-CITE-
    31 USC CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING                01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING

-HEAD-
                   CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING               

-MISC1-
                          SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL                      
    Sec.                                                     
    1501.       Documentary evidence requirement for Government
                 obligations.                                         
    1502.       Balances available.                                   
    1503.       Comptroller General reports of amounts for which no
                 accounting is made.                                  

                       SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT                   
    1511.       Definition and application.                           
    1512.       Apportionment and reserves.                           
    1513.       Officials controlling apportionments.                 
    1514.       Administrative division of apportionments.            
    1515.       Authorized apportionments necessitating deficiency or
                 supplemental appropriations.                         
    1516.       Exemptions.                                           
    1517.       Prohibited obligations and expenditures.              
    1518.       Adverse personnel actions.                            
    1519.       Criminal penalty.                                     

               SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS           
    1531.       Transfers of functions and activities.                
    1532.       Withdrawal and credit.                                
    1533.       Transfers of appropriations for salaries and expenses
                 to carry out national defense responsibilities.      
    1534.       Adjustments between appropriations.                   
    1535.       Agency agreements.                                    
    1536.       Crediting payments from purchases between executive
                 agencies.                                            
    1537.       Services between the United States Government and the
                 District of Columbia government.                     

                     SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS                 
    1551.       Definitions; applicability of subchapter.             
    1552.       Procedure for appropriation accounts available for
                 definite periods.                                    
    1553.       Availability of appropriation accounts to pay
                 obligations.                                         
    1554.       Audit, control, and reporting.                        
    1555.       Closing of appropriation accounts available for
                 indefinite periods.                                  
    1556.       Comptroller General: reports on appropriation
                 accounts.                                            
    1557.       Authority for exemptions in appropriation laws.       
    1558.       Availability of funds following resolution of a formal
                 protest or other challenge.                          

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-106, div. E, title LV, Sec. 5502(c), Feb. 10,
    1996, 110 Stat. 699, substituted "of a formal protest or other
    challenge" for "of a protest" in item 1558.
      1992 - Pub. L. 102-484, div. A, title X, Sec. 1054(e)(1), Oct.
    23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2503, substituted "Definitions; applicability
    of subchapter" for "Definitions and application" in item 1551 and
    "Procedure for appropriation accounts available for definite
    periods" for "Audit, control, and reporting" in item 1552.
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510, div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(2), Nov.
    5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1679, substituted "Audit, control, and
    reporting" for "Procedure for appropriation accounts available for
    definite periods" in item 1552 and for "Review of appropriation
    accounts" in item 1554, "Closing of appropriation accounts
    available" for "Withdrawal of unobligated balances of
    appropriations" in item 1555, "General: reports" for "General
    reports" in item 1556, and "Authority for exemptions in
    appropriation laws" for "Authorization to exempt" in item 1557.
      1989 - Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title VIII, Sec. 813(b), Nov. 29,
    1989, 103 Stat. 1494, added item 1558.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL                               01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL

-HEAD-
                          SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL                      

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1501                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1501. Documentary evidence requirement for Government
      obligations

-STATUTE-
      (a) An amount shall be recorded as an obligation of the United
    States Government only when supported by documentary evidence of - 
        (1) a binding agreement between an agency and another person
      (including an agency) that is - 
          (A) in writing, in a way and form, and for a purpose
        authorized by law; and
          (B) executed before the end of the period of availability for
        obligation of the appropriation or fund used for specific goods
        to be delivered, real property to be bought or leased, or work
        or service to be provided;

        (2) a loan agreement showing the amount and terms of repayment;
        (3) an order required by law to be placed with an agency;
        (4) an order issued under a law authorizing purchases without
      advertising - 
          (A) when necessary because of a public exigency;
          (B) for perishable subsistence supplies; or
          (C) within specific monetary limits;

        (5) a grant or subsidy payable - 
          (A) from appropriations made for payment of, or contributions
        to, amounts required to be paid in specific amounts fixed by
        law or under formulas prescribed by law;
          (B) under an agreement authorized by law; or
          (C) under plans approved consistent with and authorized by
        law;

        (6) a liability that may result from pending litigation;
        (7) employment or services of persons or expenses of travel
      under law;
        (8) services provided by public utilities; or
        (9) other legal liability of the Government against an
      available appropriation or fund.

      (b) A statement of obligations provided to Congress or a
    committee of Congress by an agency shall include only those amounts
    that are obligations consistent with subsection (a) of this
    section.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 927.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1501(a)      31:200(a).              Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 935, Sec.   
                                          1311(a), (e), 68 Stat. 830,   
                                          831.                          
    1501(b)      31:200(e).                                             
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "After August 26,
    1954" are omitted as executed. In clause (1), the words "an agency
    and another person (including an agency)" are substituted for "the
    parties thereto, including Government agencies" for clarity. In
    clause (2), the word "valid" is omitted as unnecessary. In clause
    (6), the words "brought under authority of law" are omitted as
    surplus. In clause (9), the word "legally" is omitted as surplus.
      In subsection (b), the words "consistent with" are substituted
    for "as defined in" for clarity and for consistency with section
    1108 of the revised title. The word "valid" is omitted as
    unnecessary.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1502                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1502. Balances available

-STATUTE-
      (a) The balance of an appropriation or fund limited for
    obligation to a definite period is available only for payment of
    expenses properly incurred during the period of availability or to
    complete contracts properly made within that period of availability
    and obligated consistent with section 1501 of this title. However,
    the appropriation or fund is not available for expenditure for a
    period beyond the period otherwise authorized by law.
      (b) A provision of law requiring that the balance of an
    appropriation or fund be returned to the general fund of the
    Treasury at the end of a definite period does not affect the status
    of lawsuits or rights of action involving the right to an amount
    payable from the balance.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 928.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1502(a)      31:200(d).              Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 935, Sec.   
                                          1311(d), 68 Stat. 831.        
                 31:712a.                July 6, 1949, ch. 299, Sec. 1, 
                                          63 Stat. 407.                 
    1502(b)      31:665b.                July 1, 1973, Pub. L. 93-52,   
                                          Sec. 111, 87 Stat. 134.       
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      Subsection (a) restates the source provisions to eliminate
    unnecessary words and for consistency.
      In subsection (b), the words "balance of an appropriation or
    fund" are substituted for "unexpended funds" for clarity and
    consistency in the revised chapter.

    AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT APPROPRIATIONS LIMITED
                   TO FISCAL YEAR IN WHICH APPROPRIATED
      Pub. L. 102-377, title V, Sec. 501, Oct. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 1342,
    provided that: "No part of any appropriation contained in this Act
    or subsequent Energy and Water Development Appropriations Acts
    shall remain available for obligation beyond the fiscal year
    specified in such Acts therein unless expressly so provided
    therein."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1503                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1503. Comptroller General reports of amounts for which no
      accounting is made

-STATUTE-
      The Comptroller General shall make a special report each year to
    Congress on recommendations for changes in laws, that the
    Comptroller General believes may be in the public interest, about
    amounts - 
        (1) for which no accounting is made to the Comptroller General;
      and
        (2) that are in - 
          (A) accounts of the United States Government; or
          (B) the custody of an officer or employee of the Government
        if the Government is financially concerned.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 928.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1503         31:725w.                June 26, 1934, ch. 756, Sec.   
                                          24, 48 Stat. 1236; Aug. 30,   
                                          1954, ch. 1076, Sec. 1(31), 68
                                          Stat. 968.                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      The words "shall cause a survey to be made" are omitted as
    executed. The word "existing" is omitted as surplus.

                   TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS               
      For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law
    requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other
    regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103-7 (in
    which certain reporting requirements under this section are listed
    on page 9), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104-66, as amended, and
    section 1(a)(4) [div. A, Sec. 1402(1)] of Pub. L. 106-554, set out
    as notes under section 1113 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT                        01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
                       SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT                   

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1511                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1511. Definition and application

-STATUTE-
      (a) In this subchapter, "appropriations" means - 
        (1) appropriated amounts;
        (2) funds; and
        (3) authority to make obligations by contract before
      appropriations.

      (b) This subchapter does not apply to - 
        (1) amounts (except amounts for administrative expenses)
      available - 
          (A) for price support and surplus removal of agricultural
        commodities; and
          (B) under section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935 (7 U.S.C.
        612c);

        (2) a corporation getting amounts to make loans (except paid in
      capital amounts) without legal liability on the part of the
      United States Government; and
        (3) the Senate, the House of Representatives, a committee of
      Congress, a member, officer, employee, or office of either House
      of Congress, or the Office of the Architect of the Capitol or an
      officer or employee of that Office.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 928.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1511(a)      31:665(c)(1)(last       R.S. Sec. 3679(c)(1)(last      
                  sentence),              sentence), (d)(2)(5th         
                  (d)(2)(5th              sentence, 6th sentence less   
                  sentence).              1st-22d words, last sentence  
                                          related to price supports),   
                                          (f)(2); Mar. 3, 1905, ch.     
                                          1484, Sec. 4(1st par.), 33    
                                          Stat. 1257; Feb. 27, 1906, ch.
                                          510, Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 48;     
                                          restated Sept. 6, 1950, ch.   
                                          896, Sec. 1211, 64 Stat. 765, 
                                          766, 767.                     
    1511(b)(     31:665(d)(2)(6th                                       
     1)           sentence less                                         
                  1st-22d words).                                       
    1511(b)(     31:665(d)(2)(last                                      
     2)           sentence related to                                   
                  price supports).                                      
    1511(b)(     31:665(f)(2).                                          
     3)                                                                 
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a)(1), the words "appropriated amounts" are
    substituted for "appropriations" for clarity. In clause (3), the
    word "make" is substituted for "create" as being more precise. The
    text of 31:665(d)(2)(5th sentence) is omitted as unnecessary
    because of section 102 of the revised title.
      In subsection (b), the word "amounts" is substituted for "funds"
    for consistency in the revised title. In clause (1)(B), the words
    "(7 U.S.C. 612c)" are substituted for "section 612(c) of title 7"
    to correct an error in section 3679(d)(2)(6th sentence) of the
    Revised Statutes. Clause (2) is substituted for the source
    provisions for consistency in the revised title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1512                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1512. Apportionment and reserves

-STATUTE-
      (a) Except as provided in this subchapter, an appropriation
    available for obligation for a definite period shall be apportioned
    to prevent obligation or expenditure at a rate that would indicate
    a necessity for a deficiency or supplemental appropriation for the
    period. An appropriation for an indefinite period and authority to
    make obligations by contract before appropriations shall be
    apportioned to achieve the most effective and economical use. An
    apportionment may be reapportioned under this section.
      (b)(1) An appropriation subject to apportionment is apportioned
    by - 
        (A) months, calendar quarters, operating seasons, or other time
      periods;
        (B) activities, functions, projects, or objects; or
        (C) a combination of the ways referred to in clauses (A) and
      (B) of this paragraph.

