ORNL/CDIAC-113
                                                     NDP-066
                                
     CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED 
     DURING THE R/V METEOR CRUISE 22/5 IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 
         (WOCE SECTION A10, DECEMBER 1992 JANUARY 1993)
                                
                         Contributed by
     Kenneth M. Johnson,* Bernd Schneider,** Ludger Mintrop,*** and 
                    Douglas W. R. Wallace,* 
                                
                 *Brookhaven National Laboratory
                     Upton, New York, U.S.A.
                                
                **Baltic Sea Research Institute 
                       Warnemnde, Germany
                                
                ***Institute for Marine Sciences
                          Kiel, Germany
                                
                 Prepared by Alexander Kozyr****
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                      Oak Ridge, Tennessee
                                
          ****Energy, Environment, and Resources Center
                   The University of Tennessee
                  Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
                                
                 Environmental Sciences Division
                      Publication No. 4814
                                
                 Date Published: November, 1998
                                
                        Prepared for the
                 Environmental Sciences Division
         Office of Biological and Environmental Research
                    U.S. Department of Energy
      Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 01 0 and KP 12 02 03 0
                                
                         Prepared by the
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                  OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
                 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
                           managed by
              LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
                             for the
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                   under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464                                
                   
                   
                   
                   
                                                            ABSTRACT
                                
Johnson, K. M., B. Schneider, L. Mintrop, D. W. R. Wallace, and A. Kozyr (ed.).  1998  Carbon
  Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in
  the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A10, December 1992 January 1993). 
  ORNL/CDIAC-113, NDP-066.  Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
  National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
     
     This data documentation discusses the procedures and methods used to measure total carbon
     dioxide (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TALK) at hydrographic stations, as well as the underway
     partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in the South Atlantic Ocean
     (Section A10).  Conducted as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the
     cruise began in Rio de Janeiro on December 27, 1992, and ended after 36 days at sea in
     Capetown, South Africa, on January 31, 1993.  Measurements made along WOCE Section A10
     included pressure, temperature, and salinity [measured by conductivity, temperature and depth
     sensor (CTD)], bottle salinity, bottle oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silicate,
     chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12), TCO2, TALK, and underway pCO2. 
                                                            
      The TCO2 was measured by using two Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzers
     (SOMMAs) for extracting CO2 from seawater samples that were coupled to a coulometer for
     detection of the extracted CO2.  The overall precision and accuracy of the analyses was
     1.9 mol/kg.  Samples collected for TALK were measured by potentiometric titration; precision
     was 2.0 mol/kg.  Underway pCO2 was measured by infrared photometry with a precision of
     2.0 atm.  The work aboard the R/V Meteor was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy
     under contract DE-ACO2-76CH00016, and the Bundesministerium fr Forschung und Technologie
     through grants 03F0545A and MFG-099/1.
     
     The R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 data set is available free of charge as a numeric data package
     (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.  The NDP consists of three
     oceanographic data files, three FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine files, a documentation file, and
     this printed documentation, which describes the contents and format of all files as well as the
     procedures and methods used to obtain the data.  Instructions on how to access the data are
     provided.
     
     Keywords: carbon dioxide; coulometry; World Ocean Circulation Experiment; South Atlantic
     Ocean; hydrographic measurements; alkalinity; partial pressure of carbon dioxide; carbon cycle
     
    
                         PART 1:
     
                        OVERVIEW                      
                               
                               
                1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
                                
                                 
     The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program (WHP) is a major
     component of the World Climate Research Program whose overall goal is to better understand the
     ocean's role in climate and climatic changes resulting from both natural and anthropogenic causes. 
     The need for this experiment arose from the serious concern over the rising atmospheric
     concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its effect on the heat balance of the global atmosphere. 
     The increasing concentration of this gas may intensify the earth's natural greenhouse effect and
     alter the global climate in ways that are not well understood.  CO2 in the oceans is unevenly
     distributed because of poorly characterized and complex circulation patterns and biogeochemical
     cycles.  Although total CO2 (TCO2) is not an official WOCE measurement, a coordinated effort,
     supported in the United States by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is being made on WOCE
     cruises through 1998 to measure the global spatial and temporal distributions of TCO2 as well as
     other related parameters.  Goals of the survey are to estimate the meridional transport of inorganic
     carbon in a manner analogous to the oceanic heat transport estimates (Bryden and Hall 1980;
     Brewer et al. 1989; Roemmich and Wunsch 1985) and to build a database suitable for carbon-
     cycle modeling and the subsequent estimation of anthropogenic CO2 increase in the oceans.  The
     CO2 survey is taking advantage of the sampling opportunities provided by the WHP cruises during
     this period.  The final data set is expected to cover ~23,000 stations.
                                                            
     This report discusses the results of the research vessel (R/V) Meteor Cruise 22/5 along the
     WOCE zonal section A10 (along ~30 S).  The expedition started in Rio de Janeiro,
     Brazil, on December 27, 1992, and ended in Capetown, South Africa, on January 31, 1993.  This
     section is one of four contiguous zonal sections (A8, A9, A10, and A11) completed in the South
     Atlantic Ocean during the WOCE survey.  The large-scale three-dimensional distribution of
     temperature, salinity, and chemical constituents, including the carbonate system parameters, will
     be plotted using the data from these sections.  Knowledge of these parameters and their initial
     conditions will enable researchers to determine heat and water transport as well as carbon
     transport.  An understanding of this transport will contribute to the understanding of processes that
     are relevant to climate change.  This section in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre is especially
     relevant to CO2 transport because it crosses both the Brazil and the Benguela boundary currents.
     
     This data documentation is the result of the cooperative efforts of chemical oceanographers
     from Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), U.S.A; Baltic Sea Research Institute [Institut fr
     Ostseeforschung (IOW)], Germany; and the Institute for Marine Sciences of University of Kiel
     [Institut fr Meereskunde Kiel (IfMK)], Germany to make high-quality CO2 measurements during
     the R/V Meteor expedition in South Atlantic Ocean.
     
     
                2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION
                                 
     2.1 R/V Meteor, Technical Details and History 
     
     The R/V Meteor is owned by the Federal Republic of Germany through the Ministry of
     Research and Technology (BMFT), which financed its construction.  It is operated by the German
     Research Foundation (DFG), which provides about 70% of its operating funds (the BMFT supplies
     the remainder).  DFG also plans the scientific cruises and appoints the chief scientists.  The
     Operations Control Office of the University of Hamburg is responsible for management, logistics,
     execution and supervision of ship operations.  These functions are exercised by direct cooperation
     with expedition coordinators and the managing owners, the Reedereigemeinschaft
     Forschungsschiffahrt GmbH, located in Bremen, Germany.  The latter is responsible for hiring,
     provisioning, and coordinating ship maintenance.  Used for ocean research, primarily in the
     Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the R/V Meteor routinely carries scientists from many different
     countries.  The Meteor was completed in 1986 in Travemunde, Germany.  The basic features of
     the vessel follow:
     
                       Port of registration                 Hamburg
                       Call sign                            DBBH
                       Classification                       GL+100A4E2+MC Auto
                       Operator                             University of Hamburg, Institute for Ocean Research
                       Built                                1985 1986 at Schlichting Werft, Travemunde
                       Basic dimensions: 
                         Gross registered tonnage           3990
                         Net registered tonnage             1284 
                         Displacement                       4780 t 
                         Length overall                     97.50 m 
                         Beam                               16.50 m 
                         Draught maximum                    5.60 m 
                         Service speed                      12 kn 
                         Depth main deck                    7.70 m
                       Personnel                            Crew: 32; scientists: 30
                       Main engine                          4  Mak6M 322 = 4  1000 kW at 750 rpm
                       Propulsion                           Diesel-electrical, tandem-motor = 2  1150 kW
                       Fuel consumption                     Approximately 12.0 t IFO-80 per day at service speed
                       Maximum cruise duration              60 days
                       Nautical equipment                   Integrated navigation system with data transfer to position 
                                                               computer, echo sounder synchronization and supervision, and
                                                               data-processing facility
                       Science quarters                     20 laboratories on the main deck with ~400 m2 of working
                                                               space for multidisciplinary research
     
     Meteor (I) was constructed in 1925, the first research and survey vessel of that name.  Owned
     by the German navy, it was based in Wilhelmshaven.  One of its first expeditions was the German
     Atlantic Ocean Expedition of 1925 1927, which was organized by the Institute of Marine
     Research in Berlin.  Thereafter, the vessel was used for German physical, chemical, and
     microbiological marine investigations and for navy surveying and fisheries protection duties. 
                       
     Meteor (II) was planned after the 1950s; it was operated by the Deutsche
     Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Science Community) in Bad Godesberg and the Deutsches
     Hydrographisches Institut (German Hydrographic Institute) in Hamburg.  Commissioned in 1964,
     Meteor (II) participated in the International Indian Ocean Expedition. 
     Multipurpose Meteor (III), used for the cruise described in this documentation, was
     completed in 1986, replacing Meteor (II).  Based in Hamburg, it is used for German ocean
     research worldwide and for cooperative efforts with other nations in this field.  The vessel serves
     scientists of all marine disciplines in all of the world's oceans.
     
     
     2.2 R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 Information
     
                       R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 information follows:
     
         Ship name                Meteor
         Cruise/leg               22/5
         WOCE Section             A10
         Location                 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Capetown, South Africa
         Dates                    December 27, 1992, to January 31, 1993
         Funding                  German Science Community;
                                  Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, Bonn, Germany; and
                                  U.S. DOE
         Chief Scientist          Dr. Reiner Onken, IfMK
         Master                   Martin Kull
     
     Parameters measured                    Institution         Principal investigators
     
     CTD,(1) salinity, XBT,(2) and XCP,(3)  IfMK                R. Onken
     Nutrients                              IOW, IfMK           B. Schneider, and H. Johannsen
     Oxygen                                 IOW, IfMK           B. Schneider, and H. Johannsen
     Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)             UBT(4)              W. Roether, and A. Putzka
     Tritium, helium, and radiocarbon       UBT                 W. Roether, and A. Putzka
     TCO2                                   BNL, IOW            K.  Johnson, and B. Schneider
     TALK                                   IfMK                L. Mintrop
     Underway pCO2                          IOW                 B. Schneider
     ADCP5                                  IfMK                R. Onken
     
     
     
     
     _________________________________________________
     (1)Conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor.
     (2)Expendable bathythermograph.
     (3)Expendable current profiler.
     (4)University of Bremen, Tracer Oceanography Laboratory.
     (5)Acoustic Doppler current profiler.
     
