FEBRUARY, 1903. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 71
Atmospheric pressure. Instruments for measurement; barometers;
aneroid, mercurial self-registering; thermometric-hypsometry; cliurnal
and annual variation of atmospheric pressure.
Variation of pressure with altitude. Laplaces formula; applications; reduction of pressure t o sea level; calculation of altitudes by means of
barometric observations.
Wind. Measurement of direction and of velocity of wind; weather
vanes; velocity anemometers; pressure anemometers.
Diurnal variation of velocity and of direction of wind. Variatiou uf
wind with altitude; general relation between the wind and pressure:
gradients; theory of atmospheric movements; relation of wind to trni-
perature; influence of rotation o f earth; deviation of wind on graclirut.
Regular winds; trades, anti-
trades; distribution of wind and pressure a t the surface of the gliilw;
seasonal winds; monsoons; diurnal winils; land and sea breezes, IUOUII-
tain and valley breezes.
Atmospheric vapor. Evaporation; measure of evaporation; diurnal
and annual variations of evaporation; general lawz of evaporation.
Atmospheric humidity. Elastic force of water vapor; relative hunrid-
its; instruments of measurement: hygrometerh; c-hemical; condruhit-
tion; self-registering; psychrometer.
Diurnal and annual variations of humidity. Variation of humidity with
height; distribution of humidity at surface of earth; condensation o f
water vapor, various modes of condensation in the ascending LUrrellth
of air; dryness in the descending currents: production of the foehn.
Cloudiness: niea-we
of cloudiness; heliograph; annual and clii~rnal variatii )ns of t+loudinrhh:
general distribution of cloudiness at the surfare of the earth: study (if
movements of clouds; classification of clouds; avrrage altitnile of dif-
ferent forms of cloudb.
Optical phenomena of the atmosphere.
Dew and Frost. Formation of clew: inraquiement of tlew; practical
importance of these phenomena; frost; hoar fro-t; glazed fmht.
Rain, snow, hail. Measurement of rain: rain gages, their installation. Theoryof the formation of rain. Rain< of various origins; rain+ tlnr til
convection; cyclonic rains; rain- due t t ) on)graphy; iuHurnce of topi-
graphical conditions, of forests. General distribution of rains a t the surface o f the glolw. Rainy reyit 1ns:
desert regions; detailed study of rain in the different rrgions: rainfall
system; distribution of rain throughout the seasons; intensity o f heavy
shgwers.
Snow. Constitution and density of snow; effect of snow: limits of per-
petual snow. Natural utilization of meteoric waters. Percolation: 5urfac.e Him :
water consumed by evaporation and by vegetation; sulqily of undt.1-
ground waters, of springs, and vf river-: drainage syhteni of watet ;
risings and floods, their prevision. Depressions of temperate latitude- antl cyt.l( i n
of tropical regions, their constitution: tlistribution i )f winil a l i l J I l t crnte
of low pressure. Influence of barometric depression on the weather. Lnm1 winds pro-
duced by the passage of depressions; mistral, hirocco, foehn, liora, rtv.
Laws of movements and of frequency of barometric deliressicins a n d
of cyclones; their velocity, their average Iiatlis. Various cauhes o f the
circulatory movement; causes which tend tu nwdify their velocity, their
paths, or their intensity.
Atmospheric electricity, lightning. flash of lightniii;?,
thunder: frequency of hourly. wasonal, and geographical rlistriliut il811
of thunderstorms; origin of thunder~torm~. thlll1d~~htO~lllh o f heat, antl
cyclonic thunderstornis; hail, formation of hail: inran< p r ~p ~h e d for ilv-
fense against hail. Whirlwinds and waterspouts. their effects. their origin, ant1 their rp-
lations to thunderstorms; heat storiw. Forecasting. Short range systeni of forecahting: urganizatiim of fore-
cast service; general principles of forecasting. Forecasting by isolated ohservers. Utilization o f o~~servation~ and of
local signs; prevision of frost in spring time.
Discussion of attempts to forecast at long range.
Cosmical influences.
General circulation of the atmosphere.
Properties and constiLution of cloudb and fogs.
Rainbows; halos; coronah.
The law of storms.
