Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Kimberly K. Yates

        Robert Halley (retired)
      Publication_Date: 2004
      Title: Geochemical Monitoring of Restoration Progress
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: maps
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/index.php?project_url=geo_monitor/
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Continued geochemical monitoring efforts will provide a measure of the
      progress and effects of restoration on environmental health and water
      quality, and complement biological monitoring of indicator species. 
      This information is essential for identifying when successful
      restoration has been accomplished.  Additionally, this geochemical
      monitoring program will serve as a model for developing similar
      programs for monitoring other coastal and lacustrine environments
      targeted in future projects.  Products include a productivity database
      for Florida Bay and bimonthly salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon
      speciation, and air:sea CO2 gas flux maps of Florida Bay.
    Purpose:
      The flow of fresh water from the Everglades to Florida Bay and the
      interaction of Bay water with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
      are critical processes that have defined the Florida Bay Ecosystem. 
      Reconstruction of historical changes in the Florida Bay Ecosystem
      using paleoecological and geochemical data from cores and historical
      databases indicates that significant changes in water quality and
      circulation (McIvor et al., 1994; Rudnick et al., 1999; Boyer et al.,
      1999; Halley and Roulier, 1999; Swart et al., 1999), and biological
      species composition and ecology (Brewster-Wingard and Ishman, 1999;
      Fourqurean and Robblee, 1999; Hall et al., 1999; Zieman et al., 1999)
      have been coincident with alteration of drainage patterns in the
      Everglades and construction of bridges linking the Keys.

      Paleoecological data from cores also indicates that changes in the
      abundance of seagrass and algae in the Bay have been coincident with
      salinity changes and that significant loss of seagrass on mud banks
      and basins has occurred over the last several years.  Stable isotope
      data from sediment cores indicate decreased circulation in the Bay
      coincident with railroad building and early drainage in South Florida.

      Water management practices in South Florida are already being altered
      in an effort to restore the Everglades and Florida Bay.  Resulting
      changes in water chemistry will first affect biogeochemical processes,
      and may, subsequently, result in changes in species distributions
      (such as seagrass, algae, etc.) in the Bay.  An extensive water
      quality monitoring program for Florida Bay has been in operation for
      several years.  Primary participants include ENP - fixed water quality
      monitoring stations, NOAA -salinity, chlorophyll, and transmittance
      bimonthly surveys, SFWMD - northeast Bay and north coast monitoring,
      and Florida International University (FIU) - nutrient monitoring. 
      These programs have provided detailed information on concentrations of
      water quality parameters in the Bay.  However, in situ monitoring of
      key biogeochemical processes resulting directly from biological
      activity has not been undertaken. Monitoring changes in biogeochemical
      processes is critical to early identification of ecological response
      to restoration and predicting changes in species distribution within
      the Bay. Additionally, these  processes may directly impact water
      quality.

      Calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration directly affect
      dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved inorganic carbon and a number of other
      chemical characteristics of the water column.  This information will
      enable managers to evaluate the progress and success of South Florida
      restoration efforts.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19991001
        Ending_Date: 20040930
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.21
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.3
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.27
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.72
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: geochemistry
      Theme_Keyword: hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: monitoring
      Theme_Keyword: carbonates
      Theme_Keyword: geology
      Theme_Keyword: chemistry
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: environment
      Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
      Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
      Theme_Keyword: oceans
      Theme_Keyword: 007
      Theme_Keyword: 008
      Theme_Keyword: 012
      Theme_Keyword: 014
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of
        Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, 
        Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington,
        D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: United States
      Place_Keyword: US
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the
        United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST
      Place_Keyword: Florida
      Place_Keyword: FL
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of
        the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3,
        Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: Monroe County
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
      Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park
      Place_Keyword: Florida Bay
      Place_Keyword: Captain Key
      Place_Keyword: Buchanan Bank
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: Central Everglades
      Place_Keyword: Florida Keys
      Place_Keyword: Manatee Key Basin
      Place_Keyword: Buchanon Basin
      Place_Keyword: Russell Bank
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kimberly K. Yates
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 4th St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext. 3059
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2031
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kyates@usgs.gov
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Others working on this project include: Phillip Thompson, Nathan Smiley,
    Iuri Herzfeld, and Chris Dufore.
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Millero, F. J.
      Publication_Date: 1979
      Title: The thermodynamics of the carbonate system in seawater
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
        Issue_Identification: 43:1651-1661
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Oxon, United Kingdom
        Publisher: Geochemical Society (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Barnes, D. J.
      Publication_Date: 1983
      Title:
        Profiling coral reef productivity and calcification using pH and
        oxygen electrodes
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
        Issue_Identification: 66:149-161
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science BV
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Frankignoulle, M.