     
     
     2.3 Brief Cruise Summary
     
     On December 26, 1992, K. Johnson of BNL arrived in Rio de Janeiro, where he joined
     Drs. B. Schneider and L. Mintrop and their CO2 group consisting of A. Morak, U. Karbach, A.
     Korves, and J. Morlang who were already onboard the R/V Meteor.  Setting up of the equipment
     began immediately with the coulometry systems located in the Universal Laboratory, the underway
     pCO2 system in the Geo-Laboratory, and the alkalinity system in one of the ship's chemistry
     laboratories.  The R/V Meteor  departed Rio de Janeiro at 6 p.m. on December 27, 1992.  Work
     began almost immediately with ADCP and XBT measurements across the Brazil Current and the
     occupation of test station no. 620.  Then R/V Meteor headed to waypoint B and once again
     crossed the Brazil Current, where additional ADCP and XBT measurements were made. 
     After R/V Meteor crossed the Brazil Current for the second time, the ship began the
     hydrographic stations at waypoint C.  Between waypoints C and B the interval between stations
     was ~10 nm, and after waypoint B it rose to ~30 nm.   The CO2 sampling began at the test station
     no. 620.  The 30 S parallel was reached at waypoint D, and for the next few weeks the
     R/V Meteor sailed eastward along the 30 S parallel, passing over portions of the Vema Channel,
     the eastern part of the Rio Grande Rise, the Argentine Basin, the southern Brazil Basin, the Mid-
     Atlantic Ridge, the Angola Basin, the Walvis Ridge, and the Cape Basin.  There was a small
     interruption in the work schedule to allow a New Year's Eve celebration.  On January 8, nets laid
     by Spanish fishing boats on the western edge of the Rio Grande Rise caused the R/V Meteor
     detour.  (However, this meeting with the fishing boats also resulted in a trade between captains
     in which the R/V Meteor received fresh swordfish and tuna).  A small northward jog was made
     over the Walvis Ridge in order to sample around topographical features.  The intervals between
     stations as the ship steamed eastward varied between 9 and 45 nm to limit the difference between
     the bottom depth at consecutive station depths to  1000 m.  At 11 30' E, the ship veered slightly
     to the east-northeast in order to avoid the South African 200-nm exclusion zone because
     permission to sample in these waters had not been obtained.  After this turn, the station resolution
     was reduced to 20 nm until the last station on the African shelf at a depth of ~200 m.  The
     measurement phase concluded on January 28, 1993, and the R/V Meteor steamed to Capetown,
     where it arrived on the afternoon of January 30.  Aside from some light rain and intermittent
     cloudiness at the beginning of the cruise, the weather remained mostly sunny with summer
     temperatures and calm seas throughout.  Closer to the coast of Africa, swells of ~5 m originating
     from subantarctic low-pressure areas were experienced but without any loss of work time. 
         
     Two Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzers (SOMMAs) were used for
     measuring TCO2 concentration during this cruise.  One was supplied by BNL and another by the
     IfMK.  In addition, two potentiometric alkalinity titrators from IfMK were run in parallel, and an
     infrared (IR)-based system for measuring underway pCO2 belonging to IfMK was deployed.  The
     TCO2 concentration in 1425 samples was analyzed from 57 of 100 CTD stations (57%) occupied
     during the cruise (Fig. 2).  In addition, 116 coulometric measurements for the Certified Reference
     Material (CRM) and duplicate analyses were made during the cruise.  The TALK concentration
     in 665 samples was determined by potentiometric titration during the cruise.  Not all stations could
     be sampled for TCO2 and TALK because of the time required for analysis; however, the goal of
     50% station coverage for CO2 samples was surpassed, and on average 1.5 stations were sampled
     per day by the CO2 group.  The standard WOCE parameters (oxygen, nutrients, and salinity) were
     analyzed on all samples, and the tracer samples included CFC's, helium, tritium, and radiocarbon. 
     The underway pCO2 system operated continuously.          
          
            3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS 
                                
                                 
      3.1 Hydrographic Measurements
     
     Water samples were collected with a General Oceanics rosette equipped with twenty-four
     10-L Niskin bottles mounted on a Neil Brown Mark III CTD instrument provided by the IfMK. 
     For stations deeper then 3500 m, two separate CTD/rosette casts were launched.  For stations with
     a depth less then 3500 m, one CTD/rosette cast of up to 24 bottles was lowered.  Surface currents
     down to 300 m, surface temperature, and surface salinity were measured continuously during the
     cruise with a hull-mounted ADCP and a thermosalinograph.  In between CTD stations, XBTs were
     routinely launched.  Over the boundary currents, XBTs were launched every half hour, and over
     the Benguela Current, the XBT launches were supplemented with free-falling XCPs.
                                                            
     No serious problems were experienced with the CTD/rosette systems during the cruise. 
     Repeated checks on board and several careful verifications using the complete bottle data sets have
     been carried out, and the sampling pressures have been assigned to each sample.  Reversing
     thermometers of both the electronic (SIS, Kiel) and the mechanical (Gohla Precision, Kiel) types
     were also read at the completion of each cast.  The processing and quality control of CTD and
     bottle data followed the published guidelines in the WOCE Operations Manual (WHPO 91-1,
     1991).  
                                                            
     The CTD pressure, temperature, and conductivity data were processed and corrected
     according to laboratory calibrations.  Pressure values are expected to be accurate to 3 dbar;
     temperature values to 0.002C.  Salinity for selected Niskin bottles (about one in every three)
     was also determined on a Guildline Autosal model 8400A that was standardized weekly with
     International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) water.  These data were
     also used to process the CTD data, and the final salinity data are expected to be accurate to
     0.002.  Bottle oxygen was determined by Winkler titration after the technique of Carpenter
     (1965) with the modifications of Culberson et al. (1991), using standards and blanks run in
     seawater.  The precision of the analyses determined from parallel analyses (n = 10) of samples
     at and well below saturation is 0.4%.  The concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and
     silicate dissolved in seawater were determined for samples collected in high-density polyethylene
     screw-capped bottles by a continuous-flow method with an autoanalyzer.  Precision was as
     follows: silicate, 1.3%; phosphate, 1.5%; and nitrite/nitrate, 1.1%.  Preweighed standards were
     used to prepare the nutrient working standards aboard the ship.  
     
     
     3.2 TCO2 Measurements
     
     The TCO2 was determined by using two automated dynamic headspace sample processors
     SOMMA with coulometric detection of the CO2 extracted from acidified samples.  A description
     of the SOMMA-coulometry system and its calibration can be found in Johnson et al. (1987),
     Johnson and Wallace (1992), and Johnson et al. (1993).  Details concerning the coulometric
     titration procedure can be found in Huffman (1977) and Johnson et al. (1985).  Samples were
     collected in 300-mL precombusted (450C for 24 h) glass standard Biological Oxygen Demand
     (BOD) bottles and analyzed for TCO2 during the cruise.  During the cruise the samples were not
     poisoned with HgCl2 as per normal operating procedure (DOE 1994), but they were analyzed
     within 24 h of collection.  Before analysis, samples were kept in darkness in a cold room and
     subsequently thermally equilibrated for at least 3 h to the analytical temperature.  Analyses of
     duplicate samples separated in time by up to 8 h showed no evidence of any significant biological
     consumption or production of CO2 during storage.  The CRMs were supplied by Dr. A. Dickson
     of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) (DOE 1994) and were also routinely analyzed. 
     CRMs from batches 7 and 11 were available for this work (batch 7: S = 37.120, TCO2 = 1926.41
      0.82 mol/kg; batch 11: S = 38.5, TCO2 = 2188.77 mol/kg).  The CRMs were made from
     filtered sterile salt solutions spiked with Na2CO3, and their TCO2 concentrations were determined
     by vacuum-extraction/manometry in the laboratory of Dr. C. D. Keeling at SIO.
                                                            
     Seawater  introduced from an automated "to deliver" (TD) pipette into a stripping chamber
     was acidified, and the resultant CO2 from continuous gas extraction was dried and coulometrically
     titrated on a model 5011 UIC coulometer.  The coulometers were adjusted to give a maximum
     titration current of 50 mA, and they were run in the counts mode [the number of pulses or counts
     generated by the coulometer's voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) during the titration was
     displayed].  In the coulometer cell, the hydroxyethylcarbamic acid formed from the reaction of
     CO2 and ethanolamine was titrated coulometrically (electrolytic generation of OH ) with
     photometric endpoint detection.  The product of the time and the current passed through the cell
     during the titration (charge in Coulombs) is related by Faraday's constant to the number of moles
     of OH  generated and thus to the moles of CO2 that reacted with ethanolamine from the acid.
                                                            
     Each system was controlled with an IBM-compatible personal computer equipped with two
     RS232 serial ports, a 24-line digital input/output card, and an analog-to-digital card.  The latter
     were manufactured by Real Time Devices (State College, Pa.).  These were used to control the
     coulometer, barometer (BNL system only), solid-state control relays, and temperature sensors,
     respectively.  The temperature sensors (model LM34CH, National Semiconductor, Santa Clara,
     Calif.), with a voltage output of 10 mV/F built into the SOMMA, were calibrated against
     thermistors certified to 0.01C (PN CSP60BT103M, Thermometrics, Edison, N.J.) using a certified
     mercury thermometer as a secondary standard.  These sensors monitored the temperature of
     SOMMA components, including the pipette, gas sample loops, and the coulometer cell.  The
     SOMMA software was written in GWBASIC Version 3.20 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.),
     and the instruments were driven from an options menu appearing on the personal computer (PC)
     monitor.  With the coulometers operated in the counts mode, conversions and calculations were
     made by using the SOMMA software rather than the programs and the constants hardwired into
     the coulometer circuitry.
                                                            
     The BNL SOMMA-coulometry system was calibrated with pure CO2 by using hardware that
     consisted of an 8-port gas sampling valve (GSV) with two sample loops of known volume
     [determined gravimetrically by the method of Wilke et al. (1993)].  This GCV was connected to
     a source of pure CO2 through an isolation valve with the vent side of the GSV plumbed to a
     barometer.  When a gas loop was filled with CO2, the mass (moles) of CO2 contained therein was
     calculated by dividing the loop volume (V) by the molar volume of CO2 at the ambient
     temperature and pressure.  The molar volume of CO2 [V(CO2)] was calculated iteratively from an
     expression using the instantaneous barometric pressure (P), loop temperature (T), gas constant (R),
     and the first virial coefficient B(T) for pure CO2:
     
            V(CO2) = RT / P[1 + B(T) / V(CO2)] .                   (1)
     
     The ratio of the calculated mass to that determined coulometrically, the gas calibration factor
     (CALFAC), was used to correct the subsequent titrations for small departures from 100%
     recoveries (DOE 1994).  Pressure was measured with a barometer, model 216B-101 Digiquartz
     Transducer (Paroscientific, Inc., Redmond, Wash.), which is factory-calibrated for pressures
     between 11.5 and 16.0 psia.  The standard operating procedure was to make gas calibrations daily
     for each newly prepared titration cell (normally, one cell per day and three sequential calibrations
     per cell). 
                                                            
     The "to deliver" volume (Vcal) of the BNL SOMMA sample pipette was determined
     (calibrated) gravimetrically during the cruise by periodically collecting aliquots of deionized water
     dispensed from the pipette into preweighed serum bottles.  The serum bottles were crimp sealed
     and returned to shore, where they were reweighed on a model R300S (Sartorius, Gttingen,
     Germany) balance.  The apparent weight (g) of water collected (Wair) was corrected to the mass
     in vacuo (Mvac) from
     
        Mvac = Wair + Wair (0.0012/d - 0.0012/8.0) ,                  (2)
     
     where 0.0012 is the sea level density of air at 1 atm, d is the density of the calibration fluid at the
     pipette temperature and sample salinity, and 8.0 is the density of the stainless steel weights.  Vcal
     was calculated by using the following equation:
     
                      Vcal = Mvac/d .                                 (3)
     
     The Vcal of the pipette for the BNL system was 20.6114  0.0024 mL (n = 23) at a mean
     temperature of 14.67C (hereafter the calibration temperature tcal).  During the cruise, the mean
     pipette temperature was 14.95  0.97C, and the vast majority of samples were analyzed at a
     measurement temperature (t) that was within 1C of this calibration temperature.  The sample
     volume (Vt) at the measured pipette temperature was calculated from the expression  
     
              Vt = Vcal [1 + av (t - tcal)] ,                         (4)
     
     where av is the coefficient of volumetric expansion for pyrex-type glass ( 1  10-5 C-1) and t is
     the temperature of the pipette at the time of a measurement. 
        
