566 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1907
quake was felt; the rain poured down in torrents; few who have read, few who have heard related what a hurricane is, can form but a very
imperfect idea of the horrifying contention of the elements. About noon the wind suddenly chopped round to ENE; the gale at
this time was more moderate: the rain had subsided. Before 4 p. m. the gale was from the SE in dreadful gusts;ll at 7 p. m. the rain poured
down in torrents, t h e lightning was vivid, incessant, and territic; a more
dismal night could not be pictured in any mind; the sudden blasts of wind and rain betokened a continuation of this most frightful storm;
luckily, however, before the dawn of day it moderated; at daylight on the 20th the wind was SE fresh and strong, and continued so till noon
when it moderated.
Between figs. 8 and 9 another might have been inserted
showing an oscillation of the center to the south of Port
Antonio about noon, but it was not considered necessary.
It is greatly to be hoped that thepublication of these notes
may bring to light further information. For instance, we
want to know how Annotto Bay and Port Maria, 30 and 40
miles west of Port Antonio, respectively, fared under a gale
from the north for a t least twenty-four hours. The last hur-
ricane, in 1903, was moving rapidly, at the rate of 20 miles an
hour, yet during the short time the wind was north at these
places i t drove the sea ashore in a most threatening manner.
Pending further inquiry, it may be remarked that without
barometers, or without barometers in proper order, it would
seem impossible for people in those days to arrive a t any con-
clusion as to the nature of a '( hurricane " by noting, however
carefully, the varying directinns of the wind.
-
CLIMATOLOGY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA., AND
VICINITY.
Jauuary 31, 190s
By T. FRRDERI~ K Davrq, Olirerver, U. S. Weather Buiesri. U.rtrd JaLh-onville, l- la ,
Situation and general re)~inrXs.-To Jacksonville belongs the
distinction of being the farthest west of any city on the Atlantic
seaboard. Its longitude and latitude are 81" 39' W. and 30"
20' N.
The city is situated on slightly rolling ground on the north
bank of the St. Johns River, and has a river frontage of 2;
miles. I u a direct line
the city is 16 miles from the ocean.
Under normal conditions the climate is equable, altho there
are often clear, cold, bracing days in winter and high midday
temperatures in summer. Early spring and late autumn are
the most pleasant seasons of the year, as they are characterized
by pleasant temperatures and a greater percentage of clear
skies.
The changes in weather conditions in this vicinity are due
chiefly to the shifting of the areas of high and low barometric
pressure over the country, the amount of the change depend-
ing upon the proximity and strength of the influencing factor.
I n winter a spell of rainy weather isanearly always followed by
a shift of wind to westerly, thru the south quadrant, and by
colder weather within twelve to twenty-four hours. The
storms that give these winter rains are principally of the
southwestern type, originating in the west Gulf of Mexico, or
in Mexico. Their normal course is northeasterly, and their
influence upon local weather conditions begins when they are
not more than 400 miles distant, or, in other worcls, about as
far away as the State of Mississippi. The wind here is then
northeasterly, and, as the storm progresses northeastward,
i t veers gradually to southeast and south, when with a rapid
shift it goes to westerly, and the cold air of the advancing
high-pressure area is ushered in. These conditions typify
our cold waves.
The pres-
ence in this vicinity of the West Indian storms, known as
hurricanes, always produces a marked departure from norrnal
weather conditions. These storms, fortunately, are not of
"Fig. 9-The wind remained southeast all night, showing t h a t the
center continued to niove southwestward.-M. H.
The back country is generally flat.
I n summer stagnant pressure conditions prevail.
~~-
~
- ~__
~ ~~ ~~
.
frequent occurrence. So far as they affect local weather con-
ditions, they may be divided into two classes: (1) those that
recurve into the Atlantic Ocean over the lower peninsula and
(2) those that enter the east Gulf and recurve about latitude
29". Storms of the former class seldom affect conditions here,
except occasionally by causing heavy rains; but with those of
the second class there are experienced all the phases connected
with storms of the tropical type.
Neteorological records-The data in the tables for the period
June, 1829, to August, 1833, are from the records of Judge
F. Bethune, made at his plantation some 5 miles south of
Jacksonville. Terdaily readings were made-about the hours
of sunrise, 1 p. m., and 8 p. m., local mean time-of a ther-
mometer that was exposed on his front porch, but unfortu-
nately no more is known of this exposure.
The record from 1838 to January, 1872, was made by Dr.
A. S. Baldwin, a man of scientific turn of mind, with a leaning
toward meteorology. The lapses in this record were due to
the Indian and the Civil wars. The best thermometers then
obtainable were used. Doctor Baldwin's observations were
made terdaily-at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m., local mean time.
The thermometer was exposed on the front door facing of his
porch, ancl the instrument was well sheltered from the direct
and reflected rays of the sun. Until December, 1861, the eleva-
tion was 13 feet 11 inches above sea level; beginning February.
lSGG, it was 20 feet, probably due to his removal to another
residence two blocks farther north. I n both locations the
instrument was about 7 feet above the ground.
On September 11, 1871, the United States Signal Service
(whose meteorological work was transferred to the United
States Weather Bureau on July 1, 1891) established a station
here, in the Masonic Hall Building, occupied until September
19, 1871, during which time partial observations, only, were
taken. September 20, 1871, the station was removed to the
Freedman's Bank Building, Pine ancl Forsyth streets. This
ofice was occupied until July 21, lS80. Here the thermome-
ters were esposecl in the regulation window shelter, 20 feet
above the ground. The rain gage was on the top of the
building, 64 feet above the ground and 69 feet above sea level.
The third oflice was in the Astor Building, Bay and Hogan
streets, ancl was occupied from July 22, 1880, to July 31,1902.
The elevations of the instruments above ground were: Ther-
mometers, 37 feet, exposed in a window shelter until October 1,
lS86, when they were placed in a roof shelter 69 feet above
ground; rain gage, 57 feet; anemometer, 84 feet. To reduce
to sea level add 79 feet. On August 1, 1902, the station was
removed to its present location, Dyal-Upchurch Building, Bay
and Main streets. Here the elevations of the instruments
above the ground are: Anemometer, 139 feet; therinometers,
101 feet; rain gage, 88 f e e t t h e ground being about 7 feet
above sea level.
In Table 3 the annual minimum temperatures for the years
not covered by Judge Bethune's and Doctor Baldwin's records
were compilecl by Maj. George R. Fairbanks, historian, who
collected these data from various reliable sources.
Time uxed.-The entries of time until January 1, 1885, were
local mean time; after that date, etandard ninetieth meridian
time, which is thirty-three minutes slower than local mean
time, is used.
Discirssioii of i w a i i temperatures.-The mean temperatures,
Table 1, prior to January, 1874, were obtained by the formula
(7+2+9)+3, but this gives a mean somewhat higher than
the true mean. The formula (7+2+9+9)+4 gives a result
very near the true mean temperature. The (' Correction "
line in the middle of Table 1 represents the ten-year mean of
actual differences for each month between these two formulas,
and these values should be applied to the Bethune and Bald-
win means, and to the means of the first section, as a reduc-
tion to the true mean temperature. In finding these correc-
.
DECEMBER. 1907 . MONTHLY WEBTHER REVIEW.' 567
~
Y 1
89
88
89
tions the formulas were applied directly to the Bethune rec-
ords. 1829-1833; the Baldwin records. 1844-1846 and 1871.
and to the Signal Service records of 1872 and 1873 . Since
January. 1874. the mean monthly and annual temperatures
have been obtained by the formula (mean ma9 . + mean
min.) + 2 .
~
..
0 0
82
62
87
84
ma; the highest mean pressure is in January. with a second-
ary maximum in July; the lowest mean pressure is in May.
with a secondary minimum in September . The highest pres-
sure ever recorded at this station was 30.70 inches. on January
2.3. 1883; the lowest. 29.06 inches. occurred during the
prevalence of a hurricane. at 6 p . m., August 27. 1893 .
TABLE !l.-iUaximum temperatures (Fahrenheit) .
1829 1830 .... 1831 .... IS32 .... 1833 ....
TABLE I.-ilIean temperatures (Fahrenheit) .
......... 61.1
53.1
56.2
60 . 0
0
s. r.
2
2 ~
0
.... 61.6
56.8
66 . 9
61.4
63.2
56.7
6u . 2
51.0
56.6 56.5
57 . 6
58.0
54.0
54.1
56 . 4
63.2
61.2
60.9
60 . 4
54.9
53.4
62.4
57 . 5
60 . 1 62 . 3
60 . 3
50 . 4
61.4
55.4
58.5
54.4
63 . 1
.....
