Identification_Information: 
  Citation: 
    Citation_Information: 
      Originator: Frank Urban
      Originator: Julia Cole
      Originator: Jonathan Overpeck
      Publication_Date: 200010
      Title: Maiana Atoll Isotope (delta 18O, delta 13C) Data for 1840 to 1995
      Series_Information: 
        Series_name: World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series
        Issue_Identification: 2000-063
      Publication_Information: 
        Publication_Place: Boulder
        Publisher: World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
  Description: 
    Abstract: Maiana bimonthly oxygen isotopic composition, 1840-1995.  Notes on the data: File includes columns for Year AD (bimonthly resolution = dec/jan, feb/mar) and coral d18O.  The coral used in this study grew (and still does grow) at Maiana Atoll, Republic of Kiribati (1N, 173E). The colony lies at a depth of ~6m (low tide) and is about 4m in height. Annual growth rate is roughly 11mm/yr.  Methods: Sampling and isotopic analysis: Cores (8.5 cm diameter) drilled from living coral  colonies were slabbed and X-rayed to identify annual density bands and optimal sampling transects. Samples were drilled along the growth axis continuously at 1mm resolution. Stable isotopic analysis (d18O and d13C) of powdered samples was performed on a Micromass Optima with Isocarb automated preparation system at the University of Colorado's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research. Analytical precision is =&oacute;&oacute;0.08 d18O and =&oacute;&oacute;0.05 d13C. The Maiana record is continuous except for a gap from 1901-1905, which we bridged through straight forward comparison and splicing of data from a coral record from nearby Tarawa Atoll.  Age model: Seasonally varying d13C values and ephemeral annual density bands provide the basis for annual age assignment. Ages were adjusted subseasonally by comparison to major El Ni&oacute;&oacute;o and La Ni&oacute;&oacute;a anomalies in a regional rainfall index (available at http://tao.atmos.washington.edu/datasets/eqpacislandrainindex/); this procedure allows us to align major peaks and troughs that occur within the same calendar year with adjustments that are generally less than 3 months.  Because corals grow at variable rates throughout the year, these small chronological adjustments are reasonable and customary (and do not affect estimates of multi-year variability). Near the base of the core, an age adjustment of 1 year was needed, suggesting an age uncertainty on the full record of &oacute;&oacute;1 year. The Maiana coral grew at a rate of 7-12 mm per year; we interpolated records to a common time step of bimonthly resolution for further analysis.  Replication: The record from core MAI95-2-3 is well replicated by additional records of 65-70 years from Maiana and Aranuka, ~75 km southeast of Maiana, (JEC, FEU, and JTO, manuscript in preparation) and by a published 97-year record from Tarawa Atoll, ~30 km north of Maiana. Correlation coefficients among coral and instrumental data over the common period 1950-89 are consistently high (Maiana_correlations.txt), adding confidence to single-core reconstruction of regional variability in western Kiribati. We focus on the MAI95-2-3 record for further analysis because it extends the record of ENSO into pre-instrumental periods and avoids nonstationarity that may be introduced through inclusion of records that differ in length. The 4-coral average correlates slightly better with instrumental data than most individual coral records, but only Mai 2-3 extends the instrumental record of ENSO. Linear correlation coefficients demonstrate a strong agreement between the Maiana record and ENSO variability (Table 1), and decadalaverages of the Maiana record correlate significantly over the past century (>95% confidence) with those from the Tarawa coral record and regional rainfall indices, substantiating the reality of these more subtle low-frequency signals (JEC, FEU, and JTO, manuscript in preparation).
    Purpose: Paleoclimatic Research
  Time_Period_of_Content: 
    Time_Period_Information: 
      Range_of_Dates/Times: 
        Beginning_Date: 1840
        Ending_Date: 1995
    Currentness_Reference: Publication Date
  Status: 
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned
  Spatial_Domain: 
    Bounding_Coordinates: 
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: 173
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: 173
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 1
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 1
  Keywords: 
    Theme: 
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
      Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Paleoclimate > Coral Records > Delta 18O
      Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Paleoclimate > Coral Records > Delta 13C
      Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Paleoclimate > Coral Records > Density
    Theme: 
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
      Theme_Keyword: Numeric Data Sets > Paleoclimatology
    Theme: 
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
      Theme_Keyword: 004
    Place: 
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus
      Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Gilbert Islands > Maiana (01N173E0001)
      Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Kiribati > Maiana (01N173E0001)
    Temporal: 
      Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Temporal Thesaurus
      Temporal_Keyword: Holocene, Modern
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: Please cite original reference when using this data.
  Data_Set_Credit: Urban, F.E., J. E. Cole, and J.T. Overpeck, 2000, Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407, 989-993.
Entity_and_Attribute_Information: 
  Detailed_Description: 
    Entity_Type: 
      Entity_Type_Label: coral variable
      Entity_Type_Definition: coral variable
      Entity_Type_Definition_Source: coral variable
    Attribute: 
      Attribute_Label: del18O
      Attribute_Definition: delta 18O (per mil)
      Attribute_Definition_Source: Craig, H., 1957.  Isotopic standards for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide.  Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 12:113-140
      Attribute_Domain_Values: 
        Range_Domain: 
          Range_Domain_Minimum: unknown
          Range_Domain_Maximum: unkown
          Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil
          Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Distribution_Information: 
  Distributor: 
    Contact_Information: 
      Contact_Organization_Primary: 
        Contact_Organization: NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
        Contact_Person: Bruce Bauer
      Contact_Position: Data Manager
      Contact_Address: 
        Address_Type: Mailing Address
        Address: 325 Broadway, Code E/GC
        City: Boulder
        State_or_Province: CO
        Postal_Code: 80305-3328
        Country: U.S.A.
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 497-6160
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (303) 497-6958
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 497-6513
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: paleo@ngdc.noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 9-5 MST Monday-Friday
  Distribution_Liability: Disclaimer- While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system.  NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.
  Standard_Order_Process: 
    Digital_Form: 
      Digital_Transfer_Information: 
        Format_Name: ASCII
      Digital_Transfer_Option: 
        Online_Option: 
          Computer_Contact_Information: 
            Network_Address: 
              Network_Resource_Name: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/maiana_2000.txt
          Access_Instructions: Data can be obtained from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo and via anonymous ftp to ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov.  Diskette and paper copies may be obtained by mail.
        Offline_Option: 
          Offline_Media: Diskette
          Recording_Format: cpio
    Fees: On-line data are available free of charge, other forms are available for the cost of reproduction
    Ordering_Instructions: Contact the data center to order paper copies of the data.
    Turnaround: 4 days
Metadata_Reference_Information: 
  Metadata_Date: 20080812
  Metadata_Contact: 
    Contact_Information: 
      Contact_Organization_Primary: 
        Contact_Organization: NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
        Contact_Person: Carissa Carter
      Contact_Position: c/o Data Manager
      Contact_Address: 
        Address_Type: Mailing Address
        Address: 325 Broadway, EGC
        City: Boulder
        State_or_Province: Colorado
        Postal_Code: 80305-3328
        Country: United States
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 497-6160
      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (303) 497-6958
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 497-6513
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: carissa.l.carter@noaa.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: No Constraints
  Metadata_Use_Constraints: No Constraints
CoRIS: 
  CoRIS_ID: 20020325082852
  CoRIS_Children: None
  CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 18400101
  CoRIS_Ending_Date: 19951231
  CoRIS_Metadata_Link: http://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/txt/paleoclimatology_maiana_2000.txt
  CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 55