408 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1894.
snrface of water on muslin at any moment, but a properly
constructed evaporometer may be made to give us the qzi.nsi.-
tity of water evaporated from a sisnilacr su.rfare during any
interval of time. Such an eva.porometer, therefore, would
sum up or integrate the effect of those influences that deter-
mine the temperature as given by the wet bulb, and froni it, therefore, the average humidity of the air during any given
interval of time may b6 deduced. Instead of attempting to
make a self-registering wet-bulb thermometer we niay use the evaporometer as an equivalent. The formula for determining
the ayerage vapor tension during an hour was given in 18S7,
at page 376 of the Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus and Methods (iv the section on the use of the evaporometer
as an integrating hygrometer), as based on the careful meas-
urements made by Mr. Desmond Fitzgeralc and published in
the Transactions of the&merican Society of Civil Engineers,
1886. Let p be the average vapor tension in the free air,
P the vapor tension corresponding to the temperature of the
evaporating water (both of these teneions are to be expressed
in inches of the mercurial baroineter, and as the evaporometer was within the ordinary thermometer shelter, therefore, the
temperature of the water corresponded closely with the teni-
-parahre of the air and the vapor tension P was that for the
average temperature of the air during the interval of observed evaporation) ; W the velocity of the wind in miles per hour
as qieasured by the Robinson anemometer a t t.he level of the
surface of the evaporating mater; E theobeerved depth of
water evaporated in an hour and expressed in inches. With
this notation the approximate formula that represents Mr.
Fitzgeralds observations reads :
. 60E E 1 p =p - -_--- - P- 60-- e
1 + +w W &+0.5
An additional factor depending on the atmospheric pres-
sure should probably be introduced, but woiild only become
important a t elevated stations.
It is much to be desired that one or more new series of ac-
curate measurements of evaporation, wind velocity, tempera-
ture, and dew-point be made a t high and low stations in in-
strument shelters similar to those used by the Weather Bu- reau, in order that a general empirical formula may be devised
for use with the evaporonieter considered as an integrating
hygrometer.
WET-BULB OR SENBIBLE TEMPERATURES.
The sensation of heat experienced by the human body and
attributed to the atmosphere depends not merely upon the temperature of the air, but especially upon its dryness and
the force of the wind. Physiologists have explained this
nervous sensation, erroneously called subjective temperature, as a condition clue to the more or less rapid evaporation of
the natural perspiration and the copsequent drying of the
outer layers of the &in. Investigations were made into the relations between the
moisture of the air and ita physiological effects by Mr. J. U. Osborne, of Washington (see the Proceedings of the Anieri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science, 18761, and
especially by the Chief of the Weather Bureau (see his mem-
oir on L L Sensible Temperatures, read before the American
Climatological Association, June 1, 1894). It would seem that the rapid evaporatiou from the skin in dry, hot weather
reduces the temperature of the layer of nerve cells a t t.he sur-
face of the skin. This :eduction is not measurable by ther- mometers which give the temperature of large masses, but is
appreciated by the minute nerves that end in these microscopic
cells. This reduction of temperature, or sensible coolness, is
apparently proportional to the reduction of temperature shown by the difference between the dry and wet bulb ther-
mometers, and as shown by the chart accompanying Professor Harringtons memoir, i t anlolints on the average to 20 in the
nionth of July in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and loo in Ken-
tucky, Indiana, and Ohio. The resulting sensible temperatures, as shown on his secolld
chart, are simply the so-called average temperatures of the
wet-bulb thermometer as obtained by the whirling apparatus used in the shaded shelter, and correspond to the surface or
skin temperatures of persons standing in the shade of trees or houses exposed to a natural breeze of a t least 6 miles per hour.
The temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer and its de-
pression below the dry bulb are the fundamental data for
all investigation8 into the relation between human phyei-
oloby and the atmosphere. I n order to present a monthly summary of the atmospheric conditions from a hygienic and
physiological point of view, Table I a has, been prepared,
showing the maximum, minimum, and mean readings of the
wet-bulb thermometer a t 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian time.
PRECIPITATION.
[In fireha and hundredths. 1
The distribution of precipitation for the month of October,
1894, as determined by reports from about 2,OOO stakims,
.is exhibited on Chart 111. The numerical details are given in
Tables I, 11, and I11 ; the first of these also gives the average
departures from the nornial for each district, whereas the
average departure for each State is given in Table XI1 for
each State Weather Service.
DIURNAL VARIATION.
Table IVb gives the total precipitation for each hour of
seventy-fifth meridian time, a8 deduced from self-registering
gauges kept a t about 43 regular stations of the Weather Bu- reau ; of these 17 are float gauges and 6 are weighing gauges.
The normal precipitation for October is shown on Chart
1s of the Atlas of Bulletin C, entitled L L Rainfall and Snow of the United States, Conipiled to the Elid of 1591, with
Annual, Seasonal, Monthly, and other Charts, by Mark W. Harrington, Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, 1894.
From this chart it appears that the region of greatest rain-
NORMAL PRECIPIT+TION FOR OCTOBER.
fall in October is over 9 inches in the extreme northwest
corner of Washington; the next largest rainfalls are over
6 inches in the southeastern end of Florida and the neighbor-
hood of Cape Hatteras. The region of 3 inches, or over, covers the western quarter of Washington and Oregon and nearly all of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, extending inland
to a distance that vazies from 100 miles in southern Texas to 300 miles in New England.
PRECIPITATION FOR CURRENT MONTH.
The precipitation for the current October was heaviest on
the coasts of Washington and Oregon, where it ranged from
9 to 17 inches. HeLvy precipitation, viz, above 8 inches, occurred a t Narragansett Pier, Vineyard Haven, Woods Holl,
and Nantucket. The precipitation averaged 1 inch, or less, in Mississippi, Tennessee, Illinois, and westward from the
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and in southern
California.
