JANUARY, 1931 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 39
irm~-ifizi _____________________________ 308 Ir96lil fi...---.-------------------~-- 3S8 liY4-1SO5 _____ ______._________ ________ 336 1873-1894 _____________________________ 247
~_
perature coefficients" obtained by critical comparison of historic and modern data. (See Les Hivers, p. 10 ff.) The departures of the coefficients from the normal of 50
(as given on p. 200 of the work mentioned) are found totaled in Table 4.'
Relative to the last result, 247 and 203, see remark on the winter of 1895.
TABLE 4.-Totala of the departure8 of the temperature coeflcients
D
I
C
iezaiw ________
~
________
~
____________ 138 lili-li3S ___________________._________ 135 16OFr182i ._.__
~
___________
~
__________._ 222
IY!%-l916 _________________
~
_________-_- 203
COMMENTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON STREAMFLOW
By FRANCIS E. COBB, President and State Forester
[North Dakota School of Forestry, Bottlneau, N. Dak., February 7,19311
I am much interested in the article by Harry B. Humphrey and B. C. Kadel in regard to the influence of trees on stream discharge. A small stream, Oak Creek, flows along the border of our ca,mpus, originating in springs located about 4 or 5
miles in the foothills of the Turtle Mountains. This is an int#ermittent creek and it is very common for this stream to discontinue flowing during the summer. In dry springs it may not flow after June. Sometimes it continues as late as August and occasionally runs throughout the year. However, it is commonly noticed that in the summer when it does not flow it always begins flowing as far down as we are located in the fall after the leaves have fallen from the trees. Sometimes it starts to flow even earlier than this. The article in question would lead me to believe that the growth of trees, which is quite heavy along its entire course to where we are located, have a great deal to do with the discontinuance of the flow during their growing period.
It has often been wondered why after a dry summer it
1 This ia Table 6 h the original text.
9 C. Rnqtnn Peterm. Mitt. 1805 and Proceedfngs Kon. .4knd. v. Wetensch. te Am- -. ___l_. sterdam, 4/5, 6/8. Rd. VII, VIII.
8 Compare A8:ronom. M i l t ., R . Wolf and A. Wnlfer. Zurlch. .I sunspot curve for 17461875 by W-ilh. Myer is published in Des iVeltueh8udr 19%. p . 285.
4 Bee MONTHLY WEATHEB Rrvlrw, October, 1930. vol. d, p. W7, ff.
should begin in the fall even before the freezing of the ground, and this is apparently an explanation. A n article also in this same issue in regard to the passing of the mirage from the Weather Bureau a t Dodge City, Kans., is also of interest. We &re a cooperative observer of the Weather Bureau a t Bismarck and are naturally interested in all phenomena relative to weather conditions. Southeast of this town on clear, warm days during the entire summer a mirage lies, giving the appearance of a very large lake with tall trees on the banks and looks as though the farm houses in that section were entirely flooded, except for their upper stories This entire territory is in crop and apparently no difference appears whether the crop is growing or harvested.
I mereIy note this as a matter of interest inasmuch as here it does not depend on whether the prairie is bare or in crop.
ARCTIC WEATHER STATIONS
By C. F. TALMAN
Just as, in the Southern Hemisphere, an outpost for weather observations maintained by the Argentine Gov- ernment at Laurie Island, in the subantarctic South Orkneys, is operated by a small party who spend a year in complete isolation-being then replaced by another party-0 in the far north the Russian Government has a number of weather stations whose staffs are relieved annually. The most northerly is the one established in Franz Josef Land in 1929. These arctic stations, like the one at Laurie Island, are equipped with radio. Last summer the ice breaker Sedov visited the station in Franz Josef Land, where the seven members of the staff were found in good health. They were replaced by a new stRff of 10 men and 1 woman. The latter, the wife of the director, is to conduct biological investigations. From Franz Josef Land the Sedov proceeded through ice fields to the archipelago north of the Taimyr Peninsula formerly known as Emperor Nicholas I1 Land but now called Severnaya Zemlya (Northern Land). Some previ- ously unknown islands were discovered, including a group
of small ones to which the name Kamenev Islands was given, and in one of these a new station was established, in latitude 79' 24' north apd longitude 91' 3' east. Four men were lefb here, with provisions for three years.-Why
the Weafha-Scienti$c Service (Inc.).
