Title: National Institute of Justice 2001 Annual Report
Series: Annual Report
Author: National Institute of Justice
Published: August 2003
Subject: Criminal justice system
67 pages
104,000 bytes

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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice

National Institute of Justice 2001 Annual Report

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To the President, the Attorney General, and the Congress:

I have the honor to transmit the National Institute of Justice's annual report on
research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 2001, pursuant to the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988
Anti-Drug Abuse Act.

Respectfully submitted,

Sarah V. Hart
Director, National Institute of Justice
Washington, D.C.

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U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
810 Seventh Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20531

John Ashcroft
Attorney General

Deborah J. Daniels
Assistant Attorney General

Sarah V. Hart
Director, National Institute of Justice

This and other publications and products of the U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, and NIJ can be found on the World Wide Web at
the following sites:

Office of Justice Programs
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

National Institute of Justice
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Highlights of the Year
o Research in Action for Communities
o Using DNA and Forensic Sciences to Obtain Justice
o Improving Law Enforcement
o Breaking the Drug-Crime Nexus
o Giving Technology Assistance in the Information Age
o Making Life Safer for Women and Children

Appendixes 
o Appendix A: Organization
o Appendix B: Financial Data
o Appendix C: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2001
o Appendix D: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2001
o Appendix E: Key Conferences

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Introduction

In the hours and days after the worst terrorist attacks in U.S. history, workers
scrambled through the mountain of rubble from the collapsed towers of the
World Trade Center. The determined mission of rescue and the grim task of
recovery of victims were well under way, and search teams needed the right
tools to perform their tasks safely and effectively. The New York State
Emergency Management Office called the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) for
onsite assistance. Within 24 hours, a team from NIJ was there to help.

Because of NIJ's investments in counterterrorism research and technology
development that have applications to counterterrorism situations [see "Critical
Incident and Counterterrorism Technologies"], NIJ was able to establish a
temporary office adjacent to the World Trade Center complex to help
coordinate technology assistance activities with search and rescue officials. The
team called in resources from NIJ's National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system to provide immediate
assistance to search and rescue efforts. Teams from NLECTC arrived from
across the country bringing equipment and technical support.

They brought specialized cameras (canine cameras, pole cameras, and drop
cameras), audio equipment, and other search tools and improvised
modifications to them onsite. Through a surplus military supply program,
NLECTC Southeast procured $850,000 worth of clothing, boots, ropes, gas
masks, helmets, laptop computers, and other equipment for use onsite.
NLECTC staff provided engineering, forensic, communications, investigation,
and acquisitions support both onsite and offsite.

In the weeks that followed, NIJ rushed to its Web site a draft series of five
equipment guides for emergency first responders that had been under
development. The guides help agencies make informed decisions on the
evaluation and purchase of equipment first responders use during a critical
incident. The Web versions of the draft guides have each averaged more than
1,000 hits per month since being posted.

For more information

o See "National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center" for a
description of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology
Center system.

o A complete account of NIJ support of search and recovery efforts at ground
zero can be found in the Winter 2002 issue of Techbeat, online at
http://www.justnet.org/pdffiles/tbwinter2002.pdf.

o Copies of the guides for first responders can be found at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/scidocs2001.htm.

That NIJ was able to respond effectively in the aftermath of the 9-11 attacks is
validation of a long-standing commitment to shape its research agenda in
response to the needs of the criminal justice field.

NIJ shapes its research agenda and resulting portfolio through ongoing
communication with professionals in the field. The communication occurs
through various means, but the goal is always the same: identify gaps in research
knowledge and learn about the needs of criminal justice practitioners.
Collaboration across disciplines helps NIJ shape research strategies that move
beyond a strict criminal justice perspective. Partnerships with health, housing,
and education researchers and professionals, for example, can result in
innovative solutions to criminal justice problems. And NIJ remains flexible
enough to shift its research priorities in response to national events, as illustrated
in the dramatic aftermath of 9-11.