CURRENT DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL PRECIPITATION.
The precipitation for October mas in excess on the coast of
OCTOBER, 1894.. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 409
Upper Lake.. .............. NorthDakota(Ex. NW.).. Upper Mississippi.. .......
Northern slope ............ kuthern slope (Abileue).. bnthern plateau .......... Middle Pacific ............. 3outh Pacific. ..............
Uissouri Valley. ..........
- 1.40
- 0.10
-10.80
- 7.64
.- 1.00
- 0.20
- 3.60
- 1.20
- 4.70
Alabama. Berniiida ............................................ Clsihnrne Landing ................................... Daphne.. ............................................. Elifaillab ............................................. E v e r y e n ............................................ Fort eposit ......................................... Hiwhlsnd Home. ..................................... Mrhile ............................................... Moiint Willing ....................................... Newton .............................................. Union Springs ........................................
Farleys Camp ................................................
Arima.
Arkamne. Lonoke.. ..................................................... New Gancony ................................................. Pine Blntt'........ ............................................ California. La Porte ............................................. Connrxtictct. Canton ............................................... Hartfwrla .................................... Middletown .......................................... Do ............................................. New London ......................................... Norwalk ............................................. West Simsbury ......................................
Jacksonville ......................................... J iipi ter .......................................................
Do ..................................................... Lnke .................................................
Key West
hloseley Hdl ........................................ Do .............................................. NewSin rna .................................................
Orlando .............................................. Pensticola Tampa .......................................................
Alnpaha .............................................. A lbally ............................................... Americns ............................................ Athens (I ............................................. Augusta.. ........................................... Bxinhridge b .......................................... Blskeley ............................................. B r w ................................................ Caniak Coli~nih~s ............................................ Dublin a ............................................. Duhlinb .............................................. Elberton ............................................. Forrvth .............................................. Fort'Gaines .......................................... Aswkinsville ........................................ Eephail~ah ........................................... Louisville.. ..........................................
Plorida.
............................................
.......................................... IOrsnge &ark
............................................
Usorgia.
...............................................
8. OB
9.64 1-41 4-91 4.44 6.72
7.57
Inches. Inch. 2.80
3.20
5.27 3.15 4.79 4.40 3.85 3.39 3.50 5.31 5.05
3.17
2.73
2 .9
2.95
2.56
2.50
2.78
2.63
........I 2.63
2.84
4.65
2.53
3. w 2.63
1-53
5.14 3.73 3.05 3.12 2.80
5.60 5.80
I 3.05 3- 00
5. 12
3.50 3.15 4.06 3.14 4.42 3.20
3.70 3.03
I 3.49
YEARB OF LEAST PRECIPITATION FOR OCTOBER.
The precipitation for the current month was the least on
record for the month of October at regular Weather Bureau
stations, as shown in the following table:
6
7-8 s-9
....... ....... ....... .......
20
IO
IO
10
24-25 24-25 24-25 IO
6 7
4-5 , ......
, ......
s-g
s-9
29-9
....... 6
I3 7 4
s-g
s-9 8-9
8-9
.......
9
.................. .................. .................. ..................
1.25 Io0 26
1.25 j I 0 0 2
I.Io:Iw 1
1 .w :o s 1
I
.................. ...... I.. .......... ..... .!. ........... ...... ! ............ ... ...I.. .......... ......I.. .......... ..... I............
..... .!. ...........
1.82 j I 00 6
' 1.31 ,1 1 5 I2
1-85 Io 53 4 1.16 I I M 11
...... I.. .......... ......I ............
I ......: ............
................... 1.181045 13
................... ...................
1.51:040 8
.................. .................. .................. .................. I ...... j ............ Lander Wyo ....................... 0.03 - 1.1 0.88
Rapid dity 9. Dak ................... Memphis, 'renn 0- 59 .....................
8-9 ...................
5-9 I ...... I 8- ... ...I..
8 I ...... I
...... ! '2 ...................
iz .................. .I
8 ......I
..................
9 4.wj400 9 .................. I 8 .................. 9 ...................
ACCUMULATED PRECIPITATION.
............ ............ .......... ............ ............
9 The total accumulated monthly departures from normal
precipitation from the beginning of the year to the end of
the current month are given in the second column of the fol-
3
Current precipitation.
Amount. I Departnre.
Station.
lowing table ; the third column gives the ratio of the current accumulated precipitation to its normal value :
Previous maximum.
Amount. 1 Year.
Astoria Ore ........................ Havre, houP ........................ Duluth. Minn.. st. Paul Minn Nantndet Mass. ................... Vineyard &en, Mans.. ............
...................... .......................
95
74 92
91
51
22
E
12.19
1-73 4.99 4.49 IO. 05
IO. 88
rich. Ke West ................. + 5.20
Middle plarea;; - -
e'.. * - -- 0.w ........... 1.00
Northern plateau.. ....... 2.90
North Pucific ............. i
14.30
~i L e s ~o e
I
Current precipitation.
Amount. Departure.
I
station.
EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION.
The following table for October, 1894, shows, by States,
the individual stations reporting total precipitation to equal or
sxceed 10.00 inches during this month, 3.50 in 24 hoiirs, and
1.00 in 1 hour :
Ezces&ive precipitation, atationa, for October, 1894.
Previons minimum.
Amount. Year.
I ~_
State and station.
4 10 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. OCTOBER, 1894.
=t 5 B ss
-ai RS
5%
g.2 s 2
.-
State and ntation.
Rainfull 2.YJ Rainfall o h inch .
h:~g"i;~:, or more. in one
2
hour. hours.
-
<
=f
y:&, '6,5" 4 2 more,In14
h s hours.
