AIJQUST, 1903. MONTHLX WEATHER REVIEW. 373
0 c. 18661876. . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 a = -0 .4 7
1893-1899. . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 u = -1.11
1877-1887. . . . . . . . . . . . 283 u = -0.70
~
952 a = -2.28, whence a = -0.0024 C.
The three periods are again all favorable to the hypothesis,
but the coeficient obtained is much smaller than for Hong-
kong.
Bombay.-The observations, made from 1846 to 1899, were
divided into five periods, of which the first four comprise eleven
years and the last ten years only. The equations which give
(a) are the following:
0 c.
18461856 ............. 330a=-2.37
1857-1867. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 n = +1.23
1868-1878 ............. 483a=-0.10
l890-~899 ............. 240a=-l.02
1879-1889. . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 = -0.17
1496 a -2.73, whence a = -0.0018 C.
Of the five periods considered one is clearly unfavorable to
the hypothesis; one gives scarcely any variation, and the other
three are favorable.
Barbados.-Observations were macle from 1865 to 18S6, but
as the two years 1881 and 1882 were missing, there remained
then exactly twenty years which have been clivided into two
equal periods. The equations which give (n ) are the following:
0 c. 356 u = -0.11
1875-1886. . . . . . . . . . . 195 u + 0.69
1865-1874 . . . . . . . . . . . .
551 (6 = +0.58, whence a = +0.00110 C.
The first series is favorable to the hypothesis, the seconcl
unfavorable.
Buuana.-Sixteen years of observations (1886-1901) ; using
the years 1892-1895 twice, the two series are 188ti-1895 and
1892-1901. The equations obtained for (a ) are the following:
0 c.
16861895 ............. 2 8 5 ~=-0 .7 3
1892-1901. . . , . . . . . . . . . 270 n = -0.38
,555 a,
---
-1.10. whence a = -O.OOaOo C.
In summing up we find that of the 16 series thus stucl-
ied, 14 give for (a) a negative value, 2 a poRitive value; the
probability is then, according to these observations, 7 to 1
that an increase in the number of sun spots is accompanied by
a diminution ,in the temperature and inversely.
By giving to the values of (a) deduced from Observations of
the various stations, weights proportional to the number of
series, we obtain for a final value a = - 0.0033' Cy.
Hence, an increase of 100 in Wolf's relative sun-spot num-
bers (a difference which frequently exists between a maximum
and a minimum) will be accompanied by a diminution of 0.83"
C. in the value of the mean annual temperajare.
It is evident that in order to determine the value of thc co-
efficient (a) it would be necessary to work with a much larger
number of series. I have given the numbers which precede
only as an example of a method which appears to me more
exact and more convincing than that ordinarily employed.
ULIMATOLOGY OF COSTA RICA.
Communicated by Mr. E. PITTIER, Director, Physical Geographic Institute.
[For tables see the last page of this REVIEW preceding the chnrts.1
Notes on the weather.-On the Pacific slope the rains were
generally above the normal. In San Josh pressure and rela-
tive humidity were slightly above the average, while tempera-
ture was below. Sunshine 1GY hours, against a normal of 134.
On the Atlantic slope rains were also very abundant, excepting
in the valleys of the interior, where there mas a relative scarcity.
A few local cyclonic movements did some clamage to the banana
plantations.
50-2
Notes on earthpuak:es.-August 8, 2' 29" a. m., slight shock,
%W, intensity 11, duration 3 seconds. August 19, lh 02" 50'
a. m., strong shock, WNW-ESE, intensity 111, duration 3
seconds.
RECENT PAPERS BEARING ON METEOROLOGY.
Dr. W. F. R. PHILLIPS. Librarian, etc.
The subjoined titles have been selected from the contents
of the periodicals and serials recently received in the Library
of the Weather Bureau. The titles selected are of papers or
other communications bearing on meteorology or cognate
branches of science. This is not a complete index of the
meteorological contents of all the journals from which it has
been compiled; it shows only the articles that appear to the
compiler likely to be of particular interest in connection with
the work of the Weather Bureau. Unsigned articles are indi-
cated by a -.