     The BNL coulometer was periodically electronically calibrated as described in Johnson et
     al. (1993, 1996) and the DOE Handbook of Methods (1994).   Briefly, at least two levels of
     current (usually 50 and 2 mA) were passed through an independent and very precisely known
     resistance (R) for a fixed time.  The voltage (V) across the resistance was continuously measured
     and the instantaneous current (I) across the resistance was calculated from Ohm's law and
     integrated over the calibration time.  Then, the number of pulses (counts) accumulated by the VFC
     during this time was compared to the theoretical number computed from the factory-calibration
     of the VFC [frequency = 105 pulses (counts) generated/sec at 200 mA] and the measured current. 
     If the VFC was perfectly calibrated at the factory, the electronic calibration procedure would yield
     a straight line passing through the origin (intercept = 0) with a slope of 1.  For the BNL
     coulometer, the mean electronic calibration slope during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 was
     0.999616  0.000056 (n = 12, r.s.d. = 0.006%) with an intercept of  0.000533 mol/min.  From
     the factory calibration of the VFC and the value of the Faraday (96489 Coulomb/mol), a scaling
     factor of 4.82445  103 counts/mol was derived.  The theoretical number of micromoles of
     carbon titrated (M) from samples or the gas loops was
     
     M = [Counts/4824.45 - (Blank  Tt) - (INTec  Ti)]/SLOPEec ,           (5)
     
     where Tt is the length of the titration in minutes, Blank is the system blank in mol/min, INTec
     is the intercept from electronic calibration in mol/min, Ti is the time in minutes during the
     titration where current flow was continuous, and SLOPEec is the slope from electronic calibration. 
     Note that the slope obtained from the electronic calibration procedure applied for the entire length
     of the titration, but the intercept correction applied only for the period of continuous current flow
     (usually 3 4 min) because the electronic calibration can be carried out only for periods of
     continuous current flow.  The TCO2 concentration in mol/kg was calculated from
     
      TCO2 = M  CALFAC  [1/(Vt  p )]  dHg  CFcrm ,                (6)
                                                               
     where  p is the density of sea water in g/mL at the measurement temperature and sample salinity
     calculated from the equation of state given by Millero and Poisson (1981), dHg is the correction
     for sample dilution with bichloride solution (for this cruise dHg = 1.0 for the BNL and Kiel
     analyses because HgCl2 was not used), and CFcrm is a correction factor based on the daily liquid
     calibration by CRM analysis (CFcrm = 1.0 for all BNL analyses; no correction based on the CRM
     data). 
        
     The BNL SOMMA-coulometry system was equipped with a conductance cell (Model SBE-
     4, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., Bellevue, Wash.) for salinity measurement as described by Johnson
     et al. (1993).  The conductance cell was factory calibrated, but SOMMA-measured salinities were
     continuously compared with the CTD salinities to ensure that the salinities of the analyzed
     samples matched the assigned salinities.  Generally, agreement between CTD and SOMMA
     salinities was 0.02 or better.
        
     A leak in the gas calibration hardware of the BNL system was discovered on January 12,
     1993.  It affected the gas calibrations by diluting the CO2 calibration gas during the gas calibration
     procedure so that CALFACs determined between December 28, 1992, and January 12, 1993, were
     in error by approximately +0.1%.  These CALFACs caused an error of +2 mol/kg in the CRM
     analyses.  Repairs were made on January 12, and from this point through January 28, daily
     CALFACs were determined and used to calculate the values of CRM and TCO2.  The mean
     CALFAC for the period January 12-28 was 1.004270  0.000818 (n = 12 ).  This CALFAC was
     used to recalculate the values of CRM and TCO2 for the period from December 28 through
     January 11. 
        
     The IfMK system did not possess a gas calibration system, and gas calibration was not
     carried out during the cruise.  This IfMK system was calibrated at the IfMK in Kiel prior to the
     cruise with liquid standards (Na2CO3 solutions) according to the method of Goyet and Hacker
     (1992).  A  mean CALFAC (1.005  0.07%) was obtained in the laboratory from the ratio (true
     TCO2 / measured TCO2). This value was used in Eq. 6 to calculate the CRM and TCO2 values
     throughout the cruise.  During the calibration and at-sea work, the pipette volume, Vcal (also
     determined prior to the cruise), used for the IfMK system was 25.2347 mL at 20.02C (see Eq.
     4 ).  This TD pipette volume was not redetermined gravimetrically during the cruise.  Instead, an
     additional CFcrm based on the daily (cell-specific) CRM results was used to account for changes
     in pipette volume and/or system response by multiplying the TCO2 sample results by the ratio
     (see Eq. 6):
     
            CFcrm = CRM (certified) / CRM (measured)
                                 
     In summary, the IfMK system was calibrated as follows: a daily (cell-specific) CFcrm was applied
     to the water sample analysis results based on a laboratory-determined constant CALFAC (1.005)
     and a constant value of Vcal (25.2347mL at 20.02C).  The IfMK coulometer was not
     electronically calibrated during the cruise, and the theoretical response (Slope = 1, Intercept = 0)
     was assumed in Eq. 5 for all calculations.  Note, however, that the CRM analysis results from the
     IfMK system were calculated with CFcrm = 1 in order that the variability of the CRM
     analyses and the magnitude of CFcrm could be assessed.
     
     The first phase of the QC-QA procedure was an assessment of accuracy using the data from
     the CRM analyses.  These data are summarized in Table 1.  For the BNL
     system, during the period from December 29, 1992, through January 11, 1993, a constant
     CALFAC (1.004270) was used to calculate CRM TCO2, whereas between January 1 and 29, 1993,
     a daily (cell-specific) CALFAC was used to calculate CRM TCO2.  For the IfMK system, a
     constant CALFAC (1.005) was used for all calculations.     
     
     
     Table 1.  Summary of CRM TCO2 determinations made during 
                  the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5   
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                            
     System	              No.     Batch(a)   Mean   St.Dev.  Diff(b)  Dates        CALFAC      Outliers(c)
                              (n)              mol/kg  mol/kg     	  
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                                				
     
     BNL	              14	  7	1926.7	 0.65	+0.27	12/29-01/11	Constant	1
     
     BNL	              16	  11	2188.7	 0.89	-0.11	01/12-01/28	Daily	        0
     
     IfMK	              18	  7	1928.1	 1.57	+1.68	12/30-01/12	Constant	1
     
     IfMK	              11	  11	2191	 1.88	+2.20	01/13-01/28	Constant	3
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     (a) The CRM were from Batch 7 and 11 with salinities of 37.12 and 38.50, and TCO2 of 1926.41  0.82 
         mol/kg (n = 13) and 2188.77  0.56 mol/kg (n= 5), respectively.
     (b) The mean difference between measured and certified TCO2.
     (c) An outlier is defined as a CRM analysis with an error > or= 5.0 mol/kg.
    
    Mean errors in the BNL system were significantly lower than the consistently positive errors
    observed in the IfMK system.  For the BNL system, an outlier was obtained on January 4 (CRM
    bottle no. 2), but a second CRM (no. 275) run on the same cell gave a satisfactory result, and this
    cell was subsequently used to run samples.  For the IfMK system, outliers were observed on
    January 7 and 12 (no. 353 and no. 8).  In each case, a second CRM analysis (no. 318 and 244)
    gave satisfactory results, and the system was operated as normal.  On January 20 two consecutive
    CRM analyses (no. 370 and 112) were classified as outliers, but a third CRM (no. 312) analysis
    gave a satisfactory result and the system was operated.  Overall, 5 of 64 CRM analyses from
    Table 1 (7.8%) were classed as outliers, but 4 of these 5 outliers were obtained on the IfMK
    system which was further evidence for the slightly better performance of the BNL system.  The
    greater number of outliers on the IfMK system could possibly be the result of malfunctioning of
    the IfMK pinch valve as described earlier.  In general, the CRM results on the BNL system were
    identical to the manometric reference analyses at SIO.  The BNL system response remained very
    constant over the duration of the cruise whether an average CALFAC
    (12/28/92-01/11/93) or a cell-specific CALFAC (01/12/93-01/28/93) was used to calculate CRM
    TCO2.  These results confirm a similar finding obtained when mean CALFACs were used to
    calculate the TCO2 data of the R/V Meteor Cruise 18/1 (WOCE Leg A1E) (Johnson et al. 1996).
        
    The second phase of the QA-QC procedure was an assessment of sample precision on each
    system (instrument-specific precision).  The system precision data are given in Table 2.  For these
    data, "within-sample" precision is the average absolute difference between two replicates analyzed
    from the same sample bottle, "between-sample" precision is the average absolute difference
    between duplicate sample bottles taken from the same Niskin bottle, and "between-Niskin"
    precision is the average absolute difference of analyses of samples taken from two Niskin bottles
    that were closed at the same depth. The IfMK group assessed instrument-specific precision by
    periodically running two replicates from the same bottle ("within-sample"), whereas precision on
    the BNL system was assessed by running one replicate from each of two sample bottles filled
    from the same Niskin bottle ("between-sample"). 
    
    
             Table 2.  Summary of sample precision for TCO2 analyses made 
                       during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5
                                 
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    System	|         Mean precision and St.Dev. (mol/kg)(a)	      |      Sp2          |
                | within-sample (n) | between-sample (n) | between-Niskin (n) |  (K, n, d.f.)     |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                           
                                				
    BNL	                    0	       1.04  1.11 (53)	     1.26  1.41 (12)	1.07 (53, 106, 53)
    
    IfMK	    1.16  1.62 (46)   0.98  0.36 (6)	     1.53  2.04 (5)	0.73 (6, 12, 6)
    
    Combined                           1.03  1.06 (59)      1.34  1.55 (17)   1.04 (59, 118, 59)
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                n                             
    (a)Mean precision is [  absSUM (x1 - x2)] / n, where n is the number of comparisons between duplicates 
                               x=1
       analyses, x1 and x2.  
    
    Table 2 shows that there was no significant difference between the precision estimated using
    the three different methods; however, the standard deviation of the between-sample estimates was
    the lowest of the three methods.  The same pattern was found for the TCO2 data of the
    R/V Meteor Cruise 18/1 (WOCE Section A1E) when within-sample and between-sample precision
    were compared (see Johnson et al. 1996), and these data were also consistent with results for other
    WOCE Sections (Johnson et al. 1995; Johnson et al. 1996).  For the instrument-specific Sp2, K is
    the number of between-sample samples analyzed on the same instrument, n is the total number
    of replicates analyzed from K samples, and n - K is the degrees of freedom (d.f.).
        
    The third phase of the QA-QC procedure was to assess the performance of the systems by
    comparing results from aliquots of the same sample analyzed on each system.  The precedent was
    set by the R/V Meteor Cruise 18/1 TCO2 data set when two SOMMAs were also run in parallel
    to generate the data set (Johnson et al. 1996).  For the R/V Meteor 18/1 data, a method-specific
    Sp2, assuming homogeneous variance, was calculated from aliquots of the same sample analyzed
    on each system.  The same calculation was made for the applicable R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5
    samples, and the method-specific precision (Sp2) for this cruise calculated from 31 such samples
    (K = 31, n = 2, d.f. = 31) was 1.92 mol/kg.  This is a more conservative estimate of overall
    cruise-wide precision than the instrument-specific precision shown in Table 2.  For any
    measurement, irrespective of the instrument it was made on, the precision was 1.92 mol/kg. 
    This includes all sources of error-random as well as any uncorrected systematic errors (bias). 
   
