FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTAGENCY FEMA 414/January 2004 

INSTALLING SEISMIC RESTRAINTS FOR DUCT AND PIPE 


FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTAGENCY FEMA 4144/January 2004 

Notice: This guide was prepared by the Vibration Isolation 
and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association (VISCMA) 
under a cooperative agreement between the Federal 
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the American 
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Any opinions, findings, 
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this 
publication do not necessarily reflect the views of FEMA and 
ASCE. Additionally, neither FEMA, ASCE, VISCMA, nor any of 
their employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, 
nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the 
accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, 
product, or process included in this publication. Users of 
information from this publication assume all liability arising 
from such use. 

For additional copies of this guide, call the FEMA Distribution 
Center: 1-800-480-2520. 

For further information concerning this guide or the activities 
of ASCE, contact the American Society of Civil Engineers, 
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia, 20191, 703-2956000. 

For further information concerning the activities of the 
Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers 
Association, contact Mr. Robert Ecker, 610-971-4850. 

All photos used with permission. Photos provided by: 

Air Balance
American Standard, Inc.
California Economizer, Inc.
DRI-STREEM Humidifier Company
Emerson Process Management / Fisher Controls
Greenheck Fan Corporation
ITT Industries / Bell and Gossett
KINETICS Noise Control

INSTALLING 
SEISMIC RESTRAINTS 
FOR 
DUCT AND PIPE 

January 2004 

Developed by the Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control 
Manufacturers Association under a cooperative agreement 
between the Federal Emergency Management Agency and 
the American Society of Civil Engineers 

ii iii 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This guide was prepared under Cooperative Agreement 
EMW-2001-CO-0379 between the Federal Emergency 
Management Agency and the American Society of Civil 
Engineers. The contributions of the following are gratefully 
acknowledged: 

Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers 

Association (VISCMA) 
Amber/Booth Company Thybar Corporation 
Kinetics Noise Control Vibration Mountings & Controls, Inc. 
Mason Industries Vibration Eliminator Co., Inc. 
M. W. Sausse & Company 

Concrete Anchors Manufacturers Association (CAMA) 

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors
Association, Inc. (SMACNA)

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 

Project Team 

Paul Tertell, FEMA Project Officer
Suzanne Ramsey, Project Manager
James Carlson, Principal Investigator

J. Marx Ayres Michael Hagerty
James Borchers James Henderson
Mike Callanan Jerry Lilly
Robert H. Ecker Bill Staehlin
Consulting Advisors -Representatives of 

Amber/Booth Company Thybar Corporation
IAPMO Vibration Mountings & Controls, Inc.
Kinetics Noise Control Vibration Eliminator Co., Inc.
Mason Industries, Inc. Wej-it Fastening Systems

M. W. Sausse & Co., Inc. 
Advisory Group 

Doug Fitts
Jack Ivers
Brett McCord
Gary McGavin

Editing and Layout 

Gary Clemmons, GC Ink 

Leslie McCasker, McCasker Consulting 

Illustrations 

Scott Hiner, Creative Marketing Resources 

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 
DUCT AND PIPE BRACING LAYOUT 3 
DUCT/PIPE/IN-LINE EQUIPMENT 
BRACING SELECTION 8 
Duct Bracing Selection 8 
In-line Duct-mounted Equipment Bracing Selection 10 
Pipe Bracing Selection 12 
In-line Pipe-mounted Equipment Bracing Selection 14 
DUCT BRACING DETAILS AND 
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 16 
Suspended Rectangular Ducts 16 
Suspended Round Ducts 28 
Floor-mounted Ducts 41 
Roof-mounted Ducts 44 
Wall- and Chase-mounted Ducts 47 
Duct Penetrations 50 
PIPE BRACING DETAILS AND 
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 54 
Suspended Piping 54 
Floor-mounted Piping 70 
Roof-mounted Piping 73 
Wall-mounted Piping 76 
Pipe Penetrations 79 
SUSPENDED EQUIPMENT ATTACHMENT 84 
Suspended by Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 84 
Suspended by Steel Shapes 95 
Suspended by Threaded Rods for In-line 
Pipe Equipment 97 
ATTACHMENT DETAILS CONNECTING

 TO BUILDING STRUCTURE 102 

v 


Table of Contents 

ANCHORS 107 

General Anchors 107 
Cast-in-place Anchors 114 
Lag Bolts 115 
Masonry and Drywall Anchors 117 
Power-Actuated Anchors 125 
Steel Bolt Connections 126 
Welding 131 
Anchor Sizes for Suspended Equipment 133 

SPECIAL CASES 134 

Cables 134 
Flexible Connections and Expansion Joints 140 
Valves and Valve Actuators 144 

ANCHOR SELECTION GUIDE 148 

GLOSSARY 157 

INDEX 166 


INTRODUCTION 

This guide shows installers how to attach ducts, pipes, and 
associated equipment to a building to minimize earthquake 
damage. Many attachment examples and arrangements are 
presented, including anchors and the use of special devices 
called seismic restraint devices. 

Seismic restraint devices include vibration isolation systems, 
cable or strut suspension systems, roof attachment systems, 
and the use of steel shapes. 

Please note that this guide does not replace: 

 Printed instructions shipped with the equipment. 
 Instructions in construction documents and 
specifications. Use approved construction documents. 
 Code-required, industry accepted practices. 
 Safety guidelines and practices. 
 Orders from your supervisor. 
 Seismic restraint device submittals. 
Please note that this guide does not include fire protection 
sprinkler, smoke and fire stops, or fire detection governed by 
local codes and the National Fire Protection Association. 

If you have questions about any information in this 
guide, check with your supervisor. 

This guide contains these sections: 

 Bracing Layout and Selection: Organized by duct and 
pipe components. 
 Bracing Details and Installation: Organized by duct and 
pipe components. Gives instructions on installing bracing 
in many different arrangements. 
 Attachments: Contains instructions on attaching 
suspended equipment and attachment details that 
typically apply to connecting ducts and pipes to building 
structures. 
 Anchors: Shows many different types of anchors used to 
connect equipment to a building. 
 Special Cases: Covers cable assemblies, and special 
situations involving seismic joints, valves and valve 
actuators. 

Introduction 

To use this guide: 

1. Use the Table of Contents to find the Equipment 
section that best represents the equipment you are 
installing. 
2. Using the table (see example below) in the 
Equipment section, find the: 
-type of equipment you are installing in column 1 
-method of installing the equipment in column 2 
-attachment type in column 3. 

column 1 column 2 column 3 
Typical Equipment How is equipment 
to be installed? 
Attachment Type 
Any type of unit Connected to angles Rigid with angles 
mounted to the floor Go to page 53 

3. Turn to the page referenced in column 3 for the
equipment/attachment type you have selected.
If you are not sure which attachment type is
correct, ask your supervisor. 

4. Follow the instructions for the attachment type you 
have selected. These instructions will refer you to 
the correct anchor section so you can make the 
connection to the building structure. 
NOTE: All instructions in this guide are arranged in 
order using numbered steps. Please follow every step 
in the sequence shown. 

Special precautions are marked: 

A flag means you should take special care before 
continuing. Read all the information next to a flag 
before making the attachment. 

A warning sign means you can cause serious 
damage to the building, the device, or the 
equipment if you do not follow the instructions 
exactly. 

A book means you should refer to the 
manufacturers printed instructions before 
continuing. 
Note that a Glossary and an Index are also available to 
facilitate use of this guide. 

DUCT AND PIPE BRACING LAYOUT 

Be sure to refer to approved construction 
drawings and specifications, seismic restraint 
submittals, and manufacturers instructions. 
Also, refer to the manual that was used to 
design the seismic bracing. This manual is 
required to be on the job site. 

Refer to approved construction documents that show the 
overall layout of the duct and pipe runs throughout the 
building. Normal vertical supports are provided at intervals 
as defined in codes and standards. Additional seismic bracing 
may be required. 

Hanger and bracing locations are found in approved 
construction documents. Contact your supervisor to obtain 
these construction documents. When additional seismic 
bracing is required, follow the steps in this section to identify 
where you should place the additional bracing. Then turn to 
the page showing the details and installation instructions for 
each type of seismic brace. 

Exceptions for ducts and piping: Refer to codes and 
manufacturers manuals. 

Refer to adopted local codes for any 
requirements that must be met to exclude 
seismic bracing. 

Refer to local codes for hanger spacing 
requirements. 


Duct and Pipe Bracing Layout 

Step 2: Lay out transverse bracingStep 1: Lay out supports or refer to drawings 
A run is a single straight section of duct or piping. Any 
change in direction is considered a new or different run. 
Offsets within a run may be allowed if the offset is less than 
the recommended spacing divided by 16 or as allowed by 
approved construction documents. 

Separate the layout into runs as shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1: Separate layout into runs. 
For bracing a single pipe run, there may be many short 
sections of pipe. Single or multiple offsets may be allowed if 
the total offset is less than the recommended transverse 
spacing divided by 16. 
Offsets are shown in Figure 2. 
Duct and Pipe Bracing Layout 

At a minimum, transverse bracing must be located at each 
end of the run as shown in Figure 3. 

Figure 3: Locate transverse bracing at the ends. 
Step 3: Check to see if additional transverse bracing is 
required 
Refer to the bracing manual at the job site. 

If the length of the run is greater than the allowed 
transverse spacing in the bracing manual, add intermediate 
transverse bracing until the spacing is correct as shown in 
Figure 4. 

Figure 4: Install additional transverse bracing as necessary, to stay 
within maximum transverse spacing limitations. 
Figure 2: Pipe offset exception. 

45 


Duct and Pipe Bracing Layout 

Step 4: Add longitudinal bracing 
Each run must have a minimum of one longitudinal brace 
as shown in Figure 5. 

Figure 5: Add longitudinal bracing as necessary. 
Transverse bracing on adjacent runs may be considered the 
longitudinal bracing as shown in Figure 6. 
Figure 6: One cost-effective way to rearrange bracing. 
Longitudinal bracing is usually spaced at a maximum 
distance that is two times the transverse spacing. For long 
runs, every second transverse brace should also have a 
longitudinal brace, as shown in Figure 7 
(page 7). 
Duct and Pipe Bracing Layout 

Sometimes longitudinal bracing may be 
required on every transverse brace for large 
ducts and pipes. 

Figure 7: Final configuration. 

Refer to the manufacturers/industry manual 
for bracing requirements as designated in 
approved construction documents. 

Refer to Figure 67 (page 63) for optional 
transverse and longitudinal bracing. 

All longitudinal-only bracing must be 
physically attached to pipe. Attaching clevis-
type hangers are not acceptable. 

Go to pages 8-15 to select the bracing type for typical 
installations. Bracing details start on page 16. 

67 


DUCT/PIPE/IN-LINE EQUIPMENT 
BRACING SELECTION 

Duct Bracing Selection 

Be sure to refer to approved construction 
drawings and specifications, seismic restraint 
submittals, and manufacturers instructions. 

Step 1: Identify the duct bracing used 
Figure 8 shows the different ways to brace ducts. 

Figure 8: Duct system with different seismic braces. 
In-line duct-mounted equipment can be found on page 10. 
Duct/Pipe/In-line Equipment: 
Duct Bracing Selection 

Step 2: Select the bracing type 
Using the following table, select the attachment that best 
matches the installation you have selected, then turn to the 
page listed under the bracing type. 

Typical 
Arrangements 
How is equipment to 
be installed? 
Bracing Type 
Suspended Suspended with rods Suspended 
rectangular duct or angles using cables rectangular ducts 
or rigid laterals 16Go to page 
Isolated with rod Vibration-isolated 
supports and cable rectangular ducts 
bracing 26Go to page 
Suspended round Suspended with rods Suspended round 
duct (including oval or angles using cables ducts 
duct) or rigid laterals 28Go to page 
Isolated with rod Vibration-isolated 
supports and cable round ducts 
bracing Go to page 39 
Floor-mounted Suspended off the Floor-mounted 
rectangular and floor with angles ducts 
round duct 41Go to page 
Roof-mounted Suspended above the Roof-mounted 
rectangular and roof with angles ducts 
round duct 44Go to page 
Wall-mounted Supported off the wall Wall-mounted 
rectangular and ducts 
round duct 47Go to page 
Duct penetrations Ducts through Duct Penetrations 
building structure 50Go to page 
In-line duct-Attached to the -In-line duct 
mounted building structure mounted 
equipment equipment 
10Go to page 

Table 1: Duct bracing installation types. 

Refer to approved contract documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire barriers, 
area separation walls/floors/roofs, smoke 
barriers and seismic separation joints. 

Refer to approved contract documents for 
requirements for weatherproofing roof and/or 

floor penetrations. 

89 


Duct/Pipe/In-line Equipment: In-line 
Duct-mounted Equipment Bracing Selection 

In-line Duct-mounted Equipment Bracing 
Selection 

Be sure to refer to construction drawings and
specifications, seismic restraint submittals, and
manufacturers instructions.

Step 1: Identify the in-line duct-mounted equipment 
Figure 17: Silencer. Figure 18: Fan-coil unit. 

Figure 9: Motorized damper. Figure 10: Motorized damper. 

Figure 19: VAV terminal unit. Figure 20: In-line fan. 

Step 2: Select the attachment type 
Using the following table, select the attachment that best 
matches the installation you have selected, then turn to the 
page listed under the attachment type. 

Figure 11: Combination smoke Figure 12: Square duct-
and fire damper. mounted fire damper. 

Figure 13: Round fire damper. Figure 14: Ceiling fire damper. 

Typical 
Arrangements 
How is equipment to 
be installed? 
Attachment Type 
Coil, damper, in-from theSuspended Rigid 
line fan, fan-coil structure above using 85Go to page 
unit, duct silencer, rods and cables 
or VAV terminal 
unit Suspended from the Isolated 
structure above using 90Go to page 
isolators, rods and 
cables 
from theSuspended Rigid with angles 
structure above using 88Go to page 
angles 
Humidifier Supported by the duct Follow 
wall manufacturer's 
instructions 
from theSuspended 
structure 

Figure 15: Coil. Figure 16: Humidifier. Table 2: In-line duct-mounted equipment installation types. 

