DECEMBER, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 549
Pe eekeo ...................
Honohioa ................. Laupahoehoe ............... OOkals. ...................... HAIIAKUA. ne Kukaiau ..................... Paaullo ....................... Paauhau (Mill1 ............ Paauhan IQrelg) ............ Honokaa (Mulri ............. Aoookaa (Rlckard) ........
HOHALA n. Awlnl Ranch . .:... ........ Niulii ........................ Kohala IMlssion) ........... Kohala (Sugar Co.) .......... tiawl ........................ llawi nIi11. .................. Walmea. o ..................
Kailua.. ..................... Aolualoa ................. Kealakekua ................. Napoopco ...................
Kahuku Ranch.. .......... Houuapo .................... Naalehu ..................... lillea ....................... Pahala ..................... Moaula .....................
Ha%alau.. ...................
Kukuihaele .................
KOBA, W.
KAU. Se.
P I T N A . A.
average daily range, 9.9"; greatest daily range, I6O; least
daily range, 3 O ; highest temperature, 82" : lowest, 63O.
Barometer average, 29.953 ; normal, 29.957 (corrected for
gravity by -.OS) ; highest, 30.18, on the 15th ; lowest, 29.85,
on the 37th ; greatest 24-hour change, i. e., from any hour on
one day to the same hour on the next, .09. Lows passed this point on the 7th and 27th ; highs, on the 15th and 23d.
Relative humidity, '76.5 per cent ; normal, 76.0; mean dew-
point, 66.2 ; normal, 65.7 ; mean absolute moisture, 7.08
grains to the cubic foot; normal, 6.93.
Rainfall, 3.34 inches; normal, 5.52; rain record days, 18;
normal, 17 ; greatest rainfall in one day, 0.80, on the 7th ; to-
tal a t Luakaha (Nuuanu near Pali) 14.76 ; a t Kapiolani Park,
1.63. Total rainfall since January 1, 33.30; normal, 32.76.
Rainyall ahla.
100
2tIO
300 .W 4oU
2% iS0 900
I , 150
Mi
1,000
1.100
5'21 2-3s 8-nl
6110 2,720
950
I , 3.d
1.5Ho
IS
1,Bso 15
650
310
Rbo 1.700
i W
the aid of telegraphic reports received from western Europe
islands of the North Atlantic Ocean, and North America, and
by a classification of types prepared by the aid of Weathei
Bureau and international reports. These preliniinary studier
appear to indicate recurring periods during which similai
weather conditions and changes obtain generally over thc
middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. A determi.
nation of these periods, with the data available, may not IIE
possible.
The increased accuracy of the forecasts and the lengthen.
ing of the period for which they are made, which will surely
follow a vigorous prosecution of thie line of work, will, how-
ever, justify the great expenditure of time, labor, and skill
which the preparation of reference charts and their classifica-
tion will demand.
25.56
10.16
35.86
Y8.80
21.47
13 85
17. 67 10.39
....... 10.15
7.i4
.......
.......
OAHU. Pnnahou I W. B,. sw.. ...... 4;
Kulaokahua sw ............ M)
Makikl Resekvoir .......... 1'w
1Iewalo IKInp street), sw.. 15
U. S. Naval Station, IIW 6 Kapiolani Park,sw.. ... ..'.':I 4; Manoa (Woodlawn Dalry).c. School street (Bishop), sw. r0
Paciflc He1 hts. 8w ........ i W
Insane Asyfum, nw. ....... 30 Kalihi-uka ....................... Kamehameha School. ..... :5
Nunanu IW W. Hail) sw.. .W
!2M I Nnuanu IWJllle streei) sw.
4I.60 lieomuku, e.. ...................
8.41 I: Nuuanu(Elec. Ytatlon),'sw. 6.80 Nuuanu ILnakaha) c.. .... ....... Walmanalo. ne ............. ...... I Maunawill. ne ............ .. ..., Kaneohe ne ................ 2.95 Ahuimaiu. ne.. ............. Kahuku n ............... 6 W . Walalud n ................
