BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data

Summary

The BOREAS AFM-02 team used the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft during 
IFCs 1, 2, and 3 in 1994 to collected pass-by-pass fluxes (and many other 
statistics) for the large number of level (constant altitude), straight line 
passes used in a variety of flight patterns.  The data described here form a 
second set, namely soundings that were incorporated into nearly every research 
flight by the King Air in 1994.  These soundings generally went from near the 
surface to above the inversion layer.  Most were flown immediately after takeoff 
or immediately after finishing the last flux pattern of that particular day's 
flights.  The parameters that were measured include wind direction, wind speed, 
west wind component (u), south wind component (v), static pressure, air dry bulb 
temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, temperature, water vapor mixing 
ratio, and CO2 concentration.  Data on the aircrafts location, attitude, and 
altitude during data collection are also provided. These data are stored in 
tabular ASCII files. 

Table of Contents

   *  1 Data Set Overview
   *  2 Investigator(s)
   *  3 Theory of Measurements
   *  4 Equipment
   *  5 Data Acquisition Methods
   *  6 Observations
   *  7 Data Description
   *  8 Data Organization
   *  9 Data Manipulations
   *  10 Errors
   *  11 Notes
   *  12 Application of the Data Set
   *  13 Future Modifications and Plans
   *  14 Software
   *  15 Data Access
   *  16 Output Products and Availability
   *  17 References
   *  18 Glossary of Terms
   *  19 List of Acronyms
   *  20 Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology 
(AFM)-02 team used the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft during Intensive 
Field Campaigns (IFCs) 1, 2, and 3 in 1994 to collected pass-by-pass fluxes (and 
many other statistics) for the large number of level (constant altitude), 
straight line passes used in a variety of flight patterns.  The data described 
here form a second set, namely soundings that were incorporated into nearly 
every research flight by the King Air in 1994.  These soundings generally went 
from near the surface to above the inversion layer.  Most were flown immediately 
after takeoff or immediately after finishing the last flux pattern of that 
particular day's flights.  The parameters that were measured include wind 
direction, wind speed, west wind component (u), south wind component (v),  
static pressure, air dry bulb temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, 
temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and CO2 concentration. Data on the 
aircrafts location, attitude, and altitude during data collection are also 
provided. These data are stored in tabular American Standard Code for 
Information Interchange (ASCII) files.


1.3 Objective/Purpose

The objective of this data set is to add to the set of soundings represented by 
the network of rawinsondes launched during the project.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The following is a simple list of the variables archived for each sounding by 
the King Air.  Section 7 defines the variables and their origins in detail.  
Those variables flagged (**) were not measured by the King Air.

VARIABLES:
BOREAS aircraft i.d.
20-character aircraft descriptor
Date
BOREAS mission designator
Start time, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
End time
Starting latitude
End latitude
Starting longitude
End longitude
Starting BOREAS Information System (BORIS) grid E
End BORIS grid E
Starting BORIS grid N
End BORIS grid N

There is one line of data for each second of sounding data.  For data collected 
at rates greater than 1 Hz, the entry is a 1-second average: 

Time, GMT
Latitude
Longitude
Pressure altitude
Radar altitude
Aircraft heading
Wind direction
Wind speed
West wind component, u
South wind component, v
Static pressure
Air dry bulb temperature
Potential temperature
Dewpoint temperature
Water vapor mixing ratio
CO2 concentration
Ozone concentration **

1.5 Discussion

The King Air was flown in all three IFCs in 1994.  These archived sounding data 
were collected primarily over the two BOREAS study areas and occasionally on 
regional runs between the Southern Study Area (SSA) and the Northern Study Area 
(NSA). The high-rate data from which all these variables were computed were not 
submitted to BORIS.  If required, they may be acquired from the University of 
Wyoming directly. 