      (2) The official designated in section 1513 of this title to make
    apportionments shall apportion an appropriation under paragraph (1)
    of this subsection as the official considers appropriate. Except as
    specified by the official, an amount apportioned is available for
    obligation under the terms of the appropriation on a cumulative
    basis unless reapportioned.
      (c)(1) In apportioning or reapportioning an appropriation, a
    reserve may be established only - 
        (A) to provide for contingencies;
        (B) to achieve savings made possible by or through changes in
      requirements or greater efficiency of operations; or
        (C) as specifically provided by law.

      (2) A reserve established under this subsection may be changed as
    necessary to carry out the scope and objectives of the
    appropriation concerned. When an official designated in section
    1513 of this title to make apportionments decides that an amount
    reserved will not be required to carry out the objectives and scope
    of the appropriation concerned, the official shall recommend the
    rescission of the amount in the way provided in chapter 11 of this
    title for appropriation requests. Reserves established under this
    section shall be reported to Congress as provided in the
    Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 681 et seq.).
      (d) An apportionment or a reapportionment shall be reviewed at
    least 4 times a year by the official designated in section 1513 of
    this title to make apportionments.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 929.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1512(a)      31:665(c)(1)(1st        R.S. Sec. 3679(c)(1)(1st       
                  sentence),              sentence), (3), (4); Mar. 3,  
                  (4)(words after 1st     1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                  comma).                 par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; restated Sept. 6,   
                                          1950, ch. 896, Sec. 1211, 64  
                                          Stat. 765, 766.               
    1512(b)      31:665(c)(3).                                          
    1512(c)      31:665(c)(2).           R.S. Sec. 3679(c)(2); Mar. 3,  
                                          1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; Sept. 6, 1950, ch.  
                                          896, Sec. 1211, 64 Stat. 765; 
                                          restated July 12, 1974, Pub.  
                                          L. 93-344, Sec. 1002, 88 Stat.
                                          332.                          
    1512(d)      31:665(c)(4)(words                                     
                  before 1st comma).                                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the word "appropriation" is substituted for
    "appropriations or funds" because of the definition of
    "appropriation" in section 1511 of the revised title. The words "at
    a rate" are substituted for "in a manner" for clarity. The words
    "indefinite period" are substituted for "not limited to a definite
    period of time" for consistency in the revised title. The words "An
    apportionment may be reapportioned under this section" are
    substituted for 31:665(c)(4)(words after 1st comma) to eliminate
    unnecessary words.
      In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the word "apportioned"
    is substituted for "distributed" for consistency in the revised
    section.
      In subsections (b)(2) and (d), the word "official" is substituted
    for "officer" for consistency in the revised title.
      In subsection (c)(1)(C), the words "by law" are substituted for
    "by particular appropriation Acts or other laws" to eliminate
    unnecessary words.
      In subsection (c)(2), the words "appropriation requests" are
    substituted for "estimates of appropriations" for consistency with
    chapter 11 of the revised title.

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      The Impoundment Control Act of 1974, referred to in subsec.
    (c)(2), is parts A and B of title X of Pub. L. 93-344, July 12,
    1974, 88 Stat. 332, as amended, which is classified principally to
    subchapters I (Sec. 681) and II (Sec. 682 et seq.) of chapter 17B
    of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act
    to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 681 of
    Title 2 and Tables.

-MISC2-
        APPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
                                GOVERNMENT
      Pub. L. 100-202, Sec. 101(c) [title I, Sec. 135], Dec. 22, 1987,
    101 Stat. 1329-90, 1329-102, provided that: "Federal funds
    hereafter appropriated to the District of Columbia government shall
    not be subject to apportionment except to the extent specifically
    provided by statute."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1513                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1513. Officials controlling apportionments

-STATUTE-
      (a) The official having administrative control of an
    appropriation available to the legislative branch, the judicial
    branch, the United States International Trade Commission, or the
    District of Columbia government that is required to be apportioned
    under section 1512 of this title shall apportion the appropriation
    in writing. An appropriation shall be apportioned not later than
    the later of the following:
        (1) 30 days before the beginning of the fiscal year for which
      the appropriation is available; or
        (2) 30 days after the date of enactment of the law by which the
      appropriation is made available.

      (b)(1) The President shall apportion in writing an appropriation
    available to an executive agency (except the Commission) that is
    required to be apportioned under section 1512 of this title. The
    head of each executive agency to which the appropriation is
    available shall submit to the President information required for
    the apportionment in the form and the way and at the time specified
    by the President. The information shall be submitted not later than
    the later of the following:
        (A) 40 days before the beginning of the fiscal year for which
      the appropriation is available; or
        (B) 15 days after the date of enactment of the law by which the
      appropriation is made available.

      (2) The President shall notify the head of the executive agency
    of the action taken in apportioning the appropriation under
    paragraph (1) of this subsection not later than the later of the
    following:
        (A) 20 days before the beginning of the fiscal year for which
      the appropriation is available; or
        (B) 30 days after the date of enactment of the law by which the
      appropriation is made available.

      (c) By the first day of each fiscal year, the head of each
    executive department of the United States Government shall
    apportion among the major organizational units of the department
    the maximum amount to be expended by each unit during the fiscal
    year out of each contingent fund appropriated for the entire year
    for the department. Each amount may be changed during the fiscal
    year only by written direction of the head of the department. The
    direction shall state the reasons for the change.
      (d) An appropriation apportioned under this subchapter may be
    divided and subdivided administratively within the limits of the
    apportionment.
      (e) This section does not affect the initiation and operation of
    agricultural price support programs.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 930.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1513(a)      31:665(d)(1).           R.S. Sec. 3679(d)(1),          
                                          (2)(1st-4th sentences, 6th    
                                          sentence 1st-22d words),      
                                          (g)(1st sentence); Mar. 3,    
                                          1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; restated Sept. 6,   
                                          1950, ch. 896, Sec. 1211, 64  
                                          Stat. 766, 767; Reorg. Plan   
                                          No. 2 of 1970, eff. July 1,   
                                          1970, Sec. 102(a), 84 Stat.   
                                          2085; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L.   
                                          93-618, Sec. 175(a)(2), 88    
                                          Stat. 2011.                   
    1513(b)      31:665(d)(2)(1st-                                      
                  4th sentences).                                       
    1513(c)      31:669(words before     Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, Sec.   
                  semicolon).             6(words before semicolon), 37 
                                          Stat. 414.                    
    1513(d)      31:665(g)(1st                                          
                  sentence).                                            
    1513(e)      31:665(d)(2)(6th                                       
                  sentence 1st-22d                                      
                  words).                                               
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, the word "apportion" is substituted for
    "apportionment or reapportionment" because of section 1512(a)(last
    sentence) of the revised title.
      In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "official" is
    substituted for "officer" for consistency in the revised title. The
    words "judicial branch" are substituted for "judiciary", and the
    words "District of Columbia government" are substituted for
    "District of Columbia", for consistency.
      In subsection (b), the word "President" is substituted for
    "Director of the Office of Management and Budget", "Office of
    Management and Budget", and "Director" because sections 101 and
    102(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84
    Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau of the Budget as the Office of
    Management and Budget and transferred all functions of the Bureau
    to the President.
      In subsection (b)(1), the words "(except the Commission)" are
    added because the International Trade Commission is covered
    specifically by the source provisions restated in subsection (a).
      In subsection (b)(2), the words "head of the executive agency"
    are substituted for "agency" as being more precise and because of
    section 102 of the revised title.
      In subsection (c), the words "In addition to the apportionment
    required by section 665 of this title" are omitted as unnecessary
    because of the restatement. The words "By the first day" are
    substituted for "on or before the beginning", and the words "of the
    United States Government" are added, for clarity. The words "major
    organizational unit" are substituted for "office or bureau" for
    consistency in the revised section. The word "changed" is
    substituted for "increased or diminished" to eliminate unnecessary
    words.
      In subsection (e), the words "initiation and operation" are
    substituted for "initiation, operation, and administration" to
    eliminate unnecessary words.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1514                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1514. Administrative division of apportionments

-STATUTE-
      (a) The official having administrative control of an
    appropriation available to the legislative branch, the judicial
    branch, the United States International Trade Commission, or the
    District of Columbia government, and, subject to the approval of
    the President, the head of each executive agency (except the
    Commission) shall prescribe by regulation a system of
    administrative control not inconsistent with accounting procedures
    prescribed under law. The system shall be designed to - 
        (1) restrict obligations or expenditures from each
      appropriation to the amount of apportionments or reapportionments
      of the appropriation; and
        (2) enable the official or the head of the executive agency to
      fix responsibility for an obligation or expenditure exceeding an
      apportionment or reapportionment.

