56
Public health significance, 347, 349-50
Peripheral neuropathy, 655
Pernicious anemia, 684
Phenobarbital, 677
Phenylketonuria, 576, 684-85
Phenytoin, 677,678
Phosphate, 363, 388, 392. 394
Phosphatidylcholine. 4%
Phospholipids, 56
Phosphorus, 70. 325-28,568, 648
Pica, 511, 523, 555-56
Policy issues
Aging population, 598-99. 614
Alcohol related, 66CL662
Anemia, 483-84
Behavior related. 529-30
Cancer, 224-27
Coronary heart disease, 12&24
Dental diseases, 368-70
Diabetes, 266-68
Drug-nutrient interactions, 685-87
Gastrointestinal diseases, 419-21
High blood pressure, 164-66
Historical perspective. 29. 33-42.45-46
Infections and immunity. 454-57
Kidney diseases, 394-96

Maternal and child nutrition, 577-80
Neurologic disorders. 501-3
Nutrition. 17-20
Nutrition fraud, 707-8
Obesity. 299-302
Skeletal diseases. 333-36
Polysaccharides. 12. 55
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Cancer and. 198
Cholesterol and. 9699. I IS-17
Coronary heart disease and. 90. 102.
    103. 116-18
Definition. 57
Dietary guidance. 93. 95
High blood pressure and. I62
Infections and immunity and. 438-39
Intake estimates. 68
Thrombotic effects. IO9
Potassium
Drug interactions. 676, 677. 679
High blood pressure and. 155-57
Intake estimates. 70
Neurologic disorders, 498
Poultry availability, 64
Pregnancy. See Maternal nutrition
Prevalence and incidence
Age-related disorders, 597. 613
Alcohol-related problems, 632
Anemia, 467. 468
Behavioral disorders, 510-I 1
Cancer, 178-79, 181-82
Coronary heart disease, 86, 100-101
Dental diseases, 347-49
Diabetes, 253
Food allergies, 430
Gastrointestinal diseases, 404-6. 415
High blood pressure and, 142
Infections, 429-30. 453-54
Kidney diseases. 382
Neurologic disorders and. 492
Obesity, 277-78
Skeletal diseases, 313
Primidone. 677
Propranolol. 680
Prostaglandins, 393
Prostate cancer, 194
Protein
Aging. population and, 605

- -. .

Alcohol and, 638. 643,646
Behavioral effects. 523-24
Cancer and, 220, 222
Cholesterol and, 99
Coronarv heart disease and. I I l-12
Definition. 58-59
Dental diseases and. 360-61. 365
Diabetes and. 259
Drug interactions. 676. 681. 682

723


O Nutrition and Health

Protein (continued)
High blood pressure and, 163
Infections and immunity and, 438,
   441-44
Intake estimates, 68
Kidney diseases and, 381,386-92,394
Maternal and child health, 554,558,
   562,564,568,570
Metabolism, 443-44
Skeletal diseases and, 329
Public health issues
Aging population, 597-98
Alcohol use, 632-33
Anemia, 466-69
Behavior related, 510-I 1
Cancer, 178-79, 405
Coronary heart disease, 85-86
Dental diseases, 347-50
Diabetes, 253-54
Drug-nutrient interactions, 672-73
Gastrointestinal diseases, 404
High blood pressure. 1424
Infections &d immunity, 429
Kidney diseases, 382, 386
Maternal and child nutrition, 546-49
Neurologic disorders, 492
Obesity, 277-78
Skeletal diseases, 312-14
Public Health Service, 45
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906,33,34,
  698
Pyridoxine. 499. See also Vitamin B6

R
Recommended Dietary Allowances
  (RDA's), 45,48,49-51,53
Reference body weight standards, 279-81
Reflux esophagitis, 418-19
Relative weight, 280
Renal diseases. See Kidney diseases
Reproductive disorders, 65W, 684
Research and surveillance
Aging, 616-17
Alcohol use, 662
Anemia, 484
Behavior related, 530
Cancer, 227
Coronary heart disease, 123-24
Dental diseases, 370
Diabetes, 268
Drug-nutrient interaction related,
    686-87
Gastrointestinal diseases, 421
High blood pressure, 166
Historical perspective, 37.42
Infections and immunity, 45657

