Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Kevin Cunningham
      Publication_Date: Unpublished Material
      Title:
        Linking a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model of the Biscayne
        aquifer to ground-water flow simulations from Everglades National
        Park to Biscayne National Park - Phase 1
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/karst_model
  Description:
    Abstract:
      This project in being undertaken to develop a high-resolution
      3-dimensional karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer
      between Everglades National Park (ENP) and Biscayne National Park
      (BNP) using test coreholes, borehole geophysical logging,
      cyclostratigraphy, hydrostratigraphy, and hydrologic modeling.

      The development of an expanded conceptual karst hydrogeologic
      framework in this project will be used to assist development of
      procedures for numeric simulations to improve the monitoring and
      assessment of the response of the ground-water system to hydrologic
      changes caused by CERP-related changes in sstage within the Everglades
      wetlands, including seepage-management pilot project implementation.
      Specifically, the development of procedures for ground-water modeling
      of the karst Biscayne aquifer in the area of Northern Shark Slough
      will help determine the appropriate hydrologic response to rainfall
      and translate that information into appropriate performance targets
      for input into the design and operating rules to manage water levels
      and flow volumes for the two Seepage Management Areas. Mapping of the
      karstic stratiform ground-water flow passageways in the Biscayne
      aquifer is recent and limited to a small area of Miami-Dade County
      adjacent to the Everglades wetlands.   Extension of this karst
      framework between the Everglades wetlands and coastal Biscayne Bay
      will aid in the simulation of coupled ground-water and surface-water
      flows to Biscayne Bay. The development of procedures for modeling in
      the karst Biscayne aquifer will useful to the establishment of minimum
      flows and levels to the Biscayne Bay and seasonal flow patterns. Also,
      these improved procedures for simulations will assist in ecologic
      modeling efforts of Biscayne Bay coastal estuaries.
    Purpose:
      Research is needed to determine how planned Comprehensive Everglades
      Restoration Plan (CERP) seepage control actions within the
      triple-porosity karstic Biscayne aquifer in the general area of
      Northeast Shark Slough will affect ground-water flows and recharge
      between the Everglades wetlands and Biscayne Bay.  A fundamental
      problem in the simulation of karst ground-water flow and solute
      transport is how best to represent aquifer heterogeneity as defined by
      the spatial distribution of porosity, permeability, and storage.  The
      triple porosity of the Biscayne aquifer is principally: (1) matrix of
      interparticle and separate-vug porosity, providing much of the storage
      and, under dynamic conditions, diffuse-carbonate flow; (2)
      touching-vug porosity creating stratiform ground-water flow
      passageways; and (3) less common conduit porosity composed mainly of
      bedding plane vugs, thin solution pipes, and cavernous vugs. The
      objectives of this project are to: (1) build on the Lake Belt area
      hydrogeologic framework (recently completed by the principal
      investigator), mainly using cyclostratigraphy and digital optical
      borehole images to map porosity types and develop the triple-porosity
      karst framework between the Everglades wetlands and Biscayne Bay; and
      (2) develop procedures for numerical simulation of ground-water flow
      within the Biscayne aquifer multi-porosity system.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 2005
        Ending_Date: 2009
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: In Work
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.5
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: modeling
      Theme_Keyword: geology
      Theme_Keyword: hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: hydrogeology
      Theme_Keyword: mapping
      Theme_Keyword: karst
      Theme_Keyword: groundwater
      Theme_Keyword: surface water
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: environment
      Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
      Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
      Theme_Keyword: 007
      Theme_Keyword: 008
      Theme_Keyword: 012
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of
        Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, 
        Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington,
        D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: United States
      Place_Keyword: US
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the
        United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST
      Place_Keyword: Florida
      Place_Keyword: FL
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of
        the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3,
        Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
      Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park
      Place_Keyword: Biscayne National Park
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: South East Coast
    Stratum:
      Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Stratum_Keyword: Biscayne aquifer
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave.
        City: Ft. Lauderdale
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33315
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/people/cunningham.html#3D
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
      3-D animated fly-through of very well-connected touching-vug burrow
      porosity from the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer in Miami-Dade
      County
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: avi video
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Project personnel include Melinda Wolfert, Christian Langevin, Michael
    Wacker, G. Lynn Wingard, Edward Robinson, Michael Wacker, Joann Dixon,
    W. Lee Florea, Barclay Shoemaker, Michael C. Sukop, Jeff Lee, H. Allen
    Curran, and Cameron Walker
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Cunningham, Kevin J.

