BOREAS TGB-05 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O

Summary:

The BOREAS TGB-05 team made several measurements of trace gas concentrations  
and fluxes at various NSA sites.  This data set contains biogenic soil emissions 
of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide that were measured over a wide range of 
spatial and temporal site parameters.  Since very little is known about biogenic 
soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from the Boreal forest, the 
goal of the measurements was to characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric 
oxide and nitrous oxide from black spruce and jack pine areas in the boreal 
forest.  The diurnal variation and monthly variation of the emissions was 
examined as well as the impact of wetting through natural or artificial means.  
Temporally, the data cover mid-August 1993, June to August 1994, and mid-July 
1995.  The data are provided in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents
   *  1 Data Set Overview
   *  2 Investigator(s)
   *  3 Theory of Measurements
   *  4 Equipment
   *  5 Data Acquisition Methods
   *  6 Observations
   *  7 Data Description
   *  8 Data Organization
   *  9 Data Manipulations
   *  10 Errors
   *  11 Notes
   *  12 Application of the Data Set
   *  13 Future Modifications and Plans
   *  14 Software
   *  15 Data Access
   *  16 Output Products and Availability
   *  17 References
   *  18 Glossary of Terms
   *  19 List of Acronyms
   *  20 Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TGB-05 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide was characterized 
over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in 
different terrain's/subecosystems in and around the BOREAS North Study Area, 
including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites. Burned 
sites had been burned at time periods ranging from the years 1987 to 1994. The 
diurnal variation and monthly variation of these emissions was examined as well 
as the impact of wetting through natural rainfall or artificial wetting.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

Since very little is known about biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and 
nitrous oxide from the Boreal forest, the goal of the project was to 
characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from 
upland black spruce and jack pine subecosystems in the Boreal forest located 
near the BOREAS Northern Study Area and Thompson, Manitoba and to examine the 
post-fire effect of fires on the soil fluxes of these gases and how long this 
effect persists. 

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Nitric Oxide flux, Nitrous Oxide flux, and soil temperature.

1.5 Discussion

The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were characterized 
over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in 
different terrains or subecosystems in and around the BOREAS North Study Area, 
including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites. 
Measurements were made during field campaigns during August of 1993, June, July 
and August of 1994 and July of 1995. More than 500 flux measurements of NO and 
more than 500 flux measurements of N2O were made during these field campaigns.  
Usually flux measurements were made at 8 plots at each of the sites. Typically, 
a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were made at one 
site each day during each intensive field campaign.  At each site, the flux 
chamber was place down on each plot for 20 minutes before being moved to the 
next plot. After making the flux measurement at ambient soil moisture 
conditions, approximately 1 L of distilled water was added to the plot and the 
measurement was repeated 1 hour after wetting. No water was added to sites that 
were already wet due to rain. During the time periods that the measurements were 
made, little or no difference was seen between NO emissions before and after 
wetting, either artificially or by rain. 

Since black spruce was much more dominant than jack pine in this region, most of 
the NO flux data was collected in black spruce. There were 8 black spruce sites-
2 unburned and 6 sites that had been burned over a time period of 8 years. Flux 
measurements were obtained from sites burned in 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 
1995 as well as from the unburned control sites. There were 3 jack pine sites-2 
unburned and 1 burned in 1987. Not only did the sites span a period of time 
since burned, but there was also variation in the depth of burn, which is 
related to fire intensity. The depth of burn varied from unburned which had a 
sphagnum and feather moss ground cover of up to 30 t0 40 cm to a high depth of 
burn at the 1992 burn site where the fire had burned down to mineral soil.

Measurements indicated that the amount of NO flux and the duration of increased 
NO flux correlated with the intensity of the burn and how quickly vegetation 
returned rather than the time since burning.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species
BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data
BOREAS TGB-01 NSA CH4 and CO2 Chamber Flux Data
BOREAS TGB-01 SF6 Chamber Flux Data over NSA Jack Pine Sites
BOREAS TGB-03 CO2 and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA
BOREAS TGB-05 CO2, CH4, and CO Chamber Flux Data over the NSA

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Joel S. Levine, NASA Langley Research Center
Edward L. Winstead, NASA Langley Research Center

