CRUISE REPORT

HUDSON 96026

LABRADOR SEA

WOCE LINE AR7W

16 OCTOBER - 20 NOVEMBER, 1996


A. CRUISE NARRATIVE


1.	Highlights

a.	WOCE Designation:		WOCE Line AR7W
					Atlantic Circulation Experiment

b.	Expedition Designation:	Hudson 96026

c.	Chief Scientist:		R. Allyn Clarke
					Ocean Sciences Division
					Department of Fisheries and Oceans
					Bedford Institute of Oceanography
					PO Box 1006
					Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 2A4

					FAX 		902 426 7827
					Internet	a_clarke@bionet.bio.dfo.ca
		
d.	Ship:				CSS Hudson

e.	Ports of Call:		October 16		BIO, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
					November 3-4	Botwood, Newfoundland, Canada
					November 20	BIO, Dartmouth, NS, Canada


f.	Cruise Dates:		October 16 to November 20, 1996

2.	Cruise Summary Information

a.	Cruise Track 

A cruise track is shown in Figure 1. Ship position at midnight on each day 
of the cruise is indicated with an asterisk. 

 
Figure 1.	Cruise track for 18HU96026/1; * marks Hudsons position at 
0000Z each day with some day labels indicated.



b.	Total Number of Stations Occupied

The CTD and ROS station positions are shown in Figure 2. Some station 
numbers are indicated for clarity. The WHP stations are all contained in 
the box defined by 50-62_N and 43-60_W. Test CTD stations were also 
occupied outside of this box and are not shown here.

70 Full depth WHP small volume CTD stations with up to 23 rosette 
bottles. Depending on the station, water samples were analyzed for 
CFC's, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, total carbonate, alkalinity, 
oxygen, salinity, nutrients and oxygen isotopes.

9	CTD casts with no water samples
35	Full depth velocity profiles using a lowered ADCP




 

Figure 2.	CTD/ROS/Tracer station positions for Hudson 18HU96026/1.

26	spectral radiometer profile stations to 100 metres
26	pump lowerings to 100 metres
24	stations sampled for DOC profiles, size fractionation of DOC and 
plankton respiration
19	vertical net hauls to 100 metres, 5 deep net hauls to the bottom or 
3000 metres


c.	Floats and Drifters deployed

The deployment sites for meteorological drifters (_), profiling ALACE floats 
(_), mixed layer floats (_) and RAFOS floats (_) are shown in Figure 3.

38 	profiling ALACE floats launched at 33 stations
4 	RAFOS floats launched at 2 stations
18 	surface meteorological drifters launched at 13 stations
3 	mixed layer floats launched at 2 stations
 
Figure 3.	RAFOS, meteorlogical drifter, ALACE and mixed layer float 
deployment positions during Hudson 18HU96026/1.



d. 	Moorings deployed or recovered
				
The deployment and recovery sites of the various moorings are shown in 
Figure 4. The following summarizes the mooring operations and provides 
a legend for Figure 4.

3	standard current meter moorings were set across the Labrador Slope 
along AR7W (20 month deployments); denoted in Figure 4 as M1244, 
M1245 and M1246.
3	Inverted Echo Sounders and bottom pressure gauges were deployed 
(20 month deployments); denoted in Figure 4 as P86, P87 and P88.
1	multi-instrument mooring was set near OWS Bravo on AR7W replacing 
the mooring set in 1995 (WOCE Expocode 18HU95011) and partially 
recovered in the spring of 1996 (18HU96006) as well as on the 
present cruise. The deployed mooring consisted of 6 Seacat 
temperature/conductivity recorders, 6 Aanderaa current meters, 1 
acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP), 1 WOTAN (weather 
observations through ambient noise) and 1 CTD with a device for 
measuring the total partial pressure of dissolved gas in the water; 
denoted in Figure 4 as M1226.
1	dragging operation on the fragments of current meter mooring 1194 lost 
in May, 1996 was conducted. A release, Seacat and Aanderaa current 
meter were recovered; denoted in Figure 4 as Drag.
1	release test mooring was recovered (5 month deployment) ; denoted in 
Figure 4 as RTEST.
4	Sound Source moorings were set to provide acoustic positioning for 
RAFOS deployments in the Labrador Sea and NW Atlantic over the next 
18 months; denoted in Figure 4 as SSE, SSN, SSS, SSW.
1	surface meteorological buoy was moored near OWS Bravo site (4 
month deployment) ; denoted in Figure 4 as Met.
1	profiling CTD mooring was set on AR7W section (4 month deployment) ; 
denoted in Figure 4 as CTD.
1	tomographic mooring was set (8 month deployment); denoted in Figure 
4 as Tom.
3	transponders were set in proximity to the tomographic mooring; 
denoted in Figure 4 as T1, T2 and T3.

 
Figure 4.	Mooring positions during Hudson 18HU96026/1. See text for 
label description.


