NOVEMBER, 1897. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 477
Reports were most numerous from: Montana, 6; Nevada,
7 ; North Dakota, 8. The number of reports was a large percentage of the
number of observers in: North Dakota, 17; Montana, 16;
Nevada, 15. '
In Canada.-Auroras were reported on the following dates :
Father Point, 4; Quebec, 16, 17; Torouto, 11 ; White River,
18; Minnedosa, 15,16, 21, 24; Medicine Hat, 23, 30; Battle-
ford, 27 ; Banff, 14.
--.--- SrnSHEm AND CLOUDINEEIS.
The quantity of sunshine, and therefore of heat, received by the atmosphere as a whole is very nearly constant from
year to year, but the proportion received by the surface of
the earth depends upon the absorption by the atmosphere,
and varies largely with the distribution of cloudiness. The sunshine is now recorded automatically a t 21 regular stations
of the Weather Bureau by its photographic, and at 45 by its
thermal effects; a t one of these stations records are kept by
both methods. The photographic record sheeta show the ap-
pareii t solar time, but the thermometric records show seventy-
.fifth meridian time; for coiiveiiieiice the results are all given
in Table X for each hour of local mean time. In order to
complete the record of the duration of cloudiness these registers are supplemented by special personal observations
of the state of the sky near the suii in the hours after sunrise and before sunset, and the cloudiness for these hours has
been added as a correction to the instrumeiital records, whence
there results a complete record of the duration of sunshine
from sunrise to sunset. The average cloudiness of the whole sky is determined by
numerous persona1 observations at all statiolis during the
daytime, and is given in the column "average cloudiness" in
Table I; its complement, or percentage of clear sky, is given in the last column of Table X for the stations a t which
instrumental self-registers are inaintained. .
COMPARISON OF DURATIONS AND AREAS.
The sunshine registers give the duratdo)zs of effective sunshine
whence the durationcr relative to possible sunshine are derived ;
the observers' personal estimates give the perceii tages of arm
of clear sky. These numbers have no necessary relation to
eaoh other, since stationary banks of clouds may obscure the
sun without covering the sky, but when all clouds have a
steady motion past the 0un and are uniformly scattered over the sky, the percentages of duration and of area agree closely.
For the sake of comparison, these. percentages have been
brought together, side by side, in the following table, from
which it appears that, in general, the instrumental records
of percentages of durations of sunshine are almost always
larger than the observers' personal estimates of percentages
of area of clear sky ; the average excess for November, 1897,
is 7 per cent for photographic and 6 per cent for thernio-
metric records. The details are shown in the accompanying table, in which
the stations are arranged according to the t o t d possible dura-
tion of sunshiiie, and not according to the o4scrved duration.
Iii obtaining the total possible sunshine the value for the parallel of latitude nearest the station is used.
Differ6sncs bostcwsn instrumaid a d pareom8 ob8mwtiona of mna?&w.
Stations.
Key West, Fla ....................... Tampa, Fia.. ........................ Galveston. Tex ....................... NewOrleans, L s ...................... Jocksonrille, Fla.. ................... Savannah Oa ......................... Vicksburi Miss ..................... San Die o'cal ........................ Charles&; S. C. ..................... Phaenix. A h ......................... At1anta.h ........................... Los Angeles. Cal. ..................... Wilmin@ton N. C. ................... Little Rook.'Ark ...................... Chattanoo Tenn ................... Santa Fe PMex ..................... Rnleigh k. C .......................... Knoxvihe Tenn.. .................... Nashville 'Tenn.. ..................... Fresno, c;rl ........................... Dod eCit Kans ................... Sen %anc%oo, C ~I ................... Loulsville Ky ........................ st.Louis. k o ......................... Washington D.C ..................... Kansas City' Mo ..................... Cincinnati. dhio ...................... Psrksrsbur W. Va ................. Baltimore. kd ........................ Atlantlc City, N. J ................... Denver. Colo .......................... Indiana olis Ind ..................... Phlladefphi;. Pa.. .................... Columbus Ohio ..................... Ilorrisburk, Pa .................... Plttsbnrg Pa ........................