2.2 Title of Investigation

Trace Gas Exchange in the Boreal Forest Biome:  Effects of Fire Activity

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1
---------
Dr. Joel S. Levine
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA
FAX: 757-864-6326
Telephone Number: 757-864-5692
Electronic Mail Address: j.s.levine@larc.nasa.gov

Contact 2
---------
Edward L. Winstead
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 
Telephone Number: 757-864-4209
Electronic Mail Address: e.l.winstead@larc.nasa.gov

Contact 3
---------
Sara K Conrad
Raytheon STX Corporation
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 
Telephone Number: (301)286-2624
Electronic Mail Address: sgolight@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) fluxes at the surface of the soil are important 
components of the boreal forest.  Stand-replacement fires may affect the soil-
surface fluxes of these gases.  Fire removes the canopy and part of the moss, 
lichen, and shrub cover, thus altering soil temperature, moisture, and nutrient 
composition. In order to understand and quantify gas exchange in these systems, 
it is necessary to measure the biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and 
nitrous oxide over a wide range of spatial and temporal parameters including 
burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites.

4. Equipment:

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The measurement of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3 
Luminox NO2 monitor. The Luminox monitor is a lightweight, portable instrument 
for continuous measurement of NO2 in air. It operates by detecting the 
chemiluminesence produced when NO2 interacts with a surface wetted with a 
specially formulated luminol solution. The luminol solution is oxidized, 
producing chemiluminesence in the 425 nm region which is measured by a 
photomultiplier tube. The signal from the photomultiplier tube is directly 
proportional to the mixing ratio of NO2. Since the NO2-luminol reaction is 
temperature sensitive, the NO2 monitor is equipped for temperature compensation. 
The signal for a given NO2 mixing ratio is constant over the temperature range 
of 5 to 40 degrees Celsius. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a chromium 
trioxide converter system was developed for the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to 
introduction into the Luminox detector. The NO to NO2 converter consists of a 
Teflon-lined stainless steel tube (6.0 cm x 1.2 cm) packed with a chromosorb 
support material coated with chromium trioxide. The converter material is 
prepared by soaking Chromosorb P, 30-60 mesh (manufactured by Johns Manville 
Corporation) in a 17% chromium trioxide aqueous solution.  The excess solution 
is decanted and the material is dried in an oven at 40oC.  Finally, the material 
is exposed to ambient air conditions for 24 hours as described by Levaggi et 
al., 1974. The conversion of NO to NO2 is nearly 100% efficient provided that 
the relative humidity of the sample air stream is less than 25%. This is 
accomplished by pumping the sample air stream at approximately 1.0 L min-1 
through a Teflon filter and then through a 1 m long Nafion tube (Type 815, 
Dupont perfluorinated polymer, 1.0 mm ID x 0. 875 mm OD, Perma Pure, 
Incorporated) packed in silica gel. The Nafion dryer lowers the water content of 
the air to an acceptable level without the loss of NO or NO2. The dried air is 
directed either through the chromium trioxide converter where NO is converted to 
NO2 for the measurement of NOx or through an unpacked column for the measurement 
of NO2 by the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference between the 
converted and unconverted signals. The minimum detectable flux with this 
instrument is 0.02 ng N m-2s-1 of NO over a 10 minute interval at 293 K.

The N2O measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas 
chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector, a 1 mL sample loop 
and stainless steel Porapak Q column (4m, 1mm ID HayeSep Q micropacked column). 
The detector temperature was 340 degrees C and the oven temperature was 60 
degrees C. The carrier gas, 5% methane in argon, was supplied at a flow rate of 
22 mL/min.  The minimum detectable flux of N2O that could be detected with this 
instrument is 1 ng N m-2s-1 of N2O over a 20 minute period at 293 degrees K. 

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Samples were collected under all environmental conditions.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Ground.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

To measure soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes and relevant ancillary 
data in fire scars and nearby controls.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, soil temperature, and soil moisture content.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

The measurement of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3 
Luminox NO2 monitor. It operates by detecting the chemiluminesence produced when 
NO2 interacts with a surface wetted with a specially formulated luminol 
solution. The signal from the photomultiplier tube is directly proportional to 
the mixing ratio of NO2. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a chromium trioxide 
converter system was developed for the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to 
introduction into the Luminox detector. Dried sample air is directed either 
through the chromium trioxide converter where NO is converted to NO2 for the 
measurement of NOx or through an unpacked column for the measurement of NO2 by 
the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference between the converted 
and unconverted signals.
The N2O measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas 
chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Gas samples 
collected by syringe are injected into the chromatograph via an injection valve 
equipped with a 1 mL loop. After separation of N2O from other gas components in 
a Porapak Q packed column, the concentration of N2O is measured by the ECD 
detector and quantified by integration.  

