BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format

Summary:

The BOREAS TGB-12 team made measurements of soil carbon inventories, carbon 
concentration in soil gases, and rates of soil respiration at several sites.  
This data set provides: (1) estimates of soil carbon stocks by horizon based on 
soil survey data and analyses of data from individual soil profiles; (2) 
estimates of soil carbon fluxes based on stocks, fire history, drainage, and 
soil C inputs and decomposition constants based on field work using radiocarbon 
analyses; (3) fire history data estimating age ranges of time since last fire; 
(4) a raster image and an associated soils table file from which area-weighted 
maps of soil carbon and fluxes and fire history may be generated.  This data set 
was created from raster files, soil polygon data files, and detailed lab 
analysis of soils data that were received from Hugo Veldhuis who did the 
original mapping in the field during 1994.  Also used were soils data from Susan 
Trumbore and Jennifer Harden (BOREAS TGB-12).  The binary raster file covers a 
733 km^2 area within the NSA-MSA.

Note that some of the files of this data set on the BOREAS CD-ROMs have been 
compressed using the Gzip program.  See section 8.2 for details.

Contents

   *  1 Data Set Overview
   *  2 Investigator(s)
   *  3 Theory of Measurements
   *  4 Equipment
   *  5 Data Acquisition Methods
   *  6 Observations
   *  7 Data Description
   *  8 Data Organization
   *  9 Data Manipulations
   *  10 Errors
   *  11 Notes
   *  12 Application of the Data Set
   *  13 Future Modifications and Plans
   *  14 Software
   *  15 Data Access
   *  16 Output Products and Availability
   *  17 References
   *  18 Glossary of Terms
   *  19 List of Acronyms
   *  20 Document Information

1.  Data Set Overview

1.1  Data Set Identification

BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format
   
1.2  Data Set Introduction

This data set contains soil properties and classification information, 
particularly soil carbon stocks and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon 
area, over the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area 
Modeling Sub-Area (NSA-MSA), gridded to a 30 meter pixel resolution.  The data 
were reprojected into the ellipsoidal version of the Albers Equal-Area Conic 
(AEAC) projection from the original map made by Hugo Veldhuis (Agriculture and 
Agri-Food Canada).  The original map was then modified by Gloria Rapalee (The 
Woods Hole Research Center).

1.3  Objective/Purpose

These data are provided by BOREAS Trace Gas and Biogeochemistry team number 12 
(TGB-12) and include pertinent map data in both hard copy and digital form.  
This data set has been processed to provide a raster file that can be used for 
modeling or for comparison purposes. The purpose of this data set is to provide 
information about the fire history and spatial distribution of soil carbon 
stocks and fluxes over the NSA Modeling Sub-Area.

1.4  Summary of Parameters

This data set contains information about the spatial distribution of soil 
classes around the NSA-MSA along with soil class properties such as parent 
material, texture, slope class, and water table depth, as well as soil carbon 
stocks and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon area.  A detailed list of 
parameters is given in Section 7.

The polygon numbers in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange 
(ASCII) table files correspond to pixel values in the binary raster file.  The 
value of each pixel can link to the table described in Section 7 in order to 
extract these parameters.

1.5  Discussion

The spatial base of this data set is the vector layer by Hugo Veldhuis of 
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.  Using aerial photography and field methods, 
he identified various soil polygons at a scale of 1:50,000 for the NSA-MSA (what 
Hugo Veldhuis calls the super site).

This data set was also produced from the detailed field soil data collected by 
Jennifer Harden and Susan Trumbore (TGB-12), plus data from related data sets 
listed in Section 1.6.

1.6  Related Data Sets

BOREAS AFM-12 AVHRR Land Cover Classification
BOREAS Agriculture Canada Central Saskatchewan Vector Soils Data
BOREAS CanSIS Regional Soils Data in Vector Format
BOREAS Forest Cover Data Layers of the NSA in Raster Format
BOREAS Regional Soils Data in Raster Format and AEAC Projection
BOREAS Soils Data over the SSA in Raster Format and AEAC Projection
BOREAS TE-01 Soils Data over the SSA Tower Sites in Raster Format
BOREAS TE-01 SSA Soil Lab Data
BOREAS TE-13 Biometry and Auxiliary Site Reports
BOREAS TE-18 Landsat TM Maximum Likelihood Classification Image of the NSA
BOREAS TE-20 NSA Soil Lab Data
BOREAS TE-20 Soils Data over the NSA-MSA and Tower Sites in Raster Format
BOREAS TE-20 Soils Data over the NSA and Tower Sites in Vector Format
BOREAS TGB-05 Fire History of Manitoba 1980 to 1991 in Raster Format
BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon Data over the NSA

2. Investigators

2.1 Investigators Names

Gloria Rapalee, Graduate Fellow, The Woods Hole Research Center
Eric A. Davidson, Associate Scientist, The Woods Hole Research Center
Jennifer W. Harden, Soil Scientist, United States Geological Survey
Susan E. Trumbore, Associate Professor, University of California-Irvine
Hugo Veldhuis, Senior Pedologist, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

2.2  Title of Investigation

Scaling Soil Carbon Stocks and Fluxes of Super Site Northern Study Area
Thompson, Manitoba, Canada

part of:

Input, Accumulation, and Turnover of Carbon in Boreal Forest Soils: Integrating 
14C Isotopic Analyses with Ecosystem Dynamics

2.3  Contact Information

Contact 1
-------------------------
Gloria Rapalee
Department of Earth System Science
University of California, Irvine
NASA/GSFC
Greenbelt MD
Phone: (301) 286-0544
Fax:  (301) 286-0239
grapalee@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov

Contact 2
-------------------------
Eric Davidson
The Woods Hole Research Center
Woods Hole MA
Phone: (508) 540-9900
Fax:  (508) 540-9700
edavidson@whrc.org

Contact 3
-------------------------
David Knapp
Raytheon STX Corporation
NASA/GSFC                
Greenbelt, MD            
Phone: (301) 286-1424           
David.Knapp@gsfc.nasa.gov                       

3. Theory of Measurements

The original soils mapping was performed by using a combination of field samples 
of the soil and aerial photographs.  The original soils map was then modified by 
Gloria Rapalee using a variety of available data to account for changes in 
vegetation due to a fire in 1981.  This digital map data provides investigators 
with a continuous surface of soil parameters plus carbon stock and flux data 
that can further be used for modeling purposes.

4.  Equipment

Please refer to the separate reports submitted by Hugo Veldhuis and Trumbore et 
al. regarding equipment used to perform the soils mapping.  See Section 1.6.

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

In addition to field techniques, aerial photography flown in 1978 at 1:50,000 
scale was used to map the soils of the NSA-MSA.  No additional information is 
available about this photography.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The original vector files were received in digital line graph (DLG) format from 
Hugo Veldhuis.  The modified soil polygon file (this data set) was received in 
binary raster format.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Unknown.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

Unknown.

