-CITE-
    16 USC CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION              01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
-HEAD-
                  CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
-MISC1-
    Sec.
    6501.       Purposes.
    6502.       Definitions.
          SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
    6511.       Definitions.
    6512.       Authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects.
    6513.       Prioritization.
    6514.       Environmental analysis.
    6515.       Special administrative review process.
    6516.       Judicial review in United States district courts.
    6517.       Effect of subchapter.
    6518.       Authorization of appropriations.
                          SUBCHAPTER II - BIOMASS
    6531.       Biomass commercial utilization grant program.
              SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
    6541.       Findings and purposes.
    6542.       Tribal watershed forestry assistance.
         SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
    6551.       Findings and purpose.
    6552.       Definitions.
    6553.       Accelerated information gathering regarding
                 forest-damaging insects.
    6554.       Applied silvicultural assessments.
    6555.       Relation to other laws.
    6556.       Authorization of appropriations.
              SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
    6571.       Establishment of healthy forests reserve program.
    6572.       Eligibility and enrollment of lands in program.
    6573.       Restoration plans.
    6574.       Financial assistance.
    6575.       Technical assistance.
    6576.       Protections and measures.
    6577.       Involvement by other agencies and organizations.
    6578.       Authorization of appropriations.
                       SUBCHAPTER VI - MISCELLANEOUS
    6591.       Forest stands inventory and monitoring program to
                 improve detection of and response to environmental
                 threats.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6501                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6501. Purposes
-STATUTE-
      The purposes of this chapter are -
        (1) to reduce wildfire risk to communities, municipal water
      supplies, and other at-risk Federal land through a collaborative
      process of planning, prioritizing, and implementing hazardous
      fuel reduction projects;
        (2) to authorize grant programs to improve the commercial value
      of forest biomass (that otherwise contributes to the risk of
      catastrophic fire or insect or disease infestation) for producing
      electric energy, useful heat, transportation fuel, and petroleum-
      based product substitutes, and for other commercial purposes;
        (3) to enhance efforts to protect watersheds and address
      threats to forest and rangeland health, including catastrophic
      wildfire, across the landscape;
        (4) to promote systematic gathering of information to address
      the impact of insect and disease infestations and other damaging
      agents on forest and rangeland health;
        (5) to improve the capacity to detect insect and disease
      infestations at an early stage, particularly with respect to
      hardwood forests; and
        (6) to protect, restore, and enhance forest ecosystem
      components -
          (A) to promote the recovery of threatened and endangered
        species;
          (B) to improve biological diversity; and
          (C) to enhance productivity and carbon sequestration.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, Sec. 2, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1888.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this
    Act", meaning Pub. L. 108-148, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1887, which
    is classified principally to this chapter. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note below
    and Tables.
-MISC1-
                                SHORT TITLE
      Pub. L. 108-148, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1887,
    provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 2103b
    of this title and amending sections 6601, 8606, and 8609 of Title
    7, Agriculture] may be cited as the 'Healthy Forests Restoration
    Act of 2003'."
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6502                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6502. Definitions
-STATUTE-
      In this chapter:
      (1) Federal land
        The term "Federal land" means -
          (A) land of the National Forest System (as defined in section
        1609(a) of this title) administered by the Secretary of
        Agriculture, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service;
        and
          (B) public lands (as defined in section 1702 of title 43),
        the surface of which is administered by the Secretary of the
        Interior, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Land
        Management.
      (2) Indian tribe
        The term "Indian tribe" has the meaning given the term in
      section 450b of title 25.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, Sec. 3, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1888.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this
    Act", meaning Pub. L. 108-148, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1887, which
    is classified principally to this chapter. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 6501 of this title and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL
           LAND                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
          SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6511                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6511. Definitions
-STATUTE-
      In this subchapter:
      (1) At-risk community
        The term "at-risk community" means an area -
          (A) that is comprised of -
            (i) an interface community as defined in the notice
          entitled "Wildland Urban Interface Communities Within the
          Vicinity of Federal Lands That Are at High Risk From
          Wildfire" issued by the Secretary of Agriculture and the
          Secretary of the Interior in accordance with title IV of the
          Department of the Interior and Related Agencies
          Appropriations Act, 2001 (114 Stat. 1009) (66 Fed. Reg. 753,
          January 4, 2001); or
            (ii) a group of homes and other structures with basic
          infrastructure and services (such as utilities and
          collectively maintained transportation routes) within or
          adjacent to Federal land;
          (B) in which conditions are conducive to a large-scale
        wildland fire disturbance event; and
          (C) for which a significant threat to human life or property
        exists as a result of a wildland fire disturbance event.
      (2) Authorized hazardous fuel reduction project
        The term "authorized hazardous fuel reduction project" means
      the measures and methods described in the definition of
      "appropriate tools" contained in the glossary of the
      Implementation Plan, on Federal land described in section 6512(a)
      of this title and conducted under sections 6513 and 6514 of this
      title.
      (3) Community wildfire protection plan
        The term "community wildfire protection plan" means a plan for
      an at-risk community that -
          (A) is developed within the context of the collaborative
        agreements and the guidance established by the Wildland Fire
        Leadership Council and agreed to by the applicable local
        government, local fire department, and State agency responsible
        for forest management, in consultation with interested parties
        and the Federal land management agencies managing land in the
        vicinity of the at-risk community;
          (B) identifies and prioritizes areas for hazardous fuel
        reduction treatments and recommends the types and methods of
        treatment on Federal and non-Federal land that will protect 1
        or more at-risk communities and essential infrastructure; and
          (C) recommends measures to reduce structural ignitability
        throughout the at-risk community.
      (4) Condition class 2
        The term "condition class 2", with respect to an area of
      Federal land, means the condition class description developed by
      the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station in the general
      technical report entitled "Development of Coarse-Scale Spatial
      Data for Wildland Fire and Fuel Management" (RMRS-87), dated
      April 2000 (including any subsequent revision to the report),
      under which -
          (A) fire regimes on the land have been moderately altered
        from historical ranges;
          (B) there exists a moderate risk of losing key ecosystem
        components from fire;
          (C) fire frequencies have increased or decreased from
        historical frequencies by 1 or more return intervals, resulting
        in moderate changes to -
            (i) the size, frequency, intensity, or severity of fires;
          or
            (ii) landscape patterns; and
          (D) vegetation attributes have been moderately altered from
        the historical range of the attributes.
      (5) Condition class 3
        The term "condition class 3", with respect to an area of
      Federal land, means the condition class description developed by
      the Rocky Mountain Research Station in the general technical
      report referred to in paragraph (4) (including any subsequent
      revision to the report), under which -
          (A) fire regimes on land have been significantly altered from
        historical ranges;
          (B) there exists a high risk of losing key ecosystem
        components from fire;
          (C) fire frequencies have departed from historical
        frequencies by multiple return intervals, resulting in dramatic
        changes to -
            (i) the size, frequency, intensity, or severity of fires;
          or
            (ii) landscape patterns; and
          (D) vegetation attributes have been significantly altered
        from the historical range of the attributes.