3. 	List of Principal Investigators

Name				Affiliation 	Responsibility

Allyn Clarke		BIO			senior scientist
a_clarke@bionet.bio.dfo.ca			overall co-ordination
						
Glenn Cota			Old Dominion	Bio-Optical properties 
cota@ccpo.odu.edu		University		of the upper ocean

Russ Davis			SIO			profiling ALACE floats
davis@nemo.ucsd.edu

Howard Freeland		IOS - Pat Bay	profiling ALACE floats
hjfree@ios.bc.ca

Bob Gershey			BDR Research	alkalinity, carbonate, CFC's
rgershey@fox.nstn.ns.ca

Glen Harrison		BIO,			Co-ordinator biological 
g_harrison@bionet.bio.dfo.ca			program nitrate and 
							ammonium utilization by 
							phytoplankton

Erica Head			BIO			macrozooplankton distribution,
erica.head@maritimes.dfo.ca			abundance and metabolism

Robert Houghton		LDEO			oxygen isotopes
houghton@ldeo.columbia.edu

Paul Kepkay			BIO			dissolved organic carbon, 
p_kepkay@bionet.bio.dfo.ca			colloid chemistry and 
plankton respiration

Peter Jones			BIO			alkalinity, carbonate, CFC's
p_jones@bionet.bio.dfo.ca

John R. N. Lazier		BIO			oxygen, CTD data, moored 
j_lazier@bionet.dfo.ca				instrument data

Bill Li			BIO			pico-plankton distribution 
bill.li@maritimes.dfo.ca			and abundance

Peter Niiler		SIO			meteorological drifters
niiler@nepac.uscd.edu

Robert Pickart		WHOI			lowered ADCP
pickart@rsp.whoi.edu

Mark Prater			URI			RAFOS floats and Sound 
mark@seip.gso.uri.edu				Sources

Peter Rhines		UW			moored instrumentation data
rhines@killer.ocean.washington.edu

Uwe Send			IFM Kiel		tomography mooring
usend@ifm.uni-kie.de

Peter Strain		BIO			nutrients
p_strain@bionet.bio.dfo.ca

John Toole			WHOI			CTD profiler mooring
toole@whoi.edu

Randy Watts			URI			IES
randy@drw.gso.uri.edu

See Section 7 for addresses.



4.	Scientific Programme and Methods

4.1	Physical - Chemical Program

a.	Narrative

This expedition was conducting physical and chemical oceanographic 
operations in support of two ongoing scientific initiatives.

The first initiative is the Atlantic Circulation Experiment of the World Ocean 
Circulation Experiment (WOCE). One element of this experiment seeks to 
map the hydrographic and tracer fields of the subpolar gyre of the North 
Atlantic in both the fall of 1996 and the spring of 1997 to provide a 
measure of the winter cooling and water mass transformations over the 
entire region. Hudson 96026 was planned to map the Labrador Sea part of 
the sub-polar gyre as well as to deploy current meter moorings, a profiling 
CTD mooring, bottom pressure gauges and inverted echo sounders (PIES) 
and profiling ALACE floats which will measure the changes in the 
hydrographic structure and the gyre circulation over the coming 20 months 
(two cooling cycles).

The second initiative includes the Accelerated Research Initiative on 
Oceanic Deep Convection of the US Office of Naval Research and the 
Atlantic Climate Change Program (ACCP) of NOAA. These programs seek 
to better understand the process and details of oceanic deep convection 
by a focused study of the formation of Labrador Sea Water in the western 
part of the Labrador Sea over the winter of 1996/97. Hudson 96026 is 
contributing to this program by setting a sound source array, a tomographic 
mooring to complete a German tomographic array and a surface 
meteorological mooring. In addition, the vessel is to deploy surface 
meteorological drifters, mixed layer floats and RAFOS floats in support of 
this initiative. The US Office of Naval Research has contributed to the 
vessel operating costs in support of these elements of the program.

The primary focus of the expedition was to conduct a hydrographic / tracer 
survey of the entire Labrador Sea during the fall of 1996 in order to 
establish the initial conditions for the 1996/1997 cooling season. The 
initial survey design (see Figure 5) consisted of five sections crossing the 
Labrador Sea with the northernmost section (section L1) striking north-
easterly towards Greenland from Nain Bank and the easternmost along 
44_W from Cape Farewell to Flemish Cap. The central section of the 
survey is the WHP Repeat Section AR7W and this was the first section to 
be occupied. On completion of this section, the vessel began occupying 
section L4 leading from Cape Farewell to northern Newfoundland. While 
moving down the continental slope, the CTD package was lost when the 
termination came apart. This required the vessel to go to Botwood, 
Newfoundland to pick up another CTD and rosette package. On leaving 
Botwood with a new rosette package on board, Hudson worked stations 
along L4 from the South Sound Source Mooring north-easterly to the 
station at which the CTD was lost. The vessel then steamed easterly to 
the Cape Farewell - Flemish Cap Section (L5) and started working 
stations northward from the Sound Source East location. The northern 
part of this section was completed to Cape Farewell. However, due to so 
much lost time resulting from the loss of the CTD and problems associated 
with the mooring of the various sound sources, the two northern most 
sections (L1 and L2) were replaced by a long section (L6) running down 
the western side of the Labrador Sea from 61_N to 53_ 46' N (see Figure 1 
from November 13 to November 16). The western part of section L4 was 
completed from Sound Source South before the vessel had to depart the 
working area. In spite of the lost time, Hudson probably managed to 
sample most of the water that is likely to participate in the winter of 96/97 
cooling and mixing.

