PROJECT APOLLO
 
          "THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR A MAN, ONE GIANT LEAP
FOR MANKIND." The national effort that enabled Astronaut
Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the
lunar surface, fulfilled a dream as old as humanity. But
Project Apollo's goals went beyond landing Americans on the
Moon and returning them safely to Earth:
 
          * To establish the technology to meet other
            national interests in space;
 
          * To achieve preeminence in space for the United
            States;
 
          * To carry out a program of scientific ex-
            ploration of the Moon; and
 
          * To develop man's capability to work in the
            lunar environment.
 
 
APOLLO 204/APOLLO 1
 
          January 27, 1967.  Tragedy struck on the launch pad during a
preflight test for Apollo 204 (AS-204), which was scheduled to be the first
Apollo manned mission, and would have been launched on February 21, 1967.
Astronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee lost their lives
when a fire swept through the Command Module (CM).
          The exhaustive investigation of the fire and extensive reworking of
the CMs postponed any manned launch until NASA officials cleared the CM for
manned flight.  Saturn 1B schedules were suspended for nearly a year, and the
launch vehicle that finally bore the designation AS-204 carried a Lunar
Module (LM) as the payload, not the Apollo CM.  The missions of AS-201 and
AS-202 with Apollo spacecraft aboard had been unofficially known as Apollo 1
and Apollo 2 missions (AS-203 carried only the aerodynamic nose cone).  In the
spring of 1967, NASA's Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr.
George E. Mueller, announced that the mission originally scheduled for Grissom,
White and Chaffee would be known as Apollo 1, and said that the first Saturn V
launch, scheduled for November 1967, would be known as Apollo 4.  The eventual
launch of AS-204 became known as the Apollo 5 mission (no missions or flights
were ever designated Apollo 2 and 3).
          The second launch of a Saturn V took place on schedule in the early
morning of April 4, 1968.  Known as AS-502, or Apollo 6, the flight was a
success, though two first stage engines shut down prematurely, and the third
stage engine failed to re-ignite after reaching orbit.  
 
 
THE SPACECRAFT
 
          Apollo was a three-part spacecraft: the command
module (CM), the crew's quarters and flight control section;
the service module (SM) for the propulsion and spacecraft
support systems (when together, the two modules are called
CSM); and the lunar module (LM), to take two of the crew to
the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and return them
to the CSM in lunar orbit.
 
 
          The flight mode, lunar orbit rendezvous, was
selected in 1962. The boosters for the program were the
Saturn IB for Earth orbit flights and the Saturn V for lunar
flights. The crews that made lunar flights where both CM and
LM were involved, again selected call names. In the list of
flights, crews are named in the following order: Commander,
CM Pilot, LM Pilot. The call names for the spacecraft, in
parentheses are the CM and LM respectively.
 
 
THE MANNED FLIGHTS
 
Apollo 7
Saturn 1B
October 11-12, 1968
Walter M. Schirra, Jr.
Donn F. Eisele
R. Walter Cunningham
 
10 days, 20 hours
163 Earth orbits. First manned CSM operations in
lunar landing program. First live TV from manned
spacecraft.
 
 
Apollo 8
Saturn V
December 21-27, 1968
Frank Borman
James A. Lovell, Jr.
William A. Anders
 
06 days, 03 hours
In lunar orbit 20 hours, with 10 orbits. First
manned lunar orbital mission. Support facilities
tested. Photographs taken of Earth and Moon.
Live TV broadcasts.
 
 
Apollo 9 (Gumdrop and Spider)
Saturn V
March 03-13, 1969
James A. McDivitt
David R. Scott
Russell L. Schweickart
 
10 days, 01 hour
First manned flight of all lunar hardware in
Earth orbit. Schweickark performed 37 minutes
EVA. Human reactions to space and weightlessness
tested in 152 orbits. First manned flight of
lunar module.
 
 
Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown and Snoopy)
Saturn V
May 18-26, 1969
Eugene A. Cernan
John W. Young
Thomas P. Stafford
 
08 days, 03 minutes
Dress rehearsal for Moon landing. First manned
CSM/LM operations in cislunar and lunar environ-
ment; simulation of first lunar landing profile.
In lunar orbit 61.6 hours, with 31 orbits. LM
taken to within 15,243 m (50,000 ft) of lunar
surface. First live color TV from space. LM
ascent stage jettisoned in orbit.
 
 
Apollo 11 (Columbia and Eagle)
Saturn V
July 16-24, 1969
Neil A. Armstrong
Michael Collins
Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.
 