      (6) Day
        The term "day" means -
          (A) a calendar day; or
          (B) if a deadline imposed by this subchapter would expire on
        a nonbusiness day, the end of the next business day.
      (7) Decision document
        The term "decision document" means -
          (A) a decision notice (as that term is used in the Forest
        Service Handbook);
          (B) a decision record (as that term is used in the Bureau of
        Land Management Handbook); and
          (C) a record of decision (as that term is used in applicable
        regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality).
      (8) Fire regime I
        The term "fire regime I" means an area -
          (A) in which historically there have been low-severity fires
        with a frequency of 0 through 35 years; and
          (B) that is located primarily in low elevation forests of
        pine, oak, or pinyon juniper.
      (9) Fire regime II
        The term "fire regime II" means an area -
          (A) in which historically there are stand replacement
        severity fires with a frequency of 0 through 35 years; and
          (B) that is located primarily in low- to mid-elevation
        rangeland, grassland, or shrubland.
      (10) Fire regime III
        The term "fire regime III" means an area -
          (A) in which historically there are mixed severity fires with
        a frequency of 35 through 100 years; and
          (B) that is located primarily in forests of mixed conifer,
        dry Douglas fir, or wet Ponderosa pine.
      (11) Implementation Plan
        The term "Implementation Plan" means the Implementation Plan
      for the Comprehensive Strategy for a Collaborative Approach for
      Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment,
      dated May 2002, developed pursuant to the conference report to
      accompany the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies
      Appropriations Act, 2001 (House Report No. 106-64) (and
      subsequent revisions).
      (12) Municipal water supply system
        The term "municipal water supply system" means the reservoirs,
      canals, ditches, flumes, laterals, pipes, pipelines, and other
      surface facilities and systems constructed or installed for the
      collection, impoundment, storage, transportation, or distribution
      of drinking water.
      (13) Resource management plan
        The term "resource management plan" means -
          (A) a land and resource management plan prepared for 1 or
        more units of land of the National Forest System described in
        section 6502(1)(A) of this title under section 1604 of this
        title; or
          (B) a land use plan prepared for 1 or more units of the
        public land described in section 6502(1)(B) of this title under
        section 1712 of title 43.
      (14) Secretary
        The term "Secretary" means -
          (A) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to land of the
        National Forest System described in section 6502(1)(A) of this
        title; and
          (B) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to public
        lands described in section 6502(1)(B) of this title.
      (15) Threatened and endangered species habitat
        The term "threatened and endangered species habitat" means
      Federal land identified in -
          (A) a determination that a species is an endangered species
        or a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of
        1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.);
          (B) a designation of critical habitat of the species under
        that Act; or
          (C) a recovery plan prepared for the species under that Act.
      (16) Wildland-urban interface
        The term "wildland-urban interface" means -
          (A) an area within or adjacent to an at-risk community that
        is identified in recommendations to the Secretary in a
        community wildfire protection plan; or
          (B) in the case of any area for which a community wildfire
        protection plan is not in effect -
            (i) an area extending  1/2 -mile from the boundary of an at-
          risk community;
            (ii) an area within 1 1/2  miles of the boundary of an at-
          risk community, including any land that -
              (I) has a sustained steep slope that creates the
            potential for wildfire behavior endangering the at-risk
            community;
              (II) has a geographic feature that aids in creating an
            effective fire break, such as a road or ridge top; or
              (III) is in condition class 3, as documented by the
            Secretary in the project-specific environmental analysis;
            and
            (iii) an area that is adjacent to an evacuation route for
          an at-risk community that the Secretary determines, in
          cooperation with the at-risk community, requires hazardous
          fuel reduction to provide safer evacuation from the at-risk
          community.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 101, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1889.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Department of the Interior and Related Agencies
    Appropriations Act, 2001, referred to in pars. (1)(A)(i) and (11),
    is Pub. L. 106-291, Oct. 11, 2000, 114 Stat. 922. Title IV of the
    act is not classified to the Code. For complete classification of
    this Act to the Code, see Tables.
      The Endangered Species Act of 1973, referred to in par. (15), is
    Pub. L. 93-205, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884, as amended, which is
    classified principally to chapter 35 (Sec. 1531 et seq.) of this
    title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
    Short Title note set out under section 1531 of this title and
    Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6512                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6512. Authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects
-STATUTE-
    (a) Authorized projects
      As soon as practicable after December 3, 2003, the Secretary
    shall implement authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects,
    consistent with the Implementation Plan, on -
        (1) Federal land in wildland-urban interface areas;
        (2) condition class 3 Federal land, in such proximity to a
      municipal water supply system or a stream feeding such a system
      within a municipal watershed that a significant risk exists that
      a fire disturbance event would have adverse effects on the water
      quality of the municipal water supply or the maintenance of the
      system, including a risk to water quality posed by erosion
      following such a fire disturbance event;
        (3) condition class 2 Federal land located within fire regime
      I, fire regime II, or fire regime III, in such proximity to a
      municipal water supply system or a stream feeding such a system
      within a municipal watershed that a significant risk exists that
      a fire disturbance event would have adverse effects on the water
      quality of the municipal water supply or the maintenance of the
      system, including a risk to water quality posed by erosion
      following such a fire disturbance event;
        (4) Federal land on which windthrow or blowdown, ice storm
      damage, the existence of an epidemic of disease or insects, or
      the presence of such an epidemic on immediately adjacent land and
      the imminent risk it will spread, poses a significant threat to
      an ecosystem component, or forest or rangeland resource, on the
      Federal land or adjacent non-Federal land; and
        (5) Federal land not covered by paragraphs (1) through (4) that
      contains threatened and endangered species habitat, if -
          (A) natural fire regimes on that land are identified as being
        important for, or wildfire is identified as a threat to, an
        endangered species, a threatened species, or habitat of an
        endangered species or threatened species in a species recovery
        plan prepared under section 1533 of this title, or a notice
        published in the Federal Register determining a species to be
        an endangered species or a threatened species or designating
        critical habitat;
          (B) the authorized hazardous fuel reduction project will
        provide enhanced protection from catastrophic wildfire for the
        endangered species, threatened species, or habitat of the
        endangered species or threatened species; and
          (C) the Secretary complies with any applicable guidelines
        specified in any management or recovery plan described in
        subparagraph (A).
    (b) Relation to agency plans
      An authorized hazardous fuel reduction project shall be conducted
    consistent with the resource management plan and other relevant
    administrative policies or decisions applicable to the Federal land
    covered by the project.
    (c) Acreage limitation
      Not more than a total of 20,000,000 acres of Federal land may be
    treated under authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects.
    (d) Exclusion of certain Federal land
      The Secretary may not conduct an authorized hazardous fuel
    reduction project that would occur on -
        (1) a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System;
        (2) Federal land on which the removal of vegetation is
      prohibited or restricted by Act of Congress or Presidential
      proclamation (including the applicable implementation plan); or
        (3) a Wilderness Study Area.