6.W
9140 Wahiaw;. a. ................
405 850
%?
900 100 860 I
20 900
Date.
1 ..... P.....
4 ..... si..... 6 ..... c.... 8 .. .. 9 ."..
IO..... 11 ..... li..... la.....
Us.... 15.....
I S ..... Ii..... I S ..... 19..... m..... 21 ..... B.....
23..... N..... %..... m..... Si'..... W..... 2 9 .....
30..... 81. ....
Sums..
Means.
Depar- tare..
a.....
- k
P
z
I2
- d
2
m
0
a0.01 29.95
28.99
30.01 29.W 29.M 29.112 29.81
3.77
2Y.w) 29.91
29.8s 29.i; S.85
29.86
Y9.81 29.80 29.94 30.05 30.00 21.86
9 .8 0
29.81 90.01
90 00
29.97 29.P1 39.9; 80.06 90.11
.......
29.926
-0.01;
o.9~
....... 5.49 18.49 18.01
....... 11.85 18.59 20.78
i.94
2.8Y 8.1;
2.9s .......
Dela stl October reporla. H a l e a h Ranch.. ............... Kli ahulu ......................... . Waio ae Ranch.. ............. I Ewa hantation ................. ! Paauilo ......................... ' Laopahoehoe .................... Napoopoo ...................... Nuuauu IWyllle Street) ........ Kapoho .......................... IIakalau ......................... Honohina .........................
Ki ahulu s .................. Kahkinui ................... Bamoa Plantation. se ...... !4ahlku (Anderson]. ne..... IYahiku, (Nishwltzi, ne ..... Halku. n ................... Kula IErehwon), n ......... Kula (Wolakoa) ............ ?uuomalei. n .............. ?ah, n ......................
So0 1,550
GO
00 R50
io0 1,500
$WO
1.400
1W
HAWAIIAN CLIMATOLOGIUAL DATA.
~6 i e o r o ~g i c a ~ Ob86r~diOn8 a1 Honolulu, December, 1901.
'
BY CUnTlS J. LYONS, Territorlal MeteOrOlOgfSt.
The statlon is at 210 181 N 1570 501 W. Hawaiian standard time 5 10h .3W slow of Greenwich time. Honolulu local mean t h e Is 10h 81m slow of Qreenwich. Pressure is corrected for tem rature and reduced to sea level, and the gavitg norrention. -0.06. has been aoogd.
Inch@. 10.56
3.56
HAWAII. I MAUI- Colt linued. Fed Inches. Aaleakala Ranch, n.. ...... 2.000 86.09 Wailuku, ne .............. LW a8.s
11
LANAI.
~~~~ ~~~~
Waiakea . :. ...............
RILO e. and ne.
Hilo (town) ................. Kaumana ................... 1,2550 .......
The av&age dlrectiou andcforce of the wlud and the averaee cloudiness for the whole day are given unless the have varled more than usual in whlch 0888 the e x tremes are given. The scale olwind force is 0 to 12, or Beauiort scale. Two dlreo- tlons of wind. or valnea of wind force, or amounts of cloudiness. connected by a
.......
8.34 3.90
8. W 2.99 1.a
1.69 7.07 4.42
7.15 8-51
dash Indicate change @om one to the other.
Qreenwich tlme. on the respective dates.
above ground. Groiind IS 48 feet. and the barometer 50 feet above sea level.
Th& rainfall for twenty-four hours is measured at 9 a. m. local, or 7.31 p. m ,
The rain gage. 8 inchel! ln dlameter. Is 1 foot abovemound. Thermometer, 8 feet
Durlngtwenty-four hours precedlng I p. m. Green- wich t h e . or 2308. m. Honolulu tlme. Tempera ture. ....... a. 06
2 21
8 .2 4
0.55
14.76
6.18
2.80 1.89 1.88
0. w 1.71 2.78
4.95 4.44 8. e8 2.M 0.01
14.15 1.09 3.42 21.85
9. w 0.03
....... ....... .......
