BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data

Summary

The Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) collected surface meteorological and 
radiation data from December 1993 until December 1996.  The data set comprises  
Suite A (meteorological and energy balance measurements) and Suite B (diffuse 
solar and longwave measurements) components. Suite A measurements were taken at 
each of 10 sites, and Suite B measurements were made at 5 of the Suite A sites.  
The data cover an approximate area of 500 km (North-South) by 1,000 km (East-
West) (a large portion of northern Manitoba and northern Saskatchewan).  The 
measurement network was designed to provide researchers with a sufficient record 
of near-surface meteorological and radiation measurements.  The data are 
provided in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

   1) Data Set Overview
   2) Investigator(s)
   3) Theory of Measurements
   4) Equipment
   5) Data Acquisition Methods
   6) Observations
   7) Data Description
   8) Data Organization
   9) Data Manipulations
   10) Errors
   11) Notes
   12) Application of the Data Set
   13) Future Modifications and Plans
   14) Software
   15) Data Access
   16) Output Products and Availability
   17) References
   18) Glossary of Terms
   19) List of Acronyms
   20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) personnel at the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the 
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) established a contract with the 
Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) to implement and maintain a network of 
automatic meteorological stations (AMS) to measure surface meteorological and 
radiation parameters during BOREAS activities in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, 
Canada.  SRC personnel installed and monitored the equipment, collected and 
quality checked the data, and delivered the data to the BOREAS Information 
System (BORIS) on a regular basis from 1994 through early 1997.  The SRC AMS 
network comprises 10 Suite A and 5 Suite B sites.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

The SRC AMS data were collected to:

a) Measure the microclimatic variability across the BOREAS sites.
b) Provide input data for numerical simulation models.
c) Collect broad-band reflected and emitted radiation to help with evaluating 
and calibrating satellite and aircraft imagery.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The parameters measured at Suite A sites included date and time, within- and 
above-canopy temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed 
and direction, precipitation, snow depth, soil temperature profiles, shortwave 
radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and net radiation.

The parameters measured at Suite B sites included date and time, and shortwave 
and longwave radiation.

1.5 Discussion

The SRC AMS stations cover an area of roughly 500 km (North-South) by 1,000 km 
(East-West) (a large portion of northern Manitoba and northern Saskatchewan).  
The 10 Suite A stations were installed within the BOREAS study region (see 
Figure 1) prior to the first Intensive Field Campaign (IFC) that occurred in May 
1994. All Suite A stations were equipped to measure basic meteorological and 
radiation parameters.  The Suite A radiation sensors measured shortwave and net 
radiation, PAR, and longwave radiation. The measurement height for all the 
above-canopy measurements was approximately two to six meters above the canopy 
top. The below-canopy measurements were made at approximately 2 meters from the 
forest floor. The infrared radiation sensor is pointed at an angle of 45 degrees 
to measure canopy top temperature of the forest at each individual site. The 
infrared sensor is located at all the sites except Saskatoon and Meadow Lake.  
Precipitation at each site is measured with a Belfort weighing precipitation 
gauge that is mounted with an alter shield. Rainfall intensity is measured with 
a tipping bucket rain gauge at each site.

Five of the Suite A sites were augmented with additional radiation sensors to 
form a Suite B classification. Suite B sensors consist of a diffuse shortwave 
radiation sensor and a pyrgeometer.  Figure 2 illustrates a typical boreal 
forest instrumentation array.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AES Campbell Scientific Surface Meteorological Data
BOREAS AES MARSII Surface Meteorological Data
BOREAS AES READAC Surface Meteorological Data

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Stanley R. Shewchuk
Lead Scientist
Saskatchewan Research Council

2.2 Title of Investigation

Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core Measurements for BOREAS (AFM-07)

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1
Heather Osborne/Kim Young
Saskatchewan Research Council
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
(306) 933-6759
osborne@src.sk.ca
young@src.sk.ca

Contact 2
Virginia Wittrock
Research Scientist
Saskatchewan Research Council
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
(306) 933-8122
wittrock@ src.sk.ca

Contact 3
Jeffrey A. Newcomer
Raytheon ITSS
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD  
(301) 286-7858
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The theory behind the meteorological measurements is to understand the general 
climate of the Canadian boreal region.  The main purpose of each AMS station is 
to gather enough precipitation, temperature, and other meteorological 
information to fully understand the climate of the boreal forest.  Data from all 
of the instruments were stored on a data logger, which performed some of the 
initial data processing.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

This section is a comprehensive description of each AMS site. The parameters 
included are: site name, location and elevation, and a list of each instrument 
at the site. There is a detailed description of each instrument in the first 
site that contains the instrument.  Within each detailed instrument description 
there is an explanation of what the instrument is used for; heights of each 
instrument; its supplier and/or manufacturer; and serial number.  Additionally, 
the description of radiation sensors will contain the wavelengths they are able 
to measure. At subsequent sites containing the same instrument a shorter 
description is given, containing only the serial number and location details 
specific to that site.

The sites were inspected by human observers.  Suite B sites were visited every 3 
days.  Suite A sites were visited every 7 to 10 days in the summer and every 3 
to 5 days in the winter to check for frost build up on the instruments.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The collection environment for the SRC AMS stations varied greatly from season 
to season and site to site.  All instruments, except where otherwise noted, were 
exposed to the elements at all times.  The sites were all located in relatively 
undisturbed locations and the instruments were checked regularly.

During winter, the instruments were exposed to frequent snow storms and 
temperatures that reached -40 C.  During the summer months, temperatures at the 
sites reached 30 C.  No covers were built to protect the instrumentation from 
precipitation, wind, animal damage, or vandalism.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Suite A sites use a triangular cross-section Rohn tower as a platform for 
mounting the majority of the Suite A instruments.  Each side of the tower is 
roughly 0.5 meters across and is internally supported by solid steel "zigzag" 
cross braces.  The tower is designed with a hinge roughly halfway along its 
length that allows the tower to be folded down so that instruments may be 
attached and serviced without climbing gear.  When the installation is complete, 
the tower can be extended to its full height.  The only sites that do not use a 
Rohn tower are Meadow Lake and Saskatoon, where no forest exists and a tall 
tower is not required.  Components mounted on the tower include the data logger, 
pressure sensor, solar panel, albedometer, net radiometer, air temperature and 
relative humidity sensors, PAR sensor, and wind speed and direction sensor.  A 
lightning rod is also attached to the top of each tower.

The precipitation gauges at each site are mounted on a separate wooden platform 
located a short distance from the Rohn tower.  The distance varies by site.  The 
platform is 3 meters high, 0.9 meters wide, and 2.4 meters long.  These 
platforms are located at all AMS sites except Meadow Lake and Saskatoon.

The Suite B sites are usually located a fair distance away from the Rohn tower 
that holds the Suite A instrumentation (Meadow Lake and Saskatoon being the 
exceptions).  The Suite B sites recorded information on a separate data logger 
(usually a CR10).

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The objective of the Rohn tower is to provide a stable place to hang 
instrumentation for the duration of the experiment.  Additionally, the tower 
provides a method of placing instruments at various levels within the canopy.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Suite A
Instrument Type                             Measured Parameters
------------------                          -----------------------
PAR radiometer                              PAR radiation
Net radiometer                              Net radiation
Albedometer                                 Incoming solar radiation
                                            Reflected solar radiation
Temperature and relative humidity probe     Upper canopy air temperature
                                            Relative humidity
Temperature probe                           Lower canopy air temperature
Soil temperature probe                      Soil temperature
Barometric pressure                         Air pressure
IR temperature                              Surface IR temperature
Wind monitor                                Wind direction
                                            Wind speed
Belfort rainfall transmitter                Precipitation
Ultrasonic depth gauge                      Snow depth
Soil moisture sensor                        Soil moisture
Tipping bucket rain gauge                   Precipitation


Suite B
Instrument Type                             Measured Parameters
------------------                          -----------------------
Pyrgeometer                                 Incoming longwave radiation
                                            Outgoing longwave radiation
Pyranometer with shadow band                Diffuse solar radiation


4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Suite A
---------
Data Logger:  This instrument is used to store and partially manipulate the 
data.

Multiplexer:  The Multiplexer is used to increase the number of sensors that may 
be scanned by Campbell Scientific (CS) data loggers.

Spark Gapped Junction Box:  The Junction Box is designed to minimize damage to 
instruments connected to wires on which a high voltage could be induced through 
electrostatic discharge due to lightening.  There are two per tower.

Modem:  The DC112 Modem is a 300/1200 baud modem employing the "AT" command set.  
It is used as a remote site modem connected to a CS data logger.

Solar Panels:  The Model MSX-30 Solarex Solar Panel photovoltaic module is 
designed to operate DC loads with small to moderate energy requirements.

PAR Radiometer:  The Skye Single Channel PAR Sensor is used to measure PAR 
Radiation.  These sensors have cosine-corrected heads, each containing a 
semiconductor diode and filter system responding to light.

Net Radiometer:  The Fritschen Q-6 Net Radiometer is a high output instrument 
that is designed to measure net radiation.  Net radiation is defined as the sum 
of all incoming radiation minus the outgoing radiation.  Incoming radiation 
consists of direct and diffuse shortwave radiation and longwave sky radiation.  
Outgoing radiation consists of reflected and terrestrial longwave radiation.

Albedometer (Solar and Reflected):  None given.

Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe (Above-Canopy):  None given.

Temperature Probe (Lower Canopy):  None given.

Soil Temperature Probe:  None given.

Barometric Pressure sensor:  None given.

IR Thermometer:  The Everest Interscience Model 4000AL Infrared Thermometer 
measures the IR radiation emitted by objects and outputs the temperature, or a 
signal that is related to the temperature, of the object.  The major advantage 
of this IR sensor is that no physical contact is made with the object being 
measured.

Wind Direction/Wind Speed Sensor: None given.

Belfort Precipitation Gauge:  None given.

Snow Depth Sensor:  None given.

Soil Moisture Sensor:  The Matrix Water Potential Soil Moisture Sensor measures 
soil moisture by measuring the heat differential between a warmed temperature 
probe and an unwarmed probe.  The theory is that when a probe is heated the 
temperature rise will be a function of the water content of the medium (the 
soil).  By inserting a heater and a temperature sensor in a fixed porous block 
in contact with soil, the temperature rise of the heater can be correlated to 
the water potential of the soil.

Tipping Bucket Precipitation Gauge:  None given

Suite B
---------
Data Logger:  This instrument is used to store and partially manipulate the 
data.

Pyrgeometer:  This instrument measures the exchange of radiation between a 
horizontal blackened surface and the target viewed.  For the measurement of 
longwave radiation in general, and for the isolation of this from the solar 
shortwave radiation in daytime, a 30-mm-diameter hemisphere of silicon is used.  
This instrument is measuring downward longwave radiation from the atmosphere 
only.

Pyranometer:  None given.