    (e) Old growth stands
      (1) Definitions
        In this subsection and subsection (f):
        (A) Applicable period
          The term "applicable period" means -
            (i) the 2-year period beginning on December 3, 2003; or
            (ii) in the case of a resource management plan that the
          Secretary is in the process of revising as of December 3,
          2003, the 3-year period beginning on December 3, 2003.
        (B) Covered project
          The term "covered project" means an authorized hazardous fuel
        reduction project carried out on land described in paragraph
        (1), (2), (3), or (5) of subsection (a).
        (C) Management direction
          The term "management direction" means definitions,
        designations, standards, guidelines, goals, or objectives
        established for an old growth stand under a resource management
        plan developed in accordance with applicable law, including
        section 1604(g)(3)(B) of this title.
        (D) Old growth stand
          The term "old growth stand" has the meaning given the term
        under management direction used pursuant to paragraphs (3) and
        (4), based on the structure and composition characteristic of
        the forest type, and in accordance with applicable law,
        including section 1604(g)(3)(B) of this title.
      (2) Project requirements
        In carrying out a covered project, the Secretary shall fully
      maintain, or contribute toward the restoration of, the structure
      and composition of old growth stands according to the pre-fire
      suppression old growth conditions characteristic of the forest
      type, taking into account the contribution of the stand to
      landscape fire adaptation and watershed health, and retaining the
      large trees contributing to old growth structure.
      (3) Newer management direction
        (A) In general
          If the management direction for an old growth stand was
        established on or after December 15, 1993, the Secretary shall
        meet the requirements of paragraph (2) in carrying out a
        covered project by implementing the management direction.
        (B) Amendments or revisions
          Any amendment or revision to management direction for which
        final administrative approval is granted after December 3,
        2003, shall be consistent with paragraph (2) for the purpose of
        carrying out covered projects.
      (4) Older management direction
        (A) In general
          If the management direction for an old growth stand was
        established before December 15, 1993, the Secretary shall meet
        the requirements of paragraph (2) in carrying out a covered
        project during the applicable period by implementing the
        management direction.
        (B) Review required
          Subject to subparagraph (C), during the applicable period for
        management direction referred to in subparagraph (A), the
        Secretary shall -
            (i) review the management direction for affected covered
          projects, taking into account any relevant scientific
          information made available since the adoption of the
          management direction; and
            (ii) amend the management direction for affected covered
          projects to be consistent with paragraph (2), if necessary to
          reflect relevant scientific information the Secretary did not
          consider in formulating the management direction.
        (C) Review not completed
          If the Secretary does not complete the review of the
        management direction in accordance with subparagraph (B) before
        the end of the applicable period, the Secretary shall not carry
        out any portion of affected covered projects in stands that are
        identified as old growth stands (based on substantial
        supporting evidence) by any person during scoping, within the
        period -
            (i) beginning at the close of the applicable period for the
          management direction governing the affected covered projects;
          and
            (ii) ending on the earlier of -
              (I) the date the Secretary completes the action required
            by subparagraph (B) for the management direction applicable
            to the affected covered projects; or
              (II) the date on which the acreage limitation specified
            in subsection (c) (as that limitation may be adjusted by a
            subsequent Act of Congress) is reached.
      (5) Limitation to covered projects
        Nothing in this subsection requires the Secretary to revise or
      otherwise amend a resource management plan to make the project
      requirements of paragraph (2) apply to an activity other than a
      covered project.
    (f) Large tree retention
      (1) In general
        Except in old growth stands where the management direction is
      consistent with subsection (e)(2), the Secretary shall carry out
      a covered project in a manner that -
          (A) focuses largely on small diameter trees, thinning,
        strategic fuel breaks, and prescribed fire to modify fire
        behavior, as measured by the projected reduction of
        uncharacteristically severe wildfire effects for the forest
        type (such as adverse soil impacts, tree mortality or other
        impacts); and
          (B) maximizes the retention of large trees, as appropriate
        for the forest type, to the extent that the trees promote fire-
        resilient stands.
      (2) Wildfire risk
        Nothing in this subsection prevents achievement of the purposes
      described in section 6501(1) of this title.
    (g) Monitoring and assessing forest and rangeland health
      (1) In general
        For each Forest Service administrative region and each Bureau
      of Land Management State Office, the Secretary shall -
          (A) monitor the results of a representative sample of the
        projects authorized under this subchapter for each management
        unit; and
          (B) not later than 5 years after December 3, 2003, and each 5
        years thereafter, issue a report that includes -
            (i) an evaluation of the progress towards project goals;
          and
            (ii) recommendations for modifications to the projects and
          management treatments.
      (2) Consistency of projects with recommendations
        An authorized hazardous fuel reduction project approved
      following the issuance of a monitoring report shall, to the
      maximum extent practicable, be consistent with any applicable
      recommendations in the report.
      (3) Similar vegetation types
        The results of a monitoring report shall be made available for
      use (if appropriate) in an authorized hazardous fuels reduction
      project conducted in a similar vegetation type on land under the
      jurisdiction of the Secretary.
      (4) Monitoring and assessments
        Monitoring and assessment shall include a description of the
      changes in condition class, using the Fire Regime Condition Class
      Guidebook or successor guidance, specifically comparing end
      results to -
          (A) pretreatment conditions;
          (B) historical fire regimes; and
          (C) any applicable watershed or landscape goals or objectives
        in the resource management plan or other relevant direction.
      (5) Multiparty monitoring
        (A) In general
          In an area where significant interest is expressed in
        multiparty monitoring, the Secretary shall establish a
        multiparty monitoring, evaluation, and accountability process
        in order to assess the positive or negative ecological and
        social effects of authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects
        and projects conducted pursuant to section 6554 of this title.
        (B) Diverse stakeholders
          The Secretary shall include diverse stakeholders (including
        interested citizens and Indian tribes) in the process required
        under subparagraph (A).
        (C) Funding
          Funds to carry out this paragraph may be derived from
        operations funds for projects described in subparagraph (A).
      (6) Collection of monitoring data
        The Secretary may collect monitoring data by entering into
      cooperative agreements or contracts with, or providing grants to,
      small or micro-businesses, cooperatives, nonprofit organizations,
      Youth Conservation Corps work crews, or related State, local, and
      other non-Federal conservation corps.
      (7) Tracking
        For each administrative unit, the Secretary shall track acres
      burned, by the degree of severity, by large wildfires (as defined
      by the Secretary).
      (8) Monitoring and maintenance of treated areas
        The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, develop
      a process for monitoring the need for maintenance of treated
      areas, over time, in order to preserve the forest health benefits
      achieved.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 102, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1892.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6513                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6513. Prioritization
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      In accordance with the Implementation Plan, the Secretary shall
    develop an annual program of work for Federal land that gives
    priority to authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects that
    provide for the protection of at-risk communities or watersheds or
    that implement community wildfire protection plans.
    (b) Collaboration
      (1) In general
        The Secretary shall consider recommendations under subsection
      (a) that are made by at-risk communities that have developed
      community wildfire protection plans.
      (2) Exemption
        The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not
      apply to the planning process and recommendations concerning
      community wildfire protection plans.
