-CITE-
    16 USC CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION                  01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
                    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-MISC1-
    Sec.
    2401.       Congressional findings and declaration of purpose.
    2402.       Definitions.
    2403.       Prohibited acts.
    2403a.      Environmental impact assessment.
    2404.       Permits.
    2405.       Regulations.
    2406.       Notification of travel to Antarctica.
    2407.       Civil penalties.
    2408.       Criminal offenses.
    2409.       Enforcement.
    2410.       Jurisdiction of district courts.
    2411.       Federal agency cooperation.
    2412.       Relationship to existing treaties.
    2413.       Savings provision.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2401                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2401. Congressional findings and declaration of purpose
-STATUTE-
    (a) Findings
      The Congress finds that -
        (1) for well over a quarter of a century, scientific
      investigation has been the principal activity of the Federal
      Government and United States nationals in Antarctica;
        (2) more recently, interest of American tourists in Antarctica
      has increased;
        (3) as the lead civilian agency in Antarctica, the National
      Science Foundation has long had responsibility for ensuring that
      United States scientific activities and tourism, and their
      supporting logistics operations, are conducted with an eye to
      preserving the unique values of the Antarctic region;
        (4) the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol establish a firm
      foundation for the conservation of Antarctic resources, for the
      continuation of international cooperation and the freedom of
      scientific investigation in Antarctica; and
        (5) the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol establish
      international mechanisms and create legal obligations necessary
      for the maintenance of Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to
      peace and science.
    (b) Purpose
      The purpose of this chapter is to provide for the conservation
    and protection of the fauna and flora of Antarctica, and of the
    ecosystem upon which such fauna and flora depend, consistent with
    the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 2, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2048; Pub. L. 104-
    227, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3034.)
-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS
      1996 - Subsec. (a)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 101(a)(1),
    added pars. (1) to (3). Former pars. (1) and (2) redesignated (4)
    and (5), respectively.
      Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 101(a)(1), (2),
    redesignated par. (1) as (4) and substituted "the Protocol
    establish a firm foundation for the conservation of Antarctic
    resources," for "the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of
    Antarctic Fauna and Flora, adopted at the Third Antarctic Treaty
    Consultative Meeting, have established a firm foundation".
      Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 101(a)(1), (3),
    redesignated par. (2) as (5) and substituted "the Antarctic Treaty
    and the Protocol establish international mechanisms and create
    legal obligations necessary for the maintenance of Antarctica as a
    natural reserve devoted to peace and science." for "the study of
    Antarctic fauna and flora, their adaptation to their rigorous
    environment, and their interrelationships with that environment has
    special scientific importance for all mankind."
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 101(b), substituted "Treaty
    and the Protocol" for "Treaty, the Agreed Measures for the
    Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, and Recommendation VII-3
    of the Eighth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting".
                       SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
      Section 1 of Pub. L. 104-227 provided that: "This Act [enacting
    sections 2403a and 2413 of this title, amending this section,
    sections 2402 to 2405, and 2463 of this title, and sections 1901 to
    1903, 1905, 1907, and 1908 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable
    Waters, and repealing sections 2464 and 2466 of this title] may be
    cited as the 'Antarctic Science, Tourism, and Conservation Act of
    1996'."
                                SHORT TITLE
      Section 1 of Pub. L. 95-541 provided: "That this Act [enacting
    this chapter, amending section 1971 of Title 22, Foreign Relations
    and Intercourse, and enacting a provision set out as a note under
    section 1971 of Title 22] may be cited as the 'Antarctic
    Conservation Act of 1978'."
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2402                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2402. Definitions
-STATUTE-
      For purposes of this chapter -
        (1) the term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the
      Environmental Protection Agency;
        (2) the term "Antarctica" means the area south of 60 degrees
      south latitude;
        (3) the term "Antarctic Specially Protected Area" means an area
      identified as such pursuant to Annex V to the Protocol;
        (4) the term "Director" means the Director of the National
      Science Foundation;
        (5) the term "harmful interference" means -
          (A) flying or landing helicopters or other aircraft in a
        manner that disturbs concentrations of birds or seals;
          (B) using vehicles or vessels, including hovercraft and small
        boats, in a manner that disturbs concentrations of birds or
        seals;
          (C) using explosives or firearms in a manner that disturbs
        concentrations of birds or seals;
          (D) willfully disturbing breeding or molting birds or
        concentrations of birds or seals by persons on foot;
          (E) significantly damaging concentrations of native
        terrestrial plants by landing aircraft, driving vehicles, or
        walking on them, or by other means; and
          (F) any activity that results in the significant adverse
        modification of habitats of any species or population of native
        mammal, native bird, native plant, or native invertebrate;
        (6) the term "historic site or monument" means any site or
      monument listed as an historic site or monument pursuant to Annex
      V to the Protocol;
        (7) the term "impact" means impact on the Antarctic environment
      and dependent and associated ecosystems;
        (8) the term "import" means to land on, bring into, or
      introduce into, or attempt to land on, bring into or introduce
      into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States,
      including the 12-mile territorial sea of the United States,
      whether or not such act constitutes an importation within the
      meaning of the customs laws of the United States;
        (9) the term "native bird" means any member, at any stage of