LIGHI'NING FROM A CLEAR SKY, JANUARY 20, 1931
By FRED MYERS
[Weather Bureau, Tatoash Island, January 20, 19311
At 4 :17 a. m. a flash of lightning was observed overhead and slightly toward the north. The sky was clear with about 2 strato-cumulus clouds along the horizon from the southwest to t,he northwest. There were six or eight flashes from 4:17 a. in. to 4:32 a. ni., no more being observed until 5:15 a. m. when a single flash occurred in about the same location as the others. Light rain had been falling during the night, ending about 2:45 a. m., the sky clearing by 4 a.. m., the stars were shining brightly and thg clouds could be seen dis- tinctly in the west. The lightning appeared to flash across the sky and not to the ground. No thunder fol- lowed the flashes. This is the first time lightning has
occurred from a clear sky at this station as far as can be determined. The wind was from the south about 23 d e s per hour, the temperature 48'; the barometer 30.16 and humidity
92 per cent at 4:45 a. m. (120 meridian time).
40 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW JANUARY, 1931
While only a few flashes were observed, the howler on the composite telephone was very noisy, sounding like static on a radio. This was probably due to lightning near Port Angeles. The Navy radio operator said that he had not noticed any lightning, but that the static had been bad all night.
CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR CHILE NOVEMBER AND
DECEMBER, 1930
By J. BU~TOS NAVARRETE
[Observstorio del Salto, Santiago, Chile]
November.-Atmospheric circulation was less active than in October. Important depressions crossed the
extreme southern region in the following periods: 8th- loth, 18th-20th) 24th-26thj and 27th-29th. Anticyclones, all moving from southern Chile toward Argentina, were charted from 4th to 7th, 12th to 17th, and 24th to 26th. December.-Despite the advance of the season the atmospheric circulation continued active, ending in a severe storm in the south near the summer solstice. Well defined depressions crossed the southern region during the periods 2d-3d, lOth-l3th, and 18th-2lst. Anticyclones showed but little intensity, the one with greatest develop- ment being that of the 22d-26th moving from southern Chile toward northeastern Argentina and Brazil.-Trans- luted by W. W. Reed.
1 The composite phones ring hy a buzzer +rrangement which is heard through the howler. This is nothing more than a receiver with a small horn to amplify the ;,ound. It is connected to the line so that any noise on the line is heard through the howler.
FRANKLIN G. TINGLEY, 1871-1931
Franklin Ginn Tingley was born October 8, 1871, a t Marion, Ind., and died at Hyattsville, Md., January 26,
1931. He was educated a t the public schools of his native town and a t Purdue University, from which he was gradu-
ated with the degree of bachelor of civil engineering. He was appointed to the Weather Bureau July 16, 1898, and was one of tha pioneer observzrs of the West Indian weather service organized by the bureau during the Spanish-American War primarily for the protection of the American fleet in Caribbean waters. After a brief period of instruction a t Washington, he served a t Icings- ton, Jamaica, as assistant to W. B. Stockman, who was
in charge of the West Indian service. When the head- quarters of the service were moved from Kingston to
Habana in January, 1899, Tingley remained a t Kingston in charge of the station. I n June, 1899, he was trans- ferred to Habana. In -4ugust, 1899, on account of illness, he was recalled to the United States, and served succes- sively a t the Atlanta, Wilmington, and Jacksonville sta- tions of the Weather Bureau. In November, 1901, he was assigned to the central office at Washington, where
for many years he was connected with the administrative branch of the bureau. Meanwhile he became deeply interested in certain sci- entific problems, especially as bearing upon the question of extending the period of weather forecasts. In June, 1916, he was assigned to the climatological division to pursue his studies of forecasting and also to take charge of the marine section of that division. On April I, 1920, the marine section was made a separate division, and Tingley became its chief. He served in this capacity up to the time of his death. The marine work of the bureau was greatly enlarged under his capable direction, includ- ing, aniang its more recent developments, a comprehen- sive revision of wind-roses for the Pilot Charts and the beginnings of a far-reachixg study of surfacewater tem- peratures. Modest, gentle, and unselfish to an estraordinary de- gree, Tingley won the affection of everybody with whom he came in contact. His death was a grievous personal loss to his late colleagues and associates.-0. F. T.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
C. FITZHUGH TALMAN, in charge of Library
RECENT ADDITIONS International commission for the study of clouds.
