MAY, 1909. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 193
ita momentum and inertia, will rise through the belt of inverted
gradient and form a temporary cloud of the cumulus or fracto-
oumulus type at n level somewhat above the general level of
the belt. In such cases the air in the cloucl is colder than t.he
airon either side of it, and it may be some loo to '30 F. colder.
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EVAPORATION.
[ W i n u e d fmm the Monthly Weather Reuiew, April, 19~9.1
1897- Continued.
By M B ~ GRACE J. LIVINGSTOX. Ilated Washington. D. C., Jauuary S, 190.3.
Fortier, Samuel. Seepage water of northern Utah. Water sup. and irr. papers, 1897,
No. 7: 17-54, 26, 43.
The apparatua consisted of a galvanized iron pari 36 by 36 by 10 iiirhes floated iu t h r merrolr. A dlagonal llar scale perdtted readings of the level to 1/100 inch. Tabl~s nf tbevaporation at Fort Dooglar, near Snlt Lake City, I7t:ih lor lSbH-93 aud at Fort Collius. Cola, 1897-91, are presented together with ttussell's (ISSSj tahle of elaporation from the Ache aimoineter at varlous localities in the United Ststes. Tho total nnnnal evaiwr:ition
~III water surfaces In Utah is estimated a8 from 3 to 6 feet, the evapratiun during the drylegaon (Ma August) of this region being equal to that of the other eight months. @ins a table of%e relation between the crop harvested and the amouut of cvaporatiou. Under Logan river is discussed the relatine between the rainfall and evaporation.
Houdaille, F. Causes de vitesse maxima d'8vaporation sous le climat de Montpel-
lier. Ann. Bcole nat. agr., Montpellier, 1897, 9:986-95. Notice in Exp. sta. rec., 1897, 9:1@32-3.
The ratio of evaporation froiu the instruiuent previously desvribed (Hoiidallle. 1890) to
tbdfrom the Piehe irr given as 1.82 The mean dail evaporation (1875-84) varies betwccn &!Bmllllmetem io January and.9.35 n~illiiiieters I n $iilv. Gives the diurnal e\aporation tsm rature humidity and wind for January tu Seihemher 1896. Concludes that tiit:
rln?h not ;n importah factor in that locality, temperature :&I humidity being the niaiu Bclors InUuencing evaporation there.
Krebs, Wilhelm. Des Messen der Verdunstungsenergie mit dem Doppelthermometer.
Dedvea a fonnnla for calculatiug eraporation diwctly from the readings of the psy-
Met. Zeits., 1897, 14573-6.
chrometer. Both Krebs and l l e (IY95). claiin priority in devising this method. . ..
L8thm, B. Tables of evaporation from a la-inch floating tank and a 5-inch es- posed tank at Crordon, 18&8-1897. Brit. rainf., 1897, (-):30-39. .,
Ala0 gives illustration of Latham's evaporometer.
Madrid, Observatorio de. Treinta ailos de observaclones meteorologicas, . Midrid. 1860-94.
Tables of the mean daily evaporation. 1960-94. froiu an esposed dish of w:iter. acrmn-
panled b a table showing the lowering of teiuperature caused Ivy evaporatiou. The avenge Lily evaporation varies froin 1.0 millimeter in .Tannary t~19.~1~illiiiirtcrsin duly. Tbe cooling effect varies froin 1.3O C. to !I. lo C. for the mine nionths. No yearly totnlsare
Sitzber.
k. Akad. Wiss. (Vienna), math. naturw. Kl., 1897, 107(pt. 2a):
38k-410.
Conelndea that the elli aoidal surfaces of e ual vapor pmsiire alwvean ev:iporating sur h ,n s mathematically &rived by Etefau (IS%), havc t o r i small an exceutririty nscoiupared with cnnea experimentally derived, and that this diRdrcuce brcoincs more pronounced with higher tem eraturea In the case studied this eccentridty should be 9s iustead of 5.1
ugiven by Stel&s eriiiation.
Exhibition of meteorological instruments in use in 1837 aud 1897.
On pa@ 234 Pickering's (1898) atiuonreter Is described; also a new Richard st.lf-recordin~* erapornmeter. In this new pattern a sheet of blutting paper is kept moist bv a wick w h w i dnrs water from a closed reservoir. A Uont transinits to the peu the lraiglit of the lialuial in the reservoir.
Madrid. 1897.
giT0ll.
Pallioh, J. von. Ueber Verdunstung aus einer offen kreisftjrmigen Becken.
Royal Meteorological Society.
Quart. jour. roy. met. soo., 1897, 23321-36.
Rafter, Cleo. W. Stream flow in relation to forests. Americau Forestry Association.
1897, 12. Reprinted in Ann. rpt. Fisheries, Game, and Forest Commission for 1896. 1898.
An extensive discussion of the persistence at al~out the Saiue rate, nf tlie amount of cvap- ration from any given stream tlirOllgh Ioug periods uf tiiue.
Symons, a. J. and H. Sowerby Wallis. Records of evaporatlon. Brit. rainf., 1897, (-j:28-34.
Gives the evaporation during 1897 at the usual stations, and also J.atliam'a t;hlt.s for
1-97.
me, Willi. Messung der Verdunstungsenergie mit dem Doppelthermometer. Met. Zeits., 1897, 1423893.
Claims priorlty In the emplovnient of the psycliroiueter to indicate tlie evaporating p w c r of the air. (.See Abbe, 1885, K-rebs. 1.935, 1897, and rle, 1891.)
1898.
Abbe, Cleveland.
Bedford, Duke of.
Evaporation and temperature. Ivfo. weather rev., 1898, 28313-4.
See Pickering, S. U., and the Duke of Bedford.
Bummary of the work of Carpenter, 1898.
Carpenter, L. C. The loss of water froiii reservoirs by seepage and evaporation. Colorado Esp. eta. Isul., 1898, No. 45. Abstract in Mo. weather rev., 1898,26:213. AbridgedinSymons'smet. mag., 1898,33:ilb9.
Lvaporation a t Fort Collins, Ck~lo.. (alt. 4.990 ft.) from 188'2-97. as inensured by means of a hui8k-gabv, gave an anniid avernge of 40.94 iuehes. ;enera1 discussion of the factora influencing evaporation. Unlcss the teniperatiiie of thc water aiirfncle Is warmer than the dew-poiu t , evapor:itlon can uot proceed aud eondleusatinii n1av occur. Evaporation from ice way 1.0 to 1.5 i n c h ~s per month. Tire nocturnal evalmraiiou, contrary to the general opinion, was almost the sanie as thr diurnal, aud these amounts a proach equalit na the IIIJIIV of water iucrcapes io him. Tabulates observations at inany k a l i t i e s and aiitudes iu &lorado aud Calilrnia. He finds that the fsclim tendina to decrease evaporation at high altitudes are lower teiupwatures smaller difl'erenws betwpen the vapor pressure at water surface temperature :roil that at'thr clew-point, and the decreased capacity for muis turc of air at lower teiqeratures. Concludes th:rt :tlthough lessened air pressure and !mdd4e iucreased velueity nf the wind at hiqh a l t i t h e s hvorevaporation, the annual rate
IS iuiicli less thau at low altitudes.
Carpenter, L. C.
stretches of canals for irrigation purposes.
1898, No. 48.
Losses of evaporation from canals. Records kept for two years on
&lo. Exp. eta. bul.,
I~vaporallou froin canals is klie\ed to LO insignificant as ronlpareil with seepage while I n the caw of reservoin evaporation is tlir mow importaut source of loan. The tomi depth of watcr lost from canals in tht. ]irevaiIing Chraclu soils is estinintetl at from 1 to 2 feet p r day over the whole surfwe of the canal, IBeiug I i w in day soils illan in sand i m gravel.
Summary In Esp. sh. rec., 1899, 10:795-6.
Carpenter, L. C., and others. Evaporation at the Colorado station. Colo. Exp. sta. bul., 1898, No. 49. Abstract iu Esp. sta. rec.. 1899, 10:1019.
Cesults wiiuiiar to thosc pnbli*hed iu first title; repeats his formula pohlished in 1888.
Gravelius, H. Berichte iiher den Stand der Niederschlegsforschungen. Zeits. Gewilsserk., 1898, 1 :341.
Eetiews IIeiuz, 1896, who conlparcd evaporation :m observed at 15 stations in European Russia from 1S71-95. A rapid incre:~qe in the anuuolevaporation is lndirated in the dire+ tivu trom uorthwext to sootheasl: St. Peter*burg, %?l milll~etera; Vislrni Volotabek, E22 millimeters; Moscow, 43.4 iuillin~etew: Sliopin, 672 ~illinietenr; Nikolaiiev (Saratof), 1543 milliiwters; Astrukhan, 750 millimetrw. The vearly ma.rimom occurred nearly every- whew in July and the iuiniiuuiu in Jannary. lielntiona hetween the ralnfall andevapora- tlou are panintcal out. Attentiou is drawn to the f.wt that experiments with evaporation imru agrass surf.we have l w n conducted at PsTluvsk byiueans of Rykachev's (1900) atmometer aiuce 189G.
Ghrunsky, Carl Ewald. Irrigation near Fresno, Cal. Water sup. and irr. papers, 1898, No. i a :7 ~.
Finds the loss of water from csnals is less 11y evaporation than by wepabe.
Heinz, E. A. Ueber Niederscliliige, Schneemenge. und Verdunstung In der Fluss-
gehieten des Europilischeu Russland. St. Petersburg. 1898. Review in Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 1898, 109:716-7. Notices in
Met. Zeits., 1898, 15:(77); Esp. sta. rec., 1898. 103327
Revicwed by Gravelius, IS%.
HBjas, .Andre. A zivatarok nisgyavorsz~tgon az 1871 t61 1895-ig terjedb megflg-
yelesek Alapjrin. (Die Gewitter in Ungarn nach den Beobachtungen von den Jahren lR71-95.-Kurzer Auszug des ungarischen Origi-
nales.) Budapest. 1898.
The ~irlginul gives on 11. :*-I the daily pvaporation during March to October for the
genrs 189U4. at Bwlkpest. Thh average daily rate varied hetween 1.20 niillimdters for larch and S.92 millimeters for July.