      its life cycle (including eggs), of any species of the class Aves
      which is indigenous to Antarctica or occurs there seasonally
      through natural migrations, and includes any part of such member;
        (10) the term "native invertebrate" means any terrestrial or
      freshwater invertebrate, at any stage of its life cycle, which is
      indigenous to Antarctica, and includes any part of such
      invertebrate;
        (11) the term "native mammal" means any member, at any stage of
      its life cycle, of any species of the class Mammalia, which is
      indigenous to Antarctica or occurs there seasonally through
      natural migrations, and includes any part of such member;
        (12) the term "native plant" means any terrestrial or
      freshwater vegetation, including bryophytes, lichens, fungi, and
      algae, at any stage of its life cycle (including seeds and other
      propagules), which is indigenous to Antarctica, and includes any
      part of such vegetation;
        (13) the term "non-native species" means any species of animal
      or plant which is not indigenous to Antarctica and does not occur
      there seasonally through natural migrations;
        (14) the term "person" has the meaning given that term in
      section 1 of title 1 and includes any person subject to the
      jurisdiction of the United States and any department, agency, or
      other instrumentality of the Federal Government or of any State
      or local government;
        (15) the term "prohibited product" means any substance banned
      from introduction onto land or ice shelves or into water in
      Antarctica pursuant to Annex III to the Protocol;
        (16) the term "prohibited waste" means any substance which must
      be removed from Antarctica pursuant to Annex III to the Protocol,
      but does not include materials used for balloon envelopes
      required for scientific research and weather forecasting;
        (17) the term "Protocol" means the Protocol on Environmental
      Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, signed October 4, 1991, in
      Madrid, and all annexes thereto, including any future amendments
      thereto to which the United States is a party;
        (18) the term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce;
        (19) the term "Specially Protected Species" means any native
      species designated as a Specially Protected Species pursuant to
      Annex II to the Protocol;
        (20) the term "take" means to kill, injure, capture, handle, or
      molest a native mammal or bird, or to remove or damage such
      quantities of native plants that their local distribution or
      abundance would be significantly affected;
        (21) the term "Treaty" means the Antarctic Treaty signed in
      Washington, DC, on December 1, 1959;
        (22) the term "United States" means the several States of the
      Union, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,
      American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the
      Northern Mariana Islands, and any other commonwealth, territory,
      or possession of the United States; and
        (23) the term "vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United
      States" includes any "vessel of the United States" and any
      "vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States" as
      those terms are defined in section 2432 of this title.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 3, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2048; Pub. L. 104-
    227, title I, Sec. 102, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3035.)
-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-227 reenacted section catchline without change
    and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text defined
    "Agreed Measures", "Antarctica", "collect", "Director", "foreign
    person", "native bird", "native mammal", "native plant",
    "pollutant", "site of special scientific interest", "specially
    protected area", "specially protected species", "take", "Treaty",
    "United States", and "United States citizen".
-EXEC-
                     TERRITORIAL SEA OF UNITED STATES
      For extension of territorial sea of United States, see Proc. No.
    5928, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public
    Lands.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2403                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2403. Prohibited acts
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      It is unlawful for any person -
        (1) to introduce any prohibited product onto land or ice
      shelves or into water in Antarctica;
        (2) to dispose of any waste onto ice-free land areas or into
      fresh water systems in Antarctica;
        (3) to dispose of any prohibited waste in Antarctica;
        (4) to engage in open burning of waste;
        (5) to transport passengers to, from, or within Antarctica by
      any seagoing vessel not required to comply with the Act to
      Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), unless the
      person has an agreement with the vessel owner or operator under
      which the owner or operator is required to comply with Annex IV
      to the Protocol;
        (6) who organizes, sponsors, operates, or promotes a
      nongovernmental expedition to Antarctica, and who does business
      in the United States, to fail to notify all members of the
      expedition of the environmental protection obligations of this
      chapter, and of actions which members must take, or not take, in
      order to comply with those obligations;
        (7) to damage, remove, or destroy a historic site or monument;
        (8) to refuse permission to any authorized officer or employee
      of the United States to board a vessel, vehicle, or aircraft of
      the United States, or subject to the jurisdiction of the United
      States, for the purpose of conducting any search or inspection in
      connection with the enforcement of this chapter or any regulation
      promulgated or permit issued under this chapter;
        (9) to forcibly assault, resist, oppose, impede, intimidate, or
      interfere with any authorized officer or employee of the United
      States in the conduct of any search or inspection described in
      paragraph (8);
        (10) to resist a lawful arrest or detention for any act
      prohibited by this section;
        (11) to interfere with, delay, or prevent, by any means, the
      apprehension, arrest, or detention of another person, knowing
      that such other person has committed any act prohibited by this
      section;
        (12) to violate any regulation issued under this chapter, or
      any term or condition of any permit issued to that person under
      this chapter; or
        (13) to attempt to commit or cause to be committed any act
      prohibited by this section.
    (b) Acts prohibited unless authorized by permit
      It is unlawful for any person, unless authorized by a permit
    issued under this chapter -
        (1) to dispose of any waste in Antarctica (except as otherwise
      authorized by the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships [33 U.S.C.