1.6 Related Data Sets

Related data sets include the King Air flux data for BOREAS-94 and the flux 
and/or sounding archives from the other three flux aircraft (AFM-01, AFM-03, 
AFM-04).  Other related data sets include soundings from rawinsondes (AFM-05) 
launched during corresponding dates.

BOREAS AFM-01 NOAA/ATDD Long-EZ 1994 Aircraft Flux Data over the SSA
BOREAS AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Flux and Moving Window Data
BOREAS AFM-03 NCAR Electra 1994 Aircraft Flux and Moving Window Data
BOREAS AFM-03 NCAR Electra 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data
BOREAS AFM-04 NRC Twin Otter Aircraft Flux Data
BOREAS AFM-04 NRC Twin Otter Aircraft Sounding Data
BOREAS AFM-05 Level-1 Upper Air Network Data
BOREAS AFM-05 Level-2 Upper Air Network Standard Pressure Level Data

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Robert D. Kelly, Associate Professor
University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY 

2.2 Title of Investigation

Airborne Investigation of Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions over the Boreal 
Forest

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1
-----------
Robert D. Kelly             
University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY                 
(307) 766-5955              
(307) 766-2635  (fax)              
rkelly@grizzly.uwyo.edu     

Contact 2
-----------
David Knapp
Raytheon ITSS
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD
(301) 286-1424
(301) 286-0239  (fax)
David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The theory and practice of measuring atmospheric variables from a moving, 
aircraft platform have been discussed by many researchers.  A series of 
introductory monographs addressing those topics may be found in Lenschow (1986).

Briefly, the aircraft uses gust sensors to measure the 3-D air motion relative 
to the aircraft and a combination of an inertial platform, accelerometers, and 
(more recently) a satellite-based global positioning system (GPS) to measure the 
motion of the aircraft relative to Earth.  These data are combined to determine 
aircraft position and the Earth-relative 3-D winds.  Scalar quantities, 
including static pressure, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, and CO2 mixing 
ratio are also measured with fast-response, aircraft-mounted sensors.


4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

Table of University of Wyoming King Air Instruments

    Variable    Instrument                  Accuracy        Resolution

Hi-rate temp.   Rosemount housing with      0.50 C          0.01 C
                fast-response thermistor
                (design by Friehe, UCI)
Dewpoint temp.  Cambridge Model 1373C       1.0 C, >0 C    0.006 C
Water vapor     LI-COR 6262 IR spectrometer  1% of reading   0.001 g/kg
  mix ratio
CO2 mix ratio   LI-COR 6262 IR spectrometer  +/- 1ppm at     0.01 ppm
                                            350 ppm
Mag. heading    King KPI553/Sperry C14-43   1 deg            0.02 deg
Static press.   Rosemount 1201FA1B1A        0.5 mb           0.06 mb
Static press.   Rosemount 1501              0.5 mb           0.003 mb
Geom. Alt.      Stewart Warner APN159       1% reading       0.24 ft
Geom. Alt.      King KPA 405                3% < 500 ft      0.48 ft
                                            6% > 500 ft
Total press.    Rosemount 831CPX            0.2 mb           0.005 mb
Azimuth VOR     King KNR615 VOR             1 deg            0.02 deg
Distance DME    King KNR705A DME            0.2 n mi         0.1 n mi
Lat/lon         Tremble 2000 GPS            100 m            0.000172 deg
Lat/lon         Honeywell Laseref SM        0.8 nm/hr drift  0.000172 deg
Ground veloc.   Honeywell Laseref SM        13.5 ft/s        0.0039 kts
Vert. veloc.    Honeywell Laseref SM        0.5 ft/s         0.03215               
			                                             ft/min
Pitch/roll      Honeywell Laseref SM        0.05 deg         0.000172 deg
Platform hdg.   Honeywell Laseref SM        0.2 deg          0.000172 deg
Flow angle      Rosemount 858AJ/831CPX      0.2 deg          0.00375 deg
Vert. accel.    Humphrey SA0905021 accel.   0.002 g          0.0001 g
Rate of climb   Rosemount 1241A4BCDE        1%, <15000 ft    0.004 m/s
                                            2%, >25000 ft
Engine torque                               ---              0.2 ft-lbf
L.W.C.          In-house CSIRO hot wire     0.2 g/m3         0.0003 g/m3
L.W.C.          Bacharach LWH               0.2 g/m3         0.0002 g/m3
Cloud drops     PMS FSSP                    3 micron         3 micron
Radiation:
Upwelling       Eppley Pyranometer          5 W/m2           1 W/m2
  shortwave       (0.3-3 microns)
Downwelling     Eppley Pyranometer          5 W/m2           1 W/m2
  shortwave       (0.3-3 microns)
Upwelling IR    Eppley Pyrgeometer          15 W/m2          1 W/m2
                  (4-50 microns)
Downwelling IR  Eppley Pyrgeometer          15 W/m2          1 W/m2
                  (4-50 microns)

