4 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY, 1896.
--
8,a.m. &.a.m. 10,p.m. 0,y.m. 14.p.m. 13.a.m. 18.p.m. 2O.p.m. 23 p.m d a .m :
s38:p.m. 31 a.m.
~138:p.m. 31,p.m.
.............
............
.............
1.p.m. 6.a.m. 8.a.m. 6.p.m. 7,p.m. 14,a.m. 17.a.m. 16 p.m 18'a.m: 19:a.m. 83.a.m. S7.a.m. 28.a.m. 8Op.m 81:p.m: 31,a.m.
.........
..............
~~~~
en- of the low to the eastern side, first appeared on the morn-
ing map of the 17th. By the morning of the 18th a well-de-
fined system of circulating winds around a central area of low preasure appeared in Iowa and moved eastward passing
off. the coast of New Brunswick on the night of the 19th.
1X.-The origin of low area No. IS is given as eastern Wyo-
ming. There is no evidence, however, that it was not an ofT-
shoot of a low pressure area on the Pacific coast which fol-
lowed No. VIII. This storm developed as it approached the
Great Lakes, and gave the first severe stormwinds of the
month. It decreased in severity after passing the Lakes and
passed beyond the region of observation as a very moderate
disturbance. X.-This appeared on the morning of the 23d as an ill-de- fined area of low pressure over central Texas. It developed
very slightly and remained almost stationary during the next
thirty-six hours, but the morning map of the 25th showed a rapid inovenient and an increaae in intensity. By the morn-
ing of the 26th pressure had fallen to 29.04 at Sctugeen, and
the storm had moved 1,500 miles in thirty-six hours; in its
further course it gradually diminished and passed down the
St. Lawrence Valley as a storm of moderate energy.
XI.-This belongs to that class of storms that occasionally
pass from the Pacific along the southern border of the United States and up the Atlantic coast. On the morning of the
27th an extensive ridge of high pressure extended from eastern
Tennessee to western Montana. Pressure was lowest on the
south California coast. Rain was falling in Arizona and rain
and snow in Texas. Twelve hours later the precipitation area
covered the greater part of New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana ;
the south California low had deepened slightly, and the ridge
of high pressure had advanced to the southward, doubtless
causing the extensive precipitation of rain and snow in Texas
and New Mexico. By the niorning of the 28th the ridge of
high pressure had braken into two parts, onecentral over the middle plateau, the other over the Ohio Valley. The south-
ern California low had lost energy and an independent storm
center appeared in the central Gulf. The temperature throughout the Lower Mississippi Valley and the Gulf States
was below the normal for the season, and extensive snows pre-
vailed from Kansas and Oklahoma eastward to central Ten-
nessee. The low drifted eastward rapidly and passed up the
Atlantic coast, givingrain on the immediate coast and heavy
snow in the interior.
XI1.-This appeared in Alberta on the evening of the 27th,
and passed rapidly southeastward until reaching the Lake re-
gion. Here, as sometimes happens, the rate of movement was
much reduced, and the storm occupied the La.ke region for
about thirty-six hours.
XII1.-This appeared in the Saskatchewan Valley on the
evening of the 29th as an ill-defined depression, and at no
43 U
47 46 89
51 82
8.9
4-I
89 46 45 46
4S 47
38 45
49
46 47 &d 47 M 46 51 81 60 47 81
....,
time in its course did i t develop stormwinds or extensive pre-
cipitation.
X1V.-This appeared o t i the west Florida coast on the even-
ing of the 29th. It remained almost stationary over the Florida Peninsula until the evening of the 31st, giving heavy
rains on the coast as far north as New Jersey.
MOVEMENT OF CENTERS.
The following table shows the date and location of the
center a t the beginning and ending of each area of high or
low pressure that has appeared on the U. S. Weather Maps
during the month, together with the average daily and hourly
velocities. The monthly averages will differ according as
we consider each path as a distinct unit, or give equal weight
to each day of observation; in the first case the monthly
average is taken by paths, in the latter case by days.
h#8.
2.0 8.0 4.b 1.5
M0,lWmawt of C43Il.t.LQ -.
1 First observed.
-
MUM. 550
96'7 7% 1,OOO ............
Number. I-
High areas. I ................ Ill. .............. 111 .............. I V .............. IVn ............. V... ............ \'I ............. VI1 ............. VI11 ............ VI11 n ... ;. ..... IX .............. IXn ............ X ...............
1,a.m. 2,a.m. 6.a.m. 8,a. ni. 8.a.m. I0,a.m. 13, p.m. 18,a.m. =,a.m. '25, a.m. %.a.m. S.a.m. 50,a.m.
Pums ..... ....I.. ....... Mean of 11 paths.. ............... Mean of 88.5 days ..................
.....
.....
0.5 3.5 1.0 3.5 8.5 6.5 7.0 1.6 8.6
4 0 E
:::
i o '
1.5
M.0
,....
....
g48
m
....... m 1.ooo 100
1,ooo 800 4a9
1.m 114
750 850
800
10,m
888
68Q
E --
Low areas. I ................ 11 ............... 111 .............. IV .............. [Vn.. ...........