10 11 


Pipe Bracing Selection 

Be sure to refer to approved construction 
drawings and specifications, seismic restraint 
submittals, and manufacturers instructions. 

Step 1: Identify the pipe bracing used 
Figure 21 shows the different ways to brace pipes. 

Figure 21: Pipe system with different seismic bracing. 

In-line pipe-mounted equipment can be found on page 14. 

12 

Duct/Pipe/In-line Equipment: 
Pipe Bracing Selection 

Step 2: Select the bracing type 
Using the following table, select the attachment that best 
matches the installation you have selected, then turn to the 
page listed under the bracing type. 

Typical 
Arrangements 
How is equipment to 
be installed? 
Bracing Type 
Suspended piping Suspended with rods Suspended piping 
and angles using Go to page 54 
cables or rigid laterals 
Isolated with rod Vibration-isolated 
supports and cable 65Go to page 
bracing 
Floor-mounted Suspended off the Floor-mounted 
piping floor with angles/ piping 
struts 70Go to page 
Roof-mounted Braced above the roof Roof-mounted 
piping piping 
73Go to page 
Wall-mounted Supported off the wall Wall-mounted 
piping piping 
76Go to page 
Pipe penetrations Pipes through building Pipe penetrations 
structure 79Go to page 
In-line pipe-Attached to the -In-line pipe 
mounted building structure mounted 
equipment equipment 
14Go to page 

Table 3: Pipe bracing installation types. 

Refer to approved contract documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire barriers, 
area separation walls/floors/roofs, smoke 
barriers and seismic separation joints. 

Refer to approved contract documents for 
requirements for weatherproofing roof and/or 
floor penetrations. 

Spacing requirements for rigid angle bracing 
may be less than spacing of cable bracing due 
to the additional weight of the bracing. 

13 


Duct/Pipe/In-line Equipment: In-line 
Pipe-mounted Equipment Bracing Selection 

In-line Pipe-mounted Equipment Bracing 
Selection 

Step 2: Select the attachment type 
Be sure to refer to approved construction Using the following table, select the attachment that best 
drawings and specifications, seismic restraint matches the installation you have selected, then turn to the 
submittals, and manufacturers instructions. page listed under the attachment type. 

Step 1: Identify the in-line pipe-mounted equipment 
Figure 22: Valves and valve Figure 23: Valve and electronic 
air actuator. actuator. 

Typical 
Arrangements 
How is equipment to 
be installed? 
Attachment Type 
Valve or strainer Requires additional 
bracing at the valve 
and actuator if it 
weighs more than 20 
pounds 
Valves and valve 
actuators 
Go to page 144 
Valve actuator Requires additional 
bracing if it weighs 
more than 20 pounds 
in-Air separator, 
line pump or heat 
exchanger 
Support piping near 
equipment/valve 
Suspended piping 
and pumps 
Go to page 97 
Air separator 
Go to page 99 
Heat exchanger 
Go to page 100 

Table 4: In-line pipe-mounted equipment installation types. 

Valves with brittle valve bodies/connections 
require bracing near the valve. 

Figure 24: In-line pump. Figure 25: Air separator. 

Strainers and other piping specialties are 
braced similar to valves. 

Figure 26: Heat exchanger. Figure 27: Strainer. 

14 15 


DUCT BRACING DETAILS AND
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

This section gives instructions on bracing six different kinds 
of ducts: 

 Suspended rectangular ducts (this page). 
 Suspended round ducts (page 28). 
 Floor-mounted ducts (page 41). 
 Roof-mounted ducts (page 44). 
 Wall- and chase-mounted ducts (page 47). 
 Duct penetrations (page 50). 
Suspended Rectangular Ducts 

The six ways to brace suspended rectangular ducts are by 
using: 

 Vertical rods with cable bracing (page 17). 
 Vertical rods with steel-shaped bracing
(page 20).
 Vertical steel shapes with cable bracing
(page 22).
 Vertical steel shapes with steel-shaped bracing (page 
23). 
 Unbraced supports (page 24). 
 Vibration-isolated rectangular duct (page 26). 
For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire barriers, 
area separation walls/floors/roofs, smoke 
barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals used for the installation of duct and 
pipe bracing are required to be on the job site 
to ensure that the correct details are being 
used. 

Bracing must not be attaced to duct joint. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Rectangular Ducts 

Vertical rods with cable bracing 

Vertical rod-braced ducts with transverse and longitudinal 
supports are shown in Figure 28 (below), Figure 29 (page 
18), and Figure 30 (page 19). 

Figure 28: Rectangular duct with vertical rods and braced with 
cables (longitudinal). 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

Do not use coupling nuts except at building 
structure connection. 

Longitudinal cable bracing requires bracing in 
both directions (as shown). 

Rod must be one piece from building structure 
to bottom of trapeze support. 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Rectangular Ducts 

Figure 29: Rectangular duct with vertical rods braced with cables 
(transverse). 
Rod must be one piece from building structure 
to bottom of trapeze support. 
Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

The building structure must be point-load 
capable. Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble the support and connect it to vertical rods as 
shown in Figure 28 (page 17), Figure 29 (above), and Figure 
30 (page 19). 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Rectangular Ducts 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install sheet metal screws to secure duct. Install brackets 
and cable bracing. For cable assembly instructions, see 
Cables (page 134). For instructions on installing anchors, 
see Anchors (page 107). 

Figure 30: Rectangular duct with vertical rods and braced with 
cables (all directional). 

Rod must be one piece from building structure 
to bottom of trapeze support. 

Do not attach threaded rod and cable to the 
same anchor. 

END OF DETAIL. 

18 19 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Rectangular Ducts 

Vertical rods with steel shaped bracing 

Figure 31: Rectangular duct with vertical rods and braced with steel 
shapes (transverse). 

Rod must be one piece from building structure 
to bottom of trapeze support. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry manuals 
may limit the maximum transverse and 
longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Additonal weight of steel shaped bracing added 
to dead load and seismic lateral load may 
reduce brace spacing or increase rod and rod 
anchor sizes. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Rectangular Ducts 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the 
building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble the support and connect to vertical rods as shown 
in the Figure 31 (page 20). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

20 21 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended
Rectangular Ducts Rectangular Ducts

Vertical steel shapes with cable bracing 
Vertical steel shapes with steel shaped bracing 

Figure 32: Rectangular duct with steel shapes and braced with 
cables (transverse). 
Step 1: Attach vertical steel shapes to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble the support and connect to vertical rods as shown 
in the Figure 32 (above). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Figure 33: Rectangular duct with vertical steel shapes and steel 
shaped bracing (transverse and longitudinal). 

Rod must be one piece from building structure 
to bottom of trapeze support. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

22 23 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended
Rectangular Ducts Rectangular Ducts

Step 1: Attach vertical rods to the building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble duct bracing and connect to vertical angles as 
shown in the Figure 33 (page 23). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Unbraced supports 

Unbraced supports may be allowed by the 
authority having jurisdiction and may require 
the top of the duct to be attached to the 
support. 

Refer to building codes for required exceptions 
to unbraced piping and ducts. 

There are three types of unbraced supports: 

 Non-moment-resistant rod support 
 Strap support 
 Vibration-isolated support (see the optional view in 
Figure 34 on page 25) 
24 

Non-moment-resistant rod support 

Figure 34: Rectangular duct non-moment-resistant rod support. 

Strap support 

Figure 35: Rectangular duct strap support. 

Refer to manufacturers/industry manuals for 
size of hanger supports (straps) and spacing. 

Step 1: Attach rods/straps to the building structure 
with anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. Attach as 
shown in Figure 34 (above) and Figure 35 (above). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Connect straps to duct as shown in Figure 35 (above) or 
assemble duct rod support as shown in Figure 36 (page 26). 

END OF DETAIL. 

25 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended
Rectangular Ducts Rectangular Ducts

Vibration-isolated rectangular duct 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Figure 36: Rectangular duct isolated with vertical rods and braced 
with cables (transverse). 

Verify that the vertical limit stops and 
clearances meet the manufacturers 
requirements. 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with vibration isolators to 
the building structure 
Lay out all the attachment points before anchoring, then 
refer to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For isolator details, refer to Figure 92 (page 91). 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble angle bracing and connect to vertical rods as 
shown in Figure 36 (above). 

26 

Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Figure 37: Rectangular duct isolated with rods and braced with 
cables (all directional and longitudinal). 

END OF DETAIL. 

27 


Suspended Round Ducts 

The six ways to brace suspended round and oval duct 
supports are by using: 

 Vertical rods with cable bracing (page 29). 
 Vertical rods with steel shaped bracing 
(page 32). 
 Vertical steel shapes with cable bracing 
(page 34). 
 Vertical steel shapes with steel shaped bracing (page 
36). 
 Unbraced supports (page 37). 
 Vibration isolation (page 39). 
For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire 
barriers, area separation walls/floors/roofs, 
smoke barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals used for the installation of duct and 
pipe bracing are required to be on the job site 
to ensure the correct details are being used. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Vertical rods with cable bracing 

Figure 38: Round duct with vertical rods and braced with cables 
(transverse and longitudinal). 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

Cable bracing requires bracing in both 
directions as shown in Figure 38 (above). 

28 29 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended
Round Ducts Round Ducts

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Figure 39: Round duct with vertical rods and braced with cables (all 
directional). 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

Cable bracing requires bracing on both sides as 
shown in Figure 39 (above) and Figure 40 
(page 31). 

Figure 40: Optional round duct with vertical rods and braced with 
cables (transverse). 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved 
construction documents 
Assemble the support and connect it to the vertical rods as 
shown in Figure 39 (page 30) and Figure 40 (above). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

30 31 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Vertical rods with steel shaped bracing 

Figure 41: Round duct with vertical rods and braced with steel 
shapes (transverse and all-directional). 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble angle bracing and connect to vertical rods as 
shown in Figure 41 (page 32). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

32 33 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Vertical steel shapes with cable bracing 

Figure 42: Round duct with vertical steel shapes and braced with 
cables (transverse and longitudinal). 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow 
noise inside the duct. 

Cable bracing requires bracing on both sides as 
shown in Figure 42 (above). 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Step 1: Attach vertical steel shapes with hanger to the 
building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble the support and connect it to vertical steel shapes 
as shown in Figure 42 (page 34). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

34 35 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Vertical steel shapes with steel shaped bracing 

Figure 43: Round duct with vertical steel shapes with steel shaped 
bracing (all-directional). 
Pre-approved manufacturers/industry manuals 
may limit the maximum transverse and 
longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 
Step 1: Attach vertical steel shapes to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble duct bracing and connect to vertical angles as 
shown in Figure 43 (above). 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Unbraced supports 

Unbraced supports may be allowed by the 
authority having jurisdiction and may require 
the top of the duct to be attached to the 
support. 

Refer to building codes for required exceptions 
to unbraced piping and ducts. 

There are three types of unbraced supports: 

 Non-moment-resistant rod support 
 Strap support 
 Vibration-isolated support (see the optional view in 
Figure 44 below) 
Non-moment-resistant rod support 

Figure 44: Round duct non-moment-resistant rod support. 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

36 37 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended
Round Ducts Round Ducts

Strap Support Vibration-isolated round duct 

Figure 45: Strap support for round duct with steel shaped bracing. 
Refer to manufacturers/industry manuals for 
size of hanger supports (straps) and spacing. 
Step 1: Attach rods/straps to the building structure 
with anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. Attach as 
shown in Figure 44 (page 37) and Figure 45 (above). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved 
construction documents 
Connect straps to duct as shown in Figure 45 (above) or 
assemble duct rod support as shown in Figure 46 (page 
39). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Figure 46: Round duct isolated with vertical rods and braced with 
cables (all-directional and transverse). 
Verify that the verical limit stops and clearances 
meet the manufacturers requirements. 
Step 1: Attach vertical rods with vibration isolators to 
the building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

38 39 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Suspended 
Round Ducts 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Assemble angle bracing and connect to vertical rods as 
shown in Figure 46 (page 39). 

Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
Install brackets and cable bracing to building structure and 
support. For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 
134). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Floor-mounted Ducts 

Ducts are usually raised off the floor with a steel shaped 
support system. Figure 47 (page 42) and Figure 48 (page 
43) show the support with structural steel shapes. 

For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire 
barriers, area separation walls/floors/roofs, 
smoke barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Step 1: Lay out the duct run 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). 

Step 2: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Assemble angles or straps and secure to 
anchors and duct with sheet metal screws 
Step 4: Run duct as required by approved 
construction documents 
Attach duct to angle assembly with angles and sheet metal 
screws. For round ducts, attach duct to assembly with 
straps and sheet metal screws. 

40 41 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Floor-mounted Ducts Floor-mounted Ducts

Figure 47: Duct supported off the floor with angles. Figure 48: Duct supported off the floor with struts. 

Use the shortest screws possible when

Use the shortest screws possible when 

penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow

penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 

noise inside the duct.

inside the duct. 

42 43 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Roof-mounted Ducts 

Roof-mounted Ducts 

Ducts are usually supported above the roof with angles. 

For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings,
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut.

Refer to approved construction documents for
details and provisions for crossing fire
barriers, area separation walls/floors/roofs,
smoke barriers, and seismic separation joints.

The four ways to install roof-mounted ducts are: 

 Mounted to a pre-manufactured seismic duct brace 
(Figure 49, below). 
 Mounted to an angle support with cross bracing 
attached to a roof curb (Figure 50, page 45). 
 Mounted to an angle support attached directly to the 
roof in a pitch pocket to seal the roof (Figure 51, page Figure 50: Duct mounted to the roof with cross bracing on a curb. 
45). 