        Wacker, Michael A.; Robinson, Edward; Gefvert, Cynthia J.; Krupa,
        Steven L.
      Publication_Date: 2004
      Title:
        Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Flow at Levee 31N, Miami-Dade County,
        Florida, July 2003 to May 2004
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map
        Issue_Identification: I-2846
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geolgoical Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/sim/I-2846
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Dunham, R. J.
      Publication_Date: 1962
      Title: Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: AAPG Memoir
        Issue_Identification: 1
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK
        Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
      Other_Citation_Details:
        in Classification of Carbonate Rocks

        Ham, W. E., ed.
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Embry, A. F.

        Klovan, J. E.
      Publication_Date: 1971
      Title: A late Devonian reef tract on Northeastern Banks Island, N. W. T.
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology
        Issue_Identification: v. 19, n. 4
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Calgary, Canada
        Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Lucia, F. J.
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title:
        Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for
        reservoir characterization
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: AAPG Bulletin
        Issue_Identification: v. 79, n. 9
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Tulsa, OK
        Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Cunningham, Kevin J.

        Carlson, Janine I., Hurley, Neil F.
      Publication_Date: 2004
      Title:
        New method for quantification of vuggy porosity from digital optical
        boreholes images as applied to the karstic Pleistocene limestone of
        the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Applied Geophysics
        Issue_Identification: v. 55
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science BV
      Other_Citation_Details:
        Entire paper is available from the Journal of Applied Geophysics
        website (journal subscription is required)
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/vuggypor/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Cunningham, Kevin J.
      Publication_Date: 2004
      Title:
        Application of ground-penetrating radar, digital borehole images,
        and cores for characterization of porosity hydraulic conductivity
        and paleokarst in the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida, USA
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Applied Geophysics
        Issue_Identification: v. 55
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science
      Other_Citation_Details:
        Entire paper is available from the Journal of Applied Geophysics
        website (journal memership is required)
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/hc_paleokarst/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Cunningham, K. J.

        Carlson, J. L.; Wingard, G. L.; Robinson, E.; Wacker, M. A.
      Publication_Date: 2004
      Title:
        Characterization of aquifer heterogeneity using cyclostratigraphy
        and geophysical methods in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer,
        southeastern Florida: relation to rock fabric and sequence
        stratigraphy
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report
        Issue_Identification: 03-4208
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Tallahassee, FL
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034208
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Wolfert-Lohmann, M. A.

        Langevin, C. D.; Jones, S. A.; Reich, C. D.; Wingard, G. L.;
        Kuffner, I. B.; Cunningham, K. J.
      Publication_Date: 2008
      Title:
        U. S. Geological Survey Science Strategy for Biscayne National Park
        and Surrounding Areas in Southeastern Florida
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: 2007-1288
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1288/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Cunningham, K. J.

        Renken, R. A.; Wacker, M. A.; Zygnerski, M. R.; Robinson, E. ;
        Shapiro, A. M.; Wingard, G. L.
      Publication_Date: 2006
      Title:
        Application of carbonate cyclostratigraphy and borehole geophysics
        to delineate porosity and preferential flow in the karst limestone
        of the Biscayne aquifer, SE Florida
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: GSA Special Paper
        Issue_Identification: 404
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Boulder, CO
        Publisher: Geological Society of America
      Other_Citation_Details:
        in Perspectives on karst geomorphology, hydrology, and geochemistry
        - A tribute volume to Derek C. Ford and William B. White
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Cunningham, K. J.