Maxwell, W. Evaporation and plant transpiration. Jour. Amer. chem. soc., 1898,
20:46%83. Beviewed in rzp. sta. rec., 1899, 10:721-5.
I~:xpmiincnts were condricted at the experiment station a t Honolulu, T. H., on tile ainouni of iuoiqture directly evapurated trmu the soil and the relative proportion that es-
~.a p s l ~v traiiqpiration fro111 sugar caue duriug the d i e r e n t eriods of grow111 The trane piratiiiii frmi sugar cane growing io a tulJ was observed L 270 days. together with tile avutaloor nud indour evaporation of water in mall galvanired evaporators, teolperatatorp hiimiality, direction uf winal etc. Tlir anlount'evaporated ontCloors duriu this tiwe wd 32.48il ruhic c+ulimeters with an average tcinperatum of 55.9O F.; that in%ors was only
14.175 ciibic centiIurter& with a temperature uf 79.9'' F. The humidity was the same in Loth caws. Tlir inference is tlrat the wind exerts a greater effect upun the rate of ev:ipora- tion than the teniperatiire.
Mazelle, E. Verdunstung des &Ieerwassers ond Riisswassers. Sitsber. k. Akad.
Wss. (Vienna), math.-naturw. Kl., 1898, 107:Ipt. 2). Also re- printed Vienna, 1898. 2Op. 8vo. Abstracts In Clel et terre, 1899,
20:267-8; Ana. k. Akad. Was. (Vienna), math. naturw. Kl., 1898,
no. 7, 35:49-50.
Daily ol8servations from Juup 1 IS96 to SeDlriuber 30, 1897, a t Triest, with two Wild ntnioinetcrs of similar coilstructin:l aud' eul~osure. one contaiuing fresh water, the other
:I 3 71 per rent snlt *ohtion, slrowed that the ratio between the results approaclied nearer
iinity .IS the cite of evnporatiull frolu the fresh water increased. Au equation in which s is the evaporation froin tlw fresh water, and y that frnm the snlt water, shows the follow- ing relatiuu: u= -O.U1(1 + 0.7303s + U .M W - 0.W4W. The tohl amount evaporated froru the fresli'water was 910.6 iuillini~tera, that from tbe salt water 750.9 iulllimetem the r.itio beinr 100: $2.46. Complete tddcs C0Np:tre thrse rates of evaporation with dtller meteorological factors.
Mohn, H[enryk]. Grundziige der Meteorologie. Berlin. 1898. (5th ed.)
See brohn, 1875.
194 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MAY, 1909
Pickering, 8. U., and The Duke of Bedford. A new form of evapormeter. Woburn exp. fruit farm rpt. for 1807.
p. 168-74. Also quoted in Exp. sta. rec., 1898, 9:533.
The object of thls instrument is to approach as nearly 21s possible to tlie conditions x ~v - erning the leaves of a tree. It consists of a sheet of any alisorhent luaterlul held vertically b means of a movable vo per frame iu a vessel of water fitted yitlr a grad~atrtl side tube. T i e evaporating sheet enis io a tongue which dips into the water ant1 is thus kept iuoist.
Spons, E+. J., and R. Sowerby Wallis. Records of evaporation. Brit. raid., 1898, (--):36-44.
Gives the evaporation at seven direrent stations. describes Miller's sand evaporator, and
Untersuohungen iiber die Verdunstung und das Produittionsverinijg-
en der Kulturpflanzen bei versohiedeneni Feuchtiglreit,sgehalte der Luft. Forsch. Geb. Agr. Phys., 1898, 203528, Also Centbl. Agr.
Chem. (Biedermann), 1900, 29:289-90.
glves its records for 1879-98. See H. Sowerby Walhs for succeeding recurds.
Wollny, E.
Experiments on the relatiun Inetween transpiration and plant growth.
1899.
Angot, Alfred. Trait6 Blbmentaire de mbt6orologie. Paris. 1899.
A general diacussion of tlie process and laws of evaporatiou and various luetbodr of measuring it, occurs on p. 178-5.
E+alli, D. Ignaeio. Atmidometro a livello costanto. Atti irccrrd. pont. nuovi Lincei,
1899. 633157-8. Also Mem. eccad. pont. nuovi Lincei, 1900, 17:
165-82..
This evaporometer consists of two coiuiiiunicatiug c.avitir9 In a 8olicl block of iuarlh! one contatnio powdered niarl~le, tlie otlier cloxrd and filled with water which Is drawn h i capillarity t o k e siirfare of the powdered uiarlde, whew it is alluneil t u evaporate.
(havelius, H. Ueber Verdunstung. Zofts. Gewgsserk., 18Y9, 2:248-52. The run-off of a region is regarded as a function of the riiinfnll, evaporatiun, wepage, and the amount uf water used by the vegetation. Descri1~e.1 Hykachev'a app;iratur (]!IOU)
for measuring evaporation h i u soil.
King, F. H. Irrigation and drainage. New Tork. 1899.
The transpiratlon of plants aud the slow rate uf evaguration froui a dry soil arc dc:ilt with on p. 46-54 and 98.
Minssen, Guilherme. Lyceu Rio Grandense de Agronomia de Pelotas. Contribuigno pnra
o estuda da Climatologia do Rio Grande do Sul. 0bserval;iRncs
meteorologica feitas durante o anno de 1809.
Weekly observations at Pelotas, Brazil (1st. 31" 3W S.), of evapoiation froiu water, with monthly and yearly totals for 1SSS: d S 0 weekly, iuontbly. and yearly :iver;rgrs froin 14113-!1.
The resulls show an antl a1 yearly nirrcli of evaporation cow arable with that of tlre northern hemisphere. Tgoedluontbly avcragr rlnring 189S-9 varie! fruirr 60.5 iiiilliiiieters i n June to 140.1 in December, the annual average being 1157.7 iuilliiueters.
RBsumb des observations ntmidomCtrirlues (6vaporation) fnites dens
la Peninsule Ihbrlque de 1857 B 1890. Ann. SOC. in&, 1899. Re-
printed Tours. 1899. 20 p. g'. 8v0.
Raulin, F. V.
Wallis, H. Sowerby. Records of evaporation. Brit. rainf., 1899, (-):31-4.
Table of evaporation at C'amden Square London. 13%-99. Evaporation records for 1SB9
ateightstatlons five of wbieh usethe atanhard tank, 6 lip B by 2 feet, are published,togeIher with a table of the observations at Croydon by U;ildwia Latham.
1900.
Brown, H. T., and F. Escombe. . Statio diffusioii of gases and liquids in relation to t h e a.ssiniilation of carbon and translocation in plants. Phil. trans., 1900, 193:
283-91. Abstract in Annals of Botauy, London, 1900, 1453742.
The rate of diffiision of aqueous vapor tlir~mgh srrrall spertirrrs is controlled by the 1ine;ir dimensions of the aperture aud not lug the w-a: the velocity of Row varie5 inversely :is the diameter of the opcning. Critically reviews othrr work along this h e , esywinlly llrst of Stefan (1873).
Dads, Walter (3. Clima de Cbrdoba. Ann. ofir. met., 1900, 13:49%5U5, 673-97.
This report contains very coiuplete taLles*of teiuper:itiurs uf evaporntion.ant1 of conipar- ative rates of evaporation from six dishes of direrent six?. material. and espositiiru. Tlie temperature ofeva ration was shuwn to lw lower than that uf tlie air. tlic ditterence aver- a i0g3.81~ C. for tg year, The greatest difference was 4.81" in Sephulier and the least 2 !b C. in Juoa The hourly means fi!r 1S.89-98 ar! tabulated. The coiupnrative ubserva- tioos were made with (1) two lmiss dlshes 10 crntlmeters deep, exlwsmy 314 wluarc eeiiti- meters surface, one in the tliermoiueter shelter. the other fully e r p s e d to the wearhrr; (1) two Wild balances whose dishes hwe a surface of 250 silu:irr centiniaters aut1 a depth of 45 millimeters at thb edge and 30 ~uilllrueters iu the center, having the sanic exposure aa the metal evapamtora; (3) a gl;ras dish exposing WJ sqiiarr centimeters ev:ipor;rting surface and 13 entimeters pleep cx ed near the other evapmitora: (4 ) 11 square r i n o lined tank of brick, 80 centimeters E p and enliosing a surfwe of 1 sqnare meter. ' This tank is buried in the ground so that its water leiel is at tlre level of tlie contiguous soil ani1 about 10 centinatera Ix=low the edges of tlie tank. The w$kr level is read bv a luirmmetrr serew. Readings were taken every two liourq. nlght and ilny. with all th'e iustrunients, ex- t the glass dish and the tank'whlcb were read on1 once iu 2.4 hoiiw. The results cif
all tgese iostrumenta are romlmred In detail and a st& is made of the influence of tlie direction and force of the wind upno evsporatiou. Tlie aniounts of rvaporatiou in 2 liours corresponding to increments of 5 kilometers In w iud velocity aiy! tablllated sepsnttcly.
Esmmbe, F
Exner, Felix M.
See Brown, H. T., and F. Esconibe.
Yessungen der tsigliohcn Temperatursciiwankun~eIi in versohiedenen
Tiefen der Wolfgangsees. Sitzber. k. Akad. Wlss. (Vienna), math.
naturw. Kl., 1900, 109 (pt. aa):905-22.
A t d J k of the evaporatiou wconipanics other meteomlogical data.
Latham, B. The climatic conditions necessary for the propagation and spread of the plague. Quart. jonr. roy. met. soc., 1900, 96:37-94.
Tlrr yreatevt amountof eva oration or exhalation wonld take place with the luasimum trniyerature of llic ground sild the ruiniiuiim dew-point and i t is shown that the rise md
fall uf these differences agree i n a remarkal~le manner i i t h the rise and fallof the plagua Taking into rousideratiori the wind and i t s iuEuence on evaporattun, the author iised Dr.
Pole's formula for calcutating evapration: E= 25 , in which T equals the
temperature of tlie ground 1 the temperature of the dew-pomt and 119 the wind velocity
IO iiiiles per hour. -1 e uaf, a coefficient. 80 for Boiuliay, antl $ is the evaporation orex- halation in depth per in inches. Diagrams show curves of the ten-ional differeoee agireiog a i t h that of death from plagur in Bombay.