Scunce. Neui I'ork. N . S. Vol. IS.
Shedd, John C. Concerning the word Barometer. Pp. 279-280.
Ward, R. DeC. Marc+ Weather Proverbs. [Review of article
Ward, R. DeC. Height of the Sea Breeze. [Note.] P. 314.
Ward, R. DeC. Storms of the Great Lakes. [Note on bulletin
Talbot, Frederick A. The Spencer Airship for 1903. Pp. 169-170.
- Experiments with motor-tlriren Aeroplanes.
Guarini, &mile. The Seas nf Fog. P. 207.
Scienfifc American Sirppleinent. New I-ork. Vo1. 56.
Pressey, H. A.
Nafiire. London. TW. 68.
- Gialiain Bell's Tetrahedral Cell Kites.
Ramsay, William and Soddy, Frederick. Experiments in
Radio-Activity, and tlie Production of Helium from Radium. Pp. 351-355.
Strutt, R. J. @n the Intensely Penetrating Rays of Radium. Pp. 355-356.
Geikie, Arch[ibald 1 Summer Lightning. P. 367-368.
Wimperis, H. E. A Mirage a t Putney. P. 368.
MacDowall, Alex. B. SUU Spots and Phenology. Pp. 389-390.
Walker, Alfred 0. Peculiar Clouds. P. 416.
the International Stutly of the Sea.
Ramsay, William. Esperinipnts in Radioactivity and the Pro- duction of Hrliriiii from Ratliuni.
Strutt. [R. J.] On the Intensely Penetrating Rays of Radium. Pp. 208-210.
Aitken, J. On the Formation of Definite Figures by the Deposi-
tion of Diist. [Abstract.] P. all.
-Heavy Falls of Rain in July, 1903.
__ Abraham Follet Osler.
__Heavy Falls of Rain in 4 o r t periods.
Terreflt r ial dlugnetb ni and At iiioq)her ic Elrct r icity.
Pegram, G. B. On tlie Radio-Activity of Ground Air. [Review
of article of J. Elhter and H. Gpitel.]
Pegram, G. B. The Concentration of Radio-active Emanations in Liquid Air. [Review of article of H. Ebei-t.]
Schultz, L. G. Meh5uugen der Electricit~~tqzerstreuung in derfreien
Luft. Pp. 85-86.
Schulte, L. G. Etude de l'electricitt5 atmosphCrique nu bommet du Mont Blanc, (4810 in. par beau tenipBrature. [Review of article
of G. LeCadet.]
Schultz, L. G. UeLer Elektricit~tsze~~trellun~ bei nebeligem Wet- ter. [Review of article of A. Gockel.] Pp. 87-88.
Johnson, Francis Robert. Snuth African Irrigation. [Contains meteorological data.] Pp. 589-611.
Harrod, B. M.; Brown, L. W.; Ockerson, J. A.; Haupt, Lewis M. The Levee Theory on the Mississippi River. Pp.
6911-735.
Lodon, Edbburgh, and Dublin Philosophicnl Mugwine. London. 6th Be-
ria. Vol. 6.
Petterson, J. On the Ionization in d i r at different Temperatures
and Pressures. Pp. 231-238.
Wilson, H. A. The Ionization produced by Hot Platinum in Air.
Pp. 267-268.
Field, K. D. Curious Sunset Phenomena. Pp. 206-207.
of B. C. Webber.]
of E. B. Garriott.]
P. 311.
Pp. 314315.
Scientific American. New I-wk. Vol. 83.
P. 204.
Methods of measuring velocity in river channels.
Pp. 23140-23112.
Pp. 347-319.
Pp. 417-418.
Proceedipigs of the Royal Society. LON^%. V W . 72.