5q.5
-0.5
53 . 9
59 . 0
58 . 6
55 . R
60 . 0
55.6
56 . 4
55.4
61 . 5
58 . 4
61 . 8
65 . 2
63 . 1
55.0
54.2
66 . 2
61.0
5% 4
64.8
65.6
59.0
61.6
5s . 8
47.6
57 . 2
60 . 11
53 . 6
54 . I
52 . 4
50.6
59.2
56.6
53.8
54 . 3
58.2
57.7
66.9
47.6
.....
53.2
~
1829
1830 ..... 1831 .....
1832 ..... 1833 .....
................ 74 81
72 ! 79
77 78
74 ,
i?.?
i 2 .2
73.1
73 . 3
~
69.0
67.3
' 1.5 . ::
63.0
1844 .... 1845 .... 1846 .... 1847 .... 1648 .... 1849 .... 1850 .... 1851 ... 18.52 .... 18 53 .... ISM .... 1855 .... 1856 ....
1857 .... 1858 .... 1859 .... 1860 .... 1861
IS66
1867 ..... 1868 .... 1469 .... 1870 .... 1671 .... 1S7? ....
Means*
55.7
57.2
54.6
59.3
58.0
54.7
64.1
57.4
47.6
52.6
57.5
55.3
47.7
48.7
59.4
54.5
55.4
.........
......... 51.6
56.8
58.8
57.6
55.5
51.9
55.6
1844 ..... 1845 ..... 1846 ..... 1Y47 ..... 1848 ..... 1849 ..... 1850 ..... 1851 ..... 1852 ..... I853 ..... 1854 ..... 1855 ..... 1656 ..... 1857 .....
1858 ..... 1859 ..... 1860 .... 1861
76
73
71
76
75
73
7Y 83
70
74
76
74
70
72
77
76
76
..........
84
86
87
84
88
89
93
8a
1866
1667 ..... 1868 ..... 1869 .....
.......... 79
S I
79
1871
187'2 ..... 1873 ..... 1874* .... 1876 ..... 1476 .....
187i .... 1Y78 ..... 18i9 ..... 1A80 ..... 1881 ..... 1s52 .....
1883 ..... 10x4 ..... 1835 ..... 1836 .....
1887 ..... 188s ..... 1889 ..... 1890 ..... l S 9 l ..... I892 ..... 1893 ..... 18YJ ..... 1895 ..... 1896 ..... 1897 ..... 1898 ..... 1899 ..... 19W ..... 1901 ..... 1902 .....
1903 ..... 1904 ..... 1905 ..... 1%16 ..... 1907 .....
.......... 76
76
77 I871 .... 1X7? ....
1873 ... 1874 .... 1875 .... 1876 .... 18i7 .... 187% ... la73 .... 1880 .... 1 S S l ... 1YR2 .... 18S3 .... 1S& .... 1SS5 .... 1586 ....
1887 .... 1sBB .... 1849 ... 1890 .... la91 .... 1492 .... 1x93 .... IS94 .... 1895 .... 18Y6 ....
1x97 .... 189s .... 1S9Y .... 19 00 .... 1901 .... 19n2 .... 1903 .... 19 BL ....
! .... BO . 6
51.9
54.4
57.4
59.2
57.2
52.6
54.2
62.8
53.2
62.8
58.2
32.0
56.7
51.3
511.4
58.0
55.2
63.4
54.2
52.0
49.2
58.6
56.1
53.5
52.1
59.2
53.2
52.7
54.2 5 2 2
52 . 8
50.3
1906 .... 1907 ....
56.0
61.1
~
. ..
. + ._
0
.... 70.4
70.7
70.3
71.1
i 0 . 2
66.3
711 . 0
72.0
72 6
74.2
69.3
72.8
70.2
69 . 7
71 . 1
i o . 1
69.6
71.6
65.2
70.3
70.7
63.6
69.9
71.2
72 . 3
69.6
71 . 2
69.0
71.0
67 . 5
66 . 3
72.0
$0.1
-0 . 9
70.6
....
....
fiz f
65.8
69.4
67.5
71 . (1
67 . 2
72 . 3
67 . 4
71 . 4
71 . 0
68 . 8
64 . 6
67 . 0
67.8
71 . 3
67.8
69 . 8
67.4
69.4
72.6
68.6
67.2
70 . 0
69.0
66 . 7
66 . 0
69.4
63.2
67.2
w . 5
66.4
68 . 7
68.6 6-4 . 0
68.4
74 . 2
63.2
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80.3
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79.6
....
76.5
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....
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79.9
75.8
78 . 3
76.3
80.7
76.4
7s . 6
77.6
SO . 9
so . 6
76.3
78.7
75.5
80 . 2
7Y . 2
79.2
so . 7
79.3
80 . 5
i7.9
77.9
77 . 4
....
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-0.4
.... 77 . 5
7s . 3
77 . 2
77.9
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79.8
78 . 0
77 . ?
77.8
$0.9
78.8
77.2
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79 . 1
77.6
76 . 8
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78.6
79 . 1
79 . 2
76.9
79.9
i7.4
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78.0 79 . x
79.0
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78
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...
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so 73
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79
81
82
84
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79
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84
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79
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68
74
68
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....
....
76
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78 78
74
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79
71
7%
78
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78
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72
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77
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73
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78 76
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81
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... 96
92
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.... 67 . 6
65.5 62.2
63.8
62 . 2
62.2
67 . 0
GY . 8
63.4
64.3
64.2
61.8 65 . 2
67.6
65.0
63.3
61.7
65.0
68 . 2
60 . 5
61 . 7
61.9
66 . 9
63.0
64.0
61.6
62 . 7
65.9
62 . 7
60 . 4
67.0
64.0
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59.0
59 . 0
G5 . 9
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611 . 0
60 . 0
65 . 0
65.3
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59 . 7
67 . 4
60 . 6
67 . 0
58 . 2
60 . 2
60 . 2
60 9
59 . 1
60.2
61 . 6
60 . 0
60.6
66.0
63 . IJ
60 . 8
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66 . 7
64.6
61.2
60.4
62 . 4
66 . 8
65 . 6
63.4
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69.8
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....
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.... 7ti . 7
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76 . 5
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78.5
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.....
80.6
76.0 77 . 8
75.1
77.3
75.8
76 . 7
76.2
78.6
77 . 3
76.4
76 . 5
76.8
72.9
75.9
78 . 4
77.0
74.4
77.3 7? . 3
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74.6
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i1.8
74.4
69.5
71 . 9
68 . 8
70 . 3
70.4
ti8 . ?
68.3
70.3
75.6
65.4
.....
63.7
60.0
5 i . 0
......
66.2
69.3
G1.1
64.4
55.4
61.6
62.5
69.0
63.0
64.3
5Y . 3
68.9
64.4
57.6
64.0
61.4
63.3
60.6
63.2
58 . 8
57.3
61.9
64.5
6n . 7
.....
62 2
-11 . 4
63 . 7
56.5
5% 9
64 . 6
64.6
59 . 2
62.4
61 . S
64.0
G2 . 0
66 . 4
RIJ . 8
64 . 1
6? . 3
61.0
60.1
60 . Y
61.6
63 . 9
65.6
60 . 0
5Y . 9
62.0
61.4
61.0
67 . 4
fi5 . :+
6'. 6
64.6
63 . 5
56.4
65 . 9
59 . G
60.6
63 . 8
61.9
62.2
62 . 3
69.0
55.4
....
7lJ . 1
69 . 4
69 . s ....
i 0 .2
69 . 4
....
54.4
49.0
63 . 3
....
52 . 6
81
YO
79
79
78
78
79
76
78
82
83
77
76
77
$9
81
77
79
79
75
78
66
78
79
&a 84
78
6n
...........
1888 .... 57 4
1839 .... / 5416
1840 .... / 51.5
88
91
...
84
85
82
84
80
82
86
83
87
84
85
86
81
81
85
84
87
86
88
88
88
87
87
90
84
86
83
86
83
85
85
86
85
80
86
92
92
85
87
88
86
90
90
89
88
88
90
89
87
8Y
YO
87
86
84
87
86
92
86
89
87
92
80
0 tll
...
86
95
9 4
....
90
92
90
86
89
85
94
84
Y 1
89
93
91
88 92
86 92
89
92
99
93
94
91
93
93
....
.... 92
95 92
98
97
96
92
90
91
94
94
90
89
92
92
95
92
95
92
89
92
96
96
94
96
94
93
'33
96
92
91
92
93
94
93
94
99
84
yril
1839 ..... 80
184U ..... 74
1811 ..... 80 1841 .... 159.2
SO . 4
82.0
61 . 4
82.4
so . 0
82.2
84 . 7
82 . 5
SO . 5
81 . 6
92 . 7
82 . 2
52.3
40 . 4
82.0
80.3
80.5
so . 3
83.0
81.0
S? . 9
52 . 3
8? . 4
a0 . 8
54.0 60 . 4
53.4
49.4
59.0
54 . 5 61 . 5
G? . 0
58.4
53.5
59.1
69 . 5
69.6
69.6
69.5
68 . 4
67.9
69 . 7
70.2
69 . 8
.....
so 83
89
87
81
86 SY
92
85
96
88
92
91
91
92
92
90
101
88
91
91
92
92
94
96
92
97
92
95
YO
....
