JUNE, 1897. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIJIW. 237
This storm paeeed about 3 miles aouth of town but I was within 8(
The main cloud waa quite a
ways up, while the funnel came down to the It appeared tc be about the aame size from top to bottom, s f f 2 feet in diametei and perfectly white. The roar sounded aa when a heavy train comes thundering along, although not a h t A of dnd waa to ba felt w h a I waa,
Other funnel clouds were doubtless observed of which nc record has been made. 13th. A few isolated but destructive wind and hail storme were reported as occurring in central and eastern Ohio, Newspaper estimates of the damage at Columbus, Ohio, place the amount at $10,000. 14th.-Damaging hailstorms occurred in central Con- necticut. 16th.-Severe local storms visited central Ohio. 17th 'and 18th.-Severe local storms occurred on the 17th in Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Miesouri, passing easb
ward into adjoining States on the early morning of the 18th without any noticeable decrease in intensity. The blow at
Louisville, Ky., was reported by the local press as being the most severe since the memorable tornado of March 27, 1890. Four boys were killed and 5 injured on the farm of the
State Asylum for the feebleminded near Lincoln, 111. The barn in which the boys had taken shelter was blown down
by the gale. 19th.-Severe local storms were experienced in the mountain regions of Pennsylvania, 20th.-A severe local storm in the vicinity of Duncan, Platte County, Neb., caused the destruction of 3 buildings and other smaller structures. 24th.-The hailstorms that occurred in Topeka and Pueblo, Kans., on this date were of extraordinary violence. The size of the stones was carefully determined a t both places. Observer Jenninga, of Topeka, Kans., describes them in the following words :
While the big hail was falling the observer placed a bucket over his head, and with another bucket ran out and scooped up a dozen balls. With a knife frequently steeped in hot water, these were cut in two and meaaured, gving the following diameters: One 4.75 inches, one 6.0, one 5.25, one 4.0, one 3.0 one 3.5, one 5.0, one 4.0 one 3.0, one 3.6, one 3.5, one 8.0, one 3.0, giving a mean for the whole iot of 4 inches.
In Topeka 26 people were more or less severely injured by the hail. Much damage was done to roofs, skylights were broken to pieces, and the upper floors damaged by rain. The storm was'local, not extending, so far as known, beyond the limita of Shawnee County. The hailstones that fell in Pueblo were not quite so large
as those that fell in Topeka, the largest measuring from 2 to 2.76 inches in diameter and weighing from 4 to 8 ounces.
The damage to windows and roofs was not great, since the large hail was confined to a portion of the southern part of the city only. Hail began at Topeka at 7 : 36 p. m. ; at Pueblo, 8: 15 p. m., eastern time. On the same date a tornado was observed north of Culver,
Ottawa County, Kans. It moved a little north of east for a
distance of 6 or 6 miles, passing and partly demolishing about twenty farm houses. The house of George W. Geesey was -totally destroyed, 3 of the inmates killed and 4 severely in- jured. Property loss about $3,000. 26th.-Heavy rains and high winds in eastern Kansas and Missouri, also in South Carolina. 27th.-High winds in central Arkansas, accompanied by heavy rain.
from it, and saw how it worked.
-0-
-TURXOFTHEAIR.
[In demer Fahrenheit.]
The mean temperatures and the departures from the normal,
as determined from records of the maximum and minimum thermometers, are given in Table I for the regular stations
of the Weather Bureau, which also gives the height of the
thermometers above the ground at each station. The mean temperature is given for each station in Table 11, for volun- tary observers. The monthly mean temperatures published in Table I, for the regular stations of the Weather Bureau, are the simple means of all the daily maxima and minima ; for voluntary stations a variety of methods of computation is necessarily allowed, as shown by the notes appended to Table 11. The mean temperatures given in Table I11 for Canadian stations are the simple means of 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. simultsneous ob- servations. The regular diurnal period in temperature is shown by the
hourly means given in Table V for 29 stations selected out of 82 that maintain continuous thermograph records. The distribution of the observed monthly mean temperature of the air over the United States and Canada is shown by the dotted isotherms on Chart IV ; the lines are drawn over the
Rocky Mountain Plateau region, although the temperatures have not been reduced to sea level, and the isotherms, there- fore, relate to the average surface of the country occupied by our observers; such isotherms are controlled largely by the
local topography, and should be drawn and studied in con- nection with a contour map. The highest mean temperatures were: In the United States, Jacksonville, 83.4; Yuma, 83.0; Phcenix, Port Eads, and Montgomery, 82.6; Key West, 82.2. In Canada, Swift Cur- rent and Ottawa, 60.7; Kamloops, 64.4; Winnipeg and To- ronto, 60.8; Port Stanley, 60.6; Montreal, 60.3. The lowest
were : In the United States, Tatoosh Island, 63.7 ; Sault Ste. Marie, 63.8; Eastport, 64.0; Port Angeles, 64.1; Duluth, 64.2; Marquette, 64.6. InCanada, St. Johns, N. F., 47.2; Grindstone, 49.9 ; Farther Point, 61.2; Yarmouth, 53.0; Syd- ney, 63.2 ; Port Arthur, 64.8 ; White River, 66.0. As compared m-th the noma1 for June, the mean temperath for the current month was in excess in the South Atlantic and,Gulf States and on the north Pacific Goast. It was defi- cient in the Lake Region, New England, and Maritime Prov-
inces. The greatest excesses were : In the United States, Jackeon- ville and Wichita, 3.4; Montgomery, 3.1; Savannah, 3.0; Atlanta, 2.9 ; Port Eads, 2.7 ; Augusta, 2.6 ; Topeka, 2.6 ; As- toria and Keokuk, 2.1. In Canada (by the means of 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. observations), Swift Current, 8.7 ; Edmonton, 1.6. The deficita were : In the United States, Sault Ste. Marie, 6.0 ;
Minneapolis and Portland, Me., 4.1 ; Northfield, 3.7 ; Duluth and Boston, 3.6; Harrisburg, 3.3. In Canada (for 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., eastern time), St. Johns, N. F., and Montreal, 4.2; Quebec, 3.9; White River, 3.7; Chatham, 2.9.