Anticyclones, their origin.
Thunderstorms.
InHuence o f anticyclones on the weather.
Periodicity of bllnS1iotS, rliscuzsion of rrlations
they present to meteorological phenomena. Discussion of influenew at-
tributed to the moon; reddish sunset; other inHuencrs attribntetl to
cosmical causes. Can inan inHueiice vliniatr? Effect
of deforestation, of reforestation.
Problem of variability of climates.
Attempts to produce rain.
REOENT PAPERS BEARING ON METEOROLOGY.
W. F. R. PHILLIPS, in charge of Library, ete.
The subjoined titles have been selected from the contents
of the periodicals and serials recently received in the library
of the Weather Bureau. The titles selected are of papers or
other communications bearing on meteorology or cognate
branches of science. This is not a complete indes of the
meteorological contents of all the journals from which it has
been compiled; it shows only the articles that appear to the
compiler likely to be of particular interest in connection with
the work of the Weather Bureau. Unsigned articles are indi-
cated by B -.
Quarterly JotLrnal of the Royal Meteorologictcl Society. Lon&. Vol. 29.
Bayard, F. C. English Climatology, 1881-1900. Pp. 1-21.
~
The Bora in the Adriatic.
Bellamy, C. V. The Rainfall of Dominica. Pp. 23-28.
Bellamy, C. V.
Clayton, H. Helm. The Eclipse Cyclone of 1YlO. Pp. 47-58.
-St. E1nit)s Fire.
~
Rainfall of the Hawaiian Islands.
P. 21.
Notes on the Climate of Cyprus. Pp. 29-11.
[Note on 1ette.w from a. Fellows and Charles
[Note on Iiamphlet by C. J.
Dibdin.] PI). 55-56.
Lyons.] Pp. 51:-57.
Terrestrial dfugnetimn. Boltimore. 1Tol. 7.
Bauer, L. A. Results o f International Magnetic Observations
inacle during the Total Solar Eclipse of May 18, 1901, including re-
sults olitainecl during previous Total Solar Eclipses. Pp. 155-192.
Pegram, Geo. B. Elhters ancl Geitels researches on the Radio- Activity and the Condu(.tivity of the Air.
Syninnra Neteorological Magazine. London. Vol. 28.
Stupart, R. F. The Chnaclian Cliniate. Pp. 1-1.
__ Temperature of Air and Rivers. [Note on paper by W. Andson.]
Chree, C. Preliminary Note on the Relationships between Sun-
Taylor, J. E. Characteristics of Electric Earth-current Disturb- Pp. 335-337.
Evershed, J. Solar Eclipse of 19W4 May 28. General Discussion
Ward, R. DeC. Scientific Investigationz 1jy Weather Bureau men.
Ward, R. DeC. Cycles of Prec%ipitatiou in the United States.
Langley, S. P. The L L Solar Cbustant  and related problems. Pp.
Bigelow, Frank H. Reply to E. von Oppnlzers remarks on Bige-
Pp. 202-304.
Pp. L 6 .
Proceedings of the Royal Society. Londori. 1-01. 71.
spots and Terrestrial Magnetizni.
ances, ancl their Origin.
o f Spectroscopic Results. Pp. 228-33Y.
Pp. 331-234.
Si.imccP. Lorchic. I?. 5. J7d. 17.
P1J. 353-351.
[Note on article liy L. H. I\lurdoch.] P. 354.
Antrophysical Journccl. Chicago. 1-01. 1:.
89-99.
lows h L Eclipse Meteorology. Pp. 161-163.
tTou)vi(il of Brogrccphy. Chicago. Vol. 2.
Journal of the Frutcklin In&itute. Philaddphicc. Vol. 16.5.
~
How the Weather Fixes Train Load<.
Auria, Luigi d.
Pp. 15-46.
Relation brtween the Mean Slieed of Stellar Mo-
tion ant1 the Vrlocity of Wave Propaption in a Universal Gaseous RIediuiu Bearing ulwn the Nature oi the Ether.
Storm Hows from city areas, and their
Pp. 207-211.
Engineering Netcis. New Ihrk. Vol. .{S.
Clarke, Ernest Wilder. calculation. Pp. 386 388.
