Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Donald E. Tillitt, Robert W. Gale, John C.
        Meadows, James L. Zajicek, Paul H. Peterman; U.S.
        Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division
      Originator: Silvia N. Heaton, Michigan State University
      Originator: Paul D. Jones, ESR Environmental
      Originator: Steven J. Bursian, Michigan State University
      Originator: Timothy J. Kubiak, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
      Originator:
        John P. Giesy, Institute for Environmental
        Technology
      Originator: Richard J. Aulerich, Michigan State University
      Publication_Date: 1996
      Title: Dietary Exposure of Mink to Carp from Saginaw Bay.
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Columbia, Missouri
        Publisher:
          U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
          Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center
          (formerly National Biological Service)
  Description:
    Abstract:
      In this study, mink (Mustela vison) were exposed
      to various amounts of carp (Cyprinus carpio)
      collected from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, MI, and
      the reproductive effects were observed.  In this
      portion of the study, quantification of the
      dioxin-like activity was estimated by two
      different methods.  One method was based on the
      relative potencies -Toxic Equivalency Factors
      (TEF) values- of individual Planar Halogenated
      Hydrocarbon (PHH) compounds and an additive model
      of toxicity to give toxic equivalents (TEQs).  The
      other method utilized an in vitro bioasssay of the
      complex mixtures of PHHs found in the samples to
      directly quantify dioxin-like potency and is
      reported as tetrapchlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD)-EQ.  This study was conducted to calibrate
      the HFIIE bioassay TCDD-EQ from an environmentally
      weathered PHH mixture to ecologically relevant end
      points in a sensitive species that occurs in the
      Great Lakes region.
    Purpose:
      The objectives of the present study were to (1)
      characterize the dietary exposure of the mink to
      PHHs; (2) compare an additive model of PHH
      toxicity (TEZs) with TCDD equivalents derived from
      the H4IIE bioassay (TCDD-EQs); (3) validate the
      use of the H4IIE boassay (TCDD-EQs); (4) assess
      the effect of these methods on the calculation of
      an estimated threshold dose (ETD) for reproductive
      toxicity in mink; and 4) determine
      biomagnification factors (BMFs) for PHHs from
      diets to mink livers which may be used in field
      risk assessments.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date: 19881202
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Description_of_Geographic_Extent: Saginaw Bay near the mouth of the Saginaw River
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -84
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -83
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 44
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 43
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: planar halogenated hydrocarbons
      Theme_Keyword: PCDDs
      Theme_Keyword: polychlorinated dibenzofurans
      Theme_Keyword: PCDFs
      Theme_Keyword: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      Theme_Keyword: PHHs
      Theme_Keyword: planar polychlorinated biphenyls
      Theme_Keyword: pPCBs
      Theme_Keyword: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
      Theme_Keyword: TCDD
      Theme_Keyword: additive toxicity
      Theme_Keyword: TEQs
      Theme_Keyword: TCDD-EQs
      Theme_Keyword:
        consumptive normalized mink liver biomagnification
        factors
      Theme_Keyword: BMFs
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: Saginaw Bay, MI
      Place_Keyword: Saginaw River
      Place_Keyword: Michigan
      Place_Keyword: MI
  Taxonomy:
    Taxonomic_Keywords: carp
    Taxonomic_Keywords: mink
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
        Kingdom: Animal
        Division-Phylum: Chordata
        Class: Mammalia
        Order: Carnivora
        Family: Mustelidae
        Genus: Mustela
        Species: Mustela vison
        Applicable_Common_Names: mink
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
        Kingdom: Animal
        Division-Phylum: Chordata
        Class: Actinopterygii
        Order: Cypriniformes
        Family: Cyprinidae
        Genus: Cyprinus
        Species: Cyprinus carpio
        Applicable_Common_Names: carp
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
          Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center
        Contact_Person: Donald Tillitt
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: 4200 New Haven Road
        City: Columbia
        State_or_Province: Missouri
        Postal_Code: 65201
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (573) 876-1886
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (573) 876-1896
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Donald_Tillitt@usgs.gov
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Donald E. Tillitt, Robert W. Gale, John C.
        Meadows, James L. Zajicek, Paul H. Peterman,
        Silvia N. Heaton, Paul D. Jones, Steven J.
        Bursian, Timothy J. Kubiak, John P. Giesy, and
        Richard J. Aulerich
      Publication_Date: 1996
      Title: Dietary exposure of mink to carp from Saginaw Bay.
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental Science and Technology
        Issue_Identification: Vol. 30, No. 1
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: unknown
        Publisher: American Chemical Society
      Other_Citation_Details: pp. 283 - 291.