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The data were collected at the beginning and end of each days flights over a 
vertical range with varying atmospheric conditions.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Platform:  Beechcraft Super King Air model 200T, twin-turboprop aircraft.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

See Section 1.4.

4.1.4 Key Variables

See Sections 1.4, 1.5, and 7.3.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

See Section 3.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

The gust probe was mounted at the end of the aircraft nose boom, so that the 
gust probe tip was about 2 m ahead of the nose of the aircraft.  The inertial 
reference system (IRS) and accelerometers were mounted close to the main wing 
spar (close to aircrafts center of gravity).  The fast-response (Friehe-type) 
temperature probe was mounted below the nose of the aircraft, 1.29 m aft from 
the gust probe tip.  Water vapor and CO2 measurements were obtained with the LI-
COR 6262 infrared absorption spectrometer.  Air was drawn from the airstream 
above the aircraft cabin into a 12.7-mm i.d. "snorkle" tube that faced forward, 
about 0.3 m above the fuselage skin and 4.06 m aft of the gust probe tip.  
Airflow in the snorkle tube was maintained with a high-capacity vacuum pump at 
60-70 SLPM (about 9 m/s), for Reynolds number about 50,000 (fully developed 
turbulent flow).  At 1.52 m from the inlet, air was drawn from the center of the 
snorkle tube into the LI-COR through a short 6.4-mm i.d. tube, again by vacuum 
pump, at an average flow rate of 6-8 SLPM (also fully turbulent).  As verified 
by flying the aircraft through a power-plant plume, there was a time delay of 
0.3 s between the gust probe data and the LI-COR data.  This delay is removed in 
the software at the time of data processing. 

Further notes on LI-COR operation:
The LI-COR 6262 was operated in "absolute" mode, in which the closed-path 
absorption in the sample chamber was simultaneously compared to the closed-path 
absorption in the reference chamber.  Air in the reference chamber was 
circulated continuously through scrubbers that removed both water and CO2, and 
was circulated at a flow rate of 2 SLPM.  A Cambridge chilled-mirror dewpoint 
hygrometer was mounted inside the cabin, drawing air from the vacuum-pump driven 
sample tube.  All cloud and precipitation probes (PMS and liquid water content) 
were mounted near the wing tips of both wings.


4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

See table in Section 4.1

4.2 Calibration

The instruments were subject to calibration as follows:

Air temperature: 
The manufacturer's one-time calibration was used for the Rosemount model 102, 
and the Friehe-type probe was then compared against the Rosemount. 

Water vapor concentration:
Before each flight, the LI-COR H2O channel was calibrated by flushing the 
chamber with a beam-filling gas of known H2O concentration, generated with a LI-
COR Model 610 dewpoint generator, with accuracy +/-0.03 C.

CO2 concentration:
Before each flight, the LI-COR CO2 channel was calibrated by flushing the 
chamber with a gas of known CO2 concentration (Source: Scott Specialty, 
Longmont, CO, concentration 403.5 ppm, accurate to 4%).