All of these activities are an important part of NIJ's ongoing efforts to keep its
research and communication vehicles relevant to the criminal justice field.

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Mission of the National Institute of Justice

The National Institute of Justice was created by Congress through the Omnibus
Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. When it was
created 33 years ago, NIJ scientists began a journey to inform policy and
practice through research and development about crime and justice. The
Institute's mission remains the same today as in 1968--to marry science to
criminal justice problem solving and policy development. Specifically, the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directs NIJ to:

o Conduct research on the nature and impact of crime and juvenile offending.

o Develop new technologies to reduce crime and improve criminal justice
operations.

o Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify promising
new programs.

o Test innovative concepts and model programs in the field.

o Assist policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies.

o Disseminate knowledge to many audiences.

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Critical Incident and Counterterrorism Technologies

Critical incident and counterterrorism projects at NIJ include:

o Weapons of mass destruction response. NIJ is developing technologies to
respond to attacks using weapons of mass destruction, including a wearable
device that will warn a responder of exposure to chemical and biological
hazards.

o Equipment standards. NIJ is leading the national effort to establish a
comprehensive set of first responder equipment standards.

o Bomb disposal. NIJ is evaluating handheld computers for delivering
information to bomb technicians, improved x-ray diagnostic systems, bomb
robots, and a chemical and biological protective ensemble and is developing a
method to neutralize large explosive devices.

o Border security. NIJ is supporting an initiative to meet the technology needs
of international Integrated Border Enforcement Teams on the Canadian border.

o Critical incident management. NIJ began a first-of-its-kind test bed to assess
critical incident management technologies that help multiple jurisdictions
coordinate their responses. Evaluation of 12 technologies will be completed in
2002.

o Weapons detection. Within NIJ's weapons detection portfolio, two
technologies in particular show great promise: a walk-through system using
magnetometers and a portable device that develops images from body heat in
the millimeter wave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. At the Federal
Aviation Administration's (FAA's) request, NIJ provided a magnetometer
system for that agency to evaluate.

o Biometrics. Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based
on physiological or behavioral characteristics such as fingerprints, voice
patterns, or facial recognition. NIJ is using its considerable investment in
biometric development, evaluation, and implementation for public safety
agencies in working with the FAA to improve aviation security.

o Surveillance. NIJ is developing video surveillance technologies that will alert
system operators automatically when a suspect or suspicious activity is
detected. These systems can be integrated with weapons detection portals.

------------------------------

Highlights of the Year

Research in Action for Communities

Part of NIJ's mission is to test research-based interventions that communities
can use to pinpoint the specific nature of their crime problems and develop
solutions to those problems.

The highly successful Boston Gun Project, which reduced youth gun violence in
Boston, sparked the creation of similar programs in other communities, such as
the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative and the Attorney
General's Project Safe Neighborhoods program. These programs are
demonstrating that when researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are
mobilized in a cooperative effort to solve a targeted problem, solutions begin to
appear and problems begin to dissipate.

NIJ's field tests and evaluations find that successful interventions involve
comprehensive community-based coalitions, strategic planning, and analysis of
research data. Successful community initiatives generally follow five stages of
activity:

1. Bringing local leaders and researchers into a committed coalition dedicated
to reducing a particular problem.

2. Using a variety of data to identify the specific characteristics of the
targeted problem.

3. Designing a strategic intervention based on the data collected.

4. Putting the intervention into place.

5. Assessing the effectiveness of the intervention using data analysis and then
adjusting the intervention to improve its effectiveness.

NIJ works with a number of Federal agencies in its efforts to find ways to keep
communities safe. In 2001, for example, NIJ and the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) began demonstrating and evaluating the utility of
ATF's Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, which combines gun tracing
data with other law enforcement and local data to identify illegal gun markets in
Los Angeles.

Also in 2001, ATF, NIJ, and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention cooperated in the release of findings from the evaluation of a gang
prevention program called Gang Resistance Education and Training
(G.R.E.A.T.). The program showed small but systemic beneficial effects over
time. Four years after completing the program, G.R.E.A.T. students reported
more negative views about gangs and more favorable attitudes toward the
police.