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Not applicable.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Manufacturer of LMA-3 Luminox NO2 monitor:
Scintrex/Unisearch
222 Snidercroft Road
Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 1B5
TEL: 416-669-2280
FAX: 416-669-5132
The NO to NO2 converter was built in-house.

The manufacturer of the Shimadzu gas chromatograph is:
Shimadzu Scientific Instruments
7102 Riverwood Drive
Columbia, MD 21046
TEL: 301-381-1227
FAX: 301-381-1222

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

The Luminox instrument was calibrated for NO using a field calibration master 
gravimetric standard certified by Scott Specialty Gases (Plumsteadville, PA) at 
the +1% level. A calibration curve was obtained by dynamic mass flow dilution of 
the standard with ultra zero ambient monitoring air. The field calibration 
source was checked against a National Institute of Standards and Technology 
(NIST) standard reference material (SRM).

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

The NO instrumentation was calibrated daily. The N2O gas chromatograph was 
calibrated every six injections.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

NO and N2O fluxes were determined using a closed chamber flux technique. At 
sites selected for study, only a flux chamber was placed onto the soil plots 
with the edges of the chamber extending into the soil to prevent movement of air 
into or out of the chamber. Rectangular aluminum collars were inserted into the 
soil to a depth of at least 3 cm for some plots. The top edges of the collar 
formed a V-shaped groove into which the flux chamber could be set. Flux 
measurements of plots with and without collars revealed no difference in flux 
between the measurements.  The collar and flux chamber covered an area measuring 
about 0.4 m2. The inner surfaces of both the collar and the flux chamber were 
coated with Teflon. The outer surfaces of the chamber was insulated with 
reflective aluminum covered isocyanurate foam. The volume of the flux chamber 
varied from about 148 L to 175 L, depending upon if a collar was used and the 
depth to which the collar was inserted into the soil. A muffin fan inside the 
box stirred the air at the rate of 3 m3 min-1 at zero static back pressure to 
ensure that the chamber air is homogeneous. A 0.635 cm vent at the top of the 
box prevented development of a pressure differential when air was pumped out of 
the chamber for analysis of NO. Teflon tubing extending 20 cm into the chamber 
was used for sampling air for NO and NOx analysis. Bulkhead fittings with 
silicone rubber septa were used for removal of chamber air by syringe for N2O 
analysis. Another fitting allowed insertion of probes used to measure the 
temperatures of both soil and air within the chamber.
Both O3 and NO2 have been shown to decrease to near zero during the first 4 min. 
after setting the flux chamber down. NO2 is absorbed onto soils and both 
absorbed and metabolized by plants. Therefore, NO2 was ignored and all 
calculations of NO fluxes were based upon the increase of mixing ratio versus 
time of NO beginning 4 min after starting the flux measurement. Correction was 
made for the dilution caused by pumping air into the Luminox LMA-3 monitor at 1 
L/min.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None given.

