Rec# 10717. Wright, James D.; Rossi, Peter H.; Wright, Sonia R., and Weber-Burdin, Eleanor.
After the Cleanup: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters.  Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage
Publications; 1979. 192 pp.
Note: 2 copies.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
The long-term effects of floods, tornados, and hurricanes that struck the U.S. between 1960 and
1970 are estimated in two ways; by contrasting statistically counties that had been affected by a
disaster with counties that had not, holding constant other characteristics that may affect growth
trends; and by making similar contrasts within Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas.  The
1960 and 1970 Censuses were used as data sources.  Findings indicate that there were no
discernible effects on population and housing growth trends during the period studied.  It is
suggested that: 1) a national hazards archive should be established that is computerized,
centralized, and standardized; 2) policy shifts on all levels should be implemented that would
concentrate on dealing with the ordinary magnitude of disasters, leaving truly catastrophic events
to be met with extreme relief measures which can be better and more flexibly mobilized on an ad
hoc basis; and 3) using the criteria of the study, it was not possible to find that disasters had
effects that lasted more than a few months.
O00049.
recovery/ reconstruction/ flood/ tornado/ hurricane/ longitudinal study/ case study/ economic
impact/ social impact.
Rec# 18066. Wood, Andrew; Palmer, Richard, and Petroff, Catherine. Comparison and
assessment of zero-rise floodplain ordinances. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management. 1997; 123(4):239-245.
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 14 references.
FZ01509.
floodplain management/ legislation-regulation/ local planning/ structural design/ economic
analysis/ water quality/ toxic chemicals/ comparative analysis.
Rec# 18012.  Wilson, Basil W and Torum, Alf. Tsunami of the Alaskan Earthquake, 1964:
Engineering Evaluation.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. 
1968; Technical Memorandum No. 25. 401 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, Canada, WA, Oregon, CA.
After an evaluation of the mechanism of tsunami generation based on field investigation and
previous literature, detailed studies of the main tsunami and local seismic waves are given for
damaged areas in Alaska, Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California, including engineering
evaluations for severely damaged areas.  Conclusions are presented for earthquake and tsunami
generation characteristics, tsunami propagation characteristics, features of tsunami damage, and
general design criteria for tsunami protection.
tsunami/ geophysics/ structural measures/ damage assessment/ seismology/ structural
engineering.
Rec# 9025.  : Western States Seismic Policy Council. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual
Meeting of the Western States Seismic Policy CouncilBoise, Ida.: Western States Seismic Policy
Council (WSSPC), Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services; 1990; 308 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, Oregon, TX, UT, WA, WY, Canada,
British Columbia, Loma Prieta.
Note: A few papers have references. Participant list.
The WSSPC is a regional organization formed by 14 western states to improve understanding of
earthquake preparedness measures and to formulate policy which will lessen impacts. This
volume contains the proceedings of the November 6-9, 1989, conference and addresses seismic
risk assessment (8 papers), loss estimation methods (10 papers), uniform building code zoning
processes (4 papers), preparedness planning and disaster exercises (6 papers), and current status
reports from the member states, Canada, and British Columbia. Specific topics examined include
contingency planning for business, school safety programs, and the involvement of the private
sector in disaster recovery activities.
E00727.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ schools/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ state planning/ building
codes/ private sector/ business/ seismology/ NEHRP/ risk assessment/ foreign planning/ disaster
exercise.
Rec# 4008.  Washington State University. Proceedings of Washington State University's
Conference on the Aftermath of Mount St. Helens, July 8-9, l980.  Pullman, Wash.: Washington
State University.  1980; 85 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Some references. Participant list.
Although federal agencies and Washington state universities and agencies were actively involved
in programs to assess and formulate plans for investigating the effects of the eruption, press
releases sometimes resulted in conflicting and frequently confusing reports with relatively little
technical content. A conference was convened in order to provide a forum for researchers and
administrators to begin the coordination necessary for the efficient use of forthcoming public
emergency funds. The results of the conference, in the form of extended abstracts and
observations, are presented in this publication. Contributions ranged over a variety of topics,
such as the effects of ashfall on the salmon industry, wildlife, soil, insects, animal husbandry,
and agriculture. Other presentations recapitulated social science studies planned and in process.
IZ00080.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ recovery/ ashfall/ social impact/ economic impact/ emergency
response/ federal response/ state response/ agricultural impact/ recovery.
Rec# 696.  Washington State Dept. of Community, Trade and Economic Development. Mutual
Aid and Interlocal Agreement Handbook.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Dept. of
Community, Trade and Economic Development, Emergency Management Division.  1994; 23
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references. Sample agreements. Manual. OBSERVER 19, No. 4 (March 1995): 21.
Interjurisdictional.
This handbook is designed to clarify the differences between mutual aid agreements and
interlocal agreements.  It explains what each type of agreement is best suited to accomplish, what
should be included in preparing either agreement, and how to execute an agreement.  The
handbook encourages local governments to formulate agreements to enhance emergency
planning and response capabilities.   Examples of formats are included in the handbook which
address topics such as reimbursement provisions, funding, recapture provision, modifications,
termination, subcontracts, contractor not employee of agency, records, documents and reports,
governing law and venue, and severability.
RZ00329.
emergency management/ emergency planning/ state planning/ regional planning/ liability/
intergovernmental/ disaster assistance/ local planning.
Rec# 2724.  Warrick, Richard A. and others. Four Communities Under Ash After Mount St.
Helens.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Program on Technology, Environment
and Man.  1981; Monograph No. 34. 143 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Mount St. Helens, WA.
A week after the ash fall from Mount St. Helens settled, three communities in Washington
(Ellenburg, Ritzville, Cheney) and Missoula, Montana were studied in order to ascertain the
range of immediate effects and actions precipitated by this rare but devastating event.  A
comparative examination of the four sites revealed a number of findings.  For example, the initial
warning about the ashfall issued by the Washington State Department of Emergency Services
had absolutely no utility at any of the community study sites.  The warning message was not
specific about the areas to be affected by ashfall, no precautionary actions were prescribed, and
the message lacked a sense of urgency.  Agriculture suffered variable impacts but the total
amount turned out to be much less than was initially anticipated. Had the mountain blown one
month later, however, the area's economic disruption would have occurred.  It was also found
that ash depth had little early impact on transportation, but it did exert considerable influence on
the amount of recovery time needed to get the system back in order.
I00044.
volcano/ case study/ agricultural economics/ lifelines/ recovery/ ashfall/ economic impact/
warning methods/ social impact.
Rec# 2555.  Warren, Gordon H.; Kaufman, David E., and Hammond, Kenneth A. Come Hell and
High Water: Mount St. Helens and the Federal Response on the Lower Cowlitz River. 
Ellensbur, Wash.: Central Washington University, Dept. of History and Dept. Sociology.  1982;
213 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Questionnaire.
A record of serious flooding attracted the federal government as an early date to assume
responsibility for channel maintenance and flood control along Washington's Cowlitz River. 
Twenty months after Mount St. Helens erupted a questionnaire was distributed to 192 property
owners in the lower Cowlitz River restorative program in an effort to ascertain flood frequency
and its effect on residents and land usage.  Special attention was paid to the flood and mudflow
associated with the eruption and efforts by various federal agencies to minimize damage. 
Responses for the questionnaire indicated that 60% of the property owners actually lived
elsewhere and that they believed they were the primary benefactors of the dredging operation. 
Residents were most concerned about the dredging spoils' infertility and the loss of recreation on
the river. Other conclusions include: 1) the mudflow and spoils have low agricultural potential;
2) some owners reaped windfall benefits from the dredging program; and 3) some form of
program to protect the area from future flooding will be demanded and will involve structural
solutions rather than social adjustments. The study offers considerable information on the flood's
local economic impact and contains an extensive list of references.
I00032.
volcano/ floodplain management/ riverine flood/ mudflow/ social impact/ economic impact/
channelization/ land use management/ case study.
Rec# 889.  Walsh, Timothy J. and others, eds. Proceedings of Conference 60: Fourth Annual
Workshop--Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound and Portland Areas.  Reston, Virginia: U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1990; Open-File Report 90-703. 210 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Puget Sound, CA, Loma Prieta.
Note: Most papers have references.
As part of the NEHRP effort to reduce earthquake vulnerability in the Pacific Northwest, the
USGS and FEMA have instituted a series of annual workshops to communicate the data
collected by earth scientists and others to a wider audience that can use the information to
prepared for future large earthquakes in the region. This volume comprises the proceedings of the
1990 workshop, which was specifically aimed at engineers, architects, and planners. It first
presents 13 papers that examine the geological and geophysical bases for seismic risk in the
region, continues with six papers on engineering and design considerations in seismically active
areas, and concludes with 13 more papers describing various earthquake hazard mitigation
techniques, including protective measures for dams and lifelines, earthquake insurance, land-use
policy, public education, and seismic retrofitting. Papers of interest deal with landslides induced
by earthquakes, public attitudes toward seismic hazard in Tacoma and Puyallup, liquefaction
susceptibility maps, and loss estimation.
E00812.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ seismology/ geology/ liquefaction/ dam safety/ lifelines/ risk
perception/ lenders/ insurance/ retrofitting/ cultural preservation/ building codes/ landslide/
mapping/ volcano/ risk assessment/ structural engineering.
Rec# 9703.  VSP Associates, Inc. A Benefit-Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Hazardous Buildings, Vol. 2: Supporting Documentation.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency.  1992; FEMA-228. 116 pp. (Earthquake Hazards Reduction
Series; 63).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle, CA, Hayward, MA, Boston, SC, Charleston, TN, Memphis, MO, St.
Louis, MO, Kansas City, UT, Salt Lake City, UT, Provo.
Note: 57 references. 2 copies. Copy 1 contains diskette fastened to back cover.
This volume presents supporting documentation for Volume 1--"A User's Manual." It provides
additional background information so that users can better understand the research nad
development activities that led to the preparation of the benefit-cost models. It includes a
literature review, a summary of the information gathered to determine costs of rehabilitation, a
sample building inventory, and an overview of seismic rehabilitation programs in nine U.S.
cities.
E00860.
earthquake/ retrofitting/ cost-benefit analysis/ modeling/ case study/ economic analysis/ building
codes/ local planning/ loss estimation.
Rec# 10285.  University of Washington. Are We Prepared for the Next Drought?  Managing
Low Water Year Emergencies.  Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Marine Advisory
Services, Washington Sea Grant Program, College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences.  1983;
WSG-WO 83-2. 134 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon.
Although the Pacific Northwest experienced three severe drought years during the 1970's, little
anticipatory planning has taken place to assist in coping with the next drought.  To rectify this
situation, a conference was held in Portland in May, l983, that examined issues of concern to
water user groups, government officials, Indian tribes, attorneys, engineers, project managers,
academics, and others interested in an affected by low water years.  The proceedings consist of a
series of presentations followed by a resume of questions and responses from conference
participants.  Presentations were made by representatives from the Bureau of Reclamation, the
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Cmmission, the Puget Sound Council of Governments, the
legal profession, and from members of the fishing, electric power, natural resources, and
manufacturing industries.
D00042.
drought/ emergency management/ water resources management/ preparedness/ economic impact/
water conservation/ intergovernmental/ social impact.
Rec# 9502.  U.S. Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Mount St.
Helens Impact.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.  1980; Hearing held June
13, 1980, 96th Congress, 2nd Session, Serial No. 96-108. 146 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00173.
volcano/ economic impact/ social impact/ damage assessment/ agricultural impact/
environmental impact/ emergency response/ federal response/ disaster assistance.
Rec# 4875.  U.S. Senate, Committee on Appropriations. Disaster Assistance Pacific
Northwest--Mount St. Helens Eruption.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 
1980; Hearing held June 10, 1980, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 241 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
Senator Warren Magnuson's opening statement offers the opinion that "The eruption...was the
most devastating and unique natural disaster in the history of our country...It has imposed
hardship and financial strain  on citizens and tremendous financial burdens upon local and state
governments...we do not know what the ultimate cost is going to be.  And the door is wide open
for further appropriations for needs that might occur later on."  Testimony about the fiscal impact
of the disaster was taken from the Governor of Washington, Dixie Lee Ray, and from
representatives of the 11 federal agencies which had direct responsibility for administering
programs impacted by the disaster.
IZ00172.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ recovery/ economic impact/ social impact/ reconstruction/ state
planning/ local planning/ damage assessment/ federal response.
Rec# 18261.  U.S. National Weather Service. Disastrous Floods from the Severe Winter Storms
in California, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.  Silver Spring, Maryland: U.S. Dept. of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. 