        Disteche, A.
      Publication_Date: 1984
      Title:
        CO2 chemistry in the water column above a Posidonia seagrass bed and
        related air-sea exchanges
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Oceanologica Acta
        Issue_Identification: 7(2):209-219
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Paris, France
        Publisher: Institute Franceis de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Gattuso, J. P.

        Pichon, M.; Delesalle, B.; Frankignoulle, M.
      Publication_Date: 1993
      Title:
        Community metabolism and air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coral reef
        ecosystem (Moorea, French Polynesia)
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Marine Ecology Progress Series
        Issue_Identification: 96:259-267
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Oldendorf, Germany
        Publisher: Inter-Research
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Smith, S. V.
      Publication_Date: 1973
      Title:
        Carbon dioxide dynamics: a record of organic carbon production,
        respiration, and calcification in the Eniwetok reef flat community
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
        Issue_Identification: 18(1):106-120
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Prager, E.

        Halley, R. B.
      Publication_Date: 1997
      Title: Florida Bay Bottom Types
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: OFR 97-526
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL
        Publisher: USGS, Center for Coastal and Regional Marine Studies
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/97-526
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Boyer, J. N.

        Fourqurean, J. W.; Jones, R. D.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Seasonal and long-term trends in the water quality of Florida Bay
        (1989-1997)
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New Tork, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://springerlink.com/content/468667r53r227392/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Brewster-Wingard, G.L.

        Ishman, S. E.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Historical trends in salinity and substrate in Florida Bay: a
        paleoecological reconstructin using modern analogue data
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Esturaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7022540x44205hw5/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Stumpf, R. P.

        Frayer, M. L.; Durako, M. J.; Brock, J. C.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from
        1985 to 1997
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: v.22, n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/c1342956716u2542/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Halley, R. B.

        Roulier, L. M.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Reconstructing the history of eastern and central Florida Bay using
        mollusk-shell isotope records
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: 22(2)
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Port Republic, MD
        Publisher: Estuaries Research Federation
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n5q504ung52g4r14/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Fourqurean, J. W.

        Robblee, M. B.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title: Florida Bay: a history of recent ecological changes
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n.2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/e9r6455l267113w1/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        McIvor, C. C.

        Jey, J. A.; Bjork, R. D.
      Publication_Date: 1994
      Title:
        Changes in freshwater inflow from the Everglades to Florida Bay
        including effects on biota and biotic processes: a review
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: book chapter
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Delray Beach, FL
        Publisher: St. Lucie Press
      Other_Citation_Details:
        in: Everglades the Ecosystem and Restoration, S. M. Davis and J. C.
        Ogden, eds.
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Millero, F. J.

        Zhang, J.; Lee, K.; Campbell, D. M.
      Publication_Date: 1993
      Title: Titration alkalinity of seawater
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Marine Geochemistry
        Issue_Identification: 44: 153-166
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Dordrecht, Netherlands
        Publisher: Kluwer Academic Press
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Rama and Willard S. Moore
      Publication_Date: 1996
      Title:
        Using the radium quartet for evaluating ground water input and water
        exchange in salt marshes
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
        Issue_Identification: 60: 4645-4652
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Oxon, United Kingdom
        Publisher: Geochemical Society (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Robblee, M. B.

        Barber, T. R.; Carlson, P. R.; Drako, M. J.; Furqurean, J. W.;
        Muehlstein, L. K.; Porter, D.; Yarboro, L. A.; Zieman, R. T.;
        Zieman, J. C.
      Publication_Date: 1991
      Title:
        Mass mortality of the tropical seagrasses Thalassia testudinum in
        Florida Bay
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Marine Ecology Progress Series
        Issue_Identification: 71: 297-299
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Olendorf, Germany
        Publisher: Inter-Research
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Rudnick, D. T.

        Chen, Z.; Childers, D. L.; Boyer, J. N.; Fontaine, T. D.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Phosphorus and nitrogen inputs to Florida Bay: the importance of the
        Everglades watershed
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/651uk34018663707/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Smith, S. V.

        Key, G. S.
      Publication_Date: 1975
      Title: Carbon dioxide and metabolism in marine environments
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
        Issue_Identification: 20: 493-495
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, D.C.
        Publisher: American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Swart, P. K.

        Healy, G.; Greer, L.; Lutz. M.; Saied, A.; Anderegg, D.; Dodge, R.
        E.; Rudnick, D. T.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        The use of proxy chemical records in coral skeletons to ascertain
        past environmental conditions in Florida Bay
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Esturaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/3mw86962517218x2/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Zieman, J. C.