Shadow Band Stand:  The shadow band attaches to the Suite B pyranometer that 
measures incoming solar radiation.  The shadow band is intended to block out the 
direct rays of the sun and force the pyranometer to measure only the diffuse 
component of solar radiation.  The band is wide enough to block the sun's direct 
rays for a few weeks at a time.  A local observer adjusted the shadow band 
monthly.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Figures 3-15 illustrate the location of each instrument in relation to the other 
instruments at the data collection sites.  Unless otherwise noted, all 
instrument are on the Suite A tower present at each site.  The Meadow Lake and 
Saskatoon sites are the only sites that do not have towers.  At those sites, no 
relative location information is available.  A negative height indicates that 
the instrument is located below ground surface.


La Ronge:
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          16.15 m
Net radiometer                          16.15 m
Albedometer                             16.15 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     16.15 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          1.83 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, 1.5 m north of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, 1.5 m north of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, 1.5 m north of tower
Barometric pressure                     16.15 m
IR temperature                          16.15 m
Wind monitor                            16.15 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             15.0 m north-northwest of tower
Snow depth gauge                        1730 cm, 5 m northwest of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, location not available
Tipping bucket precipitation            15.0 m north-northwest of tower


Meadow Lake:
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          2.1 m
Net radiometer                          2.0 m
Albedometer                             1.9 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     2.59 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm
Barometric pressure                     2.03 m
Wind monitor                            9.75 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             Not available
Snow depth gauge                        1570 cm
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm
Tipping bucket precipitation            Not available


Southern Study Area (SSA)-Old Aspen (OA) (all Suite B instruments are located on 
the main flux tower):
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          23.71 m
Net radiometer                          23.71 m
Albedometer                             23.71 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     23.71 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          4 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower
Barometric pressure                     21.87 m
IR temperature                          23.71 m
Wind monitor                            23.71 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             35.0 m north-northwest of tower
Snow depth gauge                        1500 cm, 35 m southeast of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, 1.5 m northwest of tower
Tipping bucket precipitation            35.0 m southeast of tower

Suite B
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
Pyrgeometer                             36.83 m
Pyranometer                             36.68 m
Shadow Band Stand                       36.68 m


SSA-Old Jack Pine (OJP) (all Suite B instruments are located on the main flux 
tower):
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          20.7 m
Net radiometer                          20.7 m
Albedometer                             20.7 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     20.7 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          5.5 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, northwest of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, northwest of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, northwest of tower
Barometric pressure                     Not available, Not available
IR temperature                          20.7 m
Wind monitor                            20.7 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             42.7 m east-southeast of tower
Snow depth gauge                        1510 cm, 37 m west-northwest of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, northwest of tower
Tipping bucket precipitation            42.7 m east-southeast of tower

Suite B
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
Pyrgeometer                             35.1 m
Pyranometer                             36.6 m
Shadow Band Stand                       36.6 m


Saskatoon (all Suite B instruments are colocated with the Suite A instruments):
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          1.3 m
Net radiometer                          1.45 m
Albedometer                             1.62 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     1.71 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm
Barometric pressure                     1.3 m
Wind monitor                            10 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             1.2 m
Snow depth gauge                        1235 cm
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm
Tipping bucket precipitation            Not available

Suite B
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
Pyrgeometer                             1.53 m
Pyranometer                             1.58 m
Shadow Band Stand                       1.58 m


Lynn Lake:
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          15.2 m
Net radiometer                          15.2 m
Albedometer                             15.2 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     15.2 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          2.6 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, 1.8 m south of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, 1.8 m south of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, 1.8 m south of tower
Barometric pressure                     9.3 m
IR temperature                          15.2 m
Wind monitor                            15.2 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             8.3 m north-northwest of tower
Snow depth gauge                        1700 cm, 18.3 m north-northwest of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, 1.8 m south of tower
Tipping bucket precipitation            18.3 m southeast of tower


The Pas:
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          21.9 m
Net radiometer                          21.9 m
Albedometer                             21.9 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     21.9 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          2.1 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, slightly east of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, slightly east of tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, slightly east of tower
Barometric pressure                     18.9 m
IR temperature                          21.9 m
Wind monitor                            21.9 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             200 m northeast of tower
Snow depth gauge                        1920 cm, 200 m northeast of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, slightly east of tower
Tipping bucket precipitation            200 m northeast of tower


Northern Study Area (NSA)-OJP (the Suite A instruments are at NSA-OJP, and the 
Suite B instruments are at the BOREAS Fen site, which is approximately 15 km 
from the NSA-OJP):
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          15.8 m
Net radiometer                          15.8 m
Albedometer                             15.8 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     15.8 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          4.6 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, Not available
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, Not available
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, Not available
Barometric pressure                     16.2 m, north of the tower
IR temperature                          15.8 m
Wind monitor                            15.8 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             northwest of tower
Snow depth gauge                        2200 cm, northwest of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, Not available
Tipping bucket precipitation            northwest of tower

NSA-Fen:
Suite B
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
Pyrgeometer                             3.7 m
Pyranometer                             3.7 m
Shadow Band Stand                       3.7 m


Thompson:
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          18.9 m
Net radiometer                          18.9 m
Albedometer                             18.9 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     18.9 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          1.8 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, 2 m northwest of the tower
Barometric pressure                     5.5 m
IR temperature                          18.9 m
Wind monitor                            18.9 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             7.3 m, 10 m northeast of tower
Snow depth gauge                        2100 cm, 50 m east-northeast of tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, Not available
Tipping bucket precipitation            50 m east-northeast of tower


Flin-Flon (Suite B instruments are located about 500 m from the Suite A 
instruments):
Suite A
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
PAR radiometer                          17.9 m
Net radiometer                          17.9 m
Albedometer                             17.9 m
Temperature/relative humidity probe     17.9 m
Lower canopy temperature probe          2.2 m
Soil temperature probe                  -10 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower
Soil temperature probe                  -20 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower
Soil temperature probe                  -50 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower
Barometric pressure                     2.8 m, north of the tower
IR temperature                          17.9 m
Wind monitor                            17.9 m
Belfort precipitation gauge             22.9 m northeast of the tower
Snow depth gauge                        1900 cm, 21 northeast of the tower
Soil moisture sensor                    -10 cm, 3 m northwest of the tower
Tipping bucket precipitation            22.9 m northeast of the tower

Suite B
Instrument                              Height on tower/Location
-----------                             -------------------------
Pyrgeometer                             1.7 m
Pyranometer                             2.0 m
Shadow Band Stand                       2.0 m


4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

PAR radiometer:  Skye Single Channel PAR Sensor.  Manufactured by: Skye 
Instruments Ltd.

Net radiometer:  Fritschen Q-6 Net Radiometer.  Manufactured by:  Radiation and 
Energy Balance Systems, Inc.

Albedometer (Solar and reflected):  Eppley Model PSP Precision Spectral 
Pyranometers.  Manufactured by:  The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

Temperature and relative humidity probe:  Model HMP35CF Temperature and Relative 
Humidity Probe.  Manufactured by:  Campbell Scientific.

Lower canopy temperature probe:  Model 107F Temperature Probe.  Manufactured by:  
Campbell Scientific.

Soil temperature probe:  Model 108BAM Temperature Probe.  Manufactured by:  
Campbell Scientific.

Barometric pressure sensor:  Model SBP270 Barometric Pressure Sensor.  
Manufactured by:  Setra.

IR temperature sensor:  Model 4000AL Infrared Thermometer.  Manufactured by:  
Everest Interscience.

Wind monitor:  Model 05103-10 Wind Monitor.  Manufactured by:  R.M. Young.

Belfort precipitation gauge:  Belfort Rainfall Transmitter.  Manufactured by:  
Belfort Instrument Company.

Snow depth gauge:  UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth Gauge.  Manufactured by:  Campbell 
Scientific.

Soil moisture sensor:  Matrix Water Potential Soil Moisture Sensor.  
Manufactured by:  Matrix.

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge:  Model TE525 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge.  
Manufactured by:  Texas Electronics.

Pyrgeometer:  Model PIR Precision Infrared Radiometer.  Manufactured by:  The 
Eppley Laboratory, Inc.

Pyranometer:  Model PSP Precision Pyranometer.  Manufactured by:  The Eppley 
Laboratory, Inc.

Shadow band stand:  Manufactured by:  The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.


The following tables lists the instrument serial numbers by site.

La Ronge:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937019
Net radiometer                               Q94175
Albedometer - Solar                          29804F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29805F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1036
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1240
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1825
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1798
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1827
Barometric Pressure                          395165
IR Temperature                               2608-6
Wind monitor                                 14637
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 11462, bucket: 16470
Snow depth gauge                             C1506
Soil moisture sensor                         1045
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           TB0230001


Meadow Lake:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937027
Net radiometer                               87122
Albedometer - Solar                          29798F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29799F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1049
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1829
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1809
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1801
Barometric Pressure                          395172
Wind monitor                                 14276
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 1946
Snow depth gauge                             C1187
Soil moisture sensor                         1046
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           13274-394


SSA-OA:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937020
Net radiometer                               93233
Albedometer - Solar                          29803F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29802F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1052
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1238
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1819
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1802
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1810
Barometric Pressure                          330019
IR Temperature                               2608-7
Wind monitor                                 14688
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 11401
Snow depth gauge                             C1339
Soil moisture sensor                         1044
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           Not available

Suite B
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
Pyrgeometer                                  29752F3
Pyranometer                                  29091F3
Shadow band stand                            9906


SSA-OJP:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937028
Net radiometer                               94174
Albedometer - Solar                          29878F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29879F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1048
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1235
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1818
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1817
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1812
Barometric Pressure                          395174
IR Temperature                               2608-5
Wind monitor                                 15039
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 4845
Snow depth gauge                             C1507
Soil moisture sensor                         1040
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           TB023002

Suite B
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
Pyrgeometer                                  28809F3
Pyranometer                                  2987F3
Shadow band stand                            Not available


Saskatoon:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937026
Net radiometer                               Q94064
Albedometer - Solar                          29796F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29797F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1051
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             Not available
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             Not available
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             Not available
Barometric Pressure                          482535
Wind monitor                                 14294
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 1146-2
Snow depth gauge                             C1521
Soil moisture sensor                         1043
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           Not available

Suite B
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
Pyrgeometer                                  29750
Pyranometer                                  29718
Shadow band stand                            Not available


Lynn Lake:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937025
Net radiometer                               93231
Albedometer - Solar                          29792F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29793F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1025
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1241
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1797
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1814
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1811
Barometric Pressure                          395166
IR Temperature                               2608-8
Wind monitor                                 15047
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 5846
Snow depth gauge                             C1516
Soil moisture sensor                         1037
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           Not available