Understanding How Communities Work

Research has shown that ingredients in a winning recipe for community-based
problem solving include active partnerships, knowledge-driven decision making,
and ongoing strategic assessment. But what are the factors in the neighborhood
itself that contribute to successful problem solving?

NIJ's ongoing Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods,
which is conducted in conjunction with the Harvard School of Public Health, is
contributing to our understanding of the complex relationship between
community, crime, delinquency, family, and individual development.

The project has confirmed that not only do residents' shared mutual trust and
expectations make a difference in the level of crime in their neighborhood, but
that the nature of bordering neighborhoods also makes a difference.

The findings about the nature of neighborhood residents' trust in one another
suggest that efforts to reduce disorder by law enforcement alone--without
cooperation from other community entities--may ultimately be short-lived. Any
community-based initiative must factor in the extent to which residents have
shared social goals and expectations about acceptable levels of disorder.

For more information

o David M. Kennedy, Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring,
Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire,
Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National
Institute of Justice, October 2001 (NCJ 188741),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188741.htm. Watch for additional
forthcoming titles in the NIJ series Reducing Gun Violence, including Reducing
Gun Violence: The St. Louis Consent-to-Search Program; Reducing Gun
Violence: Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department's Directed Patrol
Project; and Reducing Gun Violence: Operation Ceasefire in Los Angeles.

o Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Disorder in Urban
Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, February 2001 (NCJ
186049), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/186049.htm.

Tracking Crime in Communities

One of the best tools for uncovering the precise nature of a crime problem is to
map it. Crime mapping software and analysis allow neighborhoods to map
crime incidents and then overlay other maps that show the location of schools,
recreation facilities, bus lines, and other social features to gain a fresh,
geographic perspective on how crime and other factors are related.

NIJ supports the crime mapping needs of the criminal justice community
through two targeted activities: the Crime Mapping and Analysis Program
(CMAP), operated by NLECTC, and the Crime Mapping Research Center
(CMRC).

CMAP's mission is to provide technology assistance to State and local agencies
in the areas of crime and intelligence analysis and geographic information
systems. CMAP has offered more than 35 classes since its inception in 1999,
and more than 300 law enforcement personnel have participated. In 2001,
CMAP established introductory mapping courses around the Nation, worked
with jurisdictions to develop regional crime mapping capabilities, and brought
mapping strategies to the corrections community.

NIJ's CMRC continues to focus on research that helps State and local agencies
enhance their problem-solving skills. One of NIJ's most active efforts in 2001
was development of a software solution titled the Community Safety
Information System, which is helping Memphis, New Haven, and Winston-
Salem to map and analyze data that can lead to problemsolving approaches that
reduce gun crime.

Also in 2001, staff from NIJ's CMRC worked with the Police Executive
Research Forum to develop and publish a primer for mapping criminal activity
across jurisdictional boundaries. Mapping Across Boundaries: Regional Crime
Analysis discusses the real crime-fighting benefits of collaborating across
jurisdictions to map crime. The book offers case studies describing how
jurisdictions overcame obstacles to sharing databases across their regions.

Making crime mapping information available to the public carries concerns
about privacy. Recognizing potential privacy concerns that could arise when
data are shared and made public, NIJ released a report in 2001 that can guide
law enforcement personnel, researchers, and others who are creating and
sharing crime maps. It contains real-life examples and techniques that, while
promoting crime mapping as an effective tool, ensure that concerns about
privacy and data confidentiality are met.

For more information

o Julie Wartell and J. Thomas McEwen, Privacy in the Information Age: A
Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial Data, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188739),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188739.htm.

 o Nancy G. La Vigne and Julie Wartell, Mapping Across Boundaries: Regional
Crime Analysis, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 2001.

Using DNA and Forensic Sciences to Obtain Justice

A large part of NIJ's work revolves around the research, development, and
recommendations made by the National Commission on the Future of DNA
Evidence. Its recommendations covered issues ranging from how to collect
samples at a crime scene to how to test postconviction samples.

