1_README.TXT

  

  Selected Images of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha 
  Eruption, 1983-1997

  By T. Jane Takahashi, Christina Heliker, and 
  Michael F. Diggles

  

  Digital Data Series DDS-80

  2003

  U.S. Department of the Interior
  Gale A. Norton, Secretary 

  U.S. Geological Survey
  Charles G. Groat, Director 

  

  QUICK START
  For those already familiar with HTML browsers and have 
  Adobe Acrobat Reader installed, go directly to the 
  file "index.html".

  ABSTRACT

  The 100 images in this CD-ROM have been selected from the 
  collections of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory as enduring 
  favorites of the staff, researchers, media, designers, and 
  the public over time.  They represent photographs of a 
  variety of geological phenomena and eruptive events, chosen 
  for their content, quality of exposure, and aesthetic 
  appeal.  The number was kept to 100 to maintain the high 
  resolution desirable.  Since 1997, digital imagery has been 
  the predominant mode of photographically documenting the 
  eruption.   Many of these photos, from 1998 to the present, 
  are viewable on the website:  

  http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/update/archive/

  Episode numbers are given as E-numbers in parentheses 
  before each caption that pertains to the Pu'u 
  'O'oKupaianaha eruption.  All images included in this 
  collection are owned by the U.S. Geological Survey, 
  Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and are in the public domain.  
  Therefore, no permission or fee is required for their use.  
  Please include photo credit for the photographer and the 
  U.S. Geological Survey.  We assume no responsibility for 
  the modification of these images. 

  INTRODUCTION

  The eruption has progressed through three main epochs:  3.5 
  years of episodic fountaining, mainly from the Pu'u 'O'o 
  central vent, producing a cinder-and-spatter cone and 'a'a 
  flows; 5.5 years of continuous effusion from the Kupaianaha 
  vent, producing a shield and tube-fed pahoehoe flows; and 
  over 11 years (as of January 2003) of nearly continuous 
  effusion from flank vents on Pu'u 'O'o, again producing a 
  shield and tube-fed pahoehoe flows. 

  CONTENTS

  This CD-ROM contains 100 digitized color 35-mm images of 
  eruptions of Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha from 1983 to 1997, 
  designed for use by the interested public, multimedia 
  producers, desktop publishers, and the high-end printing 
  industry.  The digital images are stored in the "images" 
  folder and can be read across Macintosh, Windows, DOS, 
  OS/2, SGI, UNIX system-based, and Linux platforms with 
  applications that can read JPG (JPEG - Joint Photographic 
  Experts Group format) or PCD (Kodak's PhotoCD (YCC) format) 
  files.  Throughout this publication, the image numbers 
  match the file names, figure captions, thumbnail labels, 
  and other references.  Also included on this CD-ROM are 
  Windows and Macintosh viewers and engines for keyword 
  searches (Adobe Acrobat Reader with Search).  At the time 
  of this publication, Kodak's policy on the distribution of 
  color-management files is still unresolved, and so none is 
  included on this CD-ROM.  However, using the Universal 
  Ektachrome or Universal Kodachrome transforms found in your 
  software will provide excellent color.  In addition to 
  PhotoCD (PCD) files, this CD-ROM contains large 
  (14.2"x19.5") and small (4"x6") screen-resolution (72 dots 
  per inch; dpi) images in JPEG format.  These undergo 
  downsizing and compression relative to the PhotoCD images.  
  Each of these resolutions is located in the following 

  folders: 

  PhotoCD format (PCDs):    /images/PCD/

  14.2"x19.5":              /images/JPG/large_screen/

  4"x6":                    /images/JPG/small_screen/

  The captions for each image, besides being included in the 
  HTML front end and the PDF file, are provided in ASCII 
  format in the captions.txt file.

  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

  This CD-ROM (DDS_80) was produced in accordance with the 
  ISO 9660 Level 2 standard and Apple Computer's(1) 
  hierarchical file system (HFS) standard.  The data and text 
  on this CD-ROM require either a UNIX system-based or Linux 
  work station, Macintosh or compatible computer, or an 
  IBM(2) or compatible personal computer, all equipped with a 
  CD-ROM drive and a color monitor that can display 256 
  colors (16.7 million recommended).  

  The PC should have:

  -- Intel(3) Pentium(3) or compatible R-class-processor-
       based personal computer

  -- Microsoft(4) Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows 
       Millennium Edition, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 5 
       or 6 (Service Pack 6 recommended), Windows 2000, 
       Windows XP Professional or Home Edition (earlier 
       versions of Acrobat running under earlier operating 
       systems may open the PDFs on this disc but some 
       features may not be available)

  -- 64 MB of RAM

  The Macintosh should have:

  -- PowerPCR(1) processor

  -- Apple(1) Mac(1) OS 9.1, 9.2, 9.2.2, 10.1.3, 10.1.5, 10.2 
       (earlier versions of Acrobat running under earlier 
       operating systems may open the PDFs on this disc but 
       some features may not be available)

  -- 64 MB of RAM

  UNIX and Linux

  -- Almost any UNIX(5) system-based or Linux(6) workstation 
       can read these files.