The Pas:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937018
Net radiometer                               93214
Albedometer - Solar                          29791F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29790F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1053
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1239
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1821
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1804
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1831
Barometric Pressure                          395172
IR Temperature                               2608-3
Wind monitor                                 14252
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 4810
Snow depth gauge                             C1339
Soil moisture sensor                         1036
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           TB37982-64


NSA-OJP:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937023
Net radiometer                               93236
Albedometer - Solar                          29806F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29807F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1053
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1234
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1823
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1806
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1808
Barometric Pressure                          395168
IR Temperature                               2608-9
Wind monitor                                 14681
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: Not available
Snow depth gauge                             C1505
Soil moisture sensor                         1039
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           Not available


NSA-Fen:
Suite B
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
Pyrgeometer                                  29754F3
Pyranometer                                  29721F3
Shadow band stand                            Not available


Thompson:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937022
Net radiometer                               93213
Albedometer - Solar                          29876F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29877F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1187
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1233
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1807
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1832
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1805
Barometric Pressure                          414247
IR Temperature                               2608-1
Wind monitor                                 14288
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 5-4057
Snow depth gauge                             C1341
Soil moisture sensor                         1038
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           Not available


Flin-Flon:
Suite A
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
PAR radiometer                               SKE51006937021
Net radiometer                               93232
Albedometer - Solar                          29795F3
Albedometer - Reflected                      29794F3
Temperature and relative humidity probe      C1193
Lower canopy temperature probe               C1518
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm             C1820
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm             C1828
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm             C1815
Barometric Pressure                          414249
IR Temperature                               2608-2
Wind monitor                                 15045
Belfort precipitation gauge                  manufacturer: 4810
Snow depth gauge                             C1518
Soil moisture sensor                         1041
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge           TB37983-64

Suite B
Instrument                                   Serial Number
-----------                                  --------------------
Pyrgeometer                                  29751F3
Pyranometer                                  29093F3
Shadow band stand                            Not available


4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

The following tables give the calibration multiplier and constant (if 
applicable) for each instrument at each site.

La Ronge:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             None given
Net radiometer                            0.07            14.0 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.5954530       8.41 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.56947         8.78 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    10 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            80
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.078259        None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.03            None given


Meadow Lake:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             None given
Net radiometer                            0.0505          10.1 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.639391        7.82 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.60459         8.27 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    100 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            80
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               Not available   None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.25            None given


SSA-OA:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             None given
Net radiometer                            0.0665          13.3 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.55741         8.97 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.55991         8.93 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    100 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            None given
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.07386         None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.024           None given

Suite B
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
Pyrgeometer                               None given      None given
Pyranometer                               None given      None given


SSA-OJP:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            None given      None given
Net radiometer                            None given      13.3 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.58616         8.97 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.57013         8.93 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    35 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       None given      None given
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.07824         None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.025           None given

Suite B
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
Pyrgeometer                               None given      2.76 W/m2
Pyranometer                               None given      8.77 W/m2


Saskatoon:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            None given      None given
Net radiometer                            None given      None given
Albedometer - Solar                       1.1891          8.97 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   1.1416          8.93 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    10 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               None given      None given
Snow depth gauge                          None given      None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.2             None given

Suite B
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
Pyrgeometer                               None given      None given
Pyranometer                               None given      None given


Lynn Lake:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             Not available
Net radiometer                            0.066           13.2 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.60533         8.26 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.59312         8.43 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    35 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            35 feet         None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            None given
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.07181         None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.025           None given


The Pas:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             Not available
Net radiometer                            0.065           13.0 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.58824         8.50 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.62035         8.06 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    35 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            None given
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.07155         None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.05            None given


NSA-OJP:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            None given      None given
Net radiometer                            0.0645          12.9 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.59595         8.39 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.61652         8.11 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    None given
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            80
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.07824         None given
Snow depth gauge                          None given      None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        0.025           None given

NSA-Fen:
Suite B
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
Pyrgeometer                               None given      3.42 W/m2
Pyranometer                               None given      8.55 W/m2


Thompson:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            0.5             Not available
Net radiometer                            0.0645          12.9 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.58343         8.57 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.57274         8.73 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    10 feet
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.001           None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       0.12            80
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               0.11518         None given
Snow depth gauge                          1.0             None given
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        None given      None given


Flin-Flon:
Suite A
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
PAR radiometer                            None given      None given
Net radiometer                            0.066           13.2 w2/(mVm2)
Albedometer - Solar                       0.56948         8.89 microV/wm2
Albedometer - Reflected                   0.56370         8.21 microV/wm2
Temperature and relative humidity probe   0.001 (temp)    None given
                                          0.1 (humidity)
Lower canopy temperature probe            0.12            None given
Soil temperature probe at -10 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -20 cm          None given      None given
Soil temperature probe at -50 cm          None given      None given
Barometric Pressure                       None given      None given
IR Temperature                            None given      None given
Wind monitor                              0.098 (speed)   None given
                                          0.071 (direction)
Belfort precipitation gauge               1               None given
Snow depth gauge                          None given      39
Soil moisture sensor                      None given      None given
Tipping bucket precipitation gauge        None given      None given

Suite B
Instrument type                           Multiplier      Calibration Constant
---------------------                     ----------      --------------------
Pyrgeometer                               None given      None given
Pyranometer                               None given      None given


4.2.1.1 Tolerance

The following list gives information relating to the tolerances of the 
instruments used:

PAR radiation:  Without filters, this instrument is sensitive to electromagnetic 
energy with wavelengths between 300 and 1000 nanometers.  The instrument 
contains glass and metal interference filters that cut the response to between 
400 and 700 nanometers.

Net radiation:  A 5-degree error in leveling the net radiometer may result in an 
error of up to 6 percent under normal conditions (e.g., the sun is relatively 
high in the sky).  Errors greater than 6 percent may occur when the sun is near 
the horizon.

Albedometer:  The albedometers used in the BOREAS study are sensitive to 
electromagnetic energy with wavelengths between 285 and 2800 nanometers.

Temperature and relative humidity probe:  The temperature piece of this ensemble 
has an accuracy rating of +/- 0.4 C over a temperature range from -53 to +48 
C.  The humidity probe has an accuracy of +/- 2 percent relative humidity from 
0 to 90 percent and a rating of +/- 3 percent over a relative humidity of 90 
percent.

Lower canopy temperature probe:  This probe has an accuracy rating of +/- 0.4 C 
over a temperature range from -53 to +48 C.

Soil temperature probes:  The soil temperature probes located at the BOREAS 
sites have an accuracy of +/- 0.4 C over a from of temperature from -33 to +48 
C.

Barometric pressure sensor:  The accuracy of the Setra SBP270 is +/- 0.2 
millibars.

IR Thermometer:  None given.

Wind sensor:  The range in wind speeds that can be measured by the R.M. Young 
Wind Monitor is 60 meters/second with a maximum gust survival of 100 
meters/second.

Belfort precipitation gauge:  None given.

Snow depth sensor:  The snow depth sensor can measure depths between 0.6 meters 
and 10 meters with an accuracy of +/- 1 centimeter or 0.4 percent of the 
distance from the sensor to the target.  The vertical resolution of the sensor 
is 0.5 millimeters.

Soil moisture:  None given.

Tipping bucket precipitation gauge:  None given.

Pyrgeometer:  The Eppley pyrgeometer has a temperature dependence of +/- 2 
percent when the temperature is between -20 and +40 C.

Pyranometer:  The pyranometers used for Suite B sites have a temperature 
dependence of +/- 1 percent over a range in ambient temperatures from -20 to +40 
C.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

All instruments were calibrated by the manufacturer or by SRC before being 
installed in the sites. Most of the instruments were again calibrated at the end 
of March 1994 during the spring inspection tour.  Due to the shortness of the 
experiments, the instruments were not required to have full laboratory 
calibrations.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

The AMS system installed for BOREAS consists of transportable computerized 
weather observing stations that routinely measure wind, temperature, humidity, 
pressure, and precipitation at all stations.  The stations are equipped to 
measure soil temperature; surface radiative temperature; shortwave, net, and 
infrared radiation; and soil moisture. Most of the instruments are scanned every 
5 seconds and averaged every 15 minutes.  Many of the stations are powered by 
solar panels, thereby enabling them to be located remotely without the need for 
commercial power.  Data are collected via a modem and commercial phone lines.  
The data are downloaded every 6 hours to the base station at SRC.  A 
computerized limit checker examines the data to be sure they are within 
specified limits.  SRC staff performed quality checking and once per month sent 
the Suite A data to BORIS in Lotus 123 version 3.1 format.

Suite B station data were also collected every 5 seconds.  Individual storage 
modules were sent to SSA-OA, SSA-OJP, and Flin Flon once per month.  The onsite 
observer exchanged the modules and sent the previous months module back to SRC 
via courier.  NSA-OJP and Saskatoon data were downloaded to the SRC via phone 
lines.  At SRC, the data underwent quality checking before being sent to BORIS 
in ASCII format.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

Detailed notes on site maintenance and problems are given in Section 11.

6.2 Field Notes

Detailed notes on site maintenance and problems are given in Section 11.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The SRC AMS data collected for BOREAS cover an area of roughly 1,000 by 1,000 
kilometers over much of northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba.  The list below 
provides the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates and descriptions 
for all of the SRC AMS sites.

La Ronge (5507'31"N 10517'35"W; Elevation 381 m; Site ID ZBG):  This site has 
the full complement of Suite A sensors.  The dominant vegetation types in the 
area are spruce and poplar trees that extend to a height of roughly 11.5 meters 
in the area immediately surrounding the tower.  This site is approximately 1 km 
away from the town of La Ronge.

Meadow Lake (5407'28"N 10831'21"W; Elevation 480 m; Site ID ZBH):  This site 
contains only a partial complement of Suite A instrumentation.  It does not 
include IR radiation or lower canopy temperature probe.  All other Suite A 
instruments are at this location.  The Meadow Lake instruments are located in an 
area where grassland is the dominant land cover.  The few trees in the area are 
spruce and poplar.

SSA-OA (5337'45"N 10611'51"W; Elevation 587 m; Site ID ZBI):  The SSA-OA site 
(located in the Prince Albert National Forest) has a full complement of both the 
Suite A and Suite B instrumentation.  This site is located in an aspen-dominated 
forest where the tallest parts of the canopy reach roughly 21.5 meters.  This 
site is approximately 100 km away from the city of Prince Albert.

SSA-OJP (5354'59"N 10441'26"W; Elevation 511 m; Site ID ZBJ):  The SSA-OJP 
site (located in the Nipawin Provincial Park) contains all of the Suite A and 
Suite B instrumentation.  This area around the tower is dominated by jack pine.  
The tallest trees in the area around the tower are roughly 16.8 meters, while 
the top of the tower is at 20.7 meters.  This site is approximately 100 km away 
from the town of Nipawin.