Static pressure and gust differential pressures:
The gust probe differential pressure sensors (for up-down and left-right angle 
of flow measurements) and absolute pressure sensor (gust probe total pressure) 
were calibrated at the beginning of each IFC, using the Rosemount 1501 (accurate 
to 0.5 mb).

4.2.1 Specifications

See table in Section 4.1.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

See table in Section 4.1.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

See Section 4.2.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

Whenever possible, the soundings were executed at a relatively slow rate of 
ascent or descent (about 500 feet per minute).  Some, however, were flown at 
faster rates (see data for each sounding to ascertain rate).

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None.

6.2 Field Notes

None.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

These data cover various point locations within the SSA and NSA and areas along 
the transect between these study areas.  The majority of the data were collected 
over the BOREAS SSA and NSA.

The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:

             Latitude     Longitude
             --------     ---------
Northwest    54.321 N     106.228 W
Northeast    54.225 N     104.237 W
Southwest    53.515 N     106.321 W
Southeast    53.420 N     104.368 W

The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are:

             Latitude     Longitude
             --------     ---------
Northwest    56.249 N      98.825 W
Northeast    56.083 N      97.234 W
Southwest    55.542 N      99.045 W
Southeast    55.379 N      97.489 W
 

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Data were collected over the NSA and SSA of BOREAS, and along a transect between 
them.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Each sounding occupied a finite horizontal distance, which can be ascertained 
from the location information included in the data.

7.1.4 Projection

These data represent point measurements.

7.1.5 Grid Description

None.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Times of data collection are contained in the table below.

See Section 5 for flight pattern descriptions.

Table of UW King Air Research Flights for BOREAS 1994

      Times(UT)
Date  Start End  Hrs  Weather                Description and comments
940525 1745 2000 2.9  5-10% sct cu           CS, 2 rts a-h, 300 agl 
                                             FS, first a-h with FE 
940526 1646 1905 3.0  ci, small % cu         GS, full rt, 300 agl 
940531 1645 1929 3.6  cu incr 10-40%         FS, 300 agl with FT 
                      sharp jump Zi          PS, using W,E ends FK grid at
                                               200 agl, 2500 and 3400 msl
                                             FS, a-d, 300 agl, with FE 
940601 1630 1802 2.4  H, ci, cist            LS, j-i-h-i-j, 200 agl 
                      sct cu < 1%            CS, one rt d-a-d, 200 agl 
940604 1616 1919 3.8  clr then cu incr       CS, mult passes 200 agl, 3000 msl 
                      rapidly, end ovc       FS, d-a, 200 agl, with FL 
940606 1546 1809 3.1  cu < 5%                LS, mult h-i-j, 200 agl-2900 msl 
940607 1447 1649 4.8  clr entire pattern     RT, a-h-k-l-m, 200 agl 
       1649 1904      clr entire pattern     GN, full rt, all 300 agl,
                                               EW lines 
940608 1520 1742 2.9  clr                    LN, mult t-o at 200 agl, 2100 msl 
                                             FN, m-o, 300 agl with FT 
940610 1642 1901 3.0  sct ci, K all sky      GN, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines 
940611 1646 1844 2.6  K, cu to 80%, RW-      RT, o-m-l-k-h-a, 200 agl 
940720 1656 2044 4.4  H, K, cu 10-50%        CS, a-d, 300 agl to 4800 msl 
                                                      (co-ord with FE) 
                                             FS, two a-d, 300 agl with FE 
940721 1652 1905 3.0  clr?                   GS, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines 
                                             FS, one run SW of grid with FT 
940723 1528 1800 3.2  clr, incr to 20% cu    CS, mult a-d at 200 agl, 3500 msl 
940724 1655 1943 3.4  clr over site          GS, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 
940725 1519 1753 3.2  clr                    CS, mult a-d at 200 agl, 3000 msl
940726 1628 1832 2.7  K, ci                  RT, a-h-k-l-m-o, 200 agl 
940727 1609 1909 4.3  K, altocu, cu          GN, full rt 200 agl, NS lines 
                                             TN (mult) at radar, 500-1000 agl 
940728 1620 1810 2.6  K, ci                  HN(GN) time-centered m-o,
                                               200 agl, 1800 and 2700 msl 
940731 1550 1859 3.7  K, clr above           GN
940831 1720 1938 2.9  K, cu <1 to 40%        GN, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 
940901 1550 1717 1.9  clr above K            FN, rt 200 agl, with FT 
                                             FN, rt 200 agl, diff TAS than FT 
                                             LN, o-m-o-m-o, 200 agl 
940903 1548 1811 3.0  ci, K, cu 0-10%        GN, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 
940906 1605 1833 2.9  cu 20-80%              GN, full rt, 200 agl, NS lines 
940908 1606 1823 2.8  acu, ci, cist, ci ovc  RT, o-m-l-k-h-a, 200 agl
940909 1940 2131 2.7  ci, cist thinning      CS, mult 200 agl-2600 msl,
                                                with FE 
                                             FS, 300 agl, with FE
940912 1735 2004 3.6  cu incr 0-30%          CS, 3 rts, all 200 agl 
                                             Test = 3 rt over OA area of CS
940913 1645 1905 3.4  clr, then cist and ci  GS, full rt, 200 agl, EW lines 
                                             Test = wind "L" at 8500 msl
940916 1653 1914 4.8  clr                    GS, full rt, NS lines, 200 agl 
       1925 2053      clr then <5% cu        CS, d-a mult lvls, with FE 
                                             FS, second a-d with FE, 600 agl 
940917 1712 1902 2.4  clr, thin ci to W      FS, one end=a, 200 agl, with FT 
                                             CS, a-d, two rts, 200 agl 