4.1.4 Key Variables

The key variables of this data set include:

     POLYNUM = Polygon number
     GRIDLOC = Grid location
     COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element)
     NUMBER = Component rank number
     PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components
     KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface
     LANDFRM = Local surface form
     PMDEPO1 = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent 
               material
     TXTURE1 = Texture of first (upper) parent material
     TXTMOD1 = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material
     PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent 
               material
     TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material
     TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material
     PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent 
               material
     TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material
     TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material
     COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral
               soils
     SLOPE   = Slope gradient class
     DRAINGE = Drainage class
     DEPTHWT = Depth to water table, average
     PFDISTR = Permafrost distribution or occurrence
     DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average)
     ICECTNT = Ice content of permanently frozen layer
     DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H)
     DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit
     SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification)
     VARIANT = Classification variant or phase
     SOILTP1 = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component.
     SOILPH1 = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type.
     SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component.
     SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type.
     TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of each soil polygon.
     COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of each polygon component
     DR_CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code)
     STND_AGE = Stand age; time since last fire
     ST_AGE_GRP = Stand age; age ranges since last fire
     C_SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon stocks of surface layers, including moss
     C_DEEP = Area-weighted carbon stocks of deep soil horizons
     C_TOTAL = Area-weighted total carbon stock for entire profile
              (C_SURFACE + C_DEEP)
     FL_SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon fluxes of surface layers, including moss
     FL_DEEP = Area-weighted carbon fluxes of deep soil horizons
     FL_NET = Area-weighted carbon fluxes for entire profile
             (FL_SURFACE + FL_DEEP)

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Unknown.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry
Unknown.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Unknown.

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

Unknown.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Unknown.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

Unknown.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Unknown.

5.  Data Acquisition Methods

A detailed report of the soils mapping effort, submitted by Hugo Veldhuis, is 
available.  Part 2 of the report (Methodology) provides detailed information 
about data acquisition methods.  See section 1.6.

Detailed documentation of Trumbore and Harden (TGB-12) field data and methods is 
also available.   See Section 1.6.

6.  Observations

6.1 Data Notes

The soils report by Hugo Veldhuis provides observations and descriptions of 
soils. Additional notes exist in files (not included here) submitted by Mr. 
Veldhuis.

Site and field descriptions of Trumbore and Harden (TGB-12) sampling sites are 
also available.  See Section 1.6.

6.2 Field Notes

Not applicable.

7.  Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

The soil map in this data set covers a 733 km^2 area within the NSA Modeling 
Sub-Area.  Details of spatial coverage and resolution are given in the following 
sections.

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The area mapped is projected in the BOREAS Grid system and is bounded by the 
following points.  These coordinates are based on the NAD83 datum.

NSA Modeling Sub-Area (1420 pixels by 956 lines, 30 meter pixel size)

Point          BOREAS_X    BOREAS_Y    Longitude     Latitude
---------------------------------------------------------------
Northwest     759.33175   630.72800    -98.73055     56.06201
Northeast     801.93175   630.72800    -98.05756     55.99320
Southwest     759.33175   602.04800    -98.81086     55.80873
Southeast     801.93175   602.04800    -98.14207     55.74036

7.1.2  Spatial Coverage Map

The soil map in this data set covers a 733 square kilometer area within the NSA 
Modeling Sub-Area.

7.1.3  Spatial Resolution

The pixel resolution is 30 meters.

7.1.4  Projection

The area mapped is projected in the ellipsoidal version of the Albers Equal-Area 
Conic (AEAC) projection.  The projection has the following parameters:

Datum:  NAD83
Ellipsoid:  GRS80 or WGS84
Origin:   W 111.000 degrees    N  51.000 degrees
Standard Parallels:  N 52 deg 30' 00"
                     N 58 deg 30' 00"
Units of Measure:  kilometers

7.1.5  Grid Description

Each pixel represents an area of 30 by 30 meters in the AEAC projection 
described in Section 7.1.4.

7.2  Temporal Characteristics:

7.2.1  Temporal Coverage

Hugo Veldhuis collected field samples for mapping the Modeling Sub-Area and the 
NSA tower sites in 1994.  Air photos taken in 1978 at a scale of 1:50,000 were 
used for extending the field samples to map the NSA-MSA.

Trumbore and Harden collected soil samples in 1993, 1994, and 1996.

Several data sources (see Section 1.6) that postdate the 1978 air photos were 
used to generate the fire history data listed in the soils table file.   The 
Landsat TM image and forest cover images date from 1988.  Fire history images 
date from 1980 to 1991.  Data from the AVHRR image is from 1992.  Tree core data 
are from the 1993 biometry inventory of auxiliary sites.  Also used was a set of 
fire history maps dating from 1937 to 1995 produced by Forestry Canada and 
Manitoba Natural Resources Forestry Branch (Peterson, 1998).

7.2.2  Temporal Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.2.3  Temporal Resolution

Not applicable.

7.3  Data Characteristics

This data is in an image format in which the value of a pixel represents the 
polygon number from the original vector data, later modified by Gloria Rapalee 
for this data set.  This number can be related to a set of records in the ASCII 
soils table file.  The soils table file contains parameters for the various 
polygons.  Lakes are indicated with a polygon number of 237.  Polygons with 
numbers greater than 237 are split from Hugo Veldhuiss original polygons.

7.3.1  Parameter/Variable:

     POLYNUM
     GRIDLOC
     COMPONT
     NUMBER
     PERCENT
     KINDMAT
     LANDFRM
     PMDEPO1
     TXTURE1
     TXTMOD1
     PMDEPO2
     TXTURE2
     TXTMOD2
     PMDEPO3
     TXTURE3
     TXTMOD3
     COFRAGS
     SLOPE
     DRAINGE
     DEPTHWT
     PFDISTR
     DPTHACT
     ICECTNT
     DPTHLFH
     DPTHORG
     SOILDEV
     VARIANT
     SOILTP1
     SOILPH1
     SOILTP2
     SOILPH2
     TOTLAREA
     COMPAREA
     DR_CLASS
     STND_AGE
     ST_AGE_GRP
     C_MOSS
     C_DEEP
     C_TOTAL
     FL_MOSS
     FL_DEEP
     FL_NET

7.3.2  Variable Description/Definition

Binary Raster Image File

POLYNUM: Number of the map polygon to which the pixel belongs.  Unitless but 
coded value.

ASCII soil table file:

1. POLYNUM = Number of the map polygon.

2. GRIDLOC = An alpha-numeric grid to be used to find a particular polygon on 
the map.

3. COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element)

The landscape components that make up the area delineated by the polygon. A 
polygon may have one or many components. They are listed in order of extent.

Code      Class                  Description
----   -----------      -------------------------------------
D      Dominant         The D-components combined cover > 50% 
                        of the land area of a polygon.

S      Subdominant      The S-components combined cover < 50% of 
                        the land area of a polygon.

I      Inclusion        Each inclusion covers < 15% of the 
                        polygon, but the combined area of 
                        inclusions may be 25%.

W      Water            Surface water in the form of lakes, ponds 
                        or streams may cover between 5 and 100% of 
                        a polygon. 