.... 96
94
98
94
95
96
98
91
95
Y6
90
90
91
89
92
91
93
94
89
92
91
93
95
90
95
93
97
96
90
93
93
93
92
92
91
89
101
Y2
52.0
59.8
51.5
51.7
52.8
55 . 6
..... 69 . 7
69.4
68 . 3
6% 6
70.6
86
89
!IO
84
87
s7 1870 ..... W2
1571 ..... SO
1372 ..... 81 ..........
56.3 lt69.8
-0.4 ' 4 1 .5
.........
s1 . 9
-0.5
RU . 9
81 . 3
$1.0
78 . 9
s2.4
81.4
44.4
82.0
91 . 6
82.2
$2 . 8
81.4
90.2
82 . 2
81 . 6
81.8
Y2.5
79.7
su.4 82 . 3
81.4
81.4
82 . 2
82.9
s2 . 8
82 . ?
s2 . 1
82 . 8
8 4 2
80 . 5
81 . 0
82.0
80.4
79.9
$1 4
S l .8
81.7
h4 . 7
7s . 9
.....
... Y l l
89
91
86
88
85
87
88
91
88
85
86
88
88
86
89
88
88
88
86 88
90
85
85
92
$S
86
85
87
85
86
82
86
88
89
83
96
80
.... 79
7Y
81
82
.... 82
42
E ' 82
81
86
86
86
80
88
79
85
79
81
80
84
81
85 1
82
84
84
88
82
84 j
a7
51 . 7
50.1
50 . 9
59.0
5 i . 8
48 . 6
56 . 2
53.4
62 . B
55.2
62.0
54 . 3
61.4 5s . 6
s4.0
53.6
55.6
53 . 6
62 . (I
55.9
59.6
57 . 6
54 . 8
57 . 7
53.5
53.8 5s . 5
51.8
54.9
56 . 1
52 . 6
5 ; . 1
50 . 4
55 . 6
53 . 5
55.6
55 . 9
64 . 6
48 . 4
56 . n
....
67 . 2
GS . 2
69 . C
69 . 1
68 . S
69 . 1
69 . 4
i l . 0
70.8
71.0
71 . 3
ill . 0
6S . 6
64.1
GJ . 8
69 . 4
64.4
i0 . 6
69 . 2
6s . 3
69.6
69 . S
68 . I1
69.6
7u . 2
69 . .S
69.4
6%.4
6i . 0
64 . 9
67 . 8
67 . 9
68 . 5
68 . 5
69 . 6
69.2
i l . 8
6 i . 0
70 . n
-
so 80
80
74
so 77
72
78
76
72
78
73
76
81
74
SO
80
77
72
79
79
75
76
a1
78
73
76
77
7s
75
75
80
77
83
70
83
75
74
79
81
is
79
83
79
73
73
84
82
81
83
86
78
52
80
76
79
84
76
81
79
75
77
h1
80
79
75
77
87
86
79
8?
83
80
86
81
81
91
91
78
Higtiest . 1 L,,west ..
86
68
*Maximum thermometers were
mum te~nperatiires lu the table ar
~
'st used January rom eye ohservat he maxi-
Tetiipernlwe.-On the average January is the coldest month
of the year. altho the annual minimum temperature occurs
most frequently in December. and the lowest temperatures
ever recorded were in February . The mean temperature
reaches its lowest point during the first week of January. and
its highest in the second decade of July . The daily minimum
temperatures thruout the year nearly always occur about the
* Bethune arid Baldwin records . t Average of the iiionthly incalls appearing on this line . bee "I)iscnssiou of meau temperatures." io text . 4i ual Service and Weather Bureaa records . records . a 1 148
Barometric pressicre.-The mean pressure for the year, at
sea level and under standard gravity, is 30.06 inches . In the
curve of monthly means there are two maxima ancl two mini-
668 'MONTHLY WFATHER RFJIEW. DECEMBER, 1907
1829..
1831. ....
1R30 ....
Precipitation.-There are two rainy and two dry seasons.
The principal maximum occurs in SQptember, with a second-
ary maximum in March. The dry months are April and No-
vember. The winter rains are generally due to the influence
of storms of the southwestern type. The summer afternoon
rains are largely in the form of thundershowers.
Abnormally high temperature in minter is usually followed
within thirty-six hours by rain. In summer high midday tem-
peratures are followed in the afternoon by thundershowers.
Snow occurs seldom, the low temperatures of winter being
clue to the cold, dry, non-moisture-bearing minds of anticy-
........ 3a 28
time of sunrise; the daily maximum temperature in winter
occurs about 2 p. m., in spring and late autumn a t 1 p. m.,
and in Auguet and September about noon. The greatest
number of consecutive days with the maximum temperature
90, or above, was 31 days, in 1896, from July 20 to August
19, inclusive. The greatest number of consecutive days with
the minimum temperature 32", or below, was 8 days, in De-
cember, 1901, from the 16th to the 23d, inclusive.
TABLE 3.-Minimum temperaturea (Fuhrenheit ).
~~
18.51..
1% x... 1853 ... 1854.. ,
l b 5 5 ..
Is57 ... 1353.. . Is59 ...
IS61
IS x...
1561). ..
__
2
-
0
... 46
52 52
61
... ... ... .... 52 56
52
.. ... 52 49
52 59 51 42
50 54 53 47 47 53 51
42
49 53
58 54
.... .... .... .... 52
50
50 43 39
55
....
.... 56 62 $2 41
47 45 50 39
$2
37 56 52
47 47
44
38 49 44 47
34 43
53
48
45 43
44
41
41 4 2 4:
4E 4; 5c
4':
41
4(
61
34
-
~~
..... 0.75 2.00
3.02
1.45
1.17
3.15
1.94
.......
5.90
0. 35
~
3
r:
3
.. :ill
28 22 25
S
33
33
23 "9 30 25
2 i 27
24
"I1
2s 25
32 22
82
23 20
32 24
3u 24
16
34 311 25 32 31
29
27
24
32
20
32
19
29
30
...
... 27
24
35 2s
24
29 27 5
I9
32
28
29
21
:, 2
15 22
28
27
30 29
2.1
14 14 24
?I
24
10
18 20
?*
26
?8
17 24 31
35
8
:;n
~
~-
9.97 I.?.;
7. M 4.47
3.24 7.40
5.80 6.67 5.*? 2.15 4.42 10.35 3.75 9.20 1.116 i. 613
1.95 6.75 3.40 6.40
_.
b
e 2 -
0
.... 40
32
40
34
8
.... .... .... 36
32
28
.... .... 29
30 43 34 32 2'.
36 42
32
35 30
26
44
38 39 44
42
3a
... ... ... ... 2-1
32
36 39
28 42
...
... 33
38
37 32 3fi 37 32 35 42 34 38 4IJ
37 32 24
38
32 81 44
31
36 41
33
14
27 34 27 10 18 2Y
30 29 33
26
33 33
44
8
-
~~
9. 95 7. 72
6.70 9.60 2. 70 9.45
8.90 10.40 6.15 4.34
7.25 1. I@
10.55 , 3.78 3. 51 10. 48 12.15 I 5.05
S.05 17.50
-.
i
E
~
0
.... 66
56
64
62
.... .... ... .... 64 66
.... ... ... .... 60
66
60
57 59 64 62 63 58 56 61 65 54 66 64
58
61
... ... ... ... 64 57
64
53
60 55
...
... 57 61
52
62
54
48
55 60
58 63 54 54
62
56 56 55 56 50
53
54
52 57 46
55 53
53 52 61 59 55 64 60
59 63 49 59
66 46
-
1835.. 1896.. 1837.. 1838..
1539.....
IW..... 1841 ..... 1842.. 1643 .......... 1844. ... 1845. .... 18%. .... 18.17. .... 1843 ..... 1 W ..... 1850. .... 1851. .... 1852 ..... 1853. .... 1851 ..... 1855. .... 1856 .... 1857 .... 1858 ....
1860. ... 1861 ..... 1862..
1863.. 1864. 1665..
1866.
1867 ..... 1868 ..... 1869 ..... 1870 ..... 1871 ..... 1872 .....
185 g .....
~ ~~
i
c
h
~
0
74 64
i o 66
71
.... .... ... .... 71
69
... .... ... i5
70
io 75 7'2
74 66
7'2
i o 69 61
68 73 72
i0
70
69
73
.... .... .... .... 65 72
70 70 71 72
....