Pp. 20g207.
Syniona'e Meteorological Mugazzne. London. Vol. 38.
Pp. 113-114.
P. 118.
Pp. 119-120.
Baltimore. Vol. 8.
P. 83.
Pp. 83-85.
[Abstiact of paper of a. ElstPr and H. Geitel.]
Pp. 86 87.
American SocLety of Ciuil Engineers. New York. Vol. 29.
&iouiledge. London. Vol. 26.
Philosophical Damactione of ths Royal Society of London. London. Vol.
On the Formation of Definite Figures by the Depo-
201.
sition of Dust. Pp. 551-558. Aitken, John.
Engineering Newe. New Tork. Vol. 50.
- The Kansas City Flood of 1903.
Journal of Geography. Chicago. Vol. 2.
- The Value of Weather Forecasts.
Journal of the Weatern Society of Engineers. Chicago. Vol. S .
Wright, Wilbur. Experiments ancl observations on Soaring
Flight. Pp. 400-417.
Oiel et Terne. Bruxelles. 24me annee.
- Les taches solaires et les perburbations niagnbtiques. [Re\ iew
of article of P. Sidgrraves.]
- LblectricitB atmospherique espliqn6e par la theoric des Blei.-
trons. [Review of article of Ebert.] Pp. 286-887.
- Exploration de la haute atmnsphbre sur les ocban5. [Revirw o f
article of Berson.] Pp. 287-288.
- Les mistpoeffers Italiens. [Abstract of article of Alippi.] PI).
288-289.
- Les secheresse aus Incles. [Abrtract of article of Eliot.] Pi).
289-290.
- Linfluence des montagnes s u r la grGle. [Abstract (if article
of V. Monti.1 P. 290.
-La tenip6rature de la p6riorle glaciaire. [Nute tin memoir of
Paul and Fritz Sarasin.] -Le trac6 des courhes c~liinat~~lojiiiyues. [Note on article of W.
von Bezolrl.] P. 291.
- Dibtribution pai-ticulihre tle la ternpbrature clans les cou trhs BlevCes de latniosphhre. [Alihtritct of article of L. Te
renc de Burt.] P. 298.
Pp. 233-236.
P. 384.
Pp. 265-2S6.
P. 231.
- Eclipbe totale de solei1 en 1905. P. 392.
prinz, W. Analyse microscopique dune poiissibre tunibCe B T6n+
- Recherche des endroits propices h letablissenient clobserva-
- Le climat de lile de Chypre. [Review of article of Bellamy.]
- Tempetes de pouhsihre en Australie.
Rabot, Charles.
Paquier, J. B.
riffe les 18-21 fbvrier lW3.
toires. Pp. 314315.
Pp. 31S316.
PI. 293-300.
P. 316.
La Gkogrnphie. Paris. 101. 7.
terre. Pp. 376 377.
dans le departement de IOrne e t les dcyarteuients vvisins.
127-4#3.
Le cercle cle Bishop, couronne solaire de 1903.
Diminution de la nappe plirbatiilur en Angle-
Distribution gbngraphique des forces hgdrauliilurs
PI.
Forel, F. A. Pi).
380-382.
Violle, J. Sur le ph6nomene a6rodgnamique prodoit par le tir deb
canons grelifuges. Pp. 397-398.
Guillaume, J. Observations du solei1 faites B lolJseri atoire de
Lgon pendaut le deusibnie triniestre de 1903.
Baume-Pluvinel, A. de la. Laualyse bpectralr automatiilue
- Die gegenmiirtige Eiitwickeluug der Luftschiffahrt. Pp. 56lJ-61;5.
- Der Einfluss iler Mcindl~hasen aof den Beyen.
- Sounenscheindauer in Deutschland.
- Ueber Elektrizitritszerstre~iiiii~ in der Atniohphtirr. [.4bstrac*t of article of P. Czermak.] P. 628.