Brockton e ........................................... I Hyannis ............................................. Leeds ................................................ Long Plain ........................................... Yansleld ............................................. Middleboro .......................................... Nantucket.. .................................. 10.05
DO .............................................. : New Bedford a ........................................ New Bedford b ....................................... :
Bomerset ............................................ Vine ard Haven. ............................. 10.88 I Wods Holl ......................................... .! MnMcrota.
w Wing .................................... wsi38@pf. Leakesville
MOSS Point. weeans. Platte River.. Sublette
Auburn ................................... ..... Crete.. ....................................... Nebraska City Teoumseh.. Nem Jeresy. Blllin s rt .........................................
Freehold ............................................. Ocean City ...........................................
Marlhoro Setauket
Allburn .............................................. BaiGy\. ............................................. Ohapel Eill .......................................... Charlotte ............................................
Fair Bluff. ...........................................
Falkland .............................................. Fayetteville.. ....................................... .: Do.. .................................... ........I
Qoldsboro Henderson Lilesville Littleton.. .......................................... Louisburg.. .......................................... Lumberton ..........................................
Moncure .............................................
Yocksville
Pnntego ..............................................
Mount Pleasant
&lei b (V 0.) ........................................
Salisbnry Selmn ................................................ Skyuka .............................................. Sloan .................................................
Tarboro ..............................................
.................................
........................................ ..........................................
@3 d E ar r City.. ....................................
............................................ .............................................
N6r YWk.
Nmth cbrdina.
. Experiment Farm ...................................
Do ...................................... ........I
............................................ ........................................... ............................................
i .................................. .............................. I Pittsboro ............................................ ........
Rock fngham ................................. 1 ........
Southern Pines. .............................. ........I
Weigh ( W. B, ). ..................................... I
............................................
i
Rainfall of I inch,
, ormore in one ho&.
4.14 3.30 4. -20
3- 25 4.82
2-77
3.46 3-23 2.77
2.82
2.78
1: t
......
State and station.
Harshallville Cisorpia-Cont'd. ........................................ Millen ............................................... Yonticello ........................................... Morgan ............................................. Piscola. ..............................................
Willejton .................................... I. ...... .i
Wilmington .................................................. ...................................... ....... ...................................... ......
i i
OMgOn. Astoria 11.19 ,
Bandon 9.84 I.. Detroit ...................................... I I .~ ......... Q I ~O - ...................................... 17.30 I... .....
$2 4
hh. I n c h . 3.40 I 8 iInche% .................. h. TU.
I 4.55 g ..................
4.48 . 8 ...... ! ............ 5.00
3.40 . g ...... ......I......
Point Peter .................................. I.. ...... 3.80
g ...... ...... 9-10
9-10 ....
Oregon-Cont'd. Lsnglois ..................................... Nehaleni ..................................... Tillamook Rock L. I3 ........................ I'ennsylvania. Browers Lock.. ...................................... C'oatesville .......................................... East Maiich Chunk ................................... Girardville .......................................... Lansdale ............................................. Lebanon ............................................. Phmnixville ......................................... Pottatown ........................................... Rending .............................................. Yeislioltaville ........................................ Selins Grove ................................................. Weattown ........................................... W il kesbarre ......................................... &UUI Cdina.
Ikhr.6. Cnchea.
1 1 .~3 ........ 13.03 ........ 10.30 ........
2.99
3.19 3.46
2.9
2.85
3.41
2.55
3.57 2.85
2. b1
20-21 I... .. ./.. ..... /.-.-..
I n c h h. sn.
......................... ......................... ......................... .................. .................. 1 1 IO
IO ..................
I1 .................. 9-10 .................. 9-10 .................. 9-10 .................. IO .................. IO ..................
10 .................. IO ..................
g ..................
9-10
g ............
....... 1 .6 4 1 3 0
8-9 .................. 8-9 ..................
8-9 2.00 2 0 0
8-9 ..................
8-9 ..................
a& ..................
2 ..................
2 .................. 2 ..................
2 ..................
9 ..................
2 .................. 2 ..................
..................
..................
.................. .................. 8-9 .................. g .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
8-9 .................. ..................
.................. .................. .................. .................. 8-9 .................. 8-9 .................. 84J ..................
10-11 .................. 9 .................. 9-10 .................. IO ...... I..
......................... ......................... ....... , .................. ......................... ......................... ......................... I .......I .................. ....... I .................. I ....... 1 I.66 I I
~___- I l l
25-26 i ...... ......I..
I
.:....
3
z?
..........
22
....
1 1 .................. I .................. I ................... I .................. *;; I (......I ..... 1 ...... ................. IO ................... 9-10 I .................. I I
8-9 8-9 84J g
7-9 8-9 84J
87:
2
10 ............ I... ... 14-25 ............ ! ...... I l l
...... I ...... I ...... ...... !......I ...... .................. ............ i ...... ............ I.. .... ............ ! ...... .................. .................. ...................
I
................... !I
Indian MtQly.
Iowa. Lehigh ...............................................
Amesb ............................................... Amelc ............................................... Atlantic ..............................................
Atchison ............................................. WnkeReld ............................................
Crnmwell ..............................................
KmaE.
Kauuekd.
I I
......................... ......................... ......................... I l l ................... ....e
I I
(
I
, Exceaaive pecipitation-Continued.
20-21
ao
18-19
I
I
.......
2.17 I w 20
.................. .................. .................. 1.85 1 0 0 I
1.42 I 00 12
Allendale.. .......................................... Andersou.. ........................................... Batesburg ........................................... Blackrille ........................................... Blenheim ............................................ Camden .............................................. Charleston .......................................... Cheraw a ............................................. Cheraw b ............................................. Columbia ............................................. Conwyiii.. .......................................... Cross ............................................ Edisto ............................................... EWngham ............................................ Flint Hill ............................................ Florence ............................................. Georgetown .......................................... Rardeeville .......................................... Hollands Store. ...................................... Kingstreen ..........................................
Litt e Mountain ...................................... Lon shore ...........................................