    (c) Administration
      (1) In general
        Federal agency involvement in developing a community wildfire
      protection plan, or a recommendation made in a community wildfire
      protection plan, shall not be considered a Federal agency action
      under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C.
      4321 et seq.).
      (2) Compliance
        In implementing authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects on
      Federal land, the Secretary shall, in accordance with section
      6514 of this title, comply with the National Environmental Policy
      Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
    (d) Funding allocation
      (1) Federal land
        (A) In general
          Subject to subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall use not less
        than 50 percent of the funds allocated for authorized hazardous
        fuel reduction projects in the wildland-urban interface.
        (B) Applicability and allocation
          The funding allocation in subparagraph (A) shall apply at the
        national level. The Secretary may allocate the proportion of
        funds differently than is required under subparagraph (A)
        within individual management units as appropriate, in
        particular to conduct authorized hazardous fuel reduction
        projects on land described in section 6512(a)(4) of this title.
        (C) Wildland-urban interface
          In the case of an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project
        for which a decision notice is issued during the 1-year period
        beginning on December 3, 2003, the Secretary shall use existing
        definitions of the term "wildland-urban interface" rather than
        the definition of that term provided under section 6511 of this
        title.
      (2) Non-Federal land
        (A) In general
          In providing financial assistance under any provision of law
        for hazardous fuel reduction projects on non-Federal land, the
        Secretary shall consider recommendations made by at-risk
        communities that have developed community wildfire protection
        plans.
        (B) Priority
          In allocating funding under this paragraph, the Secretary
        should, to the maximum extent practicable, give priority to
        communities that have adopted a community wildfire protection
        plan or have taken proactive measures to encourage willing
        property owners to reduce fire risk on private property.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 103, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1896.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec.
    (b)(2), is Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, as amended,
    which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government
    Organization and Employees.
      The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in
    subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 91-190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, as
    amended, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (Sec. 4321 et
    seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6514                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6514. Environmental analysis
-STATUTE-
    (a) Authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects
      Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the Secretary
    shall conduct authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects in
    accordance with -
        (1) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 [42 U.S.C.
      4321 et seq.]; and
        (2) other applicable laws.
    (b) Environmental assessment or environmental impact statement
      The Secretary shall prepare an environmental assessment or an
    environmental impact statement pursuant to section 102(2) of the
    National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)) for
    each authorized hazardous fuel reduction project.
    (c) Consideration of alternatives
      (1) In general
        Except as provided in subsection (d), in the environmental
      assessment or environmental impact statement prepared under
      subsection (b), the Secretary shall study, develop, and describe -
          (A) the proposed agency action;
          (B) the alternative of no action; and
          (C) an additional action alternative, if the additional
        alternative -
            (i) is proposed during scoping or the collaborative process
          under subsection (f); and
            (ii) meets the purpose and need of the project, in
          accordance with regulations promulgated by the Council on
          Environmental Quality.
      (2) Multiple additional alternatives
        If more than 1 additional alternative is proposed under
      paragraph (1)(C), the Secretary shall -
          (A) select which additional alternative to consider, which is
        a choice that is in the sole discretion of the Secretary; and
          (B) provide a written record describing the reasons for the
        selection.
    (d) Alternative analysis process for projects in wildland-urban
      interface
      (1) Proposed agency action and 1 action alternative
        For an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project that is
      proposed to be conducted in the wildland-urban interface, the
      Secretary is not required to study, develop, or describe more
      than the proposed agency action and 1 action alternative in the
      environmental assessment or environmental impact statement
      prepared pursuant to section 102(2) of the National Environmental
      Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)).
      (2) Proposed agency action
        Notwithstanding paragraph (1), but subject to paragraph (3), if
      an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project proposed to be
      conducted in the wildland-urban interface is located no further
      than 1 1/2  miles from the boundary of an at-risk community, the
      Secretary is not required to study, develop, or describe any
      alternative to the proposed agency action in the environmental
      assessment or environmental impact statement prepared pursuant to
      section 102(2) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
      (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)).
      (3) Proposed agency action and community wildfire protection plan
        alternative
        In the case of an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project
      described in paragraph (2), if the at-risk community has adopted
      a community wildfire protection plan and the proposed agency
      action does not implement the recommendations in the plan
      regarding the general location and basic method of treatments,
      the Secretary shall evaluate the recommendations in the plan as
      an alternative to the proposed agency action in the environmental
      assessment or environmental impact statement prepared pursuant to
      section 102(2) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
      (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)).
    (e) Public notice and meeting
      (1) Public notice
        The Secretary shall provide notice of each authorized hazardous
      fuel reduction project in accordance with applicable regulations
      and administrative guidelines.
      (2) Public meeting
        During the preparation stage of each authorized hazardous fuel
      reduction project, the Secretary shall -
          (A) conduct a public meeting at an appropriate location
        proximate to the administrative unit of the Federal land on
        which the authorized hazardous fuel reduction project will be
        conducted; and
          (B) provide advance notice of the location, date, and time of
        the meeting.
    (f) Public collaboration
      In order to encourage meaningful public participation during
    preparation of authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects, the
    Secretary shall facilitate collaboration among State and local
    governments and Indian tribes, and participation of interested
    persons, during the preparation of each authorized fuel reduction
    project in a manner consistent with the Implementation Plan.
    (g) Environmental analysis and public comment
      In accordance with section 102(2) of the National Environmental
    Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)) and the applicable
    regulations and administrative guidelines, the Secretary shall
    provide an opportunity for public comment during the preparation of
    any environmental assessment or environmental impact statement for
    an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project.
    (h) Decision document
      The Secretary shall sign a decision document for authorized
    hazardous fuel reduction projects and provide notice of the final
    agency actions.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 104, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1897.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in
    subsec. (a)(1), is Pub. L. 91-190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, as
    amended, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (Sec. 4321 et
    seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6515                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6515. Special administrative review process
-STATUTE-
    (a) Interim final regulations
      (1) In general
        Not later than 30 days after December 3, 2003, the Secretary of
      Agriculture shall promulgate interim final regulations to
      establish a predecisional administrative review process for the
      period described in paragraph (2) that will serve as the sole
      means by which a person can seek administrative review regarding
      an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project on Forest Service
      land.
      (2) Period
        The predecisional administrative review process required under
      paragraph (1) shall occur during the period -
          (A) beginning after the completion of the environmental
        assessment or environmental impact statement; and
          (B) ending not later than the date of the issuance of the
        final decision approving the project.
      (3) Eligibility
        To be eligible to participate in the administrative review
      process for an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project under
      paragraph (1), a person shall submit to the Secretary, during
      scoping or the public comment period for the draft environmental
      analysis for the project, specific written comments that relate
      to the proposed action.
      (4) Effective date
        The interim final regulations promulgated under paragraph (1)
      shall take effect on the date of promulgation of the regulations.
    (b) Final regulations
      The Secretary shall promulgate final regulations to establish the
    process described in subsection (a)(1) after the interim final
    regulations have been published and reasonable time has been
    provided for public comment.