Storage oP Pvatix on the Gila River, Arizona. Water sup. and irr.
(liiotcs ( > 3' 4) evapuration observations by the IT. R. Geologlcal Survey in Arlzona and estiiuatea tie file of evaporntiou fro111 the reservoir at Buttes, Ariz.
Lippincott, Joseph Barlow.
papers, 1900, No. 33.
Maluschitski. On the value of evapominetric observations to agricultural practice.
Izv. Moscov. selsk. khoz. inst. (Ann. inst. agron. Moscou), 1900, 8:335-403. Abstract in Esp. ata. reo., 1901, 13:437.
Studies the evaporation from a free water surface and from solls. For a free water SUI-
face Michelson and Wild atiuoureters were used, am1 Wild's was found the more reliable Evaporation froiu soil was determined by means of large zinc Iysinieters. From his own experiments and :I survvy of tlie literature the author cnncludas: "Since the strncture of tlir soil and the state of ita surface exert an inimcnse and varied influence on the slored-up huiniditp, as well as on the cvapwstlou, no correlation can be established between the evqmration from a water surface and that from a mltivated soil, and still less In the cage
of a soil covered with y'ants."
Rykachev, M. New evapoivmeter for the study of the evaporation from grass and
observations with it in 1896 at the Constantine Observatory. Zhur.
opuitn. agron. (Russ. Jour. eup. Landw.), 1900, No. 1, 1:115-7. Abstract in Exp. sta. rec.. 1901, 13:428.
This apparatus consists of three rectari ular zinc. boxes, the outer one sunk in the grouod, the uther two filling tightly into It, one a%ove the other the ripper ode contalning soil wltb crd. Excess of rain water percolate3 into the luiddle b& and inaintaios a constant degree
of hnmidlty iir the lower layer of the upper vessel. The amount lost by evaporation is de- teriniurd by weighing the 1111 )er and mialdle boxes togetlrer. ratures of the sol1 mil of the water in the lowrr\lox were recorded. Tlie indlcatioiis of 8 s instrument wem fuirnd to be two ur three times greater than those of a Wild atmometer.
Tlie tem
Sauasure, Horace BBnedicte de. Versuche iiber die Hygrometrie. Neuchhtel. 1783. Herausgegeben son A. J. Oettingen. 2 vol. (Ostwald's Klassiker der esakten Wis- senschaften, Nos. 11F, 11% Leipsic. 1900.)
See Sanrsure, 1782. .
Scott, R. H. Results of percolation experiments at Rothamsted, September, 1870,
t o August. 1899. Quart. jour. roy. met. soc., 1900. 463139-51.
T~lilr I nivcs the annual ainonnt of rain. and of nercolation as measured at three dentha.
W;M, aud"W inches, iu pages sinillar to tli6ue deur~ibe~ by Lswes, Gilbert. aud-\Varri&-< (1881). 'thble I 1 gives the iuonthly average for the eutire period. and a130 the same gruupd into half-pearl) periods. heptrmber tu Fehruary and March to Aumst. Table I l l gives the actual nionthly nieasurements for each vear of the series. The evaporation map b5 ob- tained ins wbtrncting the aiuount of percolition from the alnonnt of rain.
Wallis, H. Sowerby, and Hugh Robert Mill. Records of evaporation. Brit, rainf., 1000, (-):46-9. Abstract Met.
Compsmtive talJles of evaporation at varioiis stations. Suiuinarires results at Camdrn
Zeits., 1902, 19:231.
Square for 1885-19uU and Latham's results at Croydou.
Warington, Robert. Lectures on some of the pliysicnl properties of the soil. Oxford. igw.
Evaporation fmnl a free water surface. froin hare soil, and from soil covered wit11 vegeta- tion are di-cusscd i n some dctail on. p. 107-26, quotiiig rwults of Ebermayer, King, Greaves,
etc.
1901.
Abbe, Cleveland. The rainfall and evaporation of Great Salt Lake. Mo. weather rev.,
1901, 29:68-91
i)uotes A. J. Henry's table of the rainfall over the water-slied of (ireat Salt Lake and rstiiuates the rate of evagnration frum salt water by applying Russell's (1SSS) observed rate froru L fresh water surface.
8u1 clime di Napoli, riassunto generale delle osservazioni meteom- logiche fatte nella R. Specula de Capodimonte 1888-1900. Atti. r. ist. sci., Naples, 3:(ser. 5), No. 4. Reprinted, Naples. ,1901. 24 p.
Page 8'2 gives tlie inonthly anal annual eva lratious at Naples from 1896-1900. wlth f i v c year iueanq. The annual average is 730 niiCiiuetera the niaxtiuum iuonttily rate, 100.1
inillinieters (August), ant1 tlie inininmu, 34.4 ruillirn~ters (February).
Alberti, Vittona.
Balch, E[dwinl S[wiftl. Evaporation under ground. Mo. weather rev., 1001, 293545. Ab-
Maintains that iinderground evapuration does not tmse an appreciable lowering of tern- Iwatirre aud that the cold within ice CBTW must he wholly due to the low temperatures of winter.
stract in Exp. sta. rec., 1901, 13:828.
Bok, 0. Die Breusch. Zeits. Gewiisserk., 1901, 4:l-48.
A table on p. .15 glves the mean monthly depth of evaporation, together with resnltd of
MAY, 1909. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 195
&htiist100~ of erapointion in lileadow and forest and the differences for the years 18913. - 'inbled of rainfall, air temperature, relative huiddity, and the water level of rivers are
Colo. exp. sta. 13th Ann. rpt.
Evaporation observations similar to those described In 1889. The inonthly means during byears 1887-1900 vary from 1.24 inches in December to 5.63 inches in July. The iueiiu
annual evaporation was 41.16 inches and the average annual rainfall, 14.14 inches.
->a"A mu"-.
Clarpenter, L. C., and R. E. Trimble. Meteorological observations for 1900. Denver. 1901. 56 p.
Ohandler, Albert E. Water storage on Cache Creek, California. Water sup. and irr. p a
pers, 1901, No. 45:36-7.
Gives atable of the annual evaporation ~I U Clear Lake, near Sau Francisco, for the im 18;4-W, aa observed by the State Engineering Departiiient of California.
Davie, Arthur Powell. Hydrography of the American Isthmus.
vey, 1900-01, (-), Part iv, p . 507-630.
Ann. rept. U. S. Geol. Sur-
..
Theeva ration from pans noatin In Lake Nicaragua was observed at four stations. ;Lemon& amsoots for iwn varies from 3.46 inches in Aoguat to 6.08 inches in ~a y ;
me tot~l aiuount for the year was ahout 52.4 inches.
blli, D. Ignazio. Esperienze coll' evaporimetro a livello costante. Atti accad. pont.
nuovi Lincei, 1901, 54394.
In August, 1900, the author inaugurat!d coniparative observations of evapration wf \\.a-
*in similar atmometers, one placed 111 the shade, but freely exposd tu thc wind; the :!!%rin the suu all day. No rcsiilts are given. (See also (ialli, 14YB.)
Q r ~s k y , a. E. Water appropriations from King's River. 111 report of irrigation
Califurnia esp.
The erperimei!ts made by the Califiiruia Skito Engineeriug 1)ep:irtlueot under Willianr nrmmoud Hall in 18816 at Kingshitr 011 King's Ctver arc described in the Appeiitlix ? SB-5, Two pans 36 by 36 I J ~ 15 Incies with the water siirface 5 inchea Iw.low the r i d mused, one Boated iu the river, the other 'I'he average annual snpontion from the former was 3.551 feet, 8112 frum the latter 4.93 feet. The tempera- iureofihe water In the floated p i i and of the river water were nsually the *am?, while tbs water temperature in the pan on the ground varied considerably. beiiig rometinirx &her and soiuctimes lower thau that of lhe river water.
investigations in Cal., prepared by Elwood Mead.
sta. bul., 1901, No. 100:259-335.
laced on the Inauk.
Hann, Julius. Lehrbuch der Meteorolonie. 1st edition. Leipsic. 1901. 805 p. - .- A general survey of erapor:it.iou on p. ai-I?. The phenomrooo is ilrtinrd :IS a funrtioii 6::temperature huniidity wind velocity and a i r pressure. Thv furmol:~. f u r cal~~iilatiug eiz@atlon dehved hy ldlton, Weilenmaon, SlelIiny, de IIeen, Scliicrleck, Trubuit, Stt*f:tu,
tb, are quoted.
Inch=?, p'. Statistics dealing with evaporation, rainfall, and delivery of streams in Devonshire. Transactions of the Devonshire Associatlon for the Ad\-anceinent of Science. 1901, 33:600. Abstract in Proou.
lnst. civ. engin., -, 150:506.
Measumnieota of evaporation trou a free water surfacc i n a taut ;it Keunidi, I ~e v ~m - shire, for the years 1897-1900, show an annual average auioiint of 3 M h iurhes. or .50.61 ~w r cant of the raiufa 1. Records of rainfall 011 the Turqoay w.iterbhed for 23 yews :ire alw
glren.
Kbig, Friedrich. Die Verteilung des Wassers uber, auf und in der Erde, uud die
daraus sich ergebende Entstehung des Grundwassers und seiner Quellen mit einer Krltlk der bisherigen Quellentheorien. Ges- childert fiir Tiefbautechniker, technische Forst-, Montau- und
LandwirtschaPtslehranstalten, sowie zum Selbstudiuin. Jena.
1901. 7 vol.
Ageueral discussion of the conditions favoriuy eva oratiou appears in vol. 4, I ,3 C!l.
By modilng the Dalton forniula he caluiilates the yearyy rates of evaporatioii for (kffeiii!
me^ annual tem eratures. Tlie ratel cwrrespnudinx to U" 5' 100 154 20 and 2.50 I..
rouldbeS.40 720, !,03i), 1,650.2 '270 3,500 millimeters. Theseabchwith'the ;iuo~;nts actiinlly oberred at kumanb Veneziieia, d 53 inn1 . at Madeinr. 2 030 NIU . at Sidney, 1 W miti.;
for Holland, ~~(M ~o ' I u ~u .; for the'Englisl~'uoast, 9u0 iuiii.; fur Lohon, 650 iiiiulf and HIW
mm. for East Scotland.