Mount Cnrmel.. ...................................... Pinopolia ............................................ Bantuck ............................................. Rhnws Fork .......................................... Society Eill .......................................... Y artanburg .........................................
Trenton .............................................. Watts ................................................ Yorkville ...........................................
Birdsnest ......................... ., .................
Norfolk ..............................................
Kinfatree b ..........................................
M 2 . .oimick ' ...........................................
Sratesburg ...........................................
Virginia.
Bnckinghnm .........................................
:
25-26 25-26
25-26
25-26 25-26 4-5 25-26
25-26 25-26
25-26
25-26
10
25-26
2.60
4- ol
3. 40 3.5.3 5-01
3.50 5.30 3-15 3- 07 4.10
5-15
3-19
2.65
2.75 3.90 3.48 3.52
3.99 3.30 4.00 4- 13 3.50 3- 41 3-15 5.14 3- 95
3-65 1-55
2-59
5.55 3 6 0
3-95
2.80
2.82
3-00 2.51
:: !2
;: 2
......I I ........... ................... ...... ; ............. ..... .!. ............ ..... .:. ............ ...... 1.. .... I.. .... ............. j.. .... ...... I.. ..........
......I.. .... I.. ....
..... .: .... ..I.. .... ... ...I.. . ...I.. ....
i !-..-.. ...... j ..... .I.. .... ............
1
I8
21
By examining the preceding table i t will be seen that the
most interesting cases of excessive precipitation in twenty-
four hours occurred on the 7th and 8th in Alabama; 8th, 9th, - .
and loth, in Georea, North and South Carolina, in connection with low area No. IV, and on the 24th and 26th in Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts, in connection with low area No. XVI. The following tables give a summary of the preceding table
and show the number of stations in each State reporting
excessive precipitation during this month :
Monthly ,precipitation to equal or exceed 10.00 incl~ea.
.
...... ......I ...... .................. ..... .!.
I i ..... ~. ..... ...... I... ... I i..----
~~
Wmhington .......................... ...................... 2
Oregon ............................... --
Richmond (near] .................................... IVmhington. Oascade Tunnel .............................. East Clallarn ................................. Fort Canby ................................... Index ........................................ Neah "2.. ................................... Stampe e .................................... Tatoosh Island.. ............................. Union City ................................... W& Virginha. Westona .................................................... Wiclcomin.
Ashland ..............................................
11.47 ....... 10.95 ....... IO. 12 ....... IO.% I. ...... 13.93 I. ...... 10.30 ....... 12.70 ....... 10.47 .......
3.80
g g q 8-9
...... ......I......
......
~
............. ......I ...... I ...... ...... I.. ..........
g g g g g 28
.......
...... ! ...... : ...... ......! ......: ...... ...... 1 ...... ; ...... ......I ...... : ...... ...... I ...... I ...... .....
OCTOBEX, 1894. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 411
c
:g state. 2: Dates. State.
2 2:
c
:g
E'
2.0 htes. ED
-
SouthCarolina.... 34 Geor la ........... 31 NortfCProli~ ... zg
Massachusetts .... 13
Pennsylvan~a. .... 12
Alabaina .......... 11
Florida ........... 7
Connecticnk ...... 6 Nebrseka ......... 4 New Jersey. ...... 4
HoiwZy
Florida ........... I 5 Arkanaas ......... 3 North CSrOliM ... 2
Alabsma .......... I
Arirona ........... I
Qeorgia ........... I
8,S-g,~. Virginia ......... 4 9,g-10, IO, 10-11.
7-8,8,S-g,9. Iowa ............. 3 1.20,20-21.
28. Kansan .......... 2 1~18-19.
g ,p ~o , 1411. Missouri ........ 2 18.21.
7-8 8 8-9. New York ....... 2 10.2475.
IO, 24-25. Michigan ........ I 20-21.
I. Wisconsin ....... I 25-26.
g-IO, IO.
8-9,9,~-10, 26, q, Maryland ........ 3 ~9-10.
4-5, ro,25-26. Mississippi ...... 2 3,s.
4-5:6:&7,7-8,8-9, California ........ I 20.
13s 29-30. IndianTerritory. I 2.
precipitation to eqrcul or exceed 1.00 inch.
4,6,8,11,12,13. Iowa ............. I 20.
2. Kansas .......... I I.
4,26. 'Kentucky ....... I 12.
4. I Pennnylvania .... I 3. 26. SouthCarolina .. I q. 9. ; West Virginia ... I 22.
Atlanta. Ga.+. .......................... Baltimore Md... .......................
Boston, Mass.. ......................... Bntlhlo. N. Y.+. .......................... Chicago Ill.* ...........................
Cleveland Ohio. .......................
Detroit,Mich .......................... DodgeCit Kana ...................... Duluth, a n n .......................... Enstport Me. .......................... Qalvestoh Tex. ........................ Indianapolis, Ind ....................... Jwksonville, Fla ....................... Jupiter. Fla. ........................... Kansas City. Mo.. ...................... Kev West PIS.* ........................ Loiiavild ............................. Marqiiette Mich ........................ Meniphis 'reon. ............................... Milwaukge Wis ........................ Nantucket 'Mass. ...................... Nashville,'Tenn. .......................
Norfolk, dn. ............................
Bismarck,'N. Dak.. ............................
Cincinohi. Ohio... .....................
Denver, CAlo.. ..........................
New Orleans, La.+ .............................. New York N. Y ........................
Omaha. Nebr.+.. ................................ ........................ ........................... ........................ ........................ ........................ st. Louis, ho. .......................... St Paul Minn .......................... ~6 t Lade city, ut& ................... San Diego, Gal. t ............................... San Francisco,Cal ...................... Savannah, Ga.. ......................... Seattle Wash. ......................... Vickebhg Miss ........................ Wasliingtdn D. c.. ..................... Wilminpto; N.C .......................
Inch.