- Ueher clie geographischen und klimatischen Verhiiltuisse der
Liinder, welche die Bagdadbahn durchhchneiden wird. [AI)straVt
of article of Paul Bohrl)ach.]
- Die Regenverhiiltnisse Palastinas.
Annakn der Hydrographit tcnd Maritinten dfeteorologie. Berlin. .3t Jnhr-
sang. P r a g e r , M. Zur bleteorologie der Gilbert-Inseln niit cineni An-
hang uber die Inseln uncl die Be\ ijlkerung.
Messerschmitt, J. B. Neuerungen an Mal inelrarometern, vrran-
lasst durch Hchweremessungen auf See.
- Temperatur des Meerwrasers zii Tsingtaii. OktolJW 19U1 lbib
September 1902. P. 369.
- Wetter uncl Sturmsiguale filr die ostasiatihchen Gewiisber. pp. 379-384.
Prager, M. Zur Meteorologie der Gilbert Iuseln niit einem bnhaug uber die Inseln uncl die Bel-Jlkerung.
Maurer, H. Die Witteruug zu Tringtau iin Dezember 1902, Jauoar uncl Februar 1903, nebst einer Zusaminenstellui~g fur den Winter
1902-1903. Pp. 395-397.
Ziegra, Alfred. Untersuchung der Naclitfrostprognose nacli
Kaminermaun  fur inehrere metrorologische Stationen Norrl- nnd
Mitteldeutschlands. Pp. 177-1S1.
arundmann. (3. Wolkentrombe. Po. 191-192.
Comnptea Rendw de IAcadPinie des Sciencee. Puris. Tome 1.3:.
Pp. 431-433.
LAhophile. Paris. llme annee.
dans tin ~Jalloll-SO11~1~. Pp. 159-163.
Gaea. Leipzig. 39 Jahrgnng.
Pp. 56S-5W.
Pp. 570-571.
Pp. 6a8-639.
PI). 63lM31.
Pp. 31s-354.
Pp. 359-363.
Pp. 3S8-395.
Daa Wetter. Berlin. 33 Jahrgang.
374 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. AUGUST, 1903
Robitzsch, Max. Blitzschlag in H&er. P. l:l2. -
Zeitechfift fiir Gewiiseerhde. Leipkg. 5 Band.
Gravelius, H.
Oppokow, E.
Der Eintluss der Gletscher auf den Wasserhauehalt
der Alpenfltisse. Pp. 321-340. Zur Frage der vieljlhrigen Abflusschwankungen in
den Bassinsgrosser Flusse, in Zneammenhang mit dem Gang der
meteorologischen Elemente. Pp. 340-3G5.
dfitteilungen von ForschtintpreiRenden und Gekhrten nus den Deutschm
Schutcgebieten. Berlin. Band 16. - Ergebnisse der ineteorologischen Beobachtungen in Kpeme.
Pp. 147-148.
- Ergehihse von Regenmesslingen in Togo im .Jalire 1902. Pp. 148-149.
Kohlschutter, E. Barometerbeoliaclitungen in Langenhurg ani
Nyasba. Pp. 201-204.
Leher, Max. Jorq)li XIasiniilian Freiherr v. Liitgendorf, der erste
Linke, F. Einr enscliaftliche Ballonfahrt ron Gijttingen aus.
~
Iutei natia innle a~ronautische Kommissiou fur wissenschaftliclie
nlicnfrirte Aeronnictische dfittheilungen. Sfrnssbwg. 7 Jahrgnng.
tleutsche Liiftsrahiffer. Pp. 241-31)G.
Pp. SIN-3118.
Lufts~+liiff;tlirt. Pi. 3118-310.
lierzogtum Hessrn. P. 143.
~iietriwhrn Hijlienmessunjien. PI). 163-166.
Petermcinna dfitteilungen. Gothn. Bund 49.