4. NUMBER = Component rank number
Landscape elements with the similar parent material properties are considered to 
belong to the same general component. Thus these elements together form the 
dominant or subdominant component in the polygon, but the individual elements 
will not be dominant or subdominant. To show the landscape relationship or 
parent material association the elements will all considered to belong to the 
dominant (D) or subdominant (S) group, but are ranked D1, D2 etc, according to 
their relative importance within the group.  For example three drainage 
conditions exist on a gently undulating glacio-lacustrine blanket. The well 
drained portion occupies 30% of the polygon area, imperfectly drained conditions 
exist in 15% of the polygon and poorly drained areas with a thin peat cover 
occupy an additional 10% for a combined total of 55%. This makes this grouping 
the dominant component in the polygon. Thus these three elements will be labeled 
D1, D2, and D3, respectively.

In the case of inclusions (I) and water (W) the rank numbers link these 
components to either the dominant or subdominant components. The convention is 
that an uneven rank number (1,3,..) links the inclusion or water to the dominant 
component(s), while an even rank number links it to the subdominant 
component(s). 

5. PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components
Percent area is estimated within the nearest 5%. Components <10% are not listed 
except for W.

6. KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface

Code      Class                  Description
-----   ------------            ------------------------------
OR      Organic soil            Contains >30% organic matter by
                                weight
R2      Hard rock, acidic       Granite
SO      Mineral soil            Dominant mineral particles, contains 
                                <30% organic matter by weight
WA      Water                   Water

7. LANDFRM = Local surface form
Mineral surface forms. Two classes may be combined for example "bh" is hummocky 
blanket, "vi" is inclined veneer.

Code      Class                  Description
----   -----------        ---------------------------------------
b      blanket            Unconsolidated surficial materials >1 m 
                          thick.
d      dissected          Gullies or valleys dissect the 
                          component.
h      hummocky           A complex sequence of slopes extending 
                          from concavities of various sizes to 
                          knolls or short, discontinuous ridges. 
i      inclined           A sloping, unidirectional surface with 
                          a generally constant slope not broken by 
                          marked irregularity or gullies.
k      knoll and kettle   A very chaotic sequence of knolls, 
                          ridges and kettles.
l      level              A flat or very gently sloping 
                          unidirectional surface with a generally 
                          constant slope not broken by marked 
                          elevations and depressions; slopes are 
                          generally < 2%.
r      ridged             A long, narrow elevation of the 
                          surface, usually distinctly crested with 
                          steep sides.
s      steep              Erosional slopes on both 
                          consolidated and unconsolidated materials.
u      undulating         A regular sequence of gentle slopes 
                          that extends from rounded and, in some 
                          places, confined concavities to broad, 
                          rounded convexities; low local relief with 
                          slopes usually between 2-5%.
v      veneer             Unconsolidated surficial materials <1 m 
                          thick. Veneers may be continuous or 
                          patchy.
w      beach, strandline  Low ridges with steeper slope on one 
                          side than on the other.
y      subdued hummocky   A complex sequence of slopes 
                          extending from concavities of various 
                          sizes to knolls. Local topography is < 10 m. 

Organic Surface Forms
The classification of landforms is often the case of "best fit". Often 
the landform encountered does not quite meet all criteria of any class. 
Organic landforms often are intergrades of one form to another.

Code      Class                  Description
-----   ----------            -------------------------------------
Ba      Palsa bog            A bog composed of individual or 
                             coalesced palsas, occurring in an unfrozen 
                             peatland. Palsas are mounds of perennially 
                             frozen peat and mineral soil, up to 5 m 
                             high, with a maximum diameter of 100 m. 
                             The surface is highly uneven, often 
                             containing collapse scar bogs.
Bc      Collapse scar bog    A circular or oval-shaped wet 
                             depression in a perennially frozen 
                             peatland; the collapse scar bog was once 
                             part of the perennially frozen peatland, 
                             but the permafrost thawed, causing the 
                             surface to subside; the depression is poor 
                             in nutrients, as it is not connected to 
                             the minerotrophic fens in which the palsa 
                             or peat plateau occurs.
Bt      Peat plateau bog     A bog composed of perennially frozen 
                             peat, rising abruptly about 1 m from the 
                             surrounding unfrozen fen; the surface is 
                             relatively flat and even, and the bog 
                             commonly covers large areas; the peat was 
                             originally deposited in a nonpermafrost 
                             environment and is associated in many 
                             places with collapse bogs or fens.
Bv      Veneer bog           A bog occurring on gently sloping 
                             terrain underlain by generally 
                             discontinuous permafrost; although 
                             drainage is predominantly below the 
                             surface, overland flow occurs in poorly 
                             defined drainage-ways during peak runoff; 
                             peat thickness is usually less than 1.5 m.
Fb      Basin fen            A fen occupying a topographically 
                             defined basin; however, the basins do not 
                             receive drainage from upstream and the 
                             fens are thus influenced mainly by local 
                             hydrological conditions; the depth of peat 
                             increases towards the centre.
Fc      Collapse scar fen    A fen with circular or oval 
                             depressions, up to 100 m occurring in 
                             larger fens, marking the subsidence of 
                             thawed permafrost peatlands. Dead trees, 
                             remnants of the subsided vegetation of 
                             permafrost peatlands, are often evident.
Fh      Horizontal fen       A fen with a very gently sloping 
                             featureless surface; this fen occupies 
                             broad, often ill-defined depressions, and 
                             may be interconnected with other fens; 
                             peat accumulation is generally uniform.
Fs      Stream fen           A fen located in the main channel or 
                             along the banks of permanent or semi-
                             permanent streams. This fen is affected by 
                             the water of the stream at normal and 
                             flood stages.

8. PMDEPO1 = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent material

Code      Class                  Description
----    -------------        ---------------------------------------
AN      Anthropogenic        Materials modified by human activity so 
                             that their physical properties have been 
                             drastically altered; they include borrow 
                             pits, gravel pits, road beds.
B      Bog                   Bogs consist of unspecified organic 
                             materials associated with an ombrotrophic 
                             environment because the slightly elevated 
                             nature of the bog dissociates it from 
                             nutrient-rich ground water or surrounding 
                             mineral soils; near the surface, materials 
                             are usually not or very little decomposed 
                             (fibric), yellowish to pale brown, loose 
                             and spongy in consistence, and entire 
                             sphagnum plants are readily identified; 
                             these materials are extremely acid, with 
                             low bulk density and high fibre content; 
                             at depths they become darker, compacted, 
                             and somewhat layered; bogs are associated 
                             with slopes or depressions on topography 
                             with a water table at or near the surface 
                             in the spring and slightly below it during 
                             the rest of the year; they are usually 
                             covered with sphagnum mosses, but sedges 
                             may also grow on them; bogs may be treed 
                             or treeless and many are characterized by 
                             a layer of ericaceous shrubs.
F      Fluvial               Sediment generally consisting of silt 
                             and clay with a minor fraction of sand and 
                             gravel; gravels are typically rounded; 
                             alluvial sediments are commonly moderately 
                             to well sorted and display stratification.
FN      Fen                  Fens consist of unspecified organic 
                             materials formed in a minerotrophic 
                             environment because of the close 
                             association of the material with mineral-
                             rich waters; it is usually moderately well 
                             to well decomposed, dark brown to black, 
                             with fine- to medium-sized fibres; 
                             decomposition commonly becomes greater at 
                             lower depths; the materials are covered 
                             with a dominant component of sedges or 
                             brown mosses, but grasses reeds, sphagnum 
                             mosses, shrubs and trees may be 
                             associated.
GF      Glaciofluvial        Material moved by glaciers and 
                             subsequently sorted and deposited by 
                             streams flowing from the melting ice; 
                             deposits are stratified and may occur in 
                             the form of outwash plains, deltas, kames, 
                             eskers, and kame terraces.
GL      Glaciolacustrine     Sediment generally consisting of 
                             either stratified fine sand, silt, and 
                             clay deposited on the glacial lake bed or 
                             moderately well sorted and stratified sand 
                             and coarser materials that are beach and 
                             other near-shore sediments transported and 
                             deposited by wave action; these materials 
                             either have settled from suspension in 
                             bodies of standing fresh water or have 
                             accumulated at their margins through wave 
                             action.
O      Organic               A layered sequence of more than three 
                             types of organic undifferentiated material (>30%
                             organic matter by weight).
R      Residual              Unconsolidated, weathered, or partly 
                             weathered soil mineral materials that 
                             accumulates by disintegration of bedrock 
                             in place.
T      Till (Morainal)       Sediment generally consisting of well-
                             compacted material that is nonstratified 
                             and contains a heterogeneous mixture of 
                             sand, silt, and clay particle sizes and 
                             coarse fragments in a mixture that has 
                             been transported beneath, beside, on, 
                             within, or in front of a glacier and not 
                             modified by any intermediate agent.
RK      Rock                 A consolidated bedrock layer that is 
                             too hard to break with the hands (>3 on 
                             Mohs' scale) or to dig with a spade when 
                             moist.