Saskatoon (5209'50"N 10636'12"W; Elevation 480 m; Site ID ZBK):  The Saskatoon 
AMS site is located on a grassland area within the city of Saskatoon.  The grass 
around the instrument site is cut approximately once per week during the growing 
season.  This site does not include the IR sensor or the below-canopy 
temperature sensor.  The serial numbers for instruments at the Saskatoon site 
are missing in many cases because most of the instrument were installed over 20 
years ago when the use of serial numbers was not common.

Lynn Lake (5651'50"N 1010533"W; Elevation 366 m; Site ID ZBL):  Lynn Lake has 
a full complement of Suite A instruments.  This tower is located in a dense 
stand of jack pine.  The maximum tree height in the area surrounding the tower 
is approximately 14.3 meters, while the top of the tower is at 15.2 meters.  
This site is approximately 20 km from the town of Lynn Lake.

The Pas (5358'6"N 10131'15"W; Elevation 267 m; Site ID ZBN):  The Pas hosts 
all of the Suite A instruments.  The tower is located in a forest dominated by 
spruce and poplar that achieve a maximum height of roughly 18.3 meters.  The 
tower itself extends to 21.9 meters.  This site is approximately 15 km away from 
the town of The Pas.
 
NSA-OJP (5555'41"N 9838'26"W  Elevation 282 m; Site ID ZBO):  The Suite A 
instruments are located here. The complementary Suite B instrumentation is 
located at the NSA-Fen site.  The trees at the NSA-OJP site are roughly 12.8 
meters tall, while the top of the tower extends to 18.9 meters.  This site is 
approximately 40 km away from the settlement of Nelson House.

NSA-Fen (555457"N 982512"W): The Suite B instruments are located here.  The 
complementary Suite A instrumentation is located at the NSA-OJP site. At the 
NSA-Fen site there are no significant trees.  The shrubbery in the area of the 
tower is less than 5 meters tall.  This site is approximately 50 km away from 
the settlement of Nelson House.

Thompson (554813"N 9752'25"W; Elevation 221 m; Site ID ZBQ):  Thompson is a 
fully instrumented Suite A AMS site.  The instruments are located in an area 
that is dominated by spruce and poplar.  The tops of the trees nearest the tower 
are approximately 13 meters while the top of the tower extends to 19 meters.  
This site is about 1 kilometer away from the town of Thompson.

Flin Flon (5440'16"N 10141'24"W; Elevation 305 m; Site ID ZBR):  The Flin Flon 
AMS site contains both the Suite A and Suite B BOREAS instruments.  The forest 
around this site is predominantly spruce and poplar, rising to a height of 13.1 
meters in the vicinity of the Suite A tower.  The tower itself is located on a 
large, flat rock (roughly 5 meters wide and 10-15 meters long).  This site is 
about 1 kilometer away from the town of Flin Flon.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data represent point source measurements taken at the listed sites.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Data at the BOREAS AMS sites nominally cover the period from 01-JAN-1994 to 30-
NOV-1996.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

The table below gives detailed date ranges for individual sites:

Site                               Start Date                End Date
------------                      -----------              -----------
La Ronge                          15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
Meadow Lake                       03-FEB-1994              30-NOV-1996
SSA-OA                            15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
SSA-OJP                           15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
Saskatoon                         15-FEB-1994              30-NOV-1996
Lynn Lake                         15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
The Pas                           15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
NSA-OJP and NSA-Fen               16-JAN-1994              30-NOV-1996
Thompson                          15-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996
Flin Flon                         22-DEC-1993              30-NOV-1996

Note:  This table gives nominal start and end dates for data collection at site.  
Specific instruments did not necessarily begin or end data collection at the 
above times.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

To fully understand the microclimate of the boreal forest, it was necessary to 
make consistent measurements over a long time period.  Consequently, the nominal 
sampling period did not change for the duration of the experiment.  Individual 
cases of instrument error or data logger failure occasionally caused the period 
between recorded data to change.  A list of known errors of this type is given 
in Section 11.

For the most part, the BOREAS SRC AMS sites collected data with the same 
sampling strategy.  Samples of each variable were acquired every 5 seconds.  
These samples were then averaged over 15-minute periods to get the actual data 
values.  The standard deviations given are for the 5-second samples that make up 
the 15-minute averages.

The exceptions to this strategy were the Belfort precipitation, snow depth, 
tipping bucket precipitation, and soil moisture data.  The Belfort precipitation 
and snow depth data were sampled every minute, the reported data values for each 
hour are the average from minute 55 to minute 59.  The tipping bucket 
precipitation was sampled every 5 seconds, and the data values reported are the 
running total every 15 minutes.  The soil moisture data were sampled every 30 
seconds, the data value is given at minute 50.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition files:  Suite 
A (samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and samsa96d.def) and Suite B (samsb94d.def, 
samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data format shown in the companion data definition files:  Suite A 
(samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and samsa96d.def) and Suite B (samsb94d.def, 
samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

Suite A and Suite B Surface Meteorological and Radiation Data are separated by 
year (i.e., 1994, 1995, 1996) and then by site (i.e., Suite A - 10 sites and 
Suite B - 5 sites) within each year. 

8.2 Data Format

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length 
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with  a single apostrophe 
marks. There are no spaces between the fields.  Sample data records are shown in 
the companion data definition files:  Suite A (samsa94d.def, samsa95d.def, and 
samsa96d.def) and Suite B (samsb94d.def, samsb95d.def, and samsb96d.def).

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The data underwent some manipulation before they were sent to BORIS. These 
manipulations include such things as unit changes, and putting in -999 where 
there was missing data.

The following formulas were used in calculating the variables sent to BORIS.  
("aa" is equal to the value from the data logger; also see following note on 
value adjustments)

Par Radiation: (aa/900*1000).
Par Radiation Standard Deviation:  (aa*1000).
Net Radiation: (aa/900*1000).
Net Radiation Standard Deviation: (aa*1000).
Solar Down Radiation: (aa/900*1000).
Solar Down Radiation Standard Deviation (aa*1000).
Solar Reflected Radiation: (aa/900*1000).
Wind U Component: (aa*(SIN((ab+180)*3.1459/180))) (where aa is Wind Speed and ab 
is Wind Direction).
Wind V Component: (aa*(COS((ab+180)*3.1459/180))) (where aa is Wind Speed and ab 
is Wind Direction).
Belfort Precipitation: aa minus initial base reading.
Snow Depth: Height of snow depth sensor minus aa.

In Dec 1998, Alan Betts discovered that the standard deviations of all radiation 
values as given (for PAR, Solar, Net, Diffuse, and LW) are 5 times greater than 
they should be.  This error arose because the values were accumulated in KJ/m2 by 
the data logger for 5-sec intervals, and the standard Campbell Scientific 
formula (see following Appendix Note) was then used to calculate standard 
deviation from N = 180 accumulated values, Xi, in a 15-min interval (900 secs).

The 15-min mean in W/m2 is given by:

      Xmean   = (1000/5)*?Xi/N   = (1000/900)* ?Xi

The calculation of the mean was done in postprocessing by multiplying the 
accumulated flux by (1000/900).

The 15-min standard deviation in W/m2 of  the 180 5-sec samples is given by:

      S   = (1000/5)* [(?Xi2 - (?Xi)2/N)/N]_

In this case the data logger software was used to compute the term in square 
brackets from the 5-sec values (units KJ/m2 ).  The conversion to W/m2 is again 
(1000/5), but the data logger value was only multiplied by 1000 in 
postprocessing.  Consequently the archived values for the standard deviation of 
the radiation fluxes must all be divided by a factor of 5.

The data loggers accumulated flux in KJ/m2  for 5-sec intervals, and the 
conversion to W/m2  is aa*(1000/5), not the conversion of aa*1000, listed below, 
which was actually used in the original data processing.

Appendix Note:
** 82 Standard Deviation in Time**  formula  taken from the Campbell Datalogger:
Function:
      Calculate the standard deviation (STD DEV) of a given input location. The 
standard deviation is calculated using the formula:

      S=((?Xi2 - (?Xi)2/N)/N)_

where Xi is the ith measurement and N is the number of samples.


9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

None given.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

In completing data set publication efforts in August 1999, Dr. Alan Betts 
(Atmospheric Research) informed BORIS staff of a problem with the data provided 
for the Thompson Airport, Suite-A station (labeled in the final data as NSA-9BS-
YTHSA) from December 24, 1994 to December 1, 1996.  The problem was that the 
sign of the V-component of the wind direction was reversed from what it should 
have been.  This resulted in the overall wind direction values being incorrect.  
BORIS staff worked with Dr. Betts to correct the two data values in each record 
and update the documentation as needed.  Using the column names shown in section 
7.3, the corrections (shown in the C programming language) were applied as 
follows:

V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC = -V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC;
if (MEAN_WIND_SPEED_15MIN != -999) /* The wind speed value is not undefined */
{
  if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC == 0)
  {
    if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC == 0) /* Both components are 0 */
    {
      MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 0;
    }
    else if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC > 0)
    {
      MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 270;
    }
    else if (U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC < 0)
    {
      MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 90;
    }
  else if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC > 0)
  {
    MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 180 +
                       (180/pi)*atan(U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC/V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC);
  }
  else if (V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC < 0)
  {
    MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = 360 +
                       (180/pi)*atan(U_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC/V_COMPNT_WIND_VELOC);
  }
  if (MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN > 360)
  {
    MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN = MEAN_WIND_DIR_15MIN - 360;
  }
}


9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

See Sections 9.2.2 and 14.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

See Sections 9.2.2 and 14.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

See Sections 4 and 9.1.1.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

The observers filled out a checklist each time the site was visited.  Figure 16 
is a sample of the checklist the observers used to record needed information.

The AMS data are subjected to several levels of quality assurance. First there 
is a program (limit checker) that analyzes the data as they are downloaded every 
6 hours. The limit checker spots any anomalies that may have occurred in the 
data in the previous 6-hour time period. The limit checker is a program written 
in C++. Each instrument has a C++ subroutine file that has the limits defined 
for that instrument. The printout of each error detected gives time of error, 
the instrument, and the number of occurrences of the error.  The limits used for 
each parameter were:

PAR Radiation: Upper 400; Noon 20; Lower -20
Humidity: Upper 100; Lower 10
Net Radiation: Upper 700; Midnight 0; Lower -100
Pressure: Upper 105; Lower 90
Upper Albedometer: Upper 900; Noon 50; Lower -20
IR Temperature: Upper 50; Difference 10; Lower -45
Lower Albedometer: Upper 500; Noon 2; Lower -20
Wind Speed: Upper 23; Lower 0
Upper Canopy Temperature: Upper 40; Difference 7; Lower -45
Wind Direction: Difference 0
Lower Canopy Temperature: Upper 40; Difference 7; Lower -45
Belfort: Upper 300; Difference -3.5; Lower 0
Soil Temperature 10 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20
Snow Depth: Upper 3000; Lower 400
Soil Temperature 20 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20
Soil Moisture: Upper 30; Lower -20
Soil Temperature 50 cm: Upper 30; Difference 10; Lower -20
Tipping Bucket: min 2
Humidity: min 98
Tipping: min 1
Battery: Lower 11.5

The data are screened once per month by plotting the data to examine them on a 
day-to-day basis, looking for any peculiar diurnal effects. The third stage is 
converting the data into the units requested by BORIS.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS personnel have reviewed portions of the actual parameter values and 
generated plots for use in visually spotting any anomalous values.  In addition, 
BORIS staff applied the correction described in Section 9.2.2 to the wind 
direction values.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

Specific limitations of the data due to poor quality are given in Section 11.2.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

This section lists the times when data are unavailable or there is a known 
difficulty with the data.  The information is organized by measurement type 
(Suite A or Suite B), chronologically, and then by site.

