captions.txt

Figure Captions for the photographs in:

Neal, Christina, McGimsey, Robert, and Diggles, M.F., 2001, 
     Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet 
     region, Alaska--selected photographs:  U.S. Geological 
     Survey Digital Data Series DDS-39, version 1.1 (CD-ROM).


1. Mount Drum, the westernmost volcano in the Wrangell 
volcanic field. Mount Drum is 3,661 m (12,010 ft) high and 
was active between approximately 700,000 and 240,000 years 
ago. View is to the southeast. Photograph by D. Richter, 
U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

2. Mount Wrangell, a 4,317-m (14,163 ft)-high andesite 
shield volcano is visible to the left on the skyline; it is 
the only volcano in the Wrangell Mountains to have had 
documented historical activity. This consisted of several 
minor, possibly phreatic eruptions in the early 1900's. 
Mount Drum, 3,661 m (12,011 ft) high, is the westernmost 
volcano in the Wrangell volcanic field, and is visible to 
the right on the skyline. The Copper River is in the 
foreground. View is to the southeast. Photograph by D. 
Richter, U.S. Geological Survey, August 1981.

3. Half moon over Mount Sanford, a dissected andesite 
shield volcano. At 4,949 m (16,237 ft), it is the highest 
volcano in the Wrangell volcanic field. Capital Mountain, a 
2,356-m (7,731 ft)-high andesite shield volcano, is in the 
middle foreground. View is to the south. Photograph by D. 
Richter, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963.

4. View, looking southeast, of 4,949-m (16,237 ft)-high 
Mount Sanford (left) and 4,317-m (14,163 ft)-high Mount 
Wrangell (right) on the skyline. Photograph by D. Richter, 
U.S. Geological Survey, August 1981.

5. Mount Wrangell, a 4,317-m (14,163 ft)-high andesite 
shield volcano on the right skyline, is the only volcano in 
the Wrangell Mountains to have had documented historical 
activity consisting of several minor, possibly phreatic 
eruptions in the early 1900's. At left is Mount Zanetti, a 
3,965-m (13,009 ft)-high cone. View is to the northeast. 
Photograph by B. Cella, U.S. National Park Service , 1987.

6. Aerial view looking southwest of a portion of the 46 km 
ice-filled summit caldera of Mount Wrangell, a 4,317-m 
(14,163 ft)-high andesite shield volcano. It is the only 
volcano in the Wrangell volcanic field to have had 
documented historical activity consisting of several minor, 
possibly phreatic eruptions in the early 1900's. Active 
fumaroles exist at one of three cinder cones on the caldera 
rim. Photograph by R. Motyka, Alaska Division of Geological 
and Geophysical Surveys, 1981.

7. Mount Jarvis, 4,091 m (13,421 ft) high, is the youngest 
volcano in the eastern Wrangell volcanic field. Mount 
Jarvis was active approximately 1 to 2 million years ago. 
View is to the southeast. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. 
Geological Survey, July 15, 1991.

8. U.S. Geological Survey climbing party ascending the 
Klutlan Glacier en route to 4,766- m (15,636 ft)-high Mount 
Churchill. This volcano was the site of two of the most 
voluminous explosive eruptions in North America in the past 
2,000 years. View is to the southwest. Photo by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, May 16, 1990.

9. U.S. Geological Survey climbing party reaching the east 
rim of the summit caldera on 4,766-m (15,636 ft)-high Mount 
Churchill, site of two of the most voluminous explosive 
eruptions in North America in the past 2,000 years. Blocky 
debris in the photo consists of pumice and lithic fragments 
ejected 1,250 years ago. This deposit forms the eastern 
lobe of the White River Ash. Photo by G. Dubois, U.S. 
Geological Survey, May 20, 1990.

10. Mount Spurr volcano, 3,374 m (11,070 ft) high, is 
visible on the skyline 125 km (78 mi) west of Anchorage, 
Alaska. In 1992, three explosive eruptions from the Crater 
Peak vent of Mount Spurr blanketed south-central Alaska 
with several millimeters ( 1/16 - 1/8 inch) of ash and 
forced the closure of Anchorage International Airport for 
20 hours. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 
Survey, October 1, 1988.