  All platforms

  -- Web-browsing software, such as Netscape Navigator (4.5 
       to 4.77, 6.1) (7) or Microsoft Internet Explorer (5.0 
       to 6.0) (4)

  -- Adobe(8) Acrobat(8) Reader 5.1 or higher (Acrobat Reader 
       5.1 for Windows and Macintosh provided on this CD-ROM 
       in the Acrobat folder in the software folder.  

  Optional software

  -- Software that can read and print Kodak(9) PhotoCD (PCD) 
       image-pac files, such as Adobe Photoshop(8), IrfanView 
       (10), or ZAP Picture Browser (11).  IrfanView for 
       Windows is provided on this CD-ROM in the IrfanView 
       folder in the software folder.  

  TO GET STARTED:

  On a Macintosh, double-click on the CD-ROM (DDS_80) icon 
  and double-click on the file index.html to open it with 
  your browser.  

  On a PC system with Windows, the file index.html should 
  open automatically, if not, open My Computer, double-click 
  on the CD-ROM (DDS_80) icon and double-click on the 
  file index.html to open it with your browser.
  On a UNIX system-based or Linux workstation, mount the CD-
  ROM. If you are unsure about the process of mounting CD-
  ROM's on the workstation, see your system administrator for 
  instructions. Once the CD-ROM is mounted, use your 
  preferred web browser to open the file index.html.

  PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) FILES

  To provide both screen- and print-resolution, we have 
  provided an Adobe Acrobat PDF version of this report (DDS-
  80.pdf).  Using Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can print high-
  resolution copies of each photograph with its caption.  
  This PDF contains "bookmarks" (in the left margin) that 
  allow you to jump to other parts of the document.  A 
  "slideshow" of the photographs is available by viewing 
  either of the two files slideshow1024.pdf (9.9 MB) or 
  slideshow1920.pdf (24.7 MB).  The images in 
  slideshow1024.pdf are 1024 pixels wide or 768 pixels high 
  which is typical of what monitors up to 17" use.  The 
  images in slideshow1920.pdf are 1920 pixels wide or 1200 
  pixels high which is typical of what monitors up to 23" 
  use.  If you are using a smaller monitor, select the 
  smaller file because it will load and display faster.  To 
  get the slideshow to advance automatically in your copy of 
  Adobe Acrobat Reader, set Edit, Preferences, Full Screen, 
  to Advance Every 3 Seconds.  The Acrobat directory contains 
  installers for Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.1 for Macintosh and 
  Windows) or you can download the latest version free from 
  Adobe Systems at http://www.adobe.com/.  Due to space 
  limitations on this CD-ROM, the installer for Acrobat 
  Reader for Macintosh provided here does not include the 
  Asian fonts as they were not needed for this publication.  
  Users who need them for other PDFs can obtain those fonts 
  at no cost from http://www.adobe.com/This CD-ROM also 
  contains a full-text index (index.pdx and associated files 
  in the index directory) that is for use in searching the 
  PDF files for words or sets of words using the Search tool 
  in Acrobat Reader.  To make best use of this CD-ROM, you 
  will need to develop some familiarity with Acrobat Reader; 
  an on-line guide is available within Acrobat Reader under 
  "Help."  

  ACCESSIBILITY

  The content within this publication is presented in several 
  Formats.  The HTML forms (index.html and album.html) are 
  presented with alternative text to make them fully 
  accessible using assistive technology such as screen 
  readers; they comply with the requirements of the Americans 
  with Disabilities Act, Section 508.  As the PDF forms 
  (DDS-80.pdf, contact_sheet.pdf, thumbnails.pdf, and the two 
  slideshow PDFs) contain the same images and the same text, 
  it was unnecessary to "tag" them for accessibility.  

  KODAK PhotoCD (PCD) FILES:  HOW TO USE THE FIVE SIZES

  For users who have commercial software that can read and 
  print PCD files, the photographs are provided on this CD-
  ROM in that format in the "PCD" folder in the "images" 
  folder.  

  Each PCD file has five resolutions of images contained 
  within each file.  You can make a choice as to which one 
  you want to use rather than needing to down-sample an image 
  that is larger than you need.  For example, when you open a 
  PCD file in Adobe Photoshop, you get a dialog box where you 
  select the resolution of your choice and then that version 
  of the image opens.  