1997; Natural Disaster Survey Report. 103 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, NV, WA, Oregon, ID.
Note: 0 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 22, No. 4 (March 1998): 24.
A series of powerful Pacific Ocean disturbances of tropical origin, following an unusually wet
autumn, brought a deluge of severe winter weather, high winds, and associated flooding to a
widespread portion of the western U.S. over the Christmas/New Year's period of 1996-1997.  A
total of 84 counties in the five-state area were declared federal disaster areas.  Thirteen persons
lost their lives due to flooding and flood-related accidents/incidents, while an additional five
persons were killed when a small plane crashed in Idaho during evacuations, and one person was
killed due to an accident on icy roadways.  Storm damages were extensive to homes, businesses,
agriculture, and infrastructure, with damage estimates exceeding several billion dollars.  The
hardest hit areas were California with $2 billion in estimated damages and western Nevada with
over $1 billion in estimated damages.  This report summarizes hydrometeorological data
collected during the events, presents NWS office summaries, and reprints flood stage reports. 
Findings and recommendations from the office summaries include 1) a Boise emergency
manager was seriously concerned with the decentralization of responsibility resulting from the
NWS modernization program;  2) NWSFO Boise forecasters indicated that coordination calls
were often very time-consuming.  Most of the forecasters surveyed did not use the "BLAST-UP"
system and disliked multiple-office conference calls, feeling that input was not as candid as
person-to-person calls;  3) NWSFO Portland utilized a number of innovative methods in
disseminating its products, including cooperative efforts with the media and Internet Web site, in
an effort to reach more users and reduce the telephone workload in the office;  and 4) some NWS
offices were confused about which product header to use in a given situation.
F00646.
riverine flood/ meteorology/ warning systems/ federal response/ hydrology/ emergency
management/ forecasting/ damage assessment/ emergency response.
Rec# 17631.  U.S. National Park Service. Floods, Floodplains and Folks:  A Casebook for
Managing Rivers for Multiple Uses.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Rivers,
Trails and Conservation Assistance Program.  1996; 88 pp.  
Geoarea: US, IA, CO, IL, WA, IN, PA, MA, CA, NY, TX, FL, SD.
Note: 143 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 21.
This handbook contains 19 case studies of cities throughout the U.S. that successfully combined
flood hazard mitigation with other goals and uses of their floodplains, such as recreation,
streambank stabilization, hazardous waste removal, fisheries improvement, habitat improvement,
economic revitalization, and environmental education.  It also includes a detailed list of
references, numerous maps, contact information for officials who worked on each project and for
sources of further information.  Each of the case studies provides information about the particular
area's inherent problems, how the project got started, what was learned during the project's life,
its achievements, and the various agencies which participated in the project.
F00625.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ environmental studies/ local planning/
intergovernmental/ case study/ urban areas/ multiobjective/ wetland management.
Rec# 3043.  U.S. International Trade Commission. Economic Effects of the Eruptions of Mt. St.
Helens.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives.  1980; Report to the Committee on
Ways and Means on Investigation No. 332-110, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930. 83
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies.
Data compiled from twelve federal, state, and regional agencies give an estimated figure of
$1.213 billion in losses and repair/cleanup costs due to the eruptions of Mt. St. Helens. The
largest loss, $695 million, was associated with the timber industry, while the least outlay---at
least up to the document's publication date---was $44 million for dredging the Columbia River.
Although much of the report is concerned with long-and short-term effects of the disaster's
impact on agriculture, fishing, shipping, manufacturing, transportation, and the like, there is
some attention given to the effects on the physical/psychological health of local inhabitants, on
water and wildlife, and on the effects of airborne ash and volcanic gases. Numerous graphs and
tables reflect the statistical data collected by the investigating group.
IZ00013.
volcano/ damage assessment/ social impact/ economic impact/ ashfall/ psychological impact/
water pollution/ recovery/ reconstruction/ public health/ transportation/ tourism/ environmental
impact/ agricultural impact.
Rec# 10819.  U.S. House of Representatives. Recovery of Forest Resources from the Greater
Yellowstone Wildfires, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, and the Mount St. Helens Eruption. 
Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives.  1991; Hearing Before the Committee on
Agriculture, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy, 102nd Congress, 1st Session,
April 10, 1991, Serial No. 102-8. 99 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, AK, WY.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00175.
wildfire/ oil spill/ volcano/ recovery/ agriculture/ agricultural impact/ biology/ damage
assessment/ federal response/ environmental impact.
Rec# 6902.  U.S. Geological Survey. Study of Earthquake Losses in the Puget Sound,
Washington Area.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey .  1975; Open File Report
75-375. 298 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
E00552.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ lifelines/ dam safety/ transportation/ emergency medical services/
seismology/ tsunami/ utility failure/ risk assessment/ telecommunications/ structural fire.
Rec# 2422.  U.S. General Accounting Office. Federal Involvement in the Mount St. Helens
Disaster: Past Expenditures and Future Needs.  Gaithersburg, Maryland: U.S. General
Accounting Office, Document Handling and Information Services Facility.  1982;
GAO/RCED-83-16. 133 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: GAO report to Congress.
The Congress appropriated over $900 million to 12 federal agencies in response to the May,
1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens.  A GAO review discovered that 6 of the 12 agencies had
overestimated their emergency fiscal needs by about $560 million and had used, or were
planning to use the excess funds for other purposes.  One agency, the Small Business
Administration, spent only $65.87 million of the $430 million appropriated to it.  Five of the
remaining agencies exhausted their disaster funds and had to reprogram funds, obtain additonal
appropriations, or suspend recovery activities. Significant recommendations offered by the GAO
include 1) future Congressional appropriations for major disaster recovery should utilize
statutory language that clearly spells out the intended use of the funds, the length of time the
funds are to be committed  for their intended use, and the disposition of any unused funds; and 2)
a lead agency should be designated to coordinate the use and, if necessary, the sharing of specific
disater funds allocated among federal agencies.  The GAO also found that the Corps of Engineers
overstated both the probable effects of future flooding around the volcano and the resulting
economic losses.  The document includes an agency-by-agency summary of funding
expenditures together wwith agency comments upon the GAO report.
I00023.
volcano/ mudflow/ economic impact/ disaster assistance/ recovery.
Rec# 9853.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mount St. Helens Technical
Information Network Bulletins.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal
Coordinating Office.  1980; 100 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies. Also found in Mount St. Helens Scientific Workshop, November
13-14, 1980 - Proceedings.  On shelf  as I00029 (2 copies).
Commencing June 1, 1980, a series of 33 technical bulletins were released covering the
eruption's impact on the environment and human activities.  Topics ranged from driving and
vehicle maintenance in heavy ash deposits to advice on what to do with poultry, bees and
livestock.
IZ00098.
volcano/ damage assessment/ emergency response/ lifelines/ transportation/ environmental
impact/ agricultural impact/ biology/ botany/ economic impact/ public health/ insurance/ water
pollution/ social impact/ air pollution.
Rec# 9628.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior  and Mount St. Helens Forest Land Research Cooperative.
Annotated Bibliography and List of Ongoing Research: Active Research Associated with Mount
St. Helens and the Volcanic Eruptions of 1980.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Geological Survey and the St. Helens Forest Land Research Cooperative.  1981; 150 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Many references to ongoing or recently completed research. Bibliography. Four informal
documents lumped together in 3-ring binder.
I00087.
volcano/ environmental impact/ geology/ agricultural impact/ public health/ social impact/
economic impact/ biology/ botany/ climatology.
Rec# 7583.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Third Annual Workshop on Earthquake Hazards in the
Puget Sound, Portland Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1989; Open-File Report 89-465. 329 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Puget Sound, USSR, Armenia.
Note: 3 copies. Glossary. Participant list. Most papers have references.
The 200 researchers, practitioners, and other concerned persons who attended this workshop
shared both technical geologic and engineering information as well as more fundamental
information on earthquakes and human behavior that could be used to enhance earthquake
mitigation, planning, and response. The nontechnical papers examine such topics as fundamental
earthquake effects on land and water, effects on buildings and lifelines, loss estimation by
insurance companies, earthquake hazard information dissemination and use, volunteer
earthquake response organizations, risk reduction policies and practices in the Puget Sound area,
and postdisastaer emergency response in urban settings. Other subjects addressed include
regional seismicity and tectonics, landslide potential, risk assessment, proposed state seismic
safety legislation, local tsunami hazard, liquifaction mapping, earthquake effects on land and
water, lifelines, and safety measures in schools.
E00719.
earthquake/ landslide/ tsunami/ state planning/ local planning/ regional planning/
legislation-regulation/ seismology/ geology/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ liquefaction/
mapping/ environmental impact/ lifelines/ loss estimation/ insurance/ recovery/ business/
schools/ self-help/ preparedness/ urban areas/ IDNDR/ volunteers.
Rec# 8904.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Living with Volcanoes: The U.S. Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1992; Circular 1073. 65 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, HI, WA, Oregon, CA.
Note: 63 pp. 2 copies. Glossary.
This report outlines the program goals and activities of the USGS's Volcano Hazards Program,
which was formed to prevent loss of life and property and minimize economic hardship and
social disruption due to volcanic eruptions. The U.S. has more than 70 potentially active
volcanoes--more than any nation except Indonesia and Japan. Most are in Alaska. The report
describes existing volcano observatories, how scientists study volcanoes, the history of Kilauea,
hazard-zone maps, eruption prediction, communication of research and hazards information,
global volcano hazards reduction, and the program's International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction activities. In addition, it contains a "photoglossary" of volcanic hazards that describes
eruption plumes, lava flows, volcanic gases, pyroclastic flows, volcanic landslides, debris
avalanches and flows, and calderas.
I00070.
volcano/ volcanology/ federal planning/ LDCs/ prediction/ risk assessment/ IDNDR/ historical
survey/ mapping/ debris flow.
Rec# 3978.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Eruption of Mount St. Helens: The First Five Months. 
Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1980; 3 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00078.
volcano/ seismology/ earthquake/ ashfall/ lava/ mudflow/ environmental impact/ economic
impact/ recovery/ federal response.
Rec# 2347.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Mount St. Helens Land Management Plan: Final
Environmental Impact Statement.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.  1981; 288 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Glossary. Manual. 2 copies.
In addition to discussing criteria relevant to future management of the impacted area, this
document provides an extensive survey of where and what kind of environmental damage
occurred.  Utilizing involvement, ten issues were identified that involved unique land and
resource management questions.  Among them were 1) how should the lands and resources of the
area be managed to protect geologic features? 2) what action is appropriate to aid the
rehabilitation of watersheds and reduce downstream flooding? 3) should the geothermal
resources of the area be managed and developed? 4) what action needs to be taken to prevent the
spread of insects, disease, and fire to adjacent National Forest, state, and private land?  Eight land
management alternatives are promulgated including a "no action" option.  The alternative
favored by the Forest Service provides for the establishment of an 84,710 acre Interpretive Area
to protect the significant geologic features in the impact area of the volcano for public education,
recreation, and for research.  During formulation of the statement, the most controversial and
frequently raised question referred to how much area should be protected in its natural state and
how much should be available for rehabilitation, timber salvage, and other resource uses that
would alter the natural character of the area.
I00018.
volcano/ land use management/ scenario/ education/ environmental studies/ damage assessment.
Rec# 2160.  Tilling, Robert I.; Topinka, Lyn, and Swanson, Donald A. Eruptions of Mount St.
Helens: Past, Present and Future. Revised ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Interior,
Geological Survey.  1990; 57 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 14 references. 2 copies. Copy 1 is dated 1984.
I00005.
volcano/ volcanology/ ashfall/ mudflow/ economic impact/ recovery/ environmental impact/
hydrology/ riverine flood.
Rec# 9082. Tilling, Robert I. Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: Progress and problems.
Reviews of Geophysics. 1989; 27(2):237-269.
Geoarea: US, WA, CA, Mexico, Colombia, Indonesia, Italy, Papua New Guinea.
Note: Bibliography. Approximately 260 references.
The 1980s were the most active period for volcanic disasters since the turn of the century, and
the science of volcanology consequently experienced significant growth. This article provides a
review of volcanic hazard mitigation techniques and indicates that significant advances have
been made in hazards assessment, volcano monitoring, and eruption prediction in recent years.