11. Crater Peak, a satellite vent, is located in a breach 
in the south wall of the ice-filled caldera of Mount Spurr 
volcano. It was the site of historical eruptions from Mount 
Spurr volcano in 1953 and 1992. Mount Spurr is the snow- 
and ice-covered peak on the skyline. View is to the north. 
Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, June 3, 
1993.

12. Crater Peak, a satellite vent of Mount Spurr volcano, 
and the snow- and ice-covered summit lava dome complex of 
Mount Spurr beyond. View is to the north. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, 10/9/91.

13. As shown here, prior to its 1992 eruptions, Crater 
Peak, a satellite vent of Mount Spurr volcano, contained a 
warm lake about 100 m (330 ft) across. Photograph by D. 
Turner, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1986.

14. In early June, 1992, this lake inside Crater Peak vent 
at Mount Spurr volcano had a temperature of 49.7C (121F) 
and a pH of 2.5. Note a circular upwelling zone about 5 m 
(16 ft) across at the middle right, and the vigorously 
steaming talus pile on the far shore. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 11, 1992.

15. Alaska Volcano Observatory scientist (upper right) 
observing hydrothermal activity inside the Crater Peak vent 
of Mount Spurr volcano stands on a rampart of pyroclastic 
debris deposited during the 1953 eruption. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 11, 1992.

16. Following a brief, violent eruption on June 27, 1992, 
the interior of the Crater Peak vent steams vigorously. 
Newly deposited pyroclastic debris covers the interior of 
the crater and the preeruption crater lake shown in 
photograph 14 is completely gone. View is to the north. 
Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 
Geophysical Surveys, June 28, 1992.

17. Vertical eruption column and spreading eruption cloud 
from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano (top to 
right). View is to the north. Photograph by S. Walker, 
August 18, 1992.

18. Vertical eruption column and spreading eruption cloud 
from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano. A lighttan 
cloud ascending from pyroclastic flows is visible at right. 
The summit lava dome complex of Mount Spurr volcano, 3,374-
m (11,070 ft)- high, is visible at lower left. View is to 
the north. Photograph by R. McGimsey, August 18, 1992.

19. Close aerial view, looking east, of the base of the 
vertical eruption column from the Crater Peak vent, Mount 
Spurr volcano. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 
Survey, August 18, 1992.

20. Aerial view, looking north, of the eruption column from 
the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano. A light-tan 
cloud ascending from pyroclastic flows is visible at right. 
The 3,374-m (11,070 ft)-high summit lava dome complex of 
Mount Spurr is visible at left. Photograph by R. McGimsey, 
U.S. Geological Survey, August 18, 1992.

21. Avalanches of pyroclastic debris ejected during the 
August 18, 1992, eruption of the Crater Peak vent, Mount 
Spurr volcano, formed overlapping, lobate tongues of 
material that blanketed the lower southeastern slopes of 
Crater Peak. Bombs ejected from Crater Peak during the 
eruption produced impact craters which dot the surface; 
some craters reached up to 5 m (16 ft) in diameter. 
Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, September 3, 
1992.

22. Alaska Volcano Observatory scientist sampling the 
pyroclastic flow deposit from the August 18, 1992, eruption 
of Crater Peak, a satellite vent of Mount Spurr volcano. 
View is to the northwest looking up the southeast flank of 
Crater Peak. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 
Survey, September 9, 1992.

23. Juvenile material ejected during the August 18, 1992, 
eruption of Crater Peak, a satellite vent of Mount Spurr 
volcano. Ejecta that fell near the volcano consisted 
principally of these poorly inflated, brown  "cauliflower 
"-textured andesite bombs. Field notebook (14x20 cm; [6x8 
in]) shows scale. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 
Survey, September 3, 1992.

24. Impact crater formed by a dense lithic block ejected 
during the August 18, 1992, eruption of the Crater Peak 
vent of Mount Spurr volcano. View is to the southeast. 
Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, September 9, 
1992.