      1901 et seq.]) including -
          (A) disposing of any waste from land into the sea in
        Antarctica; and
          (B) incinerating any waste on land or ice shelves in
        Antarctica, or on board vessels at points of embarcation or
        debarcation, other than through the use at remote field sites
        of incinerator toilets for human waste;
        (2) to introduce into Antarctica any member of a nonnative
      species;
        (3) to enter or engage in activities within any Antarctic
      Specially Protected Area;
        (4) to engage in any taking or harmful interference in
      Antarctica; or
        (5) to receive, acquire, transport, offer for sale, sell,
      purchase, import, export, or have custody, control, or possession
      of, any native bird, native mammal, or native plant which the
      person knows, or in the exercise of due care should have known,
      was taken in violation of this chapter.
    (c) Exception for emergencies
      No act described in subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7),
    (12), or (13) of this section or in subsection (b) of this section
    shall be unlawful if the person committing the act reasonably
    believed that the act was committed under emergency circumstances
    involving the safety of human life or of ships, aircraft, or
    equipment or facilities of high value, or the protection of the
    environment.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 4, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2049; Pub. L. 104-
    227, title I, Sec. 103, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3036.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, referred to in subsecs.
    (a)(5) and (b)(1), is Pub. L. 96-478, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2297,
    as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 33 (Sec.
    1901 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For
    complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title
    note set out under section 1901 of Title 33 and Tables.
-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-227 reenacted section catchline without change
    and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of
    subsec. (a) "In General", which set forth unlawful acts in pars.
    (1) to (4) and provided that such acts would not be unlawful if
    committed under emergency circumstances to prevent the loss of
    human life, and subsec. (b) "Exception", which provided that
    subsec. (a) would not apply with respect to any native mammal,
    native bird, or native plant held in captivity or to any offspring
    of such mammal, bird, or plant.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2403a                                           01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2403a. Environmental impact assessment
-STATUTE-
    (a) Federal activities
      (1)(A) The obligations of the United States under Article 8 of
    and Annex I to the Protocol shall be implemented by applying the
    National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)
    to proposals for Federal agency activities in Antarctica, as
    specified in this section.
      (B) The obligations contained in section 102(2)(C) of the
    National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C))
    shall apply to all proposals for Federal agency activities
    occurring in Antarctica and affecting the quality of the human
    environment in Antarctica or dependent or associated ecosystems,
    only as specified in this section. For purposes of the application
    of such section 102(2)(C) under this subsection, the term
    "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment"
    shall have the same meaning as the term "more than a minor or
    transitory impact".
      (2)(A) Unless an agency which proposes to conduct a Federal
    activity in Antarctica determines that the activity will have less
    than a minor or transitory impact, or unless a comprehensive
    environmental evaluation is being prepared in accordance with
    subparagraph (C), the agency shall prepare an initial environmental
    evaluation in accordance with Article 2 of Annex I to the Protocol.
      (B) If the agency determines, through the preparation of the
    initial environmental evaluation, that the proposed Federal
    activity is likely to have no more than a minor or transitory
    impact, the activity may proceed if appropriate procedures are put
    in place to assess and verify the impact of the activity.
      (C) If the agency determines, through the preparation of the
    initial environmental evaluation or otherwise, that a proposed
    Federal activity is likely to have more than a minor or transitory
    impact, the agency shall prepare and circulate a comprehensive
    environmental evaluation in accordance with Article 3 of Annex I to
    the Protocol, and shall make such comprehensive environmental
    evaluation publicly available for comment.
      (3) Any agency decision under this section on whether a proposed
    Federal activity, to which paragraph (2)(C) applies, should
    proceed, and, if so, whether in its original or in a modified form,
    shall be based on the comprehensive environmental evaluation as
    well as other considerations which the agency, in the exercise of
    its discretion, considers relevant.
      (4) For the purposes of this section, the term "Federal activity"
    includes all activities conducted under a Federal agency research
    program in Antarctica, whether or not conducted by a Federal
    agency.
    (b) Federal activities carried out jointly with foreign governments
      (1) For the purposes of this subsection, the term "Antarctic
    joint activity" means any Federal activity in Antarctica which is
    proposed to be conducted, or which is conducted, jointly or in
    cooperation with one or more foreign governments. Such term shall
    be defined in regulations promulgated by such agencies as the
    President may designate.
      (2) Where the Secretary of State, in cooperation with the lead
    United States agency planning an Antarctic joint activity,
    determines that -
        (A) the major part of the joint activity is being contributed
      by a government or governments other than the United States;
        (B) one such government is coordinating the implementation of
      environmental impact assessment procedures for that activity; and
        (C) such government has signed, ratified, or acceded to the
      Protocol,
    the requirements of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply
    with respect to that activity.
      (3) In all cases of Antarctic joint activity other than those
    described in paragraph (2), the requirements of subsection (a) of
    this section shall apply with respect to that activity, except as
    provided in paragraph (4).
      (4) Determinations described in paragraph (2), and agency actions
    and decisions in connection with assessments of impacts of
    Antarctic joint activities, shall not be subject to judicial
    review.