      (b) To have a simplified system for administratively dividing
    appropriations, the head of each executive agency (except the
    Commission) shall work toward the objective of financing each
    operating unit, at the highest practical level, from not more than
    one administrative division for each appropriation affecting the
    unit.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 930.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1514(a)      31:665(g)(2d            R.S. Sec. 3679(g)(2d           
                  sentence).              sentence); Mar. 3, 1905, ch.  
                                          1484, Sec. 4(1st par.), 33    
                                          Stat. 1257; Feb. 27, 1906, ch.
                                          510, Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 48;     
                                          restated Sept. 6, 1950, ch.   
                                          896, Sec. 1211, 64 Stat. 767; 
                                          Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1970,    
                                          eff. July 1, 1970, Sec.       
                                          102(a), 84 Stat. 2085; Jan. 3,
                                          1975, Pub. L. 93-618, Sec.    
                                          175(a)(2), 88 Stat. 2011.     
    1514(b)      31:665(g)(last          R.S. Sec. 3679(g)(last         
                  sentence).              sentence); added Aug. 1, 1956,
                                          ch. 814, Sec. 3, 70 Stat. 783.
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, the words "(except the Commission)" are added
    because the International Trade Commission is covered specifically
    by the source provisions restated in this section.
      In subsection (a), the word "official" is substituted for
    "officer" for consistency in the revised title. The words "judicial
    branch" are substituted for "judiciary", and the words "District of
    Columbia government" are substituted for "District of Columbia",
    for consistency. The word "President" is substituted for "Director
    of the Office of Management and Budget" because sections 101 and
    102(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84
    Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau of the Budget as the Office of
    Management and Budget and transferred all functions of the Bureau
    to the President.
      In subsection (b), the words "dividing" and "division" are
    substituted for "subdivision" for consistency in the revised
    section. The word "appropriations" is substituted for
    "appropriations or funds" because of the definition of
    "appropriation" in section 1511 of the revised title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1515                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1515. Authorized apportionments necessitating deficiency or
      supplemental appropriations

-STATUTE-
      (a) An appropriation required to be apportioned under section
    1512 of this title may be apportioned on a basis that indicates the
    need for a deficiency or supplemental appropriation to the extent
    necessary to permit payment of such pay increases as may be granted
    pursuant to law to civilian officers and employees (including
    prevailing rate employees whose pay is fixed and adjusted under
    subchapter IV of chapter 53 of title 5) and to retired and active
    military personnel.
      (b)(1) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, an
    official may make, and the head of an executive agency may request,
    an apportionment under section 1512 of this title that would
    indicate a necessity for a deficiency or supplemental appropriation
    only when the official or agency head decides that the action is
    required because of - 
        (A) a law enacted after submission to Congress of the estimates
      for an appropriation that requires an expenditure beyond
      administrative control; or
        (B) an emergency involving the safety of human life, the
      protection of property, or the immediate welfare of individuals
      when an appropriation that would allow the United States
      Government to pay, or contribute to, amounts required to be paid
      to individuals in specific amounts fixed by law or under formulas
      prescribed by law, is insufficient.

      (2) If an official making an apportionment decides that an
    apportionment would indicate a necessity for a deficiency or
    supplemental appropriation, the official shall submit immediately a
    detailed report of the facts to Congress. The report shall be
    referred to in submitting a proposed deficiency or supplemental
    appropriation.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 931; Pub. L. 100-202,
    Sec. 105, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329-433.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1515(a)      31:665a.                June 5, 1957, Pub. L. 85-48,   
                                          Sec. 210, 71 Stat. 55.        
    1515(b)(     31:665(e)(1).           R.S. Sec. 3679(e)(1); Mar. 3,  
     1)                                   1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; Sept. 6, 1950, ch.  
                                          896, Sec. 1211, 64 Stat. 767; 
                                          restated Aug. 28, 1957, Pub.  
                                          L. 85-170, Sec. 1401, 71 Stat.
                                          440.                          
    1515(b)(     31:665(e)(2).           R.S. Sec. 3679(e)(2); Mar. 3,  
     2)                                   1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; restated Sept. 6,   
                                          1950, ch. 896, Sec. 1211, 64  
                                          Stat. 767.                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the words "On and after June 5, 1957" are
    omitted as executed. The words "deficiency or supplemental
    appropriation" are substituted for "supplemental or deficiency
    estimate of appropriation" for consistency with chapter 11 of the
    revised title. The words "prevailing rate employees whose pay is
    fixed and adjusted under subchapter IV of chapter 53 of title 5"
    are substituted for "those employees (commonly known as wage-board
    employees) whose compensation is fixed and adjusted from time to
    time in accordance with prevailing rates (5 U.S.C. 5102(c)(7), 5341
    et seq.)" for consistency with title 5.
      In subsection (b), the word "apportionment" is substituted for
    "apportionment or reapportionment" because of section 1512(a)(last
    sentence) of the revised title.
      In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Except as
    provided in subsection (a) of this section" are added because of
    the restatement. The word "appropriation" is substituted for
    "estimate" for consistency in the revised section. The words "is
    insufficient" are added for clarity.
      In subsection (b)(2), the words "proposed deficiency or
    supplemental appropriation" are substituted for "deficiency or
    supplemental estimates" for consistency with chapter 11 of the
    revised title.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1987 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-202 added subsec. (a) and struck
    out former subsec. (a) which read as follows: "An appropriation
    required to be apportioned under section 1512 of this title may be
    apportioned on a basis that indicates a necessity for a deficiency
    or supplemental appropriation to the extent necessary to permit
    payment of pay increases for prevailing rate employees whose pay is
    fixed and adjusted under subchapter IV of chapter 53 of title 5."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1516                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1516. Exemptions

-STATUTE-
      An official designated in section 1513 of this title to make
    apportionments may exempt from apportionment - 
        (1) a trust fund or working fund if an expenditure from the
      fund has no significant effect on the financial operations of the
      United States Government;
        (2) a working capital fund or a revolving fund established for
      intragovernmental operations;
        (3) receipts from industrial and power operations available
      under law; and
        (4) appropriations made specifically for - 
          (A) interest on, or retirement of, the public debt;
          (B) payment of claims, judgments, refunds, and drawbacks;
          (C) items the President decides are of a confidential nature;
          (D) payment under a law requiring payment of the total amount
        of the appropriation to a designated payee; and
          (E) grants to the States under the Social Security Act (42
        U.S.C. 301 et seq.).

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 931.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1516         31:665(f)(1).           R.S. Sec. 3679(f)(1); Mar. 3,  
                                          1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st    
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; restated Sept. 6,   
                                          1950, ch. 896, Sec. 1211, 64  
                                          Stat. 767.                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, before clause (1), the word "apportionments" is
    substituted for "apportionments and reapportionments" because of
    section 1512(a)(last sentence) of the revised title. In subclause
    (D), the word "law" is substituted for "private relief acts or
    other laws" to eliminate unnecessary words.

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      The Social Security Act, referred to in par. (4)(E), is act Aug.
    14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified
    generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public
    Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the
    Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1517                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1517. Prohibited obligations and expenditures

-STATUTE-
      (a) An officer or employee of the United States Government or of
    the District of Columbia government may not make or authorize an
    expenditure or obligation exceeding - 
        (1) an apportionment; or
        (2) the amount permitted by regulations prescribed under
      section 1514(a) of this title.

      (b) If an officer or employee of an executive agency or of the
    District of Columbia government violates subsection (a) of this
    section, the head of the executive agency or the Mayor of the
    District of Columbia, as the case may be, shall report immediately
    to the President and Congress all relevant facts and a statement of
    actions taken. A copy of each report shall also be transmitted to
    the Comptroller General on the same date the report is transmitted
    to the President and Congress.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 932; Pub. L. 108-447,
    div. G, title I, Sec. 1401(b), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3192.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1517(a)      31:665(h).              R.S. Sec. 3679(h),             
                                          (i)(2)(related to (h)); Mar.  
                                          3, 1905, ch. 1484, Sec. 4(1st 
                                          par.), 33 Stat. 1257; Feb. 27,
                                          1906, ch. 510, Sec. 3, 34     
                                          Stat. 48; restated Sept. 6,   
                                          1950, ch. 896, Sec. 1211, 64  
                                          Stat. 768.                    
    1517(b)      31:665(i)(2)(                                          
                  related to (h)).                                      
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "District of
    Columbia government" are added because of section 9 of the Act of
    June 26, 1912 (ch. 182, 37 Stat. 184). In clause (1), the word
    "apportionment" is substituted for "apportionment or
    reapportionment" because of section 1512(a)(last sentence) of the
    revised title.
      In subsection (b), the word "Mayor" is used because of
    Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1967 (eff. Aug. 11, 1967, 81 Stat.
    948) and sections 421, 422, and 771 of the District of Columbia
    Self-Government and Governmental Reorganization Act (Pub. L. 93-
    198, 87 Stat. 789, 818). The word "President" is substituted for
    "President, through the Director of the Office of Management and
    Budget" because sections 101 and 102(a) of Reorganization Plan No.
    2 of 1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84 Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau
    of the Budget as the Office of Management and Budget and
    transferred all functions of the Bureau to the President.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2004 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108-447 inserted at end "A copy of
    each report shall also be transmitted to the Comptroller General on
    the same date the report is transmitted to the President and
    Congress."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1518                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1518. Adverse personnel actions

-STATUTE-
      An officer or employee of the United States Government or of the
    District of Columbia government violating section 1517(a) of this
    title shall be subject to appropriate administrative discipline
    including, when circumstances warrant, suspension from duty without
    pay or removal from office.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 932.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1518         31:665(i)(1)(words      R.S. Sec. 3679(i)(1)(words     
                  before semicolon        before semicolon related to   
                  related to (h)).        (h)); Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1484, 
                                          Sec. 4(1st par.), 33 Stat.    
                                          1257; Feb. 27, 1906, ch. 510, 
                                          Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 48; restated 
                                          Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Sec.  
                                          1211, 64 Stat. 768.           
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      The words "In addition to any penalty or liability under other
    law" are omitted as surplus. The words "District of Columbia
    government" are added because of section 9 of the Act of June 26,
    1912 (ch. 182, 37 Stat. 184).

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1519                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER II - APPORTIONMENT

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1519. Criminal penalty

-STATUTE-
      An officer or employee of the United States Government or of the
    District of Columbia government knowingly and willfully violating
    section 1517(a) of this title shall be fined not more than $5,000,
    imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 932.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1519         31:665(i)(1)(words      R.S. Sec. 3679(i)(1)(words     
                  after semicolon         after semicolon related to    
                  related to (h)).        (h)); Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1484, 
                                          Sec. 4(1st par.), 33 Stat.    
                                          1257; Feb. 27, 1906, ch. 510, 
                                          Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 48; restated 
                                          Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Sec.  
                                          1211, 64 Stat. 768.           
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      The words "District of Columbia government" are added because of
    section 9 of the Act of June 26, 1912 (ch. 182, 37 Stat. 184).

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS        01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
               SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS           

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1531                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1531. Transfers of functions and activities

-STATUTE-
      (a) The balance of an appropriation available and necessary to
    finance or discharge a function or activity transferred or assigned
    under law within an executive agency or from one executive agency
    to another may be transferred to and used - 
        (1) by the organizational unit or agency to which the function
      or activity was transferred or assigned; and
        (2) for a purpose for which the appropriation was originally
      available.

