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Emerging Infectious Diseases  * Volume 2 * Number 4 * October-December, 1996
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Perspectives

   * Guarding Against the Most Dangerous Emerging Pathogens: Insights from
     Evolutionary Biology, P.W. Ewald
      ewald.pdf (131,023 Bytes)
      ewald.txt (60,589 Bytes)
      ewald.zip (356,665 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases, P. Farmer
      farmer.pdf (222,081 Bytes)
      farmer.txt (46,918 Bytes)
      farmer.zip (237,774 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

Synopses

   * Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Virulence: Type III Secretion and
     Pathogenicity Islands, J. Mecsas and E.J. Strauss
      mecsas.pdf (412,060 Bytes)
      mecsas.txt (77,670 Bytes)
      mecsas.zip (554,040 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * New Vaccines for the Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, H. Kyhty
     and J. Eskola
      kayhty.pdf (178,591 Bytes)
      kayhty.txt (45,641 Bytes)
      kayhty.zip (218,329 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * A Mathematical Model and CD4+ Lymphocyte Dynamics in HIV Infection, T.
     Hraba and J. Dolezal
      hraba.pdf (203,631 Bytes)
      hraba.txt (26,572 Bytes)
      hraba.zip (140,690 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Chlamydiae as Pathogens: New Species and New Issues, R.W. Peeling and
     R.C. Brunham
      peeling.pdf (242,723 Bytes)
      peeling.txt (55,966 Bytes)
      peeling.zip (262,270 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

Dispatches

   * Experimental Inoculation of Plants and Animals with Ebola Virus, R.
     Swanepoel, P.A. Leman, F.J. Burt, N.A. Zachariades, L.E.O. Braack,
     T.G. Ksiazek, P.E. Rollin, S.R. Zaki, and C.J. Peters
      swanepo2.pdf (99,445 Bytes)
      swanepo2.txt (20,517 Bytes)
      swanepo2.zip (297,694 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Encephalitis Caused by a Lyssavirus in Fruit Bats in Australia, G.C.
     Fraser, P.T. Hooper, R.A. Lunt, A.R. Gould, L.J. Gleeson, A.D. Hyatt,
     G.M. Russell, and J.A. Kattenbelt
      fraser.pdf (95,200 Bytes)
      fraser.txt (19,809 Bytes)
      fraser.zip (119,851 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Creutzfeld-tJakob Disease in the United States, 1979-1994: Using
     National Mortality Data to Assess the Possible Occurrence of Variant
     Cases, R.C. Holman, A.S. Khan, E.D. Belay, and L.B. Schonberger
      holman2.pdf (80,557 Bytes)
      holman2.txt (22,434 Bytes)
      holman2.zip (106,042 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Rapid Increase of Resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin in
     Streptococcus pyogenes in Italy, 1993-1995 , G. Cornaglia, M. Ligozzi,
     A. Mazzariol, M.Valentini, G. Orefici, the Italian Surveillance Group
     for Antimicrobial Resistance, and R. Fontana
      cornagli.pdf (101,411 Bytes)
      cornagli.txt (18,603 Bytes)
      cornagli.zip (146,464 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)
   * Assessing the Costs and Benefits of an Oral Vaccine for Raccoon
     Rabies: A Possible Model, M.I. Meltzer
      meltzer2.pdf (97,850 Bytes)
      meltzer2.txt (29,817 Bytes)
      meltzer2.zip (114,288 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

Commentary

   * Traditional Healers and Global Surveillance Strategies for Emerging
     Diseases: Closing the Gap, N.E. Groce and M. E. Reeve
      groce.pdf (59,012 Bytes)
      groce.txt (12,342 Bytes)
      groce.zip (55,447 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