        Wacker, M. A.; Robinson, E.; Dixon, J. F.; Wingard, G. L.
      Publication_Date: 2006
      Title:
        A cyclostratigraphic and borehole geophysical approach to
        development of a three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic model of
        the karstic Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Scientific Investigaton Report
        Issue_Identification: 2005-5235
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Other_Citation_Details: prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5235/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Renken, R. A.

        Cunningham, K. J.; Zygnerski, M. R.; Wacker, M. A.; Shapiro,  A, M,;
        Harvey, R. W.; Metge, D. W.; Osborn, C. L.; Ryan, J. N.
      Publication_Date: 200511
      Title:
        Assessing the vulnerability of a municipal well field to
        contamination in a karst aquifer
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
        Issue_Identification: v. 11, n. 4
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Denver, CO
        Publisher: Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists
      Other_Citation_Details:
        A subscription to GeoScience World is required to obtain the full
        article
      Online_Linkage: http://eeg.geoscienceworld.org/content/vol11/issue4/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Shoemaker, W. B.

        Kuniansky, E. L.; Birk, S.; Bauer, S.; Swain, E. D.
      Publication_Date: 2007
      Title: Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: book chapter
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Techniques and Methods
        Issue_Identification: Book 6, chapter A24
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Tallahassee, FL
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a24/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Sukop, M. C.

        Anwar, S..; Lee, J. S.; Cunningham, K. J.; Langevin, C. D.
      Publication_Date: 2008
      Title:
        Modeling ground-water flow and solute transport in karst with
        Lattice Boltzmann Methods
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: conference paper
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Norcross, GA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Other_Citation_Details:
        in U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling
        Green, KY, May 27-29, 2008

        E. L. Kuniansky, ed.
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5023/32sukop.htm
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Shoemaker, W. B.

        Cunningham, K. J.; Kuniansky, E. L.; Dixon, J. F.
      Publication_Date: 2008
      Title:
        Impacts of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities
        in preferential groundwater flow layers
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Water Resources Research
        Issue_Identification: v. 44, W03501
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Geophysical Union
      Other_Citation_Details:
        The abstract is available online, a journal subscription is required
        for download of the entire article.
      Online_Linkage: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007WR006601.shtml
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: not available
  Completeness_Report: not available
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Work planned for FY 2006 includes:

        1. Drilling about 10 test coreholes

        Drilling and completion of approximately 10 test coreholes by
        wireline coring methods. This work provides critical data for
        development of a new karst hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne
        aquifer that will be used in developing procedures for hydrologic
        modeling of the karstic Biscayne aquifer that includes areas
        adjacent to Biscayne Bay; produces wells that will provide
        information to be used in developing procedures for modeling that
        will benefit monitoring and assessment of the pilot projects
        information needs; and produces wells that will be used to develop a
        high-resolution hydrogeologic framework, and procedures for
        hydrologic modeling that can be used in research and possible model
        refinement to establish operating protocols of the seepage barriers.

        2. Geophysical logging

        Geophysical logs are acquired at completion of each test corehole
        above.   Processing of sonic data to be accomplished using
        LogCruncher software.  Flowmeter and fluid-temperature and
        resistivity data used to assist in selection of preferred
        ground-water flow paths in the karst Biscayne aquifer. This work
        will produce data necessary to produce a conceptual karst
        hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including
        molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of
        lithofacies and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs,
        cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data.

        Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived at the
        USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and PDF file versions of log
        montages of all geophysical logs will be produced using WellCAD
        software.

        3. Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy

        Data from core descriptions, thin-section petrography, paleontology
        of mollusks and foraminifers, construction of hydrogeologic cross
        sections, and measurement of porosity and permeability of core
        samples will be used to develop a high-resolution conceptual karst
        hydrogeologic framework of the Biscayne aquifer in the study area.
        Task will produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by
        integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic
        foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies and
        depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy,
        and hydrologic data.