    (c) Nongovernmental activities
      (1) The Administrator shall, within 2 years after October 2,
    1996, promulgate regulations to provide for -
        (A) the environmental impact assessment of nongovernmental
      activities, including tourism, for which the United States is
      required to give advance notice under paragraph 5 of Article VII
      of the Treaty; and
        (B) coordination of the review of information regarding
      environmental impact assessment received from other Parties under
      the Protocol.
      (2) Such regulations shall be consistent with Annex I to the
    Protocol.
    (d) Decision to proceed
      (1) No decision shall be taken to proceed with an activity for
    which a comprehensive environmental evaluation is prepared under
    this section unless there has been an opportunity for consideration
    of the draft comprehensive environmental evaluation at an Antarctic
    Treaty Consultative Meeting, except that no decision to proceed
    with a proposed activity shall be delayed through the operation of
    this paragraph for more than 15 months from the date of circulation
    of the draft comprehensive environmental evaluation pursuant to
    Article 3(3) of Annex I to the Protocol.
      (2) The Secretary of State shall circulate the final
    comprehensive environmental evaluation, in accordance with Article
    3(6) of Annex I to the Protocol, at least 60 days before the
    commencement of the activity in Antarctica.
    (e) Cases of emergency
      The requirements of this section, and of regulations promulgated
    under this section, shall not apply in cases of emergency relating
    to the safety of human life or of ships, aircraft, or equipment and
    facilities of high value, or the protection of the environment,
    which require an activity to be undertaken without fulfilling those
    requirements.
    (f) Exclusive mechanism
      Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the requirements of
    this section shall constitute the sole and exclusive statutory
    obligations of the Federal agencies with regard to assessing the
    environmental impacts of proposed Federal activities occurring in
    Antarctica.
    (g) Decisions on permit applications
      The provisions of this section requiring environmental impact
    assessments (including initial environmental evaluations and
    comprehensive environmental evaluations) shall not apply to Federal
    actions with respect to issuing permits under section 2404 of this
    title.
    (h) Publication of notices
      Whenever the Secretary of State makes a determination under
    paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of this section, or receives a
    draft comprehensive environmental evaluation in accordance with
    Annex I, Article 3(3) to the Protocol, the Secretary of State shall
    cause timely notice thereof to be published in the Federal
    Register.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 4A, as added Pub. L. 104-227, title I, Sec.
    104, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3038.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in
    subsec. (a)(1)(A), is Pub. L. 91-190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852,
    as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (Sec. 4321
    et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2404                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2404. Permits
-STATUTE-
    (a) In general
      The Director may issue permits which authorize acts otherwise
    prohibited by section 2403(b) of this title.
    (b) Applications for permits
      (1) Applications for permits under this section shall be made in
    such manner and form, and shall contain such information, as the
    Director shall by regulation prescribe.
      (2) The Director shall publish notice in the Federal Register of
    each application which is made for a permit under this section. The
    notice shall invite the submission by interested parties, within 30
    days after the date of publication of the notice, of written data,
    comments, or views with respect to the application. Information
    received by the Director as a part of any application shall be
    available to the public as a matter of public record.
    (c) Action by appropriate Secretaries on certain permit
      applications
      (1) If the Director receives an application for a permit under
    this section requesting authority to undertake any action with
    respect to -
        (A) any native mammal which is a marine mammal within the
      meaning of section 1362(5) (!1) of this title;
        (B) any native mammal, native bird, or native plant which is an
      endangered species or threatened species under the Endangered
      Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); or
        (C) any native bird which is protected under the Migratory Bird
      Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 701 et seq.);
    the Director shall submit a copy of the application to the
    Secretary of Commerce or to the Secretary of the Interior, as
    appropriate (hereinafter in this subsection referred to
    respectively as the "appropriate Secretary").
      (2) After receiving a copy of any application from the Director
    under paragraph (1) the appropriate Secretary shall promptly
    determine, and notify the Director, whether or not any action
    proposed in the application also requires a permit or other
    authorization under any law administered by the appropriate
    Secretary.
      (3) If the appropriate Secretary notifies the Director that any
    action proposed in the application requires a permit or other
    authorization under any law administered by the appropriate
    Secretary, the Director may not issue a permit under this section
    with respect to such action unless such other required permit or
    authorization is issued by the appropriate Secretary and a copy
    thereof is submitted to the Director. The issuance of any permit or
    other authorization by the appropriate Secretary for the carrying
    out of any action with respect to any native mammal, native bird,
    or native plant shall not be deemed to entitle the applicant
    concerned to the issuance by the Director of a permit under this
    section.
    (d) Issuance of permits
      As soon as practicable after receiving any application for a
    permit under this section, or, in the case of any application to
    which subsection (c) of this section applies, as soon as
    practicable after the applicable requirements of such subsection
    are complied with, the Director shall issue, or deny the issuance
    of, the permit. Within 10 days after the date of the issuance or
    denial of a permit under this subsection, the Director shall
    publish notice of the issuance or denial in the Federal Register.