The author also draws comparisons between the four major volcanic disasters of the
1980s--Mount St. Helens in the U.S., El Chichon in Mexico, Galunggung in Indonesia, and
Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia--to illustrate the importance of predisaster geoscience studies,
volcanic hazards assessments, monitoring, contingency planning, and effective communication
between scientists and policy makers. He concludes that the most pressing problem in volcanic
hazard mitigation is that most dangerous volcanoes are in densely populated countries that lack
economic and scientific resources or the political will to study and monitor them. As a result, the
greatest mitigation advances are likely to be achieved by wider application of existing
technology, rather than by developing new technology.
IZ00139.
volcano/ prediction/ international planning/ federal planning/ foreign planning/ LDCs/ geology/
volcanology.
Rec# 6338.  Thorsen, Gerald W., comp. Puget Lowland Earthquakes of 1949 and 1965:
Reproductions of Selected Articles Describing Damage.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington State
Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources.  1986; Information
Circular 81. 113 pp.  
Geoarea: WA.
E00509.
earthquake/ damage assessment/ building design/ risk assessment.
Rec# 7943.  Taylor, Craig E. Earthquake Loss Estimates in the State of Washington for
Insurance Regulation Purposes.  Los Angeles, Calif.: Dames & Moore, Inc.  1992; 77 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 56 references.
This report describes an earthquake insurance risk method used to address various insurance
regulatory issues affecting the state of Washington. The method utilizes synthesized information
from many disciplines to examine models of earthquake activity, the effects of earthquakes on
sites and residential structures, and the financial effects of projected losses on hypothetical
earthquake insurance structures. Regulatory issues investigated cover four areas of concern: the
solvency of earthquake underwriters, the viability of a one-time mandatory offer of earthquake
insurance by personal line carriers, the viability of a state-run residential earthquake insurance
program for Washington residents, and residential earthquake insurance premiums estimates
relative to a possible federal earthquake insurance program. It is suggested that full coverage of
residences for catastrophic earthquakes would be difficult if Washington alone is considered and
that further consideration should be given to financial mechanisms such as federal programs for
providing coverage for catastrophic residential losses.
EZ01161.
earthquake/ insurance/ state planning/ loss estimation/ private sector/ risk assessment.
Rec# 17096. Tank, Ronald W. Focus on Environmental Geology:  A Collection of Case Histories
and Readings from Original Sources. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1976. 538 pp.
Note: Papers have references.
Geoarea: US, AK, Anchorage, Mexico, WA, Cascades, Iceland, CA, San Andreas fault, CO,
Denver, WY, Italy, Vaiont, IL, Chicago, Santa Barbara, NY, Long Island, Venice.
K00160.
geologic hazards/ engineering geology/ urban areas/ environmental studies/ volcano/ lava/
earthquake/ reconstruction/ induced seismicity/ prediction/ loss estimation/ landslide/ mass earth
movements/ soil erosion/ coastal erosion/ sinkhole/ floodplain management/ riverine flood/
glacial flood/ mapping/ public policy/ subsidence/ oil spill/ water pollution/ technological
hazards/ water resources management/ groundwater depletion/ public health/ hazardous wastes/
hydrology/ radioactive waste/ risk assessment.
Rec# 2655. Sheets, Payson D. and Grayson, Donald. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. 
New York: Academic Press; 1979. 672 pp.
Geoarea: US, AZ, AK, Mexico, Paricutin, WA.
The recent eruption of Mount St. Helens dramatically underscored the fact that even the United
States is subject to volcano hazard.  In  this volume, a multidisciplinary approach is taken in
order to explore the effects that volcanic activity has had on a wide variety of human cultures. 
After the basic geophysical and chemical phenomena associated with volcanoes is explained, the
remaining studies offer insights about how various eruptions around the world have impacted
human society.  Some of the chapter headings will indicate the scope of inquiry: "Volcano
Hazards in the Cascade Range"; "Volcanoes as Hazard: an Overview"; "Contemporary
Responses to Volcanos"; "Impact of Paricutin on Five Communities"; "Sunset Crater (Arizona)
and the Singua: a New Interpretation"; and "People and Pumice on the Alaska Peninsula." A few
of the major themes which emerge are:  volcanic eruptions can have beneficial as well as
deleterious social effects; short-term recovery can occur depending upon the type and magnitude
of the event; other volcanic events may precipitate the entire disappearance of a specific culture;
and the archaeological record, when judiciously integrated with the skills and methodology of
other disciplines, can produce valuable observations on how human societies respond to a
catastrophic events.
I00039.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact/ historical survey/ recovery/ reconstruction/
resettlement/ anthropology/ archeology/ demography/ case study.
Rec# 9889.  Scawthorn Charles R.  and Rojahn, Christopher. Seismic Vulnerability and Impact
of Disruption of Lifelines in the Conterminous United States.  Redwood City, Calif.: Applied
Technology Council.  1991; ATC-25. 486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, UT, SC, New Madrid fault.
Note: 149 references. Bibliography. Maps of 13 lifeline facilities nationwide.
This report documents the results of an extensive three-year assessment using a computerized
inventory of the nation's lifelines to determine their vulnerability and potential disruptive impacts
due to earthquakes. The study examined electric systems; water, gas, and oil pipelines; highways
and bridges; airports; railroads; ports; and emergency service facilities. Vulnerability estimates
are presented in terms of estimated direct damage losses and indirect economic losses. In
addition, earthquake scenarios were considered for the northeastern U.S.; Charleston, South
Carolina, the New Madrid region; the Wasatch Front; Puget Sound; and northern and southern
California. Other topics discussed include combined economic losses, hazard mitigation
measures and benefits, and recommendations for further research.
E00862.
lifelines/ earthquake/ economic analysis/ loss estimation/ hazardous facilities/ public safety/
transportation/ emergency communications/ risk assessment/ scenario/ local planning/ regional
planning.
Rec# 2789. Saarinen, Thomas F. and Sell, James L. Warnings and Response to the Mount St.
Helens Eruption.  Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press; 1985. 240 pp.
Note: Questionnaire.  DES Warning message.  94 references.
Geoarea: US, WA.
The amount of warning for the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption was probably greater than for
any previous geologic hazard in U.S. history.  This book gives an overview of the information
provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, other public agencies, and the media as a response to
the heightened volcanic activity; describes in some detail the physical event, its social and
economic impacts; and concludes with a statement of the major benefits of the warning. 
One-hundred and thirty of the main participants in the warning process were surveyed by
questionnaire to determine what they did.  Findings from the study suggest that 1) the failure to
close state and federal lands in the hazard area led to the mistaken belief by the public that those
areas were safe; 2) the FEMA response to the disaster was an excellent example of a public
information operation in a hazard situation; 3) hazard monitoring, hazard assessment, and hazard
warning are equivalent functions; 4) the experience offers a wealth of material for improving
emergency service systems and their connections with scientific agencies; and 5) not enough can
be said about the importance of planning for disaster response.
I00049.
volcano/ warning methods/ warning responses/ media/ social impact/ economic impact/ survey/
emergency response.
Rec# 16791.  Risk Engineering,  Inc. Residential and Commercial Earthquake Losses in the U.S. 
Risk Engineering, Inc.  1993; 40 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, TN, New Madrid, SC, UT.
Note: OBSERVER 18, No. 2 (November 1993): 19.
This publication summarizes earthquake loss estimates that consider all the major factors that
contribute to losses, including quake magnitude, frequency of occurrence, distance from fault or
epicenter, soil conditions, and exposure.  The document provides commercial loss estimates for
California and the counties containing Seattle, Washington, and Memphis, Tennessee.  It also
offers estimates of residential losses for six seismically active regions in the U.S.  The final
section estimates the importance of aftershocks in loss estimation.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ risk assessment.
Rec# 16792.  Risk Engineering and Allstate Research & Planning Center. Earthquake Project
Loss Model.  Risk Engineering and Allstate Research & Planning Center.  1993; 72 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, UT, WA,, New Madrid, SC, AK.
Note: OBSERVER 18, No. 2 (November 1993): 19.
This model was developed to estimate expected annual loss and probable maximum loss due to
earthquake shaking in California and five other seismically active regions of the U.S---Alaska;
the New Madrid zone; South Carolina; Utah; and Puget Sound.  The model only calculates direct
damage caused by an earthquake.  Possible losses due to the failure of commercial structures,
fires following earthquakes, workers' compensation payments, health and life insurance claims,
and similar losses are not included.
earthquake/ loss estimation.
Rec# 18214.  Reed, Dorothy A. and Wang, Jingye. An Emergency Response Plan for Bridge
Management.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Dept. of Transportation.  1993; WA-RD
289.1. 77 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 6 references.  Manual.
The primary objective of this project was to develop a post-earthquake emergency response plan
for bridge management.  Three magnitudes of seismic events were considered in the
development of the plan.  Inspection forms were developed for the three-stage inspection
process.  For events other than minor earthquakes occurring under favorable weather and lighting
conditions, existing resources appeared to be inadequate.  Appendices include information about
agency responsibilities, emergency repairs, a user's guide for the database developed during the
project, and sample calculations describing resource requirements.  Numerous organizational
flowcharts, inspection forms, and checklists accompany the text.  Recommendations stemming
from the study include 1) management should be aware that sufficient personnel to undertake the
inspections under all conditions are not presently available;  2) buildings designated as command
centers should be rendered operationally earthquake resistant;  3) emergency equipment staging
and storage areas in the Puget Sound region should be identified and implemented;  4)
recruitment and training of a volunteer force for undertaking as many tasks as possible is critical
to enable the maximum number of state engineers to be involved in postearthquake inspection
tasks; and 5) participation in postdisaster response exercises on a regular basis is required to
prepare for a genuine event.
EZ01737.
earthquake/ lifelines/ transportation/ emergency planning/ emergency management/ loss
estimation.
Rec# 3085.  Rainier National Bank. Economic Impact of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens. 
Seattle, Wash.: Rainier National Bank, Economics Dept.  1980; 4 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. Part 6 of six-part analysis.
Six short reports were prepared by the bank evaluating the possibility of economic dislocations
caused by the eruption of Mount St. Helens.  Total costs may approach $1.5 billion if near-term
costs, such as the dredging of the Cowlitz River or repairing of municipal water and sewage
facilities are included.  Actual damage turned out to be not only far less than originally reported
by the media, but substantially less than that indicated by early official reports.  Major concerns
now include a degree of uncertainty on the part of investors and residents about further
disturbances from Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Range.  The attractive
features of the Pacific Northwest still exist regardless of the risk posed by area volcanoes.
IZ00016.
volcano/ economic impact/ banking/ lenders/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ recovery/
reconstruction.
Rec# 3623. Preusser, Hubertus. Mount St. Helens: Anwendugnsbereiche von
Fernerkundungsverfahren. Bildmessung Und Luftbildwesen. 1984; 52(3):115-124.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 13 references.
IZ00183.
volcano/ remote sensing/ damage assessment/ environmental impact/ warning systems/ search
and rescue/ emergency planning/ recovery.
Rec# 3608.  Preusser, Hubertus. Der Ausbruch des Mount St. Helens 1980: Administrative
Reaktionen und ihre raumlichen Auswirkungen.  Saarbrucken, Germany: Universitat des
Saarlandes, Geographischen Institut, Sonderheft 5.  1985; 102 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 165 references.
IZ00182.
volcano/ economic impact/ social impact/ federal response/ emergency response/ recovery.
Rec# 19359.  Preusser, H. Mount St. Helens: Hazard und hazardminimierung nach der
katastrophe.  1990; 6 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 5 references.
IZ00185.
volcano/ environmental impact/ recovery/ damage assessment.
Rec# 1508. Perry, Ronald W. and Hirose, Hirotada. Volcanic eruptions and functional change:
Parallels in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and
Disasters. 1983; 1(2):231-253.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Japan, Mount Usu.
Note: 51 references.
Serials.
volcano/ social impact/ federal response/ foreign response/ tourism/ economic impact/ case
study/ comparative analysis/ emergency response/ risk perception.
Rec# 8115.  Perkins, Jeanne B. and Moy, Kenneth. Liability of Local Governments for
Earthquake Hazards and Losses: Background Research Reports.  Oakland, Calif.: Association of
Bay Area Governments (ABAG).  1988; 295 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, UT, AK.
Note: Legal notes.
This background report is one of three ABAG documents that examine the concern of local
governments with regard to legal liability for losses and injuries brought about by an earthquake.