    Figure 4 (in the report) is a histogram that shows the frequency distribution of the differences between
    aliquots of 31 samples that were measured on both systems.  The mean and standard deviation of
    the mean difference was 0.81  2.46 mol/kg (BNL - IfMK TCO2 results) with most of the
    differences falling within the 1.0 mol/kg range.  The IfMK calibration procedure
    therefore appears to have been successful in eliminating any overall system bias seen for the IfMK
    CRM analyses given in Table 1.  For the CRM, the BNL system (gas calibrated) gave more
    accurate results than the IfMK system (not gas calibrated), and no corrections have been made to
    any of the sample data analyzed on the BNL system based on the CRM results.  In summary, the
    mean difference between aliquots of the same sample analyzed on both systems was < 1.0 mol/kg,
    and  the method-specific pooled variance (Sp2 = 1.92 mol/kg) calculated from Youden (1951)
    is a creditable estimate of precision and accuracy for the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 data set
    generated by two systems run in parallel but calibrated differently.
        
    The fourth step in the QA-QC procedure, the at-sea to on-shore comparison, involved
    analyzing replicates of the same sample in real time at sea and later, after storage, on-shore.  This
    procedure was carried out on 14 samples collected at 7 stations.  The on-shore analyses were made
    by vacuum extraction/manometry in the laboratory of Dr. C. D. Keeling at SIO.  The results of
    the comparison are given in Table 3 (Guenther, et al., personal communications, 1998).
        
    On the BNL System the initial comparisons (Jan. 13-15, n = 4, mean error -1.93 mol/kg)
    were consistent with the precision and accuracy (1.92 mol/kg) of the method, but larger
    differences were observed after January 15.  The mean difference for the cruise was
    -3.54 mol/kg (for the R/V Meteor Cruise 18/1, the corresponding results were -2.13 mol/kg
    (n = 7) with a method-specific precision and accuracy of 1.65 mol/kg).  Overall the ship-to-
    shore difference is clearly not depth dependent.  The poorest results were the very negative
    differences for samples collected on January 17 at station 62 and run on the IfMK system.  There
    were other reasons to suspect the accuracy of the shipboard analyses from station 62 made on the
    IfMK system, so these samples have been averaged separately in Table 3.  Note that only 3 of the
    remaining 12 differences were within the analytical precision of the shipboard method and these
    occurred early on in the cruise; 6 of the 12 were essentially within 2 standard deviations (3.84
    mol/kg), but 3 differed by more than 2 standard deviations.  All of the differences were negative. 
    The CRM differences were not nearly as large as the ship-to-shore sample differences.  The length
    of time the samples were stored prior to analysis on-shore was also not correlated with the at-sea
    vs on-shore differences.  The reason for the difference between shipboard and shore-based analyses
    remains to be determined.
    
        Table 3.  Comparison of at-sea analyses of TCO2 by coulometry and the on-shore
                analyses of TCO2 by manometry on aliquots of the same sample
                                 
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    
      Date    Station   Niskin   Depth   At-sea     On-shore   Storage(a)  Difference   CRM
     (1993)    (no.)     (no.)    (m)   (mol/kg)   (mol/kg)    (mo)      (mol/kg)   diff(b)
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                         	         
                              	          BNL analyses
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                        	          
      1/13      48        318    10.2    2045.68     2047.49      11        -1.81       0.18
    
      1/13	48	  308	 3002	 2188.44     2189.98	  10	    -1.54       0.18
    
      1/15	54	  323	 10.7    2044.96     2047.51	   5	    -2.55      -0.76
    
      1/15	54	  301    2808	 2200.83     2202.68	   5	    -1.85      -0.76
    
      1/19	68	  323	 10.4	 2064.83     2068.02      10	    -3.19      -0.14
    
      1/19	68	  307    3003    2200.10     2203.27      10        -3.17      -0.14
    
      1/21	76        208    12.4    2057.86     2060.61       4        -2.75      -1.12
    
      1/21	76        306    3003    2203.31     2207.06       4        -3.75      -1.12
    
      1/24	85        213    11.8    2041.48     2047.61       3        -6.13      -0.68
    
      1/24	85        312    3002    2200.73     2207.66       4        -6.93      -0.68
    
      1/27	93        213      12    2029.99     2033.69       3        -3.70      -0.39
    
      1/27	93        305    3004    2200.52     2205.61       3        -5.09      -0.39
    
      Mean (n = 12)	                                           6        -3.54      -0.11
    
      St.Dev.	                                                  3        1.71      0.69
      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      IfMK analyses
      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      1/17	62        208      12    2046.45     2054.22       4        -7.77       2.04
    
      1/17	62        307    3004    2190.57     2202.12       5       -11.55       2.04
    
      Mean	                                                   4        -9.66	
    
      St.Dev.	                                                  1        2.67	
      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    (a)Storage refers to the elapsed time (in months) between sample collection and on-shore analysis by
       manometry..
    (b)The SIO difference between the determined and certified CRM TCO2 for the specific coulometer cell used
       to titrate the at sea replicate sample.  
    
    
    
    The data given in Tables 2 and 3 suggested that further QA-QC analysis of the data was
    justified.  As described above, the two SOMMA systems used during R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5
    employed different calibration strategies, and the number of replicate samples analyzed on both
    instruments was insufficient to assess bias on a station-by-station basis.  As an additional cross-
    check on the intercomparability of TCO2 concentrations measured using the two analytical
    systems, the correlation of the TCO2 was compared with other measured oceanographic
    parameters.  Brewer et al. (1995) and Wallace (1995) have previously noted that strong
    multivariate relationships exist between TCO2 and other hydrographic parameters (e.g. temperature,
    salinity, oxygen, and nutrients).  These relationships are remarkably robust over basin-scales and
    have been used to examine the temporal buildup of CO2 in the oceans (Wallace 1995; Wallace et
    al. 1996; Holfort et al. 1998) and to interpolate sparse data (Brewer et al. 1995).
    
    Multiple linear regressions were initially performed for TCO2 data collected from three
    geographical sections of the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5.  Earlier work had suggested that regression
    fits varied slightly from one ocean basin to another.  The section was therefore broken down into
    three groups of stations:  those occupied in zone 1 defined as being west of 13 W (west of the
    Mid-Atlantic Ridge; southern Brazil Basin); stations occupied in zone 2, defined as being between
    13 W and 3 E (between the Mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridges; Southern Angola Basin); and
    stations occupied in zone 3, defined as being east of 3 E (east of the Walvis Ridge; Northern
    Cape Basin).  For each group of stations, all samples collected from below 200 m for which TCO2
    had been measured (on either system) were extracted, and a stepwise multiple linear regression
    was performed with TCO2 as the dependent variable and the wide range of other measured
    hydrographic parameters as independent variables.  The regression models determined that only
    potential temperature, salinity, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), and silicate were significant
    predictors [this is the same choice of parameters as found previously by Wallace (1995) for the
    WOCE Section A9 along 19 S].  In addition, a single regression was performed for all of the data
    collected below 200 m from the entire section.  The regression parameters for these four different
    geographical groupings of stations (the defined zones 1, 2, and 3 and the entire section) are
    presented in Table 4.  For each of these four geographical groupings, two sets of regression
    coefficients are presented: one was derived from a regression that employed the measured silicate
    concentration as an independent variable and one for a regression that did not use silicate as a
    predictor.
        
    This initial exercise was not particularly satisfactory, as illustrated by the regression
    coefficients that varied significantly from one geographical zone to another and depended on
    whether silicate was employed as a predictor (Table 4).  For example, the AOU coefficient varied
    from 0.33 to 0.63 when silicate was employed as an independent variable, and it reached as high
    as 0.86 when silicate was not used as a predictor.  The salinity coefficient was even more variable,
    ranging from  2 to +24.  In general, the potential temperature, AOU, and salinity coefficients were
    stable across the geographical groupings when silicate was not used in the regression: the inclusion
    of silicate caused the other coefficients to vary significantly.  Use of silicate as a predictor could
    also shift the coefficients for the other parameters outside of their "oceanographically reasonable"
    ranges.  For example, the AOU coefficient, if interpreted to reflect the respiratory quotient for
    organic material, should be 0.68 (Takahashi et al. 1985), 0.69 (Anderson and Sarmiento 1994),
    or 0.77 (Redfield et al. 1963).  Clearly the AOU coefficient derived from regression no. 2A falls
    well outside this accepted range.  Likewise, even the sign of the salinity coefficient is variable.
    "Oceanographic reasoning" suggests that there should be a positive partial correlation between
    TCO2 and salinity because of the strong positive correlation between carbonate alkalinity and
    salinity in the ocean (the countervailing tendency of CO2 gas solubility to decrease with increasing
    salinity is a relatively minor effect).  The use of silicate did significantly reduce the overall
    standard error of the predictions (Table 4) and eliminated or markedly reduced certain systematic
    patterns in the distribution of the residuals with depth (results not shown).
    
    
    Table 4.  Summary of initial multiple regression results with (A) and 
        without (B) silicate as an independent variable.
                                 
     -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                           
     Regression   Longitude   Intercept               Coefficients             Standard
        no.	    range                  Pot. temp.  Salinity  AOU    SiO4     error
     -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------                       
                              	
        0A	All section	1987.32	    -4.296	 4.045	 0.62   0.482	 4.37
    
        0B	All section	1370.40	    -6.254	22.038	 0.827		 6.88
    
        1A	  Zone 1	1975.58	    -4.259	 4.37	 0.633	0.462	 4.77
    
        1B	  Zone 1	1395.65	    -5.957	21.178   0.864	0.462    7.12
    
        2A	  Zone 2	2858.72	    -2.531	21.163	 0.327	1.126	 4.44
    
        2B	  Zone 2	1316.58	    -6.623	23.822	 0.754	1.126	 4.42
    
        3A	  Zone 3	2201.00	    -3.949	-2.246	 0.621	0.538	 2.65
    
        3B	  Zone 3	1540.28	    -7.049	17.431	 0.764	0.538	 7.76
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    
    In order to examine further the influence of silicate, the residuals evaluated from regressions
    based upon only potential temperature, salinity, and AOU against silicate were plotted.  This plot
    (not shown) showed that for silicate concentrations between 0 and ~40 mol/kg, the residuals
    averaged zero and there was no discernible trend; however, for silicate concentrations greater than
    ~40 mol/kg, there was a very clear positive correlation of the residuals with silicate.  On the
    basis of this it was decided to define a new parameter, the "silicate index" (ISi), as
    
              ISi = ([SiO4] > 40)  ([SiO4] - 40) .
                                 
    This index is equal to zero for SiO4 concentrations less than 40 mol/kg, and it is equal to
    [SiO4] - 40 when silicate is greater than or equal to 40 mol/kg.
    
    The results of regressions using the silicate index, potential temperature, salinity, and AOU
    as independent variables, are presented in Table 5.  It can be seen that use of the silicate index,
    rather than the silicate concentration, makes the regression coefficients for the other parameters
    much more consistent from one geographical zone to another (see Table 4).  Given the overall
    consistency of fit, it is right to use a single regression equation to predict the TCO2 over the entire
    section (Regression no. 0, Table 5). 
    
    The distribution of residuals arising from this single section-wide regression equation are
    presented separately for the three defined geographical zones in Figure 5.   Separate symbols are
    employed for the residuals derived from measurements made on the BNL and IfMK SOMMA
    systems.  In general, there was little or no systematic structure apparent in the residual distribution
    (except perhaps at the very low TCO2 concentrations that are found close to the surface where
    seasonal effects may be significant), and the regression fits the data from all three zones
    reasonably well.
    