    (c) Administrative review
      (1) In general
        A person may bring a civil action challenging an authorized
      hazardous fuel reduction project in a Federal district court only
      if the person has challenged the authorized hazardous fuel
      reduction project by exhausting -
          (A) the administrative review process established by the
        Secretary of Agriculture under this section; or
          (B) the administrative hearings and appeals procedures
        established by the Department of the Interior.
      (2) Issues
        An issue may be considered in the judicial review of an action
      under section 6516 of this title only if the issue was raised in
      an administrative review process described in paragraph (1).
      (3) Exception
        (A) In general
          An exception to the requirement of exhausting the
        administrative review process before seeking judicial review
        shall be available if a Federal court finds that the futility
        or inadequacy exception applies to a specific plaintiff or
        claim.
        (B) Information
          If an agency fails or is unable to make information timely
        available during the administrative review process, a court
        should evaluate whether the administrative review process was
        inadequate for claims or issues to which the information is
        material.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1899.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6516                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6516. Judicial review in United States district courts
-STATUTE-
    (a) Venue
      Notwithstanding section 1391 of title 28 or other applicable law,
    an authorized hazardous fuels reduction project conducted under
    this subchapter shall be subject to judicial review only in the
    United States district court for a district in which the Federal
    land to be treated under the authorized hazardous fuels reduction
    project is located.
    (b) Expeditious completion of judicial review
      In the judicial review of an action challenging an authorized
    hazardous fuel reduction project under subsection (a), Congress
    encourages a court of competent jurisdiction to expedite, to the
    maximum extent practicable, the proceedings in the action with the
    goal of rendering a final determination on jurisdiction, and (if
    jurisdiction exists) a final determination on the merits, as soon
    as practicable after the date on which a complaint or appeal is
    filed to initiate the action.
    (c) Injunctions
      (1) In general
        Subject to paragraph (2), the length of any preliminary
      injunctive relief and stays pending appeal covering an authorized
      hazardous fuel reduction project carried out under this
      subchapter shall not exceed 60 days.
      (2) Renewal
        (A) In general
          A court of competent jurisdiction may issue 1 or more
        renewals of any preliminary injunction, or stay pending appeal,
        granted under paragraph (1).
        (B) Updates
          In each renewal of an injunction in an action, the parties to
        the action shall present the court with updated information on
        the status of the authorized hazardous fuel reduction project.
      (3) Balancing of short- and long-term effects
        As part of its weighing the equities while considering any
      request for an injunction that applies to an agency action under
      an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project, the court
      reviewing the project shall balance the impact to the ecosystem
      likely affected by the project of -
          (A) the short- and long-term effects of undertaking the
        agency action; against
          (B) the short- and long-term effects of not undertaking the
        agency action.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 106, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1900.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6517                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6517. Effect of subchapter
-STATUTE-
    (a) Other authority
      Nothing in this subchapter affects, or otherwise biases, the use
    by the Secretary of other statutory or administrative authority
    (including categorical exclusions adopted to implement the National
    Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)) to
    conduct a hazardous fuel reduction project on Federal land
    (including Federal land identified in section 6512(d) of this
    title) that is not conducted using the process authorized by
    section 6514 of this title.
    (b) National Forest System
      For projects and activities of the National Forest System other
    than authorized hazardous fuel reduction projects, nothing in this
    subchapter affects, or otherwise biases, the notice, comment, and
    appeal procedures for projects and activities of the National
    Forest System contained in part 215 of title 36, Code of Federal
    Regulations, or the consideration or disposition of any legal
    action brought with respect to the procedures.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 107, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1900.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in
    subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 91-190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, as
    amended, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (Sec. 4321 et
    seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6518                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER I - HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ON FEDERAL LAND
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6518. Authorization of appropriations
-STATUTE-
      There is authorized to be appropriated $760,000,000 for each
    fiscal year to carry out -
        (1) activities authorized by this subchapter; and
        (2) other hazardous fuel reduction activities of the Secretary,
      including making grants to States, local governments, Indian
      tribes, and other eligible recipients for activities authorized
      by law.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title I, Sec. 108, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1901.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER II - BIOMASS                              01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER II - BIOMASS
-HEAD-
                          SUBCHAPTER II - BIOMASS
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6531                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER II - BIOMASS
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6531. Biomass commercial utilization grant program
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      In addition to any other authority of the Secretary of
    Agriculture to make grants to a person that owns or operates a
    facility that uses biomass as a raw material to produce electric
    energy, sensible heat, transportation fuel, or substitutes for
    petroleum-based products, the Secretary may make grants to a person
    that owns or operates a facility that uses biomass for wood-based
    products or other commercial purposes to offset the costs incurred
    to purchase biomass.
    (b) Authorization of appropriations
      There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section
    $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2008.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title II, Sec. 203, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1902.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE       01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
              SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6541                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6541. Findings and purposes
-STATUTE-
    (a) Findings
      Congress finds that -
        (1) there has been a dramatic shift in public attitudes and
      perceptions about forest management, particularly in the
      understanding and practice of sustainable forest management;
        (2) it is commonly recognized that the proper stewardship of
      forest land is essential to sustaining and restoring the health
      of watersheds;
        (3) forests can provide essential ecological services in
      filtering pollutants, buffering important rivers and estuaries,
      and minimizing flooding, which makes forest restoration worthy of
      special focus; and
        (4) strengthened education, technical assistance, and financial
      assistance for nonindustrial private forest landowners and
      communities, relating to the protection of watershed health, is
      needed to realize the expectations of the general public.
    (b) Purposes
      The purposes of this subchapter are -
        (1) to improve landowner and public understanding of the
      connection between forest management and watershed health;
        (2) to encourage landowners to maintain tree cover on property
      and to use tree plantings and vegetative treatments as creative
      solutions to watershed problems associated with varying land
      uses;
        (3) to enhance and complement forest management and buffer use
      for watersheds, with an emphasis on community watersheds;
        (4) to establish new partnerships and collaborative watershed
      approaches to forest management, stewardship, and conservation;
        (5) to provide technical and financial assistance to States to
      deliver a coordinated program that enhances State forestry best-
      management practices programs, and conserves and improves
      forested land and potentially forested land, through technical,
      financial, and educational assistance to qualifying individuals
      and entities; and
        (6) to maximize the proper management and conservation of
      wetland forests and to assist in the restoration of those
      forests.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title III, Sec. 301, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1902.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original
    "this title", meaning title III of Pub. L. 108-148, Dec. 3, 2003,
    117 Stat. 1902, which enacted this subchapter and section 2103b of
    this title. For complete classification of title III to the Code,
    see Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6542                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER III - WATERSHED FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6542. Tribal watershed forestry assistance
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      The Secretary of Agriculture (referred to in this section as the
    "Secretary"), acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall
    provide technical, financial, and related assistance to Indian
    tribes for the purpose of expanding tribal stewardship capacities
    and activities through tribal forestry best-management practices
    and other means at the tribal level to address watershed issues on
    land under the jurisdiction of or administered by the Indian
    tribes.
    (b) Technical assistance to protect water quality
      (1) In general
        The Secretary, in cooperation with Indian tribes, shall develop
      a program to provide technical assistance to protect water
      quality, as described in paragraph (2).