9. TXTURE1 = Texture of first (upper) parent material

Soil texture indicates the relative proportions of the various soil separates in 
a soil. Soil separates are mineral particles, <2.0 mm in equivalent diameter, 
ranging between specified size limits:

Soil separate                  Diameter (mm) 
----------------            ----------------
Very coarse sand            2.0-1.0
Coarse sand                 1.0-0.50
Medium sand                 0.50-0.25
Fine sand                   0.25-0.10
Very fine sand              0.10-0.05
Silt                        0.05-0.002
Clay                        <0.002 

Coarse fragments are rock or mineral fragments >2.0 mm in 
diameter:
Coarse fragment         Diameter (cm)
----------------        -------------
Gravel                  0.2-7.5
Cobble                  7.5-25.0

Sands
Sand is a soil material that contains 85% or more sand; the percentage of silt 
plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay, does not exceed 15.
Code      Class                  Description
-----    -----------------   -------------------------------------
VCS      Very Coarse Sand    25% or more very coarse sand, and 
                             less than 50% any other one grade of sand.
CS       Coarse Sand         25% or more very coarse and coarse 
                             sand, and less than 50% any other grade of 
                             sand.
S        Sand                25% or more very coarse, coarse and 
                             coarse sand (but less than 25% very coarse 
                             and coarse sand), and less than 50% of 
                             either fine or very fine sand.
FS       Fine Sand           50% or more fine sand, or less than 
                             25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand 
                             and less than 50% very fine sand.
VFS      Very Fine Sand      50% or more very fine sand.

Loamy Sands
Loamy sand is a soil material that contains at the upper limit 85-90% sand, and 
the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay is not less than 
15; at the lower limit it contains not less than 70-85% sand, and the percentage 
of silt plus twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.
Code      Class                  Description
----     -----------------    -----------------------------------
LCS      Loamy Coarse Sand    25% or more very coarse and coarse 
                              sand, and less than 50% any other 
                              one grade of sand.
LS       Loamy Sand           25% or more very coarse, coarse, and 
                              medium sand (but less than 25% very coarse 
                              and coarse sand), and less than 50% fine 
                              or very fine sand.
LFS      Loamy Fine Sand      50% or more fine sand, or less than 
                              50% very fine sand and less than 25% very 
                              coarse, coarse, and medium sand.
LVFS     Loamy Very Fine      50% or more very fine sand.
         Sand 

Sandy Loams
Sandy loam is a soil material that contains either 20% clay or less, with the 
percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay exceeding 30, and 52% or 
more sand; or less than 7% clay, less than 50% silt, and 43-52% sand. 

Code      Class                  Description
----     -----------------     -----------------------------------
CSL      Coarse Sandy Loam     25% or more very coarse and coarse 
                               sand and less than  50% any other one 
                               grade of sand.
SL       Sandy Loam            30% or more very coarse, coarse, and 
                               medium sand (but less than 25% very 
                               coarse and coarse sand), and less than 
                               30% of either very fine or fine sand.
FSL      Fine Sandy Loam       30% or more fine sand and less than 
                               30% very fine sand; or between 15-30% 
                               very coarse, coarse, and medium sand; or
                               more than 40% fine and very fine sand, at 
                               least half of which is fine sand, and
                               less than 15% very coarse, coarse and 
                               medium sand.
VFSL      Very Fine Sandy      30% or more very fine sand, or more 
          Loam                 than 40% fine and very fine sand, at 
                               least half of which is very fine sand, 
                               and less than 15% very coarse, coarse,
                               and medium sand.

Textures finer than sandy loams:
Code      Class                  Description
----     -------             -------------------------------
L        Loam                7-27% clay, 28-50% silt, and less 
                             than 52% sand.
SIL     Silt Loam            50% or more silt and 12-27% clay, or 
                             50-80% silt and less than 12% clay.
SI      Silt                 80% or more silt and less than 12% 
                             clay. 
SCL     Sandy Clay Loam      20-35% clay, less than 28% silt, and 
                             45% or more sand.
CL      Clay Loam            27-40% clay and 20-45 sand.
SICL    Silty Clay Loam      27-40% clay and less than 20% sand.
SC      Sandy Clay           35% or more clay and 45% or more 
                             sand.
SIC     Silty Clay           40% or more clay and 40% or more 
                             silt.
C       Clay                 40% or more clay, less than 45% sand, 
                             and less than 40% silt.
HC     Heavy Clay            more than 60% clay.
O      Organic               Fibre content undifferentiated.
F      Fibric                40% or more rubbed fibre content by 
                             volume.
M      Mesic                 10% or more and less than 40% fibre 
                             content by volume. 
H      Humic                 <10% rubbed fibre content by volume.

10. TXTMOD1 = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material
Code      Class                  Description
----    ------------         -------------------------------
GR      Gravelly             15-35% gravel by volume
VG      Very gravelly        35-60% gravel by volume
EG      Extremely gravelly   >60% gravel by volume
MU      Mucky                9-17% organic carbon
GY      Gritty               Sharp edged particles present
AY      Ashy                 Quantities of volcanic or organic 
                             ash present
WY      Woody                Quantities of woody fragments present 
                             (organic soils).

11. PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent material

12. TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material

13. TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material

14. PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent material

15. TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material

16. TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material

17. COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral soils

Code      Class                  Description
-----   ------------      -----------------------------------
A      <1% by volume      Rounded, subrounded, flat, angular or 
                          irregular rock fragment from 2 mm to 60 cm 
                          or more in size.
B      1-15%
C      16-35%
D      36-60%
E      >60%
#      Non applicable

18. SLOPE = Slope gradient class
The slope is generally the average or common slope of the unit, but in the case 
of complex topography the steepest slope class is listed. 