Maneon, Marsden. Features and water rights of Yuba River, Cal. I n report of irriga-
tion investigations in California prepared under tlie direction of
ElwoodMead.
A table of eva ioratioo at Lake Fordyce (alt. li,5DU ft.) froin .h g . 1 0 4 , 1900, slipears ou
Cal. exp. sta. bul., 1901, No. 100:115-30.
p 1%. The dady average was l/li inch.
MiillefErzbach, W. Des Messen des Dampfdruckes durch Verdunstung. Sitzber. k. Akad. Wiss. (Vienna:) math. naturw. Kl., 1901, 11O(pt,. 2a):51!~-
36.
The author concludes from his experiiiieuts that tlie vapor iiressurr ot'liqnids iiiay Id
deterwiord with sufficient accuracy and iiiorr rmily by evaporation thanby iuaoometric. mmurement.
Olmeted, Frank H.' Physical characterlstics of Kern river, Cal. Water sup. and irr.
General statenient of the lusat~a due to evaporation aud arcpage.
papers, 1901, No. 4695.
Opgokow, E. Des Verhalten des Grundwassers in der Stadt Neshin iin Zusam-
Zeits. Gewls- menhanae mlt den meteoroloaischen Elementen.
serk., 1901, 4:76-99. -
Tables of rainfall, 18%-99. and evaporation, 1895-9, show an annual average for the for- mer of 539 millimeters awl t'or thc Iatter of 3 3 iuillimeters.
Schuyler, James D. Problems of water storage on torrential streanis of southern Cali- fornia, as typitled by Sweetwater and Sail Jaclnto rivers. In re- port of irrigation investigations prepared undor the direction of
Elwood Mead. Calif. exp. sta. Lul., 1901, No. 1W:353-95.
The averuge anoiial rate of evaporation fruiu hweetrater Reservoir, from observations of severid years, is 4.5 feet (p. 8 7 ).
Smythe, William E. The irrigation problem of Honey Lake Basin, Cd. In report of ir-
rigation investigations prepared unker the direction of Elwood
Mead.
tivc years, show the evaporation froiii Biiena Vista Kern and Tulare lakes, w%icr:;%' rescinble Hooey Lake, to he froni 3.6 t u 4.75 feet p;r yea; {p. 75).
Meteorological observatlons in Formosa, 1896-1901. Formosa. 1901.
Tlie monthly evnlnirations ut 'L'aihokii, Taichu, Tainau, Taito, Koshuu, Hokoto, and Kee liingarepiven on p. 131-3. A t 'I'sihikii the iuoutlilr aiuoont variesfroni 49.8 nilllimetemin Fellruary to 180.9 millimeters in July. ood tho aiinual average is 1266.2 millimetern. Tu. bles of nieaii daily amuuuts aud ofdaily iuaxi~ua are also given.
Esp. sta. bul., 1901, No. 100:71-113.
The experiments of the California State Engiocering Departiueut, coveriu a
Taihoku Meteorological Observatory.
Trimble, R. E.
U. 5. Geological Survey.
Wallis, H. Sowerby, and Hugh Robert Mill.
See Carpenter, L. C., and R. E. Trimble.
Operations at river stations, 1900.
Eemrds or evaporation. Brit. rain., 1901. (-):28-34.
a p t . of the Division of Hydro- graphy. Water sup. and irr. paper. 1901, No. 52:501.
.. Tables of eva &ration for 1901 ;it nino statim- se\*eu 01' which use standard tanks 6 feet square, with tahes co~nparin~ ev;tpuration thr'~ughout Euxlaud from 1888 to 1900 The aterage innii:il losses h n i the tank at Strathtield hrgias 16.03 inches for fourteen' years (1870-a3i. fnJlu ~i ~e r ' s sand-proterted evaporator a t Lokestofi, 22.27 inches for twenty exrs [laf84;): t'roru the teuk at Canideu Sillwwr. 15.19 iuches for sixteen vean 118$5-1900~: h n i i,athaiu'a.flonting atiuonieter at l:royren, 1631 inclies for fourteen years ilasaiwij:
1302.
-- Der Einfluss des Waldes auP die Verdunstung der Feuchtigkeit in seiner Unigegentl. jRussian.) L6soprom. vPst., Moscow, 1902, (P),
Beport on nieteoroloyical observations, 1900. Public Works Depart-
493882-3.
Abbassia Observatory.
ment of Egypt. Survey Department. Cairo. 1902.
Tdilcs of Iioiirly evapudion (Wild cvaporfmekr) and daily totals for the year 1900,
show :LO au~ioal evap0r:ition uf 1758.7 uiilhneters.
Davis, Walter G. Clima.te of the Argentine Republic compiled from observations made to tho end of the year 1900. Buenos Aires. 1902.
Olaervatious deacriliral in Davis, 1900: are contiliucd On p. 83-90, with tables includinr; results fruiii 18%-19110.
Desenzano, Osservatorio Meteorologico. Osservazioni meteorologiche. Comnient. Ateneo, Brescia, 1902, (-):
The total evaporation at Deseuz:mo at the south end of Lake Qarda for the year from September, 1901. to August., 190, incl;sive, was 658.9 millimetera, the honthly aiiioiints varying from 14.0 milliiuekrs In February to 181.9 niillimeters in July.
$31-96.
Hungary. I<Buigliche Ungarische Reichsanstalt fiir Meteorologie und Erdmag-
netisinus, Jahrbuch, 1908, 33: 97.
T l ~c daily uraporat.ion at 0-Gyalla iloriug 1903 was 1.4 luillimeters.
Jaubert, Joseph. ?Innales de l'observatoire municipal (Ohservatoire de Montsourls),
T!ie Pidic cvapcwoiueter was rmlhynil at Mootsouris and at the Toiir 8t. Jacques in Paris. At Montsourir the monthly airlonut varied from 40.7 iirillimeh~r~ io I.JctOher to 148.0 nlil~iiueterx in July, and at the 'I'aur St. Jaqucs from ti9.3 niilliniekrrr in 0ctoht.r to 17i.S ruillimrtern in JiiIy.
1909, 3: 137-41, 288-6,301-3.
TliP water wad usnally fIxIze0 ill the winter niuntha.
Lippincott, J. B. Storage of water on King's river, Cal. Water sup. and lrr. papers, 1502, NO. 5823-4, 81-9, 99.
Tal~ulatiou of the olrmrvatiwis of evaporation at Kinmbnry, Cal re ~~i-kd by Hall (1886) awl qiiotetl ~i y 1;ruiiskv (1901). Sumniury ot'iueasiiwiiients maile'jo king's river canals in August ani1 Beptciiibe< 1901, to dvtrrininc tlio losa hy sceimge and esaporation.
M e m o , Osservatorio Meteorologico. Osservazioni meteorologiche. Cbmment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1902, (-):
The iuaximum obscrvrrl monthly cvqmalinn for the year, September, 1901, to August l:W was 57.7 milli~ucters in Jill ECPOI~~S wcre not obtained during the winte; modtlir owing to the fmeziug ot' tk water in the instruments. Tlie type of instniment is not. indicated.
4 2 8 - 3 9.
1902.
Okada, T. Ueber die Evaporationskraft des Fbhn. Met. Zeits., 1902, 19:339-
43.
Iu Japan t.lie tiwho is usually a northwest wind of consideral~lc violencr and greatly m a.ela:ratrs tlic rate. ol'rvaporatiun firjrii water iu a small wpyer dish i r d y exposrd in an
q w i i plnw. 0bsr.rratioos are t:ibulatcil.
Ridgway, C. B. Experiments in evaporation. Wyoining exp. ste. bul., No. 59. Laramie. 1903.
196 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MAY, 1909
For thQSe experiments a tank wan used having a rfoiated bottom and containing soil sup lied with water h m a laiger reservoir dirertly,~low the wholc apparatus: tJcingsunk in tRe ground. Water was supplied to the reservoir tlirdugh a tube leading fiom the sur- face ofthe round. A float in the tube actuated a pointer moving over a graduated scale which -fed above the ground, and showed the variations of the water level. The rate ot era ration from soil with the water level niaiotaioed ti inches below thc soil siirfw. was 9pper cent of that fiam a frre water surtke i n the evaporation timk. With the watd level 12, IS, and 22 inches below the soil xurtae, the evaporation waa 70. 45, nod 35 per cent respectively. Loosening the soil once a week to the depth ol 2 invhes diininished the evaporation 10 per writ; to the dQpth of 4 inches, 23 ller cent; and lo G inchcq 45 per cent.
Salo. Osservatorio Meteorologico. Osservazloni meteorologiche. Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1909, (-):
43477.
The nversge daily evaporat.ion at Sala, on Lake Qaida, for tlie year SeptemlJer, 1901, to August, 1902, inclusive was 2 2 milliwrtrra.
Sohwalbe, a. Ueber die Darstellung des jshrliches Ganges der Verdunstung. Met.
Zeits., 1902. 19:49-59.
The following formula for calculating evaporation Is piosented: vf=.4(t-t). where v=
calculated evaporation .-!=a constant embracing the wind tactor aud var ing lrom 0.46 IO
1.2 at different places, i /-r )=the difference btween the readings of t i e wet awl dry- hulb lhcrmometers. Thin formula was tested at 19 stations in Rllbsia Curvrs cotupariog lhe ohserved und calculated values vanda at several >I&?S, lead to the conclusions:
k) (6-/) is a relntive mc;lsure ot t i p cvap0;ation. I?) &io yearly maivh of (L A  ) and u
th depend on the suns declination and in the xawr wa There is a concise iliPeilasion of the formulas devcloprdby Dalton. Stefun Wrileumaoii. Steliing, de Been, Ule, Krebs, Sehierkck, and Trabrrt, and a uiiiforiu n:Btation ia em- ployed in writing them.
Taylor. L. H. Water storage in the Trnckee Basin, California-Nevada. Water sup.