 Mounted to an angle support for round or oval ducts 
(Figure 52, page 46). 
Figure 51: Duct mounted and directly attached to the roof in a pitch 
pocket. 

Insulate duct with weatherproof jacket where

Figure 49: Duct mounted to a pre-manufactured seismic duct brace. 

required. 

44 45 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Roof-mounted Ducts 

Figure 52: Round duct roof support. 

Step 1: Lay out the duct run 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Step 2: Assemble support 
Step 3: Anchor support base plate to building 
structure 
Step 4: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Attach duct to the angle assembly with angles and sheet 
metal screws. For round ducts, attach duct to the assembly 
with straps and sheet metal screws and bolts as required. 

Seal all anchors and sheet metal screws and 
make weatherproof. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Wall- and Chase-mounted Ducts 

Ducts are usually directly attached to the wall with straps or 
angles. Ducts can also be supported in a chase. 

For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire 
barriers, area separation walls/floors/roofs, 
smoke barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Figure 53: Strap connected directly to wall. 

Straps in Figure 53 (above) do not provide 
vertical bracing. 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow 
noise inside the duct. 

46 47 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Wall- and Chase-mounted Ducts Wall- and Chase-mounted Ducts

Figure 54: Duct supported by angles. 
Figure 56: Duct supported in chase. 
Step 1: Lay out the duct run 
Lay out all the attachment points before anchoring. 

Step 2: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 4: Assemble angles or straps and secure to 
anchors and duct with sheet metal screws 
Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow 

Figure 55: Duct supported from wood or metal stud wall. 

noise inside the duct. 
END OF DETAIL. 

48 49 


Duct Penetrations 

The two types of duct penetrations are: 

 Roof duct penetrations (this page). 
 Interior duct penetrations (page 52). 
For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire 
barriers, area separation walls/floors/roofs, 
smoke barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals used for the installation of duct and 
pipe bracing are required to be on the job site 
to ensure the correct details are being used. 

All roof penetrations should be sealed and 
may require flashing. 

Roof duct penetrations 

Coordinate roof penetrations with the roofing 
contractor. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Duct Penetrations 

Step 1: Lay out the location of penetration 
Coordinate the layout with a structural 
engineer. Additional structural supports may 
be required. 

Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. 

Step 2: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Attach duct to the angle assembly with angles and sheet 
metal screws. For round ducts, attach duct to the assembly 
with split band and sheet metal screws and bolts as 
required. Attach angles to the building structure. 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

Step 4: Add flashing 
Add flashing as required by approved contract 
documents or as directed in manufacturers 
instructions. See Figure 58 (below). 

Figure 58: Flashing for roof penetrations. 

Figure 57: Duct penetration through metal deck roof. END OF DETAIL. 

50 51 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Duct Penetrations 

Interior duct penetrations 

Figure 59: Penetration for interior rectangular duct. 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow 
noise inside the duct. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Duct Penetrations 

Figure 60: Penetration for interior round duct. 
Step 1: Lay out the location of penetration 
Coordinate the layout with a structural 
engineer. Additional structural supports may be 
required. 

Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. 

Step 2: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Run duct as required by approved construction 
documents 
Attach duct to the angle assembly with angles and sheet 
metal screws. Attach angles to the building structure. 

Use the shortest screws possible when 
penetrating ductwork to minimize airflow noise 
inside the duct. 

Duct penetrations may be similar to pipe 
penetrations (page 79). 

END OF DETAIL. 

52 53 


PIPE BRACING DETAILS AND 
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 

This section gives instructions on bracing five different kinds 
of piping: 

 Suspended piping (this page). 
 Floor-mounted piping (page 70). 
 Roof-mounted piping (page 73). 
 Wall-mounted piping (page 76). 
 Pipe penetrations (page 79). 
Suspended Piping 

The seven ways to brace suspended piping are by using: 

 Clevis hanger braced at the restraining bolt 
(page 55). 
 Clevis hanger braced with cables (page 57). 
 Clevis hanger braced at the hanger rod (page 58). 
 Pipe clamps (page 60). 
 Isolated pipe with clevis hanger (page 65). 
 Trapeze support system (page 66). 
 Double roller for expansive pipe (page 68). 
For post-tension (pre-stressed) buildings, 
locate the tendons before drilling. Extreme 
damage may occur if a tendon is nicked or cut. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
details and provisions for crossing fire barriers, 
area separation walls/floors/roofs, smoke 
barriers, and seismic separation joints. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry manuals 
used for the installation of duct and pipe 
bracing are required to be on the job site to 
ensure that the correct details are being used. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Suspended using clevis hanger braced at the 
restraining bolt 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

54 55 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Figure 61: Single clevis hanger support with strut or angle 
transverse bracing at the restraining bolt. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Suspended using clevis hanger braced with cables 

Figure 62: Single clevis hanger support with cable transverse bracing 
at the restraining bolt. 

For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For angle and strut attachment, see Figure 61 (page 
56). 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry manuals 
may limit the maximum transverse and 
longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

END OF DETAIL. 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Suspended using clevis hanger braced at the hanger 
rod 

Figure 63: Single clevis hanger support with strut or angle transverse 
bracing at hanger rod. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry manuals 
may limit the maximum transverse and 
longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hangers to the 
building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, see 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For angle and strut attachment, see Figure 63 (page 
58). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Insulate pipe with weatherproof jacket where 
required. 

END OF DETAIL. 

58 59 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Suspended Piping Suspended Piping

Suspended using pipe clamps 

Figure 64: Pipe clamp supports with transverse strut or angle, 
transverse brace and hanger rod. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

Insulate after attaching pipe clamp. 

Figure 65: Pipe clamp supports with longitudinal strut or angle, 
longitudinal brace and hanger rod. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

Insulate after attaching pipe clamp. 

60 61 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Suspended Piping Suspended Piping

Figure 66: Pipe clamp supports with longitudinal cable brace and 

hanger rod. Figure 67: Pipe clamp supports with all directional brace and hanger 
rod. 

62 63 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger or vibration 
isolator (as required) to the building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For angle and strut attachment, see Figure 69 (page 
66). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Vibration-isolated pipe with clevis hanger 

Figure 68: Vibration-isolated single pipe. 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger or vibration 
isolator (as required) to the building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Building structure must be point load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

64 65 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Suspended with trapeze support system 

Figure 69: Trapeze support with strut or angle lateral supports. 

Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 

Separate isolated piping from rigidly braced 
piping. 

Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the 
building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

Building structure must be point load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For angle and strut attachment, see Figure 69 (page 
66). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Figure 70: Trapeze support with cable lateral brace. 

Separate isolated piping from rigidly braced 
piping. 

END OF DETAIL. 

66 67 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Suspended with double roller support system 

Figure 71: Double roller support for thermally expansive piping. 
Pre-approved manufacturers/industry 
manuals may limit the maximum transverse 
and longitudinal angles to 45 degrees. 
Step 1: Attach vertical rods with hanger to the 
building structure 
Lay out all the attachment points before anchoring, then 
refer to Attachment Details Connecting to Building 
Structure (page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, 
see Anchors (page 107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Suspended Piping 

Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Step 3: Install anchors for bracing 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
angle and strut attachment, see Figure 69 (page 66). For 
instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 107). 

END OF DETAIL. 

68 69 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Floor-mounted Piping 

Floor-mounted Piping 

Attach to the floor with angles either in a single pipe 
support configuration as shown in Figure 72 (below) or on a 
trapeze as shown in Figure 73 (page 71) and Figure 74 
(page 72). 

Figure 72: Single vertical support. Figure 73: Attachment to a floor with strut trapeze. 

70 71 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Floor-mounted Piping 

Figure 74: Attachment to a floor with steel shaped trapeze. 
Step 1: Attach supports or angles to the floor 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design professional. 

Step 2: Build trapeze support and attach piping to 
support with straps or strut pipe clamps 
Torque bolts per manufacturers 
recommendations. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Roof-mounted Piping 

The three ways of attaching piping to a roof are: 

 Single pipe support (this page). 
 Wood blocking support (page 74). 
 Trapeze support (page 75). 
Single pipe support 

Figure 75: Single pipe support. 

Step 1: Attach vertical support to the building 
structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102).For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

72 73 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Roof-mounted Piping Roof-mounted Piping

Step 2: Assemble support and attach to building 
structure 
Apply flashing to roof penetration. 

Step 3: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
END OF DETAIL. 

Wood blocking support 

Figure 76: Wood blocking support. 
Step 1: Lay out the pipe runStep 1: Attach wood support to the building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

Step 2: Apply flashing or sealant to roof penetration 
Follow the manufacturers instructions. 

Step 3: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
END OF DETAIL. 

Trapeze support 

Figure 77: Trapeze support. 
Refer to approved contract documents for pitch 
pocket details. 
Separate isolated piping from rigidly braced 
piping. 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. 

Step 2: Install anchors for bracing 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Assemble angles and secure to anchors 
Step 4: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Attach piping to trapeze support with pipe straps or 
U-bolts. Provide hard insulation and sheet metal protection 
shield at the support area. 

END OF DETAIL. 

74 75 


Wall-mounted Piping 

Directly attach to the wall with two-hole pipe clamps as 
shown in Figure 78 (below) or with angle brackets as shown 
in Figure 79 (page 77) and Figure 80 (page 78). 

Piping surface-mounted from the underside of a building 
structural slab or rated structural ceiling should be attached 
as shown in Figure 78 (below). 

Figure 78: Direct attachment. 
Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Wall-mounted Piping 

Figure 79: Attachment to the wall with angle or strut welded to 
attachment plate. 

Refer to approved construction documents for 
limitations to length of standoffs. 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Wall-mounted Piping 

Figure 80: Attachment to studs in the wall with pre-manufactured 
brackets. 
Step 1: If required, attach supports or angles to the 
wall 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Building structure must be point-load capable. 
Verify with the appropriate design 
professional. 

For drywall attachments, use a strut attachment to the 
studs as shown in Figure 55 (page 48). 

Step 2: Attach pipe to support with straps 
END OF DETAIL. 

Pipe Penetrations 

The two types of pipe penetrations are: 

 Roof pipe penetrations (below). 
 Interior pipe penetrations (page 82). 
Roof pipe penetrations 

Figure 81: Roof pipe penetration detail. 
Refer to Attachment Details Connecting to 
Building Structure (page 102) for bar joist 
attachment. 
Verify that the bar joist is point load capable. 
78 79 


Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions:
Pipe Penetrations Pipe Penetrations

Figure 82: Roof pipe penetration detail. 
Step 1: Lay out location of penetration 
Coordinate the layout with a structural 
engineer. Additional structural supports may 
be required. 

Figure 83: Isolated pipe roof penetration detail. 

Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. 

Separate isolated piping from rigidly braced 
piping. 

Step 2: Install anchors and attach angles to building 
structure 
END OF DETAIL. 

For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Run pipe as required by approved construction 
documents 
Attach pipe to angle assembly with angles and U-bolts or 
with pipe clamp. 

Add flashing as required by approved 
construction documents or as directed in 
manufacturers instructions 

80 81 


Step 1: Lay out location of penetration 
Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: Bracing Details and Installation Instructions: 
Pipe Penetrations Pipe Penetrations 
Interior Pipe Penetrations 

Coordinate the layout with a structural 
engineer. Additional structural supports may 
be required. 

Lay out all attachment points before anchoring. 

Step 2: Install anchors and attach angles to building 
structure 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 3: Run pipe as required by approved 
construction documents 
Attach pipe to angle assembly with angles and U-bolts or 
with pipe clamp. 

Piping penetrating walls/floor slabs/roofs 
must be installed per approved construction 
documents, submittals, or manufacturers 
instructions. 

Rigid attachment to lightweight walls may 
cause vibration problems. 

Separate isolated piping from rigidly braced 
piping. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Figure 84: Interior pipe penetration detail. 

82 83 


SUSPENDED EQUIPMENT ATTACHMENT

Do not mix bracing systems for strut and cable 
bracing. 

This section provides instructions for equipment that is: 

 Suspended by threaded rods connected to equipment 
brackets or additional steel supports (this page). 
 Suspended by steel shapes (page 95). 
 Suspended by threaded rods for in-line pipe equipment 
(page 97). 
Suspended by Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel 
Supports 

The four ways to suspend equipment with threaded rods or 
steel supports are: 

 Rigid connection to the building structure using four 
threaded rods with lateral cable bracing (page 85). 
 Rigid connection to the building structure using four 
threaded rods with lateral steel shaped bracing
(page 88).

 Vibration-isolated connection to the building structure 
using a minimum of four threaded rods and lateral cable 
bracing (page 90). 

 Two-point equipment attachmentbolted to the building 
structure (page 93). 
Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Rigid connection to the building structure using four 
threaded rods with lateral cable bracing 

Equipment should have pre-installed brackets 
that can support the attachment to the 
building. 

Figure 85: Rigid connection to the building structure. 

Cables provide horizontal support for seismic 
loads and should not be installed to hang 
equipment. 

Step 1: Attach the equipment to the building structure 
using threaded rods and anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

84 85 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Step 5: Attach cables to equipmentStep 2: Add rod stiffeners 
For details on attaching cable to the equipment, see Figure 
87 (below). 

Figure 86: Rod stiffeners. 
Step 3: Install anchors for cable attachment 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer Figure 87: Attachment of cable to the equipment.
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see END OF DETAIL.
Anchors (page 107).

Step 4: Attach cable to the building structure 
For cable assembly instructions, see Cables (page 134). For 
details on attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). 

86 87 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Rigid connection to the building structure using four 
threaded rods with lateral steel shaped bracing 

Step 3: Attach angles or strut supports to the building 
structure 
Equipment may have pre-installed brackets for angle 
support attachments as shown in Figure 88 (below). 

Step 4: Attach angles or struts to equipment 
Figure 88: Rigid attachment of angles to the building structure. 