From 1997 until its close in 2001, the Commission explored how best to fairly
and effectively use DNA in the criminal justice context. The Commission made
a series of recommendations and produced several widely used documents that
have influenced both policy and practice.

Reducing the DNA Backlog

DNA technology is advancing rapidly and has become a critical tool for solving
crimes. But laboratories cannot keep pace with the collection of DNA samples
and the technological advances. Many States have significant backlogs of
unanalyzed DNA samples taken from convicted offenders and from crime
scenes, including cases where there is no suspect.

In 2001, NIJ awarded approximately $6 million to help 24 States do two
things: reduce the number of unanalyzed DNA samples in State databases and
reduce the number of cases for which agencies have DNA but no suspect.
NIJ's DNA Backlog Reduction Program requires that States analyze a
minimum number of cases in which there is no suspect in order to generate
matches with the criminal offender database.

Examples of the DNA Backlog Reduction Program's successes:

o When Virginia analyzed evidence in 366 no-suspect cases, they found that
241 cases produced usable DNA profiles and that 105 of the 241 cases
matched to known offenders in either the State or national DNA databases.

o When Kansas screened 152 no-suspect cases, officials there found that 82
cases had evidence that tested positive for biological fluid and that 54 of the 82
cases yielded a suspect profile that was put into the Criminal Offender
Database (CODIS). Those 54 cases produced 15 matches to known
offenders.

Since the beginning of the DNA Backlog Reduction Program in fiscal year
2000, more than 347,000 convicted offender samples have been analyzed with
Federal funds. The requirement that States analyze no-suspect cases led to
analysis of 7,900 of these cases. These efforts generated 824 "hits" or matches-
-631 matches to known offenders and 193 matches to forensic evidence.

Hundreds of convictions and two exonerations have resulted. But the number of
DNA samples needing analysis continues to increase--especially as many
States move to collect samples from all convicted felons. For example, when
Florida legislators added one more nonviolent offense to the list of offenses for
which offenders must give DNA samples, the number of samples taken each
year increased by about 40,000.

In August 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft asked NIJ to pinpoint the
issues that continue to impede the full use of DNA, including the reasons for the
persistent DNA backlogs. The Attorney General also charged NIJ with finding
solutions to those issues.

To meet the Attorney General's request, NIJ assembled a working group of
forensic DNA experts representing all areas of criminal justice to consider:

o The nature and extent of DNA backlogs.

o Causes of delays in analyzing DNA.

o Issues surrounding training and certification of laboratory personnel.

o The projected demand for DNA testing.

o The ability to use DNA technology for mass disasters.

o Timetables for implementing new technology.

The working group will analyze these issues thoroughly and broadly for the NIJ
Director and recommend ways to address them.

Helping Overburdened Laboratories

In addition to helping laboratories reduce their backlogs, NIJ is helping crime
laboratories preserve public confidence and ensure that forensic evidence is
analyzed reliably. Through the Crime Laboratory Improvement Program, NIJ is
helping in four crucial areas: analytical services, methods development and
evaluation, technology transfer, and training. The Program funds State and local
governments to enhance their capability to analyze forensic evidence.

As part of the Crime Laboratory Improvement Program, NIJ created the
Forensic Resource Network to give laboratories reliable, permanent access to
forensic science technologies, quality assurance systems, and analytical
methods. The Network allows State and local crime laboratories to maintain, or
obtain, the reliability and sustainability demanded by the field and the public.

The Forensic Resource Network includes the Marshall University Forensic
Science Center in Huntington, West Virginia; the National Center for Forensic
Science in Orlando, Florida; the National Forensic Science Technology Center
in Largo, Florida; and West Virginia University in Morgantown.

These institutions provide State and local laboratories with technology-based
training and tools, aid in systems support, and quality assurance products. They
also test methods and equipment and evaluate, validate, and distribute
information about best practices.