      (b) The head of the executive agency determines the amount that,
    with the approval of the President, is necessary to be transferred
    when the transfer or assignment of the function or activity is
    within the agency. The President determines the amount necessary to
    be transferred when the transfer or assignment of the function or
    activity is from one executive agency to another.
      (c) A balance transferred under this section is - 
        (1) credited to an applicable existing or new appropriation
      account;
        (2) merged with the amount in an account to which the balance
      is credited; and
        (3) with the amount with which the balance is merged, accounted
      for as one amount.

      (d) New appropriation accounts may be established to carry out
    subsection (c)(1) of this section.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 932.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1531(a),     31:581c(a)(1st          Sept. 12, 1950, ch. 946, Sec.  
     (b)          sentence), (b)(1st      202, 64 Stat. 838.            
                  sentence).                                            
    1531(c),     31:581c(a)(last                                        
     (d)          sentence), (b)(last                                   
                  sentence).                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsections (a) and (b), the defined term "executive agency"
    in section 102 of the revised title is substituted for "department
    or establishment" for consistency and clarity.
      In subsection (a), the words "organizational unit or agency" are
    substituted for "agency", and the word "appropriation" is
    substituted for "said funds", for consistency and clarity.
      Subsection (d) is substituted for "which are hereby authorized to
    be established" because of the restatement.

    PROHIBITION ON TRANSFER OF FUNDS TO OTHER DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
      Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title XVI, Sec. 1604, Nov. 29, 1989, 103
    Stat. 1598, provided that funds available for military functions of
    Department of Defense could not be made available to any other
    department or agency of Federal Government pursuant to a provision
    of law enacted after Nov. 29, 1989, unless, not less than 30 days
    before such funds were made available to such other department or
    agency, Secretary of Defense submitted to congressional defense
    committees a report describing effect on military preparedness of
    making such funds available to such department or agency, prior to
    repeal and restatement in section 2215 of Title 10, Armed Forces,
    by Pub. L. 103-160, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1106(a)(1), (b), Nov.
    30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1750.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1532                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1532. Withdrawal and credit

-STATUTE-
      An amount available under law may be withdrawn from one
    appropriation account and credited to another or to a working fund
    only when authorized by law. Except as specifically provided by
    law, an amount authorized to be withdrawn and credited is available
    for the same purpose and subject to the same limitations provided
    by the law appropriating the amount. A withdrawal and credit is
    made by check and without a warrant.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 933.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1532         31:628-1.               Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Sec.   
                                          1210(less last proviso), 64   
                                          Stat. 765.                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      The word "limitations" is substituted for "limitations,
    conditions, and restrictions" to eliminate unnecessary words.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1533                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1533. Transfers of appropriations for salaries and expenses to
      carry out national defense responsibilities

-STATUTE-
      An appropriation of an executive agency for salaries and expenses
    is available to carry out national defense responsibilities
    assigned to the agency under law. A transfer necessary to carry out
    this section may be made between appropriations or allocations
    within the executive agency. An allocation may not be made to an
    executive agency that can carry out with its regular personnel a
    defense activity assigned to it by using the authority of this
    section to realign its regular programs.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 933.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1533         31:697.                 June 2, 1951, ch. 121, ch.     
                                          XI(proviso immediately before 
                                          heading "Independent          
                                          Offices"), 65 Stat. 61.       
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      The words "executive agency" are substituted for "department,
    agency, or corporation, in the executive branch of the Government"
    because of section 102 of the revised title. The words "authority
    of this section" are substituted for "foregoing authority" for
    clarity.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1534                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1534. Adjustments between appropriations

-STATUTE-
      (a) An appropriation available to an agency may be charged at any
    time during a fiscal year for the benefit of another appropriation
    available to the agency to pay costs - 
        (1) when amounts are available in both the appropriation to be
      charged and the appropriation to be benefited; and
        (2) subject to limitations applicable to the appropriations.

      (b) Amounts paid under this section are charged on a final basis
    during, or as of the close of, the fiscal year to the appropriation
    benefited. The appropriation charged under subsection (a) of this
    section shall be appropriately credited.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 933.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1534(a)      31:628a(1st             June 29, 1966, Pub. L. 89-473, 
                  sentence).              Sec. 1, 80 Stat. 221.         
    1534(b)      31:628a(last                                           
                  sentence).                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the words "Subject to limitations applicable
    with respect to each appropriation concerned" are omitted as
    surplus. The words "or any bureau or office thereof" are omitted as
    being included in "agency". The words "to pay costs" are
    substituted for "for the purpose of financing the procurement of
    materials and services, or financing other costs" to eliminate
    unnecessary words.
      In subsection (b), the words "amounts paid under this section"
    are substituted for "such expenses so financed", and the words
    "appropriations charged under subsection (a) of this section" are
    substituted for "financing appropriation", for clarity.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1535                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1535. Agency agreements

-STATUTE-
      (a) The head of an agency or major organizational unit within an
    agency may place an order with a major organizational unit within
    the same agency or another agency for goods or services if - 
        (1) amounts are available;
        (2) the head of the ordering agency or unit decides the order
      is in the best interest of the United States Government;
        (3) the agency or unit to fill the order is able to provide or
      get by contract the ordered goods or services; and
        (4) the head of the agency decides ordered goods or services
      cannot be provided by contract as conveniently or cheaply by a
      commercial enterprise.

      (b) Payment shall be made promptly by check on the written
    request of the agency or unit filling the order. Payment may be in
    advance or on providing the goods or services ordered and shall be
    for any part of the estimated or actual cost as determined by the
    agency or unit filling the order. A bill submitted or a request for
    payment is not subject to audit or certification in advance of
    payment. Proper adjustment of amounts paid in advance shall be made
    as agreed to by the heads of the agencies or units on the basis of
    the actual cost of goods or services provided.
      (c) A condition or limitation applicable to amounts for
    procurement of an agency or unit placing an order or making a
    contract under this section applies to the placing of the order or
    the making of the contract.
      (d) An order placed or agreement made under this section
    obligates an appropriation of the ordering agency or unit. The
    amount obligated is deobligated to the extent that the agency or
    unit filling the order has not incurred obligations, before the end
    of the period of availability of the appropriation, in - 
        (1) providing goods or services; or
        (2) making an authorized contract with another person to
      provide the requested goods or services.

      (e) This section does not - 
        (1) authorize orders to be placed for goods or services to be
      provided by convict labor; or
        (2) affect other laws about working funds.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 933; Pub. L. 98-216, Sec.
    1(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 3.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
                                 1982 ACT                             
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1535(a)      31:686(a)(1st           Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 143, Sec.    
                  sentence words          1(3d proviso on p. 1084), 38  
                  before 15th comma,      Stat. 1084; May 21, 1920, ch. 
                  last proviso).          194, Sec. 7(a), 41 Stat. 613; 
                                          June 30, 1932, ch. 314, Sec.  
                                          601, 47 Stat. 417; restated   
                                          July 20, 1942, ch. 507, 56    
                                          Stat. 661; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub.
                                          L. 85-726, Sec. 1407, 72 Stat.
                                          808; Aug. 6, 1981, Pub. L.    
                                          97-31, Sec. 12(11), 95 Stat.  
                                          154; Dec. 29, 1981, Pub. L.   
                                          97-136, Sec. 11, 95 Stat. 1707.
    1535(b)      31:686(a)(1st                                          
                  sentence 1st                                          
                  proviso).                                             
    1535(c)      31:686(a)(1st                                          
                  sentence words                                        
                  between 15th comma                                    
                  and 1st proviso,                                      
                  last sentence).                                       
    1535(d)      31:686(c).              May 21, 1920, ch. 194, Sec.    
                                          7(c), 41 Stat. 613; June 30,  
                                          1932, ch. 314, Sec. 601, 47   
                                          Stat. 417; restated June 26,  
                                          1943, ch. 150, Sec. 1, 57     
                                          Stat. 219.                    
                 31:686-1.               Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Sec.   
                                          1210(last proviso), 64 Stat.  
                                          765.                          
    1535(e)(     31:686b(a), (b).        June 30, 1932, ch. 314, Sec.   
     1)                                   602(a), (b), (c)(related to   
                                          Sec. 602), 47 Stat. 418.      
    1535(e)(     31:686b(c)(related                                     
     2)           to 31:686, 686b).                                     
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, the word "agency" is substituted for "executive
    department or independent establishment of the Government" for
    clarity. See 12 Comp. Gen. 442 (1932) and United States v.
    Mitchell, 425 F. Supp. 917 (D.D.C. 1976). The words "major
    organizational unit" or "unit" are substituted for "bureau or
    office" for consistency in the revised title. The words "to fill
    the order" or "filling the order" are substituted for "such
    requisitioned" and "as may be requisitioned" for clarity and
    because of the restatement. The words "goods or services" are
    substituted for "materials, supplies, equipment, work, or services"
    to eliminate unnecessary words.
      In subsection (a)(4), the words "the head of the agency decides"
    are added, and the words "commercial enterprise" are substituted
    for "private agencies", for clarity. The words "by competitive
    bids" are omitted as surplus because of various procurement laws.
      In subsection (b), the words "The Secretary of Defense" are added
    for clarity because of Comptroller General decision B-20179 (Apr.
    1, 1981). The words "a military department of the Department of
    Defense" are substituted for "the Department of the Army, Navy
    Department" for consistency with title 10 and to apply the source
    provisions to the Department of the Air Force because of sections
    205(a) and 207(a) and (f) of the Act of July 26, 1947 (ch. 343, 61
    Stat. 501, 502), and section 1 of the Act of August 10, 1956 (ch.
    1041, 70A Stat. 488). The words "Secretary of Transportation in
    carrying out duties and powers related to aviation and the Coast
    Guard" are substituted for "Federal Aviation Agency, Coast Guard"
    to reflect the transfer of those functions to the Secretary of
    Transportation. The words "the Administrator of General Services"
    are added to reflect the transfer of the functions of the Bureau of
    Federal Supply of the Treasury Department to the Administrator by
    section 102(a) of the Act of June 30, 1949 (40:752(a)). The words
    "the Administrator of" are added before "Maritime Administration"
    for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other
    titles of the United States Code.
      In subsection (c), the words "pursuant to such order" are omitted
    as unnecessary.
      Subsection (d) is substituted for the source provisions being
    restated to reflect decisions of the Comptroller General, including
    31 Comp. Gen. 83 (1951), 34 Comp. Gen. 418 (1955), 39 Comp. Gen.
    317 (1959), and 55 Comp. Gen. 1497 (1976).
      In subsection (e), the words "any Government department or
    independent establishment, or any bureau or office thereof" and
    "except as otherwise provided by law" are omitted as unnecessary
    because of the restatement. The text of 31:686b(a) is omitted as
    executed.

