Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Belinda Arbogast
      Originator: Daniel H. Knepper, Jr
      Originator: Roger A. Melick
      Originator: John Hickman

      Publication_Date: 2002

      Title: Evolution of the landscape along the Clear Creek Corridor, Colorado--Urbanization, aggregate mining, and reclamation

      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geologic Investigations Series
        Issue_Identification: I-2760

      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Denver, Colorado

        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760/
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Prime agricultural land along the Clear Creek floodplain, Colorado, attracted settlement in the 1850's but the demand for sand and gravel for 1900's construction initiated a sequence of events that exceeded previous interests and created the modified landscape and urban ecosystem that exists today.  The Clear Creek valley corridor offers a landscape filled with a persistent visible and hidden reminder of it's past use.

      The map sheets illustrate the Clear Creek landscape as a series of compositions, both at the macro view (in the spatial context of urban structure and highways from aerial photographs) and micro view (from the civic scale where landscape features like trees, buildings, and sidewalks are included). The large-scale topographic features, such as mountains and terraces, appear "changeless" (they do change over geologic time), while Clear Creek has changed from a wide braided stream to a narrow confined stream.  Transportation networks (streets and highways) and spiraling population growth in adjacent cities (from approximately 38,000 people in 1880 to over a million in 1999) form two dominant landscape patterns.  Mining and wetland/riparian occupy the smallest amount of land use acres compared to urban, transportation, or water reservoir activities in the Clear Creek aggregate reserve study area.

      Four types of reclaimed pits along Clear Creek were determined: water storage facilities, wildlife/greenbelt space, multiple-purpose reservoirs, and "hidden scenery."  The latter involves infilling gravel pits (with earth backfill, concrete rubble, or sanitary landfill) and covering the site with light industry or residential housing making the landform hard to detect as a past mine site.  Easier to recognize are the strong-edged, rectilinear water reservoirs, reclaimed from off-channel sand and gravel pits that reflect the land survey grid and property boundaries.  The general public may not realize softly contoured linear wildlife corridors connecting urban, industrial, and natural space were once mine sites too.  Multiple-use water projects from exhausted pits appear to be the new millennium parks, providing water storage, passive recreation, and habitat restoration for the Denver metropolitan area.  The public objects to mining yet enjoys the reclaimed mine sites as recreation and wildlife space.

    Purpose: With the high demand for Clear Creek water (less than half of the water passing through Golden flows into the South Platte River), high-cost of water rights (in the thousands of dollars per acre-ft), and potential for drought, reclamation of aggregate pits reflects society's values, community traditions, and scientific advances.  Since the South Platte River and its other major tributaries are still undergoing this evolutionary process, the results of this investigation may be useful in understanding and planning their future.

    Supplemental_Information:
      Map political location:
      Adams, Denver, and Jefferson Counties, Colorado
      Compilation scale: 1:24,000

  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date: 2002

    Currentness_Reference: publication date

  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular.

  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -105.25
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.87
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.87
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.75

  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: Landscape
      Theme_Keyword: Clear Creek
      Theme_Keyword: Urbanization
      Theme_Keyword: Hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: Sand and gravel mines and mining
      Theme_Keyword: Mined lands reclamation
      Theme_Keyword: Denver, Colorado
      Theme_Keyword: Transportation



    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: USA
      Place_Keyword: Colorado
      Place_Keyword: Adams County
      Place_Keyword: Denver County
      Place_Keyword: Jefferson County

  Access_Constraints: none

  Use_Constraints: none.  Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey would be appreciated in products derived from these data.

  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: graphic representation of map layout
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PDF
  Data_Set_Credit: Belinda Arbogast, Daniel H. Knepper, Jr., Roger A. Melick, and John Hickman.  Metadata prepared by F. Craig Brunstein and Belinda Arbogast.

Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Data was was downloaded or entered and checked by the physical scientist and GIS operator.  The attributes of this geospatial data set consist of text identifiers and numeric codes that indicate the identity of the natural or cultural unit or type of feature, and determine how each feature is colored or symbolized.  To check attribute accuracy, a color check plot was visually compared to the physical scientist's original compilation.  Discrepancies between the digital geospatial dataset and the original analog compilation were corrected as needed.  This map has been thoroughly reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature.

  Logical_Consistency_Report: Map elements were visually checked by the GIS operator for overshoots, undershoots, duplicate features, polygon attributes, and other errors. Automated (ARC/INFO) routines were also used to check the databases for polygon label errors, line or point attribution errors, sliver polygons, dangling arcs, intersection errors, and projection information.  The map was reviewed by two other scientists for consistency with basic geologic principles and general conformity to USGS mapping standards.

  Completeness_Report: Data is complete: some features were eliminated or generalized.  Unit properties are described in the text explanation.  A digital elevation map coverage is included.

  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

        Lines and points were digitized from topographic maps, from annotated aerial photographs, and from scientific literature.  Most digitized positions on the map are estimated to have about 50-100 m horizontal accuracy.

  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Hickman, John
          Title: Unpublished mapping
          Publication_Date: Unpublished material
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1998
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1990
            Ending_Date: 1998
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Arbogast and others (2002)
      Source_Contribution: This data was used to compile the main map.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled from unpublished data on pit locations (known and approximate areal extent) from 1990-1998, as provided by John Hickman in 2001.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Schwochow, S.D.
          Originator: Shroba, R.R.
          Originator: Wicklein, P.C.
          Title: Atlas of sand, gravel, and quarry aggregate resources Colorado Front Range Counties, Denver: Colorado Geological Survey, Special Publication 5B, digitized and compiled by Cappa, J.A., Hiatt, C.S., Litke, D.W., McCormick, M.L., and Sadlick, Joseph, 2000, Colorado Geological Survey and U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 009 [CD-ROM].
          Publication_Date: 1974
      Type_of_Source_Media: digital
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1974
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1973
            Ending_Date: 1974
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Schwochow and others (1974b)
      Source_Contribution: Selected data was used from this source to compile part of the main map.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Title:
            U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps as follows:
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1901, Denver, Colorado, quadrangle map, scale 1:125,000. (Reprinted 1932).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1939, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1941a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1941b, Derby, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1957a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1957b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1957c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Water resources data for Colorado, Part 1, Surface water records, 396 p.
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1980a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1980b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1980c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Photorevised from 1965).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1994a, Arvada, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1994b, Commerce City, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965).
            U.S. Geological Survey, 1994c, Golden, Colorado, quadrangle map, 7.5-minute series, scale 1:24,000 (Revised from 1965).
          Publication_Date: 1901-1994
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1994
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1901
            Ending_Date: 1994
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Contribution: Selected data was used from these sources to compile parts of the database.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Data were digitized from these paper maps and incorporated in the database.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Argall, G.O., Jr.
          Title: Industrial minerals of Colorado: Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v. 44, no. 2, 440 p.
          Publication_Date: 1949
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1949
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1921
            Ending_Date: 1949
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Argall (1949)
      Source_Contribution: Selected industrial mineral data were used from this source to compile part of the main map.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source. Data was digitized from paper copy of this report.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology
          Title: Mined Land Reclamation Board Database, 2001, Historic Pit and Quarry locations
          Publication_Date: 2001
      Type_of_Source_Media: digital database
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 2001
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1920
            Ending_Date: 2001
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology
      Source_Contribution: Selected pit and quarry locations were used from this source to compile part of the main map.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: This digital database source provided data on the locations of historic pit and quarry locations.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Title: Datasets--Land Use and Land Cover available from http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/frontrange/datasets.htm
          Publication_Date: 2002
      Type_of_Source_Media: digital database
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1997
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1930
            Ending_Date: 1997
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Contribution: Selected data were used from this source to compile part of the database. Source available from http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/frontrange/datasets.htm
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source.
      Process_Date: 2002
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: State of Colorado
          Title: State of Colorado, 2000, Wetland versus Riparian: Colorado Division of Wildlife. Accessed July 19, 2000, at URL http://ndis.nrel.colostate.edu/ndis/riparian/ripwetdef.htm
          Publication_Date: 2000
      Type_of_Source_Media: digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1998
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1988
            Ending_Date: 1998
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: State of Colorado
      Source_Contribution: Riparian data were used from this source to compile part of the database.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Riparian part of the database was compiled using this source.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
          Title: Large scale digital line graphs for Colorado, 1990, accessed November 10, 2000, at URL http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/dlg_large/states/CO.html
          Publication_Date: 1990
      Type_of_Source_Media: digital data
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Source_Currentness_Reference: 1990
        Time_Period_Information:
          Range_of_Dates/Times:
            Beginning_Date: 1990
            Ending_Date: 1990
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey
      Source_Contribution: Data were used from this source to compile part of the database.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Part of the database was compiled using this source.
      Process_Date: 2001
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector

Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Grid_Coordinate_System:
        Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
        Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
          Transverse_Mercator:
          UTM_Zone_Number: 13
        Transverse_Mercator:
            Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
            Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 105.0
            Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
            False_Easting: 0.0
            False_Northing: 0.0

      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 50
          Ordinate_Resolution: 50
        Planar_Distance_Units: METERS

    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927
      Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
      The data is supplied in ARC shape file formats.

      DATABASE STRUCTURE - ARC====================================

      The database of the map consists of the following root-name shape files:

      pits94 (point locations of quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1990-1998)
      pits67 (point locations of stone quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1960-1990)
      pits57 (point locations of stone quarries, gravel pits, and clay pits 1950-1960)
      pits37 (point locations of gravel pits 1920-1950)
      pitsum37 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1920-1950)
      pitsum94 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1990-1998) 
      pitsum67 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1960-1990)
      pitsum57 (sand and gravel pit polygon areas 1950-1960)
      road94 (Roads as of 1994)
      rail01 (Railroads as of 1901)
      rail94 (Railroads as of 1994)
      agg2 (Stream terrace and flood-plain deposits)
      road01 (roads as of 1901)
      hydrop01 (water features as of 1901)
      hydrol01 (water features as of 1901)
      hydrop94 (water features as of 1994)
      hydro31 (water features as of 1931)
      riparian (extent of riparian habitat)
      urban01 (urban extent in 1901)
      urban90  (urban extent in 1996/1997)

      Other files:
      clearcrdem.tif  (Digital Elevation Model of the study area)
      clearcrdem.tfw


Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: Central Publications Group
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey
        Address: MS 902, Box 25046 DFC
        City: Lakewood
        State_or_Province: CO
        Postal_Code: 80225-0046
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-7431

  Distribution_Liability: Although this digital spatial data has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, it is released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.

  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: SHP
        Format_Version_Number: 3.2
        Format_Version_Date: 2001
        File_Decompression_Technique: GZIP compressed TAR file (Unix), ZIP archive (Windows)
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2002/i-2760
    Fees: none

Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: USGS Information Services
        Address: Box 25286
        City: Denver
        State_or_Province: CO
        Postal_Code: 80225
        Country: United States
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS
  Resource_Description: I-2760
  Distribution_Liability: None

  Standard_Order_Process:
    Non-digital_Form: Available as two printed map sheets plus one pamphlet, all inserted in an envelope.  Order from USGS at the address listed above or see http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/mod/index.html for more ordering information.
    Fees:
      For current charges see
      http//rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/mod/order.html

Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20020723
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Belinda Arbogast
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: U.S. Geological Survey
        Address: MS 973, Box 25046 DFC
        City: Lakewood
        State_or_Province: CO
        Postal_Code: 80225-0046
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 303-236-2495

  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998