6.2 Field Notes

Date       Location   Activity

14-Aug-93   93NR      NO, N2O fluxes, Site only accessible by float plane.
15-Aug-93   89JP      NO, N2O fluxes
16-Aug-93   CJP       NO, N2O fluxes
17-Aug-93   89FR      NO, N2O fluxes, Site received rain over-night and soil was 
wet.
18-Aug-93   CGR       NO, N2O fluxes, Feather covering site was wet.
19-Aug-93   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Heavy burn to mineral soil in 1992, some 
moss and shrub regrowth. Feather covering site was wet.
4-Jun-94    CGR       NO, N2O fluxes
6-Jun-94    CJP       NO, N2O fluxes
8-Jun-94    89JP      NO, N2O fluxes, Sandy soil, burned to mineral soil.
9-Jun-94    89FR      NO, N2O fluxes
10-Jun-94   CFR       NO, N2O fluxes
12-Jun-94   94GR      Sites received heavy rain.
13-Jun-94   94GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Some large logs at site still smoldering 
in places from fire which occurred approximately 6/11/94, but not moss.
16-Jun-94   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes
17-Jun-94   89FR      NO, N2O fluxes
18-Jun-94   94GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light burn in 1994, soil surface covered 
with burned and dead moss.
19-Jun-94   87GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Soil very damp under regrowth of moss.
21-Jul-94   94GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Black ash on top of burned moss.
22-Jul-94   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain at the site during the morning.
24-Jul-94   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light r/ain on the way to the site. Ground 
was wet.
25-Jul-94   CGR       NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-94   89JP      NO, N2O fluxes
27-Jul-94   89FR      NO, N2O fluxes
28-Jul-94   CJP       NO, N2O fluxes, Sandy soil covered with reindeer lichen 
and small shrubs.
29-Jul-94   94GR      NO, N2O fluxes
31-Jul-94   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Diurnal study conducted at site. Late in 
the afternoon, smoke haze from distant fires visible.
1-Aug-94    92GR      NO, N2O fluxes
2-Aug-94    92GR      NO, N2O fluxes
3-Aug-94    89JP      NO, N2O fluxes, During first flux measurement, signal 
output became noisy. Bad cable was detected and replaced. The first flux  
measurement was repeated.
4-Aug-94    89FR      NO, N2O fluxes
5-Aug-94    CJP       NO, N2O fluxes
6-Aug-94    CFR       NO, N2O fluxes, Site received rain the night before.
17-Jul-95   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain that night.
18-Jul-95   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes
20-Jul-95   94GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Heavy rain during night at site.
21-Jul-95   95GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Black spruce stand burned in July 1995. 
Mixed burn, burned to mineral soil in some areas, other areas covered with 
burned and dead moss.
22-Jul-95   87GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain.
24-Jul-95   89FR      NO, N2O fluxes
25-Jul-95   89JP      NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-95   92GR      NO, N2O fluxes, Light rain.
27-Jul-95   CFR       NO, N2O fluxes
26-Jul-95             Rain all day
29-Jul-95   95GR      NO, N2O fluxes

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

Measurements were performed on upland black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine 
(Pinus banksiana) forest sites in the vicinity of the BOREAS Northern Study Area 
(NSA), which is located near Thompson, Manitoba (55 degrees 91 N, 98 degrees 
42 W). Eight black spruce sites, were selected about 100 km northeast of 
Thompson, Manitoba. All eight black spruce sites were exposed to very similar 
climatic conditions. The sites were located :

1.  CGR: Black spruce control (not burned for >60 yrs) on Gillam Rd (100 km from 
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground 
cover.
55.154N, -96.718W
2.  CFR: Control black spruce near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82 km from 
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground 
cover. (Coordinates unavailable.)
3.  87GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1987 on Gillam Rd. (99 km from Thompson); 
Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, strong moss, grass and shrub regrowth.
55.158N, -96.727W
4.  89FR: Black spruce stand burned in 1989, near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82 
km from Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, burned to mineral soil 
in spots, some moss and shrub regrowth. (Coordinates unavailable.)
5.  92GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1992 on Gillam Rd. (100 km from 
Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn to mineral soil, some moss and 
shrub regrowth. 
55.149N, -96.712W
6.  93NR: Black spruce stand burned in 1993 (70 km SE of Thompson, Nelson 
River); Clay, sand and silt soil; Light burn, top10-15 cm of moss burned. 
(Coordinates unavailable.)
7.  94GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1994 on Gillam Rd. (98 km from Thompson); 
Clay, sand and silt soil; Clay, sand and silt soil; Light burn, soil surface 
covered with burned and dead moss.
55.158N, -96.735W
8.  95GR: Black spruce stand burned in July 1995 (94 km East of Thompson, Gillam 
Road); Clay, sand and silt soil; Mixed burn, burned to mineral soil in some 
areas, other areas covered with burned and dead moss.
56.1741N, -96.51963W

 The jack pine burn site was located in a large burn site (115,643 ha; summer, 
1989) on Hwy 391 near Leaf Rapids, Manitoba, 140 km west north west of Thompson, 
Manitoba.  A jack pine stand, unburned for at least 80 years, located 133 km 
west north west of Thompson, served as the control for the jack pine burn site. 
(Coordinates unavailable.)