                                 1984 ACT                             
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1535(a)      31 App.:686(a) (1st     May 21, 1920, ch. 194, Sec.    
                  sentence words          7(a) (1st, 2d sentences), 41  
                  before 15th comma,      Stat. 613; June 30, 1932, ch. 
                  proviso)                314, Sec. 601, 47 Stat. 417;  
                                          restated July 20, 1942, ch.   
                                          507, 56 Stat. 661; Aug. 23,   
                                          1958, Pub. L. 85-726, Sec.    
                                          1407, 72 Stat. 808; Aug. 6,   
                                          1981, Pub. L. 97-136, Sec. 11,
                                          95 Stat. 1707; Oct. 15, 1982, 
                                          Pub. L. 97-332, Sec. 1(1)-(3),
                                          96 Stat. 1622.                
    1535(b)      31 App.:686(a) (1st                                    
                  sentence words                                        
                  between 15th comma                                    
                  and proviso, 2d                                       
                  sentence)                                             
    1535(c)      31 App.:686(a)          May 21, 1920, ch. 194, 41      
                  (last sentence)         Stat. 607, Sec. 7(a) (last    
                                          sentence); added Oct. 15,     
                                          1982, Pub. L. 97-332, Sec.    
                                          1(4), 96 Stat. 1622.          
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1984 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 1(2)(A), inserted "or
    get by contract" after "provide".
      Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 1(2)(B), inserted "by
    contract" after "provided".
      Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 98-216, Sec. 1(2)(C)-(E), redesignated
    subsec. (c) as (b). Former subsec. (b), which provided that the
    Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of a military department of the
    Department of Defense, the Secretary of Transportation in carrying
    out duties and powers related to aviation and the Coast Guard, the
    Secretary of the Treasury, the Administrator of General Services,
    and the Administrator of the Maritime Administration could place
    orders under this section for goods and services that an agency or
    unit filling the order might be able to provide or procure by
    contract, was struck out.

    REVIEW AND ENHANCEMENT OF EXISTING AUTHORITIES FOR USING AIR FORCE
     AND AIR NATIONAL GUARD MODULAR AIRBORNE FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS AND
           OTHER DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ASSETS TO FIGHT WILDFIRES
      Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title X, Sec. 1058, Nov. 24, 2003, 117
    Stat. 1619, provided that:
      "(a) Review Required. - The Director of the Office of Management
    and Budget shall conduct a review of existing authorities regarding
    the use of Air Force and Air National Guard Modular Airborne Fire-
    Fighting Systems units and other Department of Defense assets to
    fight wildfires to ensure that, in accordance with applicable legal
    requirements, such assets are available in the most expeditious
    manner to fight wildfires on Federal lands or non-Federal lands at
    the request of a Federal agency or State government. In conducting
    the review, the Director shall specifically consider - 
        "(1) any adverse impact caused by the restrictions contained in
      section 1535(a)(4) of title 31, United States Code, or caused by
      the interpretation of such restrictions, on the ability of the
      Forest Service and other Federal agencies to procure such
      firefighting services; and
        "(2) whether the authorities under the Robert T. Stafford
      Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et
      seq.), including section 403(c) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 5170b),
      are being properly utilized to facilitate an expeditious
      Department of Defense response to State requests under, and
      consistent with, such Act for firefighting services.
      "(b) Determination Required. - On the basis of the review, the
    Director shall make a determination regarding whether existing
    authorities are being used in a manner consistent with using the
    available capabilities of Department of Defense assets to fight
    wildfires in the most expeditious and efficacious way to minimize
    the risk to public safety.
      "(c) Expedited Economy Act Review Process. - If the Director
    determines under subsection (b) that existing authorities are
    adequate for the deployment of Department of Defense assets to
    fight wildfires, the Director shall develop and implement, subject
    to subsection (f), such modifications to the process for conducting
    the cost comparison required by section 1535(a)(4) of title 31,
    United States Code, as the Director considers appropriate to
    further expedite the procurement of such firefighting services.
      "(d) Development and Implementation of Revised Policies. - If the
    Director determines under subsection (b) that the existing
    authorities or their use is inadequate or can be improved, the
    Director shall develop and implement, subject to subsection (f),
    such regulations, policies, and interagency procedures as may be
    necessary to improve the ability of the Department of Defense to
    respond to a request by a Federal agency or State government to
    assist in fighting wildfires on Federal lands or non-Federal lands
    under section 1535(a) of title 31, United States Code, or the
    Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42
    U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), or both.
      "(e) Reporting Requirement. - Not later than 120 days after the
    date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 24, 2003], the Director
    shall transmit to Congress a report - 
        "(1) containing the results of the review conducted under
      subsection (a) and the determination made under subsection (b);
      and
        "(2) based on such determination, describing the modifications
      proposed to be made to existing authorities under subsection (c)
      or (d), including whether there is a need for legislative changes
      to further improve the procedures for using Department of Defense
      assets to fight wildfires.
      "(f) Delayed Implementation. - The modifications described in the
    report prepared under subsection (e) to be made to existing
    authorities under subsection (c) or (d) shall not take effect until
    the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the
    report is transmitted to Congress."

    PLACEMENT OF ORDERS BY CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER OF THE HOUSE OF
                              REPRESENTATIVES
      Pub. L. 107-206, title I, Sec. 904, Aug. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 876,
    provided that: "Nothing in section 1535 of title 31, U.S.C.
    (commonly referred to as the 'Economy Act'), or any other provision
    of such title may be construed to prevent or restrict the Chief
    Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives from placing
    orders under such section during any fiscal year in the same manner
    and to the same extent as the head of any other major
    organizational unit with an agency may place orders under such
    section during a fiscal year."

                           ECONOMY ACT PURCHASES                       
      Pub. L. 103-355, title I, Sec. 1074, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat.
    3271, provided that the Federal Acquisition Regulation was to be
    revised to include regulations governing the exercise of authority
    under this section for Federal agencies to purchase goods and
    services under contracts entered into or administered by other
    agencies, and further provided for content of regulations,
    establishment of system to monitor procurements under regulations,
    and that section would cease to be effective one year after date on
    which final regulations took effect. Final regulations were
    published in the Federal Register Sept. 26, 1995, effective Oct. 1,
    1995. See 60 F.R. 49720.

          DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES THROUGH OTHER AGENCIES      
      Pub. L. 105-261, div. A, title VIII, Sec. 814, Oct. 17, 1998, 112
    Stat. 2087, which directed Secretary of Defense, not later than 90
    days after Oct. 17, 1998, to revise regulations issued pursuant to
    section 844 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
    Year 1994 (Pub. L. 103-160, see below) to cover certain purchases
    greater than the micro-purchase threshold and to provide for a
    streamlined method of compliance for any such purchase that is not
    greater than the simplified acquisition threshold, ceased to be
    effective 1 year after date on which final regulations took effect.
    Final regulations were published in the Federal Register Mar. 25,
    1999, effective on that date. See 64 F.R. 14399.
      Pub. L. 103-160, div. A, title VIII, Sec. 844, Nov. 30, 1993, 107
    Stat. 1720, directed Secretary of Defense, not later than six
    months after Nov. 30, 1993, to prescribe regulations governing
    exercise by Department of Defense of authority under this section
    to purchase goods and services under contracts entered into or
    administered by another agency, and provided for content of
    regulations, establishment of system to monitor procurements under
    regulations, and that section would cease to be effective one year
    after date on which final regulations took effect. Final
    regulations were published in the Federal Register Sept. 26, 1995,
    effective Oct. 1, 1995. See 60 F.R. 49720.

    ACQUISITION OF GOODS, SERVICES, OR SPACE BY SECRETARY OF SENATE AND
                 SERGEANT AT ARMS AND DOORKEEPER OF SENATE
      Pub. L. 101-163, title I, Sec. 8, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1046,
    provided that:
      "(1) The Secretary of the Senate and the Sergeant at Arms and
    Doorkeeper of the Senate are authorized to acquire goods, services,
    or space from government agencies and units by agreement under the
    provisions of the Economy Act, 31 U.S.C. 1535, and to make advance
    payments in conjunction therewith, if required by the providing
    agency or establishment.
      "(2) No advance payment may be made under paragraph (1) unless
    specifically provided for in the agreement. No agreement providing
    for advance payment may be entered into unless it contains a
    provision requiring the refund of any unobligated balance of the
    advance.
      "(3) No agreement may be entered into under paragraph (1) without
    the approval of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
    and the Senate Committee on Appropriations."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1536                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1536. Crediting payments from purchases between executive
      agencies

-STATUTE-
      (a) An advance payment made on an order under section 1535 of
    this title is credited to a special working fund that the Secretary
    of the Treasury considers necessary to be established. Except as
    provided in this section, any other payment is credited to the
    appropriation or fund against which charges were made to fill the
    order.
      (b) An amount paid under section 1535 of this title may be
    expended in providing goods or services or for a purpose specified
    for the appropriation or fund credited. Where goods are provided
    from stocks on hand, the amount received in payment is credited so
    as to be available to replace the goods unless - 
        (1) another law authorizes the amount to be credited to some
      other appropriation or fund; or
        (2) the head of the executive agency filling the order decides
      that replacement is not necessary, in which case, the amount
      received is deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

      (c) This section does not affect other laws about working funds.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 934.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1536(a)      31:686(b)(1st, 2d       May 21, 1920, ch. 194, Sec.    
                  sentences).             7(b), 41 Stat. 613; restated  
                                          June 30, 1932, ch. 314, Sec.  
                                          601, 47 Stat. 418.            
    1536(b)      31:686(b)(3d, last                                     
                  sentences).                                           
    1536(c)      31:686b(c)(related      June 30, 1932, ch. 314, Sec.   
                  to 31:686).             602(c)(related to Sec. 601),  
                                          47 Stat. 418.                 
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (b), the words "providing goods or services" are
    substituted for "furnishing the materials, supplies, or equipment,
    or in performing the work or services" to eliminate unnecessary
    words.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1537                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER III - TRANSFERS AND REIMBURSEMENTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1537. Services between the United States Government and the
      District of Columbia government

-STATUTE-
      (a) To prevent duplication and to promote efficiency and economy,
    an officer or employee of - 
        (1) the United States Government may provide services to the
      District of Columbia government; and
        (2) the District of Columbia government may provide services to
      the United States Government.