Considered by dietricta the mean temperatures of the cur- rent month show departures from the normal as given in Table I. The greatest positive departures were: South At- lantic, 1.6; east Gulf, 2.1. The greatest negative departures
were : New England, 2.5 ; lower Lake, 2.4 ; upper Lake, 2.1.
The years of highest and lowest mean temperatures for June nre shown in Table I of the REVIEW for June, 1894. The
mean temperature for the current month was the highest on record a t : Jacksonville, 83.4 ; Montgomery, 82.6 ; Jupiter, 61.0. It was the lowest on record at : Sault Ste. Marie, 63.8; Marquette, 54.6 ; Northfield, 67.4 ; Portland, Me., 68.2 ; Woods Hole, 60.2 ; Narragansett Pier, 61.8; Vineyard Haven, 63.0;
A1 bany, 64.6 ; Harrisburg, 67.2. The mazimum and m i n h temperatures of the current month are given in Table I. The highest maxima were : 107, Phcenix (21st) ; 106, Yuma (frequently) ; 105, Fresno (30th) ;
104, Red Bluff (6th). The lowest maxima were: 66, TatOosh Island (19th) ; 69, Eureka 11th) ; 70, Port Angeles (20th)
minima were : 72, Port Eads (6th) ; 71, Jupiter (frequently) ;
and Eastport (26th) ; 73, d oods Hole (16th). The highest
238 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JUNE, 1897
70, Key West (8th) ; 69, New Orleans (frequently) and Pen- sacola (6th) ; 68, Tampa (loth), Jacksonville (tOth), Charles- ton (9th). The lowest minima were: 31, Idaho Falls (2d)
and Marquette (6th); 32, Sault Ste. Mane (7th), Moorhead (frequently), Huron and Williston (6th). The years of highest maximum and lowest minimum tempera- tures for June are given in the last four columns of Table I of the REVIEW for June, 1896. During the current month the maximum temperatures were equal to or above the highest
on record at : Amarillo, Wichita, and Concordia, 102 ; Topeka and Savannah, 100 ; Duluth, 99 ; Omaha, Keokuk, and Daven- port, 98 ; Kansas City, 97 ; St. Paul, 94. The minimum tem- peratures were equal to or below the lowest on record at :
Marquette and Idaho Falls, 31 ; Sault Ste. Marie, 32 ; Duluth and La Crosse, 33; Green Bay, 34; Grand Haven, 37; Du- buque, 40 ; Columbia, Mo.,42 ; Washington, D. C.,43 ; Wichita,
44; Oklahoma and Springfield, Mo., 46; Kansas City, 48;
Memphis, 57.
The greatest daily raWe of temperature and the data for Corn-
Puting the eztrem and monthly ranges are given for each of the regUlar Weather Bureau Stations in Table 1. The largest values of the P a t e s t daily ranges Were: Williston and Idaho Falls, 45 ; Pueblo, 44 ; Carson city and Baker city, 41 ; Miles city, Denver, and Phanix, 40- The smallest values We* : KeY West, 13 ; Hatteras, 14 ; sari Diego, 15 ; Block Island, Woods Hole, and Corpus Chris% 16 ; Nan- tuck& and Port EadS, 17 ; Galveston, Fort Canby, and Tatoo& Island, 18; Eureka, 19.
Among the extreme monthly range8 the largest Were : wil- liston, 69 ; Moorhead, 64 ; Bismarck, 62 ; Carson City and North Platte, 61 ; Salt Lake city, Huron, and MinneaPolis, 60. The smallest values were : San Diego, 16 ; Key West and Tatoosh Island, 20; Port Eads, Jupiter, and Hatteras, 22.