Monthly evaporation observed from a tank floated on the surface of Lake Tahoe, Cal h m May. 1900, .to December, 1901, together with calculations of the iuHow and outtlo; served to determine the reduction of the l a t e level, which corresponded very closely w i d the reduction a  ~ obnerved by weans of a fixed The rasults of eva omtlon at Reno Nev.,during 1894, from a sowewhat smaller tan% sunk in the ground ao$surrouuded with) moist soil are tabolated.
and irr. paper, 1902, No. 68: 34-6.
age.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, OfRce of Zxperiment Stations. Report on irrigation investigations for 1901. Off. Esp. Sta., 190a,
Bul. 119.
On p 92 494 334-6 and 358 are records of eva oration secured b agents of the Office of Erperlnieh &tatloo; at various places i n *&zona, Colorado, l~ontana, Nevada, New Mexico, New Jersey, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Wallis, H. Sowerby, and Hugh Robert Mill.
Robert.
Records of evaporation. Brit. Rainf., 1902, (-): 49-53.
Tables slmllar to those of the preceding years. For succeeding records see Mill, Hugh
1903.
Barus, Uarl. Absenae of electriflcation in cases of sudden condensation and of sudden evaporation. Phys. rev., 1903, 16:384.
Ordinary eva oration aud coodensatioq have loog been known tu he unwcompanied h electrification, got when a mass of water IS auddenly shattered aq in jets there is a iuarke5 production of electricity. The qumtlon arose, therefore, as to whethe; the alaeiice of an electric effsct io ordinary evaporation and eoudensation CRSQS was not due to the fnct thnt vanish too qulckly to be noticeable. Further experimeota however, with sud- g %f &a t l o n and evaporatioii showed an absence of electrificatio&
Batamia, Koninkliik magnetiech en meteorologisch Observa- torium. Results of meteorological observations made at the esperlment sta- tion ir Oost-Java  at Pasoeroean, during the year 1902. Natkdg.
Tijdsch. Ned. Ind., 1903, 62: 267-72.
Includes olaervations on evaporation.
Bok, Oscar.
Verdunstungsmessungen nebst Uittersuchungen uber die Verdunst- ungshijhen an den forstliah-meteorologlschen Statiouen in Elsass-
Lothringen. Beitr. Geophysik, Leipsic, 1903, 6: 1-16.
Meteorologia. Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1903, (-) 939-13. Desensano, Osservatorio Meteorologico.
The nioothlvevaporatioo at Deseozauo for the year from Septenhr 1902, to August, 1903,
inclusive, varied from 14.70 iiiillimeters in January to 118.W millituehs in August.
Hall, A. D. The soil. An introduction t o the scientific study of tile growth of
Discmaea (p. 120-2) the amount of heat re uired for evaporation, with tables and curves of sol1 temperatures showing the cooling ,&et of lhe evaporation of suil molatnre. TLQ .dvankge of cultlvatioti of the surface soil in decreaning evaporation owing to the break- io of theca lllary chmoels, is poipted out (p. 92-101) and bings exberiments wlth glass cpflnders fulyof fine sand are described.
J. R. Sutton-Experimente tiber Verdunstung. Met. Zeits., 190.7,
crops. New York. 1903.
Hann, J.
20 :517-8.
Disculaes the experiments of Sutton (1903) and Latham (1897-1900 on the influence of different methodaof measurlu evaporation and considers: (1) the size of the evaporator, (2) the capillary attraction of b e walls (()the enatnelliog of the outside surfuce 4) the material of the instrumen.t. (5) the inkueoce of relative humidity and wiud v r l d t y , (GI the probability that the intlucnce of the surface temperature of the water I i a a been over estimated.
Jaubert, Joseph. Notice sur 18vapomm8tre de Montsouris. Ann. obs. Montsouris,
1903, 4~30-2.
Describes an Instrunlent for measuring evaporation from soll. It consists of a sheet iron box 30 by 30 by SOceotiitieters filler1 wlth soil in which ram la allowed to row. The rarlktioos i n welght of the soli are registered automatic& by a steel-yard bafaoce on which the box resta. The whole is placed In the groond. no that its upper surface Ison a level with that of the surroundin soil. The excess water i n the hos may be drawn OR by means of a pipe soldered to the tottom of the bos The author believes the dieadvan- tam of this method of determliiiog suil moisture to lle in the fact thnt the soll lo the box drlea out more rapidly than natursl s0.1, the latter being able to draw new supplien of molature from lower layera.
Jelinek, Carl. Jelineks Psychrometer-Tafeln erweitert und vermehrt von J. Hanu,
neu herausgeaeben und init Hwzrometer-Tafeln versehen von J. Y. Pernter. Fiiate erweiterte iiflage. Leipsic. 1903.
Lindgren, Waldemar. The wator resources of Molokat, T. H. Water sup. and irr. paper, 1903, No. 79:48.
The prohable amount of evaporaiion wns ralculated from the rainfall and runoff for sep- arate areas.
Memmo, Osservatorio Meteorolohco. Meteorulogia.
Mill, Hugh Robert.
Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1903, (--):144-7.
The averegc daily amount [of evaporation] for the year was 2.4 millituetenr
Records of evaporation. Brit. rainf., 1903, (-):38-41.
The evaporation fur the year (11 stations) was 17.7 inches. Lathams table of evapora- tion nt Croydon a pears as usual. The water i n h i s CInch exposed vessel eva rated twice ns much during t i e winter and spring and in the slimmer only about 1.5 t c e s as much as that io the IBinch floating evaporat& A second table by Lathaiu shows the amount of percolation at several stations.
Muller-Ersbach, W. Der Dampfdruck des Wasserdanipfes nach der Verdampfungsge- Sitzl~er. k. bkad. Wiss. (Vienna) math. naturw.
The vapor pressures derlved from the rate of evaporation it010 tubes are found to agree
Rend. aoc. sci., 1903, Q(3d ser.):16, 65,
The tnontlily evapuration for 190-7 varied from 38.1 mlllinietars In January to 112.3 ~l l l l - meters in Scptetubrr, with tlie ralnfall varylog from zero in Augunt to 116.4 rullllweters in
schwindigkeit.
Kl., 1903, 112(pt. 2a):6lb20.
closely with those given by Rcgnault.
Osservazloni meteoriche. Naples. R. Oeservatorio di Capodimonte.
98, 146, 168, 184, 219, 2614, 307.
December.
Okada, T. Vergleichende Messungen der Verclunstung des Meerwassers und des SUsswassers. Met. Zeits., 1903, 20:3804.
Under sidlnr conditions, the ratio lietween the inean daily evaporation from salt and fresh water at Aeiuo Japan wus 0.950 a0.l nrarly eoustant for all neas008. Tables ahow tlie M l y luaxlma abd themouthlg ;leans from January, 1815, to Deertuber, 1M1. The nwst important elementa influencing evapor:itioti aw thought to be air temperature and innolation. Devises the forinula n = UZ + By.
1Vhrre Z/ = f1ss11 water mi tius sea aatw, z = temperature of the air.
y = daily duration of aimshine. n , 6, = coustants, = O.Oi9 and 0.076, respectively, at Aziiio, in restern Japan.
Zur Frage der vielifihriaen Abflusschwankungen in den Bassins gro& Oppokow, E.
ser Ffisse. im Zusai<nienhang niit dem Gang der meteorologhh-
en Elemente. Vergleichende Untersuchnng des Abflusses im Ge- biete des Dnjepr oberhalh der Stadt Kijew und der oberen Elbe in Bijhmen. Zeits. Gewasserk., 1903, 5:340-65.
Includes curves of rainfall, evaporation, and runoff from 1874-94, with a table of the yearly aiuounts fnnm 1875-94 011 the Elbe in Bohemia.
Perman, D. E. P. The evaporation of water in a current of air. Cominunicated by
Prof. E. H. Griffiths, F. R. S., to the Royal Society, February 19,
1903. Nature, 1903, (- ):477.
Rafter, George W. The relation of rainfall to runoff. Water sup. and irr. paper, 1903,
KO. 80 130-43.
laperx by Ver!iieule (lW3 ani1 1900) ?[e alBatr.wted. Comliutes the evaporation fiam the
(o?). DQfinltlOU :rnd tables of so-called I negalive evaporation Murkingum Ilasin, N. Y. are added.
Russell, H. U. Results of rain, river, and evaporation observations made in New South Wales during 1900. Sydney. 1903.
S a l o , Osservatorio Meteorologico. Meteorologia. Comment. Ateneo, Broscia, 1903, (-): 148-56.
The uverage daily evaporation lh~in September, 1902, to August, 1903, inclusive, waa 2.4 millimeters.
Sutton, J. E. Results of some esporiments on the rate of evaporation. Trans. So.
Met. Zeit., 1903, 20: African Phil. soc., 1903, 14, pt. 1. Review
517-8. Reprinted, 23 p., 8vo.
Coiupares the evaporation fmm various containers and from a Piche tube. Finds that the latter inatroiuent is especially suxceptilde to the influence of the wind. The experi- menta of 1900 lead to the conelusionx: .( i) The hutuiditg of the air exrrtx the most powerful inHoencr on the rate of emporntion. (4) A wind Iactor is needed. (3) The $reatperturb ink. *influence . attributed to the temperaturc of the water has not heeo wholly confirmed. vpennicota with colored ,lass OWL the eva mratingsiirhceahow that for each 10 exre% of trmprature clue to such fntluaee thCd&h of annual evaporation will iucrease by 1.5 inches.
MAY, 1909. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 1.97
me, Willi.
Niederschlag und Abfluss in Mitteleuropa. Forschungen zur Deut- schen Landes- und Volkskunde, Stuttgart, 1903. 14:43$516. .
In the up r Sad valley the average rainfall for the 20 years 18s'>1801 wax 615 milli- meters, aod%e average run-off 170 n~illiineters. The run-off is i7.5 Iwr eeh, the rvaporx- tion Is estimated a t 51.5 per rent. and vegetation usrs 21 per cent. Thin would iunkc the ire- annual evaporation for this region about 316.i niillime~rs.