0.01
0 .q
0 .q 0.06
0.05 0.03
0.06
0.16
0.10
0.06
0.03
0 .q
0.35 0.29
0.06
0.44 0.06
0.06
0.b5
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.08
0. 13
0.05
0.08
0.13
0.01
0.20
0.20
1 0.13
0.10
0.03
0.10
0.30
O.M
0.17
0.09
I 0.16
Florida ............................... Texas ................................ North Carolina.. ..................... Oregon....... ........................ Washington .......................... &or in .............................. New.&ampshire ..................... Lonisiana ............................ New York ....... : .................... California ............................. Michipn ............................. Massachusetts ....................... Virginia .............................. Maryland ............................. Misaouri ............................. SonthCarolinq .......................
14
8
7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2
2
2
IO
Texns ................................. Lonisiana ............................ Qeorgia .............................. KansPs ............................... Pennsylvania.. ....................... I1linois ............................... New York ............................ &nth Carolina ....................... Alabnma .............................. Maryland ............................ Missouri ............................. Masrachusette ....................... Virginia .............................. Bode l~land ........................ Connecticut .......................... Sew Jersey .......................... Maine ........... : .................... Nebraska ............................. Mississippi .......................... Iowa .................................. ..
16 Ohio ................................. 14 ' Indian Territory .................... 14 Wisconsin .......................... 12 Orelzon .............................. 12 Arknnsas ............................ 11 I Tennessee ........................... North and South Dakota ............ I 11 Kentucky ........................... IO Minnesoha.. ......................... .IO New Hampshire. .................... IO Washington ......................... IO Indiana.. ............................ IO California ........................... g West Virginia.. ..................... g New Memco.. .... .:. ................ g Utah ................................ 8 Vermont ............................ 8 Delaware.. .......................... 8 Montana ............................ 8 Wyoming ..........................
11
Texas ................................
Florida .............................. Xansns............................... North Carolina.. ..................... Illinois .............................. Louisiana ............................ Georgia .............................. Nebraska ............................. AlabPma.. ............................ South Caroli na.... ................... District of Columbia.. ............... Indiana ............................... . Missouri .............................
Iowa ..................................
IO
16 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 z
2
2
__
Vernandiua Fla ....... Brnckettvilie Tex .... st ~1 1 ustine'. FI t l .....
Key #est Fla ......... Newport. h a .......... Bilosi. Miss ........... Galveston, Tex ........ Mobile A l a ............ Fort Rbbinson, Nebr... Birdsnest Va... .......
Avon. Va ...............
Lawrence: La.. ........
Qaineaville, Tex. ......
Inchsr.
13.14 1 3 .~8 10.31
9.24 8.20
8.00
7.77 7.47 7 .q 6.85 6.00
6.00
5.98
MAXIYUM RAINFALL FROM SELF-REQISTER~Q QAUQES.
The following table gives the heaviest rainfall during
October, 1894, for periods of 6, 10, and 60 minutes, as re- corded on self-registering rain gauges at regular stations
of the Weather Bureau. This record refers strictly to rain-
fall. About 37 stations are furnished with self-registering-
float rain gauges and 6 with the self-registering-weighing rain-and-snow gauge. The float gauge does not record
snowfall, and both forms are liable to be interrupted by
snow or ice:
Aiminrum raiiifall in one hour or leas.
I
5 min.
Maximum rainhll in-
-
Date.
Station. -
Date. omin. hour. Date.
Inch.
0.04
0. 13
0.14
0. IO
0.05
0. IO
0.02
0.19
0.20
0. I1
0.06
0. I1
0.30
0.59 0.40
0.07 0.72
0. 0s
0. IO
0.01
0. IO
....... 0. IO
0.30 0.05
0.19
0.15
0.25
0. ol
0.16
0.06
0.16
0.32
0 .3
0.32
0.32
....... 0.12
....... 0.20
0. I1
0.20
......
0. I2
bch.
0.16
0.40
0. % 0.28
0.15
0. ol 0.35
0- 30 0.28
0.25
0.17 0.65
1.82
I. I9
0.27
0.15
0- 3a 0.30
:: 3
0.22
I 1 8
0: 12
3 ....... 0.40
0.75
0- 35 0.14 0.62
0.16
a 24 0.41 0.19
0. sa 0.41 0.23 0.60
0.36
1.39
.......
0.20
.......
8
31
13
26
27 3 5 7 %I4 28
6
I 8
4
...... IO
21
I
I
I2
I2
21
21 29 4
29
24 28
31
4
......
......
......
22
I
f: 20
Ws 31
23 4
3 31 4
......
21
8
IO, 31 I, 28
13
26
1
3 5 7 91x4 28
IO
21
I
f I2
1,s
4 26
21
2 ......
4 29
4 28
31
4
......
......
22
I
2: 20
27
23 4
3 31 4
......
21
8
IO
2s
10
13 21
26
5 4 3 5
25
a i
f
A
I2
I
I, '3,2I 18
4 29
9
2
....... IO
,,..,.. f
5:
4 Y
10
rl
9 9
3
3r 4
.......
21
-~
FREQUENCY OF EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION.
The following tables show the frequency of excessive pre-
cipitation or the number o years for which monthly precipi-
equal or exceed 3.60 inches, and hourly precipitation to equal
or exceed 1.00 inch has been reported in the several States and Territories for October during the last twenty-four years :
Frmuenw o f ezcessive monfhlu nreeivitation.
tation to equal or exceed f 0.0 inches, daily precipitation to
State.
ipi
State.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
1
1
1
I
1
I
Alabama ............................ Arkansas ............................ Connecticut.. ....................... District of Columbia ................ Illinois... ........................... Indiana. ............................. Indian Territory .................... Iowa ................................ Kansas .............................. hentucky ........................... Maine ............................... Mississippi ......................... New Jersey ......................... Ohio ................................. Rhode Island ....................... Tennessee ..........................