.... 70 6.4
68 62
66
63
66
62
69
66
65
68
62
6S
67
64
ti4
54 66
63
6 i
68 62
62
66
63 64
60
67 65 65 62 64
66
68
61
75
54
-
........ ........ ........ ...... 40
30 25
........
24
34 30 25
42
32 44 32 20
35 34 33
26
16
38
40 32
.......
......... ...... ...... 32 29 36 32
33 29
30
.......
-
i.
c,
I
-
_.
0
76 7fi
75
i 6
75
... ... ... ... 71
74
... ... ... 74 76 67 73 71
7'2
76
70
i u 53 73 74 73 74 74
io 74 70
.... .... .... .... .... 74
74
72
75
6&
....
.... 75 74
69 70 71
65
72
64
70 50 71
69 71
70 fi9
68
70
66 66
66
68 68 7c
i l l
6e
67
67
6@ 7c 69 69
69
69
6f
7C
if
6f
i n
-
...... 51
66
66
ti8
63 66
64
I
-
m
tD
4
~
17 82
i o 75
74
.... .... ... ... 74
74
.... .... .... fi9
71 75 73 72
i 4
74 72 70
74 71 i 4 74 72 i 5
i 5
73 73
.... ... .... ... 72 72
74 73 77
7'2
...
... 74 74
66
66
70
70 63 64
71)
ill
69
70
70 70 65
68 67
65
64
i 0
68
69
68
70 64
6M
69
i o 6S
66 69
68 69
i 0
70
70
r"
,I
64
-
4b
50 54 56 52
32
46
4'
i-1
2
a.
,
i -
0
3'3
4s
41
38
...
... ... ... ... 33
34
... ... ... S2
33
?S
30
34
44
32
3s 51
53
45
27
3R
35 25 45
4ri
4n
... ...
3 i 42
35
31
40
41
...
42
31
30 46
43
36
31
41
34
3Y 3 2
3q
42
33
36 36
?E
38
3c
39
39
35
82
33
33
45
4t
3t
4:
3E 33
3f
2f
4(
4: 3:
4:
5:
2:
I %6..
IS67 ... 1868.. . 1869.. . 1470 ...
4
s
6
$
-
0 '
4:
3(
3-
3-
...
... ... ... ... 2! 3:
... ... ...
?!
?I
3:
4.
4
3:
2:
3'
3. 21
3. 2,
3'
41
AI
3 3:
9%
31
3.
21
3
1' 2
3'
2
3
3
2 2
?
2
3
1
4
d
7
3
3
3
3
3 3 1 2
1
3 3 3 3
2
1
2 3 3 2
3
3
1
3
~
...... 4.62
3.80
4.05 1.05
6.67 8.41
5. 92
5.41 4.17
0.4;
5.03 1.25
3.00 2.32
5. 14
...................... 2.92 6.41 10.i9 t.75 6.21 10.47 7.44 6. 69 7. 07
0.14 10.19 j.50 2.82 8.07 A. 73
4.Y2 4.32 5.15
4.63 2.85 21.12
5.41 8.39 3.24
S. 94 8.96 5. 21 7.61 10.23 4.58
5.75 5.65 4.39
187s ... ISi9.. . isso.. . 1s81...l
1386.. .I
184?.. . lS83.. .
1884.. . 1335. ..
1857 ... 1884 ... 1889.. .
18!)0. :
3.14 0.63
a. 17
9.12
2.58
4.77
4.78 7.18 2. $1 4.34 0.49 5.89
0.63
9.68
2.92
6.89
1. SO
8.90 5 76 9.40
8.30 14:89 11.15
E.24 5.25 8.49
9.70 4.26 4.88
3.31 4 ne 3.67 6. 38 1 :<:I6 4.84
4.66 4 51 10.02
4.93 I 7:10 9.24 4.98 ,11.21 2.54
9.41 4.23 6. 16
5.01 1 3.87 6.27
3.13 12.03 5.44
4.52 6.12 3.90
3.45 3. S3 ?.07
9.64 4.26 6.12
4.74
6.60 2.74 10.97
5.38
6.53
6. 19
110.83
14.04
6.09 16.63
4.66
2.19 16.23 3.46
5.10 4.33 7.34
12.73
2.80
6.09
6.14
2.29
10.44
e.01
1871.. I872 ..... 1873 ..... 1874* .... 1875 ..... 1876 ..... 1877 ..... 1378 ..... 1879 ..... 1380 ..... 1881. ... 1882 ..... 1883 ..... 1884 ..... 188s ..... 1886 ..... 1887 ..... 1883 ..... 1889 ..... 18 go..... 1891 ..... 1892 ..... 1893 ..... 1894... .. 189 5 .... . 1896 ..... 1897 ..... 1896 ..... 1899 .....
1901 ..... 19 m..... 1903 ..... 1904 ..... 1905. ... 1906 .....
1900 .....
........ 28 24
35 40
30 31 33
29
45 33
32
29
21
32 15
??
2?1
31 Jo
30
32
24
36
2E 24
21
24
3E
31 2;
25
2E 1;
3;
22
5.35
6. i 5
1.06
6.22
14.97
0.14
clones.
TaBLE 4.- Precipifo1io)i. i n iwhex. -
c.
?
- - - 2
&
~~
.... 1.60
0. 6U 2. 15
1.50
3. 05
0. 60
5. 38
2. 30
4.60
1. 55
4. 20
1. 95 2.25
7. 15 2. 25
1.80
3. 14
2. i o 0.59 7.33 8.93 3. u5 1. lw 5.82 3.51 6.17
1. 12
1.09
0. 43 3.45 5.23
1.87
0.34
4.38
3. KF)
0.51 0.32
0. 77 6.87
3. 44 3.61
1. 6fi
7.10
.>. 38 3. l i
6. 76
3. 64
5. 23
2. 70
4.65
3.06
c. 55
...
3. 10
-
b.
3 -
.... 7.00
1.52
4.45 1.00 4.05 2.40 3.00 1.45
3. 75 3.43
2. 95 2. 85
3. 85 0.81
1.50 4.65
3.
1.25
5.52
s. 38
9.08
1.87 2. 47 1.52
4. 26 6.24
2.61 2. 20 3.16
5. 45 7.74 2.81
7.15
5.46
0. 51 9.20 2. 78 1.34
1. 1s
1.4Y
2.26 1.21 1.35 1.31
1.86
5. 31
1. 82
....
2. go
14. sa 2. go
6. 69
14.31
5.4c
4. 34
1-1. 8C
0. 51
-
?
5 z
~
..... 3. BO
2.50 1.31
5. 35
5. i 5 2. 92
3. &5
5. 45 2. i o 0.60
3.65
4.10
1.35
2.40 5.40
7. 15
3.62
.... 7. 32 5. 29 2.13 1.30 5.41 2.53 2. 37 1.35 1.69
2.89
0.89
3.84
2. (;3
5.66
6. i 4
3.51 1.57 1.38 2. 89
4. 02
0. i 6
8.90 3.12
3. fi3 2.51
1.60
2.04
1.35
7. 95 6.57
4. Po 2.55 1.35 6.47
1. 03
0. 76
3. :E
8.90 0.76
~
_.
4
2
E
l.
2 -
3. 82
1.25
2.25
3.55 2.72 3.43 1.45 2.15
3.35 0.55
0. 80
0.10
0.40
0. 25
1.65
5.29
....
2.07
3.53
1. 76 2. 43
2.94
2. 18 2.60
4. 49 1.39
1.24
6. 09
3. 41 5. 70 0.09 5.43
0. 511 0.57
0.10
4. 16
0: 51
2. 26
1.53
0.64 1.76 3.72
A. 12
4.55
1.56
2.34
0. 07 1.06 0.36 4. I8 3.82 2.26
0. 60
0. 01 1.96
2. 32
6. 09
0. 01
~
i
Y -
c
- 3d 0 Y
G
I. 24
3. 75
3. 95
1. 20
i. 10
2.93
6. 30
2.35
1.80
2. 05
1. 00
1.60
D. 93
2. 05
3.65 1.95
2. 55
2. 65
4. 81 3. 33 0.65
3. 42
6. 12
3. ::2
3. 46
1.?9 2.86 4.34
0.42
4.04
7. i 6
3.70 2. ss T. 1.37 3.46 2.5?
3. 08
O.81 1. l e 2. 17 4. 89
4.74
2. 35
3.9c 2. 78 5. S?
1.66
1.69
5. 65
1.0:
4.3:
3. 01
7. i t
T.
-
....
n. 46
3.20
0
.... 40
4fi
0 0
52 60 64 52 60 56 i l 52
.........