Moisture Pemper: ture. Sea-level pressures. -
d E .I
E
2 -
63
68
66 66
70 3 72
66 66 68
64 64 67
59 i 3
72 74 i 8 71 68 64 64 67
84
6R
64 67
67
67 65 65
....
67.
...
4
k
P
R
t e4 70 74
74 74 73 i o 69 64 65 i 0 69 60 74 $4 75
76
73 E
67 65 69 65 51 69
68
69 69
68 67
ea
-
....
69.4
.... -
4
k
a
Y
-
t 63.3 tN..S.s
67
67. 3 (I7 sa. 5
66
66
B.5.8
6)
60 IS 88 89
09
00
i 1 69.5
05
&I
66 04.7 6a 66.5
67. 8
68.3
6R. 8 61
59 59
.....
65.5
..... -
I ,
I 1 I . -~
$t 84.0 Ro
66.5 80 68.5 82 69.; 67 64.8 67 63.0, 64 6.3 8: 66
65.5 i 5
65.i 88 65.5 64
65.0 ffl 56.5 58
55.0 61 61.0 74 66.5 i 4
67.5 75 65.7 66 $6.5 71 10.5 92
09.0 e4
66.7 85
61.5 91
67.i' 02
67.0 85 68.5 87 04.0 81
56.5 65
52.8 56
67.7 a3
85.81 80
as.sl 81
.........
64.1 76.2
tl.1 f1.2
f-0 9-01 50.w 29.94 1-0 1-9 30.05 29.91 1 0 5 30.04 29.99 2-0 4 30.05 29.95 6 80.06 8 97 3 80.M 8 8 5
8 29.99 29.86
1-0 1 4 29.90 -29.80 1 0 108 29.*% 29.80 0 1-5 29.85 29.75 0-1 2 29.82 29.73
8-0 1-0 29.97 29.8i 1-3 0-10 29.90 29.78
3 2
5 29.M 8 .7 6 5 29.93 -99.84
8 6 2991 29.80 8-4 7-10 29.88 8.76 0 10-9 29.w 29.80 1 0 5-0 30.07 29.92 1-0 0-5 30.09 8.98 1-0 1-i 80.08 29.86
3-0 8-10 29.88 %.id
0-3 5-10 29.86 -29.73 8-0 10 50.06 29.73
1-0 10-8 30.11 29.m 0-8 8-4 90.08 29.94 1 8-4 29.98 29.89 14 10-2 29.99 29.w 5-7 8 30.06 29.95
1 6 I m.re 4-%1
3-2 8 m.ia 3 o .~
I
0.00 0.00 0.00
0. ou 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.69 0 21 0.00
0.00
d.OO 0.00
0.00 0.00 0. a, 0.01 1.04 0.22 0.00 0.00
0. OJ
1.i3
0.46
5. i 6 0.01
0.10
0 .3 0.10
0.00 0.01
sw.
SW.
n.
ne ne.
ne.
sw-n.
nw-n.
n-sw.
lie.
e-se.
W.
sw -w.
U
WSW.
wsw. sw. sw.
se.
SW.
w-var.
se.
w-n. ne. xe-e. nne. ne
nw-n. one. n.
8W.
........ ........
........
I Ewe Plantation, s. ......... Walpahn. s .................. ...............
- - -. __, -. Volcano House.. ........... .14,(100
Ilaa [Sugar Companv) ..... E 1
Ilaa IMountaln Vlew) .... ..11,890
............... KaLpana, se ................ 8 Ka oh0
I MAUI. ...... ~~~~.