                                
    Table 5.  Summary of multiple regression results when the Silicate Index (Isi) 
                     was used as a predictor
                                
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------            
     Regression      Longitude    Intercept             Coefficients                 Standard
         No.	       range                   Pot. temp.   Salinity   AOU    ISi      error
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          0	    All section	   1706.33	-5.747	     12.474   0.722  0.434	4.59
    
          1	      Zone 1	   1704.61	-5.565	     12.443   0.746  0.422	4.98
    
          2	      Zone 2	   1863.67	-6.075	      8.217   0.618   0.77	4.17
    
          3	      Zone 3	   1964.15	-5.867	      5.135   0.688   0.464	2.99
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    
    In order to assess the intercomparability of TCO2 measurements made on the two SOMMA
    systems on a station-by-station basis, the mean residuals (calculated for each station) have been
    plotted (Fig. 6 in report) on the basis of the section-wide fit.  This plot permits an assessment of the overall
    consistency of the measured TCO2 with the other measured hydrographic parameters over the
    entire cruise.  The plot demonstrates the following:
    
    1.  There is some slight spatial structure to the station-mean residuals, with the mean residual
            in zone 2 (12.9 W < longitude < 3 E) being ~1-2 mol/kg higher than for the rest of the
            section.  No corresponding trend in the CRM analyses on the BNL system was seen (see
            Fig. 3 in report), and it was therefore hypothesized that this slight variation is "real" 
            and is associated with different origins for water masses in this zone.
    
    2.  In general, there is no consistent difference between the station-mean residuals on the basis
            of measurements made with the BNL and IfMK SOMMA systems.  The overall consistency
            of the two sets of measurements appears to be better than 2 mol/kg, which is consistent
            with the accuracy and precision bounds (1.9) for the overall data set.  This confirms that
            the cruise-wide calibration of the TCO2 data analyzed with the two instruments was nearly
            identical.
    
    3.  Three stations (625, 46, and 62) appear to be outliers from the overall pattern.  These 
            stations have a mean residual that is significantly different from the overall mean of the
            station-mean residuals analyzed with the BNL SOMMA.  All of these three stations were
            measured by means of the IfMK SOMMA.  While the possibility could not be ruled out that
            these deviations arise from errors in the measurement of the independent variables used in
            the regressions (e.g., the oxygen or silicate analyses or from "real" oceanographic
            variability), it was hypothesized that they were the result of calibration error of the TCO2
                        analysis at these stations.
    
           
        
    Given the approach used to calibrate the IfMK SOMMA, such deviations could arise from
    a single incorrect analysis of a CRM which would cause the correction factor (CFcrm in Eq. 6) for
    an entire station to shift based on an incorrect analysis.  The BNL SOMMA analyses were less
    prone to such errors because the primary calibration was based on analyses of pure CO2 (gas
    calibration) with the CRM analyses being used as an independent cross-check on this primary
    calibration.  With this approach, any calibration errors that may lead to systematic errors for an
    entire station are more likely to be identified and corrected.
    
    The residual intercomparison confirms that the overall quality of the combined BNL and
    IfMK data set is very high.  However, three anomalous stations were identified.  The TCO2 results
    at station 62 appear to be low by 5-7 mol/kg.  This station was also sampled for on-shore
    manometric analyses, and the results in Table 3 confirm that, whereas other stations had a mean
    (ship-shore) difference of -3.54 mol/kg (1.71 mol/kg), the shipboard analyses from station 62
    were 8-12 mol/kg lower than the shore-based results.  Therefore it was concluded from these two
    independent lines of evidence that the station 62 results are too low, and they have been flagged
    as incorrect in the original data file.  On the basis of the residual analysis, the TCO2 results at
    station 46 may also be high by ~ 2-4 mol/kg ,and  TCO2 results from station 625 may be high
    by as much as 14 mol/kg.  However, there is no independent way to assess the data from these
    stations, and the anomalous residual could be "real" as a result of error in the  predictor variables. 
    Therefore, the TCO2 data from these stations have been flagged as "questionable."  Only these
    three stations have been flagged; the data collected at the remaining 51 stations that were sampled
    for TCO2 appear to be internally consistent.
    
    
    3.3  TALK Measurements
    
    A total of 665 samples for TALK measurements were collected in 500 mL bottles from 26
    stations with the same precautions as for TCO2.  The bottles were stored in the dark at 4C and
    analyzed within 24 hours.  The samples were transferred into a closed titration cell with a volume
    of approximately 120 mL and titrated at 25  0.1C with 0.1 M HCl containing 0.6 M NaCl.  The
    titration cell was based on the systems described by Bradshaw and Brewer (1988) and Millero et
    al. (1993).  The potential was followed with an electrode pair consisting of a ROSS (Orion Inc.)
    glass pH electrode and a ROSS AgCl reference electrode connected to a high precision digital
    voltmeter.  The titration was controlled by a computer that waited for stable emf-readings before
    adding the next acid increment.  The titration curve was analyzed through a modified GRAN-plot
    method described by Stoll et al. (1993) that used the carbonic acid constants of Goyet and Poisson
    (1989) and that takes into account the silicate and phosphate concentrations of the sample to obtain
    the titration alkalinity.  The precision of the method was 2.0 mol/kg as determined by replicate
    analyses of samples.  Standardization was accomplished with NaCO3 standards in NaCl solutions
    corrected for the blank arising from impurities in the salt.  No reference materials were analyzed
    for alkalinity during this cruise.
     
    
    3.4  Underway pCO2 Measurements
    
    Underway pCO2 was measured by the method of Schneider et al. (1992).  Surface seawater was
    continuously pumped at a rate of 200-300 mL/min into a glass equilibrator with a volume of
    approximately 300 mL.  The seawater was equilibrated with continuously circulating air entering
    the bottom of the equilibrator through a frit from a closed loop system.  The latter included a heat
    exchanger to keep the air at the sample temperature, a filter and water trap, and an infrared 
    analyzer (Siemens, Ultramat 5F) to determinate the CO2 content of the equilibrated air.  The IR
    analyzer and the equilibrator temperature sensor were connected to a PC and to an analog recorder
    for data display and preservation.  The time constant for the equilibration was about 3 min, which
    corresponded to a spatial resolution of 0.5 mi with the ship speed at 10 kn.  Atmospheric air was
    periodically measured, and the system was calibrated every 12 h using calibration gases with CO2
    mixing ratios of 252.5 and 412.8 ppm.  Pressure corrections were made for the effect of water
    vapor and the pressure at the inlet of the IR analyzer, while the correction for the small difference
    between in situ and measuring temperature (<10C) was made according to Gordon and Jones
    (1973).  Fig. 7 in report shows the plot of underway measurements of temperature, salinity, sea 
    surface pCO2, and air pCO2 during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in South Atlantic Ocean.
    
    
    3.5  Secchi Disk Readings
    
        Between December 30, 1992, and January 28, 1993, as the ship moved eastward, Secchi
    disk readings were made during daylight hours when the opportunity arose.  These data are given
    in Table 6.
    
     Table 6.  Secchi Disk readings made during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------                               
     Date	Local time	Latitude    Longitude   Conditions   Depth
                                  (S)	    (-W, +E)                (m)    
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------                              
   12/30/92	  15:30	         2755 	     -4640 	  clear	      25
    
   12/31/92	  12:00	         2805 	     -4556       clear       30
    
   01/01/93	  17:00          2850       -4335      cloudy       19
    
   01/03/93	  12:30          3000       -4000      cloudy       26
    
   01/05/93	  15:30          3000       -3610       clear       33
    
   01/06/93	  13:00          3000       -3400   partly cloudy   30
    
   01/07/93	  13:00          3000       -3200        hazy       19
    
   01/09/93       16:00          3000       -2700        hazy       29
    
   01/15/93	  18:00          3000       -1340       clear       31
    
   01/16/93	  13:00          3000       -1140       clear       42
    
   01/18/93	  13:00          3000       -0700       clear       42
    
   01/20/93	  13:00          3000       -0100       clear       37
    
   01/23/93       16:30          2945        0506       sunny       32
    
   01/28/93	  14:00          2837        1441       sunny       17
    
   01/28/93	  17:00          2830        1500       sunny        7
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------  
        4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC
                                
    An important part of the NDP process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
    (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution.  Data received at CDIAC
    are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the source.  To
    guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA reviews  that
    involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy.  Although they have
    common objectives, these reviews are tailored to each data set, often requiring extensive
    programming efforts.  In short, the QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept
    of supplying accurate, usable data for researchers. 
      
    The following information summarizes the data-processing and QA checks performed by
    CDIAC on the data obtained during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in the South Atlantic Ocean.
    
    1.     Carbon-related data and preliminary hydrographic measurements were provided to CDIAC 
           by K. M. Johnson and D. W. R. Wallace of BNL. The final hydrographic and chemical
           measurements and the station information files were provided by the WOCE Hydrographic
           Program Office (WHPO) after quality evaluation. A FORTRAN 77 retrieval code was
           written and used to merge and reformat all data files.
    
    2.     To check for obvious outliers, all data were plotted by use of a PLOTNEST.C program
           written by Stewart C. Sutherland (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory).  The program plots
           a series of nested profiles, using the station number as an offset; the first station is 
           defined at the beginning, and subsequent stations are offset by a fixed interval.
    
    3.     To identify "noisy" data and possible systematic, methodological errors, property-property
           plots for all parameters were generated, carefully examined, and compared with
           plots from previous expeditions in the South Atlantic Ocean.
    
    4.     All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, such as sampling depth
           values that are greater than the given bottom depths.
    
    5.     Dates, times, and coordinates were checked for bogus values (e.g., values of MONTH < 1
           or > 12; DAY < 1 or > 31; YEAR <  1992 or  > 1993; TIME < 0000 or > 2400; LAT <
           -25.000 or > 17.000; and LONG < -60.000 or > 20.000).
    
    6.     Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling times were examined for
           consistency with maps and cruise information supplied by K. M. Johnson and D. W. R.
           Wallace, BNL.
    
    7.     The designation for missing values, given as  9.0 in the original files, was changed to
           -999.9.
        
    
          5.  HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION
                                 
    This database (NDP-066) is available free of charge from CDIAC.  The data are available
    from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area via the Internet.  Please note: your
    computer needs to have FTP software loaded on it (this is built in to most newer operating
    systems).  Commands used to obtain the database are 
    
            >ftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov  or  >ftp 128.219.24.36
            Login: anonymous or ftp
            Password: YOU@your internet address
            Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
            ftp> cd pub/ndp066/
            ftp> dir
            ftp> mget (files)
            ftp> quit
    
    The complete documentation and data may also be obtained from CDIAC's Web site at the
    following URL: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/doc.html
      
    For non-FTP data acquisitions (e.g., floppy diskette, 8-mm tape, CD-ROM, etc.), users may
    order through CDIAC's online ordering system (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/how_order.html) or
    contact CDIAC directly to request the data and choice of media.
      
    For additional information, contact CDIAC.
    
    Address:   Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
               Oak Ridge National Laboratory
               P.O. Box 2008
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
               U.S.A.
    
    Telephone:       (423) 574-3645 (Voice)
                     (423) 574-2232 (Fax)
    Electronic mail: cdiac@ornl.gov
    URL:              http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/
                                
                                                          
                           6. REFERENCES
                                
                                 
    Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento.  1994.  Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by 
             nutrient data analysis.  Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8:65-80. 
    