        Core samples will be described using a 10-power hand lens and
        binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies,
        sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic boundaries, to
        characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative" permeability. 
        Limestones to be classified by combining the schemes of Dunham
        (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995).  Core-sample
        descriptions to be classified as rock-fabric facies and presented
        graphically.  Horizontal and vertical permeability of numerous
        whole-core samples and porosity and grain density to be measured at
        Core Laboratories, Inc., Midland, Texas.  Borehole images acquired
        from each test corehole will be used to quantify vuggy porosity
        using a method described in Cunningham and others (2004, Journal of
        Applied Geophysics).  Molluscan analyses to be conducted by G. Lynn
        Wingard at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston.  Core samples
        will be examined under a binocular microscope to observed diagnostic
        characteristics and compared to published species.  Clay squeezes or
        latex casts will be made of the molluscan molds where appropriate to
        aid in identification.  Identification of benthic foraminifera to be
        conducted by Edward Robinsonof University of West Indies.  Thin
        section samples will be examined petrographically to observed
        diagnostic features for identification of foraminiferal type and
        associated depositional environments.

        This task will aid in the construction of two-dimensional
        hydrogeologic cross sections. Development of a three-dimensional
        conceptual hydrogeologic framework of area encompassed by
        approximately 10 new coreholes. Model will be output using
        Environmental Visualization Systems NT-PRO software.

        4. Hydrologic modeling

        Initiate procedures for the application of the MODFLOW-2000
        Hydrogeologic Unit Flow (HUF) pack and/or CAVE (Carbonate Aquifer
        Void Evolution) to hydrologic modeling of the karstic Biscayne
        aquifer in the study area.  Development of modeling procedures for a
        karstic aquifer will allow more reliable simulations of ground-water
        flow and solution transport in the variable-density ground-water
        model of Miami-Dade County.

        Test use of relations between porosity and permeability using e.g.,
        the Kozeny-Carmen equation, initiate application of the MODFLOW-2000
        Hydrogeologic Unit Flow package, and begin application of parameter
        estimation techniques to apportion the bulk permeability values to
        individual flow zones.
      Process_Date: 2006
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Eight test coreholes were installed in Miami-Dade County.
      Process_Date: 2007
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Geophysical logging:

        Acquired geophysical logs at completion of each of the 8 test
        corehole. Processing of sonic data accomplished using the
        LogCruncher software. Use of flowmeter and fluid-temperature and
        resistivity data assists in selection of preferred ground-water flow
        paths in the karst Biscayne aquifer. Task will produce data
        necessary to produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by
        integrating core analyses, (including molluscan and benthic
        foraminiferal data and interpretation of lithofacies, ichnofacies,
        and depositional facies), borehole geophysical logs,
        cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data.


        Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived at the
        USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and PDF file versions of log
        montages of all geophysical logs will be produced using WellCAD
        software.
      Process_Date: 2007
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy:

        Core samples to be described using a 10-power hand lens and
        binocular microscope to determine vertical patterns of microfacies,
        ichnofacies, sedimentary structures, and lithostratigraphic
        boundaries, to characterize porosity, and to estimate "relative"
        permeability. Limestones to be classified by combining the schemes
        of Dunham (1962), Embry and Klovan (1971), and Lucia (1995).
        Core-sample descriptions to be classified as rock-fabric facies and
        presented graphically.  Horizontal and vertical permeability of
        numerous whole-core samples and porosity and grain density to be
        measured at Core Laboratories, Inc., Midland, Texas. Borehole images
        acquired from each test corehole will be used to quantify vuggy
        porosity using a method described in Cunningham and others (2004,
        Journal of Applied Geophysics). Molluscan analyses to be conducted
        by G. Lynn Wingard at the USGS Paleontology Laboratory in Reston.
        Core samples will be examined under a binocular microscope to
        observe diagnostic characteristics and compared to published
        species. Clay squeezes or latex casts will be made of the molluscan
        molds where appropriate to aid in identification. Identification of
        benthic foraminifera to be conducted by Edward Robinson at the
        University of West Indies. Thin section samples will be examined
        petrographically to observed diagnostic features for identification
        of foraminiferal type and associated depositional environments. H.
        Allen Curran, Smith College, will assist in study of the relation
        between ichnology and highly permeable ground-water flow zones.
        Research will include Computed Tomography (CT-scan) digitization of
        highly permeable ichnofacies from the Biscayne aquifer and core
        analyses.