During this cruise, an ADCP was added to the CTD/rosette package to 
provide a estimate of the full depth velocity profile at each CTD station. 
This data will be useful for the detection and definition of various 
subsurface currents such as the deep western boundary undercurrents.




 

Figure 5.	Initially planned lines L1 to L5. Refer to Figure 1 for actual 
cruise track.


A current meter mooring array of four moorings was set along the western 
end of the WHP section AR7W from the 2800 metre to the 3500 metre 
isobath. These moorings will be recovered in spring of 1998. These 
moorings plus a mooring set in the spring of 1996 on the 1000 metre 
isobath and three Kiel current meter moorings set in August 1996, will 
provide a good estimate of the variation of the western boundary current 
system of the Labrador Sea over 

the late fall and winter season and will show whether a more intense 
cyclonic circulation develops in the western Labrador Sea during winter 
convection.

An extensive number of profiling ALACE floats were deployed throughout 
the Labrador Sea. These instruments should provide weekly information 
on the changes in the heat and salt distributions of the upper 1500 metres 
of the water column throughout the cooling season.

The sound sources were placed in support of a large RAFOS float 
deployment planned for the winter 97 Knorr expedition. These instruments 
will be used to follow the waters formed in the Labrador Sea by the winter 
convection. Four RAFOS floats were deployed to verify the range and 
operation of the sound sources and also to test a new version of these 
floats.

The surface meteorological buoy and the 18 meteorological drifters were 
set to provide better coverage of the surface meteorological fields during 
the fall and winter cooling season. Initial reports from the meteorological 
drifters indicate that 5 drifters suffered failures and 13 units are producing 
usable data on surface currents, atmospheric pressure, SST, wind speed 
and direction. The first data report will be presented at the NSCAT/CAL 
VAL meeting on 20-22 January in Honolulu, HI.

The Tomographic mooring was set to complement the three tomographic 
moorings set by Kiel in August. The acoustic paths between these 
moorings map the area in which convection had been observed to be 
maximum during the winters of 75/76 and 77/78.


4.2	Biological Program

a.	Narrative

The objectives of the biological program of Hudson 96026 were two-fold: 
(1) to provide a historical perspective on the large-scale late fall 
distribution of the major plankton groups in the Labrador Sea for 
comparison with studies done in the mid-60's and mid 80's and (2) to 
provide new information on other important biogeochemical properties of 
the region as background for the proposed Phase III of Canadian JGOFS. 
Objective (1) will contribute to the debate about the link between northern 
fish stock declines and long-term changes in food chain structure; 
objective (2) will contribute to DFO's role in Canadian Climate Change 
research.

The positions of various activities in support of the biologial program are 
shown in Figure 6.


5. 	Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved

5.1	Loss of Shipment of Meteorological Drifters

In the week prior to the loading period for Hudson, the meteorological 
drifters intended for this expedition were lost in a plane accident. It was 
only with a great deal of effort on the part of the manufacturer that 18 
replacement instruments were assembled and delivered to Halifax for 
deployment in the Labrador Sea. This was less than the 36 meteorological 
drifters that had originally been called for but a good distribution was 
achieved..
 
Figure 6.	Biology station positions for 18HU96026/1.
5.2	Loss of CTD/Rosette Package

A major problem was the loss of our CTD / rosette package on station 47 
(L4_18) southwest of Cape Farewell. It is believed that the loss occurred 
due to the package unscrewing itself from the fitting used at the end of the 
CTD cable. The fitting consists of two parts: 1) a piece that grips the end of 
the cable by means of a conical cross section and a conical insert that fits 
inside the outer armour of the wire, and 2) a piece that can be shackled to 
the CTD. These two pieces simply screw together. After the loss, we 
realized that there were no lock washers, set screws or cotter pins to 
prevent the assembly from unscrewing under the appropriate torsion load 
on the wire or the package. The assembly had been securely tightened; 
however, once loosened, there was nothing to prevent the assembly from 
coming unscrewed and the package being released. That is what we 
believe happened. 

The loss of the CTD/rosette required an unscheduled port stop in Botwood, 
Newfoundland to load another rosette sampler sent from IOS Pat Bay. This 
cost us nearly 4 days in direct steaming and port time. It also got us out of 
sequence with our sections so we had to expend even more time to 
steaming and less time to stations. While we were able to locate 
replacements for our rosette, bottles, pinger and CTD; we were without the 
lowered ADCP and fluorometer for the rest of the expedition.

