Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Ingersoll, Chris
      Publication_Date: 1993
      Title:
        An Ecological Assessment of Metal Contaminated Sediments
        in the Upper Clark Fork River
      Other_Citation_Details:
        This metadata file can be found at:
        ftp://ftp.emtc.usgs.gov/pub/nbii_metadata/brdcerc0002.txt (text format)
        and
        ftp://ftp.emtc.usgs.gov/pub/nbii_metadata/brdcerc0002.html (HTML format)
        and
        ftp://ftp.emtc.usgs.gov/pub/nbii_metadata/brdcerc0002.sgml (SGML format).
  Description:
    Abstract:
      A comprehensive field and laboratory approach to the ecological risk
      assessment for the Milltown Reservoir-Clark Fork River Sediments
      site, a Superfund site in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, was
      conducted previously.  The risk assessment addressed concerns over the
      ecological impacts of upstream releases of mining wastes to fisheries
      of the upper Clark Fork River and the benthic and terrestrial habitats
      further downstream in Milltown Reservoir.  The risk characterization
      component of the process integrated results from a triad of
      information sources: (a) chemistry studies of environmental media to
      identify and quantify exposures of terrestrial and aquatic organisms
      to site-related contaminants; (b) ecological or population studies of
      terrestrial vegetation, birds, benthic communities, and fish; and (e)
      in situ and laboratory toxicity studies with terrestrial and aquatic
      invertebrates and plants, small mammals, amphibians, and fish exposed
      to contaminated surface water, sediments, wetland soils, and food
      sources.  Trophic transfer studies were performed on waterfowl,
      mammals, and predatory birds using field measurement data on metals
      concentrations in environment media and lower tropospheric food
      sources.  Studies with sediment exposures were incorporated into the
      Sediment Quality Triad approach to evaluate risks to benthic ecology.
      Overall results of the wetland and terrestrial studies suggested that
      acute adverse biological effects were largely absent from the wetland;
      however, adverse effects to reproductive, growth, and physiological
      end points of various terrestrial and aquatic species were related to
      metals exposures in more highly contaminated depositional areas.
      Feeding studies with contaminated diet collected from the upper Clark
      Fork River indicated that trout may be at high risk from elevated metals
      concentrations in surface water, sediment, and aquatic invertebrates.
      Integration of chemical analyses with toxicological and ecological
      evaluations of metal effects on the wetland and fishery has provided
      an important foundation for environmental decisions at this site.
    Purpose:
      To Integrate chemical analyses with toxicological and ecological
      evaluations of metal effects on the wetland and fishery in order to provide
      an important foundation for environmental decisions at this site.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19910722
        Ending_Date: 19910919
    Currentness_Reference: From principal investigator notes
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: none planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
      The Clark Fork River, located in southwestern Montana, is the largest
      tributary of the Columbia River in the northwestern United States. The
      upper Clark Fork River also supports a cold-water trout fishery. The
      upper Clark Fork River from the Butte and Anaconda area to at least
      230 km downstream at Milltown Reservoir is contaminated with As, Cu,
      Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn primarily from mining activities.  Silver Bow
      Creek, the upper Clark Fork River, and Milltown Reservoir have been
      designated Superfund sites by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      because of metal-contaminated bottom sediments and arsenic (As) in
      drinking water.

      Note: the following coordinates are taken from a road atlas based
      on the above description.
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -114.
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -112.