      (b)(1) Services under this section shall be provided under an
    agreement - 
        (A) negotiated by officers and employees of the 2 governments;
      and
        (B) approved by the Director of the Office of Management and
      Budget and the Mayor of the District of Columbia.

      (2) Each agreement shall provide that the cost of providing the
    services shall be borne in the way provided in subsection (c) of
    this section by the government to which the services are provided
    at rates or charges based on the actual cost of providing the
    services.
      (3) To carry out an agreement made under this subsection, the
    agreement may provide for the delegation of duties and powers of
    officers and employees of - 
        (A) the District of Columbia government to officers and
      employees of the United States Government; and
        (B) the United States Government to officers and employees of
      the District of Columbia government.

      (c) In providing services under an agreement made under
    subsection (b) of this section - 
        (1) costs incurred by the United States Government may be paid
      from appropriations available to the District of Columbia
      government officer or employee to whom the services were
      provided; and
        (2) costs incurred by the District of Columbia government may
      be paid from amounts available to the United States Government
      officer or employee to whom the services were provided.

      (d) When requested by the Director of the United States Secret
    Service, the Chief of the Metropolitan Police shall assist the
    Secret Service and the Secret Service Uniformed Division on a non-
    reimbursable basis in carrying out their protective duties under
    sections 3056 and 3056A of title 18.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 934; Pub. L. 109-177,
    title VI, Sec. 605(d)(1), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 255.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1537(a)      31:685a(a)(1st          Dec. 24, 1973, Pub. L. 93-198, 
                  sentence).              Sec. 731, 87 Stat. 822.       
    1537(b)      31:685a(a)(2d, last                                    
                  sentences), (b).                                      
    1537(c)      31:685a(c)(less                                        
                  last sentence words                                   
                  after last comma).                                    
    1537(d)      31:685a(c)(last                                        
                  sentence words                                        
                  after last comma).                                    
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, the words "District of Columbia" are substituted
    for "District" for clarity and consistency.
      In subsection (a), the word "duplication" is substituted for
    "duplication of effort" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words
    "officer or employee of the United States Government" are
    substituted for "any Federal officer or agency", and the words
    "officer or employee of the District of Columbia government" are
    substituted for "any District officer or agency", for consistency.
      In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Except where
    the terms and conditions governing the furnishing of such services
    are prescribed by other provisions of law" are omitted as surplus.
    In clause (A), the words "officers and employees of the 2
    governments" are substituted for "Federal and District authorities"
    for consistency. In clause (B), the words "of the District of
    Columbia" are added for clarity.
      In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "duties and
    powers" are substituted for "functions" for consistency in the
    revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The
    text of 31:685a(b)(last sentence) is omitted as surplus.
      In subsection (c)(1), the words "United States Government" are
    substituted for "each Federal officer and agency" for clarity.
      In subsection (c)(2), the words "District of Columbia government"
    are substituted for "each District officer and agency" for
    consistency.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2006 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109-177 substituted "and the Secret
    Service Uniformed Division" for "and the Executive Protective
    Service" and "their protective duties under sections 3056 and 3056A
    of title 18" for "their protective duties under section 302 of
    title 3 and section 3056 of title 18".

-TRANS-
                           TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS                       
      For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations
    of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the
    Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of
    Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see
    sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic
    Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization
    Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under
    section 542 of Title 6.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS                     01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
                     SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS                 

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1551                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1551. Definitions; applicability of subchapter

-STATUTE-
      (a) In this subchapter - 
        (1) An obligated balance of an appropriation account as of the
      end of a fiscal year is the amount of unliquidated obligations
      applicable to the appropriation less amounts collectible as
      repayments to the appropriation.
        (2) An unobligated balance is the difference between the
      obligated balance and the total unexpended balance.
        (3) A fixed appropriation account is an appropriation account
      available for obligation for a definite period.

      (b) The limitations on the availability for expenditure
    prescribed in this subchapter apply to all appropriations unless
    specifically otherwise authorized by a law that specifically - 
        (1) identifies the appropriate account for which the
      availability for expenditure is to be extended;
        (2) provides that such account shall be available for
      recording, adjusting, and liquidating obligations properly
      chargeable to that account; and
        (3) extends the availability for expenditure of the obligated
      balances.

      (c) This subchapter does not apply to - 
        (1) appropriations for the District of Columbia government; or
        (2) appropriations to be disbursed by the Secretary of the
      Senate or the Chief Administrative Officer of the House of
      Representatives.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 935; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1676;
    Pub. L. 102-484, div. A, title X, Sec. 1054(e)(2), Oct. 23, 1992,
    106 Stat. 2503; Pub. L. 104-186, title II, Sec. 219(b)(1), Aug. 20,
    1996, 110 Stat. 1748.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1551(a)      31:701(c)(1st           July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                  sentence).              1(c)(1st sentence), 70 Stat.  
                                          648; July 8, 1959, Pub. L.    
                                          86-79, Sec. 210(b), 73 Stat.  
                                          167.                          
    1551(b)      31:707.                 July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                                          8, 70 Stat. 650.              
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (b)(1), the words "District of Columbia government"
    are substituted for "District of Columbia" for consistency.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104-186 substituted "Chief
    Administrative Officer" for "Clerk".
      1992 - Pub. L. 102-484 substituted "Definitions; applicability of
    subchapter" for "Definitions and applications" as section
    catchline.
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 amended text generally, reenacting former
    subsec. (a)(1) and (2) with a change in capitalization, adding
    subsecs. (a)(3) and (b), and restating former subsec. (b) as (c).

         EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT; TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS     
      Section 1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, as amended by Pub. L. 102-
    484, div. A, title X, Sec. 1004, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2481,
    provided that:
      "(1) Application of amendments. - The amendments made by
    subsection (a) [amending this section and sections 1552 to 1557 of
    this title] shall apply to any appropriation account the obligated
    balance of which, on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 5,
    1990], has not been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of title
    31, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of
    the enactment of this section.
      "(2) Restoration of certain unobligated amounts. - The balance of
    any unobligated amount withdrawn under section 1552(a)(2) of title
    31, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of
    the enactment of this Act, from an account the obligated balance of
    which has not been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of title
    31, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of
    the enactment of this section, is hereby restored to that account.
      "(3) Cancellation of unobligated balances. - All balances of
    unobligated funds withdrawn from an account under subsection
    1552(a)(2) of title 31, United States Code, as in effect on the day
    before the date of the enactment of this Act (other than funds
    restored under paragraph (2)) are canceled, effective at the end of
    the 30-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this
    Act.
      "(4) Cancellation of obligated balances. - On the third September
    30th after the date of the enactment of this Act, all obligated
    balances transferred under subsection 1552(a)(1) of title 31,
    United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of the
    enactment of this Act, shall be canceled.
      "(5) Obligation of existing balances. - After the date of the
    enactment of this Act, an obligation of any part of a balance
    transferred before the date of the enactment of this Act under
    section 1552(a)(1) of title 31, United States Code, shall be
    subject to section 1553(c) of such title, as amended by subsection
    (a).
      "(6) Cancellation of oldest obligated balances. - (A) At the end
    of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the President
    submits to Congress the budget for fiscal year 1992, any amount in
    an account established under paragraph (1) of section 1552 of title
    31, United States Code, as in effect before the date of the
    enactment of this Act, that has been in that account as of that
    date for a period in excess of five years shall be deobligated and
    shall be withdrawn in the manner provided in paragraph (2) of that
    section. Amounts so deobligated and withdrawn may not be restored.
      "(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply so as to require the
    deobligation of amounts - 
        "(i) for which there is documentary evidence that payment will
      be required within 180 days of the date of the enactment of this
      Act; or
        "(ii) that are determined to be necessary for severance
      payments for foreign national employees.
      "(7) Obligations and adjustment of obligations. - (A) After
    cancellation of unobligated balances under paragraph (3) or
    cancellation of obligated balances under paragraph (4) or paragraph
    (6) and subject to the provisions of subparagraph (B), obligations
    and adjustments to obligations that would have been chargeable to
    those balances before such cancellations and that are not otherwise
    chargeable to current appropriations of the agency concerned may be
    charged to current appropriations of that agency available for the
    same purpose. Any charge made pursuant to this subsection shall be
    limited to the unobligated expired balances of the original
    appropriation available for the same purpose.
      "(B) Any charge made pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be
    subject to the maximum amount chargeable under subsection (b) of
    section 1553 of title 31, United States Code, as amended by this
    section, and shall be included in the calculation of the total
    amount charged to any account under that section.
      "(8) Obligations and adjustments of obligations for expired but
    not closed accounts. - (A) Subject to subparagraphs (B), (C), and
    (D), in the case of an appropriation account for a fiscal year
    before fiscal year 1992 for which the period of availability for
    obligation has expired but which has not been closed under the
    provisions of section 1552(a) of title 31, United States Code, or
    paragraph (4) of this section, an obligation and an adjustment of
    an obligation may be charged to any current appropriation account
    of the Department of Defense that is available for the same purpose
    as the expired account if - 
        "(i) the obligation would have been properly chargeable (except
      as to amount) to the expired account before the end of the period
      of availability of that account; and
        "(ii) the obligation is not otherwise properly chargeable to
      any current appropriation account of the Department of Defense.
      "(B) The total amount charged to a current appropriation account
    under subparagraph (A) may not exceed an amount equal to the lesser
    of - 
        "(i) one percent of the total amount of the appropriations for
      that account; or
        "(ii) one percent of the total amount of the appropriations for
      the expired account.
      "(C) No obligation or adjustment of an obligation may be charged
    pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph until the Committees
    on Armed Services and the Committees on Appropriations of the
    Senate and House of Representatives are notified of the intent to
    make such a charge and a period of 30 days elapses after the
    notification is submitted.
      "(D) Certifications. - No obligation or adjustment of an
    obligation may be charged pursuant to the provisions of this
    paragraph until the Secretary of Defense (except as otherwise
    provided in subparagraph (E)) certifies to Congress the following:
        "(i) That the limitations on expending and obligating amounts
      established pursuant to section 1341 of title 31, United States
      Code, are being observed within the Department of Defense.
        "(ii) That reports on any violations of such section 1341,
      whether intentional or inadvertent, are being submitted to the
      President and Congress immediately and with all relevant facts
      and a statement of actions taken as required by section 1351 of
      title 31, United States Code.
      "(E) Alternative to certification. - If the Secretary of Defense
    is unable to make the certifications referred to in subparagraph
    (D) within 60 days after the date of the enactment of this
    subparagraph [Oct. 23, 1992], the Secretary shall submit to the
    Congress a report stating that the Secretary is unable to make such
    certifications and setting forth the actions that the Secretary
    will take in order to enable the Secretary to make such
    certifications after the end of that period."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1552                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1552. Procedure for appropriation accounts available for
      definite periods