Flux measurements were made in the following jack pine sites in and around the 
BOREAS NSA:

9.	CJP: Control jack pine (not burned for > 60 yrs) on Hwy 391(132 km from 
Thompson) and (57 km from Nelson House); Sandy soil covered with reindeer 
lichen and small shrubs. (Coordinates unavailable.)
55.96257N, -99.83004W
10. 89JP: Jack pine stand burned in 1989 on Hwy 391(138 km from Thompson); 
Sandy soil, burned to mineral soil.
56.02696N, -99.87474W

At each site the environmental chambers were used to measure fluxes within an 
area that was approximately 10,000 m2.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Each flux measurement covered an area of 0.40 m2. Usually flux measurements were 
made at 8 plots at each of 10 sites.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Measurements were made during field campaigns during August of 1993, June, July 
and August of 1994 and July of 1995.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

   Date     Location
---------   --------
14-Aug-93   93NR    
15-Aug-93   89JP    
16-Aug-93   CJP     
17-Aug-93   89FR    
18-Aug-93   CGR     
19-Aug-93   92GR    
4-Jun-94    CGR     
6-Jun-94    CJP     
8-Jun-94    89JP    
9-Jun-94    89FR    
10-Jun-94   CFR     
13-Jun-94   94GR    
16-Jun-94   92GR    
17-Jun-94   89FR    
18-Jun-94   94GR    
19-Jun-94   87GR    
21-Jul-94   94GR    
22-Jul-94   92GR    
24-Jul-94   92GR    
25-Jul-94   CGR     
26-Jul-94   89JP    
27-Jul-94   89FR    
28-Jul-94   CJP     
29-Jul-94   94GR    
31-Jul-94   92GR    
1-Aug-94    92GR    
2-Aug-94    92GR    
3-Aug-94    89JP    
4-Aug-94    89FR    
5-Aug-94    CJP     
6-Aug-94    CFR     
17-Jul-95   92GR    
18-Jul-95   92GR    
20-Jul-95   94GR    
21-Jul-95   95GR    
22-Jul-95   87GR    
24-Jul-95   89FR    
25-Jul-95   89JP    
26-Jul-95   92GR    
27-Jul-95   CFR     
29-Jul-95   95GR    

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Typically, a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were 
made at one site each day during each intensive field campaign.  A diurnal study 
was also conducted. 

7.3 Data Characteristics

Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file 
(tgb5nnfd.def).

7.4 Sample Data Record

Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (tgb5nnfd.def).

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

All of the Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide N2O are contained in 
one dataset.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length 
separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with  a single apostrophe 
marks. There are no spaces between the fields.  Sample data records are shown in 
the companion data definition files (tgb5nnfd.def).

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None given.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

None given.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None given.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None given.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

NO fluxes were calculated from the slope of the NO mixing ratio (ppbv) versus 
time (minutes) from 4 to 15 minutes after the flux chamber was placed on the 
soil. During this time the slope was linear. N2O fluxes were calculated from the 
slope of the N2O mixing ratio versus time from time zero. 

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

None given.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

An comparison of the NO flux methods, instrumentation and calibration was held 
during Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange (BATGE) experiments in 1994 and 
during Natural emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation techniques and 
Assessment project (NOVA) field experiments in 1994 and 1995.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgement

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data was examined for general consistency and clarity.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

12. Application of the Data Set

None given.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

None given.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

15. Data Access

15.1 Contact Information

Ms. Beth Nelson
BOREAS Data Manager
NASA GSFC
Greenbelt, MD 
(301) 286-4005
(301) 286-0239 (fax)
beth@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

See 15.1.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The TGB-05 NO and N2O flux data are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth 
Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) 
(Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: 

ORNL DAAC User Services
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(865) 241-3952
ornldaac@ornl.gov
ornl@eos.nasa.gov

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None

16.2  Film Products

None

16.3  Other Products

Tabular ASCII files.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

None

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Levine, J. S., Parsons, D. A. B., Zepp, Richard G., Burke, Roger A., Cahoon Jr., 
D. R., Cofer III, W. R., Miller, William L., Scholes, M. C., Scholes, R. J., 
Sebacher, D. I., Sebacher, Shirley, and Winstead, E. L., 1997: Southern African 
Savannas as a Source of Atmospheric Gases in Fire in Southern African Savannas 
Ecological and Atmospheric Perspectives, edited by B.W van Wilgen, M.O. Andreae, 
J. G. Goldammer, J. A. Lindesay, 135-160.