Code   Class
----  --------             
1      1-2%
4      3-5% 
8      6-9%
13    10-15%
25    16-30%
45    31-60%

19. DRAINGE = Drainage class
Code      Class                  Description
----    -----------           ------------------------------------
VR      Very rapid            Water is removed from the soil very 
rapidly in relation to supply; excess                               
water flows downward very rapidly if 
                              underlying material is pervious; 
                              subsurface flow may be very rapid during 
                              heavy rainfall provided the gradient is 
                              steep; source of water is precipitation.
R      Rapid                  Water is removed from the soil 
                              rapidly in relation to supply; excess 
                              water flows downward if underlying 
                              material is pervious; subsurface flow may 
                              occur on steep gradients during heavy 
                              rainfall; source of water is 
                              precipitation.
W      Well                   Water is removed from the soil 
                              readily but not rapidly; excess water 
                              flows downward readily into underlying 
                              pervious material or laterally as 
                              subsurface flow; these soils commonly 
                              retain optimum amounts of moisture for 
                              plant growth after rains or addition of 
                              irrigation water.
MW      Moderately well       Water is removed from the soil 
                              somewhat slowly in relation to supply; 
                              excess water is removed somewhat slowly 
                              because of low perviousness, shallow water 
                              table, lack of gradient, or some 
                              combination of these; precipitation is the 
                              dominant source of water in medium-to-fine 
                              textured soils; precipitation and 
                              significant additions by subsurface flow 
                              are necessary in course textured soils.
I      Imperfect              Water is removed from the soil 
                              sufficiently slowly in relation to supply 
                              to keep the soil wet for a significant 
                              part of the growing season; excess water 
                              moves slowly downward if precipitation is 
                              the major supply; if subsurface water or 
                              groundwater, or both, is the main source, 
                              the flow rate may vary but the soil 
                              remains wet for a significant part of the 
                              growing season.
P      Poor                   Water is removed so slowly in 
                              relation to supply that the soil remains 
                              wet from a comparatively large part of the 
                              time the soil is not frozen; excess water 
                              is evident in the soil for much of the 
                              time; subsurface flow or groundwater flow, 
                              or both, in addition to precipitation are 
                              the main sources of water; there may also 
                              be a perched water table.
VP      Very poor             Water is removed from the soil so 
                              slowly that the water table remains at or 
                              near the surface for most of the time the 
                              soil is not frozen; groundwater flow and 
                              subsurface flow are the major sources of 
                              water; precipitation is less important 
                              except where there is a perched water 
                              table.
#      Non applicable

20. DEPTHWT = Average depth to water table
Code      Class                  Description
----     ----------           --------------------------------
10        0-20 cm             Most shallow water table during growing season.
50       20-75 cm
125      75-150 cm
200      >150 cm
*        0-100 cm             With perennially frozen subsoil.
#        Non applicable       (Water, ice, rock).

21. PFDISTR = Permafrost distribution or occurrence
Code      Class                  Description
----    -----------        ----------------------------
V      Very sporadic      Sparse patches of permafrost are 
                          associated with the component.
S      Sporadic           Isolated patches or islands of 
                          permafrost occur within the component.
D      Discontinuous      Widespread permafrost occurs within the 
                          component.
C      Continuous         Permafrost underlies all or almost 
                          all of the component.
#      Non applicable

22. DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average)
Code      Class                  Description
----    --------            ------------------------------------
50      35-75 cm            Top layer of ground subject to annual 
                            thawing and freezing
100      >75 cm             in areas underlain by permafrost.
#       Non applicable

23. ICECTNT = Ice content of permanently frozen layer
Code      Class                  Description
----    --------             ------------------------------------
L      Low                   Ice content (volume) less than 
                             available pore space in non-frozen soil.
M      Medium                No excess ice; ice content (volume) equal 
                             to pore space of non-frozen soil.
H      High                  Excess ice: ice content greater than 
                             pore space in non-frozen soil; ice usually 
                             in the form of lenses, vein ice or massive 
                             ground ice.

24. DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H)
The thickness of the humus layer is estimated, and based on observations in the 
field. However the frequency of forest fires in the area may reduce deep LFH 
layers to nil from one year to the next.
Code      Class
----   ---------
0      <5 cm
1      5-10 cm
2      11-20 cm
3      21-40 cm
4      >40 cm
#      Non applicable (e.g. borrow pit, organic deposits)

25. DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit
Peat consist of organic material that accumulated under very wet or saturated 
conditions.
Code      Class                  Description
----   -------------     -----------------------------------
0      <0.2 m            Peat development has just started 
                         (paludification), or depth of peat layer 
                         has been reduced by fire.
1      0.2-0.6 m         Peat depth generally less than 40 cm 
                         if peat depth is rather uniform; or peat 
                         depth is on average about 40 cm but varies 
                         strongly over short distances due to 
                         sphagnum hummock formation.
2      0.6-1.6 m         Shallow peat (fens and bogs).
3      1.6-3.0 m         Deep peat.
4      >3.0 m            Very deep peat.

26. SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification)
The dominant soil development associated with the polygon component. Other kinds 
of soil development are usually present, but only as inclusions.  (See Soil 
Classification Working Group (1998) for detailed descriptions of the codes and 
classes listed below.)

Code            Class
-----------     ----------------------------------
Brunisolic
EDYB           Eluviated Dystric Brunisol
GLEDYB         Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol
EEB            Eluviated Eutric Brunisol
GLEEB          Gleyed Eluviated Eutric Brunisol

Gleysolic
OHG            Orthic Humic Gleysol
RHG            Rego Humic Gleysol
OG             Orthic Gleysol
FEG            Ferric Gleysol
OLG            Orthic Luvic Gleysol
HULG           Humic Luvic Gleysol

Luvisolic
OGL            Orthic Gray Luvisol
DGL            Dark Gray Luvisol
GLGL           Gleyed Gray Luvisol
GLDGL          Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol

Organic
TYF            Typic Fibrisol
MEF            Mesic Fibrisol
TF             Terric Fibrisol
TMEF           Terric Mesic Fibrisol
HYF            Hydric Fibrisol
TYM            Typic Mesisol
FIM            Fibric Mesisol
TM             Terric Mesisol
TFIM           Terric Fibric Mesisol
THUM           Terric Mesic Humisol
TH             Terric Humisol
TFIH           Terric Fibric Humisol
TMEH           Terric Mesic Humisol

Cryosolic
OSC            Orthic Static Cryosol
RSC            Regosolic Static Cryosol
OTC            Orthic Turbic Cryosol
RTC            Regosolic Turbic Cryosol
FIOC           Fibric Organic Cryosol
MEOC           Mesic Organic Cryosol
HUOC           Humic Organic Cryosol
TFIOC          Terric Fibric Organic Cryosol
TMEOC          Terric Mesic Organic Cryosol
THUOC          Terric Humic Organic Cryosol

27. VARIANT = Classification variant or phase

Code   Class                  Description
----   ------                 -------------------------------
c      Cryic                  This designation has been used to 
                              identify Luvisolic soils with permafrost 
                              within the control section. These soils 
                              are at present not recognized in the 
                              Canadian System of Soil Classification.
l      Lithic                 A soil that has a lithic contact 
                              within the control section.
p      Peaty                  A soil that has a peaty layer 15-40 
                              cm thick.