-STATUTE-
      (a) On September 30th of the 5th fiscal year after the period of
    availability for obligation of a fixed appropriation account ends,
    the account shall be closed and any remaining balance (whether
    obligated or unobligated) in the account shall be canceled and
    thereafter shall not be available for obligation or expenditure for
    any purpose.
      (b) Collections authorized or required to be credited to an
    appropriation account, but not received before closing of the
    account under subsection (a) or under section 1555 of this title
    shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 935; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1676.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1552(a)      31:701(a)(1).           July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                                          1(a)(1), 70 Stat. 647;        
                                          restated July 12, 1974, Pub.  
                                          L. 93-344, Sec. 503(a), 88    
                                          Stat. 321.                    
                 31:701(a)(2).           July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                                          1(a)(2), 70 Stat. 648; June   
                                          29, 1960, Pub. L. 86-533, Sec.
                                          1(25), 74 Stat. 249.          
                 31:701(b).              July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                                          1(b), 70 Stat. 648; restated  
                                          July 12, 1974, Pub. L. 93-344,
                                          Sec. 503(b), 88 Stat. 322;    
                                          Apr. 21, 1976, Pub. L. 94-273,
                                          Sec. 45, 90 Stat. 382.        
    1552(b)      31:701(c)(last          July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Secs.  
                  sentence).              1(c)(last sentence), (d), 5,  
                                          70 Stat. 648, 649.            
    1552(c)      31:701(d).                                             
    1552(d)      31:705.                                                
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the text of 31:701(b)(1)(A) and (2)(A) and the
    words "for the period commencing on July 1, 1976, and ending on
    September 30, 1976, and for any fiscal year commencing on or after
    October 1, 1976" are omitted as executed.
      In subsection (a)(1), the words "period of availability ends" are
    substituted for "that period or the fiscal year or years, as the
    case may be, for which the appropriation is available for
    obligation" to eliminate unnecessary words.
      In subsection (a)(2), the words "reverts to the Treasury" are
    substituted for "if the appropriation was derived in whole or in
    part from the general fund, shall revert to such fund" to eliminate
    unnecessary words.
      In subsection (b), the words "not received before" are
    substituted for "not received until after" for clarity. The words
    "unless otherwise authorized by law" are omitted as surplus. The
    words "Comptroller General" are substituted for "General Accounting
    Office" for consistency.
      In subsection (c), the text of 31:701(d)(last sentence) is
    omitted as executed.
      In subsection (d), before clause (1), the word "heading" is
    substituted for "heads" for clarity and consistency.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 amended text generally, revising and
    restating former subsecs. (a) to (d) as subsecs. (a) and (b).

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under subsec. (a)(1) of this section, as in effect
    Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section 1405(b) of
    Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of this
    title.

           AUDIT OF OBLIGATED BALANCES OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE       
      Section 1406 of Pub. L. 101-510 provided that:
      "(a) Audit Requirement. - The Secretary of Defense shall provide
    for an audit of each account of the Department of Defense
    established under paragraph (1) of section 1552(a) of title 31,
    United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of the
    enactment of this Act [Nov. 5, 1990]. The audit shall, with respect
    to each such account, identify - 
        "(1) the balance in the account;
        "(2) the amount of such balance that is considered by the
      Secretary (as of the time of the audit) to represent amounts
      required for valid obligations (as supported by documentary
      evidence as required by section 1501 of title 31) and the amount
      of such balance that is considered by the Secretary (as of the
      time of the audit) to represent amounts for obligations that are
      considered no longer valid;
        "(3) the sources of amounts in the account, shown by fiscal
      year and by amount for each fiscal year; and
        "(4) such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.
      "(b) Deobligation of Obligations No Longer Valid. - Any obligated
    amounts in accounts of the Department of Defense established under
    paragraph (1) of section 1552(a) of title 31, United States Code,
    that are determined pursuant to the audit under subsection (a) to
    represent amounts for obligations that are no longer valid shall be
    deobligated and canceled.
      "(c) Report on Audit. - Not later than December 31, 1991, the
    Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report containing
    the results of the audit conducted pursuant to subsection (a). The
    report shall set forth - 
        "(1) the information required to be identified pursuant to
      subsection (a); and
        "(2) for each appropriation account (A) the average length of
      time funds have been obligated, (B) the average size of the
      obligation, and (iii)[(C)] the object classification of the
      obligations, all shown for total obligations and separately for
      valid obligations and obligations that are no longer valid."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1553                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1553. Availability of appropriation accounts to pay
      obligations

-STATUTE-
      (a) After the end of the period of availability for obligation of
    a fixed appropriation account and before the closing of that
    account under section 1552(a) of this title, the account shall
    retain its fiscal-year identity and remain available for recording,
    adjusting, and liquidating obligations properly chargeable to that
    account.
      (b)(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), after the
    closing of an account under section 1552(a) or 1555 of this title,
    obligations and adjustments to obligations that would have been
    properly chargeable to that account, both as to purpose and in
    amount, before closing and that are not otherwise chargeable to any
    current appropriation account of the agency may be charged to any
    current appropriation account of the agency available for the same
    purpose.
      (2) The total amount of charges to an account under paragraph (1)
    may not exceed an amount equal to 1 percent of the total
    appropriations for that account.
      (c)(1) In the case of a fixed appropriation account with respect
    to which the period of availability for obligation has ended, if an
    obligation of funds from that account to provide funds for a
    program, project, or activity to cover amounts required for
    contract changes would cause the total amount of obligations from
    that appropriation during a fiscal year for contract changes for
    that program, project, or activity to exceed $4,000,000, the
    obligation may only be made if the obligation is approved by the
    head of the agency (or an officer of the agency within the Office
    of the head of the agency to whom the head of the agency has
    delegated the authority to approve such an obligation).
      (2) In the case of a fixed appropriation account with respect to
    which the period of availability for obligation has ended, if an
    obligation of funds from that account to provide funds for a
    program, project, or activity to cover amounts required for
    contract changes would cause the total amount obligated from that
    appropriation during a fiscal year for that program, project, or
    activity to exceed $25,000,000, the obligation may not be made
    until - 
        (A) the head of the agency submits to the appropriate
      authorizing committees of Congress and the Committees on
      Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives a
      notice in writing of the intent to obligate such funds, together
      with a description of the legal basis for the proposed obligation
      and the policy reasons for the proposed obligation; and
        (B) a period of 30 days has elapsed after the notice is
      submitted.

      (3) In this subsection, the term "contract change" means a change
    to a contract under which the contractor is required to perform
    additional work. Such term does not include adjustments to pay
    claims or increases under an escalation clause.
      (d)(1) Obligations under this section may be paid without prior
    action of the Comptroller General.
      (2) This subchapter does not - 
        (A) relieve the Comptroller General of the duty to make
      decisions requested under law; or
        (B) affect the authority of the Comptroller General to settle
      claims and accounts.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 936; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1676.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1553(a)      31:702(1st              July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                  sentence).              2, 70 Stat. 648.              
    1553(b)      31:702(last                                            
                  sentence).                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the word "separately" is substituted for "as
    one fund" for clarity. The words "remains available until expended"
    are substituted for "shall be available without fiscal year
    limitation" for consistency in the revised title.
      In subsection (b), the words "Comptroller General" are
    substituted for "Comptroller General of the United States" and
    "General Accounting Office" for consistency. The words "affect the
    authority" are substituted for "abridge the existing authority" to
    eliminate unnecessary words. The words "settle claims and accounts"
    are substituted for "settle and adjust claims, demands, and
    accounts" for consistency with chapter 35 of the revised title.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 amended text generally. Prior to
    amendment, text read as follows:
      "(a) Each appropriation account established under section 1552 of
    this title is accounted for separately and remains available until
    expended to pay obligations chargeable against any appropriation
    from which the account is derived.
      "(b) Under regulations prescribed by the Comptroller General,
    obligations under subsection (a) of this section may be paid
    without prior action of the Comptroller General. However, this
    subchapter does not - 
        "(1) relieve the Comptroller General of the duty to make
      decisions requested under law; or
        "(2) affect the authority of the Comptroller General to settle
      claims and accounts."

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of this title, as in
    effect Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section
    1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of
    this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1554                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1554. Audit, control, and reporting

-STATUTE-
      (a) Any audit requirement, limitation on obligations, or
    reporting requirement that is applicable to an appropriation
    account shall remain applicable to that account after the end of
    the period of availability for obligation of that account.
      (b)(1) After the close of each fiscal year, the head of each
    agency shall submit to the President and the Secretary of the
    Treasury a report regarding the unliquidated obligations,
    unobligated balances, canceled balances, and adjustments made to
    appropriation accounts of that agency during the completed fiscal
    year. The report shall be submitted no later than 15 days after the
    date on which the President's budget for the next fiscal year is
    submitted to Congress under section 1105 of this title.
      (2) Each report required by this subsection shall - 
        (A) provide a description, with reference to the fiscal year of
      appropriations, of the amount in each account, its source, and an
      itemization of the appropriations accounts;
        (B) describe all current and expired appropriations accounts;
        (C) describe any payments made under section 1553 of this
      title;
        (D) describe any adjustment of obligations during that fiscal
      year pursuant to section 1553 of this title;
        (E) contain a certification by the head of the agency that the
      obligated balances in each appropriation account of the agency
      reflect proper existing obligations and that expenditures from
      the account since the preceding review were supported by a proper
      obligation of funds and otherwise were proper;
        (F) describe all balances canceled under sections 1552 and 1555
      of this title.