Letters

   * Widespread Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks Present Major
     Challenges, D.G. Colley
   * Identification of Cyclospora in Poultry, H.L. Garca-Lpez, L.E.
     Rodrguez-Tovar, and C.E. Medina-De la Garza
   * PCR Confirmation of Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, N.J.
     Pieniazek, S.B. Slemenda, A.J. da Silva, E.M. Alfano, and M.J.
     Arrowood
   * Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Depopulation of French Polynesia
     in the 19th Century, P.M.V. Martin and C. Combes
   * Epidemic Zoster and AIDS, D.M. Morens, A.K. Agarwal, S. Sarkar, S.
     Panda, and R. Detels
   * Ancient Egypt and Today: Enough Scourges to Go Around, D.G. Colley
   * AIDS and [AAA] in Egypt? , R.J. Littman and D.M. Morens
      letters.pdf (201,521 Bytes)
      letters.txt (3,151 Bytes)
      letters.zip (201,013 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

Addendum
      addendum.txt (1,567 Bytes)
      addencum.pdf (20,031 Butes)
      addendum.zip (11,003 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)

News and Notes

   * ABA Sponsors Program on Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases, D.P.
     Fidler
   * A Global Theme Issue: Bibliography of References, M.A. Winker
   * Conference on Emerging Foodborne Pathogens, D. Dalisera
      newsnote.pdf (148,302 Bytes)
      newsnote.txt (1,992 Bytes)
      newsnote.zip (130,772 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP)


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ISSN 1080-6059



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                                 About EID

Emerging Infectious Diseases is indexed in Index Medicus/Medline, Current
Contents, and several other electronic databases.

Emerging Infectious Diseases is part of CDC's plan for combatting emerging
infectious diseases; the plan is outlined in a recently published document,
Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats--A Prevention Strategy for
the United States. One of the main goals of CDC's plan is to enhance
communication of public health information about emerging diseases so that
prevention measures can be implemented without delay. Emerging Infectious
Diseases is peer reviewed and will be providing information on emerging
infections in three broad categories: 1) Perspectives, a section addressing
factors that underlie disease emergence including microbial adaptation and
change, human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic
development and land use, international travel and commerce, and breakdown
of public health measures; 2) Synopses, concise, state-of-the-art summaries
of specific diseases or syndromes and related emerging infectious disease
issues; 3) Dispatches, brief laboratory or epidemiologic reports with an
international scope.
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Editors

Editor
Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Perspectives Editor
Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D.,The Rockefeller University,
New York, New York, USA

Synopses Editor
Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D., Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Dispatches Editor
Stephen Ostroff, M.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases,
CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Managing Editor
Polyxeni Potter, M.A., National Center for Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Liaison Representatives

Anthony I. Adams, M.D., Chief Medical Adviser,
Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health,
Canberra, Australia

David Brandling-Bennett, M.D., Deputy Director,
Division of Communicable Diseases, Pan American Health Organization,
World Health Organization
Washington, D.C., USA

Gail Cassell, Ph.D.,
Liaison to American Society for Microbiology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama, USA

Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H., Editor, MMWR,
CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Thomas M. Gomez. D.V.M.,M.S., Staff Epidemiologist
U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Riverdale, Maryland, USA

James LeDuc, Ph.D., Advisor for Arboviral Diseases,
Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland

Joseph Losos, M.D., Director General,
Laboratory Center for Disease Control
Ontario, Canada

Gerald L. Mandell, M.D., Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of America,
University of Virginia Medical Center,
Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

Phillip P. Mortimer, M.D., Director, Virus Reference Division
Central Public Health Laboratory
London, United Kingdom

Robert Shope, M.D., Director, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit,
Yale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Natalya B. Sipachova, M.D., Ph.D.
Scientific Editor
Russian Republic Information & Analytic Centre
Moscow, Russia

Bonnie Smoak, M.D.
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit--Kenya
Unit 64109
Box 401
APO AE 09831-4109

Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Head, Special Pathogens Unit,
National Institute for Virology,
Sandrinham 2131, South Africa

Roberto Tapia-Conyer, M.D.
Direccin General de Epidemiologa
Secretara de Salud
Mxico
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Editorial and Computer Support

Editing and Production
Beatrice T. Divine, M.B.A.
Teresa M. Hood, M.S.

Editorial Assistance
Maria T. Brito

Electronic Distribution
Carol Y. Crawford
David L. Smith
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National
Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone
404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3039, e-mail eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov.

The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not
necessarily reflect the opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the
authors are affiliated.