    (e) (!2) Terms and conditions of permits
      (1) Each permit issued under this section shall -
        (A) if applicable, specify -
          (i) the number and species of native mammals, native birds,
        native plants, or native invertebrates to which the permit
        applies, and
          (ii) the manner in which the taking or harmful interference
        shall be conducted (which manner shall be determined by the
        Director to be humane) and the area in which it will be
        conducted;
        (B) the period during which the permit is valid; and
        (C) such other terms and conditions as the Director deems
      necessary and appropriate to ensure that any act authorized under
      the permit is carried out in a manner consistent with the purpose
      of this chapter, the criteria set forth in paragraph (2), if
      applicable, and the regulations prescribed under this chapter.
      (2) The terms and conditions imposed by the Director in any
    permit issued under this section that authorizes any of the
    following acts shall be consistent with the following criteria:
        (A) Permits authorizing the taking or harmful interference
      within Antarctica of any native mammal or native bird (other than
      a Specially Protected Species of any such mammal or bird) -
          (i) may be issued only for the purpose of providing -
            (I) specimens for scientific study or scientific
          information, or
            (II) specimens for museums, zoological gardens, or other
          educational or cultural institutions or uses, or
            (III) for unavoidable consequences of scientific activities
          or the construction and operation of scientific support
          facilities; and
          (ii) shall ensure, as far as possible, that -
            (I) no more native mammals and native birds are taken in
          any year than can normally be replaced by net natural
          reproduction in the following breeding season, and
            (II) the variety of species and the balance of the natural
          ecological systems within Antarctica are maintained.
        (B) Permits authorizing the taking of Specially Protected
      Species may be issued only if -
          (i) there is a compelling scientific purpose for such taking;
        and
          (ii) the actions allowed under any such permit will not
        jeopardize any existing natural ecological system, or the
        survival, of such species.
        (C) A permit authorizing the entry into an Antarctic Specially
      Protected Area shall be issued only -
          (i) if the entry is consistent with an approved management
        plan, or
          (ii) if a management plan relating to the area has not been
        approved but -
            (I) there is a compelling purpose for such entry which
          cannot be served elsewhere, and
            (II) the actions allowed under the permit will not
          jeopardize the natural ecological system existing in such
          area.
    (e) (!3) Judicial review
      Any applicant for a permit may obtain judicial review of the
    terms and conditions of any permit issued by the Director under
    this section or of the refusal of the Director to issue such a
    permit. Such review, which shall be pursuant to chapter 7 of title
    5, may be initiated by filing a petition for review in the United
    States district court for the district wherein the applicant for a
    permit resides, or has his principal place of business, or in the
    United States District Court for the District of Columbia, within
    60 days after the date on which such permit is issued or denied.
    (f) Modification, suspension, and revocation
      (1) The Director may modify, suspend, or revoke, in whole or
    part, any permit issued under this section -
        (A) in order to make the permit consistent with any change made
      after the date of issuance of the permit, to any regulation
      prescribed under section 2405 of this title;
        (B) if there is any change in conditions which makes the permit
      inconsistent with the purpose of this chapter; or
        (C) in any case in which there has been any violation of any
      term or condition of the permit, any regulation prescribed under
      this chapter, or any provision of this chapter.
      (2) Whenever the Director proposes any modification, suspension,
    or revocation of a permit under this subsection, the permittee
    shall be afforded opportunity, after due notice, for a hearing by
    the Director with respect to such proposed modification,
    suspension, or revocation. If a hearing is requested, the action
    proposed by the Director shall not take effect before a decision is
    issued by him after the hearing, unless the proposed action is
    taken by the Director to meet an emergency situation. Any action
    taken by the Director after such a hearing is subject to judicial
    review on the same basis as is provided for with respect to permit
    applications under subsection (e) of this section.
      (3) Notice of the modification, suspension, or revocation of any
    permit by the Director shall be published in the Federal Register
    within 10 days from the date of the Director's decision.
    (g) Permit fees
      The Director may establish and charge fees for processing
    applications for permits under this section. The amount of such
    fees shall be commensurate with the administrative costs incurred
    by the Director in undertaking such processing.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 5, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 104-
    227, title I, Sec. 105, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3040.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      Section 1362(5) of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(A),
    was redesignated section 1362(6) by Pub. L. 102-582, title IV, Sec.
    401(a), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4909.
      The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.),
    referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), is Pub. L. 93-205, Dec. 28, 1973,
    87 Stat. 884, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter
    35 (Sec. 1531 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification
    of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section
    1531 of this title and Tables.
      The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 701 et seq.), referred
    to in subsec. (c)(1)(C), is act July 3, 1918, ch. 128, 40 Stat.
    755, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter II
    (Sec. 703 et seq.) of chapter 7 of this title. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see section 710 of this
    title and Tables.
-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS
      1996 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(1), substituted
    "section 2403(b)" for "section 2403(a)".
      Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(2), substituted
    "Species" for "Special".
      Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(3)(A), (B), in
    subsec. (e) relating to terms and conditions of permits substituted
    "native plants, or native invertebrates to which the permit
    applies, and" for "or native plants to which the permit applies,"
    in cl. (i), added cl. (ii), and struck out former cls. (ii) and
    (iii) which read as follows:
      "(ii) if any such mammal or bird is authorized to be taken,
    transported, carried, or shipped, the manner (which manner must be
    determined by the Director to be humane) in which such action must
    be accomplished and the area in which such taking must occur, and
      "(iii) if any such plant is authorized to be collected, the
    location and manner in which it must be collected;".
      Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(3)(C)-(G), in
    subsec. (e) relating to terms and conditions of permits substituted
    "or harmful interference within Antarctica" for "within Antarctica
    (other than within any specially protected area)" and "Specially
    Protected Species" for "specially protected species" in
    introductory provisions, substituted ", or" for "; and" in cl.
    (i)(II), added subcl. (III) in cl. (i), and substituted "within
    Antarctica are" for "with Antarctica and" in cl. (ii)(II).
      Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(3)(D), in subsec.
    (e) relating to terms and conditions of permits substituted
    "Specially Protected Species" for "specially protected species" in
    introductory provisions.
      Subsec. (e)(2)(C), (D). Pub. L. 104-227, Sec. 105(3)(H), in
    subsec. (e) relating to terms and conditions of permits added
    subpar. (C) and struck out former subpars. (C) and (D) which read
    as follows:
      "(C) Permits authorizing the entry into any specially protected
    area -
        "(i) may be issued only if -
          "(I) there is a compelling scientific purpose for such entry
        which cannot be served elsewhere, and
          "(II) the actions allowed under any such permit will not
        jeopardize the natural ecological system existing in such area;
        and
        "(ii) shall not allow the operation of any surface vehicle
      within such area.
      "(D) Permits authorizing the entry into any site of special
    scientific interest shall be consistent with the management plan
    prescribed under section 2405(b)(3) of this title for such site."
-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) See References in Text note below.
    (!2) So in original. Two subsecs. (e) have been enacted.
    (!3) So in original. Two subsecs. (e) have been enacted.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2405                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2405. Regulations
-STATUTE-
    (a) Regulations to be issued by Director
      (1) The Director shall issue such regulations as are necessary
    and appropriate to implement Annex II and Annex V to the Protocol
    and the provisions of this chapter which implement those annexes,
    including section 2403(b)(2), (3), (4), and (5) of this title. The
    Director shall designate as native species -
        (A) each species of the class Aves;
        (B) each species of the class Mammalia; and
        (C) each species of plant,
    which is indigenous to Antarctica or which occurs there seasonally
    through natural migrations.
      (2) The Director, with the concurrence of the Administrator,
    shall issue such regulations as are necessary and appropriate to
    implement Annex III to the Protocol and the provisions of this
    chapter which implement that Annex, including section 2403(a)(1),
    (2), (3), and (4) of this title, and section 2403(b)(1) of this
    title.
      (3) The Director shall issue such regulations as are necessary
    and appropriate to implement Article 15 of the Protocol with
    respect to land areas and ice shelves in Antarctica.
      (4) The Director shall issue such additional regulations as are
    necessary and appropriate to implement the Protocol and this
    chapter, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
    (b) Regulations to be issued by Secretary of Department in which
      Coast Guard is operating
      The Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is
    operating shall issue such regulations as are necessary and
    appropriate, in addition to regulations issued under the Act to
    Prevent Pollution from Ships (33 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), to implement
    Annex IV to the Protocol and the provisions of this chapter which
    implement that Annex, and, with the concurrence of the Director,
    such regulations as are necessary and appropriate to implement
    Article 15 of the Protocol with respect to vessels.
    (c) Time period for regulations
      The regulations to be issued under subsection (a)(1) and (2) of
    this section shall be issued within 2 years after October 2, 1996.
    The regulations to be issued under subsection (a)(3) of this
    section shall be issued within 3 years after October 2, 1996.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 6, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2053; Pub. L. 104-
    227, title I, Sec. 106, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3041.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, referred to in subsec.
    (b), is Pub. L. 96-478, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2297, as amended,
    which is classified principally to chapter 33 (Sec. 1901 et seq.)
    of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 1901 of Title 33 and Tables.
-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-227 reenacted section catchline without change
    and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of
    subsec. (a) "In General" which related to requirement that Director
    prescribe regulations to implement this chapter and subsec. (b)
    "Specific Regulations" which related to required content of
    regulations.
-TRANS-
                           TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
      For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of
    the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the
    Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of
    Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see
    sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic
    Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization
    Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under
    section 542 of Title 6.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2406                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2406. Notification of travel to Antarctica
-STATUTE-
      The Secretary of State shall prescribe such regulations as may be
    necessary and appropriate to implement, with respect to United
    States citizens, paragraph 5 of Article VII of the Treaty
    pertaining to the filing of advance notifications of expeditions
    to, and within, Antarctica. For purposes of this section, the term
    "United States citizen" shall include any foreign person who
    organizes within the United States any expedition which will
    proceed to Antarctica from the United States.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 7, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2054.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2407                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2407. Civil penalties
-STATUTE-
    (a) Assessment of penalties
      Any person who is found by the Director, after notice and
    opportunity for a hearing in accordance with subsection (b) of this
    section, to have committed any act prohibited by section 2403(a) of
    this title or to have violated any regulation prescribed under
    section 2406 of this title shall be liable to the United States for
    a civil penalty. The amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed
    $5,000 for each violation unless the prohibited act was knowingly
    committed, in which case the amount of the civil penalty shall not
    exceed $10,000 for each violation. Each day of a continuing
    violation shall constitute a separate offense. The amount of any
    civil penalty shall be assessed by the Director by written notice.