~
Lahaioa.. ....................... Walopae Ranch ............ 700 IKaupo (Mokulau), s ........ 285 0.65
4.M 1.9D 8.85 5. IO 10.01 0.57 5.40
5.09 8.70
18.79
-- . -
The artesian well water has risen during the month from
33.12 t o 33.56 feet above mean sea-level. On Decemher 1,
1900 i t stood a t 33.62. The average daily mean sea level for
November was 10.21 feet on the scale, 10.00 representing an
wsumed annual mean, and 9.83 the actual annual mean for
3ine years previous to 1901.
Trade wind days, 23 (5 of north-northeast), normal, 17 ;
tverage force (during daylight) Beaufort scale, 2.6. Cloudi-
less, tenths of sky, 5.5; normal, 4.6.
Approximate percentages of district rainfall as compared
with normal : Hilo, 300per cent; Hamakua, 150; Kohala, 180;
Waimea, E O ; Kona, 125; Kau, 175; Puna, 170; Maui, east
9.98
.....
16.06
-
......................
1.i 5.0 29.98029.W
.... w.6 .............
+This pressure is as recon are observed a t 6 a. m local means of I6 + 9 + 3 + Si'+ 4.
Mean tem erature for Dec~ D:oember. lbl, 29.913; norma
1 a t 1 p. m., Greenwic ir 4:81 p. m Greenwich leaufort &he. iber. 1901, %.lo; normal is 71.50. Mean pressure for Is 29.Qio.
Ime. t These temperatures me. $These values are the
GENERAL SUMMARY FOR NOVEMBER, 1901.
Temperature mean for the month, 73.W ; normal, 73.8O;
average daily maximum, 78.9O ; average daily minimum, 69.0 ;
660 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1901
coast, 200; Central, 120; Oahu, coast, 60 per cent; interior
135; Kauai, 70 per cent. The following heavy 48-hour rainfalls are noted : Olaa
Mountain View, 1,690 feet elevation, 30 inches on the 8th an(
9th; Kaumana, 28.07 in 48 hours; Hilo (town), 20.05; eamc
time, Waiakea, 24.62; same date, Paauilo, 13.46; two days
Ookala, 14.16.
Mean temperatures : Pepeekeo, Hilo district, 100 feet ele
vation, average maximum, 77.0 ; average minimum. 68.6O
Waimea, Hawaii, 2,730 elevation, 73.9O and 63.0 ; Kohala
521 feet elevation, 76.8O and 68.3O ; Olaa, Mountain View, 70A
and 60.0; Waiakoa, Kula, 2,700 elevation, 76.5O and 59.0
W. R. Castles, Kulaokahua, 60 feet elevation, fiighest, 85O
lowest, 65.0 ; mean, 73.6O ; Ewa Mill, 50 feet elevation, aver.
age maximum 82.6O ; average minimum, 67.1O ; dew-point and
relative humidity a t same station, 67.5O and 79.0 per cent.
The main event of the month was the torrential downpoui
on Hawaii, mostly on the 8th and 9th, accompanied by north.
northeast to east-northeast gales throughout the group. Thc
rain was only moderate on Oahu and Kauai. There was au
unusual absence of southerly weather for the month. Snoa
fell on hfauna Loa and Mauna Kea from the 5th to the 10th
Earthquake a t Hilo, 15th a t 10 p. m., also a light one on
the 21st. Heavy surf 8th to 14th.
NOTE.- marked depression passed here on the loth, the
lowest barometer reading being about 29.93 inches. The wind shifted from west to southwest, then to northwest and
ended with a norther on the 11th and 12th, which was a
cKona a t other points in the group. Another low passed
on the 17th, and a third on the 23d. Quite likely these t a c
latter were in reality one and the same, since the wind, dur-
ing the passage of this first depression backed from north ta southwest and then to northeast, giving Honolulu 5.76 iiichee
of rain on the 24th.
QENERAL SUMMABY FOR DECEMBER, 1901.