        Fourqurean, J. W.; Frankovich, T. A.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: long-term trends in abundance and
        growth of Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum)
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuaries
        Issue_Identification: v. 22 n. 2B
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: New York, New York
        Publisher: Springer New York
      Online_Linkage: http://www.springerlink.com/content/vh18886v17141884/fulltext.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Yates, Kimberly

        Halley, Robert
      Publication_Date: 2000
      Title: Geochemical Productivity Monitoring in Florida Bay
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: 00-361
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: St. Petersbrug, FL
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-361/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Yates, K.
      Publication_Date: 2000
      Title: SHARQ Infested Waters
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: 00-166
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-166/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Robbins, J. A.

        Holmes, C. W.; Halley, R. B.; Bothner, M.; Shinn, E. A.; Graney, J.;
        Keeler, G.; ten Brink, M.; Orlandini, K. A.; Rudnick, D.
      Publication_Date: 2000
      Title:
        Time-averaged fluxes of lead and fallout radionuclides to sediments
        in Florida Bay
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans
        Issue_Identification: v. 105, n. C12
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Washington, DC
        Publisher: American Geophysical Union
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Yates, K. K.

        Halley, R. B.
      Publication_Date: 2003
      Title:
        Measuring coral reef community metabolism using new benthic chamber
        technology
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Coral Reefs
        Issue_Identification: v. 22, n. 3
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Heidelberg, Germany
        Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable
  Completeness_Report: not available
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Fiscal year 2003 activities focused on continued monitoring of
        production rates at monitoring sites established during FY2000
        (Russell Bank, Manatee Key Basin, and Buchanon Basin).  Productivity
        rates were determined by measuring rates of calcification,
        photosynthesis, and respiration associated with representative
        substrate types including seagrass beds, hard bottom communities and
        mud bottom communities.  Biological characterization of geochemical
        monitoring sites by Florida Marine Research Institute (FMRI) and
        USGS will provide critical information used for hind-casting
        production rates based on historical information from cores.  Rates
        of productivity at each site were measured for 24-hour periods,
        during field expeditions to establish daily, seasonal, and annual
        rates of production in the Bay.  These data will be compared to
        baseline productivity data established in FY2000 to identify changes
        in ecosystem health.

        Calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration were measured using
        the SHARQ incubation system developed by Yates and Halley. 
        Geochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence,
        and temperature were measured continuously through the SHARQ's
        flow-through analytical system throughout the duration of incubation
        periods (from 20-28 hours).  Water samples were removed from sample
        ports every 4 hours for alkalinity measurements via the Gran
        titration method using methods of Millero.  Dissolved oxygen, pH and
        alkalinity data were used to calculate rates of net calcification,
        photosynthesis, and respiration for each 4-hour interval between
        alkalinity measurements during incubation periods.  Productivity
        parameters were calculated using the alkalinity anomaly technique
        and carbonate system equations of Millero whereby delta
        concentration of each parameter/deltaT x SHARQ volume/SHARQ surface
        area = g C m -1.  Sample interval rates will be used to calculate
        net daily production rates that were then used to derive average
        hourly rates of calcification,  photosynthesis, and respiration.
        Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in the air at
        the waters surface and on the seafloor at monitoring sites during
        all monitoring exercises.
      Process_Date: 20030930
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Seasonal productivity monitoring activities have focused on
        establishing seasonal baseline productivity data on rates of
        calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration on mud banks and in
        basins located in regions of the bay that exhibit similar water
        quality properties.  Monitoring sites have been established on
        representative substrate types in the central and western regions of
        the bay.  Central Bay study sites include seagrass beds located on
        Russell Bank and seagrass and mud-bottom located in Manatee Key
        Basin.  Western study sites include seagrass and hard-bottom
        communities located near Buchanon Bank.  Water column productivity
        has been measured in Manatee Key Basin where planktonic algal blooms
        frequently occur. Productivity rates at seagrass sites at each of
        these locations were measured in March and September of 1999.

        Productivity rates at all sites, including mud- and hard-bottom
        communities, and water column were measured in March 2000.

        Additional seagrass sites near Barnes Key (an area of recent
        seagrass die-off in the western bay monitored by FMRI) were surveyed
        in March 2000.