Nature. London. 101. 67.
Lockyer, William J. S. netism. Pp. 377-379.
Marriott, Wm. B , (3. H.
Lockyer, William J. 9. Indian Rainfall. Pp. 391-395.
Chree, Charles. Magnetic Work in Nrw Zealantl. Pp. 118-419.
~
Circulation o f the Atnin+phere in tlir Tropical and Equatorial
Regions. [Note on statrnieiit by Profeswr Hildel~randsson.] Pp.
298-301.
London, Edi?iburgh, and Dublin Philonophicnl bI<cgumie. London. 6th Se riea. Vol. 5 .
Wilderman, Meyer. Theory of the Coniiesion between the En- ergy of Electricla1 Waves or of Light introduced into a System and
Chemical Energy, Heat Energy, Mechanical Energy, etc., of the
sanie. Pp. 208-326.
Makower, Walter. C h i a Determination of the Ratio of the Spe-
cific Heats at Constant Pressure and at Constant Vciluine for Air
and Steam. Pp. 226-838.
Schuster, Arthur. The influence of Radiation 011 the Transmis-
sion of Heat. Pp. 243-357.
Thomson, J. J. On the Charge of Electricity carried by a Gaseous
Ion. Pp. 316-355.
Linfluence des atmosph+res dazote et dhydrogbne
sur les spectres darcs du fer, du zinc, du magnesium, et de lktain, compar6e avec celle dune atmosphbre damnioniaque. [Note on
article by Royal A. Porer.] Comparaison deb thermomctres A platine et 8,
hydroghe. [Note on article by B. Meilink.] Pp. 137-138.
Solar prominences and terrestrial mag-
Fall of Colourril Dust im Feliruary 22-23. Pp. 391.
Pp. 393- The Fata Morgana of the Straits o f Mrzsina.
331.
GPogrctphrcal Journal. London. ITol. ?I.
Joitrntrl de Phy8isique. Purid. ,$ne &rim. Tome 2.
Baillaud, J.
Pp. 128-129.
Gradenwitz, A.
72 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Annales de Chimie et de Phpiqw~ Pa&. 7me et%?. Tome 28.
Coppet, L. 0. de. etude exphimentale de la propagation de la
chaleur par convection dans un cylindre d e a u B axe verticale chauff6 ou refroidi par aa surface lat6rale. Application 8, la d6ter-
mination de la temperature du maximum de densit6 de leau et des
solutions aqueuses. Pp. 145-213.
Langevin, P. Lionisation des gaz. Pp. 289-384.
David, P.
Annmire de la Sock% M6thrologiqUe de Prance. Parie. 61me ann6e. Comparaison des temp6ratures prises sous abri en plein
air et dans un abri annex6 it un Bdifice, au sommet du Puy-de-
DBme. Pp. 1-3.
mbtriaues de 1891 il 1900. Maillet, Ed. R6suni6 des observations m6t6orologiques e t hydro-
P. 3-11.
LA&ophile.* Park. llme annee.
De Rue. Experiences daviat,ion. Pp. 36-40.
Comptes Rendua de IAcadCmie de8 Sciences. Paris. Tome 1%.
Mascart, E. La tempete clu 2 mars 1903. Pp. 529-530.
ciel et !Perre. Bruxelh. ,%me ann&.
- La station franco-scandinave pour 16tude des couc*hes &des
de latmosr~hkre. Pv. 587-591.
L., V. D. une pluie-estraorclinaire. [Note on article by G. Hell-
Lagrange, E. Le temps e t les t6lCgraphiques. [Note.] Pp. 61&
mann.] Pp. 60S610.
611.
Ciel et Terre. BruxtlleH. 4 m e anit6e.
Chauveau, A. B.
- Pluie de h u e . -Variations pbriodiques et marche des glaciers.
Frenbe, -. Ein landwirtschaftlicher Wetterdien.;t. Pp. 25-31.
Assmann, Richard.
Schwenck, 0. Interessante Raucherscheinuny. Pp. 44-45.
Assmann, R[ichard] .
Isachsen, Gunnar. Iiurze TTebersicht iiber die Arbeiten der
Reger, Joseph. Regenkarte von Europa. Pp. 11-13.