      (2) Purpose of program
        The program under this subsection shall be designed -
          (A) to build and strengthen watershed partnerships that focus
        on forested landscapes at the State, regional, tribal, and
        local levels;
          (B) to provide tribal forestry best-management practices and
        water quality technical assistance directly to Indian tribes;
          (C) to provide technical guidance to tribal land managers and
        policy makers for water quality protection through forest
        management;
          (D) to complement tribal efforts to protect water quality and
        provide enhanced opportunities for consultation and cooperation
        among Federal agencies and tribal entities charged with
        responsibility for water and watershed management; and
          (E) to provide enhanced forest resource data and support for
        improved implementation and monitoring of tribal forestry best-
        management practices.
    (c) Watershed forestry program
      (1) In general
        The Secretary shall establish a watershed forestry program in
      cooperation with Indian tribes.
      (2) Programs and projects
        Funds or other support provided under the program shall be made
      available for tribal forestry best-management practices programs
      and watershed forestry projects.
      (3) Annual awards
        The Secretary shall annually make awards to Indian tribes to
      carry out this subsection.
      (4) Project elements and objectives
        A watershed forestry project shall accomplish critical forest
      stewardship, watershed protection, and restoration needs within
      land under the jurisdiction of or administered by an Indian tribe
      by demonstrating the value of trees and forests to watershed
      health and condition through -
          (A) the use of trees as solutions to water quality problems;
          (B) application of and dissemination of monitoring
        information on forestry best-management practices relating to
        watershed forestry;
          (C) watershed-scale forest management activities and
        conservation planning;
          (D) the restoration of wetland and stream-side forests and
        the establishment of riparian vegetative buffers; and
          (E) tribal-based planning, involvement, and action through
        State, tribal, local, and nonprofit partnerships.
      (5) Prioritization
        An Indian tribe that participates in the program under this
      subsection shall prioritize watersheds in land under the
      jurisdiction of or administered by the Indian tribe to target
      watershed forestry projects funded under this subsection.
      (6) Watershed forester
        The Secretary may provide to Indian tribes under this section
      financial and technical assistance to establish a position of
      tribal forester to lead tribal programs and coordinate small
      watershed-level projects.
    (d) Distribution
      The Secretary shall devote -
        (1) at least 75 percent of the funds made available for a
      fiscal year under subsection (e) to the program under subsection
      (c); and
        (2) the remainder of the funds to deliver technical assistance,
      education, and planning in the field to Indian tribes.
    (e) Authorization of appropriations
      There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section
    $2,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2008.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title III, Sec. 303, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1905.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED
           DISEASES                                        01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
         SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6551                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6551. Findings and purpose
-STATUTE-
    (a) Findings
      Congress finds that -
        (1) high levels of tree mortality resulting from insect
      infestation (including the interaction between insects and
      diseases) may result in -
          (A) increased fire risk;
          (B) loss of old trees and old growth;
          (C) loss of threatened and endangered species;
          (D) loss of species diversity;
          (E) degraded watershed conditions;
          (F) increased potential for damage from other agents of
        disturbance, including exotic, invasive species; and
          (G) decreased timber values;
        (2)(A) forest-damaging insects destroy hundreds of thousands of
      acres of trees each year;
        (B) in the West, more than 21,000,000 acres are at high risk of
      forest-damaging insect infestation, and in the South, more than
      57,000,000 acres are at risk across all land ownerships; and
        (C) severe drought conditions in many areas of the South and
      West will increase the risk of forest-damaging insect
      infestations;
        (3) the hemlock woolly adelgid is -
          (A) destroying streamside forests throughout the mid-Atlantic
        and Appalachian regions;
          (B) threatening water quality and sensitive aquatic species;
        and
          (C) posing a potential threat to valuable commercial timber
        land in northern New England;
        (4)(A) the emerald ash borer is a nonnative, invasive pest that
      has quickly become a major threat to hardwood forests because an
      emerald ash borer infestation is almost always fatal to affected
      trees; and
        (B) the emerald ash borer pest threatens to destroy more than
      692,000,000 ash trees in forests in Michigan and Ohio alone, and
      between 5 and 10 percent of urban street trees in the Upper
      Midwest;
        (5)(A) epidemic populations of Southern pine beetles are
      ravaging forests in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
      Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
      and Virginia; and
        (B) in 2001, Florida and Kentucky experienced 146 percent and
      111 percent increases, respectively, in Southern pine beetle
      populations;
        (6) those epidemic outbreaks of Southern pine beetles have
      forced private landowners to harvest dead and dying trees, in
      rural areas and increasingly urbanized settings;
        (7) according to the Forest Service, recent outbreaks of the
      red oak borer in Arkansas and Missouri have been unprecedented,
      with more than 1,000,000 acres infested at population levels
      never seen before;
        (8) much of the damage from the red oak borer has taken place
      in national forests, and the Federal response has been inadequate
      to protect forest ecosystems and other ecological and economic
      resources;
        (9)(A) previous silvicultural assessments, while useful and
      informative, have been limited in scale and scope of application;
      and
        (B) there have not been sufficient resources available to
      adequately test a full array of individual and combined applied
      silvicultural assessments;
        (10) only through the full funding, development, and assessment
      of potential applied silvicultural assessments over specific time
      frames across an array of environmental and climatic conditions
      can the most innovative and cost effective management
      applications be determined that will help reduce the
      susceptibility of forest ecosystems to attack by forest pests;
        (11)(A) often, there are significant interactions between
      insects and diseases;
        (B) many diseases (such as white pine blister rust, beech bark
      disease, and many other diseases) can weaken trees and forest
      stands and predispose trees and forest stands to insect attack;
      and
        (C) certain diseases are spread using insects as vectors
      (including Dutch elm disease and pine pitch canker); and
        (12) funding and implementation of an initiative to combat
      forest pest infestations and associated diseases should not come
      at the expense of supporting other programs and initiatives of
      the Secretary.
    (b) Purposes
      The purposes of this subchapter are -
        (1) to require the Secretary to develop an accelerated basic
      and applied assessment program to combat infestations by forest-
      damaging insects and associated diseases;
        (2) to enlist the assistance of colleges and universities
      (including forestry schools, land grant colleges and
      universities, and 1890 Institutions), State agencies, and private
      landowners to carry out the program; and
        (3) to carry out applied silvicultural assessments.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 401, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1907.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6552                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6552. Definitions
-STATUTE-
      In this subchapter:
      (1) Applied silvicultural assessment
        (A) In general
          The term "applied silvicultural assessment" means any
        vegetative or other treatment carried out for information
        gathering and research purposes.
        (B) Inclusions
          The term "applied silvicultural assessment" includes timber
        harvesting, thinning, prescribed burning, pruning, and any
        combination of those activities.
      (2) 1890 Institution
        (A) In general
          The term "1890 Institution" means a college or university
        that is eligible to receive funds under the Act of August 30,
        1890 (7 U.S.C. 321 et seq.).
        (B) Inclusion
          The term "1890 Institution" includes Tuskegee University.