Greim, G. Der meteorolugiwlie BeolJaclit~lngsdien~t im Gross-
Hann, J. Brmerl~ungen tiher clie Scli merekorrelition h i den baro-
Gockel, A. Urlwr (lie Emanation cler Borlenluft. Pli. 604-605.
Stark, J. Der G1imnistrc)m lwi atiii~~siili~rihclieiii Driick. Pp. 605-
Phpiknlische Zeifnchrift. Leipag. .$ Juhrgang.
608.
Wirncr Lt~ftuch(ffer-Zeitirng. Wicn. 0 Jahrgnng.
Das Welfnll. Bwlin. 3 Jtrhry.
Valentin, J. Die Hochfalirt arif 72HI) meter. Pp. 164-lG7.
Sieberg, Bug. sowie verwanrl te atmclsl)lidrisclioptisclie Erscheinuugen.
489.
U~rl~rr riuyfijrniige (:ebiltle uni Some und Moncl,
Pp. 284-
3fdeorologische ZeitHchriff. Tien. Bond W .
Kossatsch. M. Die Lage der Troglinie in eiiier elliptischeu Zyklone. Pp. 337-311.
S z a l a y , L. von. Uelirr Blitzlihcito~ra~~liien. Pp. 341-347.
Hann, J. Die iiirtrorlilogisVhen EIgrhli.;W der Espedition Sr. b1. Schiff Pola  in ilas Bote BIeer lr(95-96 und 1897-98. Pp. 347-360.
__ Physilrlogisc~he Wirkung rerdiinnter Luft.
Papezik, J. ~~~~l l i ~~~h c I i l ~~~~I I . P. 361.
~
Vorltiufiger Beric.lit iiber (lie iutrrnatimalen Aufstiege 1 om 7.
IIai 19U3. Pp. 31?-31;3.
- Vorlaufiger Beric*ht iiber die interiiationale dnfstiege voin 4. duni 19lU3. Pp. 3G3-361.
W e y d e , F. Die Alihingigkeit des C;riinclwasherstanrles von dem Luftilruckr. de%seu Hteiqen und Fallen wiihrentl eines Tages (Flut
e n~agnetischen Eigenschaften der
~
Resultate cler ineteorulogisclien Beohachtongen zu Manaos am
Rotch, A. L. Tt7ann ist zuer5t dab Wort Barometer gebraucht
Philippson, A. Eisbildung anf der Bocht von Salonik im letzten
H a n n , J. Rlrteorolugiwhe Beobachtungen an der Iiuste ron Spitz-
~
~Iete~~rol~~gisclie Beobachtungen aiif iler Baren-Insel, Sommer
Pp. 360-361.
Amazonenhtroni im ,Jahre 18%.
worden? Pi). 36s 369.
Winter. Pp. 369-3711.
Lergrn, Sommer 1x98. Pp. 370-371.
P. 368.
1899. P. 371.
Prnblenie. Pp. 373-373.
beobai:litt,ten Temperaturumlielironjirn. Pp. 373-375.
E x n e r , F. M. S. P. Langley: Die Solarkonstante uncl verwandte
~
Richard Bssmann illjer die am twonautischen Obserratorium
Schwab, P. Franz. Ueber rlas photocheniiwhe Iiliiiia von Krem-
Drapczynski, -. Vei-teilung cler nieteorologisclien Elemente, etc.
miinster. Pp. 375-377.
P. 377.
- Aussergew3linliche DWiiii~ieriiiige~. P. 377.
- Dab Gru itter voni Suuntag, den 13. auli.
- Teml)er,ztur-E9treiiie ini Innern voii Chile.
Behn, U. Uelwr Photographien x on Perlschnurhlitzen. Pp. 379-
Pp. 377-378.
Pp. 378-379.
381).
O k a d a , T. Verglricheude Messungen der Verdonstong des Meer-
wafisrrs uud clrs Sdrswassers. Pp. 381X384.