5.3	Start Time of Tomographic Mooring Sound Source

The sound source for the tomographic mooring was fully set up before we 
departed BIO. At that time, the WHOI and IFM Kiel technicians believed that 
Hudson would be returning to BIO on November 15 rather than November 
20. The sound source was programmed to come to full power at 0800 UTC 
on November 13. If the source came to full power in air, it would be 
damaged. When trying to reschedule the hydrographic stations following 
our unscheduled port stop in Newfoundland, it was clear that if we tried to 
set the tomographic mooring while occupying section L2, we could not get 
to its mooring location before November 13th. We also did not have the 
equipment and expertise on board to reprogram the source. After 
considerable discussion, we decided to replace the two northernmost 
transverse sections with a longitudinal section down the central axis of the 
Labrador Sea, setting the tomographic sound source on our passage to 
the northern end of this new section.

5.4	Damage to Container Laboratory

While steaming westward along section L4 on October 31st, the vessel was 
struck by a wave on the port side. The wind and waves were at the time on 
the port quarter. The wave stove in the outboard side of the forwardmost 
container on the port side and also broke the latch hardware on the door to 
the container. The deck was also flooded to a considerable depth; water 
entering through the cracks around the doors of all three containers along 
the port side. An individual was working in the middle container at the time 
of the damage. He was aware of the impact of the wave on his container 
and saw the damage to the forward container as he exited his container to 
enter the vessel.

The outboard side of the container was pushed in 10-20 cm centred about 
1 metre from the deck of the container. This caused the bench, shelves 
and inner wall to break away from the outboard wall. The contents of 
drawers were spilled onto the deck. The electrical services along this side 
of the container were also pulled apart. Fortunately, the computer and 
cytometer were on the benches along the inboard wall and did not appear 
to be damaged. The vessel altered course to allow the container to be 
cleaned up and secured. Later as we approached Botwood, Dr. Li 
discovered a problem with the cytometer. It is not known whether this 
problem was related to the container damage or was an independent 
failure of a component of this instrument. Dr. Li left the vessel in Botwood.

5.5	Failure of Brake on Pumping System

During the last week of operations in the Labrador Sea we experienced 
sustained below zero conditions. At this point, the hydraulic brake on the 
submersible pumping system used by the biological program stopped 
working (station 86). Without the appropriate drawings and experienced 
people on board it seemed futile to attempt any repairs. It is possible that 
the problem could have been caused by water in the hydraulics freezing 
and blocking valves in the system. This system will need to be modified if it 
is to be used in late fall and winter seasons at these latitudes.

6.	Other Incidents of Note

none
7.	List of Cruise Participants

Name				Responsibility			Affiliation



Jeff Anning			Biological Underway Sampling		BIO

Larry Bellefontaine	Salinometer					BIO

Paul Bouchard		Moorings					WHOI

John Bouthillette		Moorings					WHOI

Jay Bugden			DOC Levels					BIO

Allyn Clarke		Chief Scientist				BIO

Kurt Clement		Ocean optics				ODU

Bob Gershey 		CFC/Alkalinity/Carbonate Research	BDR

Glen Harrison		Assistant Senior Scientist		BIO

Albert Hartling		Moorings, Watchkeeper			BIO

Erica Head			Macrozooplankton Distribution		BIO

Anthony Isenor		Data Quality/Watchkeeper		BIO

John Lazier			Assistant Senior Scientist		BIO

Bill Lee			Picoplankton Distribution		BIO

Jonathon Lilly		Watchkeeper					UW

Manon Poliquin		CFC/Alkalinity/Carbonate Research	BDR

Mark Prater			RAFOS, PIES, sound sources		URI

Peter Rhines		Scientist					UW

Murray Scotney		Moorings/CTD/Watchkeeper		BIO

Igor Yashayaev		Scientist					BIO



BIO		Bedford Institute of Oceanography
		PO Box 1006
		Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 2A4

BDR		BDR Research Ltd.
		Box 652, Station 'M'
		Halifax, N.S., 	B3J 2T3


IFM-Kiel	Institut fr Meereskunde an der Universitt Kiel
		Dsternbrooker Weg 20
		D-24105 Kiel, Germany

IOS-Pat Bay	Institute of Ocean Sciences
		P.O. Box 6000
		Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2

LDEO		Lamont -Doherty Geological Observatory
		Columbia University
		Palisades, New York 10964

SIO		Scripps Institute of Oceanography
		University of California at San Diego
		La Jolla, CA 92093

ODU		CCPO
		Old Dominion University
		Norfolk, VA 23529
		USA

URI		University of Rhode Island Narraganset Marine Lab
		South Ferry Road, Narragansett
		Rhode Island 02882

UW		University of Washington
		Seattle, WA 98195

WHOI		Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
		Woods Hole, MA 02543


B.	UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

1. Navigation and Bathymetry	
(Anthony W. Isenor)

The navigation system onboard CSS Hudson consists of a Trimble 
Navigation Loran-GPS 10X decoder and AGCNAV. The decoder receives 
the satellite fixes and decodes the signals to obtain latitude, longitude and 
time. The decoder signals are about 1 Hz. The navigation data were 
logged at one minute intervals on a PC. This PC was running the AGCNAV 
software package, a PC based display, and way-point setting software 
package developed at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre at BIO. This 
software graphically displays ship position, way-points, course, speed, etc. 
to the various science working areas.

