ORNL/CDIAC-100
                                                     NDP-063
                                
     CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED
     DURING THE R/V AKADEMIK IOFFE CRUISE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN
             (WOCE SECTION S4P, FEBRUARY APRIL 1992)
                                
                         Contributed by
              David W. Chipman,1 Taro Takahashi,1 
          Stephany Rubin,1 Stewart C. Sutherland,1 and
                     Mikhail H. Koshlyakov2
                                
                1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
                     of Columbia University
                   Palisades, New York, U.S.A.
                                
               2Shirshov Institute of Oceanography
                   Russian Academy of Sciences
                         Moscow, Russia
                                
                  Prepared by Alexander Kozyr3
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                  Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
                                
           3Energy, Environment, and Resources Center
                   The University of Tennessee
                  Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
                                
                 Environmental Sciences Division
                      Publication No. 4669
                                
                   Date Published:  July 1997
                                
                        Prepared for the
                 Global Change Research Program
                 Environmental Sciences Division
           Office of Health and Environmental Research
                    U.S. Department of Energy
      Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 00 0 and KP 12 02 03 0
                                
                         Prepared by the
           Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
                  OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
                 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
                           managed by
             LOCKHEED MARTIN  ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
                             for the
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                   under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464        

                         ABSTRACT
                                
                                                            
Chipman D. W., T. Takahashi, S. Rubin, S. C. Sutherland, and M. H. Koshlyakov.  1997. 
  Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Akademic
  Ioffe Cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P, February April 1992).
  ORNL/CDIAC-100, NDP-063.  Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
  National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.  134 pp.
     
                                                            
     This data documentation discusses the procedures and methods used to measure total carbon
     dioxide (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in discrete water samples during the Research
     Vessel (R/V) Akademik Ioffe Expedition in the South Pacific Ocean.  Conducted as part of the
     World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the cruise began in Montevideo, Uruguay, on
     February 14, 1992, and ended in Wellington, New Zealand, on April 6, 1992.  WOCE Section
     S4P, located along ~67  S between 73  W and 172  E, was completed during the 51-day
     expedition.  One hundred and thirteen hydrographic stations were occupied.  Hydrographic and
     chemical measurements made along WOCE Section S4P included pressure, temperature, salinity,
     and oxygen measured by a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor; bottle salinity; bottle
     oxygen; phosphate; nitrate; nitrite; silicate; TCO2; and pCO2 measured at 4 C.  

     The TCO2 concentration in ~1290 seawater samples was determined with a coulometric
     analysis system; the pCO2 in ~1273 water samples was determined with an equilibrator-gas
     chromatograph system.  In addition, 172 coulometric measurements for the Certified Reference
     Material (batch no. 7) were made at sea for 62 bottles and yielded a mean value of 1927.5  1.8
     umol/kg.  This mean value agrees within one standard deviation of the 1926.6  0.7 umol/kg (N =
     6) value determined with the manometer of C. D. Keeling at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 
     The TCO2 values listed in this report have been corrected to this difference.
                                                            
     The WOCE Section S4P data set is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP)
     from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.  The NDP consists of two data files, two
     FORTRAN 77 routines, a readme file, and this printed documentation.
     
     

     
                           
PART 1:
     
                               
OVERVIEW                

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
                                
                                                             
     The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) expeditions in the high-latitude South
     Pacific Ocean surrounding the Antarctic continent were designed to increase knowledge about an
     area of the World Ocean that has not been investigated extensively due to its remoteness and
     difficult ice and weather conditions.  Acquiring oceanographic information from the South Pacific
     Ocean is extremely important because the Southern Ocean is known to be an area of formation
     for deep and intermediate water masses.  These water masses provide a direct link between the
     atmosphere and global deep oceans through water-mass formation and ventilation processes
     (Chipman et al. 1996).
                                                            
     According to Tans et al. (1990), the Southern Ocean (south of 50  S) should be a moderate
     net source of carbon dioxide (CO2) (0.5 Gt of carbon per year) to the atmosphere to account for
     the observed meridional gradient of the atmospheric CO2 concentration.  However, the available
     data suggest that the South Pacific Ocean is a net sink, at least during the summer period.  To
     resolve the controversy, more measurements are needed.  The DOE Global Ocean CO2 Survey is
     taking advantage of the sampling opportunities provided by the WOCE cruises in the South
     Pacific Ocean.
                                                            