Suite A:

15-Dec-1993 to 15-Jan-1994

All Sites:  Regular site maintenance was not performed during the reporting 
period. Consequently heavy frost buildup occurred on all radiation instruments 
which may affect the accuracy of the data. Due to instrumentation design changes 
the Infrared sensor was not available for the reporting period. Prior to 18-Feb-
1994, the pressure data at all BOREAS AFM-07 sites were offset by approximately 
-1.0 to -1.5 kPa. This means that the pressure values prior to 18-Feb-1994 can 
only be used to view trends, but the numbers themselves are not accurate and 
should not be used. The Saskatoon site was not corrected until 14-Apr-1994.

La Ronge:  Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.

SSA-OA:  Suite A data unavailable from 24-Dec to 31-Dec-1993. Belfort 
precipitation gauge not calibrated.  Belfort Precipitation relative to 15-Dec-
1993.  Snow depth data unavailable.  Sensor knocked over by an animal and 
damaged.  Data available for part of  10-Jan and 11-Jan-1994 due to a power 
supply shortage at site.

SSA-OJP:  Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.

Lynn Lake:  Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.

The Pas:  Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.  PAR sensor unavailable from 22-Dec-1993 to 15-Jan-1994 
due to electronic malfunction.

Thompson:  Snow depth data relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.  No pressure measurement available due to malfunction 
of instrument from 15-Dec-1993 to 08-Jan-1994.  Data unavailable from 08-Jan to 
15-Jan-1994.

Flin Flon:  Snow depth data relative to 22-Dec-1993.  Belfort precipitation data 
relative to 22-Dec-1993.  Data unavailable from 15-Dec to 22-Dec-1993 due to 
power supply shortage.  Partial data for 24-Dec-1993.

15-Jan to 19-Feb-1994

All sites:  IR Sensor data unavailable for 15-Dec  to 19-Feb-1994.  Soil 
moisture instrument out of season, therefore no data available.  Tipping bucket 
instrument out of season, therefore no data available.

La Ronge:  Regular site maintenance began on 27-Jan-1994.

Meadow Lake:  Installation date 03-Feb-1994.  Data for 03-Feb to 19-Feb-1994 
only.  No IR sensor or lower canopy temperature at this site as there is no 
forest canopy.  Soil temperatures to be installed when ground thaws.  Regular 
site maintenance began on 09-Mar-1994.

SSA-OA:  Data unavailable from 15-Jan to 20-Jan-1994.  Snow depth sensor 
unavailable due to wildlife damage.  Regular site maintenance began on 22-Feb-
1994.  Suite B THemisph data missing 20-Jan to 29-Mar-1994.

SSA-OJP:  Regular site maintenance began on 18-Feb-1994.

Saskatoon:  Data unavailable from 15-Jan to 15-Feb-1994.  Installation date - 
15-Feb-1994.  Belfort precipitation data relative to 15-Feb-1994.  Regular site 
maintenance began on 24-Feb-1994.

Lynn Lake:  Regular site maintenance began on 28-Jan-1994.

The Pas:  PAR sensor unavailable from 15-Jan  to 30-Jan-1994 due to instrument 
problems.  Regular site maintenance began on 29-Jan-1994.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation sensor unavailable.  Regular site maintenance 
began on 28-Jan-1994.

Thompson:  Belfort precipitation reset to zero on 16-Jan-1994.  Regular site 
maintenance began on 28-Jan-1994.

Flin Flon:  Regular site maintenance began on 29-Jan-1994.


19-Feb to 31-Mar-1994

La Ronge:  IR sensor installed 26-Mar-1994 (85:2130).  Special site maintenance 
26-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.  02-Mar to 10-Mar once an hour all values are 
missing due to program error.

Meadow Lake:  No Belfort precipitation available due to installation problems. 
Soil temperatures to be installed when ground thaws.  02-Mar to 10-Mar once an 
hour all values are missing due to program error.

SSA-OA:  Data missing from 17-Mar (76:0600) to 23-Mar-1994 (82:2200) due to 
electronic failure of the data logger.  Snow depth data not available until 22-
Feb-1994 (53:2000).  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values missing due to 
program error.  Special site maintenance done on 29-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

SSA-OJP:  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to program 
error.  Special site maintenance done on 31-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

Saskatoon:  Pressure data not available from 19-Feb to 03-Mar-1994 and from 21-
Mar to 28-Mar-1994.  Net radiation data not available from 21-Mar to 31-Mar-
1994.  Suite B data (ThPile, TCase, and THemisph) missing 19-Feb to 28-Feb-1994.  
Suite B data (ThPile, TCase, and THemisph) missing 01-Mar to 03-Apr-1994.

Lynn Lake:  IR sensor data not available until 11-Mar-1994 when sensor was 
installed.  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to 
program error.  Special site maintenance done on 25-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

The Pas:  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to program 
error.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data not available until 23-Mar-1994 due to 
instrument problems.  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due 
to program error.  Special site maintenance done on 23-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

Thompson:  02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to program 
error.  Special site maintenance done on 22-Mar-1994 - tower lowered.

Flin Flon:  No IR sensor data available due to instrumentation design changes. 
02-Mar to 10-Mar - once an hour all values are missing due to program error.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1994

La Ronge:  Soil moisture temperature data commenced 17-Apr-1994.

Meadow Lake:  Belfort precipitation data commenced 18-Apr-1994.  Soil 
temperature data unavailable - instrument not yet installed.  Soil moisture data 
unavailable - instrument not yet installed.

SSA-OA:  Data missing from 91:2245 to 91:2315 due to program maintenance. Soil 
moisture data unavailable due to instrument malfunction.

SSA-OJP:  Belfort data unavailable.  Soil moisture data unavailable due to 
instrument malfunction.

Saskatoon:  Net radiation data commenced 05-Apr-1994.  Data missing part of 01-
Apr and 02-Apr-1994 (91:0215-92:0715).Soil moisture data unavailable - 
instrument yet to be installed.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture data unavailable - instrument yet to be installed.

The Pas:  Soil moisture data commenced 17-Apr-1994.  Snow depth data unavailable 
from 04-Apr to 08-Apr-1994 and from 14-Apr to 18-Apr-1994.

NSA-OJP:  Soil moisture data commenced 17-Apr-1994.

Thompson:  Belfort precipitation data unavailable from 11-Apr to 30-Apr-1994.

Flin Flon:  IR temperature data commenced 08-Apr-1994.  Soil moisture data 
unavailable - not yet installed.

01-May to 31-May-1994

La Ronge:  No data available from 08-May (128:1800) to 11-May-1994 (131:1915). 
Snow depth data not available for summer months.  Tipping bucket data commences 
18-May-1994.  Soil moisture temperature commences 18-May-1994.

Meadow Lake:  Soil temperatures commenced 21-May-1994.  Snow depth data not 
available for summer months.  Belfort precipitation data relative to 18-Apr-
1994.  No data available for 26-May-1994 (145:2200 to 146:2330).

SSA-OA:  Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket 
data commences 01-May-1994.  Suite B ThPile data missing 147:2200, 1994.

SSA-OJP:  Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket 
data commences 01-May-1994.  Suite B data missing 140:1530 to 140:1745, 1994.

Saskatoon:  Pressure data not available from 18-May to 27-May-1994.  Snow depth 
data not available for summer months, 1994.  Suite B data missing 131:1430 to 
133:0430.  Suite B data missing 152:1915, 1994.

Lynn Lake:  Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping 
bucket data commences 15-May-1994.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 17-May to 31-May-1994. 
Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket data 
commences 15-May-1994.  Soil moisture temperature data commences 25-May-1994.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 15-May to 31-May-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 23-Mar-1994.  Snow depth data not available 
for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket data commences 15-May-1994. Soil 
moisture temperature data commences 24-May-1994.

Thompson:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-May to 31-May-1994. 
Snow depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket data 
commences 25-May-1994.  Soil moisture temperature data not available for all of 
1994.

Flin Flon:  Solar reflected data not available from 01-May to 31-May-1994.  Snow 
depth data not available for summer months, 1994.  Tipping bucket data commences 
01-May-1994. Soil moisture data commences 30-May-1994.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1994

La Ronge:  Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993.

Meadow Lake:  Belfort precipitation relative to 18-Apr-1994.  Tipping Bucket 
Data commences 01-Jun-1994.  Soil moisture temperature data commences 01-Jun-
1994.

SSA-OA:  Data missing for part of 14-Jun-1994.  Data missing from 25-Jun 
(176:0215) to 30-Jun-1994 (182:2400).  Belfort precipitation is relative to 15-
Dec-1993.  Suite B data missing 152:1730 to 152:1845 and 175:0245 to 0300, 1994.

SSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993. Soil moisture 
temperature data commences 06-Jun-1994.

Saskatoon:  Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Feb-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
commences 02-Jun-1994.  Soil moisture temperature data commences 01-Jun-1994.  
Suite B data missing 165:1800.

Lynn Lake:  Data missing from 05-Jun (156:1200) to 14-Jun-1994 (165:1800).  Data 
missing from 20-Jun (171:1800) to 24-Jun-1994 (175:2245).  Belfort precipitation 
relative to 15-Dec-1993.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero 14-Jun-1994.  
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 24-Jun-1994.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1994.  Data 
missing from 23-Jun (174:1800) to 29-Jun-1994 (180:2045).  Tipping bucket total 
reset to zero 29-Jun-1994.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 14-Jun-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 14-Jun-1994.

Thompson:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jun to 15-Jun-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Jun-1994.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Dec-1993.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1994

La Ronge:  Data missing from 04-Jul (185:1800) to 08-Jul-1994 (189:0600).  Data 
missing from 09-Jul (190:0630) to 11-Jul-1994 (192:2330).  Data missing from 16-
Jul to 31-Jul-1994 with the exception of the radiation instruments (PAR, Net, 
SolarDown, and Solar Reflected) for the period 28-Jul to 31-Jul-1994.  Belfort 
precipitation not available from 11-Jul to 31-Jul-1994.  Tipping bucket total 
reset to zero on 12-Jul-1994.