The volume contains the text of three reports prepared for the overall research project and used in
developing the companion volume, "Guide to the Law:" 1) "Update on Local Government
Liability for Earthquake-Related Injuries and Damages"; 2) "Key Statutes and Cases"; and 3)
"The Impact of Tort Liability on Local Government Programs Related to Earthquake Hazards
and Losses." Information presented in the first background report discusses sovereign immunity,
discretionary immunity, public duty doctrine, and purely economic damages for the states of
Alaska, California, Utah, and Washington. Other sections provide an analysis of general
circumstances for liability, i.e., the issuance or nonissuance of earthquake warnings, and an
analysis of hypothetical situations (emergency response, existing buildings, hazardous materials).
The second section reprints tort claims acts from the above mentioned states, discusses at length
special legislation enacted in California, and summarizes 51 relevant court decisions. The last
section discusses the results of various attitude surveys and examines general liability concerns,
such as insurance, risk management, and attitudes toward tort liability.
E00637.
earthquake/ liability/ legislation-regulation/ law/ local government/ awareness/ risk perception.
Rec# 13301.  Palm, Risa I.; Marston, Sallie; Kellner, Patricia; Smith, David, and Budetti,
Maureen. Home Morgage Lenders, Real Property Appraisers, and Earthquake Hazards.  Boulder,
Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center.  1983; Environment and Behavior Monograph No. 38. 152 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA.
Note: 2 questionnaires. 89 references.
The willingness or reluctance of home mortgage lenders to finance residential housing basically
can control access to the occupance of areas which may be at risk from natural disasters.  In
addition, property appraisers are an integral part of the home mortgage financing process in that
one or more appraisal is involved in each financing decision.  The purpose of this study was to
seek a greater understanding of the responses of these two groups to earthquake hazards, given a
context of economic and environmental uncertainty.  Findings show that 1) an overwhelming
proportion of the small lenders in California and most of the lenders in Washington tended to
ignore earthquake hazards; 2) appraisers will supply earthquake hazards information to clients,
but only when asked; 3) some ealifornia lenders note seismic hazard in the lending decision and
use seismic information in setting loan conditions.  These lenders tended to be from larger
institutions and many had attended earthquake hazards seminar; and 4) the majority of appraisers
indicated that they routinely investigated whether a subject property was located in a special
studies zone or landslide-prone area.
E00016.
earthquake/ economic analysis/ risk assessment/ mortgage/ lenders/ banking/ disclosure/ property
value.
Rec# 4288. Novak, Terry and Novak, Richard. How to manage your ash. Public Management.
(January-February 1981); 12-15.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00101.
volcano/ ashfall/ emergency response/ local response/ state response/ economic impact/ warning
systems.
Rec# 8445.  Noson, Linda L.; Qamar, Anthony, and Thorsen, Gerald W. Washington State
Earthquake Hazards.  Olympia, Wash: Washington Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of
Geology and  Earth Resources.  1988; Information Circular No. 85. 77 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: Glossary. 148 references.
More than 1,000 earthquakes are recorded in Washington state each year; approximately a dozen
of these produce significant shaking or damage. This volume presents an overview of seismic
phenomena, provides a history of earthquake occurrences in the state, describes damages caused
by these tremors, and offers suggestions for reducing earthquake losses in Washington.
Generously illustrated with maps, graphs, and photographs, the publication provides a concise,
accessible introduction to seismic hazards in Washington and the Pacific Northwest.
E00674.
earthquake/ historical survey/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ seismology/ geophysics/ state
planning/ preparedness.
Rec# 10110. Nemec, J.; Nigg, Joanne M., and Siccardi, F. Prediction and Perception of Natural
Hazards.  Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993. 226 pp. (Advances in Natural and
Technological Hazards Research; 2).
Note: Papers have references. 2 copies. OBSERVER 18, no. 3 (January 1994): 18. Hurricane
Gilbert.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Mexico, Italy, USSR, Danube Basin.
The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) recognizes warning systems
as part of most hazard reduction schemes. Concurrently, scientists have recognized that warning
systems are complex arrangements for transmitting information about increased  risk to
individuals so that they take appropriate action. Thus, warning systems involve both prediction
of a hazard and perception of the risk posed. In the fall of 1990 the National Science Foundation,
the National Research Council of Italy, and the U.N. IDNDR Secretariat sponsored a meeting in
Perugia, Italy, of physical scientists, social scientists, and engineers involved in disaster research
addressing 2  topics: 1) methods for predicting disasters across different natural hazard agents,
and 2) factors associated with the appropriate interpretation of hazard warnings. The discussion
focused on the uncertainties in detection and prediction and how these affect decision makers and
the general public.
T00125.
risk perception/ warning systems/ drought/ earthquake/ flood/ landslide/ tornado/ hurricane/
volcano/ media/ meteorological hazards/ geologic hazards/ nonstructural elements/ foreign
planning/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ case study/ prediction/ forecasting/ warning
responses/ urban areas/ flash flood/ riverine flood/ risk communication/ seismology/ information
transfer/ IDNDR/ radon/ decisionmaking/ multihazards.
Rec# 18731.  National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Initiative. Fire Storm '91 Case
Study.  Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association.  1991; 31 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.  2 copies.
On October 16, 1991, gale-force winds helped ignite and then spread 92 separate wildland fires
in northeastern Washington state.  One hundred and fourteen homes and numerous other
sructures were destroyed.  An analysis indicates that more than 90 percent of the fires started
when winds blew down power lines or when trees or limbs fell into power lines.  This scenario
caused numerous fires in a very short duration of time and all suppression resources were rapidly
committed.  Personnel experienced difficulty in assessing the magnitude of the fires due to the
poor visibility caused by the wind-swept fires and blowing dust.  The area had been experiencing
high population growth and development in its wildland interface areas.  Most of the home losses
occurred within the first 4 hours of these fires and before massive assistance from Washington
and neighboring states could be mobilized to supplement local forces.  This report describes the
pre-fire conditions and then chronicles the emergency response effort.  Three of the fires--those
responsible for the majority of homes lost or threatened--are analyzed in detail, with particular
attention given to the establishment of a unified command structure, response staging, public
information efforts, and firefighter stress.
MZ00468.
wildfire/ damage assessment/ emergency management/ emergency response/ local response/
local planning/ lifelines/ electric power.
Rec# 2182.  NAHB Research Center. Estimated Cost of Compliance with 1991 Building Code
Seismic Requirements.  Oak Brook, Ill.: Insurance Research Council.  1992; 24 pp.  
Geoarea: US, TN, Memphis, SC, Charleston, MA, Boston, MO, St. Louis, WA, Seattle.
Note: 0 references. Floorplans. OBSERVER 17, no. 4 (March 1993): 23.
Recognizing that the massive destruction wrought by recent hurricanes and earthquakes in the
U.S. underscores a need for stronger buildings to protect the public from natural disasters, the
Insurance Research Council commissioned this study to promote the building practices necessary
to reduce hazard impacts. The study determined the incremental costs, under new 1991 seismic
building code provisions, of buildng typical single-family residences in several U.S. cities
subject to earthquake risk. It revealed that builders can construct houses providing upgraded life
safety in earthquakes at an added cost of less than 1% of the purchase price of a new home in
most instances. Moreover, such changes would make these homes more resistant to other
life-threatening hazards such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and other windstorms.
EZ01302.
cost efficiency/ earthquake/ building design/ building codes/ local planning/ economic analysis/
architecture.
Rec# 2933. Murphy, Peter E. and Bayley, Robin. Tourism and disaster planning. Geographical
Review. 1989; 79(1):36-46.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, British Columbia.
Note: 2 copies. 20 notes.
The lure of tropical beaches can subject tourists to hurricane and tsunami hazards. High-risk
avalanche areas also attract downhill and cross-country skiers. Despite such spatial correlations,
both individuals and the tourism industry often are understandably unwilling to dwell on the risk
factors associated with travel and vacation holidays. This paper discusses how the tourism
industry should help increase awareness of the hazards that visitors may face when traveling in
potentially dangerous regions. Observations offered by the authors suggest that 1) tourism
facilities and activities should be considered at both the risk analysis and warning stages of
hazard assessment because of tourism's predilection for locating in scenically spectacular,
relatively high-risk zones; 2) tourism can help disaster recovery by dispersing factual information
internationally and by bringing visitors back to an affected area; and 3) incorporating tourism
into disaster planning should not necessitate major changes in current strategies and procedures.
Two disasters in areas frequented by tourists in the Pacific Northwest (Mount St. Helens
eruption--1980; East Kootenay fire--1985) serve to present generalizations and perspectives on
relevant planning issues.
QZ00185.
tourism/ wildfire/ volcano/ recovery/ local planning/ economic impact.
Rec# 3057.  Mosebar, Joan Cleminshaw, ed. Economic Impact of Mt. St. Helens.  Pacific
Northwest--ad hoc group of economists.  1980; 22 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Twenty-two economists from both the public and private sectors produced a white paper on the
long-term effects from the eruption of Mt. St. Helens.  They found that the rate of economic
growth in the region may be somewhat altered, but that a cessation of volcanic activity will
probalby have a positive economic impact.  The paper predicts that the intrinsic advantages of
the Pacific Northwest will outweigh the risk of an infrequent disaster and that there will be no
lessening in development and investment.
IZ00014.
volcano/ economic impact/ recovery/ reconstruction/ risk assessment/ lenders.
Rec# 16093. Miller, Sky. Snohomish County, Washington, Thanksgiving Day flood, 1990. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Inspiration: Come to the Headwaters; 1991 Jun
10-1991 Jun 14; Denver Colo. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1992; Special
Publication No. 24; 364-367, 400 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Snohomish County.
Note: 0  references.
F00485.
riverine flood/ floodplain management/ structural measures/ levees/ damage assessment/ local
planning.
Rec# 4036. McLucas, Glennda B. Cleanup and disposal of Mount St. Helens ash in eastern
Washington. Washington Geologic Newsletter. (October 1980); 8(4):1-7.
Geoarea: US, WA.
IZ00082.
volcano/ ashfall/ recovery/ local response/ environmental impact/ water pollution/ economic
impact.
Rec# 2472.  May, Peter; Fox, Edward, and Hazan, Nancy Stark. Anticipating Earthquakes: Risk
Reduction Policies and Practices in the Puget Sound and Portland Areas.  Seattle, Wash.:
University of Washington, Institute for Public Policy and Management.  1989; 42 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, Portland, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 2 copies. 11 references.
This report describes the findings of a project sponsored by the USGS to study earthquake risks
in the Puget Sound-Portland areas. The findings provide a baseline for understanding existing
earthquake risk reduction policies and practices and identify features of the political-economic
landscape likely to shape future opportunities and obstacles to risk reduction. The study
addresses 19 counties, 43 larger cities, and selected utilities and ports within the forementioned
areas. It begins by characterizing elected officials' risk perceptions concerning building and
facility vulnerability and then outlines existing earthquake risk reduction policies and practices
among the jurisdictions. The final sections assess the diverse political-economic factors in these
regions and describe how they will affect future risk reduction efforts. The paper specifically
looks at the potential benefits of four different strategies: disseminating hazards information,
seeking mandate revisions in state-level codes or land use provisions, influencing local practice
in carrying out state and local policies, and influencing practices in the engineering and design
communities.
EZ00798.
earthquake/ local planning/ public policy/ risk perception/ intergovernmental/ state planning/
legislation-regulation/ politics.
Rec# 1102. May, Peter J. and Williams, Walter. Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing
Programs under Shared Governance.  New York: Plenum Press; 1986. 198 pp.
Note: 251 notes.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This study deals with the intergovernmental implementation of selected emergency management
programs, primarily as it happens at the state and federal levels. The authors 1) analyze the
implementation of various aspects of disaster policy and discuss federal management choices in
that area; 2) reveal the particulars of federal program implementation under programs which
federal and subnational governments share responsibility for program funding and management;
and 3) consider the relevance of lessons from earlier social program implementation. Following
an overview of the processes of intergovernmental policy implementation, and the organizational
context in which it must happen, the book examines the design of case studies that document its
happening. The study focuses on four areas: floodplain regulation, dam safety, earthquake
preparedness, and crisis relocation. Final chapters explore questions related to policy innovations
at the state level, the design of future disaster management strategies, and the status of research
dealing with policy implementation. Concluding observations note that 1) major premises of
shared governance are being called into question by Reagan administration actions; 2) it is
difficult to escape the basic clash between the needs of the various governmental partners; and 3)
major policy changes can have disruptive consequences if potential implementation difficuties
are not taken into account.
Q00047.
intergovernmental/ emergency management/ state planning/ federal planning/ case study/ flood/
dam safety/ earthquake/ preparedness/ evacuation/ disaster studies/ legislation-regulation/
disaster assistance/ politics/ economic impact.