Levine, J. S., W. R. Cofer III, D. R. Cahoon Jr., E. L. Winstead, D. I. 
Sebacher, M. C. Scholes, D. A. B. Parsons, and R. J. Scholes, 1996:    
Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide from Savannas in South 
Africa: The impact of Wetting and Burning. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 101, NO. D19, 
23689-23697. 

Parsons, D. A. B., M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes, and J. S. Levine, 1994: 
Biogenic NO Emissions from Savanna Soils as a Function of Soil Nitrogen and 
Water Status. J. Geophys. Res. 
 
Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, E. L. Winstead, R. P. Rhinehart, D. R. Cahoon, D. 
I. Sebacher, S. Sebacher, and B. J. Stocks, 1991:Biomass Burning:Combustion 
Emissions, Satellite Imagery, and Biogenic Emissions in Biomass Burning: 
Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications (J. S. Levine), The MIT 
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 264-271

Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, D. I. Sebacher, R. P. Rhinehart, E. L. Winstead, 
S. Sebacher, C. R. Hinkle, P. A. Schmalzer, and A. M. Koller Jr., 1990: The 
Effects of Fire on Biogenic Emissions of Methane and Nitric Oxide from Wetlands. 
J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1853-1864.

Levine, J. S., W. R Cofer III, D. I. Sebacher, E. L. Winstead, S. Sebacher, and 
P. J. Boston, 1988: The Effects of Fire on Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric 
Oxide and Nitrous Oxide, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 445-449

Levine, J. S., E. L. Winstead, D. A. B. Parsons, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes, 
W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and D. I. Sebacher:  Biogenic Soil Emissions of 
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Savannas in South Africa:  The 
Impact of Wetting and Burning.  Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, D19, 
23,689-23,697, 1996.

Anderson, I. C., J. S. Levine, M. A. Poth, and P. J. Riggan, 1988: Enhanced 
Biogenic Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Following Surface Biomass 
Burning. J. Geophs. Res., 93, 3893-3898, 1988.

Anderson, I. C., and J. S. Levine, 1987: Simultaneous Field Measurements of 
Biogenic Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 964-
976.

Anderson, I. C., and J. S. Levine, 1986: Relative Rates of Nitric Oxide and 
Nitrous oxide Production by Nitrifiers, Denitrifiers, and Nitrate Respirers. 
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51, 938-945.

Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. 
Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report
(EXPLAN 94). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. 
Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report
(EXPLAN 96). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 
1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS
DOC 94). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 
1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS
DOC 96). 

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. 
Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J.
Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere 
study (BOREAS): an overview and early
results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological 
Society. 76(9):1549-1577. 

Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1997. BOREAS Overview Paper. JGR Special Issue (in press).
Whalen, S. C., and W. S. Reeburgh, A methane flux time series for tundra 
environments, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 399-409, 1988.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

None.

19. List of Acronyms
    BOREAS  - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study
    BORIS   - BOREAS Information System
    DAAC    - Distributed Active Archive Center
    EOS     - Earth Observing System
    EOSDIS  - EOS Data and Information System
    GSFC    - Goddard Space Flight Center
    NASA    - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    ORNL    - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    URL     - Uniform Resource Locator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

     Written:     13-DEC-1997
     Last Updated: 05-Aug-1998

20.2 Document Review Date(s)
     BORIS Review:    13-Apr-1998
     Science Review: 

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

Please include the following reference in all work using the soil respiration 
data from BOREAS.

Levine, J. S., E. L. Winstead, D. A. B. Parsons, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes, 
W. R. Cofer, D. R. Cahoon, and D. I. Sebacher:  Biogenic Soil Emissions of 
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Savannas in South Africa:  The 
Impact of Wetting and Burning.  Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, D19, 
23,689-23,697, 1996.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Keywords

NO flux
N2O flux
Chamberflux

TGB05_N_Flux.doc
Page 1 of 1
05/26/98