The echo sounder system used for collecting bathymetric data consisted 
of a Raytheon Line Scan Recorder, Model LSR 1811-2 (serial number 
A117) connected to a hull mounted 12kHz transducer. The transducer 
beam width is 15 degrees. The sweep rate of the record was adjusted 
throughout the course of data collection to aid in identifying the bottom 
signal. The recorder was also linked to a clock, and thus could indicate 5 
minute intervals on the sounder paper. The system was used to collect 
bathymetric soundings at 5 minute intervals while underway between 
stations.

Initially a Raytheon PDD converter and a Black Box BCD-ASCII Converter 
were used to automatically digitize soundings from the LSR. These 
soundings were then broadcast throughout the ship using nmea-nav 
string SSDBK. This allowed the storage of the signal via the AGANAV 
software. In shallow water and with the operator setting a depth envelop 
for the return signals, the system worked reasonable well. However, in 
water depths exceeding 150 fathoms the system was not able to 
consistently determine a proper bottom depth. For this reason, the 
sounding digitizing was carried out manually the entire cruise.



2. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	
(Murray Scotney)

The Hudson was equipped with a hull mounted RDI acoustic doppler 
current profiler. The transducer (serial number 177) had SC ADCP 
electronics (serial number 607) converted for ship board use. Logging, 
using Transect software on a 386 PC, was started on October 16 at 
2014Z along the Scotian Shelf. The configuration of the equipment results 
in a bin length of 4 metres and a total of 128 bins. The raw data are 
stored to disk and backed up every few days. The data are also averaged 
in real-time over 10 minute intervals. ADCP logging was stopped on 
November 20, 1996 at 1013Z in Halifax Harbour.


3. Continuous Flow Multisensor Package (CFMP)	
(Jeff Anning)

Water from approximately 4 m was pumped continuously up to the forward 
lab. The temperature, conductivity and fluorescence of this flow was 
continuously measured and logged every 30 seconds. The temperature 
and conductivity were measured with Seabird sensors and the 
fluorescence by a Wetlabs flowthrough fluorometer. Incident 
Photosynthetically Active Radiation was measured with a Biospherical PAR 
sensor and the data merged with the sea water parameters. Exact 
positions were logged at the same time from a Northstar GPS.

Discrete water samples were collected every 15 minutes by an auto 
sampler for later analysis for phosphate, nitrate and silicate.

A NAS 2E nitrate analyser was incorporated into the flowthrough system. 
Nitrate concentration was measured every 15 minutes. This data will be 
compared with the concentrations found in the discrete samples.


4. 	XBT and XCTD

No probes were used



5.	Meteorological observations

Routine reporting of meteorological variables was carried out by the ship's 
crew. 


6.	Atmospheric Chemistry

There was no atmospheric chemistry programme.














		Cruise Plan for 1996 Labrador Sea Occupation
		Atlantic Circulation Experiment of WOCE - 96026


Senior Scientist:				R.Allyn Clarke
Assistant Senior Scientists:		John R.N. Lazier
						W. Glen Harrison
Cruise:					Hudson 96026
Vessel:					CSS Hudson


Institution:				Ocean Sciences Division
						Department of Fisheries and Oceans
						Bedford Institute of Oceanography
						Dartmouth, NS, Canada

Dates:	Ocotber 15, 1996	Depart Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
		November 20, 1996	Arrive Dartmouth, Nova Scotia


Overview of the Hydrographic Program

This will be the first detailed fall occupation of sections across the Labrador 
Sea and the second occupation of AR7W this year. This cruise will transect 
the Labrador Sea along five lines (see Figure 1). The cruise will consist of 
CTD stations, float and drifter deployment, current meter mooring 
deployment and sound source deployment.

The planned sections sample a number of the water masses of the 
Northwest Atlantic which exhibit interannual variability in their properties. 
The focus of this program is to obtain a fall description of each water mass 
in terms of its volume, temperature, salinity, oxygen, carbon dioxide, 
alkalinity, nutrient, and CFC content. These data can then be used to; sort 
out space/time ambiguities for the larger North Atlantic WOCE hydrographic 
data set which is not being sampled synoptically; test models that relate 
changes in the atmospheric forcing of the North Atlantic to changes in 
these water masses and test abyssal transport/mixing parameterizations in 
a regional model of the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay system.

The planned cruise track consists of an initial transect of the Labrador 
Sea enroute to the northernmost CTD site. We expect to moor the 
acoustic sources at the beginning of the cruise as we transect the 
Labrador Sea. The mooring locations are given in Table 2. We will want to 
carry out these isolated mooring operations when we arrive at the site, 
regardless of the time of day provided the weather conditions are suitable. 

The CTD locations are given in Table 1. Approximately 120 CTD stations 
are planned. CTD stations will be occupied to within 10 metres of the 
bottom every 30 mile or less along the sections. We will try to schedule 
our night time CTD work so that we are on site ready to commence 
mooring operations at 0600. The current meter moorings and the 
meteorological buoy (see Table 2) will be moored during the day. We want 
to deploy two moorings a day on two or three days while working the 
centre section (see Figure 2). 