08 days, 03 hours, 18 minutes
First manned lunar landing mission and lunar
surface EVA. "HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY BASE HERE.
THE EAGLE HAS LANDED."--July 20, Sea of
Tranquility.
1 EVA of 02 hours, 31 minutes. Flag and in-
struments deployed; unveiled plaque on the
LM descent stage with inscription: "Here Men
From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon.
July 1969 A.D. We Came In Peace For All
Mankind." Lunar surface stay time 21.6 hours;
59.5 hours in lunar orbit, with 30 orbits. LM
ascent stage left in lunar orbit. 20kg (44 lbs)
of material gathered.
 
Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper and Intrepid)
Saturn V
November 14-24, 1969
Charles Conrad, Jr.
Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
Alan L. Bean
 
10 days, 04 hours, 36 minutes
Landing site: Ocean of Storms. Retrieved parts
of the unmanned Surveyor 3, which had landed on
the Moon in April 1967. Apollo Lunar Surface
Experiments Package (ALSEP) deployed. Lunar
surface stay-time, 31.5 hours; in lunar orbit
89 hours, with 45 orbits. LM descent stage
impacted on Moon. 34kg (75 lbs) of material
gathered.
 
 
Apollo 13 (Odyssey and Aquarius)
Saturn V
April 11-17, 1970
James A. Lovell, Jr.
John L. Swigert, Jr.
Fred W. Haise, Jr.
 
05 days, 22.9 hours
Third lunar landing attempt. Mission aborted
after rupture of service module oxygen tank.
Classed as "successful failure" because of
experience in rescuing crew. Spent upper stage
successfully impacted on the Moon.
 
 
Apollo 14 (Kitty Hawk and Antares)
Saturn V
January 31-Febraury 09, 1971
Alan B. Shepard, Jr.
Stuart A. Roosa
Edgar D. Mitchell
 
09 days
Landing site: Fra Mauro. ALSEP and other
instruments deployed. Lunar surface stay-time,
33.5 hours; 67 hours in lunar orbit, with 34
orbits. 2 EVAs of 09 hours, 25 minutes. Third
stage impacted on Moon. 42 kg (94 lbs) of
materials gathered, using hand cart for first
time to transport rocks.
 
 
Apollo 15 (Endeavor and Falcon)
Saturn V
July 26-August 07, 1971
David R. Scott
James B. Irwin
Alfred M. Worden
 
12 days, 17 hours, 12 minutes
Landing site: Hadley-Apennine region near
Apennine Mountains. 3 EVAs of 10 hours, 36
minutes. Worden performed 38 minutes EVA on
way back to Earth. First to carry orbital
sensors in service module of CSM. ALSEP de-
ployed. Scientific payload landed on Moon
doubled. Improved spacesuits gave increased
mobility and stay-time. Lunar surface stay-
time, 66.9 hours. Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV),
electric-powered, 4-wheel drive car, traversed
total 27.9 km (17 mi). In lunar orbit 145 hours,
with 74 orbits. Small sub-satellite left in
lunar orbit for first time. 6.6 kgs (169 lbs) of
material gathered.
 
 
Apollo 16 (Casper and Orion)
Saturn V
April 16-27, 1972
John W. Young
Thomas K. Mattingly II
Charles M. Duke, Jr.
 
11 days, 01 hour, 51 minutes
Landing site: Descartes Highlands. First study
of highlands area. Selected surface experiments
deployed, ultraviolet camera/spectrograph used
for first time on Moon, and LRV used for second
time. Lunar surface stay-time, 71 hours; in
lunar orbit 126 hours, with 64 orbits. Mattingly
performed 01 hour in-flight EVA. 95.8 kg
(213 lbs) of lunar samples collected.
 
Apollo 17 (America and Challenger)
Saturn V
December 07-19, 1972
Eugene A. Cernan
Ronald B. Evans
Harrison H. Schmitt
 
12 days, 13 hours, 52 minutes
Last lunar landing mission. Landing site:
Taurus-Littrow, highlands and valley area. 3
EVAs of 22 hours, 04 minutes. Evans performed
trans-Earth EVA lasting 01 hour 06 minutes.
First scientist-astronaut to land on Moon,
Schmitt. Sixth automated research station set
up.  LRV traverse total 30.5 km. Lunar surface
stay-time, 75 hours. In lunar orbit 17 hours.
110.4 kg (243 lbs) of material gathered.