     This report presents hydrographic and CO2-related measurements obtained during the 51-day
     expedition of the Russian Research Vessel (R/V) Akademik Ioffe along the WOCE Section S4P,
     which is located in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean along ~67  S, between ~73  W and 
     172  E  (Fig. 1).
                                                            
     The parameters measured during the cruise and listed in this report include the following:
     total CO2 (TCO2) concentration; discrete partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) measured at 4 C; pressure,
     temperature, salinity, and oxygen measured by the conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD)
     sensor; bottle salinity, bottle oxygen, and nutrients.
                                                            
     The CO2 investigation along WOCE Section S4P was supported by a grant (No. DE-FGO2- 92-ER61397) 
     from the U.S. Department of Energy.
     
     
    
     
              
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION
                                
                                 
2.1 R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition Information
     
                                                            

R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition information is as follows:
     
         Ship name/country        Akademik Ioffe/Russia
         Cruise/leg               6/1
         Expocode                 90KDIOFFE6/1
         WOCE Sections            S4P
         Ports of call            Montevideo, Uruguay; Wellington, New Zealand
         Dates                    February 14 April 6, 1992
         Chief Scientist          Mikhail H. Koshlyakov (Shirshov Institute of Oceanography, Russia)
         
     Parameters measured                  Institution         Principal investigators
     
     CTD, oxygen, and nutrients           SIO                 J. Swift
     Tritium and helium                   LDEO                P. Schlosser
     TCO2 and pCO2                        LDEO                D. Chipman and T. Takahashi
     Carbon isotopes                      NASA (ARC)          G. Rau
     Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)           PMEL                J. Bullister
     Acoustic Doppler current profiler    ShIO, OSU           A. Berezutski and J. Richman
     Multibeam bathymetry                 ShIO                A. Berezutski
     Radiocarbon                          LDEO                P. Schlosser        
     Biological sampling                  ShIO                N. Voronina
     

     Participating Institutions
     
     SIO           Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego)
     LDEO          Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University)
     NASA (ARC)    National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Ames Research Center)
     PMEL          Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
     ShIO          Shirshov Institute of Oceanography (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow)
     OSU           Oregon State University
     
          

2.2 Brief Cruise Summary
     
     The WOCE S4P Expedition aboard the Russian R/V Akademik Ioffe started in Montevideo,
     Uruguay, on February 14, 1992, and ended in Wellington, New Zealand, on April 6, 1992, after
     51 days at sea.  The cruise track included hydrographic stations that began on the continental shelf
     of the Antarctic Peninsula at 67 28'S and 71 05'W on February 22, 1992.  Stations continued
     west along ~67 S at intervals of 30 nautical miles.  The first ten stations were established along
     a northwesterly line approximately perpendicular to the continental slope, with stations over the
     shelf break and slope located on depths separated by an 800-m isobath.  Over the Bellingshausen
     Abyssal Plain, between 91 34'W and 130 41'W, and over the Amundsen Abyssal Plain,
     between 142 11'W and 157 41'W, the station spacing was increased to 40 nautical miles.  At
     174 15'E, the track turned southwest to run perpendicular to the Antarctic continental shelf.  The
     section was completed with a 400-m-deep station off Yang Island of the Balleny Islands at 66 25'S and 
     162 41'E.  The last station (no. 795) was the eastern terminus for the continuation of
     the WOCE Section S4 into the Indian Ocean.
         
     
            
3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS 
                                
                                                            
     The data file s4p.dat (see description in Part 2) in this numeric data package (NDP) contains
     the following variables: station numbers; cast numbers; sample numbers; bottle numbers; CTD
     pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen; potential temperature; bottle salinity; concentration
     of dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and TCO2; pCO2 measured at 4 C; and
     data-quality flags.  The station inventory file s4psta.inv (see Part 2) contains the expocode, section
     number, station number, cast number, sampling date (i.e., month, day, year), sampling time,
     latitude, longitude, and bottom depth for each station.
     