Overview of the Biological Program

The objectives of the biological program for HUDSON 96-026 are 

(1)	to provide a historical perspective on the large-scale distribution of the 
major plankton groups in the Labrador Sea for comparison with similar 
studies done in the mid-60's and mid 80's, and 

(2)	to provide information on other important biogeochemical properties of 
the region as background for the proposed Phase III of Canadian 
JGOFS. 

Objective (1) will contribute to the debate about the link between northern 
fish stock declines and long-term changes in food chain structure. 
Objective (2) will contribute to DFO's role in Canadian Climate Change 
research.


Hydrographic Sampling Program

Will continuously sample Temperature, Conductivity, Pressure and Oxygen 
and velocity within a few metres of the bottom using a Seabird 911/Plus 
CTD system with a 12 khz bottom pinger and a 150 kHz RDI Acoustic 
Doppler Current Profiler (supplied by WHOI). Twenty-three depths will be 
sampled at all stations using a General Oceanics rosette system with ten 
litre sampling bottles. Additional depths may be sampled on some stations, 
time permitting.

Will measure the upper ocean velocity field along the ships track using an 
150 kHz RDI ADCP and a GPS based navigation system.

Salinity samples from all depths will be analysed at sea using a Guildline 
Autosal Salinometer Model 8400 standardized using IAPSO standard water. 

In situ temperature will be measured using mercury in glass and/or 
electronic thermometers at two or more depths on most casts. 
Thermometric depth will be determined when required.

Will freeze and store duplicate samples of water for later analysis of silicate, 
phosphate and total nitrate for all depths. Samples will be analysed at BIO 
upon return.

Will carry out oxygen analysis for all depths using an automatic titration 
system based on the Winkler technique. Duplicate samples will be collected 
from one or more rosette bottles on all stations.

Samples for Freon-11, Freon-12, Freon-113, carbon tetrachloride and 
methyl chloroform will be collected and analyzed at all depths on 
approximately 75% of the stations. Analysis will be done using an analytical 
system and procedure developed at BIO. We are limited by the analysis 
system to about 50 samples/day.

Samples for alkalinity and total carbonate will be collected and analyzed for 
all depths for approximately half of the stations. The number of analyses 
are limited by the analysis system. Total carbonate samples will be 
analyzed with a coulometric technique using a URI Somma extration system, 
total alkalinity by potentiometric titration.

Will attempt to recover through dragging operations, the partial mooring 
lost during recovery operations on Hudson 96006 (EXPOCODE 
18HU96006/1).

Will set 4 current meter moorings across the Labrador slope offshore of 
Hamilton Bank.

Will moor 4 acoustic sources (supplied by WHOI) around the periphery of 
the Labrador Sea to provide the acoustic tracking for RAFOS floats to be 
released during this cruise and a winter WHOI cruise into the same area.

Will moor a meteorological buoy (supplied by Scripps) near the old Ocean 
Weather Station Bravo site in the west central Labrador Sea.

Will moor a acoustic transceiver mooring (supplied by WHOI) to complete 
a tomographic array set by IFM Kiel in August, 1996.

Will moor a profiling CTD system (supplied by WHOI) near the old Ocean 
Weather Station Bravo site in the west central Labrador Sea.

Will deploy 36 surface velocity drifters in the western and central Labrador 
Sea to measure sea surface temperature as well as surface velocity 
through the winter cooling season.

Will deploy 10 RAFOS floats supplied by University of Rhode Island.

Will deploy 57 ALACE floats supplied by Scripps and IOS, Pat Bay.

Will operate the bottom sounder and the ADCP between stations through 
out the cruise.


Biological Sampling Program

Will occupy biological stations (in most cases, coincident with 
hydrographic stations) which will consist of the deployment of the following 
gear:
_ Net tows (winch room)
_ CTD/rosette (winch room)
_ Light meter at daytime stations (fore-deck)
_ Pump profiles (quarter-deck)

The biological team will have responsibility for the following studies: 

1.	Erica Head (OSD/BIO) - macrozooplankton distribution, abundance 
and metabolism and biological stations.

2.	Bill Li (OSD/BIO) - picoplankton distribution and abundance at 
biological stations.

3.	Jeff Anning (OSD/BIO) - continuous (underway) measurements of solar 
radiation, and temperature, salinity, nitrate and chlorophyll levels in 
surface waters and primary production and biological stations.

4.	Glen Harrison (OSD/BIO) - phytoplankton nitrate utilization underway 
and at biological stations.

5.	Jay Bugden (for Paul Kepkay, OSD/BIO) - Dissolved organic carbon 
and plankton respiration at biological stations.

6.	Kurt Clemente (for Glenn Cota, Old Dominion Univ.) - biooptical 
properties of upper ocean at daylight biological stations.


Hydrographic Data

The CTD data will be reduced to TSEAC messages using initial CTD 
calibration information and will be inserted onto the GTS within 30 days of 
the completion of the cruise.

The CTD and rosette data will be processed and delivered to the WHP 
Office as quickly as possible, hopefully within the prescribed time frames.