25. Tephra from the 1992 eruptions of the Crater Peak vent, 
Mount Spurr volcano, blanketed narrow swaths of the 
surrounding countryside. In this view, about 15 cm (6 in) 
of coarse sand to gravel-sized tephra is exposed in the 
pit. The surface is dotted with cobblesized bombs from the 
September 16 to 17, 1992, eruption. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, September 23, 1992.

26. Within several kilometers of the Crater Peak vent, 
Mount Spurr volcano, tephra-fall from the 1992 eruptions 
stripped bark from woody vegetation (bush is about 1.5 m [5 
ft] across). Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, 
September 9, 1992.

27. The final 1992 eruption of the Crater Peak vent, Mount 
Spurr volcano, showered hot debris onto the Kidazgeni 
Glacier immediately east of Crater Peak. In this view, 
steam billows from Crater Peak. Dark pyroclastic material 
blankets the flanks of Crater Peak and the adjacent glacial 
ice. Photograph by C. Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, 
September 23, 1992.

28. Hot pyroclastic debris from the September 16 to 17, 
1992, eruption of the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr 
volcano, melted deep channels into the crevassed Kidazgeni 
Glacier. The debris combined with meltwater to produce 
mudflows or lahars that reached the Chakachatna River, 7 km 
(4 mi) distant. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 
Survey, September 24, 1992.

29. Alaska Volcano Observatory scientist examining lahar 
deposits formed during the September 16 to 17, 1992, 
eruption of the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano. 
Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, 
September 17, 1992.

30. In this sunset view (westward) from the rooftop of the 
Alaska Volcano Observatory in Anchorage, a prominent steam 
and gas plume rises from the Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr 
volcano. Photograph by M. Doukas, U.S. Geological Survey, 
October, 1992.

31. Aerial view of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano. 
Following the three eruptions of 1992, the interior of 
Crater Peak was partially filled with pyroclastic debris to 
a thickness of more than 20 m (65 ft). A plume of steam and 
volcanic gas, at times vigorous, continued to emanate from 
the vent for several years. Photograph by C. Gardner, U.S. 
Geological Survey, September 26, 1992.

32. Seismometers such as this one installed near Mount 
Spurr volcano (on skyline in background) provide the Alaska 
Volcano Observatory with a continuous, radio-telemetered 
record of volcanic earthquakes. These data are used to 
monitor the state of activity at the volcano and are 
critical to the ability of the Observatory to issue timely 
warnings of eruptions. View is to the north. Photograph by 
C. Neal , U.S. Geological Survey, June 3, 1993.

33. Redoubt Volcano, 3,108 m (10, 197 ft) high, is one of 
the active volcanoes of the Cook Inlet region. Steam and 
volcanic gas rise above the summit crater of the volcano 
following the 1989 to 1990 eruptions. Iliamna volcano, 55 
km (34 mi) south, is in on the skyline at left. View is to 
the southwest. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological 
Survey, August 13, 1990.

34. Redoubt Volcano, 3,108 m (10, 197 ft) high, is one of 
the active volcanoes of the Cook Inlet region. Steam and 
volcanic gas rise above the summit of the volcano following 
the 1989 to 1990 eruptions. View is to the west. Photograph 
by C. Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, July 6, 1990.

35. Redoubt Volcano, 3,108 m (10, 197 ft) high, is one of 
the active volcanoes of the Cook Inlet region. The breached 
summit crater is drained by Drift glacier, which empties 
into the Drift River valley forming a piedmont lobe. View 
to the south. Photograph by A. Till, U.S. Geological 
Survey, September 1, 1980.

36. Aerial view, looking southeast, at the summit of 
Redoubt Volcano. Prior to the onset of the 1989 to 1990 
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, melting of the summit crater 
ice cap caused by heat from rising magma produced a 
vigorous steam plume. Photograph by H. Twitchell, National 
Park Service, December 14, 1989.

37. Aerial view, looking northeast, of Redoubt Volcano 
during a continuous, low-level eruption of steam and ash. 
Photograph by W. White, U.S. Geological Survey, December 
18, 1989.

