152 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW APEIL 1937
At many eastern stations the clouds passed over, reducing .+!in# but not horizontal visibility. In the Dust Bowl vlsib ity was often reduced to zero at the height of the storm, schools were closed, flying schedules canceled, and railway and highway traffic seriously impeded. Near
Kingsdown, Kans., on the %th, a train WRS delayed several hours while the crew shoveled a dustdrift from the track. Immeasurable damage was done to growing wheat and other crops by the flying sand, and over 1arge.areas grass on the southwestern ranges was covered with dust and
made unfit for cattle. Widespread, moderate to substantial rains or snows near the end of the month greatly alleviated, though only temporarily, the dusty conditions over much of the Plains area and the Southwest, leaving those sections in a more promising situation than for many months.
April brought decidedly more than normal precipitation to most enstern and northeastern States, and to limited portions of the northern Great Plains and the far North- west, but a large western area, reaching from the Plains States westward to the Pacific Coast, received less than normal. Deficiencies were greatest in the southern Great Plains and the Southwest, with totals for the month rang-
ing from 19 percent of normal in Arizona to 32 in Texas
and up to 96 percent in Wyonling.
As a result of continued dryness, duststorms were again frequent, and dense dust was reported during the month from Texas and New Merrico northward to Montana and the Dakotas and from Colorado eastward to the Missis- sippi Valley, while light dust was noted from the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Atlantic Coast. The nuniher of days on which dusty conditions were reported varied widely at different stations, ranging from, one at Hnmptnn Roads, Va., to as many as 19 in portions of Kansas, w-lde in New Mexico strong winds prevailed throughout the month, and local duststorms occurred in some sections of
the State every day. At several Lake Region stations, c&fly in Wisconsin and Michigan, the presence of dust
in the atmosphere was shown by deposits of mud follow-
in showers.
sense dust was most frequent during the latter half of
the month and the dusty conditions in the Atlantic area
obtained near the close of April. Visibility during the storms ranged from zero to several miles; in numeroua instances i t was reduced to less than one mile for several hours-at Havre, Montana, zero visibility on the 13th lasted only 2 minutes, while a t Amarillo, Texas, on the 23d the duration was 2 hours. On the 6 4 t h strong northwest winds in New Mexico caused one of the most severe duststorms of the season; dust on the 6th was con- h e d to the extreme northeast corner of the State, but on the 7 4 t h it covered all sections between the Rio Grande River and the Colorado State line eastward and southward to Texas. Much damage was done to wheat and other crops in the central portion of this area. On the 28th visibility in northeastern New Mexico was reduced to 25 feet. In South Dakota duststorms were more numerous than usual and were reported from all sections during the month, especially in the western portion; they were most damaging from the 24th to the 26th. In western Kansas duststorms were especially severe on the 2, 7, 11, 12, 14,
16, 17, 22, 24, and 25th, though all parts of that section were not affected on each of these days. In the south- western counties the air was more or less Elled with dust on from 15 to 19 days of the month and wheat was severely damaged. In Colorado a storm on the 27th made driving estreniely dangerous and all air transportation was grounded due to poor visibility. Choun, describing the duststornis in Colorado during the month, says that the storm on the 27th, which covered practically the entire State, was comparable in severity to any during the past 2 years. Travel was hazardous and automobiles were damaged by blowing sand ; radio equipment in airplmes was rendered useless and many planes made forced land- ings due to this cause. A transport plane made a forced landing a t Sterling, Colo., after 1,000 automobiles and some fire-fighting apparatus responded to an emergency alarm and lighted the airport with their headlights. The dustfall at Fort Collins, Colo., was estimated a t 420 tons per square mile.
1 H. F. Choun, Cllmatologieal Data, Colorado Section, April 1937.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
By AMY D. PUTNAM
[RICHMOND T. ZOCH, in Charge of Library]
RECENT ADDITIONS Bryan, Kirk, & Cady, R. C.
The following have been selected from among the titles of books recently received as representing those most likely to be useful to Weather Bureau o5cials in their meteorological work and studies:
Arctic Institute.
Transactions. v. XLV. Hydrology. Data about ice-ccndi- tions at the shores of the Soviet Arctic (winter-season of 1933-34). Leningrad. 1936. 56 p. fold. table. 25% cm.