Temperature mean for the month, 721O ; normal, 71.5O ;
average daily maximum, 77.4O ; average daily minimum, 67.1O; mean daily range, 10.3O; greatest daily range, 19O;
least daily range, 3 O ; highest temperature, 53O ; lowest, 59O.
Barometer average, 29.933 : normal, 39.970 (corrected for
gravity by --.OS.) ; highest, 30.17, on the 31st; lowest, 29.73,
on the 10th ; greatest 24-hour change, i. e., from any given
hour on one day to the same hour on the next day, 0.23;
lows passed this point on the 10th and 32d ; highs, on the 4th,
20th, and 31st. I n the October report the following remark was made :  It will be interesting to note whether seven suc-
cessive months of low barometer will be followed by unusually
heavy rains. The report below will show whether this was
well founded.
Relative humidity, 76.3 ; normal, 75 ; mean dew-point,
64.1O; normal, 63O; mean absolute moisture, 6.63 grains to
the cubic foot; normal, 6.33. The dew-point was unusually low during the last three daysof the month.
Rainfall, 9.98 inches ; normal, 3.92 ; rain record days, 14;
normal, 16; greatest rainfall in one day, 5.76 inches, on the
24th; total a t Luakaha, 25.51; a t Kapiolani Park, 9.33.
Total rainfall since January 1, 38.96; normal, 37.00.
The artesian well level rose during the month from 33.50
to 34.05 feet above mean sea level. January 1, 1901 it stood
a t 34.00. It would seem that the lowering of the wells has come to a standstill, owing to the failure of the high level
wells, and probably greater economy on the part of those a t
a low level.
The average daily mean sea level for December was 10.36
on the scale, 10.00 representing an assumed annual mean, and
9.82 the actual annual mean for nine years previous to 1901.
The following figures are from actual hourly nieasurements
on sheets from self-recording tide gage made by Hugo Bilg-
nam, Stienles pattern, and referred daily to standard bench
mark. The work has been done by the Hawaiian Government
Survey-now Territorial Survey-and the results are fur-
nished by permission of the present snrveyor: 1892, 9.869
feet: 1893,9.844; 1894.9.758; 1895,9.688; 1896,9.848; 1897,
9.969; 1898, 9.848;- 1899, 9.690; 1900, 9.837; 1901, 10.173.
Mean, 9.852.
Trade mind days, 7 ; normal, 14; 3 of north-northeast; average force of wind (during daylight), 1.7 Beaufort scale.
Cloudiness, tenths of sky, 6.0; normal, 4.4
Approximate percentages of district rainfall. Hilo, 175 per
cent : Hamakua, 140 ; Kohala, 130 ; Waimea, 100 ; Kona, 200
to 400; Rau, 176; Puna, 150; Maui, variable from 60 to300;
Oahu, 240; hauai, 235.
There was a general and very heavy rainfall throughout the
group on the 24th ; 6 inches in twenty-four hours on Oahu,
10 inches in twenty-four hours in Hilo; a t Ookala, north
Hilo, 20 inches in twenty-four hours is reported on good au-
thority, and a t Zanpahoehoe, Hilo, 30.50 inches is officially
reported for the 34th and 10.80for the 25th,which latter fell
in the early part of the day, making 41.30 inches in the period
of twenty-eight hours, a record that i t is believed has only
been surpassed by one in Queensland of 40 inches in twenty-
four hours.
Stations
HAWAII. EIM) e. and ne. maiakra. :. ................ Hilo (town) ............... Kaumana ................. Pe ekeo .................. HaElau ................... Honohina .................. Lanpahoehoe .............. Ookala .....................
Kukaiau ................... Paaullo : ................... Paauhau (MI111 ............ Paauhau (Grdg) .......... Aonokaa (Mulr) ........... Honokaa IRickardl ....... Kukuihaele ...............
Awinl Ranch ............... Niulii .................... Kohala (Mission) .......... Iiohala (Sugar Co) ........ Eawi Mill .................. Waimea ....................