The lowered ADCP data will be processed and analyzed by Dr. Pickart of 
WHOI.

If the mooring dragging operation is successful, the current meters and 
Seacats on the mooring will be returned to BIO, the data translated and 
quality controlled. Initial statistics from this mooring will be delivered as 
quickly as possible to Bob Dickson for inclusion in his summary of long term 
current meter mooring statistics. Final edited and quality controlled data will 
be delivered to the WOCE Current Meter Data Centre.


Scientific Personnel

Name			Responsibility				Affiliation

J. Anning		Underway Sampling, photosynthesis	Ocean Sciences Division

L. Bellefontaine 	Salts						Ocean Sciences Division

J. Bugden		DOC Levels, respiration rates		J&S Envirotech, Dartmouth

R. A. Clarke	Senior Scientist				Ocean Sciences Division

K. Clement		Ocean optics				Old Dominion University

B. Gershey 		Scientist, CO2, CFC's, Alkalinity	BDR Research, Dartmouth

G. Harrison		Assistant Scientist			Ocean Sciences Division

B. Hartling		Technician, moorings			Ocean Sciences Division

E. Head		Zooplankton					Ocean Sciences Division

M. Hingston		Technician, CO2, CFC's, Alkalinity	BDR Research, Dartmouth

A. Isenor		Data Manager 				Ocean Sciences Division

J. Lazier		Assistant Scientist			Ocean Sciences Division

B. Li			Bacteria					Ocean Sciences Division

J. Lilly								University of Washington

M. Poliquin		Oxygen					Polytech Sci Ser

P. Rhines		Scientist					University of Washington

P. Roussel								Dalhousie University

B. Ryan		Technician, CTD				Ocean Sciences Division

M. Visbeck		Scientist					Lamont

I. Yashayaev	Scientist, Data				Ocean Sciences Division

TBD 		WHOI
TBD		WHOI
TBD		WHOI



Table 1.  Planned Station Positions

Place		Latitude	Longitude
	degrees and minutes	degrees and minutes	Stn No.
BIO	44	44.0	63	36.8	1 
Biology 1	51	51.0	54	18.0	2 
Biology 2	52	3.0	53	30.0	3 
Biology 3	52	15.0	52	42.0	4 
L4_01	52	27.0	51	54.0	5 
L4_02	52	37.0	51	35.0	6 
L4_03	52	45.0	51	13.0	7 
L4_04	52	53.0	50	52.0	8 
L4_05	53	3.0	50	25.0	9 
L4_06	53	15.0	49	57.0	10 
L4_07	53	27.0	49	29.0	11 
L4_08	53	56.0	49	17.0	12 
L4_09	54	23.0	49	0.0	13 
L4_10	54	51.0	48	45.0	14 
Sound S	55	0.0	48	42.0	15 
L4_11	55	18.0	48	32.0	16 
L4_12	55	47.0	48	17.0	17 
L4_13	56	16.0	48	1.0	18 
L4_14	56	43.0	47	45.0	19 
L4_15	57	12.0	47	31.0	20 
L4_16	57	38.0	47	15.0	21 
L4_17	58	7.0	46	58.0	22 
L4_18	58	33.0	46	43.0	23 
L4_19	59	3.0	46	27.0	24 
L4_20	59	22.0	46	15.0	25 
L4_21	59	37.0	46	7.0	26 
L4_22	59	52.0	46	0.0	27 
Biology 4	60	7.0	45	53.0	28 
Biology 5	60	7.0	45	53.0	28 
Biology 6	61	34.0	49	36.0	29 
L2_17	61	22.0	50	0.0	30 
L2_16	61	12.0	50	20.0	31 
L2_15	61	0.0	50	42.0	32 
L2_14	60	46.0	51	8.0	33 
Sound North	60	42.0	51	0.0	34 
L2_13	60	24.0	51	50.0	35 
L2_12	60	3.0	52	28.0	36 
L2_11	59	40.0	53	9.0	37 
L2_10	59	18.0	53	50.0	38 
L2_09	58	55.0	54	30.0	39 
L2_08	58	34.0	55	8.0	40 
L2_07	58	13.0	55	47.0	41 
Tomographic	58	0.0	55	30.0	42 
Sound West	57	58.0	56	10.0	43 
L2_06	57	50.0	56	24.0	44 
L2_05	57	28.0	57	3.0	45 
L2_04	57	11.0	57	34.0	46 
L2_03	56	57.0	57	59.0	47 
L2_02	56	46.0	58	18.0	48 
L2_01	56	35.0	58	36.0	49 
Biology 7	56	23.0	59	0.0	50 
Biology 8	56	11.0	59	24.0	51 