1,a.m. 1,p.m. 2.a.m. 2,a.m. 5.8. m.
-
2
3
c;
-
0
85 5!2 M 54 39 55 47 39 55
'&a 55
44 88
4Q
.... ....
....
48 50
a 49
46 ar 50
a8 'I4 87
48 I a4 M 51 29
.... ....
... -
VI .............. VII. ............ VI11 ............ VIIIn ..........
-
d ti
cl -
0
85 113 111 104
114 1oR 122 1111 87 74 119 117 99 113
....
.... ....
69
ei 98 180 1M 05 la8 ge 127 101 107 gs 118 111 118 81
....
....
.... -
10 a.m. 15:a.m. l4.p.m. 17.u.m.
Last observed.
rx .............. S ............... SI .............. EII.. ........... KTII ............ KIV ............
Rums.. Mean of 15
Mean of 48 paths..
days..
19.p.m. 83,a.m. 27a.m.
29.p.m.
.................
...............
................
d p .m . 29:p.m.
-
NORTH ATLANTIC METEOROLOGY. .
[fieesur8 in inaha and nrillivnekra.: &ad force by Beturifort eeak.]
NORMAL CONDITIONS. i . OCEAN FOQ.
The normal barometric pressure for January over the
North Atlantic Ocean, as deduced from international simul-
taneous meteorological observations taken a t Greenwich nom
and not reduced to standard gravity, is highest, 30.20 (767),
in a small area between the Azores and the Windward
Islands; it is lowest, 29.50 (749), in a region between Green-
land, Iceland, and Spitzbergen. As compared with Decem-
ber the normal pressure for January rises about 0.05 in the
region southwest of the Azores, but falls in the extreme
North Atlantic.
-
d
s
M
-
0
88 61 I 76
87 76
18 98 80 70 114 07 io1
i ia
....
....
....
68 68 75 125
E G 61 Iza 7% 80 a1 116 65 85 78
....
.... ....
-e
Miles. 1,100 2900 3' 500 1: wo
1.W 3200 a' 400 2: m 900
3 ,m
........
........
25. OOO
........ ........
800
2 .m 1, 000 'io0 2 w o 8'800 3'm 2:aOo
2 :m
800 1800
8,E
2.400
1,wo 450
2% 400
-
....... .......
-
& d
2
B -
nh8.
2% 9 M.8 82.4 41.7
19.5
aa. 7 40.0 66.7 81.5 58.8
ria. 8
.....
.....
..... .....
89.4
98.5
..... as. a 41.7 4.2 41.7 25.0 17.9 88.9 4.8 50.0 82.1 31.2 14.6 88.8
14.5
81.8
.....
88.7
a8.6
-
I The limits of fog belts west of the fortieth meridian, as re-
ported by navigators, are shown on Chart .I by dotted shad-
ling. Near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland fog was re-
1 p r t e d on 20 datee ; between the fifty-fifth and sixty-fifth me-
i ridian on 6 dates ; and west of the sixty-fifth meridian on 3
dates. Compared with the corresponding month of the last
seven years the dates of occurrence of fog east of the fifty-
fifth meridian numbered 13 more than the average ; between
the fifty-fifth and sixty-fifth meridians 3 less than the aver-
age; and west of the sixty-fifth meridian, 3 less than the average.
JANUARY, 1896. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 6
OCEAN ICE.
The positions of icebergs reported for the current nionth
are shown on Chart I by crosses. On the 2d ice was observed
in N. 45O 34, W. 50 35. On the l l t h , in N. 47O 4o, W. 49O
58, a large berg was noted. On the 13th heavy ice was en-
countered near St. Johns, N. F. On the 23d, a berg 100 feet
high and 300 feet long, was reported in N. 48O 16, W. 50 39.
From January, 1882 to 1888, inclusive, arctic ice in small
quantities was reported east of Newfoundland, but in no case was it sighted south of the forty-third parallel. I n 1S89 and
1892 no ice was reported. In 1890 vast fields of ice and enor-
mous icebergs were encountered over and near the Grand
Banks, north of the forty-third ptlrallel. In 1891, on the %th, 3 large icebergs were observed in N. 46O 3o, W. 52O 46, and
on the 31st patches of soft ice were encountered in E. 45O 5o,
W. 59O 20. In 1893, on the 5th, a large berg Gas not,ed in N. 47O 35, W. 48O 34; on the 8th, n long, low- berg was observed
in N. 4S0 lo, W. 47O 26 ; on the 18th, a berg was noted in N: 48O, W. 46O. In 1894 more ice was reported during January
than in any corresponding month for the past 18 years.
TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR.
[In degree8 fixh.ren?mt.]
The distribution of the monthly mean temperature of the
air over the United States and Canada is shown by the dotted
isotherms on Chart 11; the lines are drawn over the high
irregular surface of the Rocky Mountain plateau, a1 though
the temperatures have not been reduced to sea level, and the
isotherms, therefore, relate to the average surface of the
country occupied by our observers ; such isotherms are con-
trolled largely by the local topography, and should be drawn and studied in connection with a contour map.