Salt Lake&ty,Utah .................. Eureka, Cal ........................... Cheyenne, Wyo.. .................... Omaha Nebr ......................... Clevednd. Ohio.. ..................... Dm Yoines,Iowa ..................... Chica 0,111 ......................... Erie. #a ............................. Blnghamton N. Y ................... Detroit, Mich ........................ Boston Mass.. ........................ Dubnaie, Iowa ....................... Albany N. Y .......................... Buffa1o:X.Y ......................... Yankton. 8. Dak ...................... Rochester N.Y ..................... Idaho -lis Idaho. ................... Portland Mi .......................... North6elh. Vt ........................ Huron 8. Dak ........................ Eastpdrt Me .......................... st. Paul.hinn ........................ ,
Minneapolis, Minn.. ..................
Portland, Oreg ......................
Helena, Yont ......................... Bfsmarck N.Dak ..................... Taooma, hash ....................... Seattle. Wash .........................
New Yorl; N.Y .......................
Bpokane, Wash. ......................
CL3MATE AND CROP SERVICE.
By JAHE8 BEBar, Chief of Climate and Crop Service Division.
The following extracts relating to the general weather con-
ditions in the several States and Territories are taken from
the monthly reports of the respective sections of the Climate
and Crop Service. The name of the section director is given
after each summary.
Snowfall and rainfall are expressed in inches. .
ai e
B c
3 __
O I
!a 8 4
!a? 57
I 18 2 9 %
a m 8 8 0 6
3% 22
82 43 I 47 as28 a 45 31 (w
84 14 3 4 4 5 85 Lu 35 41 8545 85 56 86 10 8 6 4 8 8 7 4 5
37 46 88 15
8 8 8 8 8 8 5 4
39 lM 89 16 89 18
39 I 89 45 39 46 s!l 55 3 9 % 40 16
4083 4048 4 0 4 6 40 48
41 08
41 16 41 80 41 85
41 59
M o r 42 ox 42m 48 a1 4 1 w 42 39
4268 42 M 4808 a m Q 89
44 10 44 81 4454 4.160
4450 45s 15 88
4684 48 47 47 16 47 88 45 40
89 a.
_-
-
z 2
CI
4 -
T. T. P. T. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. T. T. P. T. T. T. T. P. T. T. T. P. P. T. T. T. P. P. T. T. T. T. T. T. P. P. P. P. T. T. T. T.
T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. P. 1'. P. P. T. T. P. P. P. T. T. T.
'r .
-
For whole 1 Instrumental record month. I of sunshine.
t l ........... 7a +I2
w ..... l.+.!..i.*ii 69 a S l +S ! ..........
65 ..... I ....... 66 + 3 61 8 6 ' +5 ) ........... 58 ..... I ...... I 57 -1
48 i.. I 68 +la 58 6 6
62 ..... i .. 64 + 2
85 .....I ....... ;B +7
..... ....
.......
..........
5.4 ... .! ...... ; 'is +9
81 ..... j .... 1 8 1 ' 0 48 ..... I ...... 55 +7 59 I +IS I ........... 47 64 ! +19 ........... I ............ I 40
86 ........... : 47 $1;
a ..... I ...... -1
29 ..... I ...... I 84
40 15 I + 5 I..... ......
44
!XI ...... ......I $1
+5 84 .... I ...... 50 +l6
83 83 0 ........... 58 61 I + 9 ........... 60 ..... : .................
..... ...... .....
..... .....
.....
.......... 47 + 2
........... ...... ...... ...... .... ..... ......
I . ,.