Rec# 12197. May, Peter J. Formulating disaster relief when needs are unknown. Journal of
Policy Analysis and Management. 1982; 2(1):39-54.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
OZ00077.
disaster assistance/ case study/ damage assessment/ federal response/ recovery/ emergency
response/ disaster studies/ politics/ volcano.
Rec# 2617.  Marts, Marion E. and others. Social Implications of Volcano Hazard: Case Studies
in the Washington Cascades and Hawaii.  Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Dept. of
Geography.  1978; 300 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, HI.
Note: Manual. Questionnaire. 2 copies.
This volume covers three subjects: 1) an investigation of responses to increased volcanic activity
at Mount Baker, 2) a predicted eruption of Mauna Loa, and 3) a scenario study of the impact of a
major mudflow from Mount Rainier on the Puyallup River Valley, Washington.  Although the
probability of volcanic eruptions in the Cascades is probably very low, the threat to life and
property is potentially great, particularly in the case of subsequent mudflows.  The Mount Baker
study includes a hazard perception study and a discussion of economic hardship brought about by
closure of a potential high hazard area.  The Hawaii study produced evidence of misperception of
the hazard potential.  Both the Mount Baker and Hawaii experiences suggest that people prefer
coping to government intervention, at least to the point of a clear and present danger.  In regard
to public response to the prediction of low probability, high risk events, it is obvious that further
attention needs to be given to the management of hazard prediction.
I00036.
volcano/ social impact/ case study/ prediction/ risk perception/ scenario/ mudflow.
Rec# 16391. Loomis, John B. Measuring the economic benefits of removing dams and restoring
the Elwha River: Results of a contingent valuation survey. Water Resources Research. 1996;
32(2):441-447.
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 24 references.
FZ01451.
floodplain management/ dam removal/ economic analysis/ benefit-cost analysis/ local planning/
structural measures/ environmental impact.
Rec# 327.  Look, David W., ed. The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings Conference
Workbook--1991.  San Francisco, Calif.: Western Chapter of the Association for Preservation
Technology.  1991; 700 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Loma Prieta, Italy, Irpinia, WA, Los Angeles, Costa Rica, San Jose, Seattle,
Sacramento, UT, Salt Lake City.
Note: Approximately 250 references. Local ordinance. Glossary. Local ordinances from Los
Angeles, San Francisco, California, Oakland. OBSERVER 19, No. 1 (September 1994): 21.
This document contains the proceedings from a conference held in November 1991 to discuss
preservation of historic buildings in seismic zones.  It contains 28 detailed papers, most with
numerous photos and diagrams, that discuss the issue.  They cover repair of buildings following
the Loma Prieta quake, balancing preservation and seismic safety, retrofitting adobe buildings,
strengthening unreinforced masonry, complying with mandatory codes, defining an adequate
level of safety, determining economic feasibility of base isolation, testing of archaic materials for
seismic resistance, and using a systems approach for seismic retrofitting.
E00994.
earthquake/ retrofitting/ cultural preservation/ emergency planning/ masonry/ building codes/
base isolation/ economic analysis/ schools/ local planning/ legislation-regulation.
Rec# 2874.  Lipman, Peter W. and Mullineaux, Donal R., eds. 1980 Eruptions of Mount St.
Helens, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; USGS Professional
Paper 1250. 844 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Most papers have references. Chronology.
The bulk of this massive publication examines geological, chemical, and geophysical phenomena
associated with the effects of the 1980 eruptions.  Twelve of the sixty-two studies, however, deal
with the effects of the 1980 eruptions together with the assessment and prediction of potential
hazards which still exist around Mount St. Helens.  Titles from among these contributions
include: "Effects of the Eruptions on Civil Works and Operations in the Pacific Northwest," by
R.L. Schuster; "Some Effects of the May 18 Eruption of Mount St. Helens on River-Water
Quality," by J.M. Klein; and "The 1980 Activity--A Case Study in Forecasting Volcanic
Eruptions," by R.W. Decker.  Dedicated to USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston, the  volume
contains 470 figures, 117 tables, and a geologic map showing proximal deposits and features of
the eruptions.  Nontechnical introductions to each major section, in conjunction with the
extensive illustrations, make the volume useful for readers lacking formal geologic training.
I00067.
volcano/ case study/ environmental studies/ geologic hazards/ damage assessment/
environmental studies/ economic impact/ social impact/ environmental impact/ seismology/
earthquake/ lahar/ mudflow/ prediction/ risk assessment/ volcanology.
Rec# 13333. Lave, Lester B. Risk Assessment and Management.  New York, N.Y.: Plenum
Press; 1987. 740 pp.
Note: Papers have references.
Geoarea: US, Japan, Germany, WA.
T00102.
risk assessment/ risk management/ economic impact/ social impact/ public health/ biology/
hazardous wastes/ toxic chemicals/ decisionmaking/ federal planning/ dam safety/ nuclear power/
structural fire/ risk communication/ liability/ risk perception/ warning responses/ air pollution/
life value/ comparative analysis/ legislation-regulation/ comparative risk/ local planning/
groundwater pollution.
Rec# 4681. Laue, Cindy and Farrell, Richard C. St. Helens: The quiet mountain that blew its top.
Journal of Insurance. 1980; 41(4):18-23.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00129.
volcano/ insurance/ economic impact/ recovery/ local response.
Rec# 635.  Lander, James F.; Lockridge, Patricia A., and Kozuch, Michael J. Tsunamis Affecting
the West Coast of the United States, 1806-1992.  Boulder, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service, National Geophysical Data Center.  1993; NGDC Key to Geophysical
Records Documentation No. 29. 242 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Oregon, WA.
Note: Approximately 215 references. 2 copies. Bibliography. OBSERVER 18, no. 5 (May 1994):
13.
Building upon information presented in an earlier publication, United States Tsunamis,
1690-1988, the authors substantially add to the data, number of observed events, and
observations about the events' impacts. The volume begins with general information about
tsunamis (definitions, characteristics, etc.) and then describes and evaluates locally generated and
long distance tsunamis that have been recorded along the California, Oregon, and Washington
coasts. The information includes details of the source event (primarily earthquakes), maximum
observed amplitude and runup height, periodicity, arrival time, and damage and fatalities
attributed to a given tsunami. Also included in the volume are marigrams for West Coast
tsunamis, tsunami travel time charts, a place name index, and 15 pages of references. The
documents describes landslide-caused tsunamis that affected the Franklin D. Roosevelt reservoir
in Washington state during the years 1944-1953.
E00961.
tsunami/ seismology/ oceanography/ damage assessment/ state planning/ historical survey/ risk
assessment/ landslide.
Rec# 14996.  : Kusler, Jon A. and Krantz, Lucretia, editors. Improving Wetland Public Outreach,
Training and Education, and Interpretation; 1993 Jun 15-1993 Jun 19; Madison, Wis. Berne,
N.Y.: Association of State Wetland Managers; 1993; 178 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Hong Kong/Vietnam.
This volume also includes papers from INTECOL's IV International Wetlands Conference:
Global Wetlands Old World and New, Special Session:  International Perspectives of Wetland
Education, conducted by the International Association of Ecology (INTECOL), held in
Columbus, Ohio, September 13-18, 1992.
J00338.
wetlands/ wetland management/ international planning/ foreign planning/ state planning/ LDCs/
economic development/ local planning/ education/ training/ ethics/ perception/ children/ case
study/ environmental studies/ federal planning/ COE.
Rec# 2514.  Kerr, James W., ed. Mount St. Helens Scientific Workshop, November 13-14, 1980:
Proceedings.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency.  1980;
NSF/RA-800552. 235 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 15 references.  Questionnaire. 2 copies.  33 Mount St. Helens Technical Information
Network bulletins are reprinted.
Six months after the major Mount St. Helens eruption, a special workshop was convened to
examine the post-disaster science/technology programs which had been initiated following the
blast.  Seven federal agency programs are described and evaluated, and workshop reports are
presented that cover a wide range of topics.  All 33 of the bulletins released under the auspices of
the Mount St. Helens Technical Information Network are incorporated into the publication as an
appendix.  There also is a short discussion by Carl Nyman of Washington State University
concerning the socioeconomic research accomplished or proposed since the eruption occurred. 
Problems which were identified in this context included the access to public officials by research
groups, the need for equipment sharing, and a quick identification of overlapping research
projects.  Criteria involving low-risk, high-consequence phenomena is implicit throughout the
research discussions.
I00029.
volcano/ recovery/ economic impact/ disaster assistance/ reconstruction/ information transfer/
social impact/ recovery/ environmental impact/ damage assessment/ federal response/ emergency
response.
Rec# 2363. Keller, S. A. C. Mount St. Helens: One Year Later.  Cheney, Wash.: Eastern
Washington University Press; 1982. 243 pp.
Note: Proceedings.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The volume consists of 34 papers delivered at a symposium held in Cheney on May 17-18, 1981. 
Twenty-two papers deal with topics concerning effects on the physical environment, such as
natural revegetation, the remnant magnetization of ash, the acoustics of the eruption, and the
effects of ash fallout on fish and birds.  The remaining twelve contributions deal with the
response and impact of the eruption on the human enviornment. Subjects in this section explore
the economic consequences of the event; housing-related damage and cleanup as reported by
residents in eastern Washington; communication behavior; and the value of preparing a
meteorological and hydrological contingency plan for a low probability event like a volcanic
eruption.  An appendix contains abstracts of an additional 30 papers about the eruption's effects.
I00019.
volcano/ intergovernmental planning/ economic impact/ recovery/ reconstruction/ social impact.
Rec# 16373.  Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services. Perspectives on Earthquakes in Rural Areas:
Workshop Report.  Boise, Ida.: Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services.  1994; 134 pp.  
Geoarea: US, ID, Borah Peak, Teton Dam, Loma Prieta, CA, Oregon, Klamath Falls, WA, NV.
Note: 0 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 19, No. 5 (May 1995): 25.
In the U.S., a number of earthquakes have occurred in the last 10 years that affect rural areas. 
People living in these regions do not have the same expectations of emergency services as city
dwellers, since many live more than 45 minutes from a major medical facility.  Given sparse
settlement, damage is harder to spot and may simply be different than urban damage, thus
disaster personnel may not notice nor respond as they should.  Likewise, many rural people
believe their damage is not as bad as that which occurs in urban areas, since most media
coverage of a disaster occurs within metropolitan areas.  For example, the people of Watsonville,
California, thought they had less damage than those living in Oakland and San Francisco in the
1989 Loma Prieta quake, even though they were located nearer the epicenter and suffered
extensive damage.  Finally, rural areas are at double risk because they need to prepare both for an
earthquake that may affect them directly and one that may affect the urban area that provides
them with critical services.  Participants in this 1993 workshop identified many activities for
reducing the impacts of earthquakes in both rural and urban areas, but concluded that programs
must take into account the strong value of individual responsibility that is prevalent in rural areas
in order to be successful.  This volume contains discussions about various topics associated with
preparing for and responding to earthquakes in rural areas.
E01011.
earthquake/ rural areas/ emergency planning/ local planning/ preparedness/ lifelines/ geology/
state planning/ building design/ damage assessment/ dam failure flood/ schools/ business/
economic impact/ self-help/ public policy/ nonstructural elements.
Rec# 2988.  Hinkle, R. E.; Eav, B. B.; Prill, J. C.; Johnson, T. E., and Dillman, R. D. Mount St.
Helens Quick Response Damage Assessment Final Report.  Houston, Tex.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Nationwide Forestry Applications Program.  1980; NFAP-208. 32
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Available from NTIS: PB82-164476. 2 copies.
The Nationwide Forestry Applications Program's quick response charter enable a research team
to conduct a study which would help determine the types of information required by planners and
managers involved in assessing the damage caused by the eruption and in developing recovery
plans.  The interpretation of high-altitude photography provided the foundations for the
construction of map-registered overlays depicting the damage to timber resources, the
transportation network, and the hydrology system.  Camera systems utilized during the study are
capable of providing results with effective ground resolution of one to three feet.
IZ00008.
volcano/ damage assessment/ preparedness/ intergovernmental planning/ recovery/ remote
sensing.
Rec# 2113.  Hays, Walter W. and Gori, Paula L., eds. Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound,
Washington Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1986;
Open-File Report No. 86-253. 258 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound, Mexico City.
Note: Proceedings. Glossary. Most papers have references. 2 copies. (informative paper).