Kailna ................... Kealakekua.. .............. Bolnaloa ................... Napoopoo.. ................ KAU. se. Eonuapo ................... Naalellu ................... Hilea.. ..................... Pahala .................... Moaula.. ...................
BAlAliUA, ne.
KOBALA, n.
KONA, W.
PUNA, e. Volcano House ............ Dlaa (Mouiit.aIn View) .... Kapoho .................... [Zalapana se ............... MAUL Waiopae Ranch e... ....... tMokulau) s ....... Ei&puapu s ............... Bamoa Plantation se ..... Nahiru IAnderson) ne ... Nahiku: (Nishwite) ,ne ... Eaiku n ................... Knla, (Erehwon) n.. ......
Mean temperatures :
- !I z .( 6
d Stations.
I
w - __
MAUL Con tlnued. Feel Inches. Puuomalei n ............... 1,400
1a.m Paia, n .... ... ............ 180
........ 14.70 I Wailukn Haleakale ne Ranch. ................ n.. .....
14.81 I
OAHU. 14 W Punahou (W.B.) sw ....... 47 25178 Kulaokahua, sw ............ M 49.m 11 M akiki Reservoir.. ......... 1.20
........ , Kewalo. Kina street1.s~ . IS
I! IJ. &Naval Station, sw.. ... 6 9.79 1 Kaplolani Park sw.. ....... 10
1 1 .1 I Manoa (Wood1;wnDsiry)c. 2 s
6.70 Bohpol &reel. (Bishop), sw. 50
........ Paciflo Heights, sw ......... 700
6.86 Insane Asylnm sw ......... 80
...... Kalihi-uka. sw. ............ 2W
6.43 Knmehameha School.. ..... 75 Nnuanu (W.A.Hal1l.s~ ... 50
......... Nuuann (Wylliestreeti ,sw. 250
2.83 Nuuanu (Elec. Statlon) sw 41J5 5.01 Nunanu (Luakaha) c.. :. .... 850
5.n Wafmanalo, ne ............. 25
....... Maunawili, ne .............. 300
4.a3 1 Kaneohe ne ............... 100 Ahni 1 e& ne ....... .:...., 850
........ Kahnkn d .................. 1 ?5
7 .4 Walalusl. n ................ ..I zo 4.75 Watdawa. o ................ 900 8.45 Ewa Plantation s ........ Bo  Magnetic Ptatidn U.S.C.S. 45
4 Bi Waipahn s ................. 5:sS Moanalu;.sw.. ............ I5 6.80 KAUAI.
7.24 Llhue larove Farm) e..... 200 12.62 Lihue (Polohor), e. .. ...... 800 Liliue (Kukaua) e ......... 1,ooO
10.98 .................... i Iiealia, e 15
14.95 Jiilauea. ne ................ BB 10
....... 32 200
....... 2.100
...... 850
450 6.82
5.51 1, Dela ed Xovm&ber reports. 16.55 . Kahuk. Plne Grove ....... 1.680 4.37 I Kohala Sugar Co ........... 234
eDeekeo, Hilo district, 100 f e e t
.......I! ....
d
d
k h e s . 5.80 3.08 8.42
8.96
9. gs 9.59
9. BO
....... 8.29 9.53 13.39 8. i G
10.10
8.6Y 14.74
8.71 9.78 11.39
13. I 25.51
15 39 17.31
17.04 7.79
7. O i 10.35
7.80 9.09 7.69 9.60
......
7.4 8.W 10.44 5.45 13.73
15.41 6.m
....... ....... 10.18
10.99
8.02 10.75
leva-
tion, averaG maximum, 77.6O ;  average minimum, 67.8O ;
Waimea, Hawaii, 2,730 feet elevation, 73.7O and 61.6O ; Kohala,
521 feet elevation, 78.6O and 67.7O; W. R. Castle, Kulaoka-
hua, 60 feet elevation, highest, 80 ; lowest, 59O j average for
year, 74.45O. Ewa Plantation, 50 feet elevation, mean max-
imum, 81.2O; mean minimum, 64.8O ; mean dew-point, 64.4O.