Step 1: Attach the equipment to the building structure 
using threaded rods and anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). Rod stiffeners are not required. 

Step 2: Install anchors for angle or strut supports 
For building structure attachment details, see Attachment 
Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 102). For 
instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 107). 

Figure 89: Attachment of angle or strut to the equipment. 

END OF DETAIL. 

88 89 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Vibration-isolated connection to the building structure 
using a minimum of four threaded rods and lateral 
cable bracing 

Equipment may have pre-installed brackets for angle 
support attachments. See Figure 90 (below) and Figure 91 
(below). 

Figure 90: Plan view of vibration-isolated, suspended attachment to 
the building structure. 
Side view shows vibration isolators, rods (without rod 
stiffeners), and cables. 
Figure 91: Side view of vibration-isolated, suspended attachment 
to the building structure. 
Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Step 1: Attach equipment to the building structure 
using threaded rods, isolators and anchors 
For isolator detail, see Figure 92 (below). For building 
structure attachment details, refer to Attachment Details 
Connecting to Building Structure (page 102). 

Figure 92: Isolator detail. 

Step 2: Install anchors and attach cable to the building 
structure 
For cable connection to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

91 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Step 3: Attach cables to equipment 
For cable assembly, see Cables (page 134). For cable 
attachment to equipment, see Figure 93 (below). 

Figure 93: Attachment of cable/rod assembly to the equipment. 

Step 4: Re-adjust vertical stop limit after support is 
fully loaded 
Verify the adjustments of the vibration isolators with 
manufacturers/industry manuals. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Two-point equipment attachmentbolted to the 
building structure 

Figure 94: Two-point equipment attachment. 

92 93 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods Connected to 
Equipment Brackets or Additional Steel Supports 

Step 1: Attach anchors and vertical rods to the 
building structure 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). Attach equipment to the vertical rods. 

The equipment attachment should be located 
just above the center of gravity of the 
equipment to minimize swinging. It should be 
a rigid attachment with brackets to the 
equipment using double nuts and washers, 
especially if connected at the top as shown in 
Figure 94 (page 93). 

Step 2: Attach rod stiffeners 
For attachment details, refer to Figure 86 (page 86). 

Step 3: Install anchors for cable attachment 
For typical anchorage to different building construction, refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For details on bolting directly to building 
structure, see Anchors (page 107). 

Step 4: Attach cables to the building structure 
For cable assembly see Cables (page 134). For details on 
attaching cable to the building structure, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). 

Step 5: Attach cables to equipment 
The detail in Figure 87 (page 87) shows the cable 
attachment to the equipment. 

END OF DETAIL. 

94 

Suspended by Steel Shapes

Double steel shaped supports with steel shaped lateral 
bracing 

Figure 95: Attachment of double angles for equipment support. 
Use this type of installation for duct-mounted coils, VAV 
boxes, or fan-coil units weighing less than 150 pounds. 

Suspended Equipment: Steel Shapes 

Step 1: Attach anchors and vertical angles or strut to 
the building structure 
For building structure attachment details, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). 

Step 2: Attach horizontal framing 
For attachment details, refer to Attachment Details 
Connecting to Building Structure (page 102). 

Step 3: Install anchors for angle or strut restraints 
For typical anchorage to different building construction, 
refer to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

Step 4: Attach support angles or struts 
One support is attached to the two vertical angles or struts. 
One support is attached to the building structure and to the 
top horizontal frame. For details on angle or strut 
attachment, refer to Attachment Details Connecting to 
Building Structure (page 102). 

Step 5: Attach equipment 
Attach equipment to the support assembly as shown in 
Figure 95 (page 95). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Suspended by Threaded Rods for In-line 
Pipe Equipment 

This section decribes the following three types of in-line pipe 
equipment suspended by threaded rods: 

 In-line pump (below). 
 In-line air separator (page 99). 
 In-line heat exchanger (page 100). 
In-line Pump 

Figure 96: In-line pump. 
96 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods 
for In-line Pipe Equipment 

Step 1: Attach pipe clamps to the building structure 
using threaded rods and anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Step 2: Add rod stiffeners 
For rod stiffener details, refer to Figure 86 (page 86). 

Step 3: Install anchors for cable bracing 
Attach cable seismic brackets with anchors. For typical 
anchorage to different building construction, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Step 4: Attach seismic cable 
For cable assembly, see Cables (page 134). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods 
for In-line Pipe Equipment 

In-line Air Separator 

Figure 97: In-line air separator. 

Step 1: Attach pipe clamps to the building structure 
using threaded rods and anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer 
to Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 
(page 102). For instructions on installing anchors, see 
Anchors (page 107). 

Step 2: Add rod stiffeners 
For rod stiffener details, refer to Figure 86 (page 86). 

98 99 


Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods 
for In-line Pipe Equipment 

Step 3: Install anchors for cable bracing 
Attach cable seismic brackets with anchors. For typical 
anchorage to different building construction, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Step 2: Add rod stiffenersStep 4: Attach seismic cable 
For cable assembly, see Cables (page 134). 

END OF DETAIL. 

In-line Heat Exchanger 

Figure 98: In-line heat exchanger. 
Suspended Equipment: Threaded Rods 
for In-line Pipe Equipment 

Step 1: Attach pipe clamps to the building structure 
using threaded rods and anchors 
Lay out all attachment points before anchoring, then refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

For rod stiffener details, refer to Figure 86 (page 86). 

Step 3: Install anchors for cable bracing 
Attach cable seismic brackets with anchors. For typical 
anchorage to different building construction, refer to 
Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure (page 
102). For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors 
(page 107). 

Step 4: Attach seismic cable 
For cable assembly, see Cables (page 134). 

END OF DETAIL. 

100 

101 


ATTACHMENT DETAILS CONNECTING TO 
BUILDING STRUCTURE 

This section details seven types of attachments to building 
structures: 

 To concrete fill on steel deck (this page). 
 To wood beam (page 103). 
 To I-beam (page 103). 
 To bar joist (page 104). 
 To concrete slab (page 104). 
 Cable brace attachment (page 105). 
 Steel shaped brace attachment (page 106). 
To concrete fill on steel deck 

Figure 99: Post-installed anchor; concrete fill on steel deck. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 

To wood beam 

Figure 100: Wood beam construction. 

For edge distance and spacing, see Lag Bolts 
(page 116). 

END OF DETAIL. 

To I-beam 

Figure 101: Steel I-beam construction. 

Use center load beam clamps for vertical loads. 
Do not use for cables, rods, or structural 
members positioned at an angle. 

END OF DETAIL. 


Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 

To bar joist Cable brace attachment 

Figure 102: Bar joist construction. 

Use center load beam clamps for vertical loads. 
Do not use for cables, rods, or structural 
members positioned at an angle. 

END OF DETAIL. 

To concrete slab 

Figure 104: Attachment of cable brace to the building structure. 
END OF DETAIL. 
Figure 103: Concrete slab construction. 

END OF DETAIL. 

104 105 


Attachment Details Connecting to Building Structure 

ANCHORS 

Steel shaped brace attachment 

General Anchors 

IMPORTANT: Installation methods depend on 
the type of anchor and the particular 
application. Always follow the anchor 
manufacturers installation instructions. 

Figure 105: Attachment of angle or strut to the building structure. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Figure 106: Types of anchors. 

Some anchors must not be used with vibratory 
loads. 

106 107 


Anchors: General 

Step 1: Determine the type of anchor 
Using Figure 105 (page 107), identify the anchor 
recommended for your application. Anchors 1-6 are post-
installed anchors and instructions for installing them begin 
on this page. Anchors 7-11 are specialty anchors and 
instructions are shown on pages 114 to 132. 

The various steps for installing anchors into concrete, brick, 
and concrete block are shown below. 

Non-Adhesive Anchors 
Adhesive Anchors 
Figure 107: Summary of installation steps. 

Approved construction documents may require 
special inspection to torque anchors or for 
proof load using hydraulic rams. 

Step 2: Determine where to drill the hole 
To determine anchor locations for the equipment you are 
installing, follow the instructions for the equipment, bracing 
and attachment you are using (pages 16 to 106). 
Coordinate the equipment connections and hole locations 
with the location of any steel reinforcements or tendons. 

Anchors: General 

Determine the depth and location of any steel reinforcement 
or tendons before drilling. This may require relocating 
equipment slightly to avoid the reinforcement. 

FOR POST-TENSIONED (PRE-STRESSED) 
BUILDINGS, LOCATE THE TENDONS BEFORE 
DRILLING. EXTREME DAMAGE MAY OCCUR IF A 
TENDON IS NICKED OR CUT. 

When using electronic locating devices to find reinforcement 
and tendons, make sure you know the limitations of the 
device. Calibrate and test with a known standard or location 
to confirm accuracy. Check the area of concern in two 
directions. Inform the contractor performing the work of the 
precision of the test unit and record the results. For 
example: agreed upon mark +/-  location vertical, 
horizontal, and depth +/- . 

Coordinate the location of anchors with the edge of the 
concrete, construction joints, and other anchors. 

Do not install the anchor too close to the edge 
of the concrete base. Typically, the anchors 
distance from the edge is 1 times the 
embedment depth. 

Do not install an anchor too close to another 
anchor. Typically, the minimum spacing 
between anchors is two times the anchors 
embedment depth. 

Step 3: Drill the hole 
Drill the right-sized hole for the anchors. Use 
the appropriate ANSI-rated drill bit for the 
application. 

Do not drill holes into concrete at an angle. 

For wedge, undercut and sleeve anchors, drill the hole 
deeper than the required embedment depth. 

The required hole depth may be different from 
the embedment depth. See Figure 107 
(page 110). 

108 109 


Anchors: General 

Figure 108: Embedment depth and hole depth of four anchor types. 

The depth of the concrete base must be at least one inch 
greater than the hole you are drilling. 

Some undercut anchors require an even 
deeper concrete base. 

If you strike steel reinforcement when drilling, 
you must have the damage inspected. As 
directed, fill the hole with approved grout and 
select a new location according to minimum 
spacing requirements. Drill a new hole (see 
Figure 109 below). 

Figure 109: Drilling into concrete with rebar. 
Anchors: General 

Step 4: Clean out the hole 
Drilled holes must be cleaned before you can insert the 
anchor. Use clean, dry compressed air to blow out dust and 
debris. The type of anchor or application also may require 
you to use a brush. 

See the anchor manufacturers instructions for 
cleaning the hole. 

CLEANING IS IMPORTANT: a dirty hole can 
significantly reduce an anchors performance. 

Step 5: Insert the anchor 
If you are installing any anchor other than an adhesive 
anchor, drive the anchor into the hole with a hammer or 
use a wrench rotor hammer for concrete bolts. 

IMPORTANT: DO NOT DAMAGE THE THREADS 
DURING INSTALLATION. DO NOT FORCE THE 
ANCHOR. If you use a larger hammer than 
recommended by the manufacturer, you may 
damage the anchor. 

If you are installing an adhesive anchor, insert the capsule 
or inject non-capsule adhesive into the hole. Slowly rotate 
the anchor into place as shown in Figure 110 (below). 

Figure 110: Adhesive anchor installation. 

If you have installed a wedge or sleeve anchor, go to Step 7 
(page 113). 

110 111 


Anchors: General 

Step 7: Set the equipment and tighten the anchorsStep 6: Setting adhesive, shell and undercut anchors 
ONLY 
Adhesive Anchor: Allow enough time for the 
adhesive to fully cure. The curing process may take 
a long time. See the manufacturers instructions. 

Shell Anchor: Drive the prescribed setting tool 
into the anchor until the setting tool shoulder meets 
the edge of the anchor, as shown below. See the 
manufacturers instructions. 

Figure 111: Set shell anchors. 
Undercut Anchor: Use special tools provided by 
the anchor manufacturer to set the anchor, as 
shown below. See the manufacturers instructions. 
Anchors: General 

Set the equipment in place. Check for gaps. Gaps under the 
equipment must not be greater than 1/8 as shown below. 
If the gap is greater than 1/8, dry pack the gap with grout 
and repeat this step. 

Figure 113: Acceptable gap for grouted plate. 

For anchor bolts larger than 3/8, the equipment housing 
should be reinforced using a structural angle bracket as 
shown in Figure 114 (below). 

Figure 114: Installing a reinforcing angle bracket to equipment. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting in the manufacturers instructions or 
approved construction documents. Use a 
calibrated torque wrench. 

Figure 112: Set undercut anchors. END OF DETAIL. 

112 113 


Cast-in-place Anchors 

Cast-in-place anchors are embedded in the concrete when 
the floors or walls are poured. Bolts are firmly held in place 
while the concrete is poured to maintain proper alignment 
and position. The size and location of the anchors can be 
determined from approved construction documents. 

Step 1: Move the equipment into place 
Figure 115: Bolting equipment to cast-in-place anchors. 

Step 2: Secure equipment 
Once the equipment is in place, apply washers and nuts and 
then tighten. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting in the manufacturers instructions or 
approved construction documents. 

Use a calibrated torque wrench or turn-of-nut method (see 
Table 5, page 127). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Lag Bolts 

Lag bolts are used to attach equipment or steel shapes to 
wood structures. The size and location of the anchors can 
be determined from approved construction documents (see 
Figure 116, below). 

 The edge distance for the non-loaded side is 1 times 
the bolt diameter. 
 The edge distance for the loaded side is 4 times the bolt 
diameter. 
 The spacing between bolts is 4 times the bolt diameter. 
 The end distance is 7 times the bolt diameter. 
Figure 116: Spacing requirements for wood lag bolts. 

Figure 116 is allowed for cable attachments. If 
a strut is attached to wood, both edge 
distances are considered loaded and require 4 
times the bolt diameter. 

Do not anchor to the end grain. 