Walter, B. Ueber die Entsteliungsweise des Blitzes. Pp. 393-4U7.
Schmidt, A. Der Eneryieinhalt einer unencllich hohen Luftsdule
McLennan, J. C. Induzierte Radioaktiritiit, dir in Luft ani Fusse
Historique des thbories relatives it loriginr dr
16lectricit6 atmospli6rique. Pp. 1-15.
P. 20. Pp. 22-24.
Daa Wetter. Berlzn. LW Juhrgang.
Ueber die Ausfiihrbarkrit von Drachen-auf
btiegeu auf Binnenseen und deren Vorteile.
Pp. 16-48.
zweiten norwegischen Polarfahrt. P. 269.
Pp. 31-41.
Aus den1 AProuautischen Obsen atorium.
Petermanna XithilunQen. Gotho. Band 48.
Peiermanna Jlittheilu?igeib. Gotho. Band 49.
Annalen der Phyaik. Leipzig. 4te Folge. Band 10.
bei konhtantem Werte von g. uud T.
eines Wasserfalles rrregt wird.
riums im dahre lW2. Py. 86--91.
Schiitzgebieteii. Berlin. Bund 15.
in Deiitsc11-Neu-C:uinea in den aahren 1900 und 1901.
Pp. 449-4.53.
Phyaikalische Zeitachrift. Leipzig. 4 Jahrgatig.
Pp. 295-29s.
nlwtrirte AeronaiitiRche Mittheilicngm. Stramburg. 7 Jakrgang.
Die Arbeiten deb Berliner a~roiiautischen Obsrrrato-
Mittheilungen von ForachiotgaremPndrn urtd Gelehrten den Deiitachen
__ Resultate der Regenniessuilgen und Erd heben-Beobachtunprn
Pp. 243-249.
- Zodiakaallicht. Pp. 69-70.
Mars, S. De Weerveri~ac.htiiig~ii vau het lion. Nedrrlandsch Me- teorologisch Institunt te de Bilt en van de filiaal Inrichting te
dmsterdani en de meervoor.;pelling:eii van Jules Capre. Pp. 73-81.
Boletini dn Sociedade de Geographut de Ltsbou. &boa. Dezenibro 1902.
Berthoud, Paul. Meteorologia de Lourenco Marques. Pp. 186-
Suring, R.
Hemel en Duiiipkring. AmHterdani. Mictrrt 190.3.
194.
dleteorobgicrche ZeitBchrLft. Wiew Band 19.
Liznar, J. Ueber die Aenderungeu des Grundwasserstandes nach
den voni Prdlaten Gregor Menclel in den Jahren 1865-1880 in Brunn
ausgefuhrten Messungen. Pp. 537-513.
Maurer, H. Das Kliina von Deotsch-Ohtafrika. Pp. 543-548.
Stolberg, A. Verhalten der Rheintemperaturen in den Jahren
1895-1900. Pp. 548-551.
Draenert, F. M. Zuni Klima deb Staates Cearii, Brasilien. Pp.
532-560.
Exner, F. M. Verbrich einer Berechnung der Luftdruckanderun- gen von eiireni Tayr Zuni ndclisten. P. 560.
~
Resultate der meteorologischen Beolmchtungen zu Carmen
(Patagonien) ini Jahre 19UO.
~
Meteorologische Beobachtungen auf der Insel Martiniclue in1
aahre 1899. P. 561.
__ Temperatur der Lena hei Golowbkaja.
Steiner, L. Zuni  Flhchenbatz. Pp. 562-564.
~
Giuseppr Zettwuch uber die blaueFarbe des Hiuimels. Pp. 564-
Woeikof, A. fntensitdt und Dauer der Platzregen. Pp. 565-566.
- Deformationen der Sonneubcheibe unil griiner Strahl beim Sou-
- Auffallende Abenddammerung. Pp. 566.
Pp. 560-561.
Pp. 561-562.
565.
nenunteryang. P. 566.
FEBRUARY, 1903
- Shaw, -.  La lune mange lefi nuages.
Richter, C. M. Das Klima von Santa Barbara. Pp. 570-574.