~~
fieqrwng of excessive daily preci.:tatim.
*Record incomplete. t Less han o.c in I hour.
EXCEPTIONAL PRECIPITATION.
The following tables give exceptionally heavy monthly, daily, and hourly precipitations reported for October, by
any station, regular or voluntary, and in any year since 1871 :
Exceptioiml monthly precipitation. ..... - .- ...
Station and state. I Amt. I;;;. --
Reidsville, N.C .............. ............... Sims. Cal ....................
tional daily precipitation. Exce
d
Station and state. 1 I 4
9 11
Stationandatate.
:
II
d *
a"
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
Arkansaa ........................... Pennsylvnnia ....................... Connecticut ......................... Indian Territory .................... Maryland ........................... Miusinsippi ......................... New Jersey ......................... New York ........................... Ohio ................................. Wisconsiu. .......................... Arizona ............................. Kentucky ........................... West Virginia .......................
hdrsa. Brewlon, Ala 5.95 Jupiter Fla ........... Blake1 ',Ga ........ .i .. ;:e Fort d a d e Fla ....... 5.75
Amelia Fd ............ 5.67
Talbotion Ga .......... 5.67
Evergreed, Ala ....... 5.63
Columbus. N.C ........ 5.62
Bainbridge, Ga. b.. ..... 5.60
Trenton S C .......... 5.55
Vine s d i a v e n , Mass. 5.40 s a d va ............. 5.40
Lunrdrton, N. C.. ..... 5.38
..........
I
Snowfall of 10 inches OT more-Continued.
Station and state.
Logtown Miss ......... Newton. h a ........... Bleuheim. 9. C ......... Daphne Ala ........... Cheraw: S. C. b ......... Jacksonville Fla ...... NewBedfi,rd:mass .... Bantuck, S. C .......... AlapHha Ga ............ Colunib;s.Ga ..........
d
IUChas.
5.34 5.31 5.30 5 .7
5.15 5.14 5.15 5.14
5.14 5.12
1 Inches. Ahbgville. La .......... 5cS
Unions Dings, A l a .... 5.05
Sloan, d c. ............ 5.05 Batesbiir h. 8. C ....... Trial, 8.8 .............. 55:: Jordans Grove, 111 ..... 5.00 Mor mton. N.,C ....... 500 Hillfouse. Ohio ....... 5.00
5. w
' ! 2.0 ........... 2.0, ........... 1 .0 : ........... 1.0; 1.0
2.8 ............
2.0 ........... 2.3 ........... 1.7 ...........
4.0 ........... 1.0 j ............ 4. ........... 5.0 ........... 1.6 ........... 3.0 ...........
3.5 ...........
2.0 ...........
3,:: ,......
;:: ........... ...........
........... 1.2 ........... 3.0 ...........
8.0 ........... ........... 5,:: ...........
3.0 ........... 1.5 ...........
1.5 i
6.0 . ......!
1.0
2 .0 ' ......
........... I
Piscola, Ga..
.....
.....
...........
........... ..... .....
Exceptional precipitation for one hour or Ims.
I
1.0
2.8
3.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.1
2.5
3.3
Station and state.
...... ..... ............ ! McIiiuney ............ Nepn I eon ...... i ..... ...... ! ..... ............. Portal Steele ................. . Wahpeton ............. White Earth ........... .......... Wild Rice i Williston i
........... O'O Om0 Woodbridge .......... I
................. ........... ........... ........... ............. ............. ...........
l i
4.2
2.0 i ...........
Key West,Fla.+ ................................................. I 0.44 Savannah. Ga ..................................................... o.#?
Jupiter Fla ...................................................... 0.35 Db ......................................................... 0.35 Savannah Oa .................................................... 0.35 Jacksonv:lle. Fla... ............................................. 0.35 Key West, Fla ................................................... 0.35 Tampa, Fla ...................................................... 0.9
Cleveland. Ohio .................................................. 0- 30
Qal ves ton, Tex .................................................. 0.30 Savannah. Ga .................................................... 0.30
. Jupiter Fla ..................................................... 0.30 Key WAst Fla ................................................... . 0.30 New Ordna, La. ................................................ 0.9
Jupiter, Fla.. .................................................... 0.28
Waahington. D. C... ............................................. 0.28
Vicksbur Miss ................................................. 0.7
.Brownsville, Tex ................................................ 1.10
Kev West. Fla.+. ................................................ 0.72
Jupiter, &a ...................................................... 0.25
! Oregon.
-
ai
E
F
.O ........... !
Sa<annah,'Ga ................................................... .I
I ..................................................... Jupiter, Pln. Jacksonville Fla ................................................. Oharleston 4. C .................................................. Fort Scott,'Kans ............................ :.. .................. Creaco, lowa ..................................................... Galveston. 'rex .................................................. Abilene Tex ..................................................... DeYoiAes lowa ................................................ Key Weetkla .................................................. Titusville, Fla.. .................................................
Crook ....... .........I
0.63 0.60 0.59 : o IO
1-15, 0 I8 1.80 ' o 20
1.11 0 20
2.12 0 25
1.p o 25
f .2 I ........... 3.2 I... 1.0 I-..... ........... 7.3 1 3.5 3.0 ........... ...........
ai Y
a"
j : Jmejrh ................ .I Siekiyou 1 T* tbnnayltrcnin. I
j: Casa'Riitlra .............. I / ~~a r i o n ............... .j
. brarnpiaii ..............
........ ..............
..... ....
1.0 1.. .!.
2.0 .:.
2.0 I... ........
1.0 I.,. ........
State and station. 1 Total. 115th. I 31at. j j State and station.
..................
i
Bowdle Clark Flandreau ............. Fort Meade ...........