ACCwmdated monthly departures froqn normal temPeratuTe8 from January 1 to the end of the current month are given in the second column of the following table, and the average
departures are given in the third column, for comparison with the departures of current conditions of vegetation from the normal condition.
Aooumalated departures.
Districts. Dlrtrlota.
Total. T ~M . *g- 5: -- --
m w -land ............. - 1.7 - 0.8
.................. 0.2 SouthernPla au ........ - 4.6 - 0 8 Went Qulf ........ .!. ...... .......... - 6.6 - 019
Middle tlantio South Atlantic Florida Peninsula.. East Qnlf
Lower Lake.. ............. ............ - 2.2 Upper Uke ............... ............. - 8.6 1 :::
%per anowlValley M,Isslsrippi ........... Valley..
Northern . a h u .........
0 0 0
........... ............ Z - t: ....... g---*----- - 0.6 - 0.1
Ylddle S l o ~ ..............
North Paolflo.. ...........
--
MOISTURZL
The quantity of moisture in the atmosphere at any time may be expressed by the weight of the vapor coexisting with the air contained in a cubic foot of space, or by the tension or pressure of the vapor, or by the temperature of the dew-point. The mean dew-point for each station of the Weather Bureau, as deduced from observations made at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., daily, is given in Table I. The rate of evaporation from a special surface of water on muslin at any moment determines the temperature of
the wet-bulb thermometer. The mean wet-bulb temperature is now published in Table I ; it is always intermediate, and
generally about half way between the temperature of the air and of the dew-point. The quantity of water evaporated in a unit of time from the muslin surface may be considered
as depending essentially upon the wet-bulb temperature, the dew-point, and the wind. The relative humidity, or the ratio between the moisture that is present in the air and the moisture that it would con- tain if saturated at its observed temperature is given in Table I as deduced from the 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. observations. The general average for a whole day or any other interval would properly be obtained from the data given by an evapo- rometer, but may also be obtained, approximately, from fre- quent observations of the relative humidity.
- PREUIPITATION.
LIn inoher and hundredtb.1
The distribution of precipitation for the current month, asde- termined by reports from about 2,500 stations, is exhibited
on Chart 111. The numerical details are given in Tables I, 11, and 111. The total precipitation for the current month was largest, exceeding 8 inches in a small portion of western Missouri ; it exceeded 6 inches in central New England, cen- tral Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, western Arkansas, and a large portion of Missouri. Little or no rain fell over the southern Plateau Region and southern California. The larger values for regular stations were: Tampa, 8.46;
Kansas City, 7.09 ; Cairo, 6.87 ; Concordia, 6.82 ; Hatteras,
5-76. In Canada, Bermuda, 9-57.
Details as to excessive precipitation are given in Tables XI and XII. The diurnal variation, as shown by tables of hourly means of the total precipitation, deduced from the self-registering gauges kept at the regular stations of the Weather Bureau,
is not tabulated.
The current departures from the normal preoipitation are given in Table I, which shows that precipitation was in ex-
cess in parts of Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, and New England. It was especially deficient on the central Gulf coast, Iowa, and southern Kansas. The large excesses were : Minneapolis, 5.2 ; Green Bay, 4.3 ;
St. Paul, 3.8; Havre, 3.4; Cairo and Concordia, 2.4. The large deficits were : Galveston, 4.6 ; Port Eads, 4.2.
I. By dividing each current precipitation by ita respective
exceeds 100) :
upper Mississippi, 111 ; southern Plateau, 179; northern
Below the normal: Middle Atlantic, 78; south Atlantic,
84; Florida Peninsula, 84; east Gulf, 58; .west Gulf, 69;
Ohio Valley and Tennessee, 74 ; lower Lake, 75 ; upper Lake,
92; Missouri Valley, 95; northern Slope, 96; middle and southern Slopes, 94 ; middle Plateau, 66 ; south Paoific, 0.00.
In Canada, Professor R. F. Stupart says : "The rainfall has been above the average in British Columbia and over the greater portion of the Northwest Territories, on the higher lands of Ontario, in Prince Edward Island, over the greater part of Nova Scotia and in southern New Brunswick. Excess- ive rains fell during thunderstorms in Alberta and Assiniboia.
The years of greatest and least precipitation for June are given in the REVIEW for June, 1890. The precipitation for the current month was the greatest on record at: Green Bay, 7.66 ; Havre, 6.39 ; Pueblo, 2.13. It was the least on record at: Port Eads, 0.00; Chattanooga, 1.03; Milee City, 1.23 ; Omaha, 1.43 ; Nashville, 1.82.
The average departure for each district is given in Table
normal the following corresponding percentages are obtained. (precipitation is in excess when the percentage of the normal
Plateau, 135 ; north Pacific, 104 ; middle Pacific, 139.
Above the normal : New England, 107 ; North Dakota, 118 ;