Vlkv, V. AI Observatlons mBt6orologiques de la station du champ d'espkrience Vol. I1 : DBpdts atmosphhriques, Bvapora- de Poltava, 1886-1900. tion, etc. (Russian and french.) Poltava. 1903. 633 p.
190.1.
Betavia, Koninklijk magnetisch en meteorologisch Ob80rva-
Besults of meteorological observat1,ons m h e at the Experiment station r*Oost-dava" at Pasuruan, during the year 1902. Natkdg. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind., 1904, 63 : 220-5.
torium.
Includes observations on evaporation.
Blaak, William Galt. Observations of rain, dust, and evaporatlon, Edinburgh, 1903. Sy- mons's met. mag., 1904, 39 : 29.
Bologna, Osservatorio della R. Universith. Oaservazionl meteorologlche i'atte durante I'anno, 19IJ3. Mem. ac-
cad. sci., Bologna, 1904, 1, (6th ser.):325-53.
The tohl evaporation for 1903 was 1'234.5 milliiiieterx, 1111. rainfall was 517.9 ~iiilliiiirterr.
Burgerstein. Die Transpiration der Pflanaen. Jena. 1904.
An exhaustivr and critiral Iil~~iography of w d a dealing with transpiratioii fruin ]hub.
Qurtie, Riohard R. Water-vapor. Quart. jour. roy. met. BOO., 1904, 30:103-209.
A nerd surrey of the phgRiCS of evaporation with a statement of the rclntivc aniounts ofra&all aud evayontlon in the British Isles.
Desenzano, Osservatorio Meteorologioo. Osservazioni fatte ne1 1903. Coniment. Ateneo. Brescia, 190-1, I-):
1859.
The total evaporntiun for the year Septenilirr, 1W3, 1.1, August, IW4, iuclurirr, ana 852.7
mlllimetem.
ebbs, L. Evaporation froin the land. Quart. jour. roy. met. soc., 19M, 30:
DIOCU~SW llterully and gnpliical1.1 the eR'et4 of thr duration and r1iar:utrrof the raiiit;ill
Kbnlglicho Ungarisclie Eeivhsnnstalt fur Meteortilogic iiud Eidmax-
At Na ytaayos the tutsl evapontiou for 1901 was 852.4 ~uillili~eterx, and at 'l'~*nivsvarr
39-40.
on the evapoiation.
Hungary.
netisinus. Jahrbucli, 1904, 34:318. 319.
a 4 ludrmeterr.
Jaubert, Joseph. Observatoire Municipal [de Paris], (Observatoire de Yontsouris). Annales. 1904, 419, 94-6, 320-4, 383-7.
At Moatsouris the monthly totals varied hctwecn 92.6 millimeters in Cictoher tu 178.5
millimeters In July; a t the Tour St. Jnctlues thry varied between 41.4 luilliiueters in Orto#- bmto llal niillimeters in July. Nn records nw given for the winter moutlrs.
Kimball, Herbert Harvey. Evaporation observations in the United States. Mo. weather rev.,
1904, 39:556-9. Reprinted U. S. Dept. Agrio., Weather Bur., No.
327. Washington. 1905.
Quotes Kafter's (1903) cow xitntluns of evaporation f m u the run-off and rainfit11 over a
watershed for difterent lo~~lilhies during long periods. Twn other niethocln nf deterniining evaporation are coiisidered b4 of more prartical importaure-hy direct measiirenients fruiu pmgly exposed water surfaees, and hy computations based U ~J O I I thr teiuperatiire of thc wa surfare and the values of certain nieteorolngical elements. The furmul:~, of T. Hussell Fitzgeraltl Carpenter and Stelling are conipared and diacllssed. An awwlnt nbf ex Rri! menh made by the 11. S. Geological Snrvey in 1888 in the arid regions is followed b y a
table of measured annual evaporations a t various stations, for the purpose of checklug Riia-
lell's computed values. Hrprodutes T. Euasell's chart of evaporation over the Uni t d states.
Ueber Verdunstiingsmessungen mit dem Doppelthermometer fur klimatologische und hydrographische Zwecke. Verhdl. Deut. phys.
Gesellsch., 1904, 6:278-9.
Krebs, Wilhelm.
8ee Krebs, 1905.
Luedeoke, Carl.
Memmo, 0 8 S 0 r v a t O r i O Meteorologico.
Ueber die Grilsse der Bodenverdunstung bei verschiedenen Tide des Grundwasserspiegels. Kulturtochniker, Breslau, 1904, 7 :196-8.
Osservazioni fatte ne1 1903. Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1904, (-1:
The total evaporation for the year from September, 190.7, to August, 1904, inclusive, was
190-7.
W.1 centimeters.
Mill, Hugh Robert. Records of evaporation. Brit. rainf., 1504, 44:46-51.
27.'
Gives observatioos from the name stations as In 190s The results obtained at the eleven stations average 17.32 inches, with a raiufall of 26.49 inchea
Mitsoherlioh, Alfied.
and 1904, 6 1 :390.
Ein Verdunstungsmesser. Laodw. Vers. Stat., 1904,M :63-72,
The author cunsiders measureinentr uf evaporation from open vessels of little value for agricultural purposes slnce the instruiuent usilally can not be placed in the open on .e-
count of rain. and l m &~~ the edge of the vessel always protects the surface of the water froin the fill1 artion of the wind. He devlses an instruiuent eareutlali~ that described by Badnet 1819 and NariCDary 18-59. The evrporatlou per eqiiare centimeter indicated b this insbtimeh wii$ to that ir;m a flee water surface 811 1.91 to I for a large cylinder, ani 1.29 to 1 for a sinaller one This a paratus ex osed in the writer's experimental field at
Kubchlau near H,.hwiel,us,'~ran~en~ii:urp: from I p r i l 5 to Jill 20 1903, indicated an evspo- ratiuu of 130.14 iuilliiueters while the r a ~n f ~l l was 205 50 milimeiers. At 6114 the e v a p ratiou was oiily about one-ialf to one-third that a t 6utsehla11 and the rainfall was wnsid- erahly greater. Rewinmends thls evaporometer as a substitute for the registering hair hygrometer.
Rend. accad. sci., fis. math. Sez., Naples,
Tbe nionthly aiuouuta of evaporation in 1904 varied fro^ 46.9 millimelers in Jannu~ to 131.6 niillimeters iu July. The raiufall varied froin 17 6 milllmeters in July to 167.1 milli- meters in Octuber.
Naples. R. Osservatorio di Capodimonte. Osservazioni meteoriche. 1904, 1 0 (3d ser.): 38, 78, 180-1, 267-9, 323-6, 400.
Okada, T. Evaporation in Japan. Bul. cent. met. obs., Japan, 1904, No. 1:31.
I~vaporntlon is observed at fifty statiuns in Sapmi. The evaporometer is a cylindrical ziiir-liirrtl copper vessel. 20 eentiinetzm i s diameter and 10 centimeters deep. A table 0 )
c.omDarativr observations In min and shade for 111-1893 shows that the difference Is greab est in nuinnim mid letrst in winter. Talrlcx of the mean duily and the monthly evaporation for the tifty stations show minima in January and June and a maximum in August. GSJ raphicrlly the annuaieva ,oration in Japan deerensea from 1,910 millimeters at Iioshun in t i e southwost, to 7% ~iiill~nietem at Kushiio in the northeast. The annual rainfall usuall eurreds t he eval~oration. The niontlily evaporation at twelve stations is shown arni,hi%v and J ehnrt presents the distribution of evawratlou over Japan. __ Oppokow, E. - Zur Frage der vieljiihrigen Abflussschwankunnen in den Bassins
grosser Fliisse, irn-Zus&nmenhang mit dem Gang der meteorolo- gischen Elemente. Vergleichende Untersuchung der mittleren
Abflusswerthe im Flussbecken des oberen Dnjepr und der oberen Elbe in Zusammenhang mit der Frage uber Charakter und Gren- Zen des Einflussen der Lokalitfiten eines Flussbeckens auf den
Ahfluss. Zeits. Gewlsserk., 1904, 6: 1-23.
The percentage of the rainfall evaporatin from a bare moor Boil was fonnd to be 29.5 nod the rllU-o~69 per rent. For a mixtore of iuwr soil and sand lying over moor mil th6
figures were 26.5 and 63 per cent. For inmr soil covered with coarse sand, 11.6 and 87 per
cent.
Oppokow, E. Zur Frage der vielj8lirigen Abflussschwankungen in den Bassins grosser Flusse, iin Zusammenhang mit dem Gang der meteorolo- gischen Elementen. Veber Aubpeicherung und Consumder Feuchb
igkeit irn Rassin des oberen Dnjepr. Zeits. GewBeeerk., 1904, 6: 156-75.
'I'he evapor:itioii anal seepage :ire calculated from the rainfall and riin-oB. Tables and curws are prpseii*d for the basin of the Dnie]ler, and tables from R. Scheck and IIle for the I d u uf the Baal, 3872-1901. (Bee Zlle, 1803.)
Einige Datsn iiber die Schwankungen des Abflusses und der abm- luten Verdunstung in den grossen Flussbassins im Zusammen- hang mit den Hliinaschwankungen und dem Einfluss der Boden-
und Pflanxen-Bedeckung. (Russian.) Pkdologie, St. Petersburg,
Oppokow, E.
1904, 6:182-9.
Russell, H. C. Results of rain, river, and evaporation observations made in New
South Wales during 1901-2. Sydney. 1504.
Salo, Osservatorio Meteorologico. Osservazioni i'atte ne1 1903. Cbmment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1904, (-):
The averah- drily aiununt for the war Septeinlar 1903. to Au list 1904 inclusive was
8.7 inillinleters, ranging Iietwcen 0.6 lilllimeters in Iiecember, anb6.4'millihetera in july.
On certain relationships between the diurnal curves of barometria
pressure and vapor tension at Henilworth (Kimberley), South Africa. Quart. jour. roy. met. SOC., 1904,30:41-55.
A modern discoasion of the ph air4 of evaporation with consideration of the theorlea ro osed by Daltm Lamont snYDeiuc. Concludes that changes in the barometer may
198-904.