38. Aerial view, looking north, of Redoubt Volcano during a 
continuous, low-level eruption of steam and ash. Photograph 
by W. White, U.S. Geological Survey, December 18, 1989.

39. The 1989 to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano were 
characterized by repeated growth and destruction of lava 
domes in the summit crater. This view shows the north face 
of the second largest lava dome, which was destroyed during 
an explosive eruption on February 15, 1990. Photograph by 
R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, February 2, 1990.

40. The 1989 to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano were 
characterized by repeated growth and destruction of lava 
domes in the summit crater. Avalanching of hot debris from 
disintegrating lava domes caused extensive melting of the 
glacier draining the summit crater and produced deeply 
incised channels with steep ice walls. View is to the 
north. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, 
April 7, 1990.

41. Hot debris avalanching down the steep north flank of 
Redoubt Volcano during the 1989 to 1990 eruptions mixed 
with water derived from melted snow and ice to form lahars. 
These sediment-rich floods carried steaming debris as far 
as 35 km (22 mi) down the Drift River valley. Photograph by 
T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, February 15, 1990.

42. Lahars formed during the 1989 to 1990 eruptions of 
Redoubt Volcano accumulated in the Drift River valley. The 
largest lahars, such as this one from the February 15, 1990 
eruption, covered the valley floor nearly wall to wall and 
extended more than 35 km (22 mi) to the Cook Inlet. View is 
to the west. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological 
Survey, February 15, 1990.

43. Large blocks of glacial ice were carried many 
kilometers downstream by lahars during the 1989 to 1990 
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 
Geological Survey, January 5, 1990.

44. One of the principal facilities at risk during the 1989 
to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano was the Drift River 
Oil Terminal located at the mouth of the Drift River, 35 km 
(22 mi) northeast of the volcano. This aerial view, looking 
southwest, shows the 1.9 billionbarrel capacity oil storage 
tanks. Redoubt Volcano is on the skyline at left. 
Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, April 
13, 1990.

45. The February 15, 1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano 
produced a lahar that overtopped the containment berm at 
the Drift River Oil Terminal but did not damage the storage 
tanks. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, 
February 15, 1990.

46. Geologists view an unusual flowing mixture of water and 
ice in the upper Drift River. The flow was produced by a 
sudden release of impounded water from the upper reaches of 
the Drift River canyon which drains the summit crater of 
Redoubt Volcano. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological 
Survey, March 15, 1990.

47. Lahars from the 1989 to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt 
Volcano inundated this structure near the mouth of Drift 
River, 35 km (22 mi) from the volcano. Photograph by C. 
Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, June 1, 1990.

48. Where exposed by subsequent stream downcutting, lahar 
deposits from the 1989 to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano 
consisted of layers of sand- to boulder-sized debris. 
Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 15, 
1990.

49. Aerial view, looking southwest, of the Drift River 
valley following the 1989 to 1990 eruptions of Redoubt 
Volcano. Two bedrock islands (informally called the  
"Dumbbell Hills ") are visible at bottom center. Lahar 
deposits cover the valley floor. Photograph by C. Gardner, 
U.S. Geological Survey, June 28, 1990.

50. During the eruption of Redoubt Volcano on December 15, 
1989, ), hot ejecta falling onto the upper flanks of the 
volcano produced avalanches of snow, ice, meltwater, and 
pyroclastic debris to form an unusual ice-rock diamict. In 
this view, the diamict is approximately 4.5 m (15 ft) thick 
and caps ice of the piedmont lobe of Drift glacier . 
Overlying the ice-rock diamict are sand to gravel-sized 
pyroclastic flow deposits from eruptions between January 
and March of 1990. Photograph by C. Gardner, U.S. 
Geological Survey, May 19, 1990.