Observation of the total solar eclipse of January 3, 1908; a bolometric study of the solar corona. (In Smithsonian inst. Smitheonian miscellaneous collections, v. LII (Quarterly issue, vol. V) p. 31-47). Publication 1794. Originally published April 30, 1908.
Abbot, Charles Greeley.
Bakhmetev, Boris Aleksandrovich.
The mechanics of turbulent flow; lectures delivered under the William Pierson Field foundation at Princeton university, February 1935. Princeton. 1936. xiv, 101 p. front., illus., diagrs. 23% cm. Bibliography included in the intro- duction.
The Pleistocene climate of Bermuda. Cambridge, Mess. 1934. p. 241-264. figs. 23% cm. [Repr. from American journal of science, v. 27, April 1934.1
Cleator, Philip Ellaby.
Rockets through space; the dawn of interplanetary travel. New York. 1936. 7-227 front., illus., ph., ports., facsim., diagrs. 22 cm. (!kferenced: p. 211-212.)
Darrow, Karl Kelchner.
The renaissance of physica New York. 1936. 306 p. front., illus., plates, diagrs. 22 cm.
Flajolet, Ph.
RdsumB des observations de la Commission m6t6orologique de SaBne-et-Loire, faites de dbcembre 1933 ii novembre 1934. TempCratures extr8mes. Pluies et orages en Sabne-et-Loire. 48p. tabs. 27>1 cm. (Publ. de lObs. de Lyon. Serie 11. MBtborologie et physique du globe, Tome 1, fasc. V.)
Goulden, C. H.
Methods of statistical analysis. Minneapolis. p19361. 1937
revised ed. 209 p. 27% cm. (Mimeographed.)
APRIL 1937 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 153
Haurwitz, 8. Spam, Enrique.
The physical state of the upper atmosphere. Toronto. Feb. Bibliografia meteorol6gica y clitnatoldgica de la Provincia de
1937. 96 illus., tabs., diagrs. 23% cm. [Reprinted C6rdoba (Argentina). C6rdoba 1936. 20 p. 27 cm. [At from the f)durnal of the Royal astronomical society of head of title: Museo rovincial de ciencias naturales C6rdoba Canada, October, 1936--February, 1937.1 . . . Pubicacib no. 85
Koschmieder, Harald.
Nachweis und Beschreibung, sowie Beitrage aur Kinematik und Dpamik des Seewindea Leipeig. 1936. 44 p. tabs., diagrs. 27 cm. [At head of title: Forschungsarbeiten
des Meteorologischen Instituts, Danzig. Heft 8. Danaiger Seewindstudien 1.1
Lampert, H.
Heilquellen und Heilklima: Grundriss der allgemeinen Kurort- lehre fur die aratliche Praxis. Mit einem Geleitwort von
Prof. H. Vogt. Dresden & Leipeig. 1934. 241 p. illus., tabs., diagrs., fold. map. 24% cm.
Meighem, Jacques van.
Analyse aBrologique dun front froid remarquable. Bruxelles. 1937. 85 p. maps. figs., tables (part fold.) 30 cm. [At
head of title: Institut royal mBtBorologique de Belgique. MBmoires, vol. VII.]
Mbnterin, Umberto.
Sulle variaaioni del limite superiore del bosco sulle Alpi in epoca storica. Torino. 1936. 24 p. illus. 24 cm.
Auf 16,000 Meter: Meine Fahrten in die Stratosphiire.
Piccard, August.
Zurich. 1936(?) 269p. plates (part fold.), incl. facsim. letter. 23 cm.
Contribuciones al estudio de la climatologia de Venezuela.
Pittier, H.
Caracas. 1933-36. 2 v. tables. 23)1 cm.
Puppo, Agostino.
Funaione e scopi del nucleo italiano di attinometria fisica Pavia. 1936. 6 p. 24% cm. [At head of title: Estratto dal Boll. del Comitato per la geod. et la eofis. del Consigvo. ma. delle ricerche. Serie 11, Anno Vf N. 1-2, gennaio- aprile 1936-XIV.]
Rodewald, Martin.
Die Bildung westiidischer Orkane im Zusammenhang mit der nordatlantischen Wetterlage. Hamburg. 1936. p. [205]- 214. 3 fold. maps. 25% cm. [Sonderdruck aus Der See- wart,, Heft 7, 1936.1
Kleinere Mitteilungen. Wetterskizzen. Nr. 2: Die nordat- lantische Lufttemperaturverteilung vor Entstehung einer langlebigen Oktober-Sturmayklone auf dem 50. Breitenkreis.