DIURNAL PERIODICITY.
The regular diurnal period in temperature is shown by the
hourly means given in Table I V for all stations having self-
registers.
NORMAL TEMPERATURE.
In Table 11, for voluntary observers, the mean tenipera- ture is given for each station, but i n Table I, for the regular
stations of the Weather Bureau, both the mean temperatures
and the departures from the normal are given for the cur-
rent month. In the latter table the stations are grouped by
geographical districts, for each of which is given the average
temperature and departure from the normal ; the normal for
any district or station may be found by adding the departures
to the current average when the latter is below the normal and by subtracting when it is above.
The years of highest and lowest mean temperature for Jan-
uary niay be had from Table I of the Janua.ry, 1894, REVIEW. In this REBIEW thn absolute January maximum and mini-
mum teinperakure for each Weather Bureau sta,tion during
the entire period of ohserrat,ion is given on the right margin
of Table I. It is proposed to give these data for each month
in the successive issues of the REVIEW.
Some of the details heretofore published under this section have been omitted to make room for other articles, but the
numerical tables cont.ain the information usually given, and
its repetition in this text is believed to be unnecessary.
PRECIPITATION.
[In 6nchc8 d d ?~nft.redthR.]
The distribution of precipitation for the month of January:
1895, as determined by reports from about 2,000 stations,
is exhibited on Chart 111. The numerical details are given i n
Tables I, 11, and I11 ; the first of these also gives the average
departures from the normal for each district. Unless other-
wise stated, the snow or hail is understood to be melted and
added to the rainfall.
DIURNAL VARIATION.
Table XI1 gives the total precipitation for each honr of
seventy-fifth meridian time, as deduced from self-registering
gauges kept a t about 43 regular stations of the Weather Bu-
reau ; of these 37 are float gauges and 7 are weighing gauges.
The normal precipitation for January is showu on Chart
I of the Atlas of Bulletin C. entitled Rainfall and Snow
of the United States, Compiled to the End of 1891, with
Annual, Seasonal, Monthly, and other Charts, by Mark W.
Harrington, Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, 1894.
From this chart i t appears that the region of greatest rainfall
in January is on the north Pacific coast and in the Lower Missiesippi Valley, including Tennessee and the mountainous
portions of Georgia and North Carolina.
NORMAL PRECIPITATION FOR JANUARY.
.
PRECIPITATION FOR CURRENT MONTH.
The precipitation for the current January was heaviest in
the extreme northwest corner of Washington and along the Pacific coast as far south as San Francisco. The .maxima
were : East Clallam, 15.44 : Tatoosh Island, 12.50; Neah Bay,
12.44 ; Pysht 18.07 ; Fort Canby, 11.52, also a t Hs;lifax, 10.12.
Other details may be drawn froin the charts and tables.
HAIL.
The following are the dates on which hail fell in the respec-
tive States: Alabama, 16. Arizona, 24. Arkansas, 6, 20. California,
15 to 18. Florida, 9, 16. Illinois, 21. Indian Territory, 19.
Iowa, PO, 21. Kentucky, 7. Loizisiana, 1, 25. Maryland, 12. Michigan, 31. MissiReippi, 15,16. Missouri, 15,20,21. Ore-
Eon, 11, 13, 17,21. South C!arolina,2. Tennessee, 7. Texas,
24, 25. Virginia, 12. Washington, 13.
SLEET.
. The following are the dates on which sleet fell in the re-
apective States :
Alabama, 3, 8, 9, 10, 28. Arizona, 17. Arkansas, 1, 2, 4, 8,
15, 24, 26, 87, 30. California, 3, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23. Con-
necticut, 6, s, 10, 11, 16, 26. District of
Columbia, 9, 3.5, 26. Idaho, 1,4, 11,13,
16. Illinoie, 5, 6, 9, 11, 16, 20, 35. Indiana, 5, 6, 10, 35, 36.
Indian Territory, 1, 2, 24. Kansas, 3,4,
5, 14, 15, 80, 21, 25, 31. Louisiana,
27 to 30. Maine, 6, 7, 10, 11,13. Maryland, 5, 6, S, 9, 10, 12,
16, 18, 24, 35, 26, 38. Massachusetts, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 32, 36.
Michigan, 5, 7, 18, 20, 31. Mis- iss sip pi, 1,3,8,9, 14, 27 to 30. Missouri, 3 to 7, 10, 14,15,20,
24, 26, 27, 39. Nebraska, 5, 13,14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30. Ne- Tadti, 4,5,6, 12, 13, 16 to 19,22. New Hampshire, 6,7, 10,11,
13, 86. New Jersey, 6 to 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 31, 82, 26, 26.
Delaware, 8, 15, 85.
Georgia, 2, 3, 28, 29.
Iowa, 4,6,6, 18, 21.
Kentiicky, 9, 10, 25, 26.
Minnesota, 5, 17, 18, 20, 21.