The two storm periodsof the month were about the Bthand
DECEMBER, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 661
ChlhUahU8. .......... 4Uad818jara. ........ (Obs. del. Est.) aUanajU8tQ .......... Leon (aU8ll8jll8h). .. Mazatlan ............ Merida ............... Pexlco (Obs. Cent.). . Ponterre (8em.) .... Morel18 deminario). . Puebla (Col. Cat.). .. PUebl8 (Col. d. Est ).
Saltlllo (Co1.S. Juan) TOlU08 .............. TUXtl8 (Qutlerrez,
Zapotlan .............
Chlaprs).
24th, both preceded by heavy swell and followed by low dew
point. The north wind evidently precipitated the terrific
downpour on north Hilo. There was lightning reported fron
Hawaii for the 8th, 9th, 13th, 34th, and 25th, and Maui 01
the 8th. Snow fell on Mauna Kea and Maiina Loa on thc
8th and 24th : on Haleakala on the 8th or 9th. Earthquakc
reported a t Hilo, 730 p. m. on the 2d.
Faat. 4,889 5,166
8,840
5,906 85 50
7,4B 1,626 6,401
7, 125
7 118
5:3W 8,814
1.86.1
5,Oa
AN AURORAL-LUNAR HALO DISPLAY.
H. H. TEN BBOEc6, Braidentown, Fla., dated December 09,1901.
At midnight of the 28th I ohserved an auroral display wit1
an axis extending about west-northwest to east-southeast
There was a t the time an unusually brilliant halo around tht
moon, about 45O in diameter. The upper half was fringed or
the edge by rays about 3O or 4 O long, a few much longer, ra.
diating, not from the moon (the center of the halo), but from
a poiut below i t about east-southeast on the horizon. Sonii
of the rays extended northward as far as Cassiopeia whih
the Pleiades were a little south of the center of the long bands
which converged toward a point about west-northwest 011 tht
horizon, although not reaching it by loo or Eo. The baadf
and the rays on the halo appeared and disappeared slowlj
like auroral bands and were of a pale white color. There was
an 8 or 10 mile southeasterly wind blowing and half of thr
sky was covered with very light clouds of a cirro-cuniulw
order, with an almost imperceptible motion. Very few of the
bands extended below the moon. The fringe of rays on the
upper edge of the halo was well marked and closely resembled
that often seen on an auroral arch ; it, too, chauged in bright-
ness, slowly, as well as in length. It was a well-marked
auroral display, with the moons halo as a startingpoint. I11
half an hour the halo and bands had disappeared as well a
most of the clouds.
I have never before seen or heard of an aurora from a lunar
halo, nor one with its middle line running west-northwest
and ea8 t-sout heas t.
%.!r %.e9 L2.W S.01
28.S 23.91
23.80
m.m 24 76 91.92
26.10
MEXIUAN ULIMATOLOGIUAL DATA.
Through the kind cooperation of Sefior Manuel E. PaRtrana,
Director of the Central Meteorologic-Magnetic Observatory,
the monthly summaries of Mexican data .are now commu-
nicated in manuscript, in advauce of their publication in
the Boletin Mensual. An abstract, translated into English
measures, is here given, in continuation of the similar tables
published in the MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW since 1896.
The barometric means are now reduced to standard gravity.
M&n &la for Dersmber, 1901.
pa 30.7 57.0 40 ...... W B ~. .......... #a.8 28.8 54.7 59 0.05 nw. ......... m.5 55.9 70 o 71 T. nw. W.