- Ueber die Beziehung des Luftdruckes an Stationen der Ostseite
des Atlantischen Oceans. Pp. 574-575.
- Partielle Regenmessung. Pp. 575-576.
- Sonnenfinsternisr+Meteorologie. Pp. 576-577.
- Die Anticyklone von Sibirien.
- Duffek, -.
~
Die effektive Temperatur der Sonne. Pp. 578-580.
Rorig, A. Waldungen und Hagelfiille. Pp. 580-581.
- Magnetische Beobachtungen iu Aegypteii 1893-1901.
- Meteorologische Beobachtungen in Kete-Kratyi, Togo. Pp. 581-
Mouromtzoff, P. v. Merkwurclige Hagelform. P. 583.
Hann, J. Die meteorologischen Verhaltnisse auf der Bjelasnica
Hann, J. Arthur Schuster fiber Methodrn der Forvchung in der
Liznar, J. Die Feuchtigkeits-Korrektion in der barometrischen
Rudel, K. Natiirliche Pbychrometer. Pp. 33-35.
Czermak, P. Ein NW-Fiihn in Graz. Pp. 35-37.
Hann, J. Klima von Timbuktu. Pp. 37-40.
Fengi, J. Ueber Beobachtung der Blitze mittelst Kohbrer. Pp. 40-41.
Sapper, C. Regenmessungen in Cabo Gracias it Dio9, Nicaragua. Pv. 41-12.
Pp. 566-570.
P. 577.
Bemerkungen zrir Frage iiber Vorgdnge bei Gewit-
tern. Pp. 577-578.
P. 581.
583.
Meteorologiwhe Zeitachrzft. Wien. Band -?.
(2067 in.) in Bosnien.
Meteorologie. Pp. 19-30.
Hijhenforniel. Pp. 30-33.
Pp. 1-19.
Exner, F. Der griine Strnhl der untergehenden Sonne. P. 42.
Hegyfoky, J. Starker Gewitterregen. P. 42.
Wolier, A. Provisorisehe Sonnenflecken-Relativzahlen fur das IV. Qriartal 1902. P. 42.
IV. THE MECHANISM OF COUNTERCURRENTS OF DIF-
FERENT TEMPERATURES IN CYCLONES AND ANTI-
CYCL0NES.I
B) Prof FRaNh H. BIGELOW, dated March 27, 1903
THE WEATHER BUREAU CLOUD OBSERVATIONS.
The report on the international cloud observations of May 1,
1896, to July 1,1897, Reportof the Chief of the Weather Bureau,
1898-99, Vol. 11, contained an outline description of a theory
of the structure of cyclones a d anticyclones, which was
thought to he indicated as the probable interpretation of the
motions of the air in cyclones and anticyclones. It was evi-
dent that n inore complete insight into the mechanism of this
type of motion in a fluid under atmospheric conditions would
be afforded by the construction of systeins of isobars on at
least three planes having different elevations. For this pur-
pose the sea level, the 3500-foot level, and the 10,000-foot
level were fielectecl, and suitable reduction tables have been
made as described in the report on the barometry of the United ,
States, Canacln, and the West Indies, Report of the Chief of
the Weather Bureau, 1900-1901, Vol. 11. Since December 1,
1902, we have received daily reduced pressures on these planes
from the regular stations of the United States nnd Canada,
and the corresponding charts have been drawn with care by
Mr. George Hunt of the Forecast Division. A definitive treat-
ment of the problem evidently requires charts of the isotherms
on the same planes, but i t will not be necessary to wait for the
completion of our discussion of the temperatures, because we
have already obtained the approximate gradients needed in a
preliminary study of this question. It is proposed to sum-
marize the present status of the research, previous to working
out an analytic treatment of the mechanism of tornadoes, cy-
clones, hurricanes, and the general circulation, from the data
INJW in possession of the Weather Bureau.
THE (tENER4L CIRCULATION.
The circulation of the atinosphere has been analyzed by
meteorologihts into (1) the general cold center cyclone, which
covers a hemisphere of the earth from the pole to the equator,
nnd (5 ) the local warm center cyclones and the anticyclones,
1 No. I was published in the Monthly Weather Review for December,
1902, and Nos. I1 and I11 in that for January, 1903.