     
     
3.1  Hydrographic Measurements
     
                                                            
     The hydrographic measurements and water sampling were conducted by the staff of the SIO
     Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF).  Water samples were collected through the use of Niskin  
     10-L sampling bottles mounted on an ODF-constructed 24-bottle rosette sampler.  The rosette was
     equipped with an ODF-modified NBIS Mark IIIb CTD for in situ measurements of conductivity,
     temperature, pressure, and dissolved oxygen.
                                                            
     Salinity samples were drawn into 200-mL Kimax high-alumina borosilicate glass bottles with
     custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps, which provided low container
     dissolution and sample evaporation.  These bottles were rinsed three times before filling, and
     measurements were usually made within 8-36 h after collection.  Salinity was determined on the
     basis of electrical conductivity measured by an ODF-modified Guildline Autosal Model 8400A
     salinometer, and the values were obtained according to the equations of the Practical Salinity Scale
     of 1978 (UNESCO 1981).
                                                            
     Water samples for oxygen analyses were collected shortly after the rosette sampler was
     brought on board and after the samples for CFCs and helium were drawn.  Sampling flasks
     (100-125 mL), calibrated before the expedition, were carefully rinsed and then filled using a
     drawing tube (after being allowed to overflow for at least two flask volumes).  Reagents were
     added to fix the oxygen before the flasks were sealed with stoppers.  The flasks were shaken
     immediately after being sealed and again after 20 min to ensure thorough dispersion of the
     manganous hydroxide [Mn(OH)2] precipitate.  The oxygen concentration in these solutions was
     determined within 4 36 h using the Winkler titration methods of Carpenter (1965) with
     modifications by Culberson and Williams (1991).  The titrator was calibrated with
     0.01 N potassium iodate standard solutions prepared using preweighed potassium iodate crystals. 
     Oxygen concentrations were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram of
     seawater using the in situ temperature.  A molar volume (at standard temperature and pressure)
     of 22.3914 L/mol (Kester 1975) was used for this purpose.
                                                            
     Nutrient analyses were performed by analysts from SIO using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II 
     provided by ODF.  The procedures used are described in Gordon et al. (1992).  Standardization
     was performed with solutions prepared aboard the ship from preweighed standards. These
     solutions were used as working standards before and after each cast (~24 samples) to correct for
     instrumental drift during analyses.  Sets of 4 6 different concentrations of shipboard standards
     were analyzed periodically to determine the linearity of colorimetric response and the resulting
     correction factors.  Hydrazine reduction of phosphomolybdic acid, as described by Bernhardt and
     Wilhelms (1967), was used for phosphate analysis, while stannous chloride reduction of
     silicomolybdic acid was used for silicate analysis.  Nitrite was analyzed by use of diazotization
     and coupling to form dye.  Nitrate was reduced by copperized cadmium and then analyzed as
     nitrite.  The last three analyses used the methods of Armstrong et al. (1967).
                                                            
     A full cruise report, which includes details about processing the hydrographic data, and the
     final CTD data are available from the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) Office (WHPO)
     at SIO or the WHP Special Analysis Center in Germany.
     
     
     
3.2  Carbon Measurements
     
                                                            
     To measure the TCO2 concentration in seawater, a coulometric analysis system was used
     during the cruise.  This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993) and consists of a
     coulometer (Model 5011), manufactured by the UIC, Inc. (Jolliet, IL), and a sample
     introduction/CO2 extraction system of the LDEO design.  A total of 1290 water samples were
     analyzed for TCO2 concentration.  In addition, 172 determinations were made at sea for 62 bottles
     of the Certified Reference Material (batch no. 7) yielding an average value of 1927.51.8 umol/kg. 
     This compares with the SIO manometric value of 1926.60.7 umol/kg (6 determinations). 
     The mean values for each set of measurements agree with each other within respective standard
     deviations.
                                                            
     To measure the pCO2 in seawater a fully-automated equilibrator-gas chromatograph system
     was used during the cruise.  This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993).  A total
     of 1273 water samples were analyzed for pCO2.  Since pCO2 is strongly affected by temperature
     changes, the equilibration flasks were kept in a constant-temperature water bath of 4.0C
     throughout the expedition.  The precision of the pCO2 measurements has been estimated to be
     ~0.12% for a single station based on the reproducibility of replicate equilibrations.  However,
     the station-to-station reproducibility was about 0.5%.
                                                            
     A full description of the methods and instrumentation used to perform the TCO2 and pCO2
     measurements during the R/V Akademik Ioffe cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section
     S4P) is provided in Appendix B.
                                                                
    
     
       
4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC
                                
                                   
     An important part of the NDP process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
     (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution.  Data received at
     CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the
     source.  To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA reviews 
     that involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy.  Although they
     have common objectives, these reviews are tailored to each data set and often require extensive
     programming efforts.  In short, the QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept
     of supplying accurate, usable data for researchers. 
          