    Bradshaw A. L., and P. G. Brewer.  1988.  High precision measurements of alkalinity and total
             carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration-1.  Presence of unknown protolyte (s)? 
             Mar. Chem. 23:69-86.
    
    Brewer, P. G., D. M. Glover, C. Goyet, and D. K. Shafer.  1995.  pH of the North Atlantic 
             Ocean: Improvements to the global model for sound absorption in seawater.  J. Geophys. Res.
             100:8761-76.
    
    Brewer, P. G., C. Goyet, and D. Dyrssen.  1989.  Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at
             25  N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean.  Science 246:477-79.
    
    Bryden, H. L., and M. M. Hall.  1980.  Heat transport by ocean currents across 25  N latitude in 
            the North Atlantic Ocean.  Science 207:884.
    
    Carpenter, J. H.  1965.  The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen
             method.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:141-43.
    
    Culberson, C. H., and R. T. Williams.  1991.  A comparison of methods for the determination of
             dissolved oxygen in seawater.  Report No. WHPO 91-2.  WOCE Hydrographic Programme
             Office.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.
    
    DOE (U.S. Department of Energy).  1994.  Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various
             parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water. Ver. 2.  ORNL/CDIAC-74.  A. G.
             Dickson and C. Goyet (eds.).  Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
             National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
    
    Gordon, L. I., and L. B. Jones.  1973.  The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial 
             pressure in seawater.  Mar. Chem. 1:317-22.
    
    Goyet, C., and A. Poisson.  1989.  New determination of carbonic acid dissociation constants in 
             seawater as a function of temperature and salinity.  Deep-Sea Res. 36:1635-54.
    
    Goyet, C., and S. D. Hacker.  1992.  Procedure for calibration of a coulometric system used for
             total inorganic carbon measurements of seawater.  Mar. Chem. 38:37-51.
    
    Holfort, J., K. M. Johnson, B. Schneider, G. Siedler, and D. W. R. Wallace.  1998. Meridional
             Transport if Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in South Atlantic Ocean.  Global Biochem. Cycles.
             12:479-99.
    
    Huffman, E. W. D., Jr.  1977.  Performance of a new automatic carbon dioxide coulometer.  
             Microchemical J. 22:567-73.
    
    Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth.  1985.  Coulometric TCO2 analyses for 
             marine studies:  An introduction.  Mar. Chem. 16:61-82.
    
    
    Johnson, K. M., J. M. Sieburth, P. J. B. Williams, and L. Brndstrm.  1987.  Coulometric TCO2
             analysis for marine studies:  Automation and calibration.  Mar. Chem. 21:117-33.
    
    Johnson, K. M., and D. W. R. Wallace.  1992.  The single-operator multiparameter metabolic 
             analyzer for total carbon dioxide with coulometric detection.  DOE Research Summary,  No.
             19.  Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
             Ridge, Tenn.
    
    Johnson, K. M., K. D. Wills, D. B. Butler, W. K. Johnson, and C. S. Wong.  1993.  Coulometric
             total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies:  Maximizing the performance of an
             automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector.  Mar. Chem. 44:167-87.
    
    Johnson, K. M., B. Schneider, L. Mintrop, and D. W. R. Wallace.  1996.  Carbon Dioxide, 
             Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor cruise 18/1 in the North
             Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A1E, September 1991).  ORNL/CDIAC-91, NDP-056. 
             Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
             Tenn.
    
    Millero, F. J., and A. Poisson.  1981.  International one-atmosphere equation of state for sea
             water.  Deep-Sea Res. 28:625-29.
    
    Millero, F. J., J.-Z. Zhang, K. Lee, and D. M. Campbell.  1993.  Titration alkalinity of seawater. 
             Mar. Chem. 44:153-65.
    
    Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards.  1963.  The influence of organisms on the
             composition of seawater.  M. N. Hill (ed). The Sea 2:26-77.
    
    Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch.  1985.  Two transatlantic sections:  Meridional circulation and
             heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean.  Deep-Sea Res. 32:619-64.
    
    Schneider, B., K. Kremling, and J. C. Duinker.  1992.  CO2 partial pressure in northeast Atlantic
             and adjacent shelf waters: Processes and seasonal variability.  J. Mar. Systems 3:453-63.
    
    Stoll, M. H. C., J. W. Rommets, and H. J. W. De Baar.  1993.  Effect of selected calculation 
             routines and dissociation constants on the determination of total carbon dioxide in seawater. 
             Deep-Sea Res. 40:1307-22.
    
    Takahashi, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer.  1985.  Redfield ratio based on chemical data from
             isopycnal surfaces.  J. Geophys. Res. 90:6907-24.
    
    Wallace, D. W. R., K. M. Johnson, J. Holfort, and B. Schneider.  1996.  Detection of the  
             changing CO2 inventory in the ocean.  U. S. WOCE Report.  U. S. WOCE Implementation
             Report No.  8, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.
    
    Wallace, D. W. R.  1995.  Monitoring global ocean carbon inventories.  Ocean Observing System 
             Development Panel, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.
    
    
    Wilke, R. J., D. W. R. Wallace, and K. M. Johnson.  1993.  A water-based, gravimetric method
             for the determination of gas sample loop volume.  Anal. Chem. 65:2403-06.
    
    WOCE Operations Manual.  1991.  WHP Office Report 90-1. Rev.1. Unpublished Manuscript.
             WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
             Hole, Mass. (unpublished manuscript). 
    
    Youden, W. J.  1951.  Statistical Methods for Chemists.  Wiley, New York.
    
        
    
    
    
    
    
    
                            PART 2
    
                   CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES                        
                   
                   
                   7. FILE DESCRIPTIONS
                                
    This section describes the content and format of each of the seven files that comprise this
    NDP (see Table 7).  Because CDIAC distributes the data set in several ways (e.g., via anonymous
    FTP and on floppy diskette), each of the seven files is referenced by both an ASCII file name,
    which is given in lower-case, bold-faced type (e.g., ndp066.txt) and a file number.  The remainder
    of this section describes (or lists, where appropriate) the contents of each file.
    
    
      Table 7.  Content, size, and format of data files
    
                                                             
    
     File number, name,              Logical                 File size
     and description                 records                 in bytes
                                                             
    
  1.  ndp066.txt:                     1,426                   90,106
      a detailed description of 
      the cruise network, 
      the three FORTRAN 77 
      data-retrieval routines, 
      and the three oceanographic 
      data files
    
  2.  stainv.for:                       33                     1,195
      a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval 
      routine to read and 
      print a10sta.txt (File 5)
    
  3.  a10dat.for:                       49                     2,278
      a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval 
      routine to read and 
      print a10dat.txt (File 6)
    
  4.  a10pco2.for:                      47                     2,500
      a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval 
      routine to read and 
      print a10pco2.txt (File 7)
    
  5.  a10sta.txt:                      195                    15,405
      a listing of the station 
      locations, sampling dates, 
      and sounding bottom depths 
      for each of the 112 stations
    
  6.  a10dat.txt:                     3,706                  811,614
      hydrographic, carbon dioxide, 
      and chemical data from 112 
      stations
                                                           
    
  7.  a10pco2.txt:                    2,000                  300,000
      underway measurements of pCO2 
      along the cruise track
                                      _____                 _______ 
      Total:                          4,433                 878,496
                                                   
                                                             
    
    
    7.1 ndp066.txt (File 1)
    
      This file contains a detailed description of the data set,  the three FORTRAN 77 data retrieval
    routines, and the three oceanographic data files.  It exists primarily for the benefit of individuals
    who acquire this database as machine-readable data files from CDIAC.
    
    
    7.2 stainv.for (File 2)
    
      This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print a10sta.txt (File 5). 
    The following is a listing of this program.  For additional information regarding variable
    definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for 
    a10sta.txt. 
    
    c********************************************************************
    c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the file     *
    c* named "a10sta.txt" (File 5).                                     *
    c********************************************************************
    
    c*Defines variables*
    
           INTEGER  stat, cast, depth
           REAL latdcm, londcm 
           CHARACTER expo*10, sect*9, date*10, time*4
           OPEN (unit=1, file='a10sta.txt')
           OPEN (unit=2, file='a10stat.txt')
           write (2, 5)
    
    c*Writes out column labels*
    
     5     format (1X, 'STATION INVENTORY: R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5',/,
         1 1X,'EXPOCODE',3X,'SECT',1X,'STNBR',2X,'CAST',9X,
         2 'DATE',2X,'TIME',2X,'LATITUDE',2X,'LONGITUDE',2X,
         3 'DEPTH',/)
    
    c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file*
    
           read (1, 6)
     6     format (//////////)
    
     7     CONTINUE    
           read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
         1 latdcm, londcm, depth
    
     10    format (A9, 4X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X,
         1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4)
     
           write (2, 20) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
         1 latdcm, londcm, depth
    
     20    format (A9, 4X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X,
         1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4)
    
           GOTO 7
     999   close(unit=5)    
           close(unit=2)
           stop
           end
    
    
    7.3 a10dat.for (File 3)
    
      This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print a10dat.txt (File 6).
    The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable
    definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for
    a10dat.txt.
    
    c********************************************************************
    c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the file     *
    c* named "a10dat.txt" (File 6).                                    *
    c********************************************************************
           CHARACTER qualt*11
           INTEGER sta, cast, bot, pre, som 
           REAL ctdtmp, ctdsal, theta, sal, oxy, silca
           REAL phspht, nitr, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, talk 
           OPEN (unit=1, file='a10dat.txt')
           OPEN (unit=2, file='a10data.txt')
           write (2, 5)
    
    c*Writes out column labels*
     
     5     format (2X,'STNNBR',2X,'CASTNO',2X,'BTLNBR',2X,
         1 'CTDPRS',2X,'CTDTMP',2X,'CTDSAL',3X,'THETA',4X,
         2 'SALNTY',2X,'OXYGEN',2X,'SILCAT',2X,'PHSPHT',1X,
         3 'NO2+NO3',3X,'CFC-11',3X,'CFC-12',2X,'TCARBN',1X,
         4 'SOMMA#',2X,'ALKALI', 8X,'QUALT',/,
         5 28X,'DBAR',2X,'ITS-90',2X,'PSS-78',2X,'ITS-90',
         6 4X,'PSS-78',1X,4('UMOL/KG',1X),1X,'PMOL/KG',2X,'PMOL/KG',
         7 1X,'UMOL/KG',8X,'UMOL/KG',12X,'*',/,
         8 17X,'*******',17X,'*******',11X,5('*******',1X),1X, 
         9 '*******',2X,2('*******',1X),7X,'*******'12X,'*')
    
    c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file*
    
           read (1, 6)
     6     format (////////////)
    
     7     CONTINUE    
           read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
         1 ctdsal, theta, sal, oxy, silca, phspht, nitr,
         2 cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, som, talk, qualt
    
     10    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 5X, I3, 4X, I4, 1X, F7.4,
         1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
         2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1,
         3 5X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, A11)
    
           write (2, 20) sta, cast, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
         1 ctdsal, theta, sal, oxy, silca, phspht, nitr,
         2 cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, som, talk, qualt
    
     20    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 5X, I3, 4X, I4, 1X, F7.4,
         1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
         2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1,
         3 5X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, A11)
    
           GOTO 7
     999   close(unit=1)    
           close(unit=2)
           stop
           end
    
    
    7.4 a10pco2.for (File 4)
    
      This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print a10pco2.txt (File 7). 
    The following is a listing of this program.  For additional information regarding variable
    definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for 
    a10pco2.txt. 
    