        Productivity on mudbanks will be determined by measuring spatial
        geochemical changes along transects across mudbanks using techniques
        modified from Smith (1973) and Frankignoulle and Disteche (1984). 
        Productivity in basins will be determined by measuring temporal
        geochemical changes in water masses isolated over the bottom using
        techniques developed by Halley and Yates employing a large
        environmental incubation chamber (Submersible Habitat for Analyzing
        Reef Quality, or S.H.A.R.Q.).  Comparison of productivity monitoring
        data to productivity baselines established in FY2000 and geochemical
        survey data will provide a measure of the response of biogeochemical
        processes to changing water quality in the Bay.
      Process_Date: 2001
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Productivity monitoring has continued during March and September of
        each study year at Central Bay study sites including Russell Bank,
        Manatee Key Basin, and near Captains Key, and at Western Bay study
        sites including Buchanon Bank and Barnes Key.  In situ
        experimentation on the effects of elevated salinity on seagrass
        metabolism was performed in March of 2001 on seagrass beds near
        Captains Key. Productivity monitoring and salinity experimentation
        resumed in June 2002 and will continue throughout the duration of
        the project.  Bimonthly salinity surveys have continued throughout
        the project. Instrumentation was acquired in 2001 for dissolved
        oxygen, pH, carbon speciation, and CO2 gas flux measurements. 
        Carbon dioxide gas flux measurements have been performed
        simultaneously with bimonthly salinity surveys at 26 locations
        throughout Florida Bay since April of 2001.  Dissolved oxygen, pH,
        total alkalinity, and total inorganic carbon measurements were added
        to the bimonthly geochemical surveys in April 2002 and will continue
        throughout the duration of   the project.  Bimonthly salinity maps
        are posted on the SOFIA web site immediately after processing. 
        Carbon dioxide gas flux maps, and newly acquired maps for dissolved
        oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, and total inorganic carbon from the
        April 2002 survey are currently being prepared, and will be posted
        on the SOFIA web site.

        FY2003 activities will focus on continued monitoring of production
        rates at monitoring sites established during FY2000 (Russell Bank,
        Manatee Key Basin, and  Buchanon Bank).  Productivity rates will be
        determined by measuring rates of calcification, photosynthesis, and
        respiration associated with representative substrate types including
        seagrass beds, hard bottom communities and mud bottom communities. 
        Biological characterization of geochemical monitoring sites by FMRI
        and USGS will provide critical information used for hind-casting
        production rates based on historical information from cores.  Rates
        of productivity at each site will be measured for 24-hour periods,
        during dry and wet seasons (2 time/year), via two weeks field
        excursions to establish daily, seasonal, and annual rates of
        production in the Bay.  These data will be compared to baseline
        productivity data established in FY2000 to identify changes in
        ecosystem health.

        Calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration will be measured
        using the SHARQ incubation system developed by Yates and Halley. 
        Geochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence,
        and temperature will be measured continuously through the SHARQ's
        flow-through analytical system throughout the duration of incubation
        periods (from 20-28 hours).  Water samples will be removed from
        sample ports every 4 hours for alkalinity measurements via the Gran
        titration method using methods of Millero (1979).  Dissolved oxygen,
        pH and alkalinity data will be used to calculate rates of net
        calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration for each 4-hour
        interval between alkalinity measurements during incubation periods. 
        Productivity parameters will be calculated using the alkalinity
        anomaly technique (Smith and Key, 1975) and carbonate system
        equations of Millero (1979).  Sample interval rates will then used
        to calculate net daily production rates that were then used to
        derive average hourly rates of calcification, photosynthesis, and
        respiration.  Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) will be
        measured in the air at the waters surface and on the seafloor at
        monitoring sites during all monitoring exercises.

        Comparison of bimonthly survey data and NOAA surveys to historical
        water quality information from the ENP database will be used to
        identify locations of significant water quality change in the bay
        and potential new monitoring sites.  Dissolved oxygen, pH, DIC
        speciation, and air:sea CO2 gas flux data from USGS surveys will
        play a critical role in identifying areas where significant changes
        in biogeochemical processes may be taking place.  Survey data will
        be coupled with productivity monitoring data to establish
        condition/response criteria for biogeochemical processes.  High
        frequency, bay-wide geochemical surveys will complement SFWMD water
        quality monitoring along the Bays northern coastline, ENP water
        quality monitoring stations throughout the Bay, and NOAA bimonthly
        surveys to provide very detailed characterizations of water quality.