~
Meteorolugische Beoliachtuugen auf Bermuda 1899 und 1900.
P. 384.
Boletin dfeiiatinl del Obstwciforio AfetcoroL;gico del Colrgiopio de Villa ColGn.
Afonteiricleo. Aiio 15.
C+;ne& del citloi terrestre, sobre *ti pasaje a1
estarlo iwtual y s h r e algiinoz fenOmeuos ilue de bl clependen. Pp. 5-1 2
Bertelli, Timoteo.
AUGUST, 1903. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Bolelin del Inatituto C%ntz~%0 y Literario or-rio Dim. Tolum. T o m 6.
Puede aplicarse el planimetro en 10s obser-
vatorios meteorol6gicos ti la determinaciiin de las medias diarias y
mensuales? Pp. 135-111.
Boletin Agricola. Arequipa. Torno 2.
Hem1 en Dumplcring. Antasterdam. Augilstiia 190.9.
Heemel en Dampkri~g. Amsterdam. Septtaiber 19/13.
Camacho, Anselmo.
M., M. V. El ail0 meteorol6gico 1901-1902. Pp. 4-9.
Linden, H. v. d. Iriseerende woken. Pp. 248-253.
Nell, Chr. A. C. Het zingen von telefoondraden. P. 255.
Linden, H. v. D. Iriseerende wolken. Pp. 270-279.
Bracke, A. Wollienrinipels. Pp. 2HO-285.
CLIMATOLOGCICAL DATA FOR JAMAICA.
Through the kindness of Mr. H. H. Cousins, chemist to the
government of Jamaica and now in charge of the meteoro-
logical service of that island, we have received the following
table in advance of the regular monthly weather report for
Jamaica:
Cbnipurafitre tnble of rainfall for Airgu8f, 190.3.
[Ba-et1 upon th? nvt.r:ye st:itiun. nnlg.]
Rsiufall.
Uivisionq.
................... 16.54 8. 1s
....................... 4.61 4. 55 Northensteru dirisioii Northern division Wenticentral divisiou ................... Sou them division .......................
Means ................................. i IUIJ 1 1.70 1 12.79 1 c .9 ~
The rainfall for August was therefore very much more than
the average for the island. The greatest fall, 34.29 inches, oc-
curred a t Cedar Valley in the northeastern division while 2.40
inches were recorded at St. Anus Bay in the northern division.
THE HURRICANE OF AUGUST 11, 1903, AT JAMAICA.
A warning issned by the Uiiiteil States Weather Bureau was
received a t noon on August 8, stating that a cyclone ofi Bar-
bados was traveling in a northwesterly direction. Later it
was announced: * The disturbance east of Barbados will move
northwest over the Windwarcl Islancls. Probably of clanger-
ous strength.
Traveling in a direct line the cyclone first struck the ex-
treme eastern end of the island at Morant Point a little before
miclniglit on Monday the 10th. I am of opinion, from the
data available, that the central track of tlie cyclone was
through Manchioneal, Moore Town, Claremont, Browns Town,
and Falmouth, and thence in a direct line to Grand Cayman
and Yucatan where the hurricane finally spent its force.
The destructive zone of the cyclone was a little over 35 miles
in wiclth, and it attained its maximum width in Jamaica at a
section from Galina Point north of Port Maria to central St.
Catherine.
Points jnst outside this zone and in parallel line therewith
are as follows: Port Royal, Hartlands, Rock River, Christiana,
Cambridge, and Lances Point, west of Lucea.
This central zone inrolved dentrnction or injury to builtl-
ings ancl large trees. The whole of Jamaica, therefore, north
of a line from Spanish Town to Lucea ha^ been devastated.
From the records of the United States Weather Bureau office
in Kingston the following observations may be d r a ~n : The lm-
rometer fell .10 inch between 10 a. 111. and 3 p. m. on the 9th;
it recovered to 29.9 by 10 p. in. From thifi time it fell steadily
.20 inch until 3 p. m. on the 10t11, when a slight rise took place.