Kidney diseases, 395-%
Maternal and child nutrition, 579-80
Neurologic disorders, 502-3
Nutrition, 19-20
Nutrition fraud, 708
Obesity, 301-2
Residual ridge resorption, 36W
Retinol, 60,209-10, 213,646
Riboflavin, 644
Rickets, 311-14, 323, 325, 326,677

S
Saccharin, 261
Salt-cured foods, 223
Salt-pickled foods, 223
Saturated fat
Cholesterol and, 87,90,96-99, 100,
   102, 115
Coronary heart disease and, 87,90,92,
   100, 102, 103, 117
Definition, 59
Dietary guidelines, 93-95
Intake estimates, 68, 92, 100-103
Thrombotic effects, 106, 107
School Breakfast Program, 35,543
School Lunch Program, 35,543
Selenium, 114-15, 219-20
Serotonin, 59, 518, 524, 526
Set points, 294
Simple carbohydrates, 54-55
Sinemet, 501
Skeletal diseases
Alcohol and, 330
Bone physiology, 314-15
Calcium and, 315-21
Calorie intake and, 328-29
Dietary guidance, 333-34
Exercise and, 332-33
Historical perspective, 31 l-12
Minerals and, 315-21, 325-28,330-32
Nutrition moerams and services,

334-3-S -
Osteomalacia, 311, 313-14, 323-26,
  33 I, 677,678
Osteoporosis, 312-13, 319,322-23,

   33&33
Phosphorus and, 325-28
Policy implications, 333-36
Protein and, 329
Public health significance, 312-14
Research and surveillance, 335-36
Rickets, 311-14, 323, 325. 326,677
Scientific background, 314-15
Vitamins and, 312, 321-25, 332-33
Skinfold thickness measurement, 281
Smoked foods, 222-23

724


Index 0

Social Security Act of 1935. 35, 542
Sodium

Dietary guidance, 14142
Drug interactions, 676, 677
High blood pressure and, 140-42. 148.

15cL53

Intake, 70, 148, I50
Neurologic disorders and. 501, 502
Recommendations for. 13
Skeletal diseases and. 331-32
Soluble fiber. 55. 56, 260, 261. 418
Special Milk Program, 35, 543
Special populations
Aging, 615. 616
Alcohol users. 661. 662
Anemia. 483,484
Behavior related. 529. 530
Cancer. 226
Coronary heart disease. 122. 123
Dental disease and, 369, 370
Diabetes, 267. 268
Drug-nutrient interaction related. 685.

686

Gastrointestinal diseases, 420. 421
High blood pressure, 165
infections and immunitv. 44U1. 455.

456

Maternal and child nutrition, 577-79
Neurologic disorders, 501-6
Nutrition related, 17-18
Obesity, 300-301
Skeletal disease, 334, 335
Special Supplemental Food Program for
  Women. Infants, and Children IWICL
  35, 468,480-81, 543
Spironolactone, 679
Starch, 55, 110-l 1, 356
Stomach

Cancer, 181, 223
Digestive role, 411
Stroke, 492, 497-98, 501
Sucrose, 55, 11 I, 161,257~58, 356, 357
Sugars

Availability, 68
Behavioral effects, 526-27
Coronary heart disease and, I1 I
Definition, 54-55
Recommendations for, 15-16
Tooth decay and, 346, 35658,368,369
Sulfasalazine, 678
Summer Food Service Program, 543
Supplements

Aging population and, 610-12
Calcium, 316, 319-22, 334
Children and. 570-71
Fiber, 260

Fluoride. 3.59. 369. 563
Folate. 564
Iron, 480, 554, 555, 568
Market growth, 706
Maternal nutrition, 576
Phosphate, 363
Therapeutic doses, 684
Thiamin. 654, 655
Use of. 70-7 I. 7034
Vitamin D. 322-24. 563, 564.610
Vitamin E. 568
Vitamin K. 564
Surplus Commodities Corporation. 35
Sweetener availability. 68

T
Tea availability, 68
Tetracycline. 680, 683
Thermogenesis, 294-%
Thiamin
Alcohol and, 643.654-56
Coronary heart disease and. 113
Drug interactions, 677, 681
Neurologic disorders and, 493