Abbama.-The mean temperature was 54.6', or 0.6' above normal; the highest was 85', at Newburg on the 14th. and the lowest, 21'. at Jasper on the 30th. The average precipitation was 2.03, or 0.97 below normal; the greatest monthly amount. 6.58, occurred at Riverton, and the least, 0.50, at Highland !Iome.--F. P. Chaff@. A?.irorm.-The mean temperature was 55.0, or normal; the highest was lolo, at Maricopa, and the least, go, at Snowflake. The avera e precipitation waa 0.02, or 0.83 below normal; the greatest monthfy
478 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER, 1897
amount, 0.50, occurred at Oracle, while none fell at numerous sta- tions.- W. T. Blyllra. ArhMcM.-The mean temperature was 51.6', or 1.8' above normal; the hi hest was 88', at Lutherville on the 15th, and the lowest, 15', at Silver%prings on the 30th. The average precipitation was 3.82, or 1.53 below normal; the reatest month1 amount 5.80, occurred at Forest Cit , and the least, 8.86, at Dardanefie.-F. h. Clarke. &.Ttfmia.-The mean temperature was 50.8', or 2.6' below normal; the highest was 95', at Volcano Springs on the 3d, and the lowest, 2' below zero, at Bodie on the 8th and 25th. The average precipitation was 1.41, or 1.02 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 10.45, occurred at Crescent City.- W. H. Hamnwn. Cobrado.-Themean temperature was37.7', or 4.8' above normal; the highest was 84', at Minneapolis on the 20th, and the lowest, 7' below zero, at Steamboat Sprin s on the 15th. The average precipitation was 0.54, or 0.21 below normi; the greatest monthl amount, 3.50, occurred at Ruby, while none fell at several stations.-& H. Brandedwg. Flol.tda.-The mean temperature was67.4', or 2.3' above normal; the highest was 89', at Perr on the 1st and Sd, and the lowest, 36', at Perry on the Eth, and at fausau on the 14th. The avera e precipita- tion was 1.84, or 1.50 below normal; the greatest month amount, 6.49, occurred at Jupiter, and the least, trace, at Carrabefie.-A. J. AWii%hell. Cfsorgiu.-The mean temperature was 55.6', or 1.9' above normal; the highest was 86', at Crescent on the 7th and loth, and the lowest, 21', at Clayton on the 84th. The average precipitation was 1.48, or 1.62 below normal ; thegreatest month1 amount, 3.99, occurred at Clayton, and the least, trace, at Fleming.-J?B. Warbury. Idaho.-The mean tem ereture was 36.4'; the highest was 72', at Nampa on the lat, and at Sapette on the 3d; and the lowest., 6' below zero, at Swan Valley on the 8th. The average recipitation was 3.18; the greatest monthl amount, 10.98, occurred at kurray, and the least, 0.16, at Gra .-D. $ McCallum. &linok.-$he mean temperature was 40.8', or 1.7' above normal; the highest was 78', at Mount Vernon on the 15th, and the lowest, So below zero, at Zion on the 29th. The average precipitation was 4.09, or 0.95 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 7.85, occurred at Robin- son, and the least, 1.15, at Scales Mound.-C. E. Linney. Iidicma.-The mean temperature was 42.6', or 1.5' above normal; the highest was 72', at Washington on the 21st, and the lowest, 6', at Laporte on the 30th. The average precipitation was 6.54, or 2.62 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 9.84, occurred at Shelbyville, and the least, 0.88, at Hammond.47. F. E. M7qpenhatis. Iowa-The mean temperature was 34.5'; the highest was 81', at Albia and Iowa City on the 20th, and the lowest, 19' below zero, at Rock Rapids on the 28th. The average reci itation wa8 0.66; the greatest monthly amount, 2.21, occurred at A r t gadison, and the least, trace, at Atlantic and Glenwood.--9. di. Chappd. Kansas.-The mean temperature was42.2', or 1.8' above normal; the highest was 8Q0, at En lewood on the mth, and the lowest, 1' below zero, at Eureka Ram! on the 29th. The average precipitation was 0.27, or 0.59 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 12-5, occurred at Kansas City, while none fell at several stations.-T. B. Jennings: Kenlueky.-The mean temperature was 47.8', or 2.5' above normal; the highest was 78', at Canton on the Sth, at Paducah on the Slat, and at Pilot Oak on two days; the lowest was 12', at Loretto on the 30th. The average precipitation was 1.69, or 0.67 above normal; the reatest monthly amount, 9.39, occurred at Owenton, and the least, 5.31, at Eubank.--P"rank B w h . Lou&bno.-The mean temperature was 60.5' or 8.1' above normal; the highest was 89', at Lawrence on the 27th and at Plaquemine on the 30th, and the lowest, YS', at Robeline on the 18th. The average pre- ci itation was 3.06, or 0.76 below normal: the greatest monthly amount, 7.59, occurred at Jeanerette, and the least, 0.65, at Venice.-R. E.
Ki3Th.