     The following information summarizes the data-processing and QA checks performed by
     CDIAC on the data obtained during the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition in the South Pacific Ocean
     (WOCE Section S4P).
     
     1.   Carbon-related data and preliminary hydrographic measurements were provided to CDIAC 
          by Taro Takahashi of LDEO. The final hydrographic and chemical measurements and the
          station information files were provided by the WHPO after quality evaluation.  A
          FORTRAN 77 retrieval code was written and used to merge and reformat all data files.
     
     2.   The designation for missing values, given as " 9.0" in the original files, was changed to
          " 999.9."
     
     3.   To check for obvious outliers, all data were plotted with a PLOTNEST.C program written
          by Stewart C. Sutherland (LDEO).  The program plots a series of nested profiles, using the
          station number as an offset; the first station is defined at the beginning, and subsequent
          stations are offset by a fixed interval.  Several outliers were identified and
          removed after consultation with the principal investigators.
     
     4.   To identify "noisy" data and possible systematic, methodological errors, property-property
          plots for all parameters were generated, carefully examined, and compared with
          plots from previous expeditions in the South Pacific Ocean.
     
     5.   All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, for example, sampling depth
          values that are greater than the given bottom depths.
     
     6.   Dates and times were checked for bogus values (e.g., values of MONTH <1 or >12, DAY
          <1 or >31, YEAR  1992, TIME <0000 or >2400.
     
     7.   Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling times were examined for
          consistency with maps and cruise information supplied by Chipman et al. (1996).

   
     
        
5.  HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION
                                 
     
     This database is available on request in machine-readable form, without charge, from CDIAC. 
     CDIAC will also distribute subsets of the database as needed.  It can be acquired on 9-track
     magnetic tape; 8-mm tape; 150-MB, 0.25-in. tape cartridge; MAC- or IBM-formatted floppy
     diskettes; or from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area via the Internet (see FTP
     address below).  Requests should include any specific media instructions required by the user to
     access the data (e.g., 1600 or 6250 BPI, labeled or nonlabeled, ASCII or EBCDIC characters, and
     variable- or fixed-length records; 3.5- or 5.25-in. floppy diskettes, high or low density; and 8200
     or 8500 format, 8-mm tape).  Magnetic tape requests not accompanied by specific instructions will
     be filled on 9-track, 6250-BPI, nonlabeled tapes with ASCII characters.  Requests should be
     addressed to
     
        Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
        Oak Ridge National Laboratory
        P.O. Box 2008
        Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
        U.S.A.
     
              Telephone:                                    423-574-0390 or 423-574-3645
              Fax:                                          423-574-2232
     
              Electronic mail:                              cdiac@ornl.gov
     
     
     The data files may also be acquired from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area via the Internet:
     
     FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36),
     enter "ftp" or "anonymous" as the user ID,
     enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., alex@alex.esd.ornl.gov),
     change to the directory "/pub/ndp063," and
     acquire the files using the FTP "get" or "mget" command.

As an alternative, one can access the following World Wide Web URL
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html

                          
6. REFERENCES

Armstrong,  F. A.  J.,  C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland.  1967.  The measurement of
     upwelling and subsequent biological processes  by  means  of the Technicon Autoanalyzer
     and associated equipment.  Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-89.

Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms.  1967.  The  continuous  determination  of  low  level iron,
     soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer.  Technicon Symp.  1:385-89.

Carpenter, J. H.  1965.  The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen
     method.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:141-43.

Chipman, D. W., J. Marra, and T. Takahashi.  1993.  Primary production at 47  N and 20  W in
     the North Atlantic Ocean: A comparison between the 14C incubation method and the mixed
     layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Res. 40:151-69.

Chipman, D. W., S. Rubin, and T. Takahashi.  1996.  Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Along the
     WOCE Section S4P in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean, February April, 1992. 
     Final Technical Report for grant DE-FGO2-92-ER61397, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
     of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y.

Culberson, C. H., and R. T. Williams.  1991.  A Comparison of Methods for the Determination
     of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater.  Report No. WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic
     Programme Office. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest.  1992.  A Suggested Protocol for 
     Continuous  Flow  Automated  Analysis  of  Seawater  Nutrients  in the WOCE
     Hydrographic Programme and the Joint  Global  Ocean  Fluxes  Study. Technical Report
     No. 92-1.  College  of  Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.

Kester, D. R.  1975.  Dissolved gases other than CO2.  pp. 498 556.  In J. P. Riley and
     G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 1.  Academic Press, London. 

Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi.  1990.  Observational constraints on the global
     atmospheric CO2 budget. Science 247:1431-38.

UNESCO.  1981.  Background Papers and Supporting Data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978.
     UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37. 

                            
 PART 2:

                 
CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES                      

7. FILE DESCRIPTIONS
                                
     This section describes the content and format of each of the five files that make up this NDP
     (see Table 1).  Because CDIAC distributes the data set in several ways (e.g., via anonymous FTP,
     on floppy diskette, and on 9-track magnetic tape), each of the five files is referenced by both an
     ASCII file name, which is given in lowercase, boldfaced type (e.g., ndp063.txt), and a file
     number.  The remainder of this section describes (or lists, where appropriate) the contents of each
     file.  The files are discussed in the order in which they appear on the magnetic tape.

        Table 1.  Content, size, and format of data files
                                                                 

  File number, name,               Logical             File size         Block         Record
   and description                 records             in bytes          size          length
                                                                 

  1. ndp063.txt:                      836               42,114           8,000           80
     a detailed description
     of the cruise network, the
     two FORTRAN 77 data-
     retrieval routines, and the
     two oceanographic data
     files

  2. stainv.for:                       43                1,335           8,000            80
     a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval
     routine to read and print
     s4psta.inv (File 4)

  3. s4pdat.for:                       51                2,067           8,000            80
     a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval
     routine to read and print
     s4p.dat (File 5)

  4. s4psta.inv:                      123                9,132           4,100            41
     a listing of the station 
     locations, sampling dates, 
     and sounding bottom depths 
     for each of the 113 stations

5.   s4p.dat:                       2,599              428,122           8,000            80
     hydrographic, carbon dioxide,
     and chemical data from 113 
     stations
                                    _____               ______                                             
              
                 Total              3,652              482,770
                                                   
                                                                 

ndp063.txt (File 1)

  This file contains a detailed description of the data set,  the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval
routines, and the two oceanographic data files.  It exists primarily for the benefit of individuals
who acquire this database as machine-readable data files from CDIAC.

stainv.for (File 2)

  This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4psta.inv (File 4). 
The following is a listing of this program.  For additional information regarding variable
definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for 
s4psta.inv. 

c*****************************************************************
c* This is a Fortran retrieval code to read and print the             
c* station inventory R/V Akademik Ioffe Cruise, WOCE S4P Line   
c***************************************************************** 

c*Defines variables*

       INTEGER  stat, cast, depth
       REAL latdcm, londcm 
       CHARACTER expo*12, sect*3, date*6, time*4
       OPEN (unit=1, file='s4psta.inv')
       OPEN (unit=2, file='s4pstat.inv')
       write (2, 5)

c*Writes out column labels and sets up a loop to read and format all
c*data in the file*

 5     format (3X, 'STATION INVENTORY: R/V AKADEMIK IOFFE',/,
     1 4X,'EXPOCODE',1X,'SECT',1X,'STNBR',2X,'CAST',
     2 5X,'DATE',2X,'TIME',3X,'LATITUDE',3X,'LONGITUDE',2X,
     3 'DEPTH',/)

       read (1, 6)
 6     format (/////////)

 7     CONTINUE    
       read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
     1 latdcm, londcm, depth

 10    format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X,
     1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4)
 
       write (2, 20) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
     1 latdcm, londcm, depth

 20    format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X,
     1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4)

       GOTO 7
 999   close(unit=5)    
       close(unit=2)
       stop
       end

s4pdat.for (File 3)

  This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine to read and print s4p.dat (File 5). The
following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions,
variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for s4p.dat.

c****************************************************************
c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the              
c* file named "s4p.dat" (File 5).                               
c****************************************************************
       CHARACTER qualt*11
       INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot 
       REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca
       REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp
       OPEN (unit=1, file='s4p.dat')
       OPEN (unit=2, file='s4p.data')
       write (2, 5)

c*Writes out column labels*
 
 5     format (2X,'STNNBR',2X,'CASTNO',2X,'SAMPNO',2X,'BTLNBR',2X,
     1 'CTDPRS',4X,'CTDTMP',4X,'CTDSAL',2X,'CTDOXY',5X,'THETA',4X,
     2 'SALNTY',2X,'OXYGEN',2X,'SILCAT',2X,'NITRAT',2X,'NITRIT',2X,
     3 'PHSPHT',2X,'TCARBN',4X,'PCO2',1X,'PCO2TMP', 6X,'QUALT1',/,
     5 36X,'DBAR',4X,'ITS-90',4X,'PSS-78',1X,'UMOL/KG',4X,'ITS-90',
     6 4X,'PSS-78',1X,6('UMOL/KG',1X,),3X,'UATM',3X,'DEG C',
     7 11X,'*',/,25X,'*******',21X,2('*******',1X,),
     8 12X,8('*******',1X,),18X,'*',)

c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file*

       read (1, 6)
 6     format (//////////)