      (3) Forest-damaging insect
        The term "forest-damaging insect" means -
          (A) a Southern pine beetle;
          (B) a mountain pine beetle;
          (C) a spruce bark beetle;
          (D) a gypsy moth;
          (E) a hemlock woolly adelgid;
          (F) an emerald ash borer;
          (G) a red oak borer;
          (H) a white oak borer; and
          (I) such other insects as may be identified by the Secretary.
      (4) Secretary
        The term "Secretary" means -
          (A) the Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the Forest
        Service, with respect to National Forest System land; and
          (B) the Secretary of the Interior, acting through appropriate
        offices of the United States Geological Survey, with respect to
        federally owned land administered by the Secretary of the
        Interior.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 402, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1908.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Act of August 30, 1890, referred to in par. (2)(A), is act
    Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 841, 26 Stat. 417, as amended, popularly known
    as the Agricultural College Act of 1890 and also as the Second
    Morrill Act, which is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec.
    321 et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 321 of Title 7 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6553                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6553. Accelerated information gathering regarding forest-
      damaging insects
-STATUTE-
    (a) Information gathering
      The Secretary, acting through the Forest Service and United
    States Geological Survey, as appropriate, shall establish an
    accelerated program -
        (1) to plan, conduct, and promote comprehensive and systematic
      information gathering on forest-damaging insects and associated
      diseases, including an evaluation of -
          (A) infestation prevention and suppression methods;
          (B) effects of infestations and associated disease
        interactions on forest ecosystems;
          (C) restoration of forest ecosystem efforts;
          (D) utilization options regarding infested trees; and
          (E) models to predict the occurrence, distribution, and
        impact of outbreaks of forest-damaging insects and associated
        diseases;
        (2) to assist land managers in the development of treatments
      and strategies to improve forest health and reduce the
      susceptibility of forest ecosystems to severe infestations of
      forest-damaging insects and associated diseases on Federal land
      and State and private land; and
        (3) to disseminate the results of the information gathering,
      treatments, and strategies.
    (b) Cooperation and assistance
      The Secretary shall -
        (1) establish and carry out the program in cooperation with -
          (A) scientists from colleges and universities (including
        forestry schools, land grant colleges and universities, and
        1890 Institutions);
          (B) Federal, State, and local agencies; and
          (C) private and industrial landowners; and
        (2) designate such colleges and universities to assist in
      carrying out the program.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 403, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1909.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6554                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6554. Applied silvicultural assessments
-STATUTE-
    (a) Assessment efforts
      For information gathering and research purposes, the Secretary
    may conduct applied silvicultural assessments on Federal land that
    the Secretary determines is at risk of infestation by, or is
    infested with, forest-damaging insects.
    (b) Limitations
      (1) Exclusion of certain areas
        Subsection (a) does not apply to -
          (A) a component of the National Wilderness Preservation
        System;
          (B) any Federal land on which, by Act of Congress or
        Presidential proclamation, the removal of vegetation is
        restricted or prohibited;
          (C) a congressionally-designated wilderness study area; or
          (D) an area in which activities under subsection (a) would be
        inconsistent with the applicable land and resource management
        plan.
      (2) Certain treatment prohibited
        Nothing in subsection (a) authorizes the application of
      insecticides in municipal watersheds or associated riparian
      areas.
      (3) Peer review
        (A) In general
          Before being carried out, each applied silvicultural
        assessment under this subchapter shall be peer reviewed by
        scientific experts selected by the Secretary, which shall
        include non-Federal experts.
        (B) Existing peer review processes
          The Secretary may use existing peer review processes to the
        extent the processes comply with subparagraph (A).
    (c) Public notice and comment
      (1) Public notice
        The Secretary shall provide notice of each applied
      silvicultural assessment proposed to be carried out under this
      section.
      (2) Public comment
        The Secretary shall provide an opportunity for public comment
      before carrying out an applied silviculture assessment under this
      section.
    (d) Categorical exclusion
      (1) In general
        Applied silvicultural assessment and research treatments
      carried out under this section on not more than 1,000 acres for
      an assessment or treatment may be categorically excluded from
      documentation in an environmental impact statement and
      environmental assessment under the National Environmental Policy
      Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
      (2) Administration
        Applied silvicultural assessments and research treatments
      categorically excluded under paragraph (1) -
          (A) shall not be carried out in an area that is adjacent to
        another area that is categorically excluded under paragraph (1)
        that is being treated with similar methods; and
          (B) shall be subject to the extraordinary circumstances
        procedures established by the Secretary pursuant to section
        1508.4 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.
      (3) Maximum categorical exclusion
        The total number of acres categorically excluded under
      paragraph (1) shall not exceed 250,000 acres.
      (4) No additional findings required
        In accordance with paragraph (1), the Secretary shall not be
      required to make any findings as to whether an applied
      silvicultural assessment project, either individually or
      cumulatively, has a significant effect on the environment.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 404, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1910.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in
    subsec. (d)(1), is Pub. L. 91-190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, as
    amended, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (Sec. 4321 et
    seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6555                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6555. Relation to other laws
-STATUTE-
      The authority provided to each Secretary under this subchapter is
    supplemental to, and not in lieu of, any authority provided to the
    Secretaries under any other law.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 405, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1911.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6556                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER IV - INSECT INFESTATIONS AND RELATED DISEASES
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6556. Authorization of appropriations
-STATUTE-
      There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are
    necessary to carry out this subchapter for each of fiscal years
    2004 through 2008.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title IV, Sec. 406, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1911.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM       01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
              SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6571                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6571. Establishment of healthy forests reserve program
-STATUTE-
    (a) Establishment
      The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish the healthy forests
    reserve program for the purpose of restoring and enhancing forest
    ecosystems -
        (1) to promote the recovery of threatened and endangered
      species;
        (2) to improve biodiversity; and
        (3) to enhance carbon sequestration.
    (b) Coordination
      The Secretary of Agriculture shall carry out the healthy forests
    reserve program in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior
    and the Secretary of Commerce.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 501, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1911.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6572                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6572. Eligibility and enrollment of lands in program
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      The Secretary of Agriculture, in coordination with the Secretary
    of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce, shall describe and
    define forest ecosystems that are eligible for enrollment in the
    healthy forests reserve program.
    (b) Eligibility
      To be eligible for enrollment in the healthy forests reserve
    program, land shall be -
        (1) private land the enrollment of which will restore, enhance,
      or otherwise measurably increase the likelihood of recovery of a
      species listed as endangered or threatened under section 1533 of
      this title; and
        (2) private land the enrollment of which will restore, enhance,
      or otherwise measurably improve the well-being of species that -
          (A) are not listed as endangered or threatened under section
        1533 of this title; but
          (B) are candidates for such listing, State-listed species, or
        special concern species.
    (c) Other considerations
      In enrolling land that satisfies the criteria under subsection
    (b), the Secretary of Agriculture shall give additional
    consideration to land the enrollment of which will -
        (1) improve biological diversity; and
        (2) increase carbon sequestration.
    (d) Enrollment by willing owners
      The Secretary of Agriculture shall enroll land in the healthy
    forests reserve program only with the consent of the owner of the
    land.