  You can also use the largest of the choices, for instance, 
  to make a poster-sized hard copy on a large plotter.  Do 
  this by opening a PCD in high-resolution mode (3072 x 2048 
  pixels) and setting the image size to 90 dpi and you will 
  get a picture that is nearly two-feet by three-feet.
  In the hierarchy of file formats, PhotoCD (YCC) resides 
  above BMP, EPS, GIF, JPEG, MOV, PCX, PICT, PSD, TIF, TIFF, 
  etc., enabling end users to go from YCC to other formats, 
  but not in the other direction without losing image 
  quality.  Each 24-bit color image is stored as 5 
  resolutions:

  1.  Thumbnail [192 x 128 pixels]--Contact-sheet-size images 
  for quick previewing of the entire collection.

  2. FPO "For Placement Only" [384 x 256 pixels]--A proxy for 
  high-resolution images to determine placement in page-
  layout programs.

  3. Screen Resolution [786 x 512 pixels]--Ideal for computer 
  viewing and multimedia projects.

  4. HDTV High-Definition Television [1536 x 1024 pixels]--
  Sufficient resolution for high definition TV, newspapers, 
  and high-quality half-page layouts.

  5. High Resolution [3072 x 2048 pixels]--Provides the 
  printing industry with  resolution sufficient for high-
  quality full-page layouts at 300 dpi/150 lpi and 24-bit 
  color.

  PRODUCTION INFORMATION

  The scans for this publication were made in the Western 
  Publications Group of the U.S. Geological Survey from the 
  original slides using a Nikon(12) LS-1000(12) film scanner 
  on a Macintosh G4/500 computer running Mac OS 9.2.2.  The 
  resulting TIF files were edited in Adobe Photoshop 7.0.1 
  and converted to PhotoCD (PCD) image-pac files using Kodak 
  BuildIt(9) software.  The same TIF files were used to 
  generate the PDF and JPG files on this disc.  The small-
  screen images were made with JPG compression set to 3; the 
  large-screen images were made with JPG compression set 
  to 9.  The "book" PDF file was constructed using Adobe 
  InDesign 2.0.1 page-layout software on a Macintosh G4/dual 
  1.25-GHz computer running Mac OS X Version 10.2.6; the 
  Acrobat Distiller settings were 512 dpi using JPG medium 
  compression.  The master for the CD-ROM was made on a 
  LaCie(13) CDBP-401248A(13) CD-ROM recorder using Roxio(14) 
  Toast(14) Titanium 5.2 software for Macintosh set at ISO-
  9660 Level II CD-ROM format with Macintosh names 
  (compatible with Windows) and Apple Extensions. 

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  John Nakata provided the summary on Kodak PCD image-pac 
  format and suggested the thumbnail collection on the inside 
  front cover of the CD-ROM "jewel" case.  Bobbie Myers 
  designed the volcanoes banner.  Steve Snell, Senior Product 
  Manager, Acrobat Reader, provided the custom Acrobat Reader 
  installer for Macintosh for this CD-ROM.  Dale Clark gave 
  us information about image-viewing software.  Irfan Skiljan 
  gave us permission to include his graphics-file viewing 
  software on this CD-ROM.  We thank all the photographers 
  who shared their work with us.

  FOR SALE BY:

  USGS Information Services
  Box 25286
  Denver Federal Center
  Denver, CO  80225
  Telephone: (888) ASK-USGS

  The bibliographical reference for this publication is:

  Takahashi, T. Jane, Heliker, Christina, and Diggles, 
       Michael F., 2003, Selected images of the Pu'u 'O'o-
       Kupaianaha Eruption, 1983-1997:  U.S. Geological 
       Survey Digital Data Series DDS-80 (CD-ROM).

  ISBN 0-607-93061-6

  This report and any updates to it are available on line at
  http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/DDS-80/

  DISCLAIMERS

  This Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) publication was 
  prepared by an agency of the U.S. Government.  Neither the 
  U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their 
  employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or 
  assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the 
  accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, 
  apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or 
  represents that its use would not infringe on privately 
  owned rights.  Reference therein to any specific 
  commercial product, process, or service, by trade name, 
  trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily 
  constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or 
  favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.
  Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM 
  have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no 
  warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to 
  the accuracy of the data and related materials and (or) the 
  functioning of the software.  The act of distribution shall 
  not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is 
  assumed by the USGS in the use of this data, software, or 
  related materials.

  Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive 
  purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. 
  Government.

  REGISTERED TRADEMARKS

  (1)  Apple Computer, Inc.
  (2)  IBM Corp.
  (3)  Intel Corp.
  (4)  Microsoft Corp.
  (5)  The Open Group
  (6)  Linus Torvalds
  (7)  Netscape Communications Corp.
  (8)  Adobe Systems, Inc.
  (9)  Eastman Kodak Co.
  (10) Irfan Skiljan
  (11) Atelier Logiciel Patrice Terrier
  (12) Nikon, Inc.
  (13) LaCie Group S.A.
  (14) Roxio, Inc.