Seventeen papers appear in the proceedings of USGS Conference XXXIII, held October 29-31,
1985, in Seattle, Washington. The papers can be divided into two general categories: technical
papers related to local seismicity, ground shaking, ground failure, regional tectonics, and other
geotechnical information; and contributed articles (6 of them) that deal with earthquake
preparedness and hazards reduction. Topics addressed in the latter context include earthquake
awareness and education programs, response planning, the status of local seismic building codes,
warning systems and contingency planning for tsunamis, damage estimates, and liability issues.
The volume also provides background information, a summary of workshop accomplishments, a
participant list, and a glossary of technical terms.
E00218.
earthquake/ tsunami/ preparedness/ state planning/ risk assessment/ social impact/ liability/
emergency response/ siting/ damage assessment/ awareness/ education/ building codes/ local
planning/ geology/ seismology.
Rec# 8376.  Hays, Walter W., ed. Workshop: Evaluation of Earthquake Hazards and Risk in the
Puget Sound and Portland Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1988; Open-File Report No. 88-541. 339 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: Glossary. Proceedings. Participant list. Some papers have references.
Held April 12-15, 1988 in Olympia, Washington, the 42nd "Regional Earthquake Hazards
Assessment" workshop undertook three basic tasks: to assess the status of knowledge about
earthquake hazards in Washington and Oregon, including scientific, engineering, and hazard
reduction components; to determine the need for additional scientific, engineering, and societal
response information; and to develop a strategy for implementing programs to reduce potential
earthquake losses and to foster preparedness and mitigation measures. Seventeen papers discuss
seismological and geological aspects of earthquake and tsunami hazard in the region, and 16
papers address the preparedness and mitigation projects either functioning or being planned in
at-risk areas. Topics examined in the latter category include government liability, education and
awareness programs, safety in the schools, land use planning, and public policy options for
achieving maximum seismic safety practices.
E00656.
earthquake/ seismology/ tsunami/ regional planning/ local planning/ land use management/
awareness/ education/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ risk assessment/ lifelines/ geographic
information systems/ schools/ loss estimation/ public policy/ liability.
Rec# 2902.  Harnly, Caroline D. and Tyckoson, David A. Mount St. Helens, the 1980
Eruptions--A Bibliography.  Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies.  1981; 42 pp. (Public
Administration Series; Bibliography No. P-786).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Bibliography.
This bibliography contains over 500 citations related to the Mount St. Helens eruptions which
have been culled from such diverse sources as graduate theses, popular newsmagazines,
scientific journals, government publications and serials, and trade journals.  The contents have
been arranged under subject headings, and entries with somewhat cryptic titles are clarified by a
short annotation.  A sampling of citations with socioeconomic implications includes: "Taverns
Full, Soft Drink Sales Down Near Volcano," by D. Alaimo.  Beverage Industry 69 (August 22,
1980), no. 16:17-18; "Volcanic Ash Snarled Many Automated Teller Machines in Northwest,"
from the American Banking Association Journal 72 (September 1980), p. 144; "Volcanic Ash
Seen Threat to Computer Discs and Tape." Data Channels 7 (July 1980), no. 7:4; and "Mt. St.
Helens Effects on Washington's Treatment Plants." Water Pollution Control Federation Journal
52 (September 1980), no. 9: 2310-2313.
IZ00002.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact/ ashfall.
Rec# 2861. ---. Mount St. Helens: An Annotated Bibliography.  Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow
Press; 1984. 249 pp.
Note: Bibliography.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This book grew out of an interest in a rare historical and scientific event--the eruption of an
active volcano in the continental U.S.  It attempts to document the event in both scientific and
cultural terms and to record the reactions of a people and a nation to the eruptions. The
bibliography can be used to study how science, government, and industry reacted to the eruptions
both initially and over a period of time. Books, journals, government publications, technical
reports, and conference proceedings are included in the 1738 citations that are listed.  Media
items are excluded, as are general newspaper articles, but printed reports concerning media
materials are presented, together with articles from various trade papers. A list of subject
categories (and the number of citations in the category) follows: "Mount St. Helens Before
March 20, 1980" (131); "General Mount St. Helens Information" (306); "Geological Studies"
(407); "Atmospheric and Climatic Studies" (113); "Chemical and Physical Studies" (104);
"Effects on Agriculture" (62); "Biological and Environmental Effects" (119); "Medical and
Health Effects" (99); "Business, Commercial, and Economic Implications" (92); "Industrial and
Engineering Aspects" (171); "Social and Cultural Aspects" (81); "Special Maps" (10);
"Dissertations" (7); and "Books" (36).
I00054.
volcano/ ashfall/ lava/ geology/ climatology/ environmental studies/ agriculture/ public health/
business/ economic impact/ social impact/ case study/ biology/ private sector.
Rec# 6791.  Harnisch, Arthur A. Chief Joseph Dam, Columbia River, Washington: Community
Impact Report, Update III; Conditions at Peak Impact.  Fort Belvoir, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of
Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources.  1978; Research Report
78-R2. 50 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA. Bridgeport.
J00128.
water resources management/ social impact/ economic impact.
Rec# 4880.  : Grigg, Neil S. and Vlachos, Evan C., eds. Drought Water ManagementFort Collins,
Colo.: Colorado State University, International School for Water Resources ; 1990; 263 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, NV, HI, IL, KS, MD, NJ, PA, ND, WA, SC, NC, AL.
Note: 2 copies. Some papers have references.
In the summer of 1988, the combination of a fierce heat wave and a devastating drought in parts
of the U.S. brought renewed national attention to the far reaching effects of water scarcity on the
socioeconomic welfare and environmental quality of the country. Water managers,
meteorologists, and researchers gathered in Washington, D.C. on November 1-2, 1988 to discuss
the social ramifications of both the 1988 drought and the severe southeastern U.S. drought of
1986. Thirty papers and case studies presented at the workshop are reprinted in this proceedings
volume, together with an epilogue that compares findings from previous drought research with
the data and opinions expressed at the workshop. The papers address a wide spectrum of topics
associated with drought management, such as the utilization of new information technologies,
public relations aspects of water management, and the implementation of state drought response
legislation. The case studies--nineteen in all--should prove particularly useful to water managers
at all levels of government.
D00111.
drought/ water resources management/ case study/ public relations/ legislation-regulation/
intergovernmental/ social impact/ economic  impact/ meteorology/ forecasting/ preparedness/
emergency planning/ emergency response/ state response/ state planning/ agricultural impact/
federal planning.
Rec# 2483.  Goodisman, Leonard D. and May, Peter J. Problems in Formulating Disaster Relief. 
Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Graduate School of Public Affairs.  1982; 138 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Although considerable federal resources were committed to disaster assistance stemming from
the Mount St. Helens eruptions, many Washington state officials believe the state is entitled to
greater amounts of federal aid.  Eighteen months after the May 18 eruption, federal agencies had
obligated $430 million for diaster assistance, a sum less than half than the $951.1 million
appropriation rushed through Congress shortly after the mountain exploded.  The study identifies
and addresses three problem areas: the budgeting and control or relief approprations, the
estimation of relief needs, and the relations between federal and state authorities.  Findings
indicate that the effect of any portion of disaster relief response must be evaluated as part of the
total political, budgetary, and regulatory context. In particular, budgeting for disaster relief needs
to be understood in historical terms, as well as in terms of current disaster theory.  Furthermore,
the early estimates for relief assistance were considerably higher than actual short-term needs, a
situation which influenced the Congressional appropriations and fueled the ensuing federal-state
dispute over an appropriate level of relief funding.  Basically an abstract analysis of
political-organizational influences on the formulation of disaster relief, the study suggests that
much more attention needs to be given to the way in which federal agencies "negotiate" details of
disaster relief packages.
I00027.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ economic impact/ recovery/ historical survey/ federal planning/
federal funding/ state funding/ intergovernmental.
Rec# 4883.  Good, James W. and Ridlington, Sandra S., eds. Coastal Natural Hazards: Science,
Engineering and Public Policy.  Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, Oregon Sea Grant. 
1992; ORESU-B-92-001. 163 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, CA.
Note: Chapters have references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 17, no. 5 (May 1993): 22. Lessons
learned.
This report is for people thinking of building a home on the coast of Oregon, Washington, or
California--and for those who regulate such construction. It lays out the risks of building on the
shifting sands and eroding sea cliffs that typify the U.S. Pacific coast and looks at some of the
ways people have tried to stop these natural processes. Although written principally for
nonscientists, the book grew out of a 1990 Oregon Conference of coastal geologists,
oceanographers, engineers, planners, and resource managers, and contains their accounts of the
state of knowledge in their various disciplines. The report discusses the effects of El Ninos on
beach and shore erosion; it presents evidence for periodic great subduction-zone earthquakes that
have occurred along the Pacific Northwest coast and speculates on when the next quake might
strike; and it contains chapters by policy analysts regarding planning and engineering approaches
to hazard mitigation on the west coast and discussions of successes and shortcomings of various
public policies designed to deal with development in hazardous areas. Among the topics
discussed are recent legal developments in coastal natural hazards policy, a critique of
California's coastal hazards policies, shore protection policies in Oregon, and the viability of
structural measures to protect coastal development.
C00216.
coastal zone management/ coastal erosion/ state planning/ public policy/ geologic hazards/
earthquake/ geomorphology/ structural measures/ legislation-regulation/ damage assessment/ risk
assessment/ law.
Rec# 13027. Glantz, Michael H. Consequences and responsibilities in drought forecasting: The
case of Yakima, l977. Water Resources Research . 1982; 18(1):3-13.
Geoarea: US, WA, Yakima.
Note: 51 references.
During the 1976-77 drought, the Bureau of Reclamation issued a forecast of the total water
supply available (TWSA) for irrigation in the Yakima Valley, Washington. The forecast, which
suggested that less than half of the long-term average water supply would be available, led to
widely divergent allocations. Nonproratable (senior) water rights were to receive 98 percent of
their normal allocation, while those with proratable (junior) rights were to receive about 6
percent. By May, 1977 (three months after the forecast was given), the Bureau realized that more
water was in the system than previously expected. However, a number of farmers had committed
themselves to a course of action based upon the original forecast. Many farmers took legal action
against the Bureau to recover costs which they claimed were incurred by their responses to the
erroneous projection. Responses that reflect the socioeconomic impact the forecast had include:
1) some farmers sought to establish a regional organization to take over the Bureau's role in
water allocation; 2) the Bureau's long-standing credibiltiy in the area was seriously
compromised; and 3) due to a prolonged price slump, cattle ranchers may have used the drought
(and the TWSA forecast) as the justification to utilize federal price subsidies in order to reduce
their herds.
DZ00191.
drought/ warning responses/ false alarm/ economic impact/ liability/ decisionmaking/ drought/
forecasting/ risk communication/ water conservation/ social impact/ rural areas.
Rec# 17264. Gerstel, Wendy J.; Brunengo, Matthew J.; Lingley Jr., William S.; Logan, Robert
L.; Shipman, Hugh, and Walsh, Timothy J. Puget Sound Bluffs:  The where, why, and when of
landslides following the holiday 1996/97 storms. Washington Geology. 1997; 25(1):17-31.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 22 references.
KZ00313.
winter storm/ coastal flood/ landslide/ damage assessment/ environmental impact/ debris flow.
Rec# 2452.  Foxworthy, Bruce L. and Hill, Mary. Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St.
Helens: The First 100 Days.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1982; USGS
Professional Paper No. 1249. 125 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Although the USGS has prepared this report basically for the nontechnical reader, the account
can serve as a background for more technically written scientific reports on the volcanic activity
at Mount St. Helens and the geologic and hydrologic effects of its eruptions.  After a brief
introduction to the volcanic history of the Cascade Range, and of Mount St. Helens in particular,
the volcano's recent eruptive sequence is chronicled on a day-by-day basis from March 20 to
June 27, 1980.  The report summarizes the conditions existing in the affected area as of the latter
date, and hypothesizes about what the future holds in store for the region.  Information
concerning the issuance of warnings, socioeconomic effects of the blasts and agency response are
interspersed throughout the text.  A glossary, the general use of English measuring units, and
many excellent diagrams and photographs make the document readily accessible to the
nonscientist.
I00025.
volcano/ warning methods/ economic impact/ geology/ geophysics/ hydrology/ historical survey/
recovery/ social impact.
Rec# 2116. Findley, Rowe. Mount St. Helens aftermath. National Geographic. (December 1981);
160(6):713-733.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
I00002.
volcano/ volcanology/ mudflow/ earthquake/ economic impact.