SSA-OA:  Data missing from 10-Jul (191:0015) to 13-Jul-1994 (194:2230).  Data 
missing for part of 01-Jul-1994.  Data missing for part of 15-Jul-1994.  Data 
missing from 16-Jul (197:1815) to 21-Jul-1994 (202:0245).  Data missing for part 
of 22-Jul-1994 (203:0015 to 1615).  Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Jul-
1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero 02-Jul-1994.  Tipping bucket total 
reset to zero 13-Jul-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero 15-Jul-1994.  
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 21-Jul-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to 
zero 23-Jul-1994.

SSA-OJP:  Data missing for 15-Jul (197:0000) to 20-Jul-1994 (201:2030).  Tipping 
bucket total reset to zero 20-Jul-1994.  Belfort precipitation data missing for 
15-Jul to 23-Jul-1994.  Belfort precipitation relative to 23-Jul-1994.  Suite B 
LW Down data missing 28-Jun to 19-Jul-1994.

Lynn Lake:  Data missing for 15-Jul (197:0000) to 18-Jul-1994 (199:2000).  
Tipping bucket total reset to zero 18-Jul-1994.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation data missing for 01-Jul to 31-Jul-1994.  Upper 
canopy temperature data missing from 02-Jul to 10-Jul-1994.  Data missing for 
part of 22-Jul-1994.  Belfort precipitation data relative to 22-Jul-1994.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation data missing for 04-Jul to 21-Jul-1994.

01-Aug to 31-Aug-1994

La Ronge:  Data missing 01-Aug to 11-Aug-1994 except for the radiation sensors 
(PAR, Net, Solar Down, and Solar Reflected).

SSA-OA:  Data missing from 06-Aug to 10-Aug-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to 
zero 11-Aug-1994.  Data missing from 27-Aug to 30-Aug-1994.  Tipping bucket 
total reset to zero 30-Aug-1994.  Belfort precipitation reset to zero on 12-Aug-
1994.  Belfort precipitation missing from 06-Aug to 12-Aug-1994.  Belfort 
precipitation missing from 27-Aug to 31-Aug-1994.

SSA-OJP:  Data missing for part of 19-Aug-1994.  Suite B data missing (ThPile, 
TCase, THemisph) for 26-Jul to 19-Aug-1994.

Lynn Lake:  Data missing from 06-Aug to 16-Aug-1994.  Belfort precipitation 
missing from 15-Aug to 31-Aug-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero 16-Aug-
1994.

The Pas:  Note:  the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to an 
electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the upper values of the graph 
are correct.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation missing from 15-Aug to 31-Aug-1994.  Suite B 
data missing 2200:2215 to 293:1615 inclusive.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994

SSA-OA:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.  Belfort 
precipitation relative to 30-Sep-1994.  Some instruments missing for part of 01-
Sep-1994.

SSA-OJP:  Some instruments missing for part of 09-Sep-1994.  Suite B data 
missing (LW Down and ThPile) 19-Aug to 02-Oct-1994.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.  Data 
missing from 26-Sep to 29-Sep-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero 29-Sep-
1994.

The Pas:  Note:  the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to an 
electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the upper values of the graph 
are correct.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 07-Sep to 30-Sep-1994.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1994

Meadow Lake:  Tipping bucket data discontinued for winter months 27-Oct-1994.

SSA-OA:  Belfort precipitation data relative to 01-Oct-1994.

SSA-OJP:  Suite B data missing 289:1130 to 289:1315, 1994.  Suite B data missing 
(LWDown and ThPile) for 02-Oct to 11-Nov-1994.

Saskatoon:  Suite B data missing 301:2230 to 310:2245.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing for 01-Oct-1994.  Belfort 
precipitation data missing for 09-Oct to 31-Oct-1994.  Missing data for part of 
09-Oct-1994.  Missing data for 16-Oct to 25-Oct-1994.  Tipping bucket total 
reset to zero on 25-Oct-1994.

The Pas:  Note: the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to an 
electronic malfunction of the instrument.  The upper values of the graph, 
however, are correct.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1994.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data not available.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
missing 15-Oct to 25-Oct-1994.  Tipping bucket total reset to zero on 25-Oct-
1994.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1994

La Ronge:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 21-Nov-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994.

Meadow Lake:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Nov to 29-Nov-
1994.  Belfort precipitation relative to 29-Nov-1994.

SSA-OA:  02-Nov-1994 at 2100 hours the Belfort precipitation gauge had unmelted 
snow bridging on it which was dumped in all at once by the observer and 
represents snowfall for that day. Snow depth data missing from 09-Nov to 20-Nov-
1994.  Suite B data missing (LW Down, ThPile, TCase, THemisph) 314:2030 to 
314:2100, 1994.

SSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 15-Nov-1994. Belfort 
precipitation relative to 15-Nov-1994.  Suite B data missing - LW Down 322:0015 
to 331: 1645; ThPile 315:1945 to 322:0200; T Case and THemisph 322:0015 to 
322:0145, 1994.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 03-Nov-1994.  
Belfort precipitation data relative to 03-Nov-1994.  Snow depth data missing 
from 10-Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

The Pas:  Snow depth data missing from 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Nov to 20-Nov-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 20-Nov-1994.  Snow depth data missing from 19-
Nov to 30-Nov-1994.

Thompson:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 19-Nov to 21-Nov-1994.  
Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994.

01-Dec to 31-Dec-1994

La Ronge:  Belfort precipitation relative to 21-Nov-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
unavailable during winter months.

Meadow Lake:  Belfort precipitation relative to 29-Nov-1994.  Tipping bucket 
data unavailable during winter months.

SSA-OA:  Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
unavailable during winter months.

SSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation relative to 15-Nov-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
unavailable during winter months.  Suite B LW Down data missing 331:1700 to 339: 
2300, 1994.

Saskatoon:  Snow depth data missing from 04-Dec to 13-Dec-1994.  Belfort 
precipitation relative to 15-Feb-1994.  Tipping bucket data unavailable during 
winter months.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Dec to 31-Dec-1994. Snow 
depth data missing from 01-Dec to 02-Dec-1994.  Snow depth data missing from 05-
Dec to 07-Dec-1994.  Tipping bucket data unavailable during winter months.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation relative to 08-Dec-1994.  Belfort precipitation 
data missing from 01-Dec to 08-Dec-1994.  Tipping bucket data unavailable during 
winter months.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation relative to 20-Nov-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
unavailable during winter months. Suite B data missing 314:2215 to 342:0130 
inclusive. Suite B data missing 341:1530 to 341:1830 inclusive.

Thompson:  Wind speed and wind direction data missing from 04-Dec to 24-Dec-
1994.  Soil moisture temperatures missing 01-Dec to 31-Dec-1994.  Tipping bucket 
data unavailable during winter months.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation relative to 01-Oct-1994.  Tipping bucket data 
unavailable during winter months.  Suite B data missing 339:1530 to 330:1600 and 
342:1215.

01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995

La Ronge:  Snow depth sensor may be affected by a rabbit path located directly 
under sensor from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995.

SSA-OA:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jan to 27-Jan-1995.  Belfort 
precipitation relative to 27-Jan-1995.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1995.

01-Feb to 28-Feb-1995

SSA-OA:  Duplicated time and day (34:15) - the second one is correct.

Saskatoon:  Belfort precipitation missing from 03-Feb to 06-Feb-1995.  Belfort 
precipitation missing from 08-Feb to 10-Feb-1995.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation missing from 01-Feb to 12-Feb-1995.

NSA-OJP:  Data missing from 02-Feb to 22-Feb-1995.  Snow depth data missing 01-
Feb to 22-Feb-1995.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Feb to 28-Feb-1995.

01-Mar to 31-Mar-1995

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Mar to 31-Mar-1995.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1995

The Pas:  Note:  the spikes in the Belfort precipitation data are due to 
electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, the general shape of the 
graph is correct.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Apr to 30-Apr-1995.

01-May to 31-May-1995

La Ronge:  Snow depth sensor removed 12-May-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 03-May-1995.

Meadow Lake:  Snow depth sensor removed 01-May-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 01-May-1995.

SSA-OA:  Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 01-May-1995.  Belfort precipitation missing 22-May to 31-
May-1995.

SSA-OJP:  Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 07-May-1995.

Saskatoon:  Snow depth sensor removed 30-Apr-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 01-May-1995.

Lynn Lake:  Snow depth sensor removed 09-May-1995 for summer period.  Tipping 
bucket data restarted 15-May-1995.  Belfort precipitation missing 15-May to 31-
May-1995.

The Pas:  Snow depth sensor removed 02-May-1995 for summer period.  Belfort 
precipitation missing 07-May to 31-May-1995.  Note:  the spikes in the Belfort 
precipitation data are due to electronic malfunction of the instrument; however, 
the general shape of the graph is correct.

NSA-OJP:  Snow depth sensor removed 06-May-1995 for summer period.  Belfort 
precipitation missing 24-May to 31-May-1995.  Suite B missing data 126:1815 to 
128:0330 inclusive.  Suite B missing data 147:1815 to 149:0045 inclusive.

Thompson:  Tipping bucket data restarted 08-May-1995.  Soil moisture temperature 
missing 01-May to 31-May-1995.  Snow depth sensor removed 16-May-1995 for summer 
period.

Flin Flon:  Tipping bucket data restart 01-May-1995.  Snow depth sensor removed 
10-May-1995 for summer period.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995

La Ronge:  Data missing 17-Jun to 23-Jun-1995.

SSA-OA:  Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 11-Jun-1995.  Belfort 
precipitation relative to 11-Jun-1995.  Data missing part of 17-Jun-1995.  Data 
missing part of 20-Jun-1995.  Tipping bucket relative to 20-Jun-1995.  Suite B 
data missing 163:0030 to 163:0045, 1995.  Suite B ThPile data missing 171:0515.

SSA-OJP:  Data missing 02-Jun to 22-Jun-1995.  Belfort precipitation relative to 
22-Jun-1995.  Tipping bucket precipitation relative to 22-Jun-1995.  IR sensor 
data missing 22-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.  Data 
missing 04-Jun to 15-Jun-1995.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.  Relative 
humidity data missing 26-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.  Tipping bucket reset to zero 21-
Jun-1995.  Soil moisture temperature data missing from 19-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 24-Jun-1995.  Tipping 
bucket precipitation data missing 01-Jun to 24-Jun-1995.  Belfort precipitation 
relative to 24-Jun-1995.  Tipping bucket precipitation relative to 24-Jun-1995.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data missing 01-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation data missing 28-Jun to 30-Jun-1995.  Suite B 
data missing 173:2200 to 173:2215 inclusive.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1995

SSA-OA:  No data available for 11-Jul-1995 due to data logger malfunction.  
Tipping bucket reset to zero on 12-Jul-1995.