International atlas of clouds and of states of the sky. Abridged
The following have been selected from among the titles edition for the use of observers. Paris. 1930. ii, 41 p. 41 plates. 32 cm.
International l r rapport meteorological de la Commission organisation. internationale de lannbe polaire
1932-1933. Compte-rendu des travaus de la commission pendant sa premikre annee de travail. Prochs-verbaux- des seances de la reunion A Leningrad aoQt 1930. Leyde.
Die Niederschlagsverhiiltnisse im sodlichen Libanon, in 1930. iv, 152 p. figs. plates. 24}< cm. (Sec. de IOrgan. Palastina und im nordlichen Sinai. Berlin. 1930. 79.p. met. internat. No. 6.) figs. 23 cm. (1naug.-Dissert. Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ. Kochergin, V.
Berlin.) Atmosfernye osadki Zakavkrazia. Tiflia. 1928. xxv, 347
Clyde, George D. p. 25 cm. [Rainfall in Transcaucasia.] (Tranacaucasian water admin. Div. sci. invest. no. 51.)
n. d. 16 p. illus. 23 cm. Results of evaporation studies conducted at the Scripps institution of oceanography and the California institute 91. Dec. 193G.)
Gall6, P. H. of technology. Berkeley. 1930. p, 401-415. 275 cm. Klimatologie van den Indischen Oceaen. V. Neerslag. VI. (Bull. Scripps inst. ocean., Tech. ser., v. 2, no. 11.) Frequentie van luchtdrukkingen en stormachtige winden.
VII. Tropische cyclonen. Amsterdam. n. d. 31 p. Cartes spnoptiques triniestrielles donnant la temperature e t illus. plate (fold.). 24 cm. (IC. Ned. met. inst. no. 102. la alinit6 de leau de surface de loc6an Atlantique Nord.
Med. en verh. 29c.) n. p. n. d. [3 p.] fig. plates (fold.) 35 cm.
Prevention of wind injury to crops on muck land. East Wetter und Verkehrswesen. v. p. figs. 30 cm. (Die Reichs- Lansing. n. d. 8 p. illus. 23% cm. (Agric. exper. sta. hahn. nr. 37-39. Jahrg. 1929. 11, lS, 25 Sept.) Mich. state coll. Soils sec. Circ. bull. no. 103. March, Welter, L.
1927.) Note sur Iorganisation de la protection ln6tborologique de la
HSlcke, Theodor. navigation ebrienne en Afrique Occidentale Franpaise. Der Einfluss der Hohenlage auf die Niederschliige in Thuringen. [Paris. 1930.1 S p. figs. 2534 cm. (Bull. du comm d6tudes Weimar. (1930. 47 p. figs. map (fold.). 21 cm. (Mitt. hist. et scient. de 1Afrique Occident. Franc. Annee 1930.
der Thiir. Landeswett. Heft 2.)
of books recently received as representing those most likely to be useful to Weather Bureau officials in their meteorological work and studies:
Ashbel, Dob.
Establishing snow courses and making snow surveya. Lo an. (Utah agric. exper. ata. 8 r c . McEwens George F-
pettersson, Vilhelm I., & pettersson,
Harmer. Paul M. Richard, W.
T. 13.)