~
;
d
8 -
2 21
3.60 9. i o 1.50 2.55
2.20
9. ni 2.00 2. m
7.95 3.20
3.15
4.711
3.20 4.15
7.10
3.86
3.62
6.37 5.65 0.10 4.49
8.92 6. 75
3.81
9.45
6. 25
2. 87
0. 30
7.26
-1.12
2.47
1. 57
6. 00
1.26
9.07
4.43
3.34
4.48 3.24
0.03
6.00 6 74
2. 73 7. 14
1.37 5.90
2.k3
1. 50
2. 89 2.39 1. 37
4.97
IF. 25
IJ. 10
....
3 3 6
$5 8
- .- 4
- -?
~
....
3.80
0.43
4.35
1. 15
1.23
2.81
1.25 2. 15
3. 70 3.95
1 . 70
1.85 2.32
4.25 3.20
0.60
2.46
2.43
0.59 1.60 2.98
7. 89 3. 01
5.38 2.97 1.50
4. 57
5.23
4.4s
2. 32 1. ?4
4. 15 0.93 3.9s
0.95 1.72
0.11 2.6i
(1. 83 4.40
0.4Y
5. 18
2. 45 3.21 7.34
1.08
2. o?
1.54
0. x t 2.02 0.30
5. 2i
2. YO
7. s9
0.11
....
3.08
..
30
82
....... 53.62
45.76 56.30 37. 88 52.31
46.94
45.54 46.88 61.00
.....
..... 68.56 49.52
M.18
52.29
.....
51.81
56.87
GO. 67 48.31 57.60
55. '16
51.57 60. $2
47.18 65.51 54. A9
53.26
53.34 55.02 82.00 54.86 58.60 53.13 46.22 47.52 41.34 41.89
58.23
56.81 46.80 40.19
60.69
45. i l
38.57 53. R5 54.22 55.52 52.03
4Y. 17
55. i 7 46. 86
45.07
152.91
82.00
37.88
.....
.... .... ...
.... , .... ......... .... ..... .... 32 40
34
... ... 38 40
4.4 42 40 46
46
46
40
44
47 33 *2 42 34 45 40
43
... ... .. ... 39
$2
44
32
44
52
...
1.56 19.95 I7.85 14.45
......
6.33 6 .5 8. l r 7.69
I L~ -~
70
65 59
... ... ... ... 68
73 62
68
72
59
...
... 70
7IJ
56 59
66 67 67
61
62
69 65 62
64
68 66
55 55 57
65
65
66
61
53
5i
.... ....
.... .... 48
52
55
44
52 53
...
59 4fi
41)
49
43 4Y
50 46 52
46
54 51 59
-19
49 44
40
50
45
43
45
42
45
52
52
50
54 40
54
59
61
47 41
M
51
41
46
61
32
.... 42
31 37 40
31
36
39
44
43 39 47 40
42
38
3 7 36
35 39
27
38 29
23 32 40 35
48
42 26
38 30 37 48
42
44
.%
53
53
26
-
3. 65 6. 69
3. "? 2.54
4.92 5.25 2.72 5. 14
4.5s 8.96 2.71 1 5.55
1904 ... 6 .7 7
1905.. . 1.80
1!406 ... 3.46
I Y I l i ... 0.14
13.i0 21.12
2.07 1.10 ..
62 64
58 , 49 69
51 63
64
65 61
6-5
65
68 '
73
70 1
I
Seasonal 1 : Wiuter. 8.98; spriup, 10.07; summer, 18.64; sut.umu, 14.77.
T Iudicnter aiuouut tou small to iuvasurc.
* Baldwin recon1
t Sieusl Pervice mid lV%itlier Bureau rerords.
1 All rc<.ords. $Total of moutlilg means 011 t h i s line.
In July per cent of the rains occur between 7 a. 111. and
7 p. m., and Sl per cent of these, or G6 per cent of all the
rrtius of the month, occur in the afternoon-between noon
and 7 p. m. Only 18 per cent are a t night-7 p. m. to T a. m.-
65 per cent of which are between midnight and T a. m. I n
January the rains are more equally distributed between day
and night. I n this month 64 per cent occur in the daytime-
between 7 a. m. and 7 p. m.-f23 per cent of which are between
Highest. 4:
Lowest.. 1:
* Miuirnum therniomrters wvrc first urrccl January II,lRi4; p r i o r t o t l i n t llatetliclilinillllll~l ternperaturei i o the ruble a r c frolu eye otiserrntions
DECEMBER, 1907. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.' 569
noon and 7 p. m.; while of the 36 per cent that occur a t
night, 67 per cent are between 7 p. m. and midnight. This
computation is based on the time of occurrence and not on the
amount of fall.
Damaging droughts have been known in all the months of
the year, except August and September. On an average of
one year in four precipitation is quite insuEcient a t some
stage of the crop-growing season. The greatest drought in
the history of the station prevailed from October 27, 1SS9,
to February 28, 1890, during which period there fell only
1.66 inches of rain, this being a minus departure from the
normal of 10.5 inches. Between November 33,1H89, and Jan-
uary 1,1890, merely a sprinkle (amount too siiiall to measure)
fell.
Relaliur Hirniidity.-The mean relative humidity, a t three
different hours of observation, computed from records for 17
or 20 years, is given in Table 5, ancl is plotted in fig. 1. The
mean of the three series is ais0 computed ani1 plotted.
FIG. 1.-Mean relative humidity at Jacksonrille, Fla., a8 given in Table 5.
lli',ici.-The prevailing winds are from the northeast during
the colder months of the year, and from the southwest in
summer. For the year, as a whole, -10 per cent of the winds
are from the northeast and 25 per cent from the southwest,
the remaining 35 per cent being more or less equally (lis-
tributed among the six other principal directions of the
compass.
During winter 75 per cent of the winds are from a nortli-
erly quadrant, northeast to northwest. I n spring 55 per cent
are from a southerly quadrant, southeast to southwest. I n
summer 80 per cent of the winds are southerly, southeast to
southwest, with southwest largely predominating. I n autumn
fully 90 per cent of the winds are northerly, northeast to
northwest.
During periods of abnormally high temperature in late
spring, summer, and early autumn, the winds are light and
from a westerly quadrant; a t other seasons from northeast to
southeast. During periods of abnormally cold weather the
winds are from the north or northwest in spring; from west
to northwest in winter; and from northeast in summer and
autumn.
The wind velocities are least about sunrise, when the tem-
perature gradients are weakegt. After 6 a. m. there is a
gradual increase in velocity until the afternoon maximum is
attained a t :3 o'clock; thereafter there is a gradual decrease
in velocities until about midnight. I n summer the highest
wind velocities are generally from the south or southwest, and
occur iu short thundersqualls. In winter the maximurn veloci-
ties, as a rule, are from the southwest and west.
lfit.nth~r.-The highest percentage of sunshine occurs during
the months of least rainfall-April and November. I n January
ani1 February cloudiness is greatest in the early morning and
late in the afternoon, the skies being usually clear to cloud-
less a t tuidtlay. Long, drizzling rains are of greatest frequency during December.
The average yearly sunshine is 50 per cent.
Frost.--T\'ith cloudless sky, caliu or very gentle breeze, and
relative humidity 65 per cent or more, a light frost will form
when t,he air temperature near the ground is as high as 45",
aud with a temperature of 36O the deposit mill be heavy.
There is practic,ally no danger of frost in this vicinity be-
fore the last decade of October. and a killiug frost has never
occurred in autumn before the second decade of November.
The latest light frost in spring in the past fifty years m-as
April 38, and the latest killing frost April 6.
(~J Z (Z m7iw at Juc.X.so~ idle.-Notable freezes and minimum
temperatures:
July is the iiionth of least sunshine.
" F.
1835, February8.. ................................ H
1657, *January 1 9 . ......................... 16
1870, December 2 4 .. ............................ 19
1880, Deurlnber 31). ............................... 1 9
................ 15
................ 14
................ 14 1899. February 13. ................................ 10
lWJl!, February 1 8 .. ............................... 18
1905, January 2 6 .. ................................ 17
1766. ;Tohn Bartram, the botanist, says the night of January
5 was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, ancl
banana trees in St. Augustine, together with many curious
evergreens up the river that were nearly twenty years old, and
many flowering plants aucl shrubs that were never before hurt.
Bertram, who was then camping on the St. Johns River above
Volusia, sags the morning of January 3 was clear and cold;
thermometer at;", ancl wind northwest. The ground was frozen
an inch thick on the banks of the river.'
1799. The temperature was very low.'
18915. On April C; a heavy frost was very destructive to vege-
tation; the temperature a t Picolata, Flrt.; was as low as r2So.'