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 45.5
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: AVS
      Theme_Keyword: Acid-volatile sulfides
      Theme_Keyword: Amphipods
      Theme_Keyword: Benthic invertebrates
      Theme_Keyword: Bioaccumulation
      Theme_Keyword: Biological Risk Assessment
      Theme_Keyword: Brown Trout
      Theme_Keyword: Chironomidae
      Theme_Keyword: Chironomus tentans
      Theme_Keyword: Clark Fork River
      Theme_Keyword: Clark Fork River sediment
      Theme_Keyword: Chironomus riparius
      Theme_Keyword: Daphnia magna
      Theme_Keyword: Fish
      Theme_Keyword: Hyalella azteca
      Theme_Keyword: Invertebrates
      Theme_Keyword: Metals
      Theme_Keyword: Midges
      Theme_Keyword: Milltown Reservoir
      Theme_Keyword: Mining Wastes
      Theme_Keyword: Oligochaeta
      Theme_Keyword: Oligochaetes
      Theme_Keyword: Oncorhynchus mykiss
      Theme_Keyword: Pore water
      Theme_Keyword: Rainbow Trout
      Theme_Keyword: Salmo trutta
      Theme_Keyword: Sediment
      Theme_Keyword: Sediment Quality Triad
      Theme_Keyword: Toxicity
      Theme_Keyword: Trout
      Theme_Keyword: Wetland
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: Clark Fork River, Montana
      Place_Keyword: Missoula
      Place_Keyword: Montana
  Taxonomy:
    Taxonomic_Keywords: Hyalella azteca
    Taxonomic_Keywords: Daphnia magna
    Taxonomic_Keywords: Chironomus riparius
    Taxonomic_Keywords: Salmo trutta (Brown trout)
    Taxonomic_Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)
    Taxonomic_Keywords: amphipods
    Taxonomic_Keywords: midges
    Taxonomic_Keywords: oligochaetes
    Taxonomic_Keywords: fish
    Taxonomic_Keywords: trout
  Taxonomy:
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      General_Taxonomic_Coverage:
        Aquatic invertebrates and fish, amphipods, midges, oligochaetes:

        Hyalella azteca, Chironomus riparius, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
        mykiss) and Daphnia magna.
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Chris Ingersoll
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey
          Biological Resources Division
          [formerly: National Biological Service,]
          Columbia Environmental Research Center
          [formerly: Environmental and Contaminants Research Center]
          [formerly: Midwest Science Center]
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 4200 New Haven Road
        City: Columbia
        State_or_Province: MO
        Postal_Code: 65201-9634
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (573) 876-1819
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (573) 876-1896
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: chris_ingersoll@usgs.gov
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Pascoe, G. A.
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Characterization of Ecological Risks at the Milltown
        Reservoir - Clark Fork River Sediments Superfund site, Montana
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 13:2043-2058
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Besser, J. M. et al.
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title:
        Effects of Spatial and Temporal Variation of Acid-Volatile
        Sulfide on the Bioavailability of Copper and Zinc in Freshwater Sediments
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 15:286-293
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Canfield, T. J. et al.
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Use of Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure and the
        Sediment Quality Triad to Evaluate Metal-Contaminated Sediment in the
        Upper Clark Fork River, Montana
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 13:1994-2012
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Ingersoll, C. G. et al
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Bioaccumulation of metals by Hyalella Azteca exposed to
        contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 13:2013-2020
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Brumbaugh, W. G.
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Chemical Characteristics of Sediments and Pore Water From
        the Upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 13:1971-1983
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Kemble, N. E. et al
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Toxicity of Metal-Contaminated Sediments from the upper
        Clark Fork River, Montana, to aquatic invertebrates and fish in
        laboratory exposures.
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
        Issue_Identification: 13:1985-1997
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report: unknown
  Logical_Consistency_Report: unknown
  Completeness_Report: unknown
  Lineage:
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: field
      Methodology_Description:
        Benthic invertebrates were collected from depositional areas at each
        of six Clark Fork River Stations.  All benthos samples were collected
        before collection of sediment samples for chemistry and toxicity
        testing in an effort to minimize disturbance of the sediments and
        associated invertebrates.  Five replicate Ponar samples were taken at
        each station within a 100-m2 area.  Each replicate consisted of one
        grab sample.  Benthic samples were taken from about the upper 6 cm of
        the sediment surface.  Samples were sieved through an ASTM no.l 30
        sieve (533 micrometers); retained sieve materials were transferred to
        1-L glass jars, preserved in buffered 10% formalin, and transported to
        the laboratory.  Sediment samples for toxicity testing and sediment
        chemistry were similarly collected from the upper 6 cm. of sediment in
        depositional zones with a petite Ponar grab or polypropylene scoop.
        Each toxicity/chemistry sample was a composite of a minimum of 10
        grabs/station.