51. Oblique aerial view of the upper portion of the 
piedmont lobe of Drift glacier. White towers of glacial ice 
are capped by about 10 m (33 ft) of ice-rock diamict (dark 
brown) from the December 15, 1989, eruption of Redoubt 
Volcano. The ice-rock diamict is overlain by tan, sand to 
gravel-sized pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits from the 
more than 20 eruptions that occurred through April 21, 
1990. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, August 
12, 1990.

52. Geologists examining steaming pyroclastic-flow deposits 
from the March 23, 1990, eruption of Redoubt Volcano that 
came to rest on the margin of the piedmont lobe of Drift 
glacier. Darker areas were wet and reflected melting of 
glacial ice incorporated into the deposit. The collapse 
pits seen here resulted from funneling of debris into 
crevasses and holes in the buried surface of the glacier. 
Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, March 
23, 1990.

53. Geologists examining 1990 pyroclastic-flow and 
pyroclastic-surge deposits on the surface of the piedmont 
lobe of Drift glacier at Redoubt Volcano. Photograph by C. 
Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, August 3, 1990.

54. Geologist examining 1990 pyroclastic-flow and 
pyroclastic-surge deposits on the surface of the piedmont 
lobe of Drift glacier at Redoubt Volcano. Photograph by C. 
Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, July 20, 1991.

55. Pyroclastic-flow deposits from the April 15 (lower two 
thirds of section) and April 21 (upper one third of 
section), 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano exposed in a 
gully along the western margin of the piedmont lobe of 
Drift glacier. Shovel at base of section shows scale. 
Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, June 7, 
1990.

56. Steam billows from newly exposed, hot pyroclastic 
debris in the canyon draining the summit crater of Redoubt 
Volcano. More than 30 meters (100 ft) of coarse sand to 
boulder sized material accumulated in this canyon during 
the 1989 to 1990 eruptions of the volcano. Subsequent 
downcutting by meltwater occasionally caused steam 
explosions as water came into contact with hot pyroclastic 
material. Photograph by C. Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, 
July 16, 1990.

57. Tephra-fall deposits from some of the larger eruptions 
of Redoubt Volcano between December 15, 1989 and April 21, 
1990. Above the dark vegetation mat is about 8 cm (3 in) of 
gravel-sized pumice and lithic lapilli from the December 
15, 1989 eruption. This is overlain by about 8 cm (3 in) of 
coarse ash from several subsequent eruptions in 1990. 
Ruler, 15 cm (6 in) long, shows scale. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, August 20, 1990.

58. Gray ash from the February 21, 1990, eruption of 
Redoubt Volcano blankets the snow in Indian, Alaska, a 
community about 32 km (20 mi) southeast of Anchorage and 
200 km (124 mi) northeast of Redoubt Volcano. Photograph by 
R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, February 21, 1990.

59. The final lava dome of the 1989 to 1990 series of 
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano was emplaced in the summit 
crater by summer, 1990. It measures approximately 350 to 
400 m (980 to 1,300 ft) across and represents an estimated 
10 million cubic meters (353 million cubic feet) of 
material. Photograph by C. Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, 
July 17, 1990.

60. Aerial view of the highly irregular, steep north face 
of the final lava dome of the 1989 to 1990 series of 
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. The surface consists of 
blocks of slightly vesicular to dense andesite lava up to 
30 m (100 feet) across. Yellow sulfur deposits are visible 
on a block of lava at center of view. Photograph by C. 
Neal, U.S. Geological Survey, July 17, 1990.

61. The south face of the final lava dome of the 1989 to 
1990 series of eruptions of Redoubt Volcano as it appeared 
during the waning phases of eruption. A fractured lobe of 
blocky lava is visible at center. Steam from the 
interaction of meltwater with hot rock billows from the 
margins of the lava dome. Remnants of glacial ice with a 
coating of gray ash surround the dome. Photograph by C. 
Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey, June 1, 1990.

62. Final lava dome of the 1989 to 1990 series of eruptions 
of Redoubt Volcano as it appeared approximately one year 
after the end of the eruption. It measures approximately 
350 to 400 m (980 to 1,300 ft) across and represents an 
estimated 10 million cubic meters (353 million cubic feet) 
of material. By the time this photograph was taken, snow 
had accumulated on the cooling lava blocks. Locally, 
hydrothermal activity continued to produce intermittent 
steam plumes. View is to the south. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, June 21, 1990.

63. Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano and its 
reflection in the waters of Cook Inlet. View is to the west 
from the Kenai Peninsula. Photograph by J. Warren, April 
21, 1990.

64. Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano and its 
reflection in the waters of Cook Inlet. View is to the west 
from the Kenai Peninsula. Photograph by J. Warren, April 
21, 1990.

65. Ascending eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano as viewed 
to the west from the Kenai Peninsula. The mushroom-shaped 
plume rose from avalanches of hot debris (pyroclastic 
flows) that cascaded down the north flank of the volcano. A 
smaller, white steam plume rises from the summit crater. 
Photograph by R. Clucas, April 21, 1990.

66. Geologist using a laser surveying instrument to measure 
distances to reflective prisms or targets installed on the 
flanks of Redoubt Volcano in the distance. Minute changes 
in distances to the targets can indicate ground deformation 
that may be related to subsurface magma movement. View is 
to the south. Photograph by R. McGimsey, May 4, 1990.

67. Geologist setting up GPS (Global Positioning System) 
instrumentation on the north flank of Redoubt Volcano. The 
GPS receiver calculates an extremely accurate position on 
the Earth's surface through satellite-based triangulation. 
View is to the northeast. Photograph by R. McGimsey, June 
21, 1991.

68. Steam and volcanic gas rising from the nearly 
continuously active fumaroles high on north face of 3,053-m 
(10,016 ft)-high Iliamna Volcano. Iliamna Volcano is one of 
the four Cook Inlet volcanoes monitored by the Alaska 
Volcano Observatory. Photograph by R. McGimsey, U.S. 
Geological Survey, May 6, 1986.

69. Iliamna Volcano, 3,053 m (10,016 ft) high, as seen at 
sunset from the Kenai Peninsula. Iliamna Volcano is one of 
the four Cook Inlet volcanoes monitored by the Alaska 
Volcano Observatory. View is to the west. U.S. Geological 
Survey photograph, 1977.

70. Iliamna Volcano, 3,053 m (10,016 ft) high, as seen from 
Augustine Island, 75 km (47 mi) to the south. Iliamna 
Volcano is one of the four Cook Inlet volcanoes monitored 
by the Alaska Volcano Observatory. Photograph by R. 
McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, July 29, 1994.

71. Steam rising from the newly formed summit lava dome at 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. View is to the 
south. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, 
April 19, 1986.

72. Steam rising from the summit lava dome complex at 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Note the 
symmetrical apron of pyroclastic debris that extends from 
the summit to sea level. View is to the east. Photograph by 
T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, June 6, 1989.

73. A symmetrical apron of pyroclastic debris extends from 
the summit of 1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano to 
sea level. The western shore of Cook Inlet can be seen in 
the distance. View is to the west. Photograph by C. Neal, 
U.S. Geological Survey, June 4, 1990.

74. Steam plume rising from 1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high 
Augustine Volcano as seen from Anchorage, Alaska, at 
sunset. Redoubt Volcano is on the skyline at right. View is 
to the southwest. Photograph by B. Gamble, U.S. Geological 
Survey, August 30, 1986.

75. Augustine Volcano, 1,282 m (4,206 ft) high, seen at 
sunset from near Homer, Alaska. Steam and volcanic gas 
trails downwind from the summit lava dome complex. View is 
to the west. U.S. Geological Survey photograph, 1977.

76. A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. At the time of 
this photograph, a new lava dome was growing at the summit. 
At upper right, ash can be seen falling from the eruption 
cloud as it travels downwind away from the volcano. 
Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, March 31, 
1986.

77. A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Photograph by 
M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, March 31, 1986.

78. A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Steam can be 
seen rising from the margins of the summit crater. U.S. 
Geological Survey photograph, March 27, 1986.

79. A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Steam can be 
seen rising from the margins of the summit crater and from 
other areas where groundwater has been heated by the 
eruption. Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, 
March 27, 1986.