        Interpretation of cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy and
        development of a new karst hydrgeologic framework for the 8 new
        coreholes between ENP and BNP is in progress.

        3-D computer-aided tomographic (CT) renderings were produced of
        solid and porous portions of 6 very-highly permeable limestone
        samples that represent ichnofacies-dominated-porosity of the
        Biscayne aquifer from University of Texas-Austin CT- Imaging
        Laboratory. Images are used in lattice Boltzmann modeling and in
        production of solid-epoxy 3-dimensional models of macroporous
        limestone representative of the Biscayne aquifer to be used in
        magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments.
      Process_Date: 2007
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Hydrologic modeling

        Final programming and benchmark testing of the Conduit Flow Process
        (CFP) was completed.  The CFP creates new ability for MODFLOW-2005
        to simulate a dual-porosity aquifer, such as the karst Biscayne
        aquifer.

        Experiments continued at Florida Internatioanl
        University-Depaartment of Geological Sciences to implement use of
        lattice Boltzmann modeling to calculate macroporosity and hydraulic
        conductivity of a representative very-highly permeable
        ichnofacies-dominated-porous zone of the Biscayne aquifer.  This
        group calculated macroporosity and intrinsic permeability on
        computer renderings of 7 macroporous limestone samples
        representative of ground-water flow zones within the Biscayne
        aquifer using lattice Boltzmann computer modeling methods. They also
        demonstrated that they can create 3-dimensional computized volume
        renderings from digital optical borehole wall images and compute
        macroporosity and intrinsic permeability from these data.

        One group member expedited the production of a 3-dimensionnal
        solid-epoxy model of a macroporous limestone outcrop sample of the
        Biscayne aquifer for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
        experiments at the New Mexico Resonance Laboratory during FY08.
      Process_Date: 2007
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Seismic interpretation:

        Multi-channel high-resolution marine reflection seismic surveys were
        run over approximately 65 nautical line-miles (nmi) of program
        consisting of about 9 lines in Biscayne National Park, and 2 lines
        east of Elliot Key partly outside the Park boundary. This data will
        be processed and interpreted during FY08. Interpretation with be
        done using seismic interpretation software on a desktop PC.

        A group member began acquiring aquatic geochemical data every 2
        weeks and instrumented a cave within a karstified hammock in
        Everglades National Park.
      Process_Date: 2007
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Core hole drilling

        At least one test corehole will be installed on Elliott Key or Boca
        Chita Key in Biscayne National Park and available for research
        requirements of this study and future research needs, such as,
        selected samples for use in Computed Tomography (CT-scan) renderings
        that can be used for quantification of permeability using
        Lattice-Boltzmann modeling, a critical component of developing
        ground-water modeling procedures.
      Process_Date: 20080331
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Geophysical logging

        Processing of sonic data to be accomplished using LogCruncher
        software. Use of flowmeter and fluid-temperature and resistivity
        data assists in selection of preferred ground-water flow paths in
        the karst Biscayne aquifer. Task will produce data necessary to
        produce a conceptual karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core
        analyses, (including molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and
        interpretation of lithofacies, ichnofacies, and depositional
        facies), borehole geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and
        hydrologic data.