1835. The great freeze, par excellence, occurred on Febru-
ary 8 of this year, when the temperature went as low as So at
dacksonville. The St. Johns River was frozen several rods
from the shore and afforded a spectacle as new as i t was dis-
tressing. 811 fruit trees were killed to the ground and many
of them never started again, even from the roots.'
184.5. On December 51 a temperature of 20' was recorded
a t Jacksonville.
1x53. January 1 3 a cold wave prevailed and the temperature
was as low as 20'.
1657, Jauuary 19 and 20. Ice two inches in thickness formed
on pools and along the margin of the river on the morning of
the 19th, when the temperature fell to 16"; some people tried
to skate. 'It was the coldest day since the great freeze of 1835.
On the morning of the 30th the temperature was as low 8s 18".
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
TABLE 5.-Means, avernges, and extrema.
DECEMBER, 1907 570
Feb. April.
~~~
~.
hfay.
~~~
83. 9
66.2
18 33
17
37 49 29
4
U
(I
n
79
55'
7.3
69
Y.IIG
5. 2
56
5 ,' .
I W .
12
14
5
4. .I
I O
16
3
6
18
Jan. lune. July. A u g.
~
89.9
73.6 16
30 17 27 34
81
15
3
0
0
84
64
bo
76
ti. 18
i . 3
55
st.
$\I..
8 l i
6
5.5
15 22
6
11
8 i
Sept. Oct. h'ov. Dec. Annual. Meteorological conditions.
I
Temperature-1874-1907 :
Mean daily maximum ................ Mean daily luiniiuum ................
Maximum greatest daily range.. ..... Minimum reatest daily range ........
Maximum monthly range. ........... MiniluilN monthly range.. ...........
Average number of days with maxiiuuni goL' or alwve.. ............. Average number of days with iuasiluiim 95" or above.. ............. Average numlBer of days with miniiiiulu 36O or below.. ............. Average nulu1,er uf days with minimuin 3ZC' i ~r Itelow ...............
Nean daily range.. ..................
~e a n monfh~y range ..................
Rrlntivn huiuirlitv:
64.1
46.1
18 38 16
48
5M
32
0
11
5 2
85
1%
1 I,
i 5
-.
3. 09
i. 9
57
CW.
ne.
111
I 1
10
5.3
9
17
3
1
3
61;. 6
48. 9 IS
40
24
47 i l
38
0
0
3
1
h.;
5$
i 4
i?
3. 99
b. 9
75
"\f .
I,*.
1 (I
9
J
5.4
9
14
d
1
5
~
72.3
54.0
18
36 23
4ti
60 ^., .I _
11
fJ
1
0
s2
5:'
i 2
69
4 .4 i
8. i
1; 1
S
sw.
I"
12
4. i
9 1 !I
3
6
77.5 5Y. 1
18
34 17 42
52
89
0
0
0 0
77
53 65
R7
4.31
9.9
51
>\V.
.\f .
13
I 1
6
4. 3
,
> 13
3
11
83.5 72.0
16 25 19
29
11
2 i
I?
U
0
91 I
fiU
,2
5 . I:!
i. 9
62
'4w.
9\F.
77
8
15
5.3
13
19
5
12
"0
,
90.7 74.1 17 30 19
26
36 ?2
l i 5 0
0
sa
62
77 74
4. M
7.;
4;
.i\.
sw.
6
16
7 5. 7
15
?G
2
14 23
Si. 7 71. 1
15
28
16
?dl
45 22
4
U
0
0
86
67
8:!
78
!a. 96
"" I . 1
i l l
hW.
I1C.
9
12
9 5.5
14
"I
I
5
l i
78.2
m .7
16 34 21 39
48
26
0
0
0
0
94
64
79
ili
6. 15
s. 5
62
*-.
1lP.
12
11 s
5. I
10
18 1
2
6
i l . 0
54.0
17 33
'22
b 46 56 36
0
0
1
0
85 ti3
75
7s
3. 75
i. 5
40
sw.
Ill!.
11
11
6
4. !I
S
17
1
1
7
65. 1
47.2
18 41 21 47
66
3s
0
0
4 2
96 ti4
7s
i 6
4. 43
7.8
51
aw.
n.
11
11
9
5. 1
3 15
0
1
6
77.8
60.8 17 41
16
39 71
21
52 11 14
5
83 . 6U
76 73
9.86
8. 1
75
S U .
ne.
124
I50 91 5. I
126
148 96
59 95
~~ ~~~ ~~
&lean 7 a. ~.*(I s s &I ~o ;)... .............................. .per veut.. . Mean: 2 p. IU. (15i2-1888). ................................ .per ceut.. Mean, 7 p . 111. (18RS-lW7). ................................ .per cent..
Mean; 7 a. m., 2 p. in., a n d 7 p. 111.. ...................... ~~e r r e n t ..
Greatest auiount in auy twenty-hiir hours; in<,lws auil Iiuudredtlis.
Preripitation--lSi?-lYO7:
Wind-18Y1-190i: Average hourly velocity.. ........................ .iiiiles per hcur .
Maximum velocity for tive minutes (1872-1!107) ... ..iniIes per hour.. d i rwtiou ....... Prevailing wind direction (1372-1907) ..............................
Weather- 1872-1907: Average nuiiiber of clear days.
Average nuinher of partly cloud Average nuiiiher of cloudy days.. ................................. Average clnudiness, suurise to sunset (1891-lWi). .... .&ale 0 to 10..
Average number of rainy d a y s .. ................ .0.01 inch or wore. Greatest nuiuher of rainy (1.
Least nuiiilter of rainy days
Average iiuiiiher of Ihuuderstorma ................... Greatest. number of thonderstur~iis. .................................
..................................... ....................................
.
:emnerature of 24' was 1868 and 1870. On December 25,1868, and again on Decem
ber 24, 1870, freezes occurred with temperatures of 20' ani
19O, respectively. During these freezes many young buds
were killed, young orange seedlings were frozen to the ground,
and much fruit WRS destroyed.
1873, 1876, and 1879. The freezes of January 19,1873, mini-
mum temperature 24'; December 3, 1876, ininimuin 24'; and
January 7, 1879, minimuin 25', wrought havoc to fruit, but
did no lasting harm to trees.
1880. On December 30 the temperature fell to 19O, and great
damage resulted to oranges, lemons, limes, guavas, and other
fruit then on the trees.
1886. Very great damage was done to fruit and young trees
by the freeze of January 12.
1894. The freeze of December 29 killed all fruit on the trees,
together with many young trees. Some of the more hardy
fruit trees, altho damaged greatly, shortly after the freeze
showed signs of recovery. *
1895, February 8. This freeze was remarkable in that it fol-
lowed so closely that of December 29 of the previous pear.
There was little fruit left to be injured. but all fruit trees were
killed to the ground.
1897. On January 28 the temperature fell to 21', and young
fruit stock was damaged and vegetables nearly destroyed.
1899, February 13. The minimum temperature on the morn-
ing of the 13th was loo, and all fruit trees, many of wliich
were just beginning to recover from the freeze of 1895, mere
killed. Young stock and vegetables of every description were
destroyed. Some forest trees mere also killed. The tempera-
ture was below freezing all day, the highest point reached
being 27'. The facilities in hand were insufficient to protect
vegetables against such severe cold, altho the low tempera-
tures were accurately forecast.
1900. On February 18 the minimum temperature was 18',
and much damage resulted to early vegetables.
1901 and 1905. The freezes of December 21,1901, minimum
temperature 20, and of January 26,1905, minimum 17O, clam-
aged vegetables very much.
The trees were not greatly injured.
1906. On December 24 a minimum
recorded, ani1 co&derable damage resuited to plants and
vegetables.
Notes O )L s w w and dwt.-In 1774 there was a snow storm
that extended over most of Florida. The inhabitants long
afterwards spoke of it as an extraordinary white rain.'
1852, January 13. Snow fell all the forenoon. The total
amount was one-half inch (unmelted).
1855, February 28.
lSGS, January 29.
1869, February 28.
1873, January 10.
1875, February4 and 5.
1879, January 4.
A few flakes of snow fell.
There was a flurry of snow in the fore-
Light sleet fell during the night.
noon.
A few flakes of snow fell a t 7:!?5 a. m.
Light sleet occurred between mid-
night and sunrise on both these dates.
Sleet began at 7 p. m. and turned to rain
at 8:30 p. m. On the followingmorning (the 5th) everything
out of doors, such as trees, shrubbery, etc., mas covered with
ice. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange
trees.
1802, December 27. Light snow flurries occurred a t inter-
vals during the day.
1893, January 18. Sleet and snow fell in this city shortly
after midnight. It began as sleet, turned to snow, and then
to rain.
1895, February 14. At 6322 p. in. light sleet began to fall,
continuing about five minutes, when it turned to snow; snow
ended in five minutes. Light snow beganagain a t 7 3 0 p. m.,
and ended a t 8 p. m.