Rec# 2100. ---. Mount St. Helens. National Geographic. (January 1981); 159(1):3-65.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 3 related articles.
This three-part article is largely an anecdotal account of the May 18 eruption.  Part III, "The Day
the Sky Fell," discusses a few of the impacts the eruption inflicted upon the surroundintg area. 
Many of the photographs, inlcuding some not published before, provide a stunning depiction of
the explosion and its effect on the environment.
I00001.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact.
Rec# 16773.  EQE International. Fire Following Earthquake in the Greater Los Angeles, San
Francisco, Seattle, and Memphis Areas.  EQE International.   1992; 145 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, TN.
Note: OBSERVER 18, No. 2 (November 1993): 19.
This publication examines the potential losses that would occur due to fire following a large
earthquake in selected major metropolitan areas in the U.S. It builds on the 1987 study, "Fire
Following Earthquake: Estimates of the Conflagration Risk to Insured Property in Greater Los
Angeles and San Francisco." Estimated aggregate losses are developed for six potential events in
California and the Seattle, Washington, and Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan areas. Unlike the
1987 report, the estimates of property at risk in this report reflect the value of all real property.
The estimated losses and probabilistic distribution of loss levels illustrate that fire following
earthquakes is a significant threat.
earthquake/ structural fire/ loss estimation/ urban areas.
Rec# 7664.  Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. ARC/INFO Map Book: 1993. 
Redlands, Calif.: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.  1994; 156 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CO, Boulder, UT, CA, Northridge, WA, Seattle, IL.
Note: 0 references. ARC/INFO maps for 1991 and 1992 also are located under Q00147.
This publication contains examples of approximately 150 geographic information systems
applications which utilize ARC/INFO software. A wide range of applications appear, including
urban land use management, groundwater aquifer recharge, geological maps, oil and gas retrieval
in the U.S., and urban lifeline infrastructure. Natural hazards applications deal with earthquake
epicenter mapping, seismic loss estimation in Utah, wildfire risk in Alaska and in Boulder,
Colorado, flood damage assessment, hurricane response, power outage due to wind storms,
stormwater management, and multihazard simulation modeling. Examples of oil spill charting
and toxic emission modeling also are presented. Most of the examples are one-page in length and
most of them are in color.
Q00147.
earthquake/ hurricane/ loss estimation/ wildfire/ risk assessment/ state planning/ local planning/
damage assessment/ riverine flood/ wind/ stormwater management/ oil spill/ toxic chemicals/
land use management/ volcano/ emergency planning/ groundwater depletion/ multihazards/
simulation/ lifelines/ ethnic groups/ geology/ loss estimation/ geographic information systems.
Rec# 9178.  : Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Proceedings Fourth U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 1El Cerrito, Calif.: Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute; 1990; 1050 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Mexico City, CA, UT, WA, SC, Loma Prieta, Whittier Narrows, KY, Peru.
Note: Papers have references.
Besides containing sections on ground motion and seismicity, lifelines and transportation
systems, and seismic risk analysis, this volume contains a 122-page section dealing with seismic
aspects of urban design, socioeconomic impacts, and public policy. This last-named section
presents 13 papers on topics such as the effects of a moderate earthquake on local preparedness,
seismic risk methods for earthquake insurance, and the use of opinion surveys in planning
earthquake risk reduction programs. A special section entitled "Learning from Earthquakes"
presents articles on using an artificial intelligence approach to evaluate lessons learned from
destructive earthquakes, and on the performance of auxiliary and portable water supply systems
after the Loma Prieta earthquake. Other papers of interest deal with the neighborhood impacts of
the Los Angeles seismic ordinance, and with the cost and affordability of retrofitting unsafe
buildings in San Francisco.
E00729.
earthquake/ urban planning/ seismology/ damage assessment/ insurance/ risk assessment/
education/ local planning/ schools/ federal planning/ state planning/ foreign planning/
retrofitting/ reconstruction/ foreign response/ structural design/ local response/ lifelines/
transportation/ structural engineering/ social impact/ public policy/ legislation-regulation/
computer application .
Rec# 2630.  Dueker, Kenneth J. Impacts of Volcanic Ashfall on Travel Behavior.  Portland,
Oreg.: Portland State University, The Center for Urban Studies, School of Urban Affairs.  1980;
78 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, analyzes how individuals and
communities respond to a sudden curtailment of their mobility.  Following Mount St. Helens'
massive eruption in May, l980, three Washington cities were studied for changes in the mode of
transportation, the frequency of trips, and the length of time allotted for various trip purposes. 
The cities--Yakima, Spokane, and Vancouver--are each examined with respect to short-and
long-term travel impacts on households, business, and the public sector.  Vehicle operating
problems and telephone usage are also briefly looked at.  The primary adjustment to the ashfall
was a drastic but temporary diminishing of travel, with local conditions varying due to the type
of ash, the amount of warning, and  the prevailing weather conditions.  Other findings indicate
that prior to the May 18 eruption, few individuals in an official capacity did any planning to deal
with potential problems, and that in Yakima/Spokane, there was little or no warning of the
ashfall even though the eruption had occurred hours earlier.  Results of the analysis suggest that
the problems caused by volcanic ashfall are similar to those encountered during a major
snowstorm.
I00037.
volcano/ ashfall/ transportation/ emergency communications/ warning methods/ local planning/
social impact/ economic impact.
Rec# 10215.  Draper, Sarah H.; Palmer, Richard N.; Lettenmaier, Dennis P., and Burges,
Stephen J. Water Resource System Reliability Under Drought Conditons: The Seattle Water
Supply System As a Case Study.  Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Charles W. Harris Hydraulics Laboratory.  1981; Technical Report No. 72. 89 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: Available from NTIS: PB83-108357.
Several potential ways were examined of increasing the resistance of water supply systems to
drought conditions through improved management and planning.  A detailed simulation model of
the Seattle Water Department's Cedar/Tolt system is developed that incorporates a method of
characterizing system reliability in terms of supply deficits.  The model demonstrates the
advantages of a demand-deficit approach as compared with conventional safe yield analysis. 
Particular emphasis is placed on the applicability of the Palmer Drought Index to act as a
precursor of hydrologic drought in western Washington.  In general, this index provides less
accurate forecasts of future runoff deficiencies than do hydrologic forecasting methods currently
in use.
D00037.
drought/ water resources management/ warning methods/ forecasting/ economic impact/
simulation.
Rec# 2409.  Deepak, Adarsh, ed. Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980
Eruptions of Mount St. Helens.  U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  1982;
NASA Conference Publication No. 2240. 303 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Proceedings.
This volume presents the technical proceedings of a symposium held in Washington, DC,
November 18-19, 1980.  The meeting was sponsored by NASA Headquarters, Office of Space
and Terrestrial Applications, on behalf of the U.S. National Climate Program, and was organized
by the Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing.  Over 120 scientists from six
nations participated in the symposium, contributing 36 papers, 28 of which are presented in the
proceedings.  Sessions were held on the nature and impact of volcanic eruptions; in situ
measurements of effluents; remote sensing measurements; the transport and dispersion of the
effluents; the chemistry of effluents; and the potential impact on weather and climate. 
Approximately one-fourth of the papers, all of which are technical in nature, deal with topics of
general interest to researchers involved in observing or measuring climate change.
I00022.
volcano/ climate impact assessment/ economic impact/ climatology/ meteorology/ social impact.
Rec# 7687. Dale, Virginia H. Revegetation of Mount St. Helens debris avalanche 10 years post
eruption. Research & Exploration. 1991; 7(3):328-341.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 19 references. Two other papers appear as separate records.
I00062.
volcano/ damage assessment/ recovery/ environmental impact/ biology/ ashfall.
Rec# 4948.  Cummans, John. Mudflows Resulting from the May 18, 1980, Eruption of Mount
St. Helens, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; Circular No. 850-B.
16 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 references.
The report describes the location and chronology of the mudflows and provides estimates of
velocities which occurred in the major rivers nearest to the blast.
IZ00210.
volcano/ debris flow/ mudflow/ hydrology/ damage assessment/ environmental impact.
Rec# 17500. Crumlish, Joseph D. Some economic considerations in evaluating engineering
seismology efforts. . ESSA Symposium on Earthquake PredictionWashington, D.C.: U.S. Dept.
of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration; 1966;  119-122.
Geoarea: US, CA, AK, WA.
Compares earthquake damage in school buildings built before and after legislation requiring
earthquake resistant construction for four California areas and for Seattle and Anchorage schools.
earthquake/ schools/ building design/ damage assessment/ economic analysis/ structural
engineering.
Rec# 4859.  Crandell, Dwight R. and Mullineaux, Donal R. Potential Hazards from Future
Eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Geological Survey.  1978; Bulletin 1383-C. 26 pp (2 plates).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 15 references. 2 copies.
Mount St. Helens has been more active and has exhibited more explosive history than any
volcano in the conterminous United States. A future violent eruption could affect human life and
health, property, agriculture, and general economic welfare over a large region. The Swift Dam
and Reservoir present serious potential hazards should a fast-moving mud-flow avalanche raise
the water level in the reservoir faster than it could be safely discharged.
IZ00171.
volcano/ geologic hazards/ avalanche/ mudflow/ social impact/ economic impact/ risk
assessment.
Rec# 3070. Chrysler, K. M. A pleasant surprise at Mount St. Helens. U.S. News and World
Report. (March 30, 1981); 57-58.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00015.
volcano/ ashfall/ economic impact/ mudflow/ federal response/ environmental impact.
Rec# 12010.  Casadevall, Thomas J. Volcanic ash and aviation safety: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept of
the Interior, Geological Survey.  1994; Bulletin 2047. 450 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, Costa Rica, Canada, USSR, Kamchatka, WA, Indonesia,  Australia, Japan,
Italy, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Chapters have references. OBSERVER 19, no. 3 (January 1995): 22. 2 copies. Participant
list.
The eruptions of Redoubt volcano in Alaska from 1989 to 1990 damaged five passenger aircraft
and resulted in millions of dollars in repairs. These events also increased interest among
members of the aviation community in mitigating volcanic hazards. The symposium summarized
in this volume resulted from the efforts of the Federal Aviation Administration, the USGS, the
Air Line Pilots Association, the Flight Safety Foundation, and the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics. The proceedings contain papers on volcanoes and ash clouds,
damage and impacts, communications and emergency procedures, meteorology and ash-cloud
monitoring, and detection and tracking. The seriousness of the problem is underscored by the
editor when he points out that "In the past 15 years, more than 80 jet airplanes have been
damaged owing to unplanned encounters with drifting clouds of volcanic ash in air routes and at
airports. Seven of these encounters caused in-flight loss of jet engine power, which nearly
resulted in the crash of the airplane." The symposium attracted more than 200 participants from
28 nations.
I00084.
volcano/ volcanology/ meteorology/ damage assessment/ transportation accident/ federal
planning/ emergency management/ risk assessment/ remote sensing/ warning systems/
legislation-regulation/ emergency communications/ emergency planning.
Rec# 7236.  Casadevall, Thomas J., ed. First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and
Aviation Safety: Program and Abstracts.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological
Survey.  1991; Circular 1065. 47 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, Mount St. Helens, Redoubt, Costa Rica, Indonesia.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies.
Near disastrous consequences have resulted after the engines of commercial jet aircraft
accidentally ingested airborne ash from volcano eruptions. In 1982, for example, two incidents
occurred within 3 weeks of each other when Boeing 747-200 passenger aircraft encountered ash
from two separate eruptions of Galunggung Volcano in Java. In both cases, the ash caused thrust
loss in all four engines. After powerless descent of nearly 25,000 feet, the pilots were able to
restart the engines and land safely. Closer to home, volcanic ash produced by the 1989-90
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in Alaska widely affected the safety of commercial and military
air operations in the vicinity of Anchorage. Held July 8-12 in Seattle, Washington, this
symposium focused on two broad topics: to encourage improvements in the detection, tracking,
and warning of volcanic ash hazard so that aircraft may avoid ash clouds; and to review the
effects of volcanic ash on aircraft so that pilots who encounter ash can respond appropriately.
Over 85 abstracts are included in this publication that deal with such diverse topics as the
cleanup of a major airport after Mount St. Helens erupted, the effects of ash on jet engines, and
new technologies for forecasting the movement of volcanic plumes.
I00060.
volcano/ ashfall/ air pollution/ meteorology/ transportation accident/ risk assessment/ forecasting/
economic impact/ warning systems/ damage assessment/ modeling/ emergency planning/
emergency response.