    Any civil penalty assessed under this subsection may be remitted or
    mitigated by the Director.
    (b) Hearings
      Hearings for the assessment of civil penalties under subsection
    (a) shall be conducted in accordance with section 554 of title 5.
    For the purposes of conducting any such hearing, the Director may
    issue subpenas for the attendance and testimony of witnesses and
    the production of relevant papers, books, and documents, and may
    administer oaths. Witnesses summoned shall be paid the same fees
    and mileage that are paid to witnesses in the courts of the United
    States. In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena served
    upon any person pursuant to this subsection, the district court of
    the United States for any district in which such person is found,
    resides, or transacts business, upon application by the United
    States and after notice to such person, shall have jurisdiction to
    issue an order requiring such person to appear and give testimony
    before the Director or to appear and produce documents before the
    Director, or both, and any failure to obey such order of the court
    may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.
    (c) Review
      Upon the failure of any person against whom a civil penalty is
    assessed under subsection (a) of this section to pay such penalty,
    the Director may request the Attorney General to institute a civil
    action in a district court of the United States for any district in
    which such person is found, resides, or transacts business to
    collect the penalty and such court shall have jurisdiction to hear
    and decide any such action. The court shall hear such action on the
    record made before the Director and shall sustain the decision of
    the Director if it is supported by substantial evidence on the
    record considered as a whole.
    (d) Penalties under other laws
      The assessment of a civil penalty under subsection (a) of this
    section for any act shall not be deemed to preclude the assessment
    of a civil penalty for such act under any other law, including, but
    not limited to, the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 [16 U.S.C.
    1361 et seq.], the Endangered Species Act of 1973 [16 U.S.C. 1531
    et seq.], and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act [16 U.S.C. 703 et
    seq.].
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 8, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2054.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, referred to in subsec.
    (d), is Pub. L. 92-522, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 1027, as amended,
    which is classified generally to chapter 31 (Sec. 1361 et seq.) of
    this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code,
    see Short Title note set out under section 1361 of this title and
    Tables.
      The Endangered Species Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (d),
    is Pub. L. 93-205, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884, as amended, which
    is classified generally to chapter 35 (Sec. 1531 et seq.) of this
    title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
    Short Title note set out under section 1531 of this title and
    Tables.
      The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is act
    July 3, 1918, ch. 128, 40 Stat. 755, as amended, which is
    classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 703 et seq.) of chapter
    7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the
    Code, see section 710 of this title and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2408                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2408. Criminal offenses
-STATUTE-
    (a) Offenses
      A person is guilty of an offense if he willfully commits any act
    prohibited by section 2403(a) of this title.
    (b) Punishment
      Any offense described in subsection (a) of this section is
    punishable by a fine of $10,000, or imprisonment for not more than
    one year, or both.
    (c) Offenses under other laws
      A conviction under subsection (a) of this section for any act
    shall not be deemed to preclude a conviction for such act under any
    other law, including, but not limited to, the Marine Mammal
    Protection Act of 1972 [16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.], the Endangered
    Species Act of 1973 [16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.], and the Migratory
    Bird Treaty Act [16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.].
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 9, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2054.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, referred to in subsec.
    (c), is Pub. L. 92-522, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 1027, as amended,
    which is classified generally to chapter 31 (Sec. 1361 et seq.) of
    this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code,
    see Short Title note set out under section 1361 of this title and
    Tables.
      The Endangered Species Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (c),
    is Pub. L. 93-205, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884, as amended, which
    is classified generally to chapter 35 (Sec. 1531 et seq.) of this
    title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
    Short Title note set out under section 1531 of this title and
    Tables.
      The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act
    July 3, 1918, ch. 128, 40 Stat. 755, as amended, which is
    classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 703 et seq.) of chapter
    7 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the
    Code, see section 710 of this title and Tables.
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2409                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2409. Enforcement
-STATUTE-
    (a) Responsibility
      The provisions of this chapter and of any regulation prescribed,
    or permit issued, under this chapter shall be enforced by the
    Director, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce,
    the Secretary of (!1) Interior, and the Secretary of the department
    in which the Coast Guard is operating. The Director and such
    Secretaries may utilize by agreement, on a reimbursable basis or
    otherwise, the personnel, services, and facilities of any other
    Federal agency or any State agency in the performance of such
    duties.
    (b) Powers of authorized officers
      Any officer who is authorized (by the Director, the Secretary of
    the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of the
    Interior, the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard
    is operating, or the head of any Federal or State agency which has
    entered into an agreement with the Director or any such Secretary
    under subsection (a) of this section) to enforce the provisions of
    this chapter and of any regulation or permit issued under this
    chapter may -
        (1) secure, execute, and serve any order, warrant, subpena, or
      other process, which is issued under the authority of the United
      States;
        (2) search without warrant any person, place, or conveyance
      where there is reasonable grounds to believe that a person has
      committed or is attempting to commit an act prohibited by section
      2403(a) of this title;
        (3) seize without warrant any evidentiary item where there is
      reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed or is
      attempting to commit any such act;
        (4) offer and pay rewards for services or information which may
      lead to the apprehension of violators of such provisions;
        (5) make inquiries, and administer to, or take from, any person
      an oath, affirmation, or affidavit, concerning any matter which
      is related to the enforcement of such provisions;
        (6) detain for inspection and inspect any package, crate, or
      other container, including its contents, and all accompanying
      documents, upon importation into, or exportation from, the United
      States; and
        (7) make an arrest with or without a warrant with respect to
      any act prohibited by section 2403(a) of this title if such
      officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be
      arrested is committing such act in his presence or view, or has
      committed such act.