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: taxonomic identification
      Methodology_Description:
        Before sorting, benthic samples were rinsed with tap water to remove
        formalin and excess silt or mud.  The samples were then drained of
        excess water, returned to the original jars, filled with 95% ethanol,
        and allowed to soak for at least 24 hours to extract volatile
        compounds. After the 24-h extraction period, each sample was rinsed
        again with tap water to remove the ethanol and volatile compounds, and
        fresh 95% ethanol was added to each sample.  Samples with more than
        200 ml of retained material were split into eight equal subsamples.
        Four of the eight subsamples were sorted and enumerated.  The
        remaining four subsamples were placed in separate containers and
        archived.  Samples that were not split were completely sorted.
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: field
      Methodology_Description:
        Benthic invertebrates were collected from depositional areas at each
        of six Clark Fork River Stations.  All benthos samples were collected
        before collection of sediment samples for chemistry and toxicity
        testing in an effort to minimize disturbance of the sediments and
        associated invertebrates.  Five replicate Ponar samples were taken at
        each station within a 100-m2 area.  Each replicate consisted of one
        grab sample.  Benthic samples were taken from about the upper 6 cm of
        the sediment surface.  Samples were sieved through an ASTM no.l 30
        sieve (533 micrometers); retained sieve materials were transferred to
        1-L glass jars, preserved in buffered 10% formalin, and transported to
        the laboratory.  Sediment samples for toxicity testing and sediment
        chemistry were similarly collected from the upper 6 cm. of sediment in
        depositional zones with a petite Ponar grab or polypropylene scoop.
        Each toxicity/chemistry sample was a composite of a minimum of 10
        grabs/station.
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: physical characterizations of sediment
      Methodology_Description:
        Sediment samples from each station were subsampled within 1 week of
        collection from field.  Sediment subsamples were characterized for the
        following physical variables: percentage water, particle size, cation
        exchange capacity, organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and ash-free dry
        weight.
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Kemble N. E. et al
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Sediment Toxicology
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Helena, MT
            Publisher: National Technical Information Service
      Methodology_Type: Chemical characterizations of sediment
      Methodology_Description:
        Sediment subsamples were characterized for the following chemical
        variables: acid-volatile sulfides (AVS), reducible iron and manganese,
        metals, and organic contaminants.
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Brumbaugh, W. G. et al
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title:
            Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water
            from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir.
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
            Issue_Identification: 13(12)
      Methodology_Type: toxicity tests on sediments
      Methodology_Description:
        Whole-sediment toxicity tests were conducted with the following
        tests and species: amphipods (Hyalella azteca), midges (Chironomus
        riparius), cladocerans (Daphnia magna), and rainbow trout
        (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Kemble N. E. et al
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title: Sediment Toxicology
          Publication_Information:
            Publication_Place: Helena, MT
            Publisher: National Technical Information Service
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: None
      Process_Date: Unknown
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Based on local reference names
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish: Hyalella Azteca, Chironomus riparius,
      rainbow trout, Daphnia magna
      Studied for effects of heavy metals on length, sexual maturation, survival.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
      Canfield, T. J. et al., 1994  "Use of Benthic Invertebrate Community
      Structure and the Sediment Quality Triad to Evaluate Metal-Contaminated
      Sediment in the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana", Environmental
      Toxicology and Chemistry, 13(12)
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: National Technical Information Service
        Contact_Person: Unknown
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: physical address
        City: Springfield
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: unknown
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: unknown
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: unknown
  Distribution_Liability:
    No warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or
    utility of the data on any system or for general or scientific
    purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such
    warranty.  This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data
    and aggregate use with other data.  It is strongly recommended that
    these data are directly acquired from the Biological Resources Division
    (BRD) and not indirectly though other sources which may have changed
    the data in some way.  It is also strongly recommended that careful
    attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with
    these data.  Neither the BRD nor the NASA Global Change Master
    Directory shall be held liable for
    improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: unknown
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Offline_Option:
          Offline_Media: Data available through NTIS
          Recording_Format: unknown
    Fees: Purchased through NTIS
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 1993
  Metadata_Review_Date: 19960726
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: Hughes STX
        Contact_Person: Cheryl Solomon
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: physical address
        City: Greenbelt
        State_or_Province: MD
        Postal_Code: 20770
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301 441-4249
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301 441-9486
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name:
    Content Standard for National Biological Information
    Infrastructure Metadata.
  Metadata_Standard_Version: December 1995