~~
Ioioa. I Inch-. ' Ins. Ins. ' New MczicO. 1 Inchm.! Ine. 1 I=. 4.0 ............ Halls Peak ............ 2.5 ........... 11 N e w Ibrk. i
J:; /. ........... ........... I
............. 2.0
4.0 ............ I
Frankfort ............. ! .................... .............
Ita ................... I lariiidn .............. I
8arrnher ............. .I ,ogm n1i:iina Uarplnnd unnyside ............ Nmsachuselts. I
,udlow Center. ...... .;
dfichtgan. 1 :ockland.. ............ Jfinnmtn. lexandrie(a, b ) ....... lird Ieland ............ anibrid e ............ anipl>elf .............. olle-evIIIe ........... 'er& Falls ........... 'ori,Ripley ........... lranite Palls .......... j
,awrenee ............. Jeech Lske. .......... .I ,nverne ............... lilan loorhead lorris ................ )rtonville ............ 'ark Rapids. ........... 'okegania Falls. ......I ,t. oi:bf. ............... 1
hulr Center .......... .: Monlenn. j lillings ............... lutte .................. :uscade ............... :okedale .............. :olumbia Falls ......... fort Custer ........... port Logan ............ b r t Miasoula ......... ilendive .............. ireat Falls ............. iavre ................. Ielena ................
................. ...............
i
................. .............
i
4.0 ........... Ioqan ................ .;
iipp ................ ..: darvsville ............. rlil6s Cit ............. vIingusv i71e ............
~
:I Oef'rilC'iF .............
'ony .................. I
led Lodge .......... ..; I'irginia City ........... Nebranka. ! h v i d City ............ !'ontanelle ............ Iay Springs ............ Yorfol k ................ h a h e ................. Wakefield ............. NCVQda. Fenelon ............... Nohart cheek .......... Ruby Vellev. .......... 3tofit.l .................. leconia ...............
2.0
2.0
4.0 6.5
11.5
............ ...........
0.0 ,, 8.0
........... ............
.. 6.5 1 ......I .....
2.4
5.4 I ............
.....
State and station. Total. 15th. 31st. State and station. Total.
Culi@nia. Inch. Ins. Ins. Cblorado-Cont'd. Inchss.
LmPorte .............. 5.0 ........... S rin Gulch .......... 18.0
mora&. Stearnhoal Spring ...... 5.0 Breakenridge ......... 13.5 ..... , 2.0 Sunnyside ............ 3.3 Climax ................ a0.0 ........... Idaho. Divide Ex.Station ..... 1.5 ........... Atlanta... ............. 20.0
LdceMoralne ......... 1.5 ...... 1.0 Fraser ................. 5.0 Moraine ............... 1.0 ........... Grangeville ........... 4. o
Rlco .................. 3.7 ........... Paris .................. 4.0 Ruby .................. 51.0 ...... 18.0 Swan Valley ........... 1.2
...... - - --
.Cisco .................. ........... San Juan .............. 3.5 FordgceDam .......... XE ........... 8anLuis ............... 3.5
Summit ............... zg.0 ........... Skrnkrd .............. 4.0
da(aearJ ......... 3.0 .......... Lake: .................. 11.0
EYClitf .............. m.0 ........... Martin ................ 1.0
2.0 I ...... j ..... ;. ;..;:; ,..... T.
1.2 ............
15th. 31sl
Im. Ins
...... T.
.......... ..........
- -
.......... .......... ... , ...... ...... 3.
.......... ... , ..... ,
.......... .......... .......... ..........
5.0 I.. .........
13.0 I ...... i .....
6.5 I...... .....
2.0 ............
1.2 I.,....'....
.
1.0 I ........... ,I
1.0 I ...... I .....
f3 earfish .............. I
debster ............. .!
Il'ashingh. Cascade Tunnel ........ Hunters ............... Waterville ............ Wpt1itrg.
Big Horn Rftnch Fort Tellowstone Sundance.. ............ Cwadknl3tationa. Rockliffe .............. I
Parry Sound ........... M iniedosa ............ i Qu'Appelle ............. Medicine Hat. ......... Calgary.. .............. Prince A l k r t .......... ! Edmonton. ............I
Battleford.. .......... .I
I
....... .....
2.0 1 ...... 1 ..... 4.0 .......
~
..... 7.0 ............. .!I 3.0 !.... . -1.. ... 1.6 ......I ..... 8.1 ............. 15.0 ,......! ..... 2.0'...... ......
7.6 ............ 13.2 ...........
1.1 ! ...........
2.3 ............ i !
~
HAIL.
The following are the dates on which hail fell in the respec-
tive States: Arizona, 1, 18, 19, 36. Arkansae, 2. Colorado, 5,6, 18, 19,
30. Idaho, 2, 6, 6, 31, 24, 36. Illinois, 3,6, 19,21. Indiana, 30. Iowa, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30. Kansas, 6, 13, 18, 20, 27. Lou-
isiana, 25. Maine, 14, 16, 17. Maryland, 13,23, 24. Massa-
chusetts, 10, 13, 14. Michigan, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 13, 28, 23, 31. Minnesota, 2, 6, 12, 13. Missouri, 15 to 21, 25, 39, 30. Mon-
tana., 3, 5, 9, 30.. Nevada, 17, 15, 19, 26. New Hamprahire,
14, 15, 17, 18. New Jersey, 14, 34, 31. New Tork, 4, 6, 10,
12, 13, 16, 17. North Carolina, 9, 26, 37. North Dakota, 30.
Ohio, 3, 7, 13, 14, 22, 24, 37, 31. Pennsylvania, 13, 14,26, 31.
South Carolina, 27, 30. South Dakota, 7. Texas, 27, 28.
Utah, 28. Washington, 4, 5, 8, 21, 22, 24, 26,
31. West Virginia, 5, 13, 23. Wisconsin, 12, 13, 24.
Vermont, 17.
SLEET.