Abbreviations used for flight patterns:
ID     Description (second letter denotes NSA or SSA)
CS     Candle Lake runs, SSA only, usually along path a-d.
FS,FN  Flights of two (intercomparison runs), various locns.
GS,GN  Grid patterns.  Sequence of 9 evenly spaced, parallel
       flight lines, covering a 32-x 32-km square area (King Air),
       with lines oriented either east-west or north-south.
HS,HN  Stack patterns
LS,LN  Transects of intermediate length (e.g., 100 km).
PS,PN  Budget box pattern (see Betts et al., 1990b).
RT     Regional transect.  For King Air, route used in
       transit between NSA and SSA.  Coincides with Electra
       RTs.
TS,TN  Site-specific run at a TF (tower flux) site.

Abbreviations used in weather notes in table:
cu    cumulus
st    status
ci    cirrus
sct   scattered
Zi    inversion height above ground
H     haze
K     smoke
cist  cirrostratus
clr   clear
ovc   overcast
RW-   light rain showers
acu   altocumulus

Abbreviations in flight descriptions:
rt    round trip
agl   above ground level (in feet)
msl   above mean sea level (in feet)
mult  multiple
TAS   true airspeed
lvl   level
wind "L"  "L" with one leg parallel to wind
       direction, flown as at least one round trip.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

None.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

See Section 7.2.1.  Also, each archived data entry contains the time for the 
sounding being summarized.


7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file 
(afm2as94.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (afm2as94.def).

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

All of the AFM-02 Wyoming King Air 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data are contained in 
one data set.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length 
separated by commas.  The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe 
marks.  There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data format shown in the 
companion data definition file (afm2as94.def).

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

None.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None given.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

1.  AFM-02 processed the data and sent them to BORIS.
2.  BORIS staff received the data, made necessary conversions to standard units, 
and loaded the data into the database.
3.  BORIS staff documented the data set and compiled basic statistics about the 
data.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.
 