Step 1: Mark the location of the lag bolts 
Lead holes and clearance holes are not required for lag 
bolts that are 3/8 or smaller. If the lag bolt is smaller than 
3/8, go to Step 4 (page 116). 

114 115 


Anchors: Lag Bolts 

Step 2: Drill a clearance hole 
Masonry and Drywall Anchors

Step 1: Determine the type of anchor
Drill a hole with a drill bit the same size as the shank of the 
bolt. The depth of the hole is the same as the length of the 
unthreaded shank that will extend into the wood (see Figure 
116, page 115). 

Step 3: Drill a lead hole 
Drill a hole with a drill bit that is 60% to 70% of the 
diameter of the shank of the bolt. The depth of the hole is 
the same as the embedment depth of the bolt. 

Step 4: Move the equipment or steel shape into place 
Step 5: Install the lag bolt with a wrench 
You may use soap or other lubricant on the lag bolt. 

DO NOT USE A HAMMER TO INSTALL LAG 
BOLTS. 

Step 6: Tighten the bolt 
Hand-adjust the lag bolt until there is firm contact between 
the lag bolt and connected metal components. Hand tools 
may be used to bring the lag bolt and metal components 
into contact. Following contact, tighten nut as shown in 
Table 5 (page 127). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Figure 117: Types of masonry and drywall anchors. 

116 117 


Anchors: Masonry and Drywall 

Step 2: Determine where to drill the hole 
Anchors shown in Figure 117 (page 117) must be installed in 
specific areas of hollow block and in-filled block. See Figure 
118 (below) for approved anchor hole locations when using 
any of the concrete block anchors shown in Figure 117. 

Figure 118: Block wall locations. 

The location of the anchors should be coordinated with the 
block webs, or centered in the cell face, and properly spaced 
from other anchors. 

DO NOT POSITION THE HOLES IN THE HEAD 
JOINT. Carefully note the location of anchors in 
the face location, centered face location, and 
bed joint as they apply to different anchors. 

Anchors: Masonry and Drywall 

Find webs in block walls, reinforcements in 
grout-filled walls, or studs in drywall. Location 
of through-bolts: Avoid webs in concrete block 
and studs in drywall walls. 

Location of lag bolts and sheet metal screws in 
drywall: Install in a wood or metal stud as 
appropriate. 

Determine the depth and location of any steel 
reinforcement in grout-filled block walls or 
brick before drilling. This may require 
relocating equipment slightly to miss 
reinforcement. 

When using electronic locating devices to find 
reinforcements and tendons, make sure you know the 
limitations of the device. Calibrate and test with a known 
standard or location to confirm accuracy. Check the area of 
concern in two directions. Inform the contractor performing 
the work of the precision of the test unit and record the 
results. For example: agreed upon mark +/-  location 
vertical, horizontal, and depth +/- . 

Step 3: Drill the hole 
Drill the right-sized hole for the anchors. Use 
the appropriate ANSI-rated drill bit for the 
application. 

Use masonry drill bits for brick and block. 

DO NOT CUT STEEL REINFORCEMENT WHEN 
DRILLING HOLES. 

If you strike steel reinforcement when drilling, 
you must have the damage inspected. As 
directed, fill the hole with approved grout and 
select a new location according to minimum 
spacing requirements. Drill a new hole (see 
Figure 109, page 110). 

Holes for concrete screws are smaller than 
screw size. See the manufacturers 
instructions for specific requirements. 

118 119 


Anchors: Masonry and Drywall Anchors: Masonry and Drywall 

Step 4: Clean out the hole 
Drilled holes must be cleaned before you can insert the 
anchor. Use clean, dry compressed air to blow out dust and 
debris. The type of anchor or application also may require 
you to use a brush. 

See the anchor manufacturers instructions for 
cleaning the hole. 

CLEANING IS IMPORTANT: a dirty hole can 
significantly reduce an anchors performance. 

Step 5: Insert the anchor 
The following anchors use different insertion methods: 

 Adhesive screen anchor in a brick wall or hollow block 
wall (this page). 
 Adhesive anchor in a hollow block wall (page 121). 
 Concrete screw (page 122). 
 Toggle bolt (page 122). 
 Concrete anchor (sleeve anchor or wedge anchor) (page 
123). 
 Drywall anchor (lag bolts and sheet metal screws) (page 
123). 
Adhesive screen anchor in a brick wall or hollow block 
wall 

See the anchor manufacturers instructions 
before connecting the anchor to a brick or 
hollow block wall. 

A screen insert is shown in Figure 119 (page 121). Insert the 
screen in the wall. Inject the adhesive. Slowly insert the 
anchor with a twisting motion. 

Screens may be filled with adhesive before 
inserting the screen into the hole. 

120 

For details on installing adhesive anchors in a brick wall, 
see Figure 120 (below). Similar installation applies to 
hollow block walls. Adjust the anchor by hand while the 
adhesive sets. 

DO NOT TOUCH THE ANCHOR WHILE THE 
ADHESIVE IS CURING. 

Figure 119: Brick/block wall insert. 

Figure 120: Brick wall adhesive anchor. 

Adhesive anchor in a hollow block wall 

See the anchor manufacturers instructions 
before connecting the anchor to a hollow block 
wall. 

Push an umbrella anchor into the hole until the umbrella 
unfolds in the block cavity (Figure 121, page 122). Inject 
adhesive into the umbrella. Slowly insert stud or fastener 
with a twisting motion. 

DO NOT LEAK ADHESIVE ON THE THREADED 
PORTION OR CLEAN WITH SOLVENT. The 
threaded area must be free of debris to attach 
to a threaded rod or steel bolt. 


Anchors: Masonry and Drywall Anchors: Masonry and Drywall 

Figure 121: Umbrella anchor in a hollow block wall. 

Concrete screw 

Drill bits may be specifically sized for each manufacturer, 
and typically are smaller in diameter than the nominal or 
fractional diameter of a screw. Install a concrete screw with 
a rotary drill and bolt the head attachment. 

Toggle bolt 

Hold the toggle flat alongside the plastic straps and slide the 
channel through the hole. Slide the holding ring toward the 
wall until the channel is flush with the wall. Cut off the 
straps at the holding ring. Insert the bolt with a rotary drill 
over the bracket or equipment mounting. See Figure 122 
(page 123). 

Figure 122: Toggle bolt installation. 

DO NOT OVER-TIGHTEN. 

Concrete anchor (sleeve anchor or wedge anchor) 

Use a hammer to drive the anchor in the hole. 

DO NOT FORCE THE ANCHOR. If you use a 
hammer larger than recommended, you may 
damage the anchor. 

To determine the embedment depth of post-installed 
anchors, see Figure 108 (page 110). 

Drywall anchor (lag bolts and sheet metal screws) 

Use a rotary drill to insert the anchor. 

DO NOT OVER-TIGHTEN. 

122 123 


Anchors: Masonry and Drywall 

Step 6: Set the anchor (adhesive only) 
Allow enough time for the adhesive to harden and adhere to 
the concrete. This may take several hours. 

Step 7: Set the equipment and tighten the anchors 
Tighten the anchor bolt to the proper torque 
setting as shown in the anchor manufacturers 
instructions or approved construction 
documents. 

In-filled block walls may have gaps in the grout fill or the 
grout may slightly crack, requiring anchors to be installed in 
the center of the cell. 

If the grout cracks severely, or if you miss a 
grouted block, the anchor will not tighten and 
will pull out. If it pulls out, move the anchor to 
a new centered cell location. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Power-Actuated Anchors

Step 1: Determine type of anchor 
Figure 123: Two types of power-actuated anchors. 
Authorities having jurisdiction may require a 
license to use power-actuated anchors. 
Refer to the Anchor Selection Guide (page 148) 
for additional information. 
Step 2: Determine where to place the fastener 
Follow the manufacturers recommendations 
for minimum slab thickness and best location. 

Step 3: Install anchor 
Using tools provided by the anchor manufacturer, install the 
anchor at the desired location. Follow all the manufacturers 
instructions. Also see Power-Actuated information in the 
Anchor Selection Guide (page 148). 

For threaded rods, follow Step 4. 

When using drive pins, install the pin with the strap or wire 
to complete the installation. 

Step 4: Set equipment and tighten 
Tighten the anchor nuts over equipment brackets on the 
threaded rods. 

END OF DETAIL. 

124 125 


Anchors: Steel Bolt Connections 

Steel Bolt Connections 

The three ways to attach bolted connections are: 

 Connecting the base of the equipment to an angle 
bolted to a concrete floor (this page). 
 Bolting two structural steel shapes together 
(page 128). 
 Bolting a threaded rod to steel shapes or strut 
(page 129). 
Connecting the base of the equipment to an angle 
bolted to a concrete floor 

Step 1: Preparation 
Determine the bolt size or sheet metal screw 
and material requirements from approved 
construction documents or the manufacturers 
instructions. 

Step 2: Locate holes 
Use pre-drilled holes wherever possible. Holes may not have 
been pre-drilled at the attachment locations shown in the 
instructions. In these cases, carefully drill new holes in the 
correct locations. 

Use caution when drilling into equipment. 
Internal components can be damaged. 
DO NOT DRILL OVERSIZED HOLES. 

Step 3: Install bolts, washers, and nuts 
Once the equipment is in place, apply washers and nuts and 
then tighten. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting shown in the manufacturers 
instructions or approved construction 
documents. 

For turn-of-nut tightening, hand-adjust the bolt snug tight 
where there is firm contact between the bolt and connected 
metal components. Hand tools may be used to bring the bolt 
and metal components into contact. Following contact, 
tighten the nut as shown below. 

Length of Bolt 
Additional 
Tightening 
Up to and including 4 diameters 1/3 turn 
Over 4 diameters and not more than 
8 diameters 
1/2 turn 
Over 8 diameters and not more than 
12 diameters 
2/3 turn 

Table 5: Turn-of-nut, hand-adjusted tightening. 

Figure 124: Bolting equipment to an angle. 

126 127 


Anchors: Steel Bolt Connections 

Bolting two structural steel shapes together 

Step 1: Preparation 
Determine the bolt size and material 
requirements from approved construction 
documents or the manufacturers instructions. 

Figure 125: Bolting structural shapes. 

Step 2: Locate holes 
Carefully drill new holes in the structural steel shapes. 

Step 3: Install bolts, washers, and nuts 
Apply washers and nuts, then tighten. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting shown in the manufacturers 
instructions or approved construction 
documents. Use a calibrated torque wrench or 
turn-of-nut method (see Table 5, page 127). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Anchors: Steel Bolt Connections 

Bolting a threaded rod to steel shapes or strut 

A threaded rod is used with suspended equipment. This 
section includes attachment to the equipment and 
attachment to the building structure (page 102). 

Step 1: Preparation 
Determine the threaded rod size from approved 
construction documents or the manufacturers 
instructions. 

The three different ways to attach the threaded rod are 
shown in Figure 126 (below). 

Step 2: Attach the top connection of the threaded rod 
Figure 126: Attaching the top connection of the threaded rod. 
128 

129 


Anchors: Steel Bolt Connections 

Apply washers and nuts, then tighten. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting shown in the manufacturers 
instructions or approved construction 
documents. Use a calibrated torque wrench or 
turn-of-nut method (see Table 5, page 127). 

Step 3: Attach threaded rods to equipment brackets 
Equipment without attachment brackets requires additional 
steel shapes for connections to the building structure and/or 
roof. 

Once the equipment is in place, apply washers and nuts, 
then tighten. 

Tighten the anchor bolt to the correct torque 
setting shown in the manufacturers 
instructions or approved construction 
documents. Use a calibrated torque wrench or 
turn-of-nut method (see Table 5, page 127). 

END OF DETAIL. 

Welding 

Before welding, refer to approved construction 
documents and specifications, seismic 
restraint submittals, and manufacturers 
instructions. 

Attaching equipment to embedded plates: Plates are 
embedded in the concrete during the floor or wall pour. 
Plates are firmly held in place while the concrete is poured 
to maintain proper alignment and position. The size and 
location of the plate can be determined from construction 
drawings. See Figure 127 (below) for weld locations. 

Figure 127: Welding to embedded plates. 

Attaching structural shapes and plates: Shapes and 
plates are welded to provide equipment attachment. All 
weld base material must be thick enough for the weld size 
specified. 

Step 1: Determine the weld material, shape, and 
dimensions for each piece 
130 131 


Anchors: Welding 

Step 2: Fit the material to ensure proper weld joint 
preparation 
Step 3: Clean the surfaces 
Surfaces must be dry and free of galvanized coating, hot-
dipped or rust inhibitor, paint, scale, rust, oil, grease, water, 
and other foreign material for a minimum of one inch from 
the estimated toe of the weld. 

Step 4: Weld the materials 
The weld must be as prescribed in the welding procedure 
specifications (WPS). 

WPS for shop and field pre-qualified weld joints and weld 
joints qualified by test must be prepared for review and 
approval before fabrication. All welding procedure items such 
as base metals, welding processes, filler metals and joint 
details that meet the requirements of AWS D1.1 will be 
considered prequalified. Any change or substitution beyond 
the range or tolerance or requirements for pre-qualification 
will be qualified by test pre-AWS D1.1. 

DO NOT WELD OVER PAINT. You may paint 
after welding has cooled to room temperature. 

Step 5: Inspect the weld 
Make sure the surface is free of slag, dirt, grease, oil, scale, 
or other contaminants. 

Welds cannot have cracks. Adjacent layers of weld metal 
and base metal must be thoroughly fused together. 

All craters must be filled to the full cross-section except 
outside the effective weld length. 

Underrun must not exceed 1/16. Undercut must not exceed 
1/16 for any 2 per 12 weld or 1/32 for the entire weld. 

Surfaces must be free of coarse ripples, grooves, abrupt 
ridges, and valleys. The faces of fillet welds must be flat or 
slightly convex. 

END OF DETAIL. 