80. A vigorous eruption column rising over the summit of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Ash is falling 
in dark tendrils that extend downward from the eruption 
cloud. U.S. Geological Survey photograph, March 27, 1986.

81. A pyroclastic flow sweeping down the north flank of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. Photograph by 
M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, March 27, 1986.

82. A pyroclastic flow sweeping down the north flank of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. A light-colored 
ash cloud can be seen rising from the moving flow. 
Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, March 30, 
1986.

83. A pyroclastic flow sweeping down the north flank of 
1,282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. The eruption 
cloud is carried to the east by prevailing winds. 
Photograph by M.E. Yount, U.S. Geological Survey, March 30, 
1986.

84. Steam rising from the cooling lava dome fills the 
summit crater at Augustine Volcano. U.S. Geological Survey 
photograph, July 24, 1986.

85. Steam rising from the summit lava dome complex of 
Augustine Volcano. In this picture, the lava dome, formed 
in 1976, is enclosed within a steep-walled crater roughly 
500 m (1,640 ft) across and breached to the north. This 
crater formed during an explosive eruption in 1964. The 
surface of the lava dome consists of rough, irregular 
blocks of andesite lava. A coating of fine ash is visible. 
Photograph by C. Nye, Alaska Division of Geological and 
Geophysical Surveys, 1982.

86. The summit lava dome complex at Augustine Volcano. 
Steam rises from the base of the lava dome formed in 1986. 
U.S. Geological photograph, August 24, 1986.

87. The summit lava dome complex at Augustine Volcano. The 
apron of pyroclastic debris extending from the lava dome 
accumulated during the 1986 eruptions. View is to the 
south. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, 
April 28, 1986.

88. Geologist examining pyroclastic-flow deposits from the 
1986 eruptions of Augustine Volcano. Photograph by T. 
Miller, U.S. Geological Survey, May 6, 1986.

89. Geologist sampling blocks from the lava dome formed in 
1986 at Augustine Volcano. Photograph by T. Miller, U.S. 
Geological Survey, May 6, 1986.

90. A large fragment of the lava dome that was carried 
about 5 km (3 mi) in a pyroclastic flow during the 1986 
eruptions of Augustine Volcano. Photograph by M.E. Yount, 
U.S. Geological Survey, May 6, 1986.

91. A large fragment of the lava dome in pyroclastic-flow 
deposits from the 1986 eruptions of Augustine Volcano. The 
1282-m (4,206 ft)-high volcano is in the background. Hammer 
shows scale. U.S. Geological Survey photograph, April 19, 
1986.

92. Apron of pyroclastic-flow deposits emplaced during the 
1986 eruptions of 1282-m (4,206 ft)-high Augustine Volcano. 
In the background is the steaming summit lava dome complex. 
U.S. Geological Survey photograph, April 30, 1986.

93. Light-colored pyroclastic-flow deposits from the 1986 
eruptions of Augustine Volcano. Pyroclastic flows entered 
the sea along the northeast shoreline of the island, 
visible in this view. U.S. Geological Survey photograph, 
August 22, 1986.

94. Debris-avalanche deposits from the 1883 eruption of 
Augustine Volcano entered the sea along the north shoreline 
of the island (darker area at top of photograph.) Light-
colored areas are pyroclastic-flow deposits from the 1976 
and 1986 eruptions U.S. Geological Survey photograph, April 
25, 1986.

95. Debris avalanche deposits from the 1883 eruption of 
Augustine Volcano entered the sea along the north shoreline 
of the island forming hummocky topography. U.S. Geological 
Survey photograph, April 27, 1986.

96. Debris avalanche deposits from the 1883 eruption of 
Augustine Volcano form small hills and islets at Burr Point 
on the north shore of Augustine Island. Photograph by S. 
McNutt, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, July 
31, 1992.

97. View of the southwest flank of Augustine Volcano. Note 
the steep-sided lava dome complex forming the summit of the 
volcano. Photo by R. McGimsey, U.S. Geological Survey, July 
29, 1994.