Sutton, J. R.
b e to changes i; the vap& pressure rather than to those of temperature. .~
Sutton, J. R. Results of some further observations upon the rate of evaporation. Rpt. So. African assoc. adv. sci.. Johannesburg. 1904. - Experiiuents from 1900-04 with a Pirhe atmometer and the evapommeter described in Sotton. 190s shows the highest rate ~RJN the Piche in the daytime, but not at ni ht. It is cnncluded that this may be due to the stronger winds of the day, and p s i f l y to the veater range of thtr temperature of the water lo the Plclie. Quotea similar results hy h a w . I n suinruer lhe ratios hctween the instruiuenta are more near1 e ual than in winter. A iuatbeinatical discusslon seeks to dettmiine the relation of the &&rent factors which influenre the evaporation rate.
1905.
Abbe, Cleveland. The Piche evaporometer. Mo. weather rev., 1905, 33:25%6.
Summarizes Russel's (1868) result%. Deseril~~s the Piche atmometer and lvea a table showinK the effect of wind upon the rate of eva oration. "The tnie &etho% of treating evaporonietcrr of all kinds within instriiment sielters is to consider them aa integrating hygrometers. For such exposures the total evaporation during an hour or a day is a simple
198 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MAY, 1909
reault of the temperature the wind, and the dryness. Knowin, the two former and the measured evaporation wetmay oompute the avera dryness. !his average dryness is a
much more imporlantdatum to the iueteorolo@st Ran is the meaauiod evaporation io the cllmatologist. Of course, hydraulicand irrigating engineers need to know the loas of water by evaporation but in nature this Is so mixed u p with see age leakage aud consnmptiou by anlmals and plants that our meteorological data are 08coi;iparativ;ly of little inipor- tan= For the g l c h t u r a l engineer the lysimeter and Symons eva orometer 6 fert aquare are ementi ap ratus. but for the meteorologist an Iutexrating fygromet&, riich an the kche evaporomegr really is, Is the important instrument.
Bacon, M u r A.
1905, ao:i-9.
The equilibrium pressure of a vapor at a curved surface. Phys. rev.,
Discussion of the laws regulating theequilibrium bctween evaporation and condensation at the surface of a liquid In capillary tubes, with a r&umi. of the history of the subject.
Bentley, Richard. The growth of instrumental meteorology. Quart. jour. roy. met.
mc.. 1905, 3 1 : 173-92.
Two para rapha on evaporometers occur ou p. 18i and 196. Richard* (1898) aelf-rerord- ing evaporilhon pge and Symonss evaporation tank are described.
Boname, P. Meteorologie. Rap. ann. eta. agron. Mauritius, 1905, (-):l-10. Abstract in Exp. sta. me., 1906, 18911.
The annual evaporation in Mauritius for 1905 waa 376.2 milllmeters, with a rainfall of 2,410.2 millimeters. This Is said to h:tve been an nnusnally wet year.
Briiokner, Eduard. Die BUanz des Kreislaufs des Wassers auf der Erde. Geogr. Zeits.,
1905, 11:436-45. Abstract in Arch. sci. phys. et nat., 1905, 20:
General survey of the evaporatinu measurements niadc in differeut park of the earth,
487-30.
Day, W. H.
and the part played by evaporation in the cycle of the waters of the earth.
Experiments on evaporation and transpiration. Ann. rpt. Ontario agr. coll. and expt. farm, 1905, 3 1 :40-8. Abstract, Exp. sta. rec.,
17: 841.
Studies on the amount of water required by whent, barley, oats, and peas show that bar- ley requlrw the least water for growth and pan tbr most. An attempt to use the Plchr evawmmeter for purposes of comparison showed that several iuatruiuents I would uot re- cord tlie same amount under the same conditions nor even aiuouuts hraring constaut ratios to one another.
Desenzano, Osservatorio Meteorologico. Osservazioni fatte ne1 1904. Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1905, (-1 :
157-61.
The monthly evaporation for the year from September 1904 tu August 1905 inclusive varied from zero in December, and 1.2 millimeter in .Tau;ary to lMh mihimeters i;
August.
Fortier, Samuel. Loss of water by evaporation. Engin. rec., 1905, 5 1 : 430.
Very com reheneive experiments in evaporation nndertakeu by the Ottice of Ex I Star. and the St& of California, show that the aiuount of eva oration is 1ar ly dependkt ou the temperature of the water. The rate of evaporation 8oni vu!tivatefsoil seem tat d r pend on the amount of soil moisture, ou the temperature aud physlcal character of the soil the condition of the atiuosphere. the wlnd etc. Experiments in irrigation indicatc thai iurface Boodin is most wasteful and that furmws 12 inches deep conserne ninch niore moisture thau go shallow furrows of 3 inches. The average evaporation under each meth- od, during Septemher and October, wns 6428, 5581, and 4811 cnbic feet per am?, resget.tively.
Gessert, F. Die Qrundwasserverdunftung in Bteppen, specie11 Biidwest-afrika. Translated by L. Laloy in Zeits. Kolonialpol.. Berlin, 1905,7:301. Bul. 800. gBog.-, 1905, 1!2:53-5.
mtreams. The remedies for exceasive evaporation are believed to lie iu changing evapora- tion from the de ths to the surf-, either by pumps In mme particular cases, or in II more general manner reestablishing a plant cover such as dates and cactus. -.
Hall, A. D. The Bookof the Rothamsted Experiments. London. 1905. xl, 294 p.
Results of percolation experlmeut averaged for each innnth for 31 ycars (1871-1904) alp pear on p 224. The avera an nu^ rainfall was 28.98 iuches, of which 15.8 1ucheuw:is evaporated or retained by Ee soil in a 20-inch gage, 11.35 iurhes in a 4Cinch g ~p , aut1
15.19 inches i n a Wlnch gage. __
Hungary. Kihlgliche Ungarische Reichsanstalt fur Meteorologie und Erdmng- netismus. Jahrbuch. 1905, 36:324, 225. .~
The monthly eva oration i n 19M at TeroesvAr varied from 8.1 milllmetera in Jannary to 81 8 millimeters In guly with a total for thr year of $30.4 millimeters. At Nngytagyoa the mbnthly amount variedfroiu 6.7 uilliiueters i n November to 73.9 millimeters i u Aiiwiiat, ~. with a h t a l of 331.3 milliiuetem
Krebs, Wilhelm. Ueber Verdunstungsmessungen mit den1 Doppelthermometer fiir
klimatologische und hydrographischo Zweclie. Met. Zeits., 1905,
Mmnremenk of evaporation from tanks piaced iu the waters of Mansfelder Lake in June 1891 in Platten Lake in October 1894 and in White Lake in the High Vosgps i n July, 19Q3, sre cbmpared with thb readings df t h i web and dry-holh theri~ion~eters.
aa :211-21.
Memmo, Osservatorio Meteorologico. Oeservazioni fatte ne1 1904. Comment. Ateneo, 1905, (-): 168-5.
The total evaporatlon for the year. from September, 1904, to August, 1905, inclusive. was 344.1 mllllmetem. The water io the iustrumut was froseu during the three winter month
Mill, Hugh Robert. Reltition of evaporation from a water surface t o other meteorologlcal
phenomena in 1905. at Camden Square. Brit. rain!., 1905,4395-9.
Curves of the evaporation temperature etc. at Gaur~len Square are presented. When the curve of the rate of evapbratlon was bklowtlre average for the ear i t followed that of the ~nean temperatiire. when it was above the average i t followed tione of the duration of sunshine and the black-bulb temperature. The wind appeaivd to have little effect at my time.
Mill, Hugh Robert. Records of evaporation. Brit. raid., 1905, 46:4&4.
Evaporation for the year averaged from records at eleven stations in the Brltish Isles, wax 17.72 inches, with a raidfall of 25% inches.
Mitscherlich, Alfred. Bodenkunde fiir Land- und Forstwirte. Berlin. 1905.
In section 35 p 204-13 tlic author discusses evaporation frwn soil. He cites Eser, Ebep niayer. Meiste;, Vogel, a h Wnllny (111 t h r intlueuce of the size of the soil particlrs, the kind of aoil. the vegetation. the inclinatiou of the surfxre. the depth of the around water and the capillary po-wer of the soil tillage of tlic soil and mnluhes. AthlitiGnal tables on 1). 800-8 compare evaporation frmi ?we water snrfacesaith that froiu various kinds of soil and vegetatlun.
Salo, Ossematorio Meteorologico. Osservazioni fatte ne1 1904. Comment. Ateneo, Brescia, 1905, (-):
The :werage daily eva oration rsried froni apparently zero In February and March and
(Russian.)
168-71.
0.7 millimeter io lleceml$r to 1.3 ~illiiueters i n July.
Shchusev, S. [VI.
Shipohinskii, V. V.
Slovinskii, - -.
La method de dhtermination de lhumidit6 des sols. PBdologie, St. Petersburg, 1905, 7:63-6.
Un cas d6vaporation. (Russian.) Yet. Vest., 19115, 15:87-95.
[Meteorological observations for the year 1905 at the Ploti agricui-
Godiclinuli Otchet Ploty. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Stantzii., 1905, tural esperiment station.]
11 :1-24, 121-4.
Strachan, Richard.
Abstract, Esp. sta. rec., 1906, 18:311.
Observatlons on evaporation, in connectlon with other meteorological data.
On percolatlon gages. Horolugical journal, London, 1905,47:115-7.
Several well-known percolation ages and those used at Rothamsted are deacribed; also a self-recording apparatus desigucd and constructed by Messrs. Richard FrPrea
Strachan, Richard. On evaporation gages. Horological journal, London, 1905,47:199-34, 157-81; 1905,48:19-34,40-5, 50-4.
General lliscusslvn of variuua classes of evaporometers, with detailecl historical and bib- liographical survey of exaniplrs of a11 kind^, aud some treatment of evaporation from a
iuatheiuatlcal poiut of view.
Measurement of evaporation. Quart. jour. roy. met. soc, 1905, 31: Strachan, Richard.
277-84.