        Survey tracts will target the perimeter of each of the smaller
        basins in the Bay, transect larger basins, and include sampling
        sites near canal and slough discharge areas.  Salinity and
        conductivity (Orion instrumentation), temperature (Orion), pH (Orion
        Ross Electrodes and meter), and dissolved oxygen (YSI) will be
        measured using a flow-through analytical system towed behind a small
        research vessel at a speed of less than 15 knots.  Data from each of
        these parameters will be logged approximately once every 4 to 8
        seconds of travel resulting in collection of approximately 20,000
        data points for each parameter throughout the entire bay over a
        three to four day time period.  Water samples for total carbon
        analyses will be collected from each of 24 sites distributed
        throughout the Bay.  Analyses will be performed using a carbon
        coulometer.  Total carbon and pH data will be used to calculate
        carbon speciation using the CO2SYS carbon speciation program. 
        Air:sea CO2 gas fluxes will also be directly measured at each of the
        24 sample sites using a floating bell and a LiCor 6252 infrared CO2
        gas analyzer.  Data collected from each geochemical survey will be
        contoured producing a GIS map layer for each chemical parameter.
        These maps will be posted on the SOFIA website.  These data will
        establish the effects of alteration of freshwater flow to Florida
        Bay on critical geochemical parameters and assist in establishing
        links between changes in water quality, biogeochemical processes,
        and ecosystem health.

        Average rates of carbonate sediment production derived from FY99
        through FY03 monitoring exercises will be used to estimate average
        sediment accumulation rates for various representative substrate
        types identified by Prager and Halley (1997).  This information will
        be compared to historical sediment accumulation rates derived from
        dated sediment cores and sediment thickness data.  Carbonate
        sediment production rates from monitoring exercises will be compared
        to salinity data collected via geochemical surveys to identify
        potential salinity impacts on sediment production rates.

        A similar comparative exercise for organic productivity (rates of
        carbon fixation) from seagrass and other substrate types is planned
        for next fiscal year.
      Process_Date: 2003
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Historical comparisons

        During FY03, average rates of carbonate sediment production derived
        from FY00 through FY03 monitoring exercises were used to estimate
        average sediment accumulation rates for various representative
        substrate types identified by Prager and Halley.   In FY04, this
        information will be compared to historical sediment accumulation
        rates derived from dated sediment cores and sediment thickness data.
        Carbonate sediment production rates from monitoring exercises will
        be compared to salinity data collected via geochemical surveys to
        identify potential salinity impacts on sediment production rates.  A
        similar comparative exercise for organic productivity (rates of
        carbon fixation) from seagrass and other substrate types will be
        performed.  Data sets from this study will be coordinated with data
        sets of Wingard, Zieman, Fourqurean, Frankovich, Durako, and Orem. 
        Productivity data will be made available through a database on the
        SOFIA web site.  GIS map products have been generated for all water
        quality parameters from bimonthly geochemical surveys.  Correlation
        statistics will be used to identify links between specific water
        quality parameters, and other physical parameters (such as bottom
        type, etc.) to aid in the identification of processes controlling
        water chemistry.  Data used to generate map products will be
        incorporated into a database, and will be made available on the
        SOFIA website.  All map products will also be made available as USGS
        open-file reports.
      Process_Date: 2004
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Kimberly K. Yates
            Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing and physical address
            Address: 600 4th St. South
            City: St. Petersburg
            State_or_Province: FL
            Postal_Code: 33701
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext. 3059
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2031
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kyates@usgs.gov
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 600 Fourth St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Florida Bay air:sea CO2 exchange maps
  Distribution_Liability: The data have no warranties explicit or implied
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: JPEG
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains a map for a specific date
        Transfer_Size: 0.2
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/carbon-fluxes
          Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: Adobe PDF
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains a map for a specific date
        Transfer_Size: 0.09
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/carbon-fluxes
          Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Fees: none
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 600 Fourth St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Florida Bay surface maps
  Distribution_Liability: The data have no warranties explicit or implied
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: JPEG
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains a map for specific data for a specific date
        Transfer_Size: 0.3
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/mps-surfaces/
          Access_Instructions: The maps may be downloaded from the SOFIA website
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: Adobe PDF
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains a map for specific data for a specific date
        Transfer_Size: 0.08
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/geo_monitor/maps/mps-surfaces/
          Access_Instructions: The maps may be downloaded from the SOFIA website
    Fees: none
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 600 Fourth St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Salinity maps for Florida Bay
  Distribution_Liability: The data have no warranties explicit or implied
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: Adobe PDF
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains a map for a specific date
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/
          Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: ASCII
        Format_Information_Content: Each file contains the raw data for a specific date
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/circulation/data/sal_maps/
          Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA website at http://sofia.usgs.gov
    Fees: none
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20081104
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: none
  Metadata_Use_Constraints:
    This metadata record may have been copied from the SOFIA website and may
    not be the most recent version.  Please check
    http://sofia.usgs.gov/metadata to be sure you have the most recent
    version.