Mivrp?.and aid Delaww6.-The mean temperature was 45.0, or 1.3' above normal; the highest was SOo, at Newmarket, Yd., on the 15th, and the lowest, So, at Grantsville, Md., on the 24th. The average pre- cipitation was 4.69, or 1.66 above normal; the reatest monthly amount, 8.13, occurred at Bachmans Valley, Md., an3 the least, 1.59, at Poco- moke City, Md.-F. J. Wa&. Michigan.-The mean temperature was 33.9', or 1.8' below normal; the highest was 69', at Mount Clemens on the lst, and the lowest, 11' below zero, at Iron River on the 27th. The average preci itation was 3.12, or 0.15 above normal; the reatest monthly amount, 6.83, occurred at Fitchburg, and the least, 0.81, at Gladwin.-0. F. Sc?m&Z5r.
iKinnssota.-The mean temperature waa 26.6'. or 0.6' above normal; the highest was 79', at Luverne on the 3d, and the lowest, 22' below zero, at Koochiching on the 28th. The average precipitation was 0.53, or 0.61 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 1.30, occurred at Tower, and the least, 0.04, at Ada.-T. S. Outram. M#kaMppi.-The mean temperature was 56.0, or 3.3' above normal; the highest was 89', at French Camp on the ?3d, at Palo Alto on the 15th, and at W a nesboro on the 1st; the lowest was ?Po, at French Camp on the 30tK . The average precipitation was 3.45, or 2.19 below normal, the greatest monthl amount, 6.44, occurred at Corinth, and the least, 0.72, at AgriculturarCol1ege.-B. J. Hwtt.
Misrrouri.-The mean temperature was 43.3', or 1.8' above normal; the highest was 8 2 O , at Zeitonia on the 13th, and the lowest, 3' belFw zero, at Maryville and Pickering on the 9 t h . The average precipita- tion was 2.51, or 0.07 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 6.21, occurred at St Louis, and the least, 0.27, at Conception.-A. E. Hackell. Mo/itmm.-The mean temperature was 36.2', or 2.S' below normal; the highest waa 77', at Fort Benton on the 19th, and the lowest, 35' below zero, on the 28th. The average precipitation was 2.36, or 0.21 above normal; the greatest monthl amount 10.04, occurred at Columbia Falls, and the least, 0.25, at &ibaux.d. Warren Smith. N&raska.-The mean temperature was %.go, or 0.4' above normal; the highest was 84', at Lodge le on the 13th, and the lowest, 16' below zero at Valentine on the !?!ltffP The average precipitation was 0.51, or 0.19below normal; the greatest monthl amount, 1.74, occurred at Ken- nedy, and the least, trace, at Madril Seneca, and Wilber.-@. A. Lomlancl. Nmdo.-The mean tem erature was 40.3', or 3.0' above normal; the highest was 7 7 O , at Candeyaria on the 18th, and the lowest, 6' below zero, at Empire Ranch on the 15th. The average precipitation was 0.69, or 0.02 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 3.66, occurred at Lewers Ranch, while none fell at Hot Springs, Mill City, and Las Vegas.-R. F. Fooung. New England.-The mean temperature was 36.9', or 0.7' below nor- mal: the highest was 6S0, at numerous stations in southern New En land on the 6th and 16th; the lowest was 3' below zero, at Hartlanf; Vt., on the 24th. The average precipitation was 6.38, or 8.51 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 10.25, occurred at Kingston, R. I., and the least, 2.69, at Pineo, M e .4 . W. hiith. rature was 43.8', or 0.4' above normal; the hi hest was 75', at Toms Ever on the 16th, and the lowest, lo', at Frankfin Furnace on the 24th. The average precipitation was 4.59, or 0.93 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 5.95, occurred at Bel- videre, and the least, 2.45, at, Cape May City.-E. W. HcGaiin. NmM&co.-The mean temperature was 46.5', or 2.6' above noruial; the highest was 8 7 O , at Roswell on the Blst, and the lowest, 5' below zero, at Buckmans on the 37th. The average precipitation wasdecidedly below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 0.78, occurred at Angus Ranch, while none fell at numerous stations.-11. B. Heraey. New Pork.-The mean temperature was 38.4', or 0.6' above normal; the highest was 70, at Bedford on the 4th, and the lowest, 3' below zero, at Number Four on the 24th. The average precipitation was 4.74,
or 1.59 above normal; the greatest monthl amount, 10.02, occurred at Glens Falls, and the least, 2.19, at Avon.-&. di. natdinge. North Cmolina.-The mean tem erature was 51.3', or 1.6' above nor- mal; the highest was 79", at Newfern on the5th and at Tarboro oiitlie 1&h, and the lowest, Eo, at Linville on the 24th. The average pre- cipitation was 2.89, or 0.45 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 5.71, occurred at Greenville, and the least, 0.82, at Rockingham.-C. P. 4on Hmionn.