At 9 4 5 p. m. of the 12th, rain
changed to sleet, and this to snow a t 10:15 1). m. Snow con-
tinued during the night, ceasing before sunrise on the 13th.
At 7 a. m. of the latter date snow on the ground was 2 inches
deep, with a temperature of 10'. I n shelteredplaces the snow
remained unmelted for several days.
1899, February 12 and 13.
1 Extracts from a paper read before the Florida State Horticultural
Society by Maj. Geo. R. Fairbanks, May 8, 1895.
DECIEWBER, 1907. M O m Y WEATaER REVIEW. 571
...................... 1858 ...................... 1859 ...................... 1860 ................. 1861 ....................
1868 ..................... 1869 ...................... is70 ...................... 1871 ...................... 1872. ..................... 1873. .................... .,
1901, December 16. Light snow flurries occurred a t 1 p. m.,
and sleet :fell a t intervals during the afternoon.
1907, February 7. A light snow flurry occurred in the im-
mediate vicinity of the city during the early afternoon.
Hiirricanes.-!l'he season of greatest frequency of hurricanes
is from September 1 to October 15. During September the
mean track of these storms lies near and almost parallel to the
east Florida coast. The dates on which severe tropical storms
prevailed in the vicinity of Jacksonville are given below. It
will be noted that since 1841 nineteen hurricane years have oc-
curred, and in seven of these two or three hurricanes have
visited this section within one season:
1842, October 5 -6 .. ........... ,1881, August 27.
1846, October 1 2 .. ............ ,1881, October 6.
'1848, October 12. ...
N~~veNber 2
October 28 November 16
Novetiiher 17 November 16
Octoher 21
1851, August 1 8 .. ... 1853, October 9 .. .... 1854, September 8
1871, August 17-18 . 1871, August 24 .... 1874, September 28.
1876, September 1 6 .
1878, July 11-13., . .
1878, September 9-1
1878, October 21-22.
1880, August 49-30 .
TABL
~~~~ ~
I
1878 ..................... 1379 ...................... 1880. ..................... ips1 .................... 1882 ...................... 1883 ......................
.......... ,1884, September 10-11.
......... ,1582, October 11.
......... .1885, October 10-11.
......... ,1888, September 9.
......... .188H, October 11.
......... .1893, Juue 16-16.
......... .1893, August 27.
......... ,1893, October 14.
......... .1894, September 46.
......... ,1894, October 9.'
.......... lt49G, September29.
........ ,1899, October 5 .
G.-D(iten qf froat.
November 29 Noveiulrer 4
November 16
Nqwetuber 4
November 15
November 3
~~
I
Light frost.
1836 ...................... 1887 ..................... 1888 ..................... 1889 .....................
Year,
October 29 Octuber 31 November 11
November 29
First
iii autumn.
....
1896.. .................... 1897.. ............. .:. ... 1898 ..................... le99 .....................
October 19 November 4 Octoher 23 NoveiiilJer 6
October 30 Noveuiber 4
Noveiiiher 20
Norember 14
(lctobrr 26
Ileccmber 8
October 26
November In
November 3
Drcemher 24
No\ ember 24
Nvvernber 13
Norriuber 2
1902 ...................... 1903.. .................... 1901 ...................... 1905.. .................. 1906. .....................
November 28
October 25 Noremher 14 November 2
Novetuher I?
1900. .................... November 10
1901 ..................... .I Octvber 17
1907 ......................
Averaxe. ................
OctolJer 29
Noveiuber S
~
Last iii spring.
%larch 2'2 Frlrruary 9
Jauuary 22 April 19 March '13
March 29 A1,riI ?'!
April ?B March 20
March 14 April 18
March 30
Murb 16 hIarch 5
April 14
April 18
February 20
March 4
n m c h 6 Jnuuary 15 February 12 March '32
February 21
hlarch 5 April 6
4pril 13
.4pril 5
February 6 March 23
February 21 March 19 March 11
April 2
March 15
April 4
hlarcb 17 April 6 April 16
March 20 March 31 April 5
April 5
Jauuary 30 April 8 April 11
April 14 April 22 April 1
Fehrimry 2:' March 15
April 17
Aprll 15
March 19
niarcb 23
~~~~~~
Killing frost.
First in autumn.
Decrmlirr 12
Nwewlier PS Noveuiber '16
Nu\?inlier 25
Dweiii her 11
Uecwii ht.r 17
Noveiuber 20
Noue Noveiubcr 15 Noveiu1it.r 25
Noue Deceiuher 11
N w e N ~e m b e r 21
h'oreuiber ?1
De1 emlwr 23
Dewmber 5
Novemhrr 16
Noreiuher 20
Iiecelulwr S Decemher 15
Deceiulier I Noveiirlw XI
IiecPiu her 2s NovemlJer 21
Noveurher 16 November 25
Decemhrr 1 7
Dei emlper 11;
1)ewniber 3 Nuvemher 26
Ikcember 6 November 21
Uecetulrer 20 Noieiirher 30
December 29
Nnveruber 14
Noveinher 12
Nobetuber 25
Dectwber 4
Decelulier 22
December 6
DerPmlw 6
IJeceiiiler 30
Nouu Deceml,rr 16 Iiecember 26
Nsbreinher 1!1
Deceniher 29
Noue. November 1X
Deceniber 5
November 12
December 4
Last
i i i spriiig,
~ ~ ~~
Fchriiary 11
February 8
.lanuarv 25
.Tauiia<y 2
h h r d l 2
Febru:rry 5
January 9.i
MarcIi 3
Jnuuarp 24
Noire
l,'pl,ruary I6
Fehriiarv 10
Jauuary' 31 hiarch 1 FelDruary 22
Jauunry 10 Fehruary 4 JIarcli 5
.laiiiiiirv :I
Fehruiry 6 hrarch 22
Jauuary 5 Fehruary 13 Jauiiary ?O
I'elwoary 6
h1:ircli 13
Feliruary 21
hlarclr 111
Jauuary 19
Felmiary 29
Fellrunrg 8
March 17
Marcli 20
Marclr 5
February 17 hlarcli 21
3auuary 30 E'ehrusry 22
March 8 E'eliruary 25
Marcli 7 Fe1vrii:iry 18 E'ehrunry I 8
Fehruary 12
February 16
February 9
.............
Nvue April 2
nrarch 1 1
AlJril 6
nrnrl.il 27
Nour
~~~ ~
February 14
~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~
-~
~ ~~~~~~ ~
__-
Earliest frost in autumn, October 17. Latwt frost in spriug 4pril 28. Earliest killing
~. frost io autumn. November 12. Latest. killing frost in spring,'.ipril 6. .~
~~~
-~
~
-~
~ ~
.....
~~
.
2This is the hurricane that caused the destruction of Cedar Keys, Fla.
Tornadoes and rciaterspouts.-These phenomena are of rare
occurrence in this part of the State.
1872, March 10. Shortly after midnight a violent wind and
rainstorm past over the city. Two and a half miles north a
tornado unquestionably occurred; its path varied from three-
quarters to 1 mile in width, and extended from a point a short
distance west of the Panama road to the St. Johns River.
Large trees were uprooted or twisted off; several dwellings
and barns were demolished, the inmates being more or less
seriously injured, and some stock killed. It is stated that the
tall grass was cut off as i f by a mower and banked against
prostrate trees by the wind.
At S:30 a. m. a waterspout was observed in
the river about 4 miles southwest of the city. It began in a
clou~l which approached the river from the southwest. Just
prior to the completion of the spout the water was greatly
agitated; but when the funnel-shaped cloucl united with the
water the agitation quickly subsided and the surface of the
river reseiubled a mirror. This phase lasted fifteen minutes,
when the column gradually drew away from the water and con-
tracted in diameter, rolled itself into a ball and rapidly dis-
appeared into the cloud.
1882, September 10. A tornado occurred a t Darbyville, Fla.
(about 30 miles west of Jacksonville), at 9:50 p. m., causing
great destruction. Several buildings were blown to pieces,
seriously injuring five or more personR. Large trees were
uprooted, and numbers of cattle and hogs were killed.
A large waterspout was reported as having
occurred about 2 miles up the river a t 10:25 a. m.
A severe hail and winclstorin swept over
the city a t 3:40 p. m. On the south side of tlie river the
storm assumed the nature of a tornado, causing much damage
to Dixieland Amusement Park and to several manufacturing
plants. A Cugboat was sunk and the captain drowned, and an-
other man was blown from a pile driver and drowned. No
rery serious damage resulted in the city, except the breakage
of glass by the hail.
duroms.-The auroral light has not been observed here since
18H2. There appears to have been a period of special fre-
quency from 1870 to 1877.