Standing at 29.S at 10 p. in., a rapid fall took place, and by
5:30 a. m. of the 11th the lowest point, 29.05, mas attained.
The rise was twice as rapid as the fall. By 11 a. m. the ha-
rometer had risen again to 29.8. The rainfall was only 2.25
inches.
, iu i h u g e Jnninira Westher hrrrii I
376
At Moy Hall, in Bt. Thomas, 14.64 inches fell in 13 hours
during the storm. The Kingston records represent those for a
point estimated to be 16 miles soiith of the center of the hur-
ricane. The cyclonic disturbance moved at a uniform rate of
a little ov9r 20 miles per hour, and its rotation counter-clock-
wise accounts for the change from the northwesterly winds
during the first half to the southwesterly winds during the
final stage of the hurricane.
SOIL TEMPERATURES AND VEGETATION.
Bg r )+N l E L TREMBLY &h c m ~G .4 L .
A committee on the relation of plants to climate was ap-
pointed at the New Pork meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science in June, 1901, to which was
delegated the task of carrying out some work upon the rela-
tions of plants to wrious climatic factors. The actual inves-
tigations planned by the coiumittee were entrusted to the
aiithur for execution, ancl a set of thermographs was put in
actioii in northern Idaho in the siiminer of the same year in
addition to the battery that was installed in the New York
Botanicd Chden. During the followin6 sear some thermo-
metric observations were macle in the Mission Mountains and
Kootenai Mountains. in northern Montana, and a paper was
presented at the meeting of the Association in Denver, August,
1901, clescribing a iuethod of estiinating the total tempers-
tnre exposure of a plant n-hicli would Le specially applicable
and useful in inensuring the iiiflneiice of temperature upon the
shoots of plants.
The basal portions of a typical plant, often the larger part
of the body, are imbedded in the sui1 at various clepths, and
no adequate study of the influence of temperature upon phys-
iological processes could he macle until some accurate, graphic,
and convenient inethocl was clevisell for taking continuous
records of tlie soil. The cornillittee WVRH given a Reconcl grant
by the Awociatioii, and additional funds were also voted at
tlie Pittsburg meeting in July, 1902. By the aid of additional
contributions froin the New Pork Botanical Garden efforts
were made to devise an instrument that wouid meet the above
needs. The coniinittee was so fortunate as to enlist the active
interest and practical cooperation of Prof. William Hallock, of
Columbia University, who undertook to design a thermograph
that would make a continuous record of the soil at any desired
clepth. A single working model was constructed in the autumn
of 1901 ancl was tested for several months in Professor Hal-
locks laboratory before being installed in the Botanical Gar-
den, May 2, 1908. A description of this instrument, together
with the records obtained for Map, 1902, have already been
pu1Jlished. It will be profitalde to repeat this description
here, together with the accompanying illustration (see fig. 1).
The thermal element of the instrument consists of a copper
bulb or globe 11 centimeters in diameter (fig. 1, A), with a
strengthening equatorial ridge of solid metal, filled with com-
inercial kerosene. A short section of copper tubing with the
walls flattened on two sides for convenience of manipulation
during const,ruction is soldered to a suitable opening in one
pole of the copper globe, and the free end of the heavy tube is
likewise soldered to a small copper tube with an external diam-
eter of about 4 millimeters and an internal diameter of 1 milli-
meter. This tube is also filled with petroleiun and may be of
any reasonable length up to 10 meters or perhaps inore without
vitiating the accuracy of the instrument to any appreciable
extent. Furthermore, in practise this tube map be variously
bent and curved in making adjustments without detriment to
the results obtained (fig. 1, C).
The free end of the capillary tube is connected through an
opening in the side with the chamber in the interior of a solid
1 MacDougal. Journal of the New York
Botanical Garden. 3: 125-131. July, 19W2.
Tlir temperature of the soil.