28. SOILTP1 = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component.
The dominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy >50% of the 
component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined 
within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture, 
depth of profile etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape 
components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that 
are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type 
usually represents related, but sometimes quite different soils. These 
variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers, 
variation in peat decomposition etc.

Soil Type  (See BOREAS TE-20 Soils Report for detailed descriptions of soil 
types.)
ATK - Atik 
BDY - Baldy 
BGC - Bog Collapse 
BRN - Brannigan Creek 
BTT - Button 
CLK - Clarke 
CMK - Cormorant Lake 
FCD - Fen Collapse 
FEN - Fen
GRS - Grass River 
LPR - La Perouse 
LWP - Low Pine 
MDR - Medard 
NIC - Nichols Lake 
PAA - Palsa 
PCB - Partridge Beak 
PCH - Partridge Head 
PCP - Partridge Crop 
PKW - Pakwa 
PLH - Palsa Hummock 
PLT - Plateau 
PPU - Pipun 
ROK - Roe Lake 
SWK - Sipiwesk 
SYB - Sandy Bog 
TBL - Turnbull 
TFN - Thaw Fen 
TYL - Tyrrell 
WBW - Wabowden 
WRL - Warren Landing 
WTP - Wet Pine 
YGP - Young Pine

29. SOILPH1 = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type.

The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the dominant 
soil type. These soils vary to some degree from the model due to differences in 
parent material (stratification, texture), depth of the LFH layer, peaty 
surface, coarse fragment content etc. 
Code      Class                  Description
----   -----------          ----------------------------------------
d      Deep                 A soil that is relatively deep.
h      humus                A soil with a relatively deep duff layer.
s      Shallow              A soil that is relatively shallow.
v      Very deep            A soil that is very deep.
w      Very shallow         A soil that is very shallow.
x      complex              A soil that varies in a number of 
                            properties from the model (series concept)
1,2,3      Variant number   A soil that varies in one or more 
                            specific properties from the series 
                            concept.

30. SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component.
The subdominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy <50% of the 
component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined 
within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture, 
depth of profile etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape 
components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that 
are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type 
usually represents related, but sometimes quite different soils. These 
variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers, 
variation in peat decomposition etc. (See no. 28 for codes.)

31. SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type.
The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the subdominant 
soil type component. (See no. 29 for codes.)

32.  TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of soil polygon.

33. COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of polygon component.

34.  DR_CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code used for modeling carbon stocks 
and fluxes).

Code	Class
----  -----------------
1	Rock
2	VR	Very Rapid
3	R	Rapid
4	W	Well
5	MW	Moderately Well
6	I	Imperfect
7	P	Poor
8	VP	Very Poor
9	Water
10	Lake

35. STND_AGE = Age (years) since last fire of each soil polygon component.  1994 
is the reference year.  Some are age ranges.  Data are from a variety of sources 
(see Sections 1.6 and 7.2.1).

13   1981 burn scar from Landsat TM image and TE05 fire history images.
30   1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Manitoba Natural 
      Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 
38   1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural 
      Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 
43 +/- 7   Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data.
45        Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 
50        Estimate from Landsat TM image and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 
            forest inventory data. 
59 +/- 15 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data of forest 
            stands along Hwy 391.
70        Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of 
            age range 56 +/- 20 yrs.
86 +/- 10 Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data. 
89 +/- 14 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data of forest 
            stands near and around OJP tower site.
104 +/- 20     Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 
120       Stand age of OBS near and around tower.
146 +/- 20     Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.
199       Fen
299       Lake

36. ST_AGE_GRP = Stand age groupings used for estimating carbon stocks and 
modeling fluxes.  Note:  We assumed that the fens do not burn and therefore did 
not assign age since last fire for those polygon components that are fens. 

13        1981 burn scar from LandSat tm image and TE05 fire history images.
30        1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural 
            Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 
38        1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural 
             Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data. 
43 +/- 7   Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE13 tree core data.
60        50 - 65 grouped 
70        Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of 
            age range 56 +/- 20 yrs.
90        OJP tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources 
            Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 86 yrs. and older
120       OBS tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources 
            Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 104 yrs. and older
1         Fen
0         Lake

37. C_SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for surface 
horizons (including moss).  Note:  Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and 
lakes.  Stock = 13 for fens and bog collapse.

38. C_DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for deep soil 
horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers.  Scores computed from average C 
stock of soil series.  Note:  Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and 
lakes.

39. C_TOTAL = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2) of carbon stock for entire soil 
profile.  (C_SURFACE + C_DEEP) Note:  Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, 
and lakes.

40. FL_SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for surface 
horizons (including moss).  Note:  Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, 
lakes, fens, and collapse bogs.

41. FL_DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for deep soil 
horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers.  Note:  Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, 
open water, lakes, collapse bogs, and palsa bogs.

42. FL_NET = Area-weighted score (kg C/m^2/yr) of carbon flux for entire soil 
profile.  (F_SURFACE + F_DEEP) Note:  Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, lakes, and 
open water.

NOTE:  Negative (<0) flux denotes carbon released from the soil or surface 
horizons to the atmosphere (source).  Positive (>0) flux denotes carbon stored 
in the soil or surface horizons (sink).

7.3.3  Units of Measurement

Section 7.3.2

7.3.4  Data Source

This data product is derived from the soil maps that were produced by Hugo 
Veldhuis of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.  See Section 1.5 for more 
information.

7.3.5  Data Range

Image files:

Each pixel in the image file contains the polygon number value.  This value is 
matched to the polygon number listed in the corresponding ASCII soils table 
file.  The values for that polygon number apply to that polygon.

7.4  Sample Data Record

POLYNUM,GRIDLOC,COMPONT,RANKNUM,PERCENT,KINDMAT,LANDFRM,PMDEPO1,TXTURE1,TXTMOD1,
PMDEPO2,TXTURE2,TXTMOD2,PMDEPO3,TXTURE3,TXTMOD3,COFRAGS,SLOPE,DRAINGE,DEPTHWT,PF
DISTR,DPTHACT,ICECTNT,DPTHLFH,DPTHORG,SOILDEV,VARIANT,SERIES1,SERVAR1,SERIES2,SE
RVAR2,TOTLAREA,COMPAREA,DR_CLASS,STND_AGE,ST_AGE_GRP,C_SURFACE,C_DEEP,C_TOTAL,FL
_SURFACE,FL_DEEP,FL_NET
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ages,groups,kgC/m2,kgC/m2,kgC/m2,kgC/m2/yr,kgC
/m2/yr,kgC/m2/yr
1,F1,D,1,65,R2,h,RK,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,C,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,#,,$AR,,,,7.6500001,4.9725
00065,1,86,90,0,0,0,0,0,0
1,F1,D,2,20,SO,vh,GL,HC,-,RK,-,-,-,-,-,A,B,MW,-,-,-,-
,1,#,OGL,l,WRL,,,,7.6500001,1.53000002,5,86,90,0.848779149,1.966407775,2.8151869
24,0.004965871,-0.005899223,-0.000933352
1,F1,I,1,15,SO,bh,GL,HC,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,A,B,I,125,-,-,-
,1,#,GLGL,,ROK,,LPR,p,7.6500001,1.147500015,6,86,90,0.606994037,2.974386479,3.58
1380516,0.004052587,-0.005948773,-0.001896186

8. Data Organization

8.1  Data Granularity:

The smallest unit of data for this data set is the data set itself. 
     