1859, August 28. The auroral light was plainly visible clur-
ing the early evening.
1859, September 3. Brilliant aurora during the evening and
night; the entire heavens were illumined. Many amusing in-
cidents are told of how the more ignorant inhabitants imagined
the end of the world was at hand.
1870. The aurora borealis was very brilliant on September
31, and i t was again observed on October 14 and 25.
1872, February 4. The aurora was visible a from 7: 85 p. m.
unt,il nearly 9 p. in. It mas in the form of one complete arch,
with streamers projecting upward. The streamers were of
rose tint. Again, on October 14 there was an aurora of mod-
erate brilliancy about 7 p. m.
1876, May 2. Polar bands were visible in tlie northwest dur-
ing the evening.
1877, *June 4. The aurora borealis was visible from 8 until
10 p. 111. When i t was first observed i t resembled a band of
reflected light extending from N. 20' E. to N. 4OoW., with the
center of the arch not more than 25' above the horizon.
There were no streamers.
18x2, November 17. The auroral light was observed from
H: 15 to 9: 05 p. m. The color was a uniform pale red tintt es-
tencling to the height of 30' and froin 110' W. to 20' E.
The clisplay was well marked, and attracted general attention.
EarthqrmXes.-The occurrence of earthquake shocks in this
vicinity is of much interest. In the records of this ofice men-
tion is macle of these, as follows:
At l l :4 0 p. m. slight earthquake shocks
were felt thruoat the city and continued thirty seconds. The
1874, August 6.
1588, April 18.
1907, April 18.
1879, January 12.
673 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1907
motion appeared to be from northwest to southeast, and a
rumbling noise was reported to have been heard during the
shocks. Earthquake shocks were felt in Lake City, Fla., a t
the same time.
Earthquake shocks were felt in this city
from 8: 52 p. m. to 9: 03 p. m. The first vibrations were light,
but were continuous for a minute and a half, when three or
four severe shocks occurred in quick succession. the most
violent of which was a t 8:53:30 p. m. This building (the
Astor Building) vibrated with the shocks and seeiued to more
from east to west, as the swaying of a railroad train along ,Z
straight track, with now ancl then a suclclen lurch, as if the
train had turned a sharp curve. The windows, doors, and
furniture rattled, and it was difficult for one to stand without
support. Distinct earthquake shocks were felt in the city on
September 1, a t 3: 30 a. m. and 3 p. m.; on the 3d, a t 10: 03
p. m.; 5th, a t 10:15 and 1O:lS 1). m.; 8th, a t 12: 34 p. m.;
- 9th, a t 12: 47 p. m., and on October 22, a shock was felt thru-
out the city a t 4:24 a. m., lasting fifteen seconds, and with
energy suflicient to rattle dishes, windows, etc.
The great earthquake shock began in the city of Charleston
within a few seconds of 8: 51 p. m., ninetieth meridian time, on
August 31, 1886.
1893, June 20. An earthquake shock was felt a t 10:07 p m .
The duration was about ten seconds and the motion vibr:ttory
and continuous, direction northeast to southwest, intensity
moderate.
1886, August 31.
~~~~~
THE UTILIZATION OF MIST, FOG, DEW, AND CLOUD.
I n the RfoNTHLy WEATHER REIIEW, October, 1898, and March,
1S99, we suggested methods by which the fog and cloud par-
ticles driven by the wind over a region where but little rain
falls could be caught and led to the roots of plants and thus
made as effective as rain in promoting the growth of useful
vegetation. I f the large quantity of water that drips from
leaves in foggy weather could be quickly conducted to the soil
and conserved a t a depth of a few inches, i t would largely re-
place the defect of rainfall in a droughty season.
It would seem that the formation of dew also may be intensi-
fied and accelerated, so that dew, properly so called, can be
led directly to the absorbing rootlets of plants. A dew-pond,
however, need not rely wholly upon dew; i t may be so con-
structed that dew, fog-drip, and rain shall all be utilized to
maintain the pond. The experiments that have been success-
ful in the moist climate of Great Britain, as explained in the
following article by E. A. Martin, are surely worth trying in
many portions of the United States.--C. A.
-
DEW-PONDS.
By E ~A R D A. MARTIN, F. C:. 8.
[Rqrinted frolu linowle8ige mil ha ieutitic News, I l ~y 3rd Juur, 19Oi, s u t i i t t i n _r the illii-tratious ]
The literature devoted to the subject of dew-ponds is of a
very scanty nature, whilst those writers who have dealt with
the subject differ considerably amongst themselves as to the
principles, if any, on which such ponds are formed, ancl also,
indeed, as to whether the ponds have any right to be called
c r dew-ponds  a t all.
I n considering the subject, i t is, of course, primarily neces-
sary to recognize clearly how dew is formed, but even in what
appears to be such an elementary matter as this there is not n
unanimity of opinion. Many meteorologists d i l l maintain the
old theory, which is certainly the popular theory, that dew is
formed by the precipitation of the aqueous vapour already ex-
isting in the lower layers of the atmosphere, when the raclia-
tion of heat from the earth has caused its surface to be in the
condition to chill below the dew-point the layer of saturated
~ ~~ ~
-
~ ~~ ~
'Vel. s s v i , 1. 466; Vol. xsvii, p. 113.
air in contact with it. Precipitated moisture may appear in
the form of dew, hoar-frost, mist, fog, or cloud, but in dew
and hoar-frost there is precipitation without a cloudy inter-
mediary. Freest radiation of heat from the earths surface
takes place when there are no clouds to reflect to earth the
heat which it gives off a t night. If there are no clouds, the
chilling of the ground and of the layer of air in contact with
i t mill be considerable, and the temperature may be reduced
to the dew-point.
During the last twenty years the acceptance of Dr. J. Ait-
kens theory has been rapidly growing, that dew is really
formed from the moisture which rises out of the soil with the
radiation of heat, and that it is this which is precipitated when
the air into which it passes has been so reduced in temperature
as to be unable to hold it as aqueous vapour. If thisbtheory
be the correct one it would a t once dispose of the suggestion
altogether that dew-ponds are fed and filled by true clew, since
the accluisition of dew could only then be obtained a t the es-
pense of itself by earlier evaporation.
RIessrs. Hubbard, in their  Neolithic Dew-Ponds and 5attle-
ways, give some details as to the forination of these ponds,
although the source of their information is not stated. They
sny that there is a t least one wandering gang of men, who will
construct for the modern farmer a dew-pond which will con-
tain more water in the heat of summer than during the winter
rains. The space hollowed out for the purpose is first thickly
covered with a coating of dry straw. The straw is in turn.
covered by well-chosen. finely-pncldled clay, and the upper
surface of the clay is then closely strewn with stones. The
margin of the straw has to be effectually protected by the clay,
since if it becomes wet it will cease to attract the dew, as i t
ceases to act as a nonconductor of heat and becomes of the
same temperature as the surrounding earth. This would, of
course, follow quickly if a runnel or spring were allowed to
drain into the pond. The pudclled clay is chilled by the pro-
cess of evaporation, and the dry straw prevents the heat of the
earth after a hot clay from warming the clay.
It is very certain, howeb er, that many alleged clew-ponds are
not formed on this plan. This description, i t will be observed,
clearly presupposes that dew is formed out of the aqueous
vapour already existing in the atmosphere, so that if Doctor
Bitkens theory is correct, i t mould seem that a new name is
needed to describe water that is precipitated out of the atmos-
phere in such a case, without the intermediate condition of
mist or cloud. Some
reiuarks 11s G. G. Desmoiid in the Nature Notes C!olnrnn of
the Daily News gave a different arrangement for the basis of
the dew-pond. It was there stated that first a bed of concrete
is laid down; this is covered with straw, over whgh is placed
another layer of concrete. I hare been unable to trace the
authority on which this is based.
I n a private letter from the maker of some ponds on the
Duke of Norfolk Downs and on dmberley Mount, i t is
stated that the highest parts are chosen, as they are  more
exposed to the weather  than lower down, the inference being
that they are filled by the moisture-laden winds blowing in
from the southwest, no consideration being given whatever to
any artificial attempt to attract dew-precipitation. But as
R. H. Scott says, dew can never appear when there is much
wind, for the air can not remain long enough in contact with
the soil for any material reduction of its temperature and con-
sequent condensation of moisture to take place. (Int. Sci.
Series, Vol. SLVI). The weather referred to can only,
therefore, Le mist or fog.
In lS77 A h . H. P. Slacle discarded the term ( dew-ponds 
in favour of  artificial rain-ponds, and scouted the idea that
dew had any part in filling ponds a t all. His remarks dealt
practically with one pond, the greatest diameter of which was
694 feet, which was constructed in 1836 at a cost of S40. It was
Such might be called & invisible mist.