12vaporation (15.04 inches) as calculated fro~n the meteomlogical data for 1898 obtained a t the Royal Observatory, Greeuwich. is ronipared with the observed evaporatiou at Gun- delu Square (1516 inrher) aud at Rotliaiusted (15.67 inches). Discusses Pules foriuula (ree,Latham, 190O),and two proposed by It. J. Mann (1871) all of which are regarded as in-
a plica11le. Alhe and Fitzgerald are quoted, aut1 T. Rugxe~ls experiments on the influence oFilre wind on a Piehe tube. The necessity, however, is made apparent of improving the sccuracy of evaporometers, and of the iiuportauco of achieving a atandard instrunient of this class. The forniitla used at the Royal fhervatory for calculatfng evapmation is an fnllows: The depth of water evaporated in a luontll= 13.59 ( 1.- u) ob, where V = vapor pressure at tbe tempmatiire of the air, v= vqJor pressure at the dew-point, a = mean dally teuiperatnre of thc evaporathig water, and b = eueficient of expansion of water.
Transeau, Edgar N. Forest centers of eastern America. Amer. net., 1905, 3Q;875-89.
Drars lines of equal ratios between ruinfall and evaporatinn i n eastern North dmeriea Russells (IsS) chart being used am the baris for the evaporation data. Finds that th& lines indimte rlin~atlc centrrs rorrcspondiug in general with the centers of plant distri- butiou which latter arc resoltmts of temperature, relative humidity, wind veloelty, and rainfall.
See also Ann. rpt. Mich. acad. fci., 1905.
Wada, Y. Japanese meteorological service in Korea and Manchuria. (Trans- lated by Dr. S. Tetsu Tamura.) Mo. weather rev., 1905,33:397-9.
At Chrniulpo Observatory the total evaporatioll fronl an 8-inch evaporomekr for the year June, 1904, to June, 1905, WM 1154.8 ~uillimekrs. The monlhly rates varied between 175.6
luillimetara i n June, 1905. and 59.0 luillimeters in January, 1905. The total raiufall for the year was 707.6 milliheters.
1906.
Alfaro, Anaetasio. Costa Rican climatological data. Mo. weather rev., 1906,34:60,305.
The total evaporatlon for January, 1906, was 62.5 inches, and for March, 67.9 inchea
Boulatovitch, M. Meteorological observations for the year 1906 at the Ploti Agricul-
tural Station. GodIchnuli Otchet Ploty. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Stantzii, 1906, 1231-34,239-34. Abstract, Esp. sta. rec., 1907, 10:
616.
Emporation for the year is given 8s 27.66 inches, the iuean of 12 years being 53.78 inches.
Day, W. H.
31, 32. Abstract, Exp. sta. rec., 1907, 1Q:ll.
Evaporation. Ann. rpt. Ontario agr. coll. and exp. farm, 1906, 39:
MAY, 1909. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 199
ObeerPations of eva oration l b m a reservoir during the six months, June to Noveiiilwr, ahowed a lossuf S7.69%chea, or about 10 inches iiiniv than the me:w annual raiufall for this place.
Frbche, Richard. Niederschlag, Abfluss und Verdunstung aof den Landfliichen der
Erde. Inaug. Diss. Halle-Wittenberg. Halle. 55 p. Svo. Zeita. Gewnsserk.. 1906, 7: 321-70. Reviews, Natiim. Rundschau, 1907,
22: 111; Peternianns Mitteil., 1907, 5 3 9 6 (Literaturbericht); Exp. sta. rec., 1908, 20:114.
General estimates of annual rainhll r u n 4 aud evaporation on the land surfaces of the ebe, revised from Murray (1887) a h Brlickner (Met. Zeits 1885 4:[63]), and gives a ble of evaporation acCOrdlng to lditiide. (Sre also Briiclinr~1908.j
Bul. dir. agr. et coin., c)ineetoue, a. Meteorology of Tunis, winter of 1905-6. Tunis, 1906, 10: 11l-98. Abstract, Esp. sta. rec., 1906, 18: 10.
Bamarlzea obaervations on pressure, tcmyerature, hiiniidity, rainfall, evaporatiori, rtc., at I large number of stations in different parts of Tuoia
Hann, Juliue. T&glicher und jiihrlicher Gang der Verdunstung in Sudindien. Met.
Zeits., 1906, 23: 438-9.
Dcseribes some experiments carded on at Trivaodrium froni I S 7 tu 1363 by Jolin Alleu Bmrn. Two evaporator8 haviog ex lowd siirfacea of 100 8qiiare indirx werr tilled with
amrater and placed on<in the shade thuiigh exlnsrd to wind the uhcr lu thu sun.
The evaphration niax:ma fell in March ;nd depteuileer the miniw; in Juue July, and No- rember. The table of meail daily etaporntion gives tl;e annual aiunuii(8 df lW2.36 urllli- meters In the shade, and 2524.94 iiilllimettra iii the suu.
Henry, Alfred J. Salton Sea and the rainfall of the Southwest. Mo. weather rev.,
1906, 34~557-9.
&om that the Salton Sen could iiot erect the raiufall of the SouthweaL
[To be colitintted.]
PHOTOGRAPHING THE LEONIDS OF NOVEMBER, 1000.
To encourage the photographing of the Leonids under
favorable atmospheric conditions the Treptow Sternwarte near
Berlin, announces the following prizes which it offers:
First prize.-A telescope for amateurs, constructed by 0.
and 5. Morz, Munich, according to a design by Dr. F.
5. Archenhold. Mounting is equatorial and various eye- pieces are furnished with it. Value = M. 135.00.
Second prize.-Six bound volumes of the illustrated astro- nomical fortnightly, r r Das Weltall. Value = M. 84.00.
Third prize. A completo set of the 21 extra numbers of the
(( Weltall  comprising the lectures and addresses pub- lished by the Treptow Observatory. Value = IT. 30.50.
Coraditiotu of the coaipetitiun.
1. The photographs must be made from a balloon, during
2. The competition is open to the citizens of all nations.
3. The papers and negatives offered in competition are to
be signed by a Motto only, and are to be accompanied by a
sealed envelope containing the correct address of the contest-
ant, the appropriate motto only to be written on the outside of
this envelope.
4. The original negatives, developed and fired, must be sub-
mitted in competition, accompanied by the following data:
the time from November 13 to 16, 1909.
a. Place, date, and hour of the exposure.
I). Name of the balloon.
c. Altitude of the balloon.
cl. Name of the constellation in which the meteors were
e. Description of the camera and the lens, giving also its
f. Length of the exposure.
observed [photographed].
focal length and the aperture employed.
5. The original negatives awarded prizes by the three
judges, to be named later, together with all rights of publica-
tion, become the property of the illustrated periodical
Weltall, published by the Treptow Observatory, Treptow-
Berlin, Germany.
6. The last date for receiving photographs in competition is
January 1, 1910.
All papers and packages should be addressed,
Herrn Direktor Dr. F. S . Archenhold,
Treptow Sternwarte,
Treptow bei Berlin, Germany.
7. The results of the competition will be published in rr Das
We1 tall. 
Directions and hints for photographing meteor showers,
etc, may be found in Das Weltall, 1st Year, No. 3, and all fur-
ther details or advice will be willingly given by the Director
of the Treptow Observatory at the above address.
HIGHEST BALLOON ASCENSION IN NORTH AMERIUA.
Although a large number of ballom-sondes were dispatched
from St. Louis in 1904-7 under the direction of the writer,
none had been employed in the eastern States until last year.
In May and July, 1908, four Lnllotu-so~des were launched from
Pittsfield, Mass., with special precautions to limit the time
they remained in the sir and so prevent them from drifting out
to sea with the upper westerly wind. Three of the register-
ing instruments have been returned to the Blue Hill Observa-
tory with good records. The h a t instrument, sent up on May 7,
was not found for 10 months and the record, forming the sub-
ject of the present article, is very interesting, because it gives
complete temperature data from the ground up to 17,700 me-
ters (11 miles). This is 650 meters higher than the highest
ascension from St. Louis.
On May 7, 1908, a general storm prevailed, so that the bal-
loon, traveling from the east, was soon lost in the clouds and
its subsequent drift could not be followed; but the resultant
course was 59 miles from the southwest, as determined by the
place where the instrument fell 2 hours later. At the ground the temperature was 4 .5 O C., and this decreased as the balloon
rose to the base of the clouds, which itself was considerably
warmer than the underlying air. Above the clouds the tem-
perature continued to fall with increasing rapidity up to a
height of 12,500 meters (7.7 miles) where the minimum of
-54.5 C. was registered. Here the great warm stratum was
penetrated farther than ever before in this country, namely,
to the height of 17,700 meters (11.0 miles) where the temper-
ature was -46.5 C. An increase of 8.9 C. occurred, how-
ever, in the first 3,000 meters, for above 16,500 meters nearly
isothermal conditions prevailed, confirming the belief of Teis-
serenc de Bort that what he calls the r r stratosphere is com-
posed of a lower inverting layer with isothermal conditions
above extending to an unknown height.
In an ascension last November in Belgium the relatively
warm stratum was found to extend from 12,900 meters (8.0
miles) to the enormous height of 29,000 meters (18.0 miles),
where there was still no indication of its diminution.
By Prof. A. L. ROTCH, Blue Bill Ohserratory, Mass.
TORNADOES IN OKLAHOMA.
On May 29, 1909, at about 4:30 p. m., two straight winds
from about west and southwest respectively converged upon
Key West, Lincoln County, and are reported to have there
combined in a tornado of some intensity which traveled north-
eastward, crossing the Frisco railroad at Depew, Creek Nation.
In the vicinity of Key West the straight winds are reported to
have clestroyed property to the value of $2,500 and injured six
persons. The tornado here had a path a quarter of a mile
wide. The storm reached Depew, fifteen miles northeast,
about 5 :30 p. in., ancl there destroyed thirty or forty houses and
injured two men. Heavy rainfall accompanied this storm and
caused great damage.
A second tornado, with a path two hundred yards wide,
occurred almost simultaneously six or eight miles to the south,
along a parallel path between Arlington and Newby. At the
confluence of Pataqua Creek and Deep Fork of Canadian River
this tornado killed four persons. Three others were injured
and ten houses destroyed along its path. Heavy rain and hail
fell after the tornado had passed.-C. A., jr.
Reprinted from Science, 1909, 30(n.s.):302-3.
Science, 1908, 27(n.s.j:315.