Anchor Sizes for Suspended Equipment 

Rigidly attach equipment to building structure rods and 
cables according to Table 6 (below). Torque anchors 
according to the manufacturers instructions. 

dedaerhtlacitreVdorytitnauQdoRrepsrohcnAhtiwdor"2/1reneffitsdorhcaenoenOrenroc1 
Rod anchor Embedment (in.) 
Minimum Edge 
Distance 
1/2" wedge 2-1/4" 3-1/2" 
1/2" sleeve 2-1/4" 3-1/2" 
3/8" lag bolt to 
wood beam 
2" 
2" to edge of 
wood and 3" 
from end 
1/2" steel bolt N/A 1" 

elbaCytitnauQelbacrepsrohcnAcimsies"61/3elbacseerged54ta4renrochcaeta1
Cable anchor Embedment (in.) 
Minimum Edge 
Distance (in.) 
1/2" wedge 2-1/4" 3-1/2" 
1/2" sleeve 2-1/4" 3-1/2" 
3/8" lag bolt to 
wood beam 
2" 
2" to edge of 
wood and 3" 
from end 
1/2" steel bolt N/A 1" 

Table 6: Suspended equipment anchor sizes for rigid connections. 

132 133 


SPECIAL CASES 

Cables 

The three ways to assemble cable connections are by using: 

 Bolts with center holes (page 135). 
 Ferrule clamps (page 136). 
 Wire rope grips (page 138). 
Other end fittings may be acceptable. 

Cables should be installed at a 45-degree slope. Where 
interferences are present, the slope may be a minimum of 
30 degrees and a maximum of 60 degrees. 

Special Cases: Cables 

Bolts with center holes 

The manufacturer provides this type of cable assembly, 
along with the cables, mounting bolts with holes, and 
brackets that attach directly to the building structure or 
equipment frame. Assemble the cable as shown below. 

Figure 129: Cable attached with bolts to a bracket. 
Step 1: Drill anchor holes in the building structure as 
required 
Step 2: Attach brackets to both the building and the 
equipment frame 
Step 3: Cut the cable to desired length and slide it 
through the holes in the bolts 
Step 4: Tighten the cable 
For rigid connections, pull the cable hand tight. Pull the 
cable hand-tight and let out 1/8 slack for vibration-isolated 
components. Avoid using too much tension or too much 
slack. 

Step 5: Torque bolts 
Refer to the manufacturers instructions. 

Overtorque of bolts may cause damage to 
cables. 

END OF DETAIL.

Figure 128: Cable attachments. 

134 135 


Special Cases: Cables 

Ferrule clamps 

Ferrule clamps may be connected to various types of 
attachments. Figure 130 (below) and Figure 131 (page 
137) show attachments and identify the parts, ferrules or 
sleeves and thimbles, used in the assembly. 

Ferrules must be made of steel, zinc-plated 
copper, or steel alloys (including stainless 
steel). Do not use aluminum ferrules. 

Figure 130: Ferrule assemblies. 

Special Cases: Cables 

Figure 131: Ferrule attachments. 
Step 1: Install brackets with mounting holes, eye-
bolts, or drill mounting holes 
Install brackets with mounting holes to the structure. Attach 
cables to the top of cord angles. See Attachment Details 
Connecting to Building Structure (page 102). 

Step 2: Cut the cable to the desired length and slide 
the oval ferrule (sleeve) onto the cable 
Step 3: Wrap the cable around the thimble and pass it 
through the mounting bolt or holes and back through 
the ferrule 
Step 4: Tighten the cable 
For rigid connections, pull the cable tight. For isolated 
components, leave a small amount of slack. Avoid using too 
much tension or too much slack. 

Step 5: Crimp the ferrule or oval sleeve two or three 
times as specified in the cable or ferrule 
manufacturers instructions 
Use crimp tools and gauges specified by the manufacturer. 
Crimp and verify the depth of the crimp using a gauge. 

END OF DETAIL. 

136 137 


Special Cases: Cables 

Wire rope grips 

Installing cables attached with wire rope grips is similar to 
attaching ferrule clamps, as shown below. 

Figure 132: Wire rope grip assemblies. 

Note that the nut side must be located 
opposite the dead end of the cable. 

Step 1: Install brackets with mounting holes, eye-
bolts, or drill mounting holes 
Step 2: Cut cable to the desired length and slide three 
wire rope grips and thimbles onto the cable 
Step 3: Pass the cable through the mounting bolt or 
holes provided and then back through each of the 
wire rope grips 
Special Cases: Cables 

Step 4: Tighten the cable 
For rigid connections, pull the cable tight. For isolated 
components, leave a small amount of slack. Avoid using too 
much tension or too much slack. 

Step 5: Torque all bolts evenly 
Use the turn-of-nut tightening method described in Step 3 
of Steel Bolt Connections (page 126). 

DO NOT OVER-TIGHTEN.
END OF DETAIL.

Use thimbles for all cable installations with 
wire rope grips. 

138 139 


Special Cases: Flexible Connections and 
Expansion Joints 

Flexible Connections and Expansion Joints 

Flexible connections are required when vibration-isolated
equipment is attached to rigidly supported piping systems or
ductwork.

Flexible connections are also required when rigidly mounted
equipment is attached to unrestrained piping systems or to
unrestrained ductwork systems.

Expansion joints are required when piping systems or
ductwork span two different building structures or when
entering an isolated building.

Figure 134: Braided hose pipe connector. 
Flexible Connectors 

The four flexible connectors are: 

 Rubber joint duct connector (this page). 
 Braided hose pipe connector (page 141). 
 Rubber hose pipe connector (page 141). 
 Rubber hose connector with control rods (page 141). 
Follow manufacturers instructions to install
connectors.

140 141 

Figure 135: Rubber hose pipe connector. 
Figure 133: Rubber joint duct connector. 
Rectangular ducts may use slip joints. 
End-of-run seismic braces are required at 
flexible connections. 
Figure 136: Rubber hose connector with control rods. 
END OF DETAIL. 

Special Cases: Flexible Connections and Special Cases: Flexible Connections and
Expansion Joints Expansion Joints

Expansion Joints 

The four expansion joints are: 

 Braided hose expansion joint (this page). 
 Double-socket expansion joint (this page). 
 Expansion joint above floor (page 143). 
 Expansion joint between a separation (page 143). 
Step 1: Verify clearance allowed by expansion joint 
with movement of the two systems 
Layout all attachment points before making 
final connections. 

End-of-run seismic braces are required at 
expansion joints. 

Figure 139: Expansion joint above floor. 
Step 2: Run pipe as required by approved 
construction documents 
Figure 137: Braided hose expansion joint. 

Figure 140: Expansion joint between a separation. 
Figure 138: Double-socket expansion joint. END OF DETAIL. 

142 143 


Valves and Valve Actuators 

There are many ways to brace valves and valve actuators. 
Valves usually do not require special braces and usually are 
required only in the horizonal direction. Approved 
construction documents must identify all directions of 
bracing required. 

Rigid or flexible pipe braces near the valve are common. 
These braces should be installed for specifically bracing the 
valve and not for bracing the piping system. The piping 
system should have an independent bracing system. 

See Pipe Bracing Details and Installation Instructions (page 
54) for pipe braces that can be used near the valve bodies. 

There are two types of valve bracing: 

 Pipe bracing (page 145). 
 Valve bracing (page 146). 
Valve actuator seismic braces must be identified on the 
approved construction documents. These braces are 
typically unique and depend on the installation and type of 
valve actuator. 

Valve actuators that are directly on top of the valve only 
require horizontal braces. Heavy actuators located on the 
side may require additional vertical braces, as detailed in: 

 Valve actuator bracing (page 147). 
Special Cases: Valves and Valve Actuators 

Pipe Bracing 

Figure 141: Pipe bracing detail. 
Step 1: Run piping as shown on the approved 
construction documents 
Lay out all attachment points before making 
final piping connections. 

Step 2: Verify lengths used for the pipe bracing 
Temporarily fit bracing as necessary. 

Step 3: Attach mounting plates to the building 
structure 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107). 

Step 4: Assemble brace 
END OF DETAIL. 

144 145 


Special Cases: Valves and Valve Actuators Special Cases: Valves and Valve Actuators 

Valve Bracing Valve Actuator Bracing 

Figure 142: Transverse bracing directly attached to valve. 

PLAN VIEW 

Step 1: Run piping as shown on the approved 
construction documents 
Figure 143: Valve actuator bracing. 

Lay out all attachment points before making
final piping connections.

Step 1: Run piping as shown on the approved 
construction documents 
Step 2: Verify lengths used for the pipe bracing 
Lay out all attachment points before making 
final piping connections. 

Temporarily fit bracing as necessary. 

Step 3: Attach mounting plates to the building 
structure 
Step 2: Verify lengths used for the pipe bracing 
Temporarily fit bracing as necessary. 

For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 

107). 

Step 4: Assemble bracing 
Step 3: Attach mounting plates to the building 
structure 
For instructions on installing anchors, see Anchors (page 
107).

END OF DETAIL. 

Step 4: Assemble bracing 
END OF DETAIL. 

146 147 


Anchor Selection Guide 

ANCHOR SELECTION GUIDE

Power-Actuated 
Description Warning 
Threaded Studs 
Used in cases where the 
fastened equipment is to be 
removed later, or where 
shimming is required. 
Threaded studs for concrete 
have a 0.140" to 0.180 shank 
diameter, with typical 
penetration of 3/4" (minimum) 
to 1-1/2" into concrete. 
Threaded studs for steel plate 
applications have a 0.140" to 
0.180 shank diameter when 
the steel plate thickness is 
3/16" or greater. 
Safety is the primary 
concern when using power-
actuated tools (PAT). PAT 
tools pose the greatest risk 
to the operator and others in 
the area of use. Observe the 
following safety 
precautions: 
Typically not used for 
equipment weighing more than 
40 pounds. 
Never allow a tool to be used 
until the operator is properly 
trained for the specific tool and 
application. 
Never use a tool unless all 
safety features are functioning 
properly. 
Always have the operator and 
others around wear the proper 
safety devices. 
Never use more powerful loads 
than required for the particular 
application. 
Always be aware of the 
potential of the fastener passing 
through the substrate or being 
deflected from its intended 
target. 
Make sure that all areas are 
clear behind and around the 
target area. 
Have an action plan in place to 
properly handle and dispose of 
misfired loads. 
Always make sure the tools are 
low velocity and not standard 
velocity. (Standard velocity 
tools are not typically allowed 
on most jobsites because of the 
danger.) Authorities having 
jurisdiction may require a 
license to use power-
actuated anchors. 
Drive Pins 
Used to directly fasten 
equipment for permanent 
installation. 
Drive pins used for concrete 
have a 0.140" to 0.180 shank 
diameter, with typical 
penetration of 3/4" minimum to 
1-1/2" into concrete. 
Drive pins for steel plate 
applications have a 0.140" to 
0.180 shank diameter when 
the steel plate thickness is 
3/16" or greater. 

Adhesive 
Description Warning 
Capsule Spin-In 
Adhesive mixes in the hole 
when the anchor is drilled by a 
rotary hammer drill only. 
Various strengths and types of 
rods or fasteners can be used. 
Multiple types of coatings on 
rods are available. Most 
commonly used in concrete; 
some might be suitable for use 
in other substrates. Most 
capsules cure quickly compared 
to epoxy. 
Do not over-spin during 
installation. The rod must have 
a roof cut end with a single or 
double 45-degree angle/bevel 
for mixing. The hole must be 
clean and dry to achieve the 
maximum strength. Rod must 
be clean and must not be 
disturbed during curing. Many 
capsules produce strong odors 
during the curing process. 
Check the MSDS sheets or with 
your supervisor to determine if 
masks are required. 
Capsule Hammer-in 
Adhesive mixes in the hole 
when the rod is driven by a 
hammer. Various strengths and 
types of rods or fasteners can 
be used. Multiple types of 
coatings on rods are available. 
Most commonly used in 
concrete; some might be 
suitable for use in other 
substrates. Most capsules cure 
quickly compared to epoxy. 
The hole must be clean and dry 
to achieve the maximum 
strength. Rod must be clean 
and must not be disturbed 
during curing. Many capsules 
produce strong odors during the 
curing process. Check the MSDS 
sheets or with your supervisor 
to determine if masks are 
required. 

148 149 


Anchor Selection Guide Anchor Selection Guide 

Adhesive (cont.) 
Description Warning 
Epoxy 
Used by mixing two or more 
components with a mixing 
nozzle at the point of 
application. Can be used with 
multiple forms of fasteners or 
as an adhesive. Many brands 
can be used in wet, damp, or 
dry conditions. Many formulas 
are allowed for use for USDA 
food processing areas. Some 
may be able to be used 
overhead. Permitted many 
times in freeze-thaw and 
severe weather conditions. 
Allows minimal edge distance 
and anchor spacing. Typical 
shelf life greater than that of 
other adhesives used for 
anchoring. Not as susceptible to 
damage from high storage 
temperatures. 
Typically requires long curing 
times compared to that of other 
adhesives. Can be virtually odor 
free or can emit a strong odor, 
depending on the formula. Can 
be difficult to apply if the epoxy 
is thick. Generally not 
suggested for use at 
temperatures below 32 degrees 
F. Most epoxies require holes to 
be cleaned to obtain maximum 
values. Check the MSDS sheets 
or with your supervisor to 
determine if masks are 
required. 
Acrylic Adhesive 
Dispenses and cures quickly. 
Some adhesives can be used 
overhead. Some adhesives can 
be installed in damp or water-
filled holes. Typically can be 
used with many fastening 
devices such as threaded rod, 
dowels, and anchors. 
Many types of acrylics produce a 
strong odor during the curing 
process. Others have a minimal 
odor. Check the MSDS sheets or 
with your supervisor to 
determine if masks are required. 
Generally purchased from the 
manufacturer as a complete 
anchoring system. Any 
substitution of materials must 
be authorized before 
installation. 
Adhesive Undercut 
Anchors 
Used in heavy-duty applications 
where substrate is of poor 
quality. 