    c********************************************************************
    c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the file     *  
    c* named "a10pco2.txt" (File 7).                                    *
    c********************************************************************
    
    c*Defines variables*
    
           REAL jday, latdcm, londcm, sst, salt, airpre, airxco2
           REAL airpco2, waterpco2
           CHARACTER sect*3, date*10, time*5
           OPEN (unit=1, file='a10pco2.txt')
           OPEN (unit=2, file='a10pco2.dat')
           write (2, 5)
           
    c*Writes out column labels*
          
     5     format (2X,'UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS R/V METEOR CRUISE 22/5',/,
         1 2X,'SECT',9X,'DATE',4X,'TIME',5X,'JULIAN',3X,'LATIT',2X,
         2 'LONGIT',3X,'SSTMP',2X,'SALNTY',2X,'ATMPRS',4X,'XCO2',5X,
         3 'PCO2AIR',1X,'PCO2WATER',/,8X,'DAY/MO/YEAR',5X,'GMT',7X,
         4 'DATE',5X,'DCM',5X,'DCM',3X,'DEG_C',5X,'PSS',4X,'ATM',2X,
         5 'DRY_AIR_PPM',3X,'UATM',6X,'UATM',/)
         
    c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file*
    
           read (1, 6)
     6     format (///////////)
         
     7     CONTINUE    
           read (1, 10, end=999) sect, date, time, jday, latdcm, londcm, 
         1 sst, salt, airpre, airxco2, airpco2, waterpco2
         
     10    format (3X, A3, 3X, A10, 3X, A5, 2X, F9.3, 1X, F7.2, 1X,
         1 F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, F7.2, 3X, F7.1,
         2 3X, F7.1)
         
           write (2, 20) sect, date, time, jday, latdcm, londcm, sst, 
         1 salt, airpre, airxco2, airpco2, waterpco2
         
     20    format (3X, A3, 3X, A10, 3X, A5, 2X, F9.3, 1X, F7.2, 1X,
         1 F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, F7.2, 3X, F7.1,
         2 3X, F7.1)
    
           GOTO 7
     999   close(unit=1)    
           close(unit=2)
           stop
           end
    
    
    
    
    7.5 a10sta.txt (File 5)
    
      This file provides station inventory information for each of the 112 stations occupied during 
    R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5.  Each line of the file contains an expocode, section number, station
    number, cast number, sampling date (month/date/year), sampling time, latitude, longitude, and
    sounding depth.  The file is sorted by station number and can be read by using the following
    FORTRAN 77 code (contained in stainv.for, File 2):
    
    
           INTEGER stat, cast, depth 
           CHARACTER expo*10, sect*3, date*10, time*4
           REAL latdcm, londcm
      
           read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
         1 latdcm, londcm, depth 
     
     10    format (A9, 4X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X,
         1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4)
    
    
    
    
    Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following:
    
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
    Variable           Variable      Variable     Starting     Ending
                         type         width        column      column
    ------------------------------------------------------------------                         
    expo               Character       10             1          10
    sect               Character        3            14          16
    stat                Numeric         3            20          22
    cast                Numeric         1            28          28
    date               Character       10            32          41
    time               Character        4            44          47
    latdcm              Numeric         7            51          57
    londcm              Numeric         8            61          68
    depth               Numeric         4            72          75
   ------------------------------------------------------------------                                  
    
    
    The variables are defined as follows:
    
    expo       is the expocode of the cruise;
    
    sect       is the WOCE section number;
    
    stat       is the station number;
    
    cast       is the cast number;
    
    date       is the sampling date (month/day/year);
    
    time       is the sampling time [Greenwich mean time (GMT)];
    
    latdcm     is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the 
               Southern Hemisphere);
    
    londcm     is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the 
               Western Hemisphere);
    
    depth      is the sounding depth of the station (in meters).
    
    
    7.6 a10dat.txt (File 6) 
    
        This file provides hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data for the 112 stations
    occupied during R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5.  Each line consists of a station number, cast number,
    bottle number, CTD pressure, CTD temperature, CTD salinity, potential temperature, bottle
    salinity, oxygen, silicate, phosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, CFC-11, CFC-12, total CO2, SOMMA
    number, total alkalinity, and data-quality flags.  The file is sorted by station number and pressure
    and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in 10dat.for, File 3):
      
           CHARACTER qualt*11
           INTEGER sta, cast, bot, pre, som 
           REAL ctdtmp, ctdsal, theta, sal, oxy, silca
           REAL phspht, nitr, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, talk 
    
           read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
         1 ctdsal, theta, sal, oxy, silca, phspht, nitr,
         2 cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, som, talk, qualt
    
     10    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 5X, I3, 4X, I4, 1X, F7.4,
         1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
         2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1,
         3 5X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, A11)
          
    
    Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following:
    
                                                             
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Variable      Variable       Starting     Ending
    Variable             type         width          column      column
    --------------------------------------------------------------------
    sta                 Numeric          3               6           8
    cast                Numeric          1              16          16
    bot                 Numeric          3              22          24
    pre                 Numeric          4              29          32
    ctdtmp              Numeric          7              34          40
    ctdsal              Numeric          7              42          48
    theta               Numeric          7              50          56
    sal                 Numeric          9              58          66
    oxy                 Numeric          7              68          74
    silca               Numeric          7              76          82
    phspht              Numeric          7              84          90
    nitr                Numeric          7              92          98
    cfc11               Numeric          8             100         107
    cfc12               Numeric          8             109         116
    tcarb               Numeric          7             118         124
    som                 Numeric          2             130         131
    talk                Numeric          7             133         139
    qualt              Character        11             142         152
   ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    
    The variables defined as follows:
    
    sta        is the station number;
    
    cast       is the cast number;
    
    bota       is the bottle number;
    
    pre        is the CTD pressure (in dbar);
    
    ctdtmp     is the CTD temperature (in C);
    
    ctdsala    is the CTD salinity [on the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS)];
    
    theta      is the potential temperature (in C);
    
    sala       is the bottle salinity (on the PSS);
    
    oxya       is the oxygen concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    silcaa     is the silicate concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    phsphta    is the phosphate concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    nitra      is the nitrate plus nitrite concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    cfc11a     is the trichlorofluoromethane-11 concentration (CCl3F) (in pmol/kg);
    
    cfc12a     is the dichlorodifluoromethane-12 concentration (CCl2F2) (in pmol/kg);
    
    tcarba     is the total carbon dioxide concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    som        is the SOMMA number;
    
    talk       is the total alkalinity concentration (in mol/kg);
    
    qualt      is a 11-digit character variable that contains data-quality flag codes for 
               parameters underlined with an asterisks (*******) in the file header.
               
    _________________________________
    aVariables that are underlined with an asterisks in the data file's header indicate they have a data-quality  
    flag.  Data-quality flags are defined as follows:
    
          1 = sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle but analysis was 
              not received;
          2 = acceptable measurement;
          3 = questionable measurement;
          4 = bad measurement;
          5 = not reported;
          6 = mean of replicate measurements;
          7 = manual chromatographic peak measurement;
          8 = irregular digital chromatographic peak integration;
          9 = sample not drawn for this measurement from this bottle.
    
    
    
    7.7 a10pco2.txt (File 7)
    
        This file provides underway measurements of pCO2 during  R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5.  Each
    line of the file contains a sampling date (month/date/year), latitude, longitude, underway
    measurements of sea surface temperature, salinity, air pCO2, and water pCO2.  The file is sorted
    by longitude and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in
    a10pco2.for, File 4):
    
           REAL jday, latdcm, londcm, sst, salt, airpre, airxco2
           REAL airpco2, waterpco2
           CHARACTER sect*3, date*10, time*5
    
           read (1, 10, end=999) sect, date, time, jul, latdcm, londcm, 
         1 sst, salt, pre, xco2, pco2a, pco2w
         
     10    format (3X, A3, 3X, A10, 3X, A5, 2X, F9.3, 1X, F7.2, 1X,
         1 F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 2X, F7.2, 3X, F7.1,
         2 3X, F7.1)
    
    
    Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following:
                                                             
                                                             
   -------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    Variable           Variable      Variable       Starting    Ending
                         type        width           column     column
   -------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    sect               Character        3               4           6
    date               Character       10              10          19
    time               Character        5              23          27
    jday                Numeric         9              30          38
    latdcm              Numeric         7              40          46
    londcm              Numeric         7              48          54
    sst                 Numeric         7              56          62
    salt                Numeric         7              64          70
    airpre              Numeric         7              72          78
    airxco2             Numeric         7              81          87
    airpco2             Numeric         7              91          97
    waterpco2           Numeric         7             101         107
   -------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    The variables are defined as follows:
    
    sect       is the WOCE Section number;
    
    date       is the sampling date (day/month/year);
    
    time       is the sampling time (GMT);
    
    jday       is the julian day of the century relative to 1900 with time of the day represented
               as a fractional day (i.e., noon on 1/1/1900 = 0.5);
    
    latdcm     is the latitude of the sampling (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the 
               Southern Hemisphere);
    
    londcm     is the longitude of the sampling (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate 
               the Western Hemisphere);
    
    sst        is the sea surface temperature (in C);
    
    salt       is the sea surface salinity (on the PSS);
    
    airpre     is the atmospheric pressure (in atm);
    
    airxco2    is the observed mole fraction of pCO2 in air [in ppm (dry air)];
    
    airpco2    is the air pCO2 (in atm);
    
    waterpco2  is the sea surface water pCO2 (in atm).
    
    
    
    
                8. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT
                                
    The data files contained in this numeric data package can be read by using the FORTRAN
    77 data retrieval programs provided.  Users should visually examine each data file to verify that
    the data were correctly transported to their systems.  To facilitate the visual inspection process,
    partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 8, 9, and 10.  Each of these tables contains
    the first and last twenty five lines of a data file.
    
    
        Table 8.  Partial listing of a10sta.txt (File 5)
                                 
    First twenty-five lines of the file:
    
    ***************************************************************************
    *  Source: K. Johnson                      B. Schneider                   *
    *          D. Wallace               Baltic Sea Research Institute         *
    *                                       Warnemunde, Germany               *
    *  Brookhaven National Laboratory                                         *
    *      Apton, New York, USA                L. Mintrop                     *
    *                                   Institute for Marine Sciences         *
    *  CDIAC NDP-066, September 1998          Kiel, Germany                   *
    ***************************************************************************
    *STATION INVENTORY: R/V METEOR
    *EXPOCODE   SECT STNBR  CAST         DATE  TIME  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  DEPTH
     06MT22/5    A10   620     1   12/28/1992  1506   -25.645    -42.175   2290
     06MT22/5    A10   622     1   12/30/1992  0626   -27.730    -47.385    177
     06MT22/5    A10   623     1   12/30/1992  0914   -27.774    -47.207    326
     06MT22/5    A10   624     1   12/30/1992  1129   -27.816    -47.026    536
     06MT22/5    A10   625     1   12/30/1992  1348   -27.860    -46.847    758
     06MT22/5    A10   626     1   12/30/1992  1755   -27.905    -46.670   1250
     06MT22/5    A10   627     1   12/30/1992  2212   -27.950    -46.485   1693
     06MT22/5    A10   628     1   12/31/1992  0224   -27.992    -46.308   2217
     06MT22/5    A10   629     1   12/31/1992  0650   -28.039    -46.129   2408
     06MT22/5    A10   630     1   12/31/1992  1140   -28.088    -45.939   2596
     06MT22/5    A10   631     1   12/31/1992  1712   -28.153    -45.674   2782
     06MT22/5    A10   632     1   12/31/1992  2240   -28.224    -45.408   2965
     06MT22/5    A10     1     2   01/01/1993  0726   -28.418    -44.768   3509
     06MT22/5    A10     2     1   01/01/1993  1315   -28.615    -44.222   3694
    