North Dakota.-The mean temperature was %.OD, or 0.3' above nor- mal; the highest waa 86O, at Berthold Agency on the 19th, and the lowest, 28' below zero, at Bottineau on the 37th. The average precipi- tation was 0.32, or 0.63 below normal; the greatest monthly amount, 1.07. occurred at Hamilton, and the least, trace, at Ashley, Dunseith, Ellendale. and Glenul1in.-B. H. Bronson. Ohw.-The mean temperature was 42.8', or 1.5' above normal: the hi hest was 76O, at Thurman on the 1st and at Portsmouth on the 4th, an% the lowest, 8' at Leverin on the 30th. The average precipitation was 6.62, or 3.36 d o v e norma! the greatest monthly amount, 10.18, oa
curred at New Paris, and the least, 3.84, at Dupont.-I. W. Riclaardson. OMahoma.-The mean temperature was 49.6'; the highest was 95', at Anadarko on the 8th. and the lowest, 7', nt Arapaho on the 29th. The average precipitation was 0.51; the greatest monthly amount, 1.61, occurred at Burnett, while none fell at Jefferson and Waukomis.4. I.
Oregon.-The mean temperature was 48.6'. or 2.8' below normal; the highest was 8Zo, at Prineville on the 2d, and the lowest, 2', at Burns on the 33d. The average preci itation was 9.30, or 3.96 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, $2.91, occurred at Glenora, and the least, 0.13, at Silver Lake.-B. S. Pugiu3. Pennsyhnak-The mean temperature was 41.6'. or 1.8' above nor
mal; the highest was 76O, at Cannonsburg on the 4th, and the lowest,
2O, at Dyberry on the 24th. The average precipitation was 5.28, or 2.13 above normal; the greatest monthly amount 7.04, occurred at Ham- burg, and the least, 2.37, at Reedsvil1e.-T. B! Townuend. South Cmlina.-The mean temperature war3 55.3', or 0.2' above
normal; the highest was 8 8 O , at Trial on the l%h, and the lowest, Bo, at Holland on the 19th, and at Walhalla on the 30th. The avera e precipitation was 1.99, or 0.62 below normal; the r t e s t monthfy amount, 5.05, occurred at Gaffney, and the leaat, 26, at Gillison- vil1e.-4. W. R w . South Dakota-The mean tem ratnre was 26.0, or 0.8' below normal; the highest was 8S0, at Cgrry Creek on the 2d, and the low- est, 26' below zero, at Ladelle on the P9th, andat Nowlin on the 26th. The average precipitation was 0.59, or 0.06 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 2.70 occurred at Oelrichs, and the least, trace, at Cherry Creek and Shdoh.-.6'. Tp. Cfhnn.
New Jeraey.-The mean tem
Widmcysr.
NOVEMBER, 1897. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 479
Tm?usaca.-The mean temperature was 49.5', or about 2.0' above nor- fnal; the highest was 79'. at St. Joseph on the 14th and 15th, and at Union City on the 93d,'and the lowest, 13', at Rugby on the 30th. The avera e precipitation was 3.10, or about 0.75 below normal; the greatest montfly amount, 6.90, occurred at Hickory Withe, and the least, 0.69,
at Bristol.-B. C. Bob. Teaa.-The mean kemperature for the State during the month was 1.3' above the normal. There was a general excess throu hout the State:except over the western portion of west Texas and t i e central portion of north Texas, where there was a deficienc ranging from 0.3' to 1.9', with the greatest deficit in the vicinity of Iteatherford. The excess ranged from 0.3' to 3.1 over central Texas, the panhandle, the western portion of north Texas, and the eastern portions of north and west Texas, and from 0.1' to 3.9' over southwest Texas and the coast dis- trict. Temperature was general1 normal over east Texas. The great- est excess was in the vicinity of 501% McIntosh. The highest was9G0, at Camp Eagle Paw on the 4th, and the lowest, So, at Tulia on the 29th. The recipitation on an average for the State during the month was 1.88 gelow the normal. There was a general deficiency in all local- ities exce t at Fort Ringgold and Fort Brown, where there was an excess. $he deficienc ranged from 0.34 to 1.78 over central and west Texas and the panhanJe, from 0.66 to 3.38 over southwest Texas and the coast district except in the vicinity of Fort Ringgold. The greatest monthly amount, 3.05, occurred at Fort Brown, while none fell at several stations.-1. M. Cailis.