      (3) The head of each Federal agency shall provide a copy of each
    such report to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the
    Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Governmental Affairs,
    and other appropriate oversight and authorizing committees of the
    Senate.
      (c) The head of each agency shall establish internal controls to
    assure that an adequate review of obligated balances is performed
    to support the certification required by section 1108(c) of this
    title.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 936; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1677;
    Pub. L. 102-190, div. A, title X, Sec. 1004(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105
    Stat. 1457.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1554(a)      31:703(a)(1st, 2d       July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                  sentences, last         3(a), 70 Stat. 649; Reorg.    
                  sentence proviso).      Plan No. 2 of 1970, eff. July 
                                          1, 1970, Sec. 102(a), 84 Stat.
                                          2085; Apr. 21, 1976, Pub. L.  
                                          94-273, Sec. 8(1), 90 Stat.   
                                          378.                          
    1554(b)      31:703(a)(3d                                           
                  sentence, last                                        
                  sentence less                                         
                  proviso).                                             
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the words "head of the agency" are substituted
    for "agency concerned" for consistency. The word "President" is
    substituted for "Director of the Office of Management and Budget"
    because sections 101 and 102(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
    1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84 Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau of
    the Budget as the Office of Management and Budget and transferred
    all functions of the Bureau to the President.
      In subsection (b), the words "withdrawal or restoration" are
    substituted for "transactions" the first time it appears.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1991 - Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 102-190 redesignated subsec.
    (d) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows:
      "(1) The Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall
    estimate each year the effect on the Federal deficit of payments
    and adjustments made with respect to sections 1552 and 1553 of this
    title. Such estimate shall be made separately for accounts of each
    agency.
      "(2) The Director shall include in the annual report of the
    Director to the Committees on the Budget of the Senate and House of
    Representatives under paragraph (1) of section 202(f) of the
    Congressional Budget Act of 1974 a statement of the estimates made
    pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection during the preceding
    year (including any revisions to estimates contained in earlier
    reports under such paragraph). The Director shall include in any
    report under paragraph (2) of that section any revisions to such
    estimates made since the most recent report under paragraph (1) of
    such section."
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 substituted "Audit, control, and
    reporting" for "Review of appropriation accounts" in section
    catchline and amended text generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to
    (d) for former subsecs. (a) and (b) which required the head of each
    agency to annually review each appropriation account established by
    the agency under section 1552 of this title.

-CHANGE-
                              CHANGE OF NAME                          
      Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate changed to Committee
    on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective
    Jan. 4, 2005, by Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth
    Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

-MISC2-
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of this title, as in
    effect Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section
    1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of
    this title.

      REPORTING REQUIREMENT REGARDING EFFECT OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS AND
                      ADJUSTMENTS ON FEDERAL DEFICIT
      Section 1004(a) of Pub. L. 102-190 provided that: "At the same
    time that the President submits to Congress the budget for each of
    fiscal years 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996 under section 1105 of title
    31, United States Code, the Director of the Office of Management
    and Budget shall submit to Congress a report regarding the effect
    on the Federal deficit of payments and adjustments made with
    respect to sections 1552 and 1553 of such title for the fiscal year
    in which such budget is submitted, the fiscal year preceding that
    fiscal year, and the fiscal year covered by that budget. The report
    shall include separate estimates for the accounts of each agency."

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1555                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1555. Closing of appropriation accounts available for
      indefinite periods

-STATUTE-
      An appropriation account available for obligation for an
    indefinite period shall be closed, and any remaining balance
    (whether obligated or unobligated) in that account shall be
    canceled and thereafter shall not be available for obligation or
    expenditure for any purpose, if - 
        (1) the head of the agency concerned or the President
      determines that the purposes for which the appropriation was made
      have been carried out; and
        (2) no disbursement has been made against the appropriation for
      two consecutive fiscal years.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1678.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1555(a)      31:706(less             July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                  proviso).               6, 70 Stat. 649.              
    1555(b)      31:706(proviso).                                       
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In subsection (a), the words "indefinite period" are substituted
    for "not limited to a definite period of time" for consistency in
    the revised title. The words "consecutive fiscal years" are
    substituted for "full consecutive fiscal years" to eliminate an
    unnecessary word.
      In subsection (b), the words "or were heretofore withdrawn from
    the appropriation account by administrative action" are omitted as
    executed.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 substituted "Closing of appropriation
    accounts available" for "Withdrawal of unobligated balances of
    appropriations" in section catchline and amended text generally.
    Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
      "(a) An unobligated balance of an appropriation for an indefinite
    period shall be withdrawn in the way provided in section 1552(a)(2)
    of this title when the head of the agency concerned decides that
    the purposes for which the appropriation was made have been carried
    out or when no disbursement is made against the appropriation for 2
    consecutive fiscal years.
      "(b) An amount of an appropriation withdrawn under this section
    may be restored to the applicable appropriation account to pay
    obligations and to settle accounts."

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of this title, as in
    effect Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section
    1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of
    this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1556                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1556. Comptroller General: reports on appropriation accounts

-STATUTE-
      (a) In carrying out audit responsibilities, the Comptroller
    General shall report on operations under this subchapter to - 
        (1) the head of the agency concerned;
        (2) the Secretary of the Treasury; and
        (3) the President.

      (b) A report under this section shall include an appraisal of
    unpaid obligations under fixed appropriation accounts for which the
    period of availability for obligation has ended.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1678.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1556(a)      31:703(b)(1st           July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                  sentence words          3(b), 70 Stat. 649; Reorg.    
                  before 4th comma).      Plan No. 2 of 1970, eff. July 
                                          1, 1970, Sec. 102(a), 84 Stat.
                                          2085.                         
    1556(b)      31:703(b)(1st                                          
                  sentence words                                        
                  after 4th comma,                                      
                  last sentence).                                       
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

      In the section, the word "President" is substituted for "Director
    of the Office of Management and Budget" because sections 101 and
    102(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970 (eff. July 1, 1970, 84
    Stat. 2085) designated the Bureau of the Budget as the Office of
    Management and Budget and transferred all functions of the Bureau
    to the President.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 substituted "General: reports" for
    "General reports" in section catchline and amended text generally.
    Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
      "(a) In carrying out audit responsibilities, the Comptroller
    General shall report on operations under this subchapter to - 
        "(1) the head of the agency concerned;
        "(2) the Secretary of the Treasury; and
        "(3) the President.
      "(b) A report under this section shall include an appraisal of
    unpaid obligations under appropriation accounts established under
    section 1552 of this title. By the 30th day after receiving a
    report, the head of the agency concerned shall carry out actions
    required by section 1554 of this title that the report shows is
    necessary."

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of this title, as in
    effect Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section
    1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of
    this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1557                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1557. Authority for exemptions in appropriation laws

-STATUTE-
      A provision of an appropriation law may exempt an appropriation
    from the provisions of this subchapter and fix the period for which
    the appropriation remains available for expenditure.

-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 97-258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 101-510,
    div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1405(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1679.)

-MISC1-

                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
     Revised      Source (U.S. Code)        Source (Statutes at Large)  
     Section                                                            
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    1557         31:708.                 July 25, 1956, ch. 727, Sec.   
                                          9, 70 Stat. 650.              
    --------------------------------------------------------------------

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-510 substituted "Authority for exemptions in
    appropriation laws" for "Authorization to exempt" in section
    catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read
    as follows: "A provision of an appropriation law may exempt an
    appropriation from this subchapter and fix the period for which the
    appropriation remains available for expenditure."

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 101-510 applicable to any appropriation
    account the obligated balance of which, on Nov. 5, 1990, has not
    been transferred under section 1552(a)(1) of this title, as in
    effect Nov. 4, 1990, with transitional provisions, see section
    1405(b) of Pub. L. 101-510, set out as a note under section 1551 of
    this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC Sec. 1558                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE II - THE BUDGET PROCESS
    CHAPTER 15 - APPROPRIATION ACCOUNTING
    SUBCHAPTER IV - CLOSING ACCOUNTS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1558. Availability of funds following resolution of a formal
      protest or other challenge

-STATUTE-
      (a) Notwithstanding section 1552 of this title or any other
    provision of law, funds available to an agency for obligation for a
    contract at the time a protest or other action referred to in
    subsection (b) is filed in connection with a solicitation for,
    proposed award of, or award of such contract shall remain available
    for obligation for 100 days after the date on which the final
    ruling is made on the protest or other action. A ruling is
    considered final on the date on which the time allowed for filing
    an appeal or request for reconsideration has expired, or the date
    on which a decision is rendered on such an appeal or request,
    whichever is later.
      (b) Subsection (a) applies with respect to - 
        (1) any protest filed under subchapter V of chapter 35 of this
      title; or
        (2) an action commenced under administrative procedures or for
      a judicial remedy if - 
          (A) the action involves a challenge to - 
            (i) a solicitation for a contract;
            (ii) a proposed award of a contract;
            (iii) an award of a contract; or
            (iv) the eligibility of an offeror or potential offeror for
          a contract or of the contractor awarded the contract; and

          (B) commencement of the action delays or prevents an
        executive agency from making an award of a contract or
        proceeding with a procurement.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 101-189, div. A, title VIII, Sec. 813(a), Nov. 29,
    1989, 103 Stat. 1494; amended Pub. L. 104-106, div. E, title LV,
    Sec. 5502(a), (b), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 698, 699.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-106, Sec. 5502(b), substituted "of a formal
    protest or other challenge" for "of a protest" in section
    catchline.
      Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-106, Sec. 5502(a)(1), inserted "or other
    action referred to in subsection (b)" after "time a protest",
    substituted "100 days" for "90 working days", and inserted "or
    other action" after "on the protest".
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-106, Sec. 5502(a)(2), added subsec. (b)
    and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows:
    "Subsection (a) applies with respect to any protest filed under
    subchapter V of chapter 35 of this title or under section 111(f) of
    the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40
    U.S.C. 759(f))."

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 104-106 effective 180 days after Feb. 10,
    1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104-106, div. E, title LVII, Feb.
    10, 1996, 110 Stat. 702.

-End-

-CITE-
    31 USC SUBTITLE III - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT                  01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE
    SUBTITLE III - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

-HEAD-
    SUBTITLE III - FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

-MISC1-
    Chap.                                                            Sec.
    31.     Public Debt                                             3101
    33.     Depositing, Keeping, and Paying Money                   3301
    35.     Accounting and Collection                               3501
    37.     Claims                                                  3701
    38.     Administrative Remedies for False Claims and
             Statements                                             3801
    39.     Prompt Payment                                          3901

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1986 - Pub. L. 99-509, title VI, Sec. 6103(b), Oct. 21, 1986, 100
    Stat. 1948, added item for chapter 38.
      1983 - Pub. L. 97-452, Sec. 1(18)(B), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat.
    2477, added item for chapter 39.

-End-