    Last twenty-five lines of the file:
    
     06MT22/5    A10    85     2   01/24/1993  1622   -29.746      7.621   5200
     06MT22/5    A10    85     3   01/24/1993  1816   -29.736      7.627   5203
     06MT22/5    A10    86     1   01/25/1993  0110   -29.746      8.465   5091
     06MT22/5    A10    86     2   01/25/1993  0247   -29.744      8.465   5086
     06MT22/5    A10    87     2   01/25/1993  1036   -29.750      9.297   5032
     06MT22/5    A10    87     3   01/25/1993  1235   -29.755      9.307   4986
     06MT22/5    A10    88     1   01/25/1993  1925   -29.748     10.148   4900
     06MT22/5    A10    88     2   01/25/1993  2141   -29.747     10.185   4853
     06MT22/5    A10    89     2   01/26/1993  0527   -29.749     10.980   4296
     06MT22/5    A10    89     3   01/26/1993  0700   -29.748     10.981   4271
     06MT22/5    A10    90     2   01/26/1993  1419   -29.752     11.830   4002
     06MT22/5    A10    90     3   01/26/1993  1615   -29.755     11.852   3994
     06MT22/5    A10    91     2   01/26/1993  2025   -29.622     12.171   3818
     06MT22/5    A10    91     3   01/26/1993  2150   -29.621     12.187   3812
     06MT22/5    A10    92     2   01/27/1993  0248   -29.497     12.467   3657
     06MT22/5    A10    92     3   01/27/1993  0436   -29.489     12.474   3652
     06MT22/5    A10    93     2   01/27/1993  0944   -29.373     12.795   3358
     06MT22/5    A10    93     3   01/27/1993  1104   -29.372     12.815   3341
     06MT22/5    A10    94     2   01/27/1993  1620   -29.243     13.114   3098
     06MT22/5    A10    95     2   01/27/1993  2135   -29.119     13.428   2640
     06MT22/5    A10    96     2   01/28/1993  0248   -29.001     13.735   2136
     06MT22/5    A10    97     2   01/28/1993  0645   -28.879     14.045   1490
     06MT22/5    A10    98     2   01/28/1993  0955   -28.752     14.366    461
     06MT22/5    A10    99     2   01/28/1993  1240   -28.622     14.687    160
     06MT22/5    A10   100     2   01/28/1993  1457   -28.503     14.999    174
                           
     Table 9.  Partial listing of a10dat.txt (File 6)
                                             
    
    First twenty-five lines of the file
    
    ***************************************************************************
    *  Source: K. Johnson                      B. Schneider                   *
    *          D. Wallace               Baltic Sea Research Institute         *
    *                                       Warnemunde, Germany               *
    *  Brookhaven National Laboratory                                         *
    *      Apton, New York, USA                L. Mintrop                     *
    *                                   Institute for Marine Sciences         *
    *  CDIAC NDP-066, September 1998           Kiel, Germany                  *
    ***************************************************************************
    * EXPOCODE 06MT22/5             R/V METEOR 22 LEG 5   WOCE SECTION A10                                                                                 * 
    * STNNBR  CASTNO  BTLNBR  CTDPRS  CTDTMP  CTDSAL   THETA    SALNTY  OXYGEN  SILCAT  PHSPHT NO2+NO3   CFC-11   CFC-12  TCARBN SOMMA#  ALKALI        QUALT
    *                           DBAR  ITS-90  PSS-78  ITS-90    PSS-78 UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG UMOL/KG  PMOL/KG  PMOL/KG UMOL/KG        UMOL/KG            *
    *                *******                 *******           ******* ******* ******* ******* *******  *******  ******* *******        *******            *
         620       1     324    2271  3.0620 34.9410  2.8832   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
         620       1     323    2271  3.0610 34.9410  2.8822   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
         620       1     322    2270  3.0600 34.9410  2.8813   34.9380  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
         620       1     321    2270  3.0590 34.9420  2.8803   34.9370  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
         620       1     320    2270  3.0590 34.9420  2.8803   34.9370  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
         620       1     319    2270  3.0610 34.9420  2.8823   34.9370  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.019    0.180  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992499
         620       1     318    2269  3.0610 34.9410  2.8824   34.9380  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.055    0.273  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992499
         620       1     317    2269  3.0580 34.9420  2.8794   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.221    0.228  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299994499
         620       1     316    2268  3.0630 34.9420  2.8844   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.009    0.161  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992499
         620       1     315    2268  3.0610 34.9410  2.8825   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.032    0.040  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992299
         620       1     314    2268  3.0590 34.9410  2.8805   34.9380  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.009    0.095  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992299
         620       1     313    2267  3.0620 34.9420  2.8835   34.9400  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90    0.016    0.113  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299992299
    
    
    Last twenty-five lines of the file
    
          99       2     315      30 17.6020 35.2190 17.5970 -999.9000   226.2    3.24    0.36    3.40 -999.900 -999.900  2054.9      1  -999.9  22922229929
          99       2     314      30 17.5930 35.2190 17.5880 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     313      30 17.5930 35.2200 17.5880 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     312      49 14.5570 35.2530 14.5498 -999.9000   210.0    4.75    0.67    8.74 -999.900 -999.900  2087.8      1  -999.9  22922229929
          99       2     311      49 14.5320 35.2540 14.5248 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     310      49 14.5280 35.2560 14.5208 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     309      70 12.7110 35.1020 12.7016 -999.9000   204.3    5.67    0.88   12.55 -999.900 -999.900  2108.5      1  -999.9  22922229929
          99       2     308      70 12.7200 35.1030 12.7106 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     307      70 12.7170 35.1030 12.7076 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     306     101 11.7430 34.9880 11.7301 -999.9000   200.0    7.09    1.06   15.15 -999.900 -999.900  2121.1      1  -999.9  22922229929
          99       2     305     101 11.7490 34.9890 11.7361 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     304     100 11.7540 34.9900 11.7412 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
          99       2     303     157  9.8380 34.7720  9.8201 -999.9000   162.6   13.43    1.59   21.95 -999.900 -999.900  2164.5      1  -999.9  22922229929
          99       2     302     156  9.8350 34.7710  9.8172   34.7840  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22299999999
          99       2     301     156  9.8320 34.7710  9.8140 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
         100       2     324      13 18.3230 34.9820 18.3207 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
         100       2     315      13 18.2810 34.9810 18.2787 -999.9000   248.8    3.02    0.35    1.27 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     313      30 16.7330 34.9500 16.7281 -999.9000   236.1    3.19    0.52    3.83 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     311      50 14.9330 35.0500 14.9255 -999.9000   213.9    4.34    0.70    8.33 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     309      70 12.3020 35.0480 12.2928 -999.9000   192.6    6.12    1.01   14.71 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     307      99 10.9840 34.8930 10.9718 -999.9000   185.6    8.40    1.23   17.81 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     306     100 11.0030 34.8980 10.9907 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
         100       2     304     150  9.7980 34.7740  9.7808 -999.9000   145.3   15.62    1.71   23.15 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999
         100       2     302     160  9.7200 34.7640  9.7018 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22999999999
             100       2     301     159  9.7270 34.7640  9.7089 -999.9000   143.8   16.41    1.73   23.61 -999.900 -999.900  -999.9     -9  -999.9  22922229999     Table 10.  Partial listing of a10pco2.txt (File 7)
                                 
    
    First twenty-five lines of the file:
    
    ********************************************************************
    *  Source: K. Johnson                      B. Schneider            *
    *          D. Wallace               Baltic Sea Research Institute  *
    *                                       Warnemunde, Germany        *
    *  Brookhaven National Laboratory                                  *
    *      Apton, New York, USA                L. Mintrop              *
    *                                   Institute for Marine Sciences  *
    *  CDIAC NDP-066, September 1998           Kiel, Germany           *
    ********************************************************************
    *UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS: R/V METEOR CRUISE 22/5
    *      DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE  TEMP   SALT AIR_PCO2 WAT_PCO2
    30/Dec/1992  -27.731  -47.385  24.70  34.83  -999.9   369.2
    30/Dec/1992  -27.730  -47.384  24.67  34.83  -999.9   365.3
    30/Dec/1992  -27.731  -47.384  24.67  34.84  -999.9   368.6
    30/Dec/1992  -27.728  -47.383  24.68  34.82  -999.9   363.3
    30/Dec/1992  -27.727  -47.383  24.69  34.78  -999.9   363.0
    30/Dec/1992  -27.739  -47.342  24.59  35.19  -999.9   364.9
    30/Dec/1992  -27.747  -47.311  24.61  35.45  -999.9   357.2
    30/Dec/1992  -27.755  -47.280  24.61  35.68  -999.9   356.2
    30/Dec/1992  -27.763  -47.249  24.56  35.94  -999.9   354.9
    30/Dec/1992  -27.771  -47.218  24.66  35.88  -999.9   357.1
    30/Dec/1992  -27.778  -47.185  24.61  35.99  -999.9   355.2
    30/Dec/1992  -27.787  -47.153  24.54  36.19  -999.9   353.8
    30/Dec/1992  -27.795  -47.123  24.67  36.10  -999.9   356.0
    30/Dec/1992  -27.805  -47.092  24.64  36.43  -999.9   356.3
    
    
    Last twenty-five lines of the file:
    
    28/Jan/1993  -28.910   13.980  20.78  35.41  -999.9   331.9
    28/Jan/1993  -28.890   14.010  20.77  35.38  -999.9   331.0
    28/Jan/1993  -28.890   14.030  20.76  35.38  -999.9   329.4
    28/Jan/1993  -28.880   14.040  20.76  35.39  -999.9   329.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.880   14.050  20.76  35.36   344.8  -999.9
    28/Jan/1993  -28.890   14.050  20.76  35.34  -999.9   331.7
    28/Jan/1993  -28.880   14.060  20.64  35.32  -999.9   331.4
    28/Jan/1993  -28.870   14.090  20.62  35.35  -999.9   331.4
    28/Jan/1993  -28.860   14.120  20.62  35.34  -999.9   330.5
    28/Jan/1993  -28.840   14.150  20.66  35.32  -999.9   331.3
    28/Jan/1993  -28.830   14.180  20.65  35.34  -999.9   331.5
    28/Jan/1993  -28.810   14.210  20.61  35.36  -999.9   331.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.800   14.240  20.35  35.25  -999.9   330.3
    28/Jan/1993  -28.790   14.270  20.16  35.31  -999.9   329.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.770   14.300  19.97  35.27  -999.9   327.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.760   14.330  20.34  35.26  -999.9   330.3
    28/Jan/1993  -28.760   14.350  20.35  35.24  -999.9   329.9
    28/Jan/1993  -28.750   14.380  20.21  35.34   345.2  -999.9
    28/Jan/1993  -28.740   14.400  19.70  35.28  -999.9   327.5
    28/Jan/1993  -28.730   14.430  19.94  35.21  -999.9   330.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.710   14.460  19.06  35.14  -999.9   331.7
    28/Jan/1993  -28.700   14.500  18.87  35.12  -999.9   346.5
    28/Jan/1993  -28.690   14.530  18.71  35.06  -999.9   350.6
    28/Jan/1993  -28.680   14.560  18.69  35.10  -999.9   352.9
    28/Jan/1993  -28.660   14.580  18.76  35.09  -999.9   352.6