Externally Threaded 
Description Warning 
Heavy Duty Undercut 
Used in heavy-duty 
applications. Typically two 
types: self-undercutting and 
adhesive. 
Self-undercutting types use a 
special undercutting drill bit 
similar to heavy-duty sleeve 
anchors except that they fill a 
cavity greater than the initial 
hole diameter. 
May require special tools and 
specific drill bits. Typically 
cannot be used at variable 
embedment depths. Can be 
complicated to install. May be 
difficult to verify proper 
installation. 
Wedge Anchor 
The most common concrete 
anchor for heavy- to light- duty 
applications. Many 
configurations are available for 
most applications. Made from a 
variety of materials. 
Typically designed for static 
loads and not used with 
reciprocating engines or in 
situations where vibrations are 
present. 
Heavy Duty Sleeve Anchor 
Expansion anchor for heavy-
duty requirements. 
A large hole is required for this 
anchor. Some anchors have 
metric diameters. Some have 
multiple parts that can be 
unassembled. If re-assembled 
improperly, the anchor may not 
perform properly. If the nut is 
removed after the stud is 
inserted in the hole, the stud 
could be partially separated 
from the expansion cone, 
causing a reduction in anchor 
strength, or be detached from 
the expansion cone, requiring 
anchor replacement. These 
conditions are not visible. 

150 151 


Anchor Selection Guide Anchor Selection Guide 

Externally Threaded (cont.) 
Description Warning 
Center Pin Anchor 
Medium-duty expansion 
anchor. The anchor is correctly 
installed when the pin is 
completely inserted. 
Installation procedures are 
simple; no torque is required 
to set the anchor. 
Typically designed for static 
loads and not used with 
reciprocating engines, motors or 
in situations where vibrations 
are present. 
Sleeve Anchor 
Universal anchor for light- to 
medium-duty applications. 
Multiple head designs fit many 
applications and can be 
installed in masonry. 
A large hole is required for this 
anchor. Some anchors have 
metric diameters. Some have 
multiple parts that can be 
unassembled. If re-assembled 
improperly, the anchor may not 
perform properly. If the nut is 
removed after the stud is 
inserted in the hole, the stud 
could be partially separated from 
the expansion cone, causing a 
reduction in anchor strength, or 
be detached from the expansion 
cone, requiring anchor 
replacement. These conditions 
are not visible. 
Concrete Bolts (continued 
on next page) 
Concrete bolts are recommended for use in dry interior 
applications. 
Concrete bolts may be acceptable in some cases for 
temporary use in exterior applications. 
Not all concrete bolts used in 
resisting earthquake or wind 
loads are appropriate and may 
be beyond the scope of the 
anchors abilities. 
Maintain equal or greater than 
minimum edge distance spacing 
specified for concrete bolts or 
apply reduction factors if applicable. 
The embedment depth is the 
distance from the concrete surface to the bottom of the screw 
anchor. 
Maintain minimum slab thickness. 
Use ONLY a specific 
manufacturers recommended 
method of installation. 

Externally Threaded (cont.) 
Description Warning 
Concrete Bolts (cont.) 
Concrete bolts should not be 
subjected to vibratory loads 
such as those encountered by 
supports for reciprocating 
engines, crane loads, and 
moving loads. 
Concrete bolts are limited to 
installation in uncracked 
concrete masonry. Cracking 
may occur from anchor location 
in tension zone of concrete 
member, and anchors subjected 
to seismic loads, wind loads, or 
moving loads. 
Concrete bolts are limited to 
non-fire-resistive construction 
unless appropriate data is 
submitted demonstrating that 
anchor performace is 
maintained in fire-resistive 
situations. 
NEVER substitute one 
manufacturers concrete bolt installation instructions for 
another manufacturers instructions. 
DO NOT ASSUME one 
manufacturers instructions are 
the same as another 
manufacturers instructions. 
Some manufacturers use different diameter drill bits for the 
same nominal diameter concrete 
bolt. Use the proper diameter 
drill bit before installation. When 
a specific screw anchor 
manufacturers drill bit diameter 
is not used, a reduction of capacity must be accounted for in 
the calculations. Other manufacturers may recommend the use 
of ANSI B212 matched diameter 
drill bits for use with their concrete bolts. 
Some manufacturers may allow 
power tools for installation and 
others may not. Some screw anchor manufacturers recommend 
not using an electric impact 
wrench when re-using the same 
hole. Some manufacturers allow 
piloting a new anchor hole; 1 or 
2 additional applications or reuses are possible. If the 
manufacturer allows the screw 
anchor to be reused, inspect for 
excessive wear or the capacity 
of the screw anchor. 

152 153 


Anchor Selection Guide Anchor Selection Guide 

Internally Threaded 
Description Warning 
Internally Threaded 
Undercut Anchor 
Used in heavy-duty 
applications. Typically come in 
two types: self-undercutting 
and those using a specialized 
undercutting drill bit. Anchors 
have internal threads. Shallow 
embedment and small edge 
distances and spacing are 
possible. 
May require special tools and 
specific drill bits. Typically 
cannot be used at variable 
embedment depths. Can be 
complicated to install. May be 
difficult to verify proper 
installation. 
Shell Anchor 
Flush-mount or sub-surface 
internally threaded anchor for 
medium- to light-duty 
applications. Comes in 
fractional and metric sizes and 
is available in a variety of 
materials. 
A special setting tool is required 
and must be supplied by the 
anchor manufacturer. The 
setting tool is designed for each 
anchor size and style. 
Others 
Similar to the wedge concrete 
anchor and used in heavy- to 
light-duty applications. Many 
configurations are available to 
fit most applications. Made 
from a variety of materials. 
Typically designed for static 
loads and not used with 
reciprocating engines or in 
situations where vibrations are 
present. 

Light Duty Fastenings 
Description Warning 
Drive Pin (nail) Anchors 
(metal and plastic) 
Light-duty anchor with fast 
and easy installation in many 
substrates. 
Use only for static loads. 
Typically not used in overhead 
applications. 
DO NOT USE 
FOR SEISMIC 
RESTRAINT 
Concrete Screws 
Medium- to Light-Duty 
A variety of lengths and 
diameters are available. Often 
used for temporary 
anchorage. 
Typically not used in situations 
where extensive vibrations are 
present. Requires the use of a 
special drill bit (some metric) 
supplied by the anchor 
manufacturer. 
Special Style Head Wedge 
(ring) anchor 
Wedge anchor with integrated 
connection (head) designed for 
tie wires or suspended ceilings. 
Typically designed for static 
loads and not used with 
reciprocating engines or in 
situations where vibrations are 
present. 
Single and Double 
Expansion Shields 
Multi-purpose anchor used in 
concrete, Concrete Masonry 
Unit (CMU), brick, or stone. 
This anchor distributes fairly 
even pressure, making its use 
popular in CMU, brick, and 
natural stone. Typically used in 
conjunction with machine bolts, 
which can be removed and 
replaced. 
Anchor material is malleable 
and the threads can be 
stripped. 
DO NOT USE 
FOR SEISMIC 
RESTRAINT 

154 155 


Anchor Selection Guide 

GLOSSARY

Light Duty Fastenings (cont.) 
Description Warning 
Lead Expansion Anchors 
Similar to expansion shields, 
but typically considered light-
duty. Many can be used with a 
variety of screws or bolts. Quick 
and simple to install. Can be 
used in concrete, CMU, brick, or 
stone. 
Anchor material is malleable 
and the threads can be 
stripped. Anchor should not be 
used in any applications. 
DO NOT USE 
FOR SEISMIC 
RESTRAINT 
Toggle or Molly-type 
Anchors 
Light- to medium-duty anchor 
with easy installation in many 
substrates. No drilling is 
required for some anchor 
types or in some substrates. 
Some anchors are supplied 
with bolts or screws. Anchors 
are made from variety of 
materials and colors including 
plastic, zinc alloys, and steel. 
May require a large hole. 
Anchor may or may not be 
reusable if the bolt is removed. 
Severe damage to the substrate 
can result if these anchors are 
removed after installation. 

A Adhesive anchor  A smooth or deformed steel bar 
or threaded rod, set in a predrilled hole in hardened 
concrete or masonry (including masonry units and 
mortar joints) that derives its holding strength from a 
chemical bonding compound placed between the wall 
of the hole and the embedded portion of the anchor. 

Anchor  A device for connecting equipment and 
attachments to the building structure. 

Attachments  Support systems used to connect 
equipment, pipe, conduit, or ductwork to the building. 

Attachment type  Use of attachments to floors, 
walls, roofs, ceilings, and vibration isolators. 

B 
Bar joist  Ceiling joists supporting intermediate 
floors or roof made from steel angles and steel bars. 

Base plate  A steel plate used for support and 
anchorage of an angle support or vibration isolator. 

Bed joint  A horizontal seam in a brick or concrete 
block wall. Also see Head joint. 

Bolt diameter  Thickness or width of the outside of 
the threaded portion of the bolt. 

Building structure  Steel, concrete, masonry and 
wood members or surfaces that transfer the weight of 
the building and equipment to the ground. 

Bumpers  Angles or other steel shapes with 
elastomeric padding rigidly mounted to the building 
structure in a pattern around the equipment base to 
limit horizontal movement. 

C Cable brace  A steel cable designed for use as a 
seismic sway brace for suspended equipment, piping, 
ductwork, or raceways. Also see 
Pre-stretched cable. 

Cant strip  A material used to fill voids in roof 
flashing. 

Cantilevered  A support member connected at one 
end and unsupported at the other end. 

156 157 


Glossary Glossary 

Cast-in-place  A steel shape embedded into 
concrete. 

Cast-in-place anchor  A headed steel bolt set 
within a concrete form before concrete is poured. 

Cold joint  An edge between two concrete surfaces. 

Construction documents  Drawings, specifications, 
and manufacturers instructions (approved by the 
appropriate design professional) that define the scope 
of a project and provide detailed information to 
seismically restrain the equipment, piping, ductwork, 
or raceways. Also known as blue prints. 

Counter flashing  A light-gauge sheet metal folded 
support or equipment frame to shed water or snow 
onto the roof. 

Curb  Raised or enclosed framework that supports 
equipment. 

Cure  To gain internal strength over time to 
withstand external forces. 

Cure time  The total time it takes for the material to 
be at an absolute full load capacity. 

D 
Design professional -The responsible party, 
recognized by the authority having jurisdiction, 
working within their scope of qualifications and 
providing design services. 

Differential movement  The movement between 
two objects or surfaces. 

E 
Edge distance  The distance between a concrete 
anchor and the edge of a concrete surface or concrete 
cold joint. 

Elastomeric  A material with flexibility in all 
directions that will return to its original shape if 
removed from its environment. 

Elastomeric pad - A resilient natural or synthetic 
rubber like pad used to reduce sound, shock and high 
frequency vibrations. 

Embedded plate - A steel plate set into concrete to 
permit a welded attachment. 

F 
G 
Embedment  How far a post-installed anchor is 
inserted into a hole in concrete or wood after the 
anchor is set in place and torqued. 

Embedment depth  See Embedment. 

Enclosure  A case or housing to protect electrical 
components. 

Equipment  Any mechanical or electrical component. 

Expansion anchor  A post-installed anchor that uses 
some form of wedge or shell held against the edge of a 
drilled hole with friction. 

Ferrule  A small metal tube that can be crimped 
around steel cables. 

Fiberglass pad - A pad with a core of resilient 
fiberglass material covered by a moisture resistent 
resilient shell used to reduce sound, shock and high 
frequency vibrations. 

Fillet weld  A weld between two pieces of steel 
where the welded surfaces are at right angles. 

Flashing  Metal, asphalt, or elastomeric material 
with one or more layers surrounding a roof penetration 
specifically designed to weatherproof the building. 

Flexible connector  A connector designed to allow 
slight movement between a piece of equipment, 
component, or system and another system in the 
event of an earthquake. 

Flexible mounted equipment  A piece of 
equipment supported on or from a vibration isolator. 

Gel time  A specified amount of time for an adhesive 
to form a jelly-like substance with strength to hold its 
own weight or the weight of a light steel anchor. 

Grommet  A rubber or elastomeric bushing-shaped 
ring that may be used in restrained springs, snubbers, 
or with bolts to provide a cushioned or flexible 
connection. 

Groove joint  A mechanical connection between two 
pipe sections using a tongue-and-groove configuration 
and elastomeric gasket. 


Glossary Glossary 

H 
Hand tight  The force applied by hand or with hand 
tools to bring two or more materials firmly in contact 
without a space. 

Head joint  A vertical joint between two concrete 
blocks in a block wall or two bricks in a brick wall. Also 
see Bed joint. 

Headed stud  A large bolt with a threaded shaft and 
a hexagonal-shaped bolt head typically used for 
embedment into concrete surfaces or in-filled concrete 
walls. 

Height-saving bracket  A bracket used to 
accommodate the height of spring isolators without 
raising the equipment base more than a few inches. 

Housed spring  A spring isolator with steel guides 
usually separated by an elastomeric sheet located on 
two opposite sides of the spring. 

Housed spring isolator -A steel coil spring designed 
to be loaded in compression along the axis of the 
spring. Housed springs have a two-piece housing and 
mounting stud for the purpose of leveling equipment. 
The housing has limited lateral restraining capabilities 
and cannot resist uplift. 

Housekeeping pad  A concrete pad under 
equipment that raises the elevation of the equipment 
above the building structure or structural slab. 

I 
Inertia base  A heavily weighted base, usually made 
of concrete, that weighs more than the equipment it 
supports. 

In-filled block  A concrete block wall whose cells are 
reinforced with rebar and filled with a sand-grout 
mixture. 

Inlet  The location or connection to equipment where 
a substance such as water or air enters the equipment. 