All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public
domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper
citation, however, is appreciated.

Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply
endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services. Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid
free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence
of Paper).


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                         Instructions to Authors

Editorial Policy and Call for Articles

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) is a peer-reviewed journal established
expressly to promote the recognition of new and reemerging infectious
diseases and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease
emergence, prevention, and elimination.

Emerging infections are new or newly identified pathogens or syndromes that
have been recognized in the past two decades. Reemerging infections are
known pathogens or syndromes that are increasing in incidence, expanding
into new geographic areas, affecting new populations, or threatening to
increase in the near future.

EID has an international scope and is intended for professionals in
infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from
infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice,
and public health as well as from specialists in economics, demography,
sociology, and other disciplines. Inquiries about the suitability of
proposed articles may be directed to the editor at 404-639-3967
(telephone), 404-727-8737 (fax), or eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov (e-mail).

EID is published in English and features three types of articles:
Perspectives, Synopses, and Dispatches. The purpose and requirements of
each type of article are described in detail below. A Spanish version of
the journal's first volume is available electronically from the Universidad
de la Plata, Argentina (ftp://ftp.unlp.edu.ar/pub/EID).
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                       Instructions to Authors

Manuscripts should be prepared according to the "Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" (JAMA 1993:269[17]: 2282-6).

Begin each of the following sections on a new page and in this order: title
page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, each table, figure
legends, and figures. On the title page, give complete information about
each author (full names and highest degree). Give current mailing address
for correspondence (include fax number and e-mail address). Follow Uniform
Requirements style for references. Consult List of Journals Indexed in
Index Medicus for accepted journal abbreviations. Tables and figures should
be numbered separately (each beginning with 1) in the order of mention in
the text. Double-space everything, including the title page, abstract,
references, tables, and figure legends. Italicize scientific names of
organisms from species name all the way up, except for vernacular names
(viruses that have not really been speciated, such as coxsackievirus and
hepatitis B; bacterial organisms, such as pseudomonads, salmonellae, and
brucellae).

All articles will be reviewed by independent reviewers. The Editor reserves
the right to edit articles for clarity and to modify the format to fit the
publication style of Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Documents sent in hardcopy should also be sent on diskette, or by e-mail.
Acceptable electronic formats for text are ASCII, WordPerfect, AmiPro,
DisplayWrite, MS Word, MultiMate, Office Writer, WordStar, or Xywrite. Send
graphics documents in Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics, Freelance, .TIF (TIFF),
.GIF (CompuServe), .WMF (Windows Metafile), .EPS (Encapsulated Postscript),
or .CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile). The preferred font for graphics files
is Helvetica. If possible, convert Macintosh files into one of the
suggested formats. Submit photographs in glossy, camera-ready photographic
prints.

Send all manuscripts and correspondence to the Editor, Emerging Infectious
Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA
30333, USA, or by e-mail on the Internet to eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov.

Perspectives: Contributions to the Perspectives section should provide
insightful analysis and commentary about new and reemerging infectious
diseases or related issues. Perspectives may also address factors known to
influence the emergence of infectious diseases, including microbial
adaption and change; human demographics and behavior; technology and
industry; economic development and land use; international travel and
commerce; and the breakdown of public health measures. Articles should be
approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40.
Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended.
If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental
procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and
illustrations are optional. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a
brief biographical sketch.

Synopses: Submit concise reviews of infectious diseases or closely related
topics. Preference will be given to reviews of new and emerging diseases;
however, timely updates of other diseases or topics are also welcome.
Synopses should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references,
not to exceed 40. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the
text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section
on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text.
Photographs and illustrations are encouraged. Provide a short abstract (150
words) and a brief biographical sketch.

Dispatches: Provide brief updates on trends in infectious diseases or
infectious disease research. Dispatches (1,000 to 1,500 words of text)
should be in a letter to the editor format and should not be divided into
sections. Dispatches should begin with a brief introductory statement about
the relationship of the topic to the emergence of infectious diseases.
Provide references, not to exceed 10, and figures or illustrations, not to
exceed two.
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