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report: unknown
  Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable
  Completeness_Report: unknown
  Lineage:
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: Field
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: mink exposure
      Methodology_Description:
        Carp were collected by electrofishing in Saginaw
        Bay, Michigan, near the mouth of the Saginaw River
        on December 2, 1988.  Details of the preparation
        of diets and subsequent exposure of the mink were
        presented in Heaton et al.  Briefly, dietary
        exposures were 0, 10, 20, or 40% ground, cooked,
        Saginaw Bay carp mixed into a standard mink ration
        and fed ad libitum.  Each treatment group
        contained 3 males and 12 females.  Dietary
        exposures began approximately 52 days prior to
        breeding and 104 days prior to whelping of the
        kits.  Feed consumption and body weights of
        females were monitored weekly through the first 12
        weeks of the trial.  The study was continued until
        the kits were approximately 6 weeks old (day 182
        of exposure), at which time all remaining adult
        female mink were euthanized and necropsied.
        Livers were subsampled for biochemical and
        chemical analysis.
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Heaton, S.N.; Bursian, S.J.; Giesy, J.P.; Tillitt,
            D.E.; Render, J.A.; Jones, P.D.; Berbugge, D.A.;
            Kubiak, T.J.; Aulerich, R.J.
          Publication_Date: 1995
          Title:
            Dietary exposure of mink to carp from Saginaw Bay,
            Michigan. 1. Effects on reproduction and survival,
            and the potential risks to wild mink populations.
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
            Issue_Identification: 28
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 334-343
      Methodology_Type: Lab
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: H4IIE Bioassay and TEFs
      Methodology_Description:
        Extracts of the composite diets and individual
        livers were prepared and tested with the H4IIE
        bioassay as previously described.  H4IIE
        bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents (TCDD-EQ) were
        determined by comparison of ethoxyresorufin
        O-deethylase (EROD) induction in the
        extract-treated cells.  The H4IIE TEF values are
        those derived from testing in the bioassay.  The
        TEF values developed for risk assessment,
        international TEFs (I-TEFs), were arrived at
        through consensus of a wide variety of toxic end
        points and species.  Concentrations of PHHs in the
        diets and livers of mink were multiplied by their
        TEF value (both H4IIE TEFs and I-TEFs were
        evaluated) to obtain TCDD equivalents (TEQs) from
        the chemical analysis.  Concentrations less than
        detection limits were set to zero for the
        determination of TEQs.
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Tillitt, D.E.; Giesy, J.P.; Ankley, G.T.
          Publication_Date: 1991
          Title: unknown
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Arch. Environ. Sci. Technol.
            Issue_Identification: 25
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 87
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Tillitt, D.E.; Kubiak, T.J. Ankley, G.T.; Giesy,
            J.P.
          Publication_Date: 1993
          Title:
            Dioxin-like toxic potency in Forster's tern eggs
            from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, North America
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Chemosphere
            Issue_Identification: 26
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 2079-2084
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Tysklind, M.; Tillitt, D.; Eriksson, L.; Lundgren,
            K.; Rappe, C.
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title:
            A toxic equivalency factor scale for
            polychlorinated dibenzofurans
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.
            Issue_Identification: 22
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 277-285
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Ahlborg, U.G.; Brouwer, A.; Fingerhut, M.A.;
            Jacobson, J.L; Jacobson, S.W.; Kenedy, S.W.;
            Kettrup, A.A.F; Koeman, J.H>; Poiger, H.; Rappe,
            C.; Safe, S.H.; Seegal, R.F.; Tuomisto, J; van den
            Berg
          Publication_Date: 1992
          Title: Unknown
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name:
              Eur. J. Pharmacol. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
              Sect.
            Issue_Identification: 228
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 179
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Ahlborg,U.G.; Becking, G.C.; Birnbaum, L.S.;
            Brouwer, A.; Derks, H.J.G.M.; Feeley, M.; Golor,
            G.; Hanberg, A.; Larsen, J. C.; Liem, A.K.D.;
            Safe, S.H.; Schlatter, C.; Waern, F.; Younes, M.;
            Yrjanheikki, E.
          Publication_Date: 1994
          Title: unknown
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Chemosphere
            Issue_Identification: 28
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 1049
      Methodology_Type: Lab
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: chemical analysis
      Methodology_Description:
        Time-weighted composites of diets (based on the
        amount of time the mink were fed various batches
        of the diets) and composite samples of livers from
        adult females were analyzed for PCDDs, PCBs.
        Preparation of the samples included drying
        homogenates with sodium sulfate, extraction with
        dichloromethane, gravimetric lipid determination,
        reactive cleanup, gel permeation chromatography,
        and fractionation by carbon high pressure liquid
        chromatography (HPLC) as described previously
        (Feltz et al, 1995).
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Feltz, K.P.; Tillitt, D.E.; Gale, R.W.; Peterman,
            P.H.
          Publication_Date: 1995
          Title:
            Automated HPLC fractionation of PCDDs and PCDFs
            and planar and nonplanar PCBs on C18-dispersed
            PX-21carbon.