17. Utah.-The mean ten1 erature was 39.3'; the highest w6~7S0,at Fill- more on the 2d, and thefowest, 1' below zero, at Loa on the 8th and at Soldier Summit on the %th. The average precipitation was 0.96, or
about 0.50 below normal; the greatest monthl amount, 3.44, occurred at Logan, and the least, 0.01, at Pahreah.4. 6. hith.
Virqinh.-The mean temperature was 46.5', or sli htly above nor- mal; the highest was SO', at Ashland on the lctli, an% the lowest, lo', at Burkes Garden on the 34th. The average precipitation was 3.49, or 0.01 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 4.37, occurred at Bonair, and the least, 0.69, at Bristo1.-B. A. Emm. Waa?bingZon.-The mean tem erature was 39.4', or 2.0' below normal; the highest was 75', at Walla Galla on the 18th, and the lowest, 100 below zero, at Waterville on the 38th. The average precipitation was 9.13, or 2.90 above normal; the greatest monthly amount, 9.85, occurred at Clearwater, and the least, 0.75, at Loomis.--6. N. Salzkbuq.
Teat Virgit&z.-The mean temperature was 45.0, or 1.0' above normal: the highest wae 7G0, at Eastbank and Green Sulphur Springs on the 36th and at Uppertract on the 6th. The average precipitation was 4.45, or 1.50 above normal; the greatest monthl amount, 7.15, occurred at Kin wood, and the least, 0.30, at Beckly.-&. L. Ball. Wtkwtuin.-Tie mean temperature was 30.4', or 0.3' above normal; the highest was 79', at Medford on the 3d, and the lowest, 35' below zero, at Osceola Mills on the 27th. The average precipitation was 1.33, or 0.46 below normal; the greatest monthl amount, 3.99, occurred at
Oconto, and the least, 0.04, at Medford.-ddl. Wilaon. Tyomzhng.-!l'he mean temperature was 33.4', or 1.4' above normal; the highest was 76', at Wheatland on the 2d, at Fort Laramie on the Bd, and at Sheridan on the 19th; the lowest was 16' below zero, at Sheridan on the 29th. The avera e precipitation was 0.88 or 0.08 below normal; the greatest monthfy amount, 2.98, occurred at Fort Yellowstone, and the least, 0.13, at Carbon.--. B. P a k .
R1[VER AND FLOOD SERVICE.
By PABK Y O B S I ~ Forecast 05clal. in charge of River and Flood Service.
The period of low water has been unus~ially protracted this
year. As a rule, the annual rise in all the rivers, except the
upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Arkansas, is well
underway by the first of November. This year the Ohio rose
first, and that hut slightly, the rise beginning on November 7.
The lower Mississippi followed with a slow rise during the
latter half of November, but the other rivers remain a t low
ebb. At all points the rivers are below their normal height.
The Mississippi, at Keokuk, a t the end of November was 1.6
foot below its normal stage; a t St. Louis, 3.4 feet; at Cairo,
7.6 feet; a t Memphis, 7.3 feet; and a t Vicksburg, 14.3 feet.
The Arkansas River, a t Little Rock, a t the same time was 4.7
feet below its nornial stage ; the Red, at Slueveport, 9.8 feet; and the Ohio, a t Cincinnati, 1.5 below. The rising condition
of the Ohio and the lower Mississippi and the stationary low
stage of other rivers of the Mississippi system are Peen in the
hydrographs for the month.