Thiazide diuretics, 679
Thrombosis, 106-9
Title V Maternal and Child Health
  Program, 544
Tooth decay
Diet and, 356-63
Dietary guidance, 368
Historical perspective, 34547
Process of, 354-55
Public health significance, 347-50
Tooth development, 350, 352-54
Tooth loss, 350, 367-68
Trace elements. See also Fluoride; Iron;
  Zinc
Cancer and.21920
Coronary heart disease and, 114-15
Definition, 62
Dental diseases and, 363
Drug interactions, 676
High blood pressure and, 161
infections and immunity and, 445
Intake estimates, 70,481
Kidney diseases and, 389
Neurologic disorders and, 494
Skeletal diseases and, 332
Tram fatty acids, %
Triglycerides, 56, 88,91, lIl,292,444,
  564,658,679
Tryptophan, 59,4%, 524
Tumor necrosis factor, 442
Tyramine, 682
Tyrosine, 496, 500, 524

125


O Nutrition and Health

U

Ulcerative colitis, 416
Ulcers, 419, 420

Unsaturated fatty acids, 106. See also
  Monounsaturated fatty acids;
  Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Upper body obesity, 286
U:s. Depaitment df Agriculture (USDA),
  33-37.42. 45.63. 543. 544

U.S. Postal Service, iO0

V
Valproic acid, 678
Vegetable availability, 64
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL),
  87,91,99, 111,658
Vitamin A
Aging population and, 609
  - -. .
Alcohol use and, 646
Cancer and. 209-10. 213-14. 366
Definition, &O-61
Dental diseases and, 361-62
Drug interactions, 676
Fetus and, 558
Intake estimates, 70
Neurologic disorders and, 499
Skeletal diseases and, 332
Therapeutic doses, 683,684
Vitamin antagonists, 678-79
Vitamin B complex
Aging population and, 608
Alcohol and, 638,643-45,654-56
Anemia and, 470.482,483
Coronary heart disease and, 113, 117
Definition, 61
Dental diseases and, 365
Drug interactions, 676-79
Intake estimates, 70
Maternal and child health and, 554. 564.
   569. 572
Neurologic disorders and. 493-94.499
Therapeutic doses. 683-84
Vitamin Bh
Alcohol and, 644
Drug interactions, 677, 678
Therapeuric doses, 684
Vitamin BII,
Alcohol and, 644,645
Anemia and. 470. 482, 483
Drug interactions, 676, 679
Infant health and, 564
Neurologic disorders and, 493
Vitamin C
Aging population and, 608-9.611-12
Alcohol use and, 645
Cancer and, 217-18

Coronary heart disease and, 113
Definition, 61
Dental diseases and, 364-65
Infections and immunity and, 440
Intake estimates, 70
Iron absorption and, 480
Skeletal diseases and, 332
Supplement use, 71
Vitamin D
Aging population and, 609-10
Alcohol use and, 646
Dental diseases and, 362
Drug interactions, 676-78
Infants and, 563,564, 568
Skeletal diseases and, 312,321-25
Toxicity, 325
Vitamin D3, 61
Vitamin E
Aging population and, 610
Alcohol use and, 647
Cancer and, 218-19, 367
Coronary heart disease and, 113
Definition, 61
Infant and child health, 568-69
Intake estimates, 70
Neurolotic disorders and. 494

Vitamin K-

Alcohol use and, 647
Definition, 61

Drug interactions, 676-78
Infants and, 563, 564
Skeletal diseases and. 332
Vitamins

Alcohol and. 638,643-47,654-56
Cancer and, 209-10, 213-14, 217-19,
  367

Coronary heart disease and, 112-13
Definition, 59-62
Dental diseases and, 361-62, 364-65
Drug interactions, 676-79, 681
Infections and immunity and, 439,440,
  444

Kidney diseases and, 389
Maternal and child health and, 554, 558,
  563,564,568-72
Neurologic disorders and, 493-94,499
Skeletal diseases and, 312, 321-25,
  332-33

Supplement use, 70-71
Therapeutic doses, 683-84
VLDL. See Very low density lipoproteins

W

Water intake, 562
Water-soluble fiber, 61-62, 1 Il. 260
Water-soluble vitamins, 64-5, 683-84

726


Index 13

Wemicke-Korsakoffs syndrome, 653-55
WIC See Special Supplemental Food
Program for Women, Infants, and
  Children

n

A
Zinc

Alcohol use and, 648
Bone metabolism role, 332
Coronary heart disease and, 114
Drug interactions, 677
Infections and immunity and, 439-40,

445

Intake estimates, 70
Iron intake and, 481
Maternal and child health and, 555, 572
Therapeutic doses, 684

4U.S.G.P.O.  1966 221-483/90196

121