        Digital borehole image log computerized volume renderings can be
        used for quantification of permeability using Lattice-Boltzmann
        modeling, a critical component of developing ground-water modeling
        procedures. Electronic files of geophysical logs will be archived as
        electronic files at the USGS-FISC-CWRS office, and paper copies and
        PDF file versions of log montages of all geophysical logs will be
        produced using WellCAD software.
      Process_Date: Not complete
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Cyclostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy

        Integrate data from core descriptions, thin-section petrography,
        paleontology of mollusks and foraminifers, ichnology (trace
        fossils), construction of hydrogeologic cross sections, and
        measurement of porosity and permeability of core samples to develop
        a high-resolution conceptual karst hydrogeologic framework of the
        Biscayne aquifer in the study area. Task will produce a conceptual
        karst hydrogeologic model by integrating core analyses, (including
        molluscan and benthic foraminiferal data and interpretation of
        lithofacies, ichnofacies, and depositional facies), borehole
        geophysical logs, cyclostratigraphy, and hydrologic data.

        Constuction of two-dimensional hydrogeologic cross sections.
        Development of a three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic
        framework of area encompassed by approximately 21 new coreholes.
        Model will be output using Environmental Visualization Systems
        NT-PRO software. STL files of digitized CT scans of porous limestone
        for use in VRML software.
      Process_Date: Not complete
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Seismic interpretation

        Draft of white-paper journal article, interpreted seismic sections,
        and structural maps of key seismic horizons.
      Process_Date: Not complete
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Hydrologic modeling

        Quantification of hydraulic conductivity of highly-permeable
        ground-water flow zone of the Biscayne aquifer using
        Lattce-Boltzmann modeling. Test use of porosity and permeability
        relations derived from lattice Boltzmann modeling with the
        MODFLOW-2000 Hydrogeologic Unit Flow package, and begin application
        of parameter estimation techniques to apportion the bulk
        permeability values to individual Biscayne aquifer flow zones.
        Results to include submittal of one journal article on application
        of lattice-Boltzmann modeling to calculation of permeability in the
        Biscayne aquifer. One journal article on the Conduit Flow Process
        package is in journal review, one USGS report on documentation of
        the Conduit Flow Process package has been approved for publication,
        one journal article on integration of lattice Boltzmann modeling and
        hydrgeologic results is in preparation, and one Masters Thesis at
        Florida International University on application of lattice Boltzmann
        modeling to Biscayne aquifer material has been completed.
      Process_Date: Not complete
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research

        Two projects are being undertaken as post-doctoral research.  The
        first investigates the geochemistry, microbiology, and isotopic
        fractionation of surface water, cave water, and shallow groundwater
        in a karstified limestone hammock of Everglades National Park. The
        project is designed to increase understanding of karst processes
        (especially cave formation) within the Biscayne aquifer between the
        Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park and possible
        role in fresh ground-water flows. A second project explores the use
        of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) imaging to quantify the
        hydraulic properties of groundwater flow through preferred flow
        units in the Biscayne aquifer.

        The cave study in Everglades National Park measures and examines 1)
        the variation of the calcite saturation index through seasonal
        changes of water levels and recharge, 2) organic and inorganic
        carbon flux from the surface through the porous rock and into a
        cave, and 3) the role of bacteria in the dissolution of the
        limestone rock of the Everglades. The MRI study is designed to use
        existing digital reproductions of intensely-burrowed limestone
        samples by using Computerized Tomography (CT-scans). A subset of
        these digital data form the basis for benchtop 3-dimensional
        replicas produced using prototype printers. The intent is to use MRI
        to reveal the velocity vectors of flowing water in the model and
        allow the evaluation of the advective and dispersive properties of
        preferred flow zones of the Biscayne aquifer. These data should
        provide a benchmark for concurrent numerical models using
        Lattice-Boltzman techniques.
      Process_Date: Not complete
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Kevin Cunningham
            Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing and physical address
            Address: 3110 SW 9th Ave.
            City: Ft. Lauderdale
            State_or_Province: FL
            Postal_Code: 33315
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 954 377-5913
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 954 377-5901
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kcunning@usgs.gov
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Biscayne aquifer
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20080617
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998