Rec# 4421. Carson, Rob. Mount St. Helens: The Eruption and Recovery of a Volcano.  Seattle,
Wash.: Sasquatch Books; 1990. 160 pp.
Note: Glossary. 0 references.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Ten years after Mount St. Helens erupted, life has returned to the area devastated by the
pyroclastic blast of May 18, 1980. Utilizing a set of stunning photos, this book describes the
eruptive sequence and the damage it caused, and then chronicles recovery processes slowly being
achieved by plants, animals, and human society. Other  topics addressed in the book include the
many concurrent scientific research projects being conducted at this unique field laboratory, the
growing conflict between scientists and recreationalists, and the numerous ways humans have
already altered the post-eruptive ecology. Facts stated about the recovery include 1) one bridge
on a new $145 million recreation highway cost $12.7 million--more than the entire public
contribution for biological and geological research on the mountain; 2) beginning in September
1980, Weyerhaeuser recovered 850 million board feet of lumber from its lands in just two
years--most of which was shipped to Japan; and 3) snowmobiles can cause irrevocable damage to
the recovering terrain.
I00055.
volcano/ federal funding/ recovery/ local planning/ biology/ economic impact/ COE/
volcanology/ environmental impact/ risk assessment/ recreation.
Rec# 10988.  Building Technology, Inc. Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of
Hazardous Buildings: An Agenda for Action.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Emergency
Management Agency.  1991; FEMA-216 (Vol. 3--Applications Workshops Report). 187 pp.
(Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series; 57).  
Geoarea: US, WA, MA, MO, SC, TN, UT.
Note: 0 references. Checklist. Manual.
The main finding of this study (reported in Volume 1, FEMA-198) was that no financial
incentives for seismic strengthening of buildings of any type, whether their source be
government (all levels), associations, or the private sector, were found to be in place or available
outide of California. Volume 3 deals with workshops for the development of local agendas for
retrofitting seismically at-risk buildings. It consists of two parts. Part I describes seven
Applications Workshops held during the fall of 1990 at locations that had been the subject of
earlier case studies. Part II is a workbook on how to convene additional workshops, and includes,
as attachments, actual materials to be utilized at such workshops. Among the attachments are 1) a
sample news release, sample sponsor's letter of invitation, and reply form; 2) a faculty workbook;
3) a facilitator's guide for conducting a seismic rehabilitation workshop; and 4) scripts to
accompany audiovisual and slide presentations. Issues addressed in the publication include the
enforcement of building codes, historic preservation, hazardous building identification, and local
economic conditions.
E00865.
earthquake/ retrofitting/ incentive/ local planning/ building codes/ enforcement/ state planning/
case study/ cultural preservation/ risk assessment.
Rec# 18297. Bucknell, James Robert. The Impact of Avalanches in Three Selected Areas of the
Cascade Mountains: A Study of Avalanches as Natural Hazards: University of Washington,
Dept. of Geography; 197393 pp. 
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: Bibliography.  Unpublished Thesis.
A00005.
avalanche/ damage assessment/ awareness/ risk perception/ economic impact.
Rec# 225.  Bolton, Patricia; Heikkala, Susan G.; Greene, Marjorie M., and May, Peter J. Land
Use Planning for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation: A Handbook for Planners.  Boulder, Colo.:
University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center.  1986; Special Publication No. 14. 130 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, UT.
Note: Handbook. 27 references.
Written by planners and authorities on hazard management and response, this handbook is based
on the premise that land use planning techniques are useful and potentially less costly than other
measures to decrease earthquake loss potential. To demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques
and help local officials understand their application, the handbook proposes a systematic
approach for gathering information, determining the comparative effectiveness of various
techniques, and making decisions: 1) identifying local hazards and finding information on the
extent of risk; 2) learning about various planning techniques and how they work; 3) assessing the
feasibility of implementing different techniques; 4) determining how planning techniques will
interact with other community objectives or programs; 5) estimating the costs of adoption and
implementation; and 6) judging how successful a technique will be in light of the information
turned up in the previous steps. The framework was field tested in communities in California,
Washington, and Utah, and included with the discussion of each step is an example of how it was
applied in one of those communities.
E00088.
earthquake/ land use management/ risk assessment/ local planning/ legislation-regulation/
economic impact.
Rec# 7911.  Bernard, E. N., ed. International Tsunami Symposium Proceedings: 1987.  Seattle,
Wash.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.  1988; Contribution No. 1041. 340 pp.  
Geoarea: U.S., USSR, China, Japan, Mexico, WA, AK, Italy, Greece, Black Sea.
Note: Questionnaire. Papers have references.
Twenty-eight research reports and 7 abstracts are reprinted in this proceedings volume from the
thirteenth symposium of the Tsunami Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics. The volume is organized into three broad categories of tsunami research:
"Observations," "Physical Processes," and "Hazard Mitigation." Items of interest to hazard
managers include a questionnaire for rapid tsunami damage assessment, an account of historical
tsunamis affecting the U.S. and its territories, a paper on the structure of a tsunami early warning
system, and a discussion of the effectiveness of tsunami warnings and related communication
processes during the Nihon-Kai Chubu (Japan) earthquake of 1983. In addition to national
tsunami research status reports from the U.S. and Japan (each with an extensive set of
references), the volume presents analyses of the risks due to tsunamis for the west coast of
Mexico, the Black Sea, China, parts of the Mediterranean region, and Washington State/British
Columbia. The meeting was held   August 17-18, 1987, in Vancouver, British Columbia.
E00622.
tsunami/ warning systems/ warning responses/ damage assessment/ seismology/ historical
survey/ remote sensing/ risk assessment.
Rec# 8664.  Bentley, Forrest G., comp. Mitigation of Ashfall Damage to Public Facilities:
Lessons Learned from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington.  Bothell, Wash.:
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region X.  1984; 70 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 24 references.
IZ00217.
volcano/ ashfall/ damage assessment/ emergency planning/ emergency management.
Rec# 1376.  Baumann, Duane D. and Haimes, Yacov Y., eds. Role of Social and Behavioral
Sciences in Water Resources Planning and Management.  New York: American Society of Civil
Engineers.  1988; 477 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Australia.
Note: Papers have references.
This volume presents the proceedings of a conference held May 3-8, 1987 in Santa Barbara,
California. The primary concern of the conference was to identify and evaluate the ways in
which the social sciences have become integrated into management of the nation's water
resources. Formerly a province almost entirely controlled by the engineering profession, water
resources planning now has to take into account an increasing population and a diminishing
supply of water, thus the need to incorporate social science perspectives into the planning
process. The book contains 25 papers, 8 session summaries, and an author and subject indices.
The papers address a variety of topics, including 1) obstacles to the use of social science analysis
in water resources decisionmaking; 2) alternative means of dispute resolution in matters
involving water resource planning; 3) the financing of urban water supplies; 4) the role of
economists in water management; 4) water rights issues; 5) river basin management; 6) research
needs on political institutions in water resources management; and 7) the need to add a social
science dimension to the education of water resource engineers.
J00205.
water resources management/ local planning/ urban areas/ rural areas/ social impact/ economic
analysis/ law/ decisionmaking/ civil engineering/ politics/ local funding/ water quality/
cost-benefit analysis/ federal planning/ drought/ case study/ education.
Rec# 338.  Ballantyne, Donald B. Earthquake Loss Estimation for the City of Everett Lifelines. 
Federal Way, Wash.: Kennedy-Jenks Consultants.  1991; 150 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Everett.
Note: 57 references. Section on indirect losses.
This report provides estimates of economic losses caused by earthquake-related lifeline failures
in Everett, Washington. For three earthquake scenarios, the estimated losses include lifeline
facility repair and replacement costs as well as secondary losses resulting from lifeline outages.
The estimates are based on seismic vulnerability analyses and data provided by Everett lifeline
operators. In addition to providing specific results for Everett, the report demonstrates how loss
estimates can be generated for other cities and communities.
E00808.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ lifelines/ risk assessment/ local planning/ telecommunications/
transportation/ economic analysis/ scenario.
Rec# 14098.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers. From the Mountains to the
Sea--Developing Local Capability: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the
Association of State Floodplain Managers, May 22-26, 1995.; 1995 May 22-1995 May 26;
Portland, Maine. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1995;  Special Publication 31486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, TX, IL, NV, VT, CO, Boulder, IA, OK, Tulsa, ME, SD, MO, AZ, CA, NH, KY,
WA, SC, NY, MA, GA, Japan, Canada.
Note: References following most papers. OBSERVER 20, No. 5 (May 1996): 5. Multiobjective
planning. 1993 Midwest flood.
This publication contains 85 papers on nearly all aspects of floodplain management. Sections
address local and regional efforts, building local capability, public involvement and education,
acquisition and relocation of flood-prone structures, multiobjective floodplain management,
watershed management, natural and cultural resources and environmental compliance, mapping,
modeling and new technology, flood-proofing, flood warnings, coastal hazards management,
national programs and international perspectives.
F00604.
Riverine flood/ floodplain management/ local planning/ damage assessment/ wildfire/
floodproofing/ relocation/ recovery/ icejam flood/ case study/ education/ FEMA/ acquisition/
social impact/ public participation/ regional planning/ stormwater management/ economic
analysis/ enforcement/ historical survey/ cultural preservation/ environmental impact/ federal
planning/ state planning/ legislation-regulation/ wetland management/ environmental studies/
mapping/ data sources/ land use management/ insurance/ geographic information systems/
hydrology/ modeling/ cost-benefit analysis/ warning systems/ COE/ forecasting/ coastal zone
management/ coastal erosion/ NFIP/ biology/ structural measures/ foreign planning/ water
resources management/ SBA/ disaster assistance/ civil engineering/ zoning/ Community Rating
System.
Rec# 10197.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Cross Training: Light the
TorchBoulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1993; Special Publication No. 29 244 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, NJ, TX, Trinity River Basin, GA, FL, HI, WI, CT.
Note: Papers have references. Hurricane Iniki.
Every year for the past 17 years, the ASFPM has met to discuss pressing floodplain management
issues, share ideas, and support fellow members in their quest to reduce deaths and damages
from floods and to improve the quality of America's floodplains. This is the proceedings volume
from the meeting held March 16-18, 1993 in Atlanta, Georgia. It contains papers that address
damages and reconstruction following Hurricane Andrew; the study of FEMA operations
conducted by the National Academy of Public Administration; flood hazard mitigation;
multiobjective floodplain management, geographic information systems and other digital tools;
stormwater management; codes, construction standards, and building performance; project
engineering; floodplain management program administration; and erosion.
F00556.
floodplain management/ coastal flood/ riverine flood/ geographic information systems/ building
codes/ hurricane/ computer application/ emergency management/ damage assessment/
nonstructural measures/ warning systems/ loss estimation/ local planning/ federal planning/
wetland management/ regional planning/ stormwater management/ coastal zone management/
state planning/ recovery/ FEMA/ reconstruction/ disaster assistance/ dam safety/ alluvial fan
flood/ soil erosion/ legislation-regulation/ dam failure flood/ schools/ hydrology.
Rec# 8950.  Algermissen, S. T.; Stepp, J. C.; Rinehart, W. A., and Arnold, E. P. Studies in
Seismicity and Earthquake Damage Statistics, 1969: Appendix B.  U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Environmental Science Services Administration, Coast and Geodetic Survey.  1969; 68 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, Oregon.
Note: 34 references. 2 copies.
EZ00028.
earthquake/ damage assessment/ loss estimation/ seismology.
Rec# 10525. Sociological Spectrum. Vol. 13  (Topical issue on New Directions in Hazard, Risk,
and Disaster Research), (January-March 1993). ISSN Y.
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, NV, Yucca Mountain, AL.
Note: Papers have references. 2 copies.
The articles in this special issue of the journal represent new and innovative directions in the area
of research, and offer conceptual approaches and empirical findings on an emerging social
problem. Following a discussion on the similarities and differences between natural and
human-caused disasters, two articles deal with the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Other papers deal with
hazardous waste and community response to it; a case study of court-ordered research into the
ramifications of a technological accident; risk perceptions associated with a high-level nuclear
waste repository; perception of hazardous waste incineration facilities; and a discussion about the
importance of adequate assumptions about social organization.
N00037.
technological hazards/ multihazards/ social impact/ disaster studies/ hazardous wastes/ hazardous
facilities/ radioactive waste/ risk perception/ litigation/ sociology/ case study/ politics/ disease/
environmental studies/ economic impact/ oil spill/ anthropology/ toxic chemicals/ local planning/
local response/ economic analysis.