    (c) Seizure
      Any property or item seized pursuant to subsection (b) of this
    section shall be held by any person authorized by the Director, the
    Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary
    of the Interior, or the Secretary of the department in which the
    Coast Guard is operating pending the disposition of civil or
    criminal proceedings, or the institution of an action in rem for
    forfeiture of such property or item; except that such authorized
    person may, in lieu of holding such property or item, permit the
    owner or consignee thereof to post a bond or other satisfactory
    surety.
    (d) Forfeiture
      (1) Any animal or plant with respect to which an act prohibited
    by section 2403(a) of this title is committed shall be subject to
    forfeiture to the United States.
      (2) All guns, traps, nets, and other equipment, vessels,
    vehicles, aircraft, and other means of transportation used in the
    commission of any act prohibited by section 2403(a) of this title
    shall be subject to forfeiture to the United States.
      (3) Upon the forfeiture to the United States of any property or
    item described in paragraph (1) or (2), or upon the abandonment or
    waiver of any claim to any such property or item, it shall be
    disposed of by the Director, the Secretary of the Treasury, the
    Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of the Interior, or the
    Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating,
    as the case may be, in such a manner, consistent with the purposes
    of the chapter, as may be prescribed by regulation; except that no
    native mammal, native bird, or native plant may be disposed of by
    sale to the public.
    (e) Application of customs laws
      All provisions of law relating to the seizure, forfeiture, and
    condemnation of a vessel for violation of the customs laws, the
    disposition of such vessel or the proceeds from the sale thereof,
    and the remission or mitigation of such forfeiture, shall apply to
    the seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been
    incurred, under the provision of this chapter, insofar as such
    provisions of law are applicable and not inconsistent with the
    provisions of this chapter; except that all powers, rights, and
    duties conferred or imposed by the customs laws upon any officer or
    employee of the Customs Service may, for the purposes of this
    chapter, also be exercised or performed by the Director, the
    Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of the Interior, or the
    Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating,
    or by such persons as each may designate.
    (f) Regulations
      The Director, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of
    Commerce, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of the
    department in which the Coast Guard is operating may prescribe such
    regulations as may be appropriate to enforce the provisions of this
    chapter and of any regulation prescribed or permit issued under
    this chapter, and charge reasonable fees for the expenses of the
    United States incurred in carrying out inspections and in
    transferring, boarding, handling, or storing native mammals, native
    birds, native plants, animals and plants not indigenous to
    Antarctica, and other evidentiary items seized or forfeited under
    this chapter.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 10, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2055.)
-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT
      The customs laws, referred to in subsec. (e), are classified
    generally to Title 19, Customs Duties.
-TRANS-
                           TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
      For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of
    the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the
    Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of
    Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see
    sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic
    Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization
    Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under
    section 542 of Title 6.
      For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of
    the United States Customs Service of the Department of the
    Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury
    relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for
    treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d),
    552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department
    of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as
    modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) So in original. Probably should be "of the".
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2410                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2410. Jurisdiction of district courts
-STATUTE-
      The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive
    jurisdiction over any case or controversy arising under the
    provisions of this chapter or of any regulation prescribed, or
    permit issued, under this chapter.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 11, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2056.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2411                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2411. Federal agency cooperation
-STATUTE-
      Each Federal department or agency whose activities affect
    Antarctica shall utilize, to the maximum extent practicable, its
    authorities in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, and
    shall cooperate with the Director in carrying out the purposes of
    this chapter.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 12, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2056.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2412                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2412. Relationship to existing treaties
-STATUTE-
      Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as contravening or
    superseding the provisions of any international treaty, convention,
    or agreement, if such treaty, convention, or agreement is in force
    with respect to the United States on October 28, 1978, or of any
    statute which implements any such treaty, convention, or agreement.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 13, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2056.)
-End-
-CITE-
    16 USC Sec. 2413                                            01/03/2007
-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 16 - CONSERVATION
    CHAPTER 44 - ANTARCTIC CONSERVATION
-HEAD-
    Sec. 2413. Savings provision
-STATUTE-
    (a) Regulations
      All regulations promulgated under this chapter prior to October
    2, 1996, shall remain in effect until superseding regulations are
    promulgated under section 2405 of this title.
    (b) Permits
      All permits issued under this chapter shall remain in effect
    until they expire in accordance with the terms of those permits.
-SOURCE-
    (Pub. L. 95-541, Sec. 14, as added Pub. L. 104-227, title I, Sec.
    107, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3042.)
-MISC1-
                             PRIOR PROVISIONS
      A prior section 14 of Pub. L. 95-541, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat.
    2057, amended section 1971 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and
    Intercourse, and enacted a provision set out as a note under
    section 1971 of Title 22 prior to being amended generally by Pub.
    L. 104-227.
-End-