 7     CONTINUE    
       read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
     1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit,
     2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt

 10    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4,
     1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
     2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2,
     3 1X, A11)

       write (2, 20) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
     1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit,
     2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt

 20    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4,
     1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
     2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2,
     3 1X, A11)

       GOTO 7
 999   close(unit=1)    
       close(unit=2)
       stop
       end

s4psta.inv (File 4)

  This file provides station inventory information for each of the 113 stations occupied during
the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition along the WOCE Section S4P.  Each record of the file
contains an expocode, section number, station number, cast, sampling date, sampling time,
coordinates, and sounding depth.  The file is sorted by station number and can be read by using
the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in stainv.for, File 2):

       
       INTEGER  stat, cast, depth
       REAL latdcm, londcm 
       CHARACTER expo*12, sect*3, date*6, time*4

       read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time,
     1 latdcm, londcm, depth

 10    format (A12, 2X, A3, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A6, 2X, A4, 4X,
     1 F7.3, 4X, F8.3, 3X, I4)

Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following:
                                                                 
                                                                 

Variable               Variable      Variable       Starting    Ending
                         type         width          column     column
                                                                 

expo                   Character       12               1          12
sect                   Character        3              15          17
stat                    Numeric         3              21          23
cast                    Numeric         1              29          29
date                   Character        6              33          38
time                   Character        4              41          44
latdcm                  Numeric         7              49          55
londcm                  Numeric         8              60          67
depth                   Numeric         4              71          74

                                                                 

where

expo           is the expocode of the cruise (always RUKDIOFFE6/1);

sect           is the WOCE section number (always S4P);

stat           is the station number (values range from 682 to 795);

cast           is the cast number;

date           is the sampling date (month/day/year);

time           is the sampling time (Greenwich mean time);

latdcm         is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the
               Southern Hemisphere);

londcm         is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate
               the Western Hemisphere);

depth          is the sounding depth of the station (in meters).

s4p.dat (File 5) 

    This file provides hydrographic, CO2, and chemical data for the 113 stations occupied during
the R/V Akademik Ioffe Expedition along the WOCE Section S4P.  Each record contains a station
number; cast number; sample number; bottle number; CTD pressure, temperature, salinity, and
oxygen; potential temperature; bottle salinity; concentrations of oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite,
phosphate, and TCO2; pCO2; pCO2 temperature; and data-quality flags.  The file is sorted by
station number and pressure and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code
(contained in s4pdat.for, File 3):
  
       
       CHARACTER qualt*11
       INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot 
       REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca
       REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp

       read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp,
     1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit,
     2 phspht, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt

 10    format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F9.4,
     1 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2,
     2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2,
     3 1X, A11)

Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following:

                                                                 

                       Variable      Variable       Starting     Ending
Variable                 type         width          column      column
                                                                 

sta                    Numeric          3               6           8
cast                   Numeric          1              16          16
samp                   Numeric          2              23          24
bot                    Numeric          2              31          32
pre                    Numeric          7              35          40
ctdtmp                 Numeric          9              42          50
ctdsal                 Numeric          9              52          60
ctdoxy                 Numeric          7              62          68
theta                  Numeric          9              70          78
sal                    Numeric          9              80          88
oxy                    Numeric          7              90          96
silca                  Numeric          7              98         104
nitrat                 Numeric          7             106         112
nitrit                 Numeric          7             114         120
phspht                 Numeric          7             122         128
tcarb                  Numeric          7             130         136
pco2                   Numeric          7             138         144
pco2tmp                Numeric          7             146         152
qualt                 Character        11             154         164
                                                                 

where

sta            is the station number;

cast           is the cast number;

samp           is the sample number;

bot            is the bottle number;

pre            is the CTD pressure (in dbar);

ctdtmp         is the CTD temperature (in  C);

ctdsal         is the CTD salinity [on the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS)];