    (e) Maximum enrollment
      The total number of acres enrolled in the healthy forests reserve
    program shall not exceed 2,000,000 acres.
    (f) Methods of enrollment
      (1) In general
        Land may be enrolled in the healthy forests reserve program in
      accordance with -
          (A) a 10-year cost-share agreement;
          (B) a 30-year easement; or
          (C) an easement of not more than 99 years.
      (2) Proportion
        The extent to which each enrollment method is used shall be
      based on the approximate proportion of owner interest expressed
      in that method in comparison to the other methods.
    (g) Enrollment priority
      (1) Species
        The Secretary of Agriculture shall give priority to the
      enrollment of land that provides the greatest conservation
      benefit to -
          (A) primarily, species listed as endangered or threatened
        under section 1533 of this title; and
          (B) secondarily, species that -
            (i) are not listed as endangered or threatened under
          section 1533 of this title; but
            (ii) are candidates for such listing, State-listed species,
          or special concern species.
      (2) Cost-effectiveness
        The Secretary of Agriculture shall also consider the cost-
      effectiveness of each agreement or easement, and associated
      restoration plans, so as to maximize the environmental benefits
      per dollar expended.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 502, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1911.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6573                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6573. Restoration plans
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      Land enrolled in the healthy forests reserve program shall be
    subject to a restoration plan, to be developed jointly by the
    landowner and the Secretary of Agriculture, in coordination with
    the Secretary of (!1) Interior.
    (b) Practices
      The restoration plan shall require such restoration practices as
    are necessary to restore and enhance habitat for -
        (1) species listed as endangered or threatened under section
      1533 of this title; and
        (2) animal or plant species before the species reach threatened
      or endangered status, such as candidate, State-listed species,
      and special concern species.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 503, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1912.)
-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) So in original. Probably should be "of the".
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6574                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6574. Financial assistance
-STATUTE-
    (a) Easements of not more than 99 years
      In the case of land enrolled in the healthy forests reserve
    program using an easement of not more than 99 years described in
    section 6572(f)(1)(C) of this title, the Secretary of Agriculture
    shall pay the owner of the land an amount equal to not less than 75
    percent, nor more than 100 percent, of (as determined by the
    Secretary) -
        (1) the fair market value of the enrolled land during the
      period the land is subject to the easement, less the fair market
      value of the land encumbered by the easement; and
        (2) the actual costs of the approved conservation practices or
      the average cost of approved practices carried out on the land
      during the period in which the land is subject to the easement.
    (b) Thirty-year easement
      In the case of land enrolled in the healthy forests reserve
    program using a 30-year easement, the Secretary of Agriculture
    shall pay the owner of the land an amount equal to not more than
    (as determined by the Secretary) -
        (1) 75 percent of the fair market value of the land, less the
      fair market value of the land encumbered by the easement; and
        (2) 75 percent of the actual costs of the approved conservation
      practices or 75 percent of the average cost of approved
      practices.
    (c) Ten-year agreement
      In the case of land enrolled in the healthy forests reserve
    program using a 10-year cost-share agreement, the Secretary of
    Agriculture shall pay the owner of the land an amount equal to not
    more than (as determined by the Secretary) -
        (1) fifty percent of the actual costs of the approved
      conservation practices; or
        (2) fifty percent of the average cost of approved practices.
    (d) Acceptance of contributions
      The Secretary of Agriculture may accept and use contributions of
    non-Federal funds to make payments under this section.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 504, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1913.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6575                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6575. Technical assistance
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      The Secretary of Agriculture shall provide landowners with
    technical assistance to assist the owners in complying with the
    terms of plans (as included in agreements or easements) under the
    healthy forests reserve program.
    (b) Technical service providers
      The Secretary of Agriculture may request the services of, and
    enter into cooperative agreements with, individuals or entities
    certified as technical service providers under section 3842 of this
    title, to assist the Secretary in providing technical assistance
    necessary to develop and implement the healthy forests reserve
    program.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 505, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1913.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6576                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6576. Protections and measures
-STATUTE-
    (a) Protections
      In the case of a landowner that enrolls land in the program and
    whose conservation activities result in a net conservation benefit
    for listed, candidate, or other species, the Secretary of
    Agriculture shall make available to the landowner safe harbor or
    similar assurances and protection under -
        (1) section 1536(b)(4) of this title; or
        (2) section 1539(a)(1) of this title.
    (b) Measures
      If protection under subsection (a) requires the taking of
    measures that are in addition to the measures covered by the
    applicable restoration plan agreed to under section 6573 of this
    title, the cost of the additional measures, as well as the cost of
    any permit, shall be considered part of the restoration plan for
    purposes of financial assistance under section 6574 of this title.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 506, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1914.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6577                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6577. Involvement by other agencies and organizations
-STATUTE-
      In carrying out this subchapter, the Secretary of Agriculture may
    consult with -
        (1) nonindustrial private forest landowners;
        (2) other Federal agencies;
        (3) State fish and wildlife agencies;
        (4) State forestry agencies;
        (5) State environmental quality agencies;
        (6) other State conservation agencies; and
        (7) nonprofit conservation organizations.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 507, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1914.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6578                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER V - HEALTHY FORESTS RESERVE PROGRAM
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6578. Authorization of appropriations
-STATUTE-
      There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this
    subchapter -
        (1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2004; and
        (2) such sums as are necessary for each of fiscal years 2005
      through 2008.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title V, Sec. 508, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1914.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC SUBCHAPTER VI - MISCELLANEOUS                        01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER VI - MISCELLANEOUS
-HEAD-
                       SUBCHAPTER VI - MISCELLANEOUS
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 6591                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 84 - HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION
    SUBCHAPTER VI - MISCELLANEOUS
-HEAD-
    Sec. 6591. Forest stands inventory and monitoring program to
      improve detection of and response to environmental threats
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      The Secretary of Agriculture shall carry out a comprehensive
    program to inventory, monitor, characterize, assess, and identify
    forest stands (with emphasis on hardwood forest stands) and
    potential forest stands -
        (1) in units of the National Forest System (other than those
      units created from the public domain); and
        (2) on private forest land, with the consent of the owner of
      the land.
    (b) Issues to be addressed
      In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall address issues
    including -
        (1) early detection, identification, and assessment of
      environmental threats (including insect, disease, invasive
      species, fire, and weather-related risks and other episodic
      events);
        (2) loss or degradation of forests;
        (3) degradation of the quality forest stands caused by
      inadequate forest regeneration practices;
        (4) quantification of carbon uptake rates; and
        (5) management practices that focus on preventing further
      forest degradation.
    (c) Early warning system
      In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall develop a
    comprehensive early warning system for potential catastrophic
    environmental threats to forests to increase the likelihood that
    forest managers will be able to -
        (1) isolate and treat a threat before the threat gets out of
      control; and
        (2) prevent epidemics, such as the American chestnut blight in
      the first half of the twentieth century, that could be
      environmentally and economically devastating to forests.
    (d) Authorization of appropriations
      There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section
    $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2008.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 108-148, title VI, Sec. 601, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat.
    1914.)
-End-