.......... .......... p.0 48.9 71.4 75 0.16 ne. i dl.9 30.9 59.5 61 T. n. $7.7 81.1 57.9 M ...... ne. .......... 7 .0 80.2 51.9 60 ...... ww. ......... r1.8 35.8 55.6 57 0.02 e. ......... =.a 1.6 53.8 60 0.06 ene. .......... 79.7 98.9 51.4 55 ...... sw. .......... 88.7 kV.1 !7.1 55 0.05 w. ......... 94.8 47.8 11.8 7!! ...... nw. i ..........
. -
I
*Reduced
74-3
... _- ..
Ineh.1 OF.
1 OF. I
O B : I S I h M h . 25.33 80.8 1.0 53.8 47 ...... ne. .......... 24.90 89.7 40.1 58.11 511 ......I n . I ..........
2505(77.0141.7180.4( 511 T. In. I .......... ._
D standard temperature and gravity.
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF LONG-RANGE WEATHER FOREUASTS.
By Pnor. CLEVELAND ABBE.
The expression long range  must not be misunderstood.
It refers oiily to the length of time intervening between the
date of making a weather prediction and the date when we
expect it to be fulfilled. At the present time, by the help of the daily weather map, the official weather forecasters of this
country, and indeed OC every civilized nation on the globe,
publish forecasts, in detail, of approaching weather changes,
and especially storms, for one and two, or possibly occasionally
three days in advance. These predictions all relate to com- paratively minute details for regions that have been charted
and studieddaily for many years. They merely represent the
direct teachings of experience ; they are generalizations based
up011 observations but into which physical theories have as
yet entered in only a superficial manner if at all. They
are, therefore! quite elementary in character as compared
with the predictions published by astronomers, based on the
laws of gravitation and inertia, or the predictions sometimes
offered by chemists, based on the laws that are being worked
out by these investigators. Even the electrician, familiar With mathematical physics ventures on predictions based on
far more complex theories than are as yet a t the command of
the meteorologists. But the latter are slowly building a grand
structure, mathematical, graphical, and numerical, in which .
deductive reaeouiiig will take t.he place of empirical rules.
The whole will eventually form a complex intellectual
machine, by means of which the general, and possibly the
detailed phenomena of the atmosphere, will be followed up
day by day. Then we shall be justified in calling our work
rational science, as distinguished from empirical science. I
use the word science in its fundamental meaning, as referring
to that of which we have accurate knowledge, and not that
which is purely speculative.
While I thus indulge hope in the prospective future high
perfection of the science of the weather, I recognize the fact
that we must not expect to realize these hopes in this gene-
ration. The progress of all science is necessarily slow. From
Copernicus to Kepler, from Kepler to Newton, from Newton
to La Place, and from La Place to the living giants in the
theoretical astronomy of to-day, we proceed by steps of a
century each. In chemistry, from Berzelius to the present
day, we have scarcely one such step. I n electrical science
we are less than a century distant from Ohm and Green. In
meteorology, considered as an application of physics, we be-
gin with Espye work of 1830, but considered as a branch of
mathematical science we begin with Ferrels work of 1856.
The development of a correct Theoria meteorologica  has
made good progress during the past twenty years, but we are
still a t work on the introductory chapter. Some would
hasten the work by unnatural stimulants in response to the
feverish anxiety of the people and the daily newspapers, but
we must be content to await the surer results of a slow but
natural growth. Personally, I hope I may live to see the day
when some of our universities will offer attractive courses in
dynamic, experimental, and observational meteorology to ad-
vanced students of mathematics and physics, when those who
n e prepared to profit by such lectures may in their turn con-
tribute to the advancement of our knowledge. It will not do
for us to be so absorbed in so-called practical work as to neglect the research work that is still more practical. The
practical work of to-day is but the application of the results
i f the past research. The research of to-day will be the basis
This paper is a summar of lectures delivered at Johns Hopkins University in February, 19&. It was prepared for the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Denver, August, 1901, and is now fist published.