SSA-OJP:  IR sensor data not available from 01-Jul to 06-Jul-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 06-Jul to 15-Jul-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Only partial data available from 02-Jul to 05-Jul-1995 due to 
multiplexer failure.  No data available from 15-Jul to 20-Jul-1995 due to data 
logger failure.  Belfort precipitation and tipping bucket reset to zero on 20-
Jul-1995.

The Pas:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Jul to 03-Jul-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.  Humidity data not available from 01-Jul to 07-
Jul-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Upper canopy temperature not available 
from 09-Jul to 22-Jul-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Soil moisture 
temperature data missing from 01-Jul to 31-Jul-1995.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data not available due to instrument 
malfunction.

Flin Flon:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Jul to 08-Jul-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation reset to zero on 08-Jul-
1995.

01-Aug to 21-Aug-1995

La Ronge:  No data available from 15-Aug to 21-Aug-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 29-Aug-1995.  Tipping 
bucket data reset to zero on 21-Aug-1995.

SSA-OA:  No data available from 08-Aug to 10-Aug-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 10-Aug-1995.  Tipping 
bucket data reset to zero on 10-Aug-1995.  Some data not available on 22-Aug and 
27-Aug-1995 due to repairs.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 23-Aug-1995.

Saskatoon:  20-cm soil temperature data not available from 08-Aug to 31-Aug-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 02-Aug to 14-Aug-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Belfort precipitation data not available from 02-Aug to 15-Aug-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 15-Aug-
1995.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 17-Aug-1995.

The Pas:  No data available from 09-Aug to 10-Aug-1995 and 13-Aug to 16-Aug-1995 
due to data logger failure.  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-
Aug to 31-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Upper-canopy temperature not 
available from 15-Aug to 25-Aug-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Tipping 
bucket data reset to zero on 16-Aug-1995. Soil moisture temperature data missing 
from 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1995.

NSA-OJP:  Belfort precipitation not available 01-Aug to 15-Aug-1995 not 
available.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 17-Aug-1995.

Thompson:  Soil moisture temperature data not available 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.  No data available except radiation data 
(PAR_Rad, Net_Rad, Sol_down, Sol_refl) from 17-Aug to 31-Aug-1995 due to 
multiplexer failure.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1995

Meadow Lake:  Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1995.

Saskatoon:  20-cm soil temperature data not available from 01-Sep to 08-Sep-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 12-Sep to 24-Sep-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 24-Sep-1995.  Tipping 
bucket data reset to zero on 24-Sep-1995.

The Pas:  No data available from 08-Sep to 11-Sep-1995 and part of 15-Sep-1995.  
Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 11-Sep-1995.  
Upper canopy temperature not available from 15-Sep to 30-Sep-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction. Soil moisture temperature data missing from 01-Sep to 
30-Sep-1995.

Thompson:  No data available except Radiation Data (PAR_Rad, Net_Rad, Sol_down, 
Sol_refl) from 01-Sep to 27-Sep-1995 due to multiplexer failure.  No data 
available from 27-Sep to 30-Sep-1995 due to data logger failure.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995

Meadow Lake:  Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperature not available 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperature data not available 01-Oct to 31-Oct-1995 due 
to instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Oct 
to 13-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation data reset 
to zero on 14-Oct-1995.  Upper canopy temperature not available from 01-Oct to 
14-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

Thompson:  No data available from 01-Oct to 13-Oct-1995 due to data logger 
failure.  Solar down and solar reflected radiation not available from 13-Oct to 
31-Oct-1995 due to instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation and tipping 
bucket reset to zero on 13-Oct-1995.

Flin Flon:  Tipping bucket data not available from 15-Oct 31-Oct-1995.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1995

SSA-OJP:  No data available from 09-Nov to 11-Nov-1995 due to communication 
problems.  Snow depth data not available from 15-Nov to 30-Nov-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Nov to 19-Nov-1995.  
Soil moisture temperature data not available from 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 19-Nov-
1995.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.

Thompson:  Solar down and solar reflected radiation not available from 01-Nov to 
23-Nov-1995 due to instrument malfunction.

01-Dec to 31-Dec-1995

SSA-OJP:  Snow depth data not available from 01-Dec to 21-Dec-1995 due to 
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Dec to 31-Dec-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Dec to 31-Dec-1995 
due to instrument malfunction.

Flin Flon:  No data available from 30-Dec to 31-Dec-1995 due to communication 
problems.

01-Jan to 31-Jan-1996

SSA-OA:  Snow depth data not available from 15-Jan to 31-Jan-1996 due to 
instrument malfunction.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Jan to 31-Jan-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

NSA-OJP:  Radiation sensors appear to have a buildup of snow/frost (01-Jan to 
31-Jan-1996) because the observer may not be visiting this site regularly.

Thompson:  Humidity data affected by a malfunctioning sensor (01-Jan to 31-Jan-
1996).

01-Feb to 29-Feb-1996

SSA-OA:  Snow depth data not available from 01-Feb to 09-Feb-1996 due to 
instrument damage.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Feb to 29-Feb-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Feb to 29-Feb-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

Thompson:  Humidity data affected by a malfunctioning sensor (01-Feb to 15-Feb-
1996).  Humidity data not available from 15-Feb to 29-Feb-1996 due to instrument 
malfunction.

01-Mar to 31-Mar-1996

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Mar to 31-Mar-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Mar to 31-Mar-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

01-Apr to 30-Apr-1996

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Apr to 30-Apr-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures not available from 01-Apr to 30-Apr-1996 
due to instrument malfunction.

01-May to 31-May-1996

La Ronge:  No data available from 09-May to 12-May-1996 due to communication 
problems.  Tipping bucket data commenced 16-May-1996. Snow depth data complete 
22-May-1996.

Meadow Lake:  Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996.  Snow depth data 
completed 30-Apr-1996.

SSA-OA:  Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996.  Snow depth data complete 
15-May-1996.

SSA-OJP:  Tipping bucket data commenced 12-May-1996.  Snow depth data complete 
29-May-1996.

Saskatoon:  Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996.  Snow depth data 
completed 11-May-1996.

Lynn Lake:  Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996.  Soil moisture 
temperatures not available 01-May to 31-May-1996 due to instrument malfunction.  
Snow depth data completed 24-May-1996.  No data available 30-May to 31-May-1996 
due to data logger malfunction.

The Pas:  Snow depth data completed 10-May-1996.  Soil moisture temperatures not 
available due to instrument malfunction 01-May to 31-May-1996.  Tipping bucket 
data commenced 26-May-1996.

NSA-OJP:  Tipping bucket data commenced 05-May-1996.  Snow depth data completed 
17-May-1996.

Thompson:  Snow depth data completed 28-May-1996.

Flin Flon:  Tipping bucket data commenced 01-May-1996.  Snow depth data 
completed 17-May-1996.

01-Jun to 30-Jun-1996

SSA-OA:  No data available from 03-Jun to 07-Jun-1996.

Lynn Lake:  Soil moisture temperatures repaired on 05-Jun-1996.  No data 
available from 01-Jun to 05-Jun-1996, 07-Jun to 13-Jun-1996, 19-Jun to 24-Jun-
1996, and 29-Jun to 30-Jun-1996.

The Pas:  Soil moisture temperatures repaired on 04-Jun-1996.  No data available 
from 19-Jun to 30-Jun-1996.

01-Jul to 31-Jul-1996

La Ronge:  No data available from 14-Jul to 15-Jul and from 24-Jul to 30-Jul-
1996.  Belfort precipitation data not available for 15-Jul to 31-Jul-1996.  
Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 15-Jul-1996.  Tipping bucket data reset to 
zero on 30-Jul-1996.

SSA-OA:  No data available from 05-Jul to 08-Jul-1996 and part of 11-Jul to 12-
Jul-1996.  No data available for part of 21-Jul to 22-Jul, 30-Jul to 31-Jul, and 
24-Jul to 28-Jul-1996 due to data logger failure.  Tipping bucket data reset to 
zero on 08-Jul , 12-Jul , and 21-Jul-1996.  Tipping bucket data not available 
from 22-Jul to 31-Jul-1996.  Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 28-Jul-
1996.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 01-Jul to 02-Jul-1996 due to data logger 
failure.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 02-Jul-1996.

The Pas:  Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Jul to 31-Jul-1996.  Belfort 
precipitation data reset to zero on 01-Jul-1996.

01-Aug to 31-Aug-1996

La Ronge:  No data available from 01-Aug to 05-Aug and from 10-Aug to 14-Aug-
1996 due to data logger failure.  No Belfort precipitation data from 14-Aug to 
25-Aug-1996 due to instrument malfunction.  Belfort precipitation data reset to 
zero on 05-Aug-1996.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 14-Aug-1996.

SSA-OA:  No data available from 01-Aug to 06-Aug-1996 due to data logger 
failure.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 06-Aug-1996.

Saskatoon:  No data available from 02-Aug to 06-Aug-1996 due to data logger 
failure.  Tipping bucket data reset to zero on 06-Aug-1996.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 04-Aug to 12-Aug, and from 21-Aug to 23-Aug 
due to data logger failure.  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-
Aug to 31-Aug-1996 due to instrument malfunction.  Tipping bucket data reset to 
zero on 12-Aug and 23-Aug-1996.

The Pas:  Tipping bucket data not available from 01-Aug to 31-Aug-1996 due to 
instrument malfunction.

01-Sep to 30-Sep-1996

La Ronge:  Vandals placed an item into the Belfort Fluid on 31-Aug-1996 which 
was removed on 02-Sep-1996.  Disregard the sudden addition and subtraction of 
the Belfort measurement.  Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data not available 
from 01-Sep to 30-Sep-1996.

01-Oct to 31-Oct-1996

La Ronge:  Belfort precipitation not available from 06-Oct to 15-Oct and from 
19-Oct to 31-Oct-1996 due to vandalism at the site.  Belfort precipitation data 
not available from 19-Oct to 31-Oct-1996 due to vandalism at the site.

Lynn Lake:  Belfort precipitation data not available from 01-Oct to 15-Oct-1996.  
Belfort precipitation data reset to zero on 17-Oct-1996.

01-Nov to 30-Nov-1996

La Ronge:  Snow depth data not available 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1996 due to vandalism 
at the site.  Belfort precipitation data not available 01-Nov to 30-Nov-1996 due 
to vandalism at the site.

Lynn Lake:  No data available from 22-Nov to 30-Nov-1996 due to instrument 
malfunction.

Thompson:  Prior to September 1999, the wind direction data stored in BORIS were 
incorrect for the Thompson station (NSA-9BS-YTHSA) from 24-Dec-1994 to 01-Dec-
1996.  See Section 9.2.2 for details on the corrections applied.