[1936.] p. [264]-266. fold. table. 26% cm. (Excerpt from Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie, Juni 1936.)
Do. Nr. 3. Ein bemerkenswerter Fohneinbruch in der freien Atmos hare. I1936.1 p. 267-269. figs. 26% cm. (Excerpt from Annalen der Hydrographie, usw., Juni 1936.)
Roux, G.
La propagation et la prbvision de la houle. Casablanca.
[1937.] p. 145-165. illus., diagrs. 24% ch.
Sdigman, Gerald.
Snow structure and ski fields; being an account of snow and ice forms met with in nature, and a study on avalanches and snowcraft. With an appendix on alpine weather by C. K. M. Dcmglas. London. 1936. xii, 555 p. fold. front., illus., dutgre. 22% cm. Bibliography at end of each chapter.
Storey, Margaret, It Gudgex, E. W.
Mortality of fishes due to cold at Sanibel island, Florida, 1886-1936. [Brooklyn, N. Y.] 1936. p. 640448. tabs. 25% cm. (Ecology. v. 17, no. 4, Oct., 1936.)
Suckstorff, G. A.
Beitrage zur Dynamik der Regenschauer. Gottingen. 1936. 49 p. tabs., diagrs. 24% om.
Thornton, A. L.
Sunshine, wind and rain. London. 1936. 114 p. illus., m p s , tabs., diagrs., col. 1. 18% cm. Glossary: p. [110]- 114. [At head of title: dacmillans Senior school series.]
Ceylon, seine naturlichen Landschaftsbildner und Landschaft- stypen. Munchen. 1934. p. 169-323. figs., tabs., disgrs.
24 cm.
Timmermann, Otto Friedrich.
Trelease, Sam Farlow, 8 Yule, Emma Sarepta.
Preparation of scientific and technical papers. Baltimore. 1936. 125 p. diagr. 19 cm. Bibliography: p. 11f3-118.
Die Auflosung des Tragsheitsparadoxons. Riga. 1933, p. 197-204. figs. 23% em. [At head oftitle: Latvijas univer- sitates meteorologijas instituta darbi. Arbeiten des mete orologischen Instituts der Universitat Lettlands.
Trey, Fr.
Nr. 19.1
U. S. Department of agriculture.
Index to department bulletins nos. 1-1500. By Mabel G. Hunt. Issued May 1936. Washington. 384 p. 23% cm.
By Arthur P. Chew, with the
Washington.
U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Office of information.
Science serving agriculture. cooperation of specialists in the department. 1936. 43 p. illus. 23% cm.
U. S. Coast and geodetic survey.
Earthquake investigations in California, 1934-35. Wash. 1936. ix, 231 p. illus., facsims., diagrs., mape (part fold.), fold. plan, tabs. (part fdd.) 23% cm. (Special pubn. no.
201.)
Re ort of oceanographic cruise United States Coast Guard $utter Chelan, Bering Sea, and Bering Strait, 1934. [Wash.]
72 p. illus., maps (part fold.), tabs., diagrs. (part fold.) 27 cm. (Mimeographed.)
United States earthquakes. 192%- Washington. 1930- tables. 24% cm. By N. H. Heck and R R Bodie, 1928- .
U. S. National resources committee.
Regional planning. Wash. 1936- . Part I. Pacific north- west. Part 11. St. Louis region. Part 111. New England.
The climate of Occidental Negros especially as observed in 1928 and 1929. Manapla. March 1930. 29 p. tabs. 23 cm.
Victorias milling company, inc.
SOLAR OBSERVATIONS
SOLAR OBSERVATIONS DURING APRIL 1937
By IRVINQ F. HAND, Assistant in Solar Radiation Investigations
For a description of instruments employed and their exposures, the reader is referred to the January 1935 REVIEW, page 24. Table 1 shows that solar radiation intensities averaged above normal during April a t Washington, Madison, and Blue Hill. The intensities st Lincoln averaged below normal, chiefly because of dust storms. On the afternoon
of the 14th, although there were no condensed water-vapor clouds present, dust depleted radiation receipt to such a
degree that the values at Jhcoln are considerably less than 10 percent of those taken a week later. Ohserva- tions taken through dust when other clouds are not present are included in the mean values because this is the sim- plest manner of determining the effect of dust storms in absorbing, scattering, and reflecting radiation from the
sun and sky.