The following are the dates on which sleet fell in the re-
spective States :
California, 18. Colorado, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15 to 23, 37, 28, Indiana, 30. Iowa, 3, 7, 29, 30. Kansas, 28, 29, 30.
Kentucky, 31. Maine, 13, 16. Maryland, 14. Michigan, 8,
10, 13, 14, 15, 26, 31. Minnesota, 3, 7, 10, 28, 29, 30. Mis-
OCTOBER, 1894. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 413
souri, 29,. 30, 31. Montana, 6, 6,20, 25. Nebraska, 6,7. Ne-
vada, 18, 20, 26. New Hampshire, 15. New Jersey, 14, 24, North Dakota, 7. Ohio, 13, 14, 31: Pennsylvania, 13, 14. South Dakota, 7, 5, 35. Utah, 31. Washington, 21. Wis-
were recorded niost frequently a t Weather Bureau stations,
11, as has hitherto been the custom, but the resultant winds
are published instead.
are shown in Tables 1 and VI11 ; they are not given on Chart
RESULTANT WINDS.
The resultant winds for the current month, as deduced
from the hourly readings of self-registers a t about 67 regular Weather Bureau stations, are given in Table VIII. Other
resultants, deduced from the personal observations made a t s
8. m. and 8 p. m., are given in Table IX. These latter result- anta are also shown graphically on Chart 11, in connection
given in this table) :
letll~-Bronson, Mich*, catt1e lightning.
20th.-Alta, Hopeville, and Ovid, Iowa, windstorms.
Kansas City, Mo., and Winfield, Kans., thunderstorms. Hal- lock, Minn., and Carlisle and Grafton, N. Dak., 1 person killed
by lightning at each place.
alst.-@'ort Canby, Wash., thl1nderstorni.
sSt,h.-Near Lol1isville, Ill., thunderstorm. 26th.-\Vilmington, N. c., hailstorm.
28th.-&ushatta, La., hailstorm.
THE TORNADO AT LITTLE ROCK, ARIL, OCTOBER 2.
Stations.
represents one hour's duration of a wind of average velocity ;
these figures (or the ratio between them and the total number,
of observations in this month) indicate the extent. to which
winds from different directions counterbalanced Each other.
~~
Amarillo, Tex. .......... AtlanticCit N. J ......
Do. ................ Do.: ............... Cape Henry, Va ......... Do.. ............... Cheyenne. Wxo ......... Cleveland. Ohio......... El Paso. 'rex ............ Fort Canby, Wash ....... Do.. ............... Do.. ............... Do,. ............... Do.. ...............
Block Islrcni; R. I .......
self-registering instruments. A facsimile of the barometric trace is reproduced on Chart I, and the following account
is quoted verbatim from the report of Mr. George S. Harkness, Weather Bureau observer a t that station :
w. Fort Canhy, Wash... ... e. ! Do e. Do.. .............. Do.. .............. ne. Hatteras. N. C .......... ne. Jss.ksonville. Fla ....... ne. Kittyhawk, N. C .......
ne'
~
w. Nantucket Mass .......
Sioux Cit Iowa. ......
Do.. ..............
................
W. ................ Do
Pensacola,'Fla ..........
-Tatooah &\and Wash.. se. i Woods Holl, MLss .....
During October the resulhnt lnovelnent generally the northwest in On "le south Pacific
coast; from the southwest in the Ohio Valley and Tenaessee,
LOCAL STORMS.
""~~u ~~~~~~~~~~o l l d s changed to ~l l m l ,~o ~s ~r a ~l l ~ ill the west, and light- ning began to I h v . By 6 1). 111. the play of the lightning was almost contin- 11ous; it WBR not ;,bserved i n Rashes, but rather by reflection from above the
- 2
E B
.- 4
-
He. e. .*e.
se. se.
se. ne. n a . e.
sc'.
SW.
sw.
sw.
sw.
Destrllctive or severe local stornls were reported as follows :
sonth. The thern~ometer at the observation registered 78: the barometer, corrected, 29.66; the wind. 14 niiles per hour from the south; humidity, ii, which was low considering the conditions; and the dew-point was io. The conditions were such as have often been observed at this place in case of violent thnnderstorius, and this section never having experienced a tornado, your observer was not prepared for the character of the storm which followed. The first evidence of the storm is shown nboiit two miles west of the city, a - parrntly originating there. The storm cloud moved from the south to t t e north fnr half a mile, then. describing an angle. continued ita course from southwest to northeaqt till it reached thr Insane Asyliim, which is on the west- ern bnrder of the city. The damage done 111) to this time was very slight, a
few trees being uproored or snapped off, a frame barn, a small frame house, and it few smaller buildings damaged to a greater or less extent, the width of the path varying from x few feet to 2OU yards, and the storm cloud ouly touch- ing the earth a-t intervals. The ground here is rather low and rises gently toward the east, the Insane Asylum being situated on the crest of this rise. Owing to its esposed position, the large buildings of this institution suffered great damage from the furv of the storm. For the simce of 50 feet the e&
of the storm's path as the ri ht side and the north side as the left side, this wall was nearly the center o f the path. Another building on the right side
2d.-Little Rock, Ark., tornado ; 4 persons killed, 26 in-
&I.-Vicksburg, Miss., thunderstorm.
4th.-Boston, Mass., thunderstorm. 6th.-Jennings, Kana., thunderstorm.
jured.
.."., Y"...".b"." Y" YY..." ".."I..". AU" .I......
....
YAU..""Y.. Y Y " .".".7.U" ..-"..Y"IY
completely rnined, and directly at the entrance Dr. Ingate, the asylum h si- cian, was killed by an iron ornament being torn from t.he roof and kdng thfough the t,hree floors to the ground floor, where he was at t,he time. rhe direction in which the debris lay upon,the ground indicated the s iral movement of the wind in the storin cloud. The asylum fence 100 yards kom
t.he building was in the storm's path. The fence was probably 200 yards long,