ctdoxy         is the CTD oxygen concentration (in umol/kg);

thet           is the potential temperature (in deg. C);

sal            is the bottle salinity (PSS);

oxy            is the bottle oxygen concentration (in umol/kg);

silca          is the silicate concentration (in umol/kg);

nitrat         is the nitrate concentration (in umol/kg);

nitrit         is the nitrite concentration (in umol/kg);

phspht         is the phosphate concentration (in umol/kg);

tcarb          is the total carbon dioxide concentration (in umol/kg);

pco2           is the partial pressure of CO2 (in uatm and measured at pco2tmp);

pco2tmp        is the temperature of equilibration of the pCO2 samples in the equilibrator     
               (in  C);

qualt          is an 11-digit character that contains the data-quality flag codes for each of
               the eleven parameters underlined with asterisks (*) in the output file.

__________________________
Variables that are underlined with asterisks in the data file to indicate they have a data-quality flag. 
Data-quality flags are defined as follows:

1   = sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle but results of analyses
      were not received;
2   = acceptable measurement;
3   = questionable measurement;
4   = bad measurement;
5   = not reported;
6   = mean of replicate measurements;
7   = manual chromatographic peak measurement;
8   = irregular digital chromatographic peak integration;
9   = sample was not drawn for this measurement from this bottle.
                

8. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT
                                
    The data files contained in this numeric data package can be read by using the
FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval programs provided.  Users should visually examine each data file to
verify that the data were correctly transported to their systems.  To facilitate the visual inspection
process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 2 and 3.  Each of these tables
contains the first and last five lines of a data file.

        Table 2.  Partial listing of "s4psta.inv" (File 4)
                                                                 

First five lines of the file:

RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   682     1   022292  2033    -67.468     -70.089    236
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   683     1   022292  2344    -67.166     -71.121    453
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   684     1   022392  1054    -66.895     -71.998    445
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   685     1   022392  1912    -66.814     -72.261    831
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   686     1   022392  2206    -66.782     -72.264   1571

Last five lines of the file:

RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   790     1   032992  0022    -66.022     164.803   2814
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   791     1   032992  0715    -66.250     163.724   2489
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   792     1   032992  1407    -66.395     162.897   1680
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   793     1   032992  2022    -66.400     162.742   -999
RUKDIOFFE6/1  S4P   794     1   032992  2327    -66.419     162.686    421

                                                                 
                      
        Table 3.  Partial listing of "s4p.dat" (File 5)

                                                                                          

First five lines of the file:

     682       1       8       8    13.2   -0.0900   33.3128  331.30   -0.0904   33.3142   349.8   63.40   21.43  
 0.15    1.55  2120.5  369.04    3.99 22222222222
     682       1       7       7    33.4   -0.0080   33.6090  307.80   -0.0092   33.6110   336.9   62.31   23.28  
 0.13    1.69  2147.1  403.93    3.99 22222222222
     682       1       6       6    53.2   -1.1119   33.7673  308.60   -1.1132   33.7587   307.3   71.89   25.63  
 0.19    1.86  2169.1  464.16    3.99 22222222222
     682       1       5       5    78.7   -1.4715   33.9073  289.00   -1.4732   33.9139   298.6   74.23   27.38  
 0.23    1.94  2192.7  502.15    3.99 22222222222
     682       1       4       4   103.2   -1.5324   34.0166  288.20   -1.5347   34.0250   289.8   77.06   28.65  
 0.09    1.99  2202.6  526.22    3.99 22222222222

Last five lines of the file:

     794       1      29      29   196.2   -0.6962   34.4879  254.00   -0.7023   34.4859   261.4   87.12   30.28  
 0.13    2.18  2231.0  539.07    4.00 22222222222
     794       1      28      28   260.7   -0.0390   34.5701  233.90   -0.0487   34.5663   237.8   92.21   30.85  
 0.07    2.21  2238.9  559.08    4.00 22222222222
     794       1       3       3   318.3    0.3007   34.6158  224.70    0.2879   34.6136   224.3   96.24   30.96  
 0.02    2.23  2246.2  568.23    4.00 22222222222
     794       1       2       2   364.6    0.3113   34.6166  223.90    0.2964 -999.9000  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90
-999.90 -999.90  -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 22299999999
     794       1       1       1   368.7    0.3141   34.6166  224.60    0.2990   34.6155   223.7   96.23   31.12  
 0.02    2.24  2244.3  569.48    4.00 22222222222