In-line equipment -Equipment connected to ducts or 
pipes allowing the continuous flow of the medium 
inside the ducts or pipes. 

Isolators  See Vibration isolators. 

160 

L 
Leveling stanchions  See Stanchions. 

Load path  Seismic support of equipment and
internal components that can be traced through
connections and support steel to the building
structure.

Load transfer angles  Angles bolted to equipment 
and to the building structure, transferring the weight 
and earthquake load through the angles to the building 
structure. 

Longitudinal brace  A brace that restrains pipes, 
ducts, or raceways parallel to the longitudinal direction 
of the pipe, duct run, or raceway. 

M Moment-resistant - The ability of an object to resist
a force that would cause its rotation or movement
around a point or axis.

N No-hub pipe  Pipe designed for connections that do
not interlock or permanently join.

Nominal diameter  The diameter across the outermost edges of a bolt or threaded rod. 

O 
Open spring  A spring isolator with a bolt 
attachment at the top of the spring for connecting to 
equipment without any horizontal support. 

Open spring isolator -A steel coil spring designed to 
be loaded in compression along the axis of the spring. 
Open springs have a plate or cup on the bottom and 
top with a mounting stud. 

Outlet  The location or connection to equipment 
where a substance such as water or air exits the 
equipment. 

Oversized hole - Bolt holes greater than standard 
bolt holes allowed by industry standards. 

P Pitch pocket -The frame on a roof contouring the
sealing material protecting the penetrations or surface-
mounted equipment supports on an unprotected
building structure.


Glossary Glossary 

R 
Plenum  An enclosed space usually made from 
galvanized sheet steel allowing airflow from one duct 
system to another; the entrance to and/or exit from a 
fan or air handling unit. 

Plug weld  The weld of a plate or base plate to 
another metal surface where a plate is perforated with 
one or more holes, which are then filled with the weld 
filler material. 

Point load  Weight and seismic forces that are 
focused to a single point connection to the building 
structure. 

Post and beam  An elevated structure usually made 
from beams resting on posts or stanchions connected 
to the building structure. 

Post-installed anchor  Anchors installed after the 
concrete has reached its specified strength. 

Post-tension (pre-stressed) building  A concrete 
building structure surface with internal steel cables 
that are stretched and restrained to permanently 
compress the concrete surface. 

Pre-stressed beam -A concrete beam bonded to 
steel in tensionin the form of a beam. 

Pre-stretched cable  Cable that is stretched after it 
is manufactured. 

Rated spring deflection  The dimension a spring 
will compress when the weight of equipment is 
applied. 

Rehabilitation  A new installation within an existing 
facility. 

Restrained elastomeric mount - An elastomeric 
mount with an integrated seismic restraining 
mechanism that limits movement in all horizontal and 
vertical directions 

Restrained spring  A vibration isolator containing a 
spring enclosed in a welded or bolted steel housing 
that limits the movement of the spring equipment 
attachment in all directions. 

S 
Restrained spring isolator - A steel coil spring 
designed to be loaded in compression along the axis of 
the spring. Restrained springs have a housing with 
integrated seismic restraining mechanisms, which limit 
movement in all horizontal and vertical directions. 

Rigid-mounted equipment  Equipment solidly 
braced or bolted directly to the building structure 
without vibration isolation. 

Screen  A tube of steel wire mesh used as an 
adhesive anchor for anchoring to block or brick walls. 

Seismic cable  A steel or stainless steel braided 
rope. 

Seismic restraint device  An attachment device 
designed to restrict movement of equipment during an 
earthquake. 

Seismic restraint device submittals  Documents 
created by contractors or vendors describing the 
means and methods for installing seismic restraint 
devices and submitted for design approval. 

Seismic rod clamp  A clamping device for attaching 
rod stiffeners to a vertical threaded rod. 

Seismic separation joint - A space provided between 
buildings or portions of a building to prevent contact 
caused by differential movement during an 
earthquake. For piping, ductwork and conduits 
crossing the seismic joint, the systems are connected 
with a flexible component that allows for differential 
movement at least twice the width of the seismic 
separation joint. 

Self-drilling  A special type of concrete shell anchor 
with cutting teeth for drilling into concrete. 

Self-tapping  Either a sheet metal screw with blades 
on the end (similar to a drill bit), allowing the screw to 
drill a hole and embed itself into a steel shape, or a 
concrete screw with a point and specially designed 
threads allowing the screw to grip the concrete and 
embed itself into the concrete. 

162 163 


Glossary 

Set time  The specific time required for material to 
harden when a light load may be applied. 

Shallow concrete anchor  Any anchor with an 
embedment depth measuring less than 1/8th of its 
diameter. 

Sheet steel housings  Sheet steel that fully or 
partially encloses a piece of equipment. 

Shim  A thin wedge of material used to fill a space. 

Snubber  A seismic restraint device used on isolated 
systems with an air gap and elastomeric bushing or 
oil-filled hydraulic cylinder (shock absorber) restricting 
the rapid motion of a pipe. 

Snug tight  The force applied by hand or hand tools 
to bring two or more materials firmly in contact 
without a space. 

Solid brace  A steel angle or strut channel designed 
for use as a seismic sway brace for suspended 
equipment, piping, ductwork, or raceways. 

Spring-isolated  See Vibration-isolated. 

Stanchions  Columns or short structural steel 
shapes placed vertically that connect to equipment 
bases or horizontal structural steel frames to provide 
equipment support. 

Structural steel shapes  A manufactured steel 
component in a variety of shapes. 

Strut  A manufactured steel shape in various 
U-shaped patterns and sizes. 

Strut frame  Steel framing made from strut 
members that act as a support to transfer the 
equipment weight to the building structure. See Strut. 

Sway brace  Solid braces or cable braces that 
provide seismic restraint. 

T 
Tendons  Steel cables used in post-tension 
buildings. Also see Post-tension building. 

Thimble  A metal spacer used on a cable to protect it 
from being bent and damaged. 

V 
W 
Glossary 

Transverse brace  A brace that restrains pipes, 
ducts, or raceways perpendicular to the longitudinal 
direction. 

Toe of the weld  The edge of a fillet weld. 

Torque  A turning force around a bolt applied by 
twisting a bolt head or nut so the components will not 
separate. 

Turn-of-nut method  A process to properly torque 
a bolt without a special tool like a calibrated torque 
wrench. See Hand tight and Snug tight. 

VAV boxes  A terminal unit or plenum with an 
internal damper and control actuator that can vary 
airflow quantities. 

Vibration-isolated  Used to describe a system that 
is separated from the building structure with devices 
designed to reduce vibration and noise transmission 
into the building structure. 

Vibration isolators  Components containing 
resilient elements such as steel springs, air springs, 
molded pre-compressed fiberglass or elastomeric 
pads used to separate vibrating equipment, piping 
and ductwork from the building structure. 

Web  A thin metal strip in a structural steel shape. 

Weld base material  The material composition of 
an item being welded. 

WPS - Weld Procedure Specification is required for all 
welding in accordance with American Welding Society 
D1.1. The WPS defines the essential variables and 
their limits for the weld and must be in the vicinity 
where the weld is occuring. 

164 165 


INDEX 

A 

acceptable gap 113 

actuators 14, 144-147 

air separator 14, 99-100 

all-directional bracing 19, 27, 30, 32, 36, 39, 63 

anchor 156 

adhesive 107, 108-113, 117, 120-122, 149-150 

cast-in-place 107, 114 

concrete bolt 107, 152-153 

concrete screw 107, 117, 118, 122 

drywall 117-124 

embedded plates 107, 131 

externally threaded 151-152 

gap 113 

general 107-113 

internally threaded 154 

lag bolts 107, 115-116, 123 

light-duty fastenings 155-156 

masonry 107, 118-125 

non-adhesive 108 

post-installed 162 

power-actuated 125, 148 

sheet metal screw 117, 123 

shell 107, 108-113 

sleeve 107, 110, 117, 118, 123 

steel bolt 107, 126-130 

through-bolt 117 

toggle bolt 117-118, 122 

umbrella 117, 118 

undercut 107, 108-113 

wedge 107, 110, 117, 118, 123 

welding 131-132 

anchor selection guide 148-156 

angle 42, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 77, 89, 95, 106, 128 

attachment types 

duct 16-53 

pipe 54-83 

suspended equipment 84-101 

to building structure 102-106 

Index 

B 

bar joist 104 
block walls 118-124 
bracing 

all-directional 19, 27, 30, 32, 36, 39, 63
cable 17-22, 26-27, 29-31, 34-35, 39-40, 57, 62, 63, 67,

 85-87, 90-92, 105 
duct, selection 8-9 
in-line duct equipment 10-11 
in-line pipe equipment 14-15 
layout 3-7 
longitudinal 6-7, 17, 23, 27, 29, 34, 61, 62 
non-moment-resistant 24, 38 
pipe, selection 12-13 
steel shaped 20-21, 23-24, 32-33, 36, 37, 88-89, 95-96, 106 
strap 25, 37 
transverse 5-7, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39,

 56, 57, 58-59, 60
trapeze 66-67, 71, 72, 75
vibration isolation 26-27, 39-40

bracket 78, 114 
brick walls 122 
brittle valve bodies 15 
building structure, attachment to 102-106 
bumpers 156 

C 

cable 134-139 
assemblies 134-139 
bolts with center holes 135 
bracing 17-22, 26-27, 29-31, 34-35, 39-40, 57, 62, 63, 67,

 85-87, 90-92, 105
ferrule clamps 134, 136-137
wire rope grips 138-139

chase-mounted ducts 47-49 
clevis hangers 55-59 
coil 10 
concrete 

bolt 107
drilling 109-111

166 167 


Index 

connectors, flexible 140-141 
cross bracing 45 
curb 44, 45 
curing 112 

D 

dowel 
duct bracing 
chase-mounted 47-49 
floor-mounted 8-9, 41-43 
identifying 8 
installation 16-53 
isolated 39 
layout 3-7 
moment-resistant 24, 38 
mounted equipment 10-11 
penetrations 8-9, 50-53 
pre-manufactured 44 
rectangular, suspended 8-9, 16-27 
roof-mounted 8-9, 44-46 
round, suspended 8-9, 28-40 
run 4-7 
seismic, exceptions 3 
selection 8-9 
vibration-isolated 26-27, 39-40 
wall-mounted 8-9, 47-49 

E 

electronic actuator 14 
embedment depth 158 
embedded plates 107, 131 
equipment 

in-line duct-mounted 10-11 
in-line pipe-mounted 14-15 
suspended, attachment 84-101 

expansion joints 142-143 

F 

fan-coil unit 11 
ferrule clamps 134, 136-137 
fire damper 10 
fire barriers, crossing 9 

Index 

flashing 51, 158 
flexible connectors 140-141 
floor-mounted 

ducts 8-9, 41-43
piping 12-13, 70-72

G 

gap, see acceptable gap 
grouted plate 113 

H 

heat-exchanger 14, 100-101 
hole 
cleaning 111 
clearance 116 
depth 110 
drilling 109-111 
humidifier 10 

I 

in-line 
air separator 99-100 
duct-mounted equipment 10-11 
fan 11 
heat exchanger 100-101 
pipe-mounted equipment 14-15 
pump 97-98 

interior penetrations 
duct 8-9, 52-53 
pipe 12-13, 82-83 

L 

lag bolts 107, 115-116, 117, 123 
longitudinal bracing 6-7, 17, 23, 27, 29, 34, 61, 62, 160 

M 

masonry and drywall anchors see anchors 
motorized damper 10 

168 169 


Index 

N 

non-moment-resistant 24, 38 

P 

penetrations 
duct 8-9, 50-53 
interior 8-9, 12-13, 52-53, 82-83 
pipe 12-13, 79-83 
roof 8-9, 12-13, 50-51, 79-81 
weatherproofing 9, 13 

pipe bracing 
double-roller support 68 
floor-mounted 70-72 
identifying 12 
installation 54-83 
isolated 65, 81 
layout 3-7 
moment-resistant 
offset 4 
penetrations 70-83 
pre-manufactured 78 
mounted equipment 14-15 
roof-mounted 73-75 
runs 4-7 
seismic, exceptions 3 
selection 12-13 
suspended 54-69 
transverse bracing 5 
vibration-isolated 65 
wall-mounted 76-78 

pipe clamps 60-62 
pitch pocket 45 

R 

rod 
hangers 58, 60, 61, 62, 63 
stiffeners 86 
threaded 129 
vertical 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39 

roof-mounted 
duct 8-9, 44-46 
pipe 12-13, 73-75 

Index 

roof penetrations 
duct 8-9, 50-51 
pipe 12-13, 79-81 
weatherproofing 9, 13 

S 

screen insert 121 
silencer 11 
seismic 

bracing exceptions 3
joints 140-143
separations, crossing 9

sheet steel 162 
special cases 
cables 134-139 
seismic joints 140-143 

valve and valve actuators 144-147 
stanchion 163 
steel bolt connections 126-130 
steel shaped bracing 20-21, 23-24, 32-33, 36, 37, 88-89,

 95-96, 106 
strap support 25, 37 
strut 43, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 71, 77, 89, 106 
suspended attachments 

anchor sizes for 133
ducts 16-40
equipment 84-101
piping 54-69
rectangular ducts 16-27
round ducts 28-40

T 

thimble 136-137 
threaded rods 
attaching top connections 129 
transverse bracing 5-7, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39, 
56, 57, 58-59, 60 
locating 5 
spacing limitations 5 
trapeze support 66-67, 71, 72, 75 
turn-of-nut method 127 

170 171 


Index 

V 

valves 14, 144-147 
valve actuator 14, 144-147 
VAV terminal 11 
vertical supports 4 
vibration isolation 26-27, 39-40 

W 

wall-mounted attachment 
duct 8-9, 47-49 
pipe 12-13, 76-77 
webs 164 
welding 131-132 
wire rope grips 138-139 
wood 
blocking support 74 
beam construction 103 

172