Suite B:

SSA-OA:
THemisph data not available 20-Jan to 29-Mar-1994.
Data missing from 314:2030 to 314:2199, 1995 due to site maintenance.
Data missing 163:0030 to 163:0045, 1995 inclusive.
ThPile data missing 171:0515, 1995.
ThPile data missing 254:2345 to 255:0015, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down, TCase, and THemisph data missing 255:0000 to 255:0015, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 298:1045 to 321:2330, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 325:2045 to 325:2100, 1995 
inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 136:0145 to 136:0215, 1996 
inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 168:0000 to 168:0015, 1996 
inclusive.
Data missing 199:1045 to 199:1345, 1996 inclusive.
Data missing 230:2030 to 237:1745, 1996 inclusive.
Data missing 237:1800 to 251:1730, 1996 inclusive.
Data missing 253:0200, 1996.

SSA-OJP:
Data unavailable from 19-Jul to 26-Jul-1994.
ThPile, TCase, and THemisph unavailable from 20-Jul to 02-Oct-1994 due to 
equipment failure.
LW Down and ThPile data missing 02-Oct to 11-Nov-1994.
LW Down data missing 322:0015 to 338:2245, 1994.
ThPile data missing from 315:1945 to 322:0200, 1994.
TCase and THemisph data missing from 322:0015 to 322:0145, 1994 due to equipment 
failure.
Data missing 153:0000 to 173:1730, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 268:0900 to 275:1600, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 290:1800 to 290:1830, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 303:0500 to 303:0530, 1995 inclusive.
LWDown data missing 326:0015 to 337:1730, 1995 inclusive.
ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 326:0015 to 326:0030, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 355:1930 to 355:1445, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down data missing 337:1745 to 355:2045, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 155:1330 to 155:1345, 1996 
inclusive.
LW down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 298:2000-2045, 1996 inclusive.

Saskatoon:
Data missing from 301:2230 to 301:2245, 1994 due to equipment maintenance.
LW Down data missing 250:0900 to 185:0115, 1995 inclusive.
ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 285:0100 to 285:0115, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 131:2215, 1996.
Data missing 214:1400 to 219:1715, 1996 inclusive.

NSA-OJP:
Data missing from 220:2215 to 233:0400, 1994 due to observer error.
Data missing 341:2215 to 342:0130, 1994 due to site maintenance.
Data missing 126:1815 to 128:2130, 1995.
Data missing 147:1215 to 148:1845, 1995.
Data missing 327:1215 to 345:0400, 1995 inclusive.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 158:1500, 1996.

Flin Flon:
Data missing 339:1530 to 339:1600, 1994 inclusive.
Data missing 342:1215, 1994 due to site maintenance.
Data missing 173:2200 to 173:2215, 1995 inclusive.
Data missing 326:1745, 1995.
LW Down, ThPile, TCase, and THemisph data missing 156:0245, 1996.
Data missing 335:1630 to 336:0600 inclusive.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Guidance on proper usage should come from review of the information given in 
Sections 9.2.2 and 11.2.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

These data will useful in many ways.  The length of time over which regular 
measurements were made presents an unmatched opportunity to study the 
microclimate of the boreal forest.  A succinct list is impossible to create 
because of the broad nature of studies to which these data are applicable.  
However, the following short list provides a general description of the types of 
studies that might find these data useful:

-  Modeling of Earth surface processes (climate, weather, vegetation growth, 
etc.).
-  Validation of existing models.
-  Creation of new methods for estimating climate and meteorological parameters.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

The data that were collected for the BOREAS project officially ended on 30-Nov-
1996.  There are a few sites, however, that were maintained for a longer period 
of time through non-BOREAS funding.  These data are not available from the 
official BOREAS database, but information on how to obtain these supplemental 
data can be received by contacting the BOREAS staff.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

Campbell Scientific data logger programs were developed for the various sites.  
Quality checking software was developed and used at the SRC office.

14.2 Software Access

A file containing the Campbell Scientific data logger programs for the various 
sites is available and included on the BOREAS CD-ROM.  Contact SRC regarding the 
quality checking software that was developed and used at the SRC office.

15.   Data Access

15.1  Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information

These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and 
Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed 
Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2  Procedures for Obtaining Data

BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at 
http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by  
telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.3  Output Products and Availability

Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP 
site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes.

The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal 
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are 
also available.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.  A report on analysis of 
the soil probe/soil moisture measurements is also available and is included on 
the BOREAS CD-ROM.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

BEI Motion Systems Company.  ND.  Specifications:  Series M25 Absolute Position 
Encoders.  BEI Motion Systems Company, Chatsworth, CA.

Belfort Instrument Company.  1985.  Instruction Manual Rain Gage Catalog Numbers 
35-1558 and 35-1559: Instructions - Maintenance - Parts List.  Belfort 
Instrument Company, Baltimore, MD.

Belfort Instrument Company.  1987.  Instruction Book for Rainfall Transmitter 
Cat. No. 5915 Series - Related Instruction Book Chart Drive Mechanism 12049.  
Belfort Instrument Company, Baltimore, MD.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1985. Belfort Weighing Rain and Snow 
Gage Series 5915 and 6071P.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, 
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1987.  Model TE525 Tipping Bucket 
Raingage.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1991.  DC112 Modem. Campbell 
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1991.  Precision Meteorological 
Instruments.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1991.  Radiotelemetry Network 
Applications Manual. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, 
Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1991.  TE525 Tipping Bucket Raingage.  
Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1992.  036, 038 Spark Gapped Junction 
Box.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1992.  FP/BCD Interface Instruction 
Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1992.  RF95 Radio Frequency System.  
Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1993.  05103-10, 05305-10 and 05701-
10 R.M. Young Wind Monitors Instruction Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) 
Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1993.  4000AL Everest Interscience 
Infrared Thermometer Instruction Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) 
Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1993.  Model 107F Temperature Probe 
Instruction Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1993.  Model HMP35CF Temperature and 
Relative Humidity Probe Instruction Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) 
Corporation.

Campbell Scientific, Inc.  1993.  PC208 Data Logger Support Software Instruction 
Manual.  Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1993. UDG01 Ultrasonic Depth Gauge 
Operator's Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1994. 4000AL Everest Interscience 
Infrared Thermometer Instruction Manual.  Campbell Scientific (Canada) 
Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corporation.  1994. Q-7 Net Radiometer.  Campbell 
Scientific (Canada) Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta.

DSG Communications Inc.  1993.  LineShare LS-2 User's Manual.  DSG 
Communications Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

E.F. Johnson Data Telemetry Products.  ND.  3410 Series Telemetry Modules.  E.F. 
Johnson Data Telemetry Products, Pickering, Ontario.

Environment Canada.  1992.  Manual of Surface Weather Observations (MANOBS).  
Environment Canada. Downsview, Ontario.

The Eppley Laboratory, Inc.  ND.  Instrumentation for the Measurement of the 
Components of Solar and Terrestrial Radiation.  The Eppley Laboratory, Inc., 
Newport, RI.

Meteorology Research, Inc.  1967.  Tipping Bucket Raingage Model 302.  
Meteorology Research, Inc., Altadena, CA.

ROHN Towers.  1983.  "Fold-over" Towers.  ROHN, Peoria, IL.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, 
J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, 
eds. 2000. Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-
ROM. 

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. 
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. 
Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and 
early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological 
Society. 76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, 
K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, 
D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, 
D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, 
Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 
102(D24): 28,731-28,770.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1993.  Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core Measurements for 
BOREAS.  Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub No. E-2300-6-F-92, SRC, 
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1994.  Atmospheric Science Infrastructure Measurements for 
BOREAS.  Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. E-2310-3-E-94, SRC, 
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1994.  Atmospheric Sciences Surface MESONET Infrastructure Core 
Measurements for BOREAS. Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. E-2300-7-
F-94, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1995.  The Surface Mesoscale Meteorological System for BOREAS/ 
Abstract.  Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. E-2310-1-D-95, SRC, 
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1996.  An Overview of the Climatology for the Intensive Field 
Campaign Years of 1994 and 1995 at a Selected BOREAS/SRC Mesonet Site.  Draft.  
Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. R-1570-2-D-96, SRC, Saskatoon, 
Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1996.  The Mesoscale Distribution of Soil Moisture over the 
SRC/NASA Mesonet Sites for the IFC 2 Periods of 1994.  Draft. Saskatchewan 
Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. R-1570-1-D-96, SRC, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Shewchuk, S.R.  1997.  Surface Mesonet for BOREAS.  Journal of Geophysical 
Research 102 (D24): 29,077-29,082.

Smith, E.A., W.L. Corsson, and B.D. Tanner, 1992. Estimation of surface heat and 
moisture fluxes over a prairie grassland 1.  In situ energy budget measurements 
incorporating a cooled mirror dew point hygrometer.  Jpurnal of Geophysical 
research 97 (D17): 18,557  18,582.

Wittrock, V.  1994.  Examination of the Matrix Water Potential Sensor.  
Saskatchewan Research Council [SRC] Pub. No. E-2310-4-E-94, SRC, Saskatoon, 
Saskatchewan.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

None.

19. List of Acronyms

    AES     - Atmospheric and Environmental Services
    AFM     - Aircraft Flux and Meteorology
    AMS     - Automatic Meteorological Station
    ASCII   - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
    BOREAS  - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
    BORIS   - BOREAS Information System
    BPI     - Byte per inch
    CCRS    - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
    CCT     - Computer Compatible Tape
    CD-ROM  - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory
    DAAC    - Distributed Active Archive Center
    DAT     - Digital Archive Tape
    EOS     - Earth Observing System
    EOSDIS  - EOS Data and Information System
    FAX     - Facsimile
    FIFE    - First ISLSCP Field Experiment
    GIS     - Geographic Information System
    GMT     - Greenwich Mean Time
    GSFC    - Goddard Space Flight Center
    HTML    - HyperText Markup Language
    IFC     - Intensive Field Campaign
    IR      - Infrared
    ISLSCP  - International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project
    MARSII  - Meteorological Automatic Reporting System II
    MESONET - Mesoscale Network
    NAD27   - North American Datum of 1927
    NAD83   - North American Datum of 1983
    NASA    - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    NSA     - Northern Study Area
    ORNL    - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    PANP    - Prince Albert National Park
    PAR     - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
    READAC  - Remote Environmental Automated Data Acquisition Concept
    SRC     - Saskatchewan Research Council
    SSA     - Southern Study Area
    URL     - Uniform Resource Locator
    UTM     - Universal Transverse Mercator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

     Written: 15-Dec-1994
     Last Update: 23-Sep-1999

20.2 Document Review Date

     BORIS Review: 24-Feb-1998
     Science Review: 06-Mar-1998

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as 
citations of relevant papers in Section 17.2:

These data were provided by the diligent work of many people within 
Saskatchewan Research Council. Special thanks go to the observers for their 
assistance with this report.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Shewchuk  S.R., "Atmospheric Sciences Infrastructure Core Measurements for 
BOREAS (AFM-07)."  In Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. 
Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. 
Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. 
Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and 
P. Sellers, eds.  Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. 
NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords:

Relative Humidity
Surface Meteorology
Temperature
Wind Direction
Wind Speed
AFM07_SRC_AMS.doc
09/30/99