9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

Time lag between CO2/H2O measurements and gust probe:

Due to the geometry of the instrument locations (See Section 4.1.6), there is a 
significant lag between measurements by the LI-COR device (water vapor and 
carbon dioxide) and the 3-D winds.  Based on instrument placement, external 
airflow velocities, and internal (sampling tubes) flow velocities, the lag was 
predicted to be 0.3 sec.  In contrast, the distance between the gust probe tip 
and the Friehe temperature probe caused negligible lag between the temperature 
and wind measurements.  Thus, the lag between the temperature and LI-COR 
measurements should be equivalent to that between the wind and LICOR 
measurements. The predicted temperature-LI-COR lag (0.3 sec) was verified by 
flying the plane several times through the plume from a local power plant, at 
distances close enough to the source that changes in temperature, water vapor, 
and CO2 were very abrupt at the plume edges.  Thus, prior to any other 
calculations, the LI-COR data are shifted 0.3 sec, to bring those data in sync 
with the remainder of the data.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None given.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

See Section 11.2 for a description of instrument limits.

10.2 Quality Assessment

An extensive intercomparison of the BOREAS flux aircraft has been written and 
published by Dobosy et al. (1997).  In that text, King Air measurements, 
including means and variances of all the flux variables, as well as the fluxes 
themselves, are compared with corresponding values from the Canadian National 
Research Council (NRC) Twin Otter and the National Center for Atmospheric 
Research (NCAR) Electra, for multiple wing-to-wing passes at various times 
during the 1994 experiment.  As of this writing, these comparisons are the best 
available assessments of the overall data quality for the King Air, at least in 
comparison with similarly instrumented platforms.

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

None.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

The data are considered to be reasonably accurate.  See Section 11.2 for 
description of possible problems.
    
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

See table in Section 4.1.
 
10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.
  
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined for general consistency and clarity.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

Vertical velocity measurements:
Spectral density plots of vertical velocity (w) generally show a fairly well 
defined inertial subrange, with -5/3 slope out to about 9 Hz, at which point the 
effects of the anti-aliasing low-pass filter are evident.  Many of the w 
spectral plots do, however, show a slight "bulge" above the -5/3 line in the 
range 0.1-1 Hz.  As of this writing (09-Jul-1996), we believe this is an 
artifact of the postflight calculations.  Examples of these spectra can be seen 
in Dobosy et al. (1997).

High-rate H2O measurements (LI-COR 6262):
The LI-COR 6262 response is described by the manufacturer as being a 90%
response to step-function changes in concentration in 0.1 s.  The combination of 
this characteristic, any along-flow mixing in the sample tubes, and the anti-
aliasing filter is evident in the spectral density plots for H2O mixing ratio.  
These plots generally show an inertial subrange (slope -5/3) out to about 2 Hz, 
at which point the response drops sharply.  At 2 Hz, the signal-to-noise ratio 
(SNR) is usually about 20 dB.  Implications of this response for the flux 
calculations are that the H2O fluxes are being resolved only to about 2 Hz 
(about 40 m for typical research airspeeds).

CO2 measurements (LI-COR 6262):
The response characteristics for CO2 are generally the same as for H2O, except 
that the SNR at 2 Hz is usually 10 dB or less.  As with CO2, these figures imply 
that the CO2 fluxes are being resolved only to about 2 Hz (about 40 m for 
typical research airspeeds).

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set
 
This data set can be used to understand the change in CO2 concentration with 
altitude, which can, in turn be used to infer fluxes. 

13. Future Modifications and Plans

None given.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

15.   Data Access

15.1  Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information

These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and 
Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed 
Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2  Procedures for Obtaining Data

BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at 
http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by 
telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.3  Output Products and Availability

Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP 
site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes.

The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal 
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are 
also available.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

Not applicable.

16.2 Film Products

Not applicable.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

See references listed in Section 17.2.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Baijards, S.A.M. and R.D. Kelly. 1996. Conditional sampling applied to BOREAS 
aircraft data. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteor., 28 Jan. - 2 
Feb. 1996, Atlanta, GA.

Baijards, S.A.M., S.O. Ogunjemiyo, R.D. Kelly, and P.H. Schuepp. 1996.  
Preliminary analysis of dual aircraft boundary layer grid flux. Submitted to 
Journal of Geophysical Research.

Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, and J.I. MacPherson. 1990a.  Boundary layer heat 
and moisture budgets from FIFE.  AMS Symposium on First ISLSCP Field Experiment 
(FIFE), 70th AMS Annual Meeting, Feb. 5-9, 1990, Anaheim, CA.

Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, J.I. MacPherson, and R.D. Kelly. 1989.  Boundary 
layer heat and moisture budgets. Spring 1989 meeting of Amer. Geophys. Union, 
May 7-11, 1989, Baltimore.

Betts, A.K., R.L. Desjardins, J.I. MacPherson, and R.D. Kelly. 1990b. Boundary-
Layer heat and moisture budgets from FIFE. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50(1-4): 
109-138.

Dobosy, R.J., T.L. Crawford, J.I. MacPherson, R.L. Desjardins, R.D. Kelly, S.P. 
Oncley, and D.H. Lenschow. 1997. Intercomparison among four flux aircraft at 
BOREAS in 1994.  Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29,101-29,111.

Kelly, R.D.,  J.I. MacPherson, R.J. Dobosy, and T.L. Crawford. 1996.  BOREAS 
1994 intercomparison among three flux aircraft. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Agric. 
and Forest Meteor., 28 Jan. - 2 Feb. 1996, Atlanta, GA.

Lenschow, D.H. (ed.). 1986. Probing the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Amer. 
Meteor. Soc., Boston. 

McDermott, M.L. and R.D. Kelly. 1995. Fluxes over a heterogeneous forest. 
Preprints 11th Symposium on Bound. Layers and Turbulence, Charlotte, NC, 27-31 
March, 1995.

McDermott, M.L. and R.D. Kelly. 1996. Variation of boundary layer fluxes with 
heterogeneous surface vegetation and seasonal change. Submitted to Journal of 
Geophysical Research.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. 
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. 
Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and 
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological 
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). 

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). 

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M.  
Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. 
Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B.  
Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment 
Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical 
Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770.


17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Abbreviations used in weather notes:
cu    cumulus
st    status
ci    cirrus
sct   scattered
Zi    inversion height above ground
H     haze
K     smoke
cist  cirrostratus
clr   clear
ovc   overcast
RW-   light rain showers
acu   altocumulus

Abbreviations in flight descriptions:
rt    round trip
agl   above ground level (in feet)
msl   above mean sea level (in feet)
mult  multiple
TAS   true airspeed
lvl   level
wind "L"  "L" with one leg parallel to wind
       direction, flown as at least one round trip.

19. List of Acronyms 

    AFM     - Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology
    ASCII   - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
    BL      - atmospheric Boundary Layer
    BOREAS  - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
    BORIS   - BOREAS Information System
    CD-ROM  - Compact disk-Read-Only Memory
    DAAC    - Distributed Active Archive Center
    EOS     - Earth Observing System
    EOSDIS  - EOS Data and Information System
    GMT     - Greenwich Mean Time
    GPS     - Global Positioning System    
    GSFC    - Goddard Space Flight Center
    HTML    - HyperText Markup Language
    IFC     - Intensive Field Campaign
    IRS     - Inertial Reference System
    NASA    - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    PANP    - Prince Albert National Park
    ORNL    - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    URL     - Uniform Resource Locator
    NCAR    - National Center for Atmospheric Research
    NRC     - National Research Council, Canada
    NSA     - Northern Study Area
    SA      - Study Area
    SNR     - Signal to Noise Ratio
    SSA     - Southern Study Area
    URL     - Uniform Resource Locator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written:       9-Jul-1996
Last Updated:  20-Jul-1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

     BORIS Review: 30-Jun-1999
     Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

KEYWORDS
--------
CARBON DIOXIDE
SOUNDINGS
BOUNDARY LAYER
METEOROLOGY
WATER VAPOR
AFM02_Sounding.doc
08/21/99