The highest arid lowest water, mean stage, and monthly
range a t 116 river stations are given in the accompanying
table. Hydrographs for typical points on seven principal
rivers are shown on Chart V. The stations selected for
charting are: Keokuk, Bt. Louis, Cairo, Memphis, and Vicks-
burg, on the Mississippi; Cincinnati, on the Ohio; Nash-
ville, on the Cumberland ; Johnsonville, on the Tennessee ;
Kansas City, on the Missouri; Little Rock, on the Arkansas; and Shreveport, on the Red.
The following r6suni6 of river stages and conditions of
navigation in the respective streams is compiled from reports
by the officials of the Weather Bureau at various river
stations and section centers :
rted by A. F. Rims, Alban , N. Y.; E. R. Demain, Harrisburg, Pa.; A. Evans, Richmond, Ja.; C. F. von Herrmann, Raleigh, N. C.; L. N. Jesunofsky, Charleston, S. C.; D. Fisher, Augusta, Ga.; and J. B. Marbury, Atlanta, Ga.)-The heavy rain of the 1st and 3d of November found its way to tide-water rapidly,
BO that by the 4th of the month the Hudson River at Albany was 4
feet above the normal. The stream flowing by the intake of the Albany City Waterworks was very turbid, and the city'pumps were shut down in consequence. A dense fog, the heaviest t h u ~ far this season, prevailed along the Hudson on the 5th; one could not see ohjects across the river and buildin near by seemed mere shadows; the sun a dull red blot in the gray $y. At 10 a. m. the fog lifted and
Atlantic Comt Rioera. (Re
REV-2
soon cleared away. Light snow fell on the upper watershed on the 13th. Observations of tem erature of water were commenced on the morning of the 18th; t!e temperature of the wate: in the Hudson at Alhanj was 39.6' on that date. On the 19th the river temperature was 37.5 at top and bottom; thin ice, the first of the season, formed along the edges of the basin in the vicinity of Green Island. The fall in temperature on the 18th and 19th checked the flow of surface water on the up er watershed and caused the river to fall to ita normal height at h a n y . On the 23d thin ice formed in the Erie Canal slips; thin ice formed in the Albany basin during the night of the 23d and 24th. The cold wave of the 33d lowered the air temperature to 12.5O and the water temperature to 35.6'. On the 28th there waa a 4-foot freshet in the river and swift current conditions, not conducive to a freeze-up. The fall in temperature ex- perienced durin the ni ht of the 38th checked the flow of surface water in the feefers and fowered the tide-water portion of the Hudson 1 foot. At the end of the month the Hudson was high for the season, verv turbid, and the current abnormally swift. All river interests have made p r e y t i o n to $0 into winter quarters; the Albany basins have already ta en on a winter aspect. Some of the International Dredging Company's bo&, used on the Hudson River improvements, are now being dismantled, and other boats, .re- quiring extenclive overhauling, are now in winter berths. Forwarding agents have ceased to take cargoes for Tints along the u .per portion of the Hudson on account of the risk involved in unloacRn boats in shallow water at this season of the year. The last decade of lfovember was re lete with calls for river information, and no small measure of rewarffor our work comes with the increased confidence manifested by all river interests in the work of the Weather Bureau. As a result of the rain, averaging 1.75 inch, which began io fall early on the morning of November 1, and continued steadil until the night
of the 2d, throughout theereater portion of the Busqueganna basin, the low sta es of water prevailing in all streams of the system at the end of Octoter were followed during the first few days of November b a
general rise, ranging from a fraction of a foot to 4.5 feet a! the d i d r - ent reportin stations. Frequent, well distributed rains during the rest of the monti maintained and gradually increclsed the flow, and NO- vember closed with hi her stages of water at most of the stations than have been reportea since May. The average stage of water was about 0.5 foot lower than during the =me period last year, notwith- standing the fact that there was an increase of about 50 per cent in the rainfall as compared with November, 1896. The rainfall at Hans-
burg (4.09 inches) wag, with two exceptions, the largest amount that has fallen in November durin the past ten years, and exceeded the normal b 1.12 inch. I t is befieved Harrisburg represenh a proxi- mately, t i e conditions obtaining general1 over the wa!ershed: The
a parent discrepancy between rainfall anBriver stages in the streams tl!e past month is due to the fact that at the beginning of the month the streams were SO much lower than at the same time last year that a large percentage of the rainfall was required to give the same flow as