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Environ. Sci. Technol.
            Issue_Identification: 29
          Other_Citation_Details: pp. 709-718.
      Methodology_Type: Lab
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: chemical analysis
      Methodology_Description:
        The analytes were separated into four discrete
        fractions by dual HPLC columns of carbon dispersed
        on C18: (1) bulk and di-ortho-substituted PCBs;
        (2) non-ortho-substituted PCB's (3) PCDDs and
        PcDFs; and (4) mono-ortho-substituted PCBs (Feltz,
        et al 1995).
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Feltz, K.P.; Tillitt, D.E.; Gale, R.W.; Peterman,
            P.H.
          Publication_Date: 1995
          Title:
            Automated HPLC fractionation of PCDDs and PCDFs
            and planar and nonplanar PCBs on C18-dispersed
            PX-21carbon.
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Environ. Sci. Technol.
            Issue_Identification: 29
          Other_Citation_Details: pp. 709-718.
      Methodology_Type: Lab
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: chemical analysis
      Methodology_Description:
        Prior to extraction, each sample was spiked with
        13C labeled recovery standards for the
        non-ortho-substituted PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs.
        Analytes in fractions 1 and 4 were determined by
        capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron
        capture detection (GC-ECD, (Schwartz and Stalling,
        1991) analytes in fraction 2 of the diets were
        determined by GC/high-resolution mass spectrometry
        (HRMS) by modifications of the methods of Kuehl et
        al while analytes in fraction 2 from the liver
        samples were analyzed by GC-ECD and analytes in
        fraction 3 were determined by low-resolution mass
        spectrometry (LRMS). Due to the large amounts of
        2,3,4.7,8- pentachlorodibenofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PCDF)
        found in the diets and subsequently in the mink
        livers, confirmational analysis wsa performed by
        GC-LRMS using a 60 m x 250 micrometer SP-2331
        capillary column based on its ability to
        completely resolve 2,3,3,7,8-PCDF from other
        penta-CDF congeners (Ryan et al, 1991).
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Schwartz, T.R.; Stalling, D.L.
          Publication_Date: 1991
          Title:
            Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl
            residues and toxicologically active
            polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of
            Forster's terns (Sterna fosteri)
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
            Issue_Identification: 20
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 183-199
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Kuehl, D.; Butterworth, B.C.; Libal, J.; Marquis,
            P.
          Publication_Date: 1991
          Title: unknown
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Chemosphere
            Issue_Identification: 22
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 849.
      Methodology_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator:
            Ryan, J.J.; Conacher, H.; Panopio, L; Lau, B.;
            Hardy, J.; Masuda, Y.
          Publication_Date: Unknown
          Title: Unknown
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: J. Chromatogr.
            Issue_Identification: 541
          Other_Citation_Details: p. 131.
      Methodology_Type: Lab
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: biomagnification factors
      Methodology_Description:
        Mink livers BMFs were determined for all PHHs base
        on lipid-normalized analyte concentrations.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Comparisons among treatment groups were made by
        one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and
        differences among treatment means and PHH
        concentrations in cooked and raw carp were tested
        with Tukey's test (p < 0.05)
      Process_Date: 1995
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Based on local reference names.
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Entity studied - mink (Mustela vison); Associated attribute - chemical characterization of diets and
      adult mink livers; comparison of an additive model
      of toxicity
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: unknown
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
          Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center
        Contact_Person: Christopher Henke
      Contact_Position: Webmaster
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 4200 New Haven Rd
        City: Columbia
        State_or_Province: MO
        Postal_Code: 65201
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 573-875-5399
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 573-876-1896
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: chris_henke@usgs.gov
  Distribution_Liability:
    Although these data have been processed
    successfully on a computer system at the U.S.
    Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or
    implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility
    of the data on any other system or for general or
    scientific purposes, nor shall the act of
    distribution constitute any such warranty. This
    disclaimer applies both to individual use of the
    data and aggregate use with other data.  It is
    strongly recommended that these data are directly
    acquired from a U.S. Geological Survey server, and
    not indirectly through other sources which may
    have changed the data in some way.  It is also
    strongly recommended that careful attention be
    paid to the contents of the metadata file
    associated with these data.  The U.S. Geological
    Survey shall not be held liable for improper or
    incorrect use of the data described and/or
    contained herein.
  Custom_Order_Process: Please contact distributor.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 200004
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          Raytheon Information Technology and Scientific
          Services (ITSS)
        Contact_Person: Cheryl Solomon
      Contact_Position: Ecosystem Coordinator
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: 4500 Forbes Boulevard
        City: Lanham
        State_or_Province: MD
        Postal_Code: 20706
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301 794-3049
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301 794-3164
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: solomon@gcmd.nasa.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name:
    NBII Content Standard for National Biological
    Information Infrastructure Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: December 1995
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
  Metadata_Use_Constraints: None