8.2 Data Format

8.2.1 Uncompressed Data Files

The image file contains binary 16-bit (2-byte) values with the low order byte 
The overall content of this product is:

File 1       ASCII text file listing files on tape
File 2       NSA Modeling Sub-Area Binary Soil Map
File 3       NSA Modeling Sub-Area Soils Polygon Data Table (ASCII)

The binary raster file that covers the NSA-MSA is distributed as 16-bit integers 
with the low order byte first.

The soils table file that indicates the soil parameters for the polygons in the 
map is distributed as an ASCII text file.

The files have the following characteristics:

              Record Size
File          (Bytes)    Bytes/Pixel   # Records
--------     -----------  -----------   ---------
File 1          80         ASCII text       8  
File 2       2840             2          956  
File 3         350         ASCII text     690

8.2.2 Compressed CD-ROM Files

On the BOREAS CD-ROMs, files 1 and 3 listed above are stored as ASCII text; 
however, file 2 has been compressed with the Gzip compression program (file name 
*.gz).  These data have been compressed using gzip version 1.2.4 and the high 
compression (-9) option (Copyright (C) 1992-1993 Jean-loup Gailly).  Gzip (GNU 
zip) uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch, 1994) used in the zip and PKZIP 
programs. The compressed files may be uncompressed using gzip (-d option) or 
gunzip.  Gzip is available from many websites (for example, ftp site 
prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both 
executable and source code form.  Versions of the decompression software for 
various systems are included on the CD-ROMs.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1  Formulae

9.1.1  Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The reader is referred to the detailed report submitted by Hugo Veldhuis for 
details on the derivation of the original maps.  See Section 1.6.

Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993) for methodology on 
calculating area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes.

Refer to Trumbore and Harden (1997) and Harden et al. (1997) for details on 
algorithms and their derivation for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes.

For a summary of equations used in this study, see Rapalee (1999a).  For a 
summary of methodology of this study, see Rapalee et al. (1998b).

9.2  Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1  Processing Steps

BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel processed the data by:

1) Visually reviewing the data file contents and
2) Copying the ASCII and compressing the binary files for release on CD-ROM.

9.2.2  Processing Changes

None.

9.3  Calculations:

Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993) for methodology on 
calculating area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes.

Refer to Trumbore and Harden (1997) and Harden et al. (1997) for details on 
algorithms and their derivation for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes.

For a summary of equations used in this study, see Rapalee (1999a).  For a 
summary of methodology of this study, see Rapalee et al. (1998b).

9.3.1  Special Corrections/Adjustments:

9.3.2  Calculated Variables

None.

9.4  Graphs and Plots

None.

10.  Errors:

10.1  Sources of Error:

Errors could result from the change in format from vector to raster. However, 
the original raster image was thoroughly checked and compared to the original 
vector data to avoid such problems.

The vector data was an original mapping using data collected directly from the 
field along with air photos.  Errors could arise from a typographical error in 
the field notes.

10.2  Quality Assessment:

10.2.1  Data Validation by Source:
          
Any data validation or accuracy assessment would have to have been made by the 
original sources.  Please refer to the reports mentioned in section 5.

10.2.2  Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement:

The spatial accuracy of this data is considered very good.

10.2.3     Measurement Error for Parameters:

Unknown.

10.2.4     Additional Quality Assessments:

None.

10.2.5     Data Verification by Data Center:

BORIS personnel viewed and compared the images with the original vector data to 
identify any possible discrepancies.

11. Notes:

11.1   Limitations of the Data:

The reports by Hugo Veldhuis and TGB12 may indicate some limitations of the soil 
mapping.  See Section 1.6.

Some of the stand age/fire history data are estimates and assumptions for those 
areas within the study area for which no data were available.  Also, in other 
areas, estimates are at the high end of the age ranges listed in the Natural 
Resources Manitoba forest inventory field manual.  (See Section 17.2.)

Carbon stocks and fluxes are area-weighted averages for each polygon component.  
Moss stocks and fluxes and deep carbon fluxes were calculated by applying 
algorithms for soil carbon inputs (I) and decomposition (k) rates based on field 
work using radiocarbon analyses. Reference Is and ks are in the middle of the 
range for each drainage/vegetation type.  They may be under or over estimated.  
For further details see Trumbore and Harden (1997), Harden et al. (1997), and 
Rapalee et al. (1998b).

Carbon stocks for the deep soil horizons are also area-weighted averages.  That 
is, the average stock for a particular soil series for the deeper layers of the 
soil profile.  In some cases, however, there was only one soil pit for a 
particular soil series.   Also, since many of the profile descriptions of the 
study area were missing data on bulk density, we developed a nonlinear 
regression relating bulk density to carbon content for the soil profile 
descriptions that had both.  Errors in average C stocks for the soil series may 
have arisen from our estimates of bulk density.

11.2  Known Problems with the Data:

None.

11.3  Usage Guidance:

Before uncompressing the Gzip files on CD-ROM, be sure that you have enough disk 
space to hold the uncompressed data files.  Then use the appropriate 
decompression program provided on the CD-ROM for your specific system.

11.4  Any Other Relevant Information about the Study:

For more information, please consult the soils report by Hugo Veldhuis and the 
documentation by Harden and Trumbore (TGB12).  See Section 1.6.

12. Application of the Data Set:

This data set was created for BOREAS investigators who need soils data in the 
vicinity of the Modeling Sub-Area for further modeling and to generate maps of 
area-weighted carbon stocks and fluxes.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

None.

14. Software

14.1  Software Description:

IDRISI GIS software was used to modify the gridded soil polygon file produced 
from Hugo Veldhuiss original soil map.

14.2  Software Access:

IDRISI is proprietary software with copyright protection. This software is a 
product of The IDRISI Project at Clark University, Worcester MA.

Gzip is available from many websites across the net (for example) ftp site 
prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both 
executable and source code form. Versions of the decompression software for 
various systems are included on the CD-ROMs.

15.   Data Access

15.1  Contact for Data Center/Data Access Information

These BOREAS data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and 
Information System (EOS-DIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed 
Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is:

ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2  Procedures for Obtaining Data

BOREAS data may be obtained through the ORNL DAAC World Wide Web site at 
http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/ or users may place requests for data by telephone, electronic mail, or fax.

15.3  Output Products and Availability

Requested data can be provided electronically on the ORNL DAAC's anonymous FTP 
site or on various media including, CD-ROMs, 8-MM tapes, or diskettes.

The complete set of BOREAS data CD-ROMs, entitled "Collected Data of the Boreal 
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study", edited by Newcomer, J., et al., NASA, 1999, are 
also available.