Biology 9	55	59.0	59	48.0	52 
Biology 10	55	59.0	59	48.0	52 
L3_01	53	40.8	55	33.1	53 
L3_02	53	47.8	55	26.3	54 
L3_03	53	59.3	55	15.0	55 
L3_04	54	13.3	55	1.4	56 
L3_05	54	29.5	54	45.4	57 
L3_06	54	45.7	54	29.2	58 
L3_07	54	57.3	54	17.6	59 
L3_08	55	6.6	54	8.3	60 
L3_09	55	15.9	53	59.0	61 
L3_10	55	25.1	53	49.6	62 
RL 2	55	27.0	53	46.0	63 
L3_11	55	36.8	53	37.9	64 
RL 3	55	42.0	53	32.0	65 
L3_12	55	50.7	53	23.6	66 
L3_13	56	6.9	53	7.0	67 
RL 4	56	8.0	53	4.0	68 
L3_14	56	32.2	52	40.7	69 
RL_Bravo	56	45.2	52	27.4	70 
L3_15	56	57.4	52	14.2	71 
L3_16	57	22.6	51	47.3	72 
L3_17	57	47.9	51	20.2	73 
L3_18	58	13.1	50	52.7	74 
L3_19	58	38.3	50	25.0	75 
L3_20	59	3.6	49	56.8	76 
L3_21	59	28.8	49	28.3	77 
L3_22	59	45.1	49	9.8	78 
L3_23	59	59.0	48	53.9	79 
L3_24	60	10.6	48	40.5	80 
L3_25	60	17.5	48	32.5	81 
L3_26	60	22.2	48	27.1	82 
L3_27	60	26.8	48	21.7	83 
L3_28	60	33.8	48	13.6	84 
Biology 11	60	33.8	48	13.6	84 
L1_17	62	40.0	50	55.0	85 
L1_16	62	28.0	51	18.0	86 
L1_15	62	22.0	51	43.0	87 
L1_14	62	7.0	52	13.0	88 
L1_13	61	53.0	52	44.0	89 
L1_12	61	42.0	53	13.0	90 
L1_11	61	23.0	53	58.0	91 
L1_09	61	4.0	54	42.0	92 
L1_08	60	45.0	55	22.0	93 
L1_07	60	27.0	56	8.0	94 
L1_06	60	7.0	56	54.0	95 
L1_05	59	47.0	57	38.0	96 
L1_04	59	28.0	58	20.0	97 
L1_03	59	8.0	59	5.0	98 
L1_02	58	55.0	59	33.0	99 
L1_01	58	45.0	59	54.0	100 
Biology 12	58	23.0	60	39.0	101 
Biology 13	58	11.0	61	3.0	102 
Biology 14	57	59.0	61	27.0	103 
Biology 15	57	59.0	61	27.0	103 
L2.5_S	59	3.0	52	6.0	 
L2.5_E	56	42.0	53	18.0	109 
I3.5_S	55	9.0	57	54.0	 
I3.5_E	57	54.0	49	6.0	115
Biology 16	57	54.0	49	6.0	115 
L5_27	59	30.0	44	0.0	116 
L5_26	59	15.0	44	0.0	117 
L5_25	59	0.0	44	0.0	118 
L5_24	58	30.0	44	0.0	119 
L5_23	58	0.0	44	0.0	120 
L5_22	57	30.0	44	0.0	121 
L5_21	57	0.0	44	0.0	122 
Sound East	56	42.0	44	0.0	123 
L5_20	56	30.0	44	0.0	124 
L5_19	56	0.0	44	0.0	125 
L5_18	55	30.0	44	0.0	126 
L5_17	55	0.0	44	0.0	127 
L5_16	54	30.0	44	0.0	128 
L5_15	54	0.0	44	0.0	129 
L5_14	53	30.0	44	0.0	130 
L5_13	53	0.0	44	0.0	131 
L5_12	52	30.0	44	0.0	132 
L5_11	52	0.0	44	0.0	133 
L5_10	51	30.0	44	0.0	134 
L5_09	51	0.0	44	0.0	135 
L5_08	50	30.0	44	0.0	136 
L5_07	50	0.0	44	0.0	137 
L5_06	49	30.0	44	0.0	138 
L5_05	49	0.0	44	0.0	139 
L5_04	48	30.0	44	0.0	140 
L5_03	48	0.0	44	0.0	141 
L5_02	47	30.0	44	0.0	142 
L5_01	47	0.0	44	0.0	143 


Table 2.  Planned Mooring Positions along AR7W

Mooring Type		Depth
				(metres)	Latitude	Longitude

Recovery Bravo mooring	3500		56	45	52	27
Profiling CTD mooring	3500		56	45	52	27
Meteorological mooring	3500		56	45	52	27
CM Mooring RL 2		2800		55	27	53	46
CM Mooring RL 3		3050		55	42	53	32
CM Mooring RL 4		3400		56	8	53	4
South Sound Source			55	0	55	42
West Sound Source				57	58	56	10
North Sound Source			60	42	51	0
East Sound Source				57	0	44	0
Tomographic mooring			58	0	55	30

 
Figure 1.  Initial CTD / rosette station plan, HUDSON 96026

 
Figure 2:	Mooring plan for Hudson 96026. Mooring locations marked by 
_'s; +'s mark the positions of CTD / rosette stations along WOCE repeat 
section AR7W, the centre section of the five planned sections on figure 1. 
Moorings SS North, SS West and L are on the second CTD section, SS 
South is on section 4 and SS East is on section 5.