16. Output Products and Availability:

16.1 Tape Products

These data can be available on 1600 or 6250 BPI 9-track, 8 mm, or DAT tapes.

16.2 Film Products

None

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References:

See the report by Hugo Veldhuis for reference information for soils.

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

IDRISI for Windows User's Guide (Version 2.0), 1997.  The IDRISI Project, The 
Clark Labs for Cartographic and Geographic Analysis, Clark University, 
Worcester, MA.

Welch, T.A. 1984, A Technique for High Performance Data Compression, IEEE 
Computer, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 8 - 19.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Becker, G., C. Elliott, G. Peterson, R. Bell, R. Frank, G. Daudet, 
M. Szmigelski, F. Houston, W. Hamilton, and D. Bagot, D. Acres, D. Van de Vyvere, 
et al.  1996.  Forest Inventory Field Instruction Manual.  79 pp.  Natural 
Resources Manitoba, Forest Resource Surveys.

Clayton, J.S., W.A. Ehrlich, D.B. Cann, J.H. Day, and I.B. Marshall, Soils of 
Canada.  1977.  Volume 1, Soil Report;  Volume 2, Soil Inventory.  Publ. 1459, 
Research Branch Canada Department of Agriculture.

Davidson, E.A.  1995.  Spatial covariation of soil organic carbon, clay content, 
and drainage class at a regional scale.  Landscape Ecology.  10(6): 349-362.

Davidson, E.A. and P.A. Lefebvre.  1993.  Estimating regional carbon stocks and 
spatially covarying edaphic factors using soil maps at three scales.  
Biogeochemistry.  22: 107-131.

Harden, J.W., K.P. ONeill, S.E. Trumbore, H. Veldhuis, and B.J. Stocks.  1997.  
Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal 
forest.  Journal of Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 28,805-28,816.

Harden, J., with G. Rapalee and S. Robinson.  1999.  The role of peatlands in 
the carbon cycle.  In Notes from the Underground: Soil Processes and Global 
Change.  Edited by E. A. Holland.  NATO ASI-Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 
West Germany.  In Press.

ONeill, K.P., J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, M.O. Bentley, G.W. Winston, and B.B. 
Stephens.  1995a.  Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS):
1993 site descriptions and field notes; Thompson, Manitoba.  U.S.
Geological Society Open-File Report 95-488.

ONeill, K.P., J.W. Harden, and S.E. Trumbore.  1995b.  Boreal Ecosystem-
Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): 1993 laboratory data and notes; Thompson, Manitoba.  
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-565.

Peterson, G.  1998.  Manitoba Forest Fire History Map Index 1997.  12 pp.  
Manitoba Natural Resources, Forestry Branch, Winnipeg, MB.  (last updated April 
1998).

Rapalee, G.  1999a.  A simple model to estimate soil carbon dynamics at the 
BOREAS northern study area, Manitoba, Canada.  Advances in Soil Science.  In 
review.

Rapalee, G.  1999b.  Estimating soil carbon stocks and fluxes in a boreal forest 
landscape.  M.S. Thesis.  Salem State College, Salem, Massachusetts.

Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis.  1997.  
Mapping drainage patterns and carbon stocks of boreal forest soils in northern 
Manitoba.  In Proceedings of the 1996 Society of American Foresters National 
Convention, Albuquerque, NM, 414-418.

Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis.  1998a.  
Scaling soil carbon stocks and fluxes at the BOREAS northern study area, 
http://boreas.gsfc.nasa.gov/BOREAS/Groups/TGB/tgb12_poster.html.

Rapalee, G., S.E. Trumbore, E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, and H. Veldhuis.  1998b.  
Soil carbon stocks and their rates of accumulation and loss in a boreal forest 
landscape, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12 (4), 687-701.

Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis.  1999.  
Scaling soil carbon stocks and fluxes at the BOREAS northern study area.  In 
Proceedings of the 1997 International Boreal Forest Research Association 
Conference, Duluth MN.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. 
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. 
Wickland. 1995. The BORreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): an overview and 
early results from the 1994 field year.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological 
Society. 76(9): 1549-1577. 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich.  1996.  BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). 

Sellers, P. and F. Hall.  1996.  Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment 
Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich.  1997.  Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere 
Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). 

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, 
K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, 
D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, 
D.E. Wickland, F.E. Guertin.  1997.  BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, 
scientific results, and future directions. Journal of Geophysical Research.  
102(D24): 28,731-28,769.

Soil Classification Working Group (Eds.).  1998.  The Canadian System of Soil 
Classification.  3rd edition.  Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Publication 
1646.  187 pp.  Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, National 
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Trumbore, S.E. and J.W. Harden.  1997.  Accumulation and turnover of carbon in 
organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area.  Journal of 
Geophysical Research. 102(D24): 28,817-28,830.

Veldhuis, H. and G. Rapalee.  1999.  Soil carbon stocks and distribution in soil 
and landscapes of the Glacial Lake Agassiz basin, north-central Manitoba.  In 
Proceedings of 42nd Annual Manitoba Soil Science Society Meeting, Winnipeg MB.  
181-188.

Zoltai, S.C., C. Tarnocai, G.F. Mills, and H. Veldhuis. 1988a. Wetlands of 
subarctic Canada.  In Wetlands of Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series, 
No. 24, by National Wetlands Working Group, C.D.A Rubec, editor.  Sustainable 
Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and Polyscience Publications, 
Montreal, Quebec.  55-96.

Zoltai, S.C., S. Taylor, J.K. Jeglum, G.F. Mills, and J.D. Johnson.  1988b.  
Wetlands of boreal Canada.  In Wetlands of Canada, Ecological Land 
Classification Series, No. 24, by National Wetlands Working Group, C.D.A Rubec, 
editor.  Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and 
Polyscience Publications, Montreal, Quebec.  97-154.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms:

None.

19. List of Acronyms:

AEAC      - Albers Equal Area Conic
ASCII     - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BOREAS    - Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
BORIS     - BOREAS Information System
BPI       - Bytes per inch
CD-ROM    - Compact Disk-Read-Only-Memory
DAAC      - Distributed Active Archive Center
DAT       - Digital Archive Tape
DLG       - Digital Line Graph
EOS       - Earth Observing System
EOSDIS    - EOS Data and Information System
GIS       - Geographic Information System
GMT       - Greenwich Mean Time
GPS       - Global Positioning System
GSFC      - Goddard Space Flight Center
MSA       - Modeling Sub-Area
NAD27     - North American Datum 1927
NAD83     - North American Datum 1983
NASA      - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NSA       - Northern Study Area
OBS       - Old Black Spruce Tower Site
OJP       - Old Jack Pine Tower Site
ORNL      - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SSA       - Southern Study Area
URL       - Uniform Resource Locator
WWW       - World Wide Web

20. Document Information:

20.1  Document Revision Date

    Written:         28-Apr-1997
    Last Updated:    18-March-1999

20.2  Document Review Dates
     
     BORIS Review:   20-Jun-1997
     Science Review:

20.3  Document ID:

20.4  Citation
 
20.5  Document Curator

20.6  Document URL

KEYWORDS

SOILS
SOIL CARBON
SOIL TYPE
CLIMATE CHANGE
MODELING
GIS

TGB12_Soil_Carbon_Map.doc
05/07/99