For more information

o Visit the Investigative and Forensic Sciences Division Web site at
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech/invest.htm.

Improving Law Enforcement

Over the years, research on police interaction with citizens has taken on
increased importance, especially as community policing has become a
mainstream approach to law enforcement. Findings from several projects in
2001 increased our understanding of police-citizen interaction.

Community Interaction With Police

In many communities, residents participate in overseeing local law enforcement
agencies. In some, citizen oversight boards investigate allegations of misconduct
and recommend actions to the chief or sheriff. Other citizen boards make no
recommendations of their own; rather, they review the findings of internal police
investigations and endorse or reject the police department's findings.

The various oversight systems have advantages and disadvantages, including
monetary costs and benefits. Research suggests that communities must fashion a
system that is part of a larger structure of internal and external police
accountability and that fits the unique needs of each local situation. The talent,
fairness, dedication and flexibility of key participants are more important to
success than is the system's structure.

For more information

o Peter Finn, Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
March 2001 (NCJ 184430), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-
sum/184430.htm.

Identifying Problem Officers

A small minority of police officers generates a significant proportion of the
citizen complaints that oversight boards review. An "early warning system,"
used by a growing number of departments, can help identify problem officers
early and intervene through counseling or training to correct problem behavior.
Early warning systems are data-based management tools, most with three basic
phases--selection, intervention, and postintervention monitoring. The criteria by
which officers are "selected" vary, but may include some threshold combination
of citizen complaints, civil litigation, firearms-discharge or use-of-force reports,
high-speed pursuits, and resisting-arrest incidents. Once officers are selected,
interventions designed to change behavior include a combination of counseling,
deterrence, education, and training. Postintervention monitoring generally is
conducted by the officers' supervisor, but some departments have a more
formal process of observation, evaluation, and reporting.

How effective are early warning systems? An NIJ-sponsored investigation of
three agencies that use early warning systems found that the systems can reduce
citizen complaints and problematic police behavior. Officers in the three
departments were involved in fewer citizen complaints and use-of-force
incidents after the early warning intervention than before.

But the researchers note that the effectiveness of early warning systems
depends upon related policies and procedures that enforce standards of
discipline and create a climate of accountability. Early warning systems can be
an effective management tool, but should be seen as only one of many tools
needed to raise standards of performance and improve the quality of police
services.

For more information

o Samuel Walker, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Early Warning
Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188565),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188565.htm.

Keeping Officers and Suspects Safe

Apprehension and arrest are interactions that can be quite dangerous for both
officers and suspects. NIJ has an extensive portfolio of projects seeking better
less-than-lethal tools and techniques to keep both officers and citizens safe
during apprehension and arrest. Oleoresin capsicum (OC), or pepper spray, is
one. NIJ has funded several projects to increase understanding of the health
effects from exposure to OC spray.

One study involved 34 healthy volunteer police cadets. Another looked at
suspects who had died in custody and who had been sprayed during their
arrest. Both studies suggest that exposure and inhalation do not result in a
significant risk for respiratory compromise or asphyxiation.

Although these two studies suggest that pepper spray is safe to use, it is
important to note that the studies did not examine the effects of prolonged or
long-term exposure to pepper spray.

A third study examined the number of citizen complaints lodged before and
after a police department began using OC spray. The research found that
citizen complaints of brutality went down after OC spray was introduced.
Complaints about excessive force and the number of injured officers also
declined. The data sources have some limitations, however. The procedures for
identifying officer and suspect injuries differed considerably from agency to
agency and within each agency over time. Determination of the number of
injuries depended upon the officer's recall of the incident and the degree of
detail in his narrative report.

Despite the various limitations of the studies conducted to date, together they
are contributing to our knowledge base and clarifying some of the debate about
the merits of OC spray as a practical less-than-lethal tool for law enforcement
and corrections personnel. NIJ continues to fund research on the health effects
of pepper spray used as a less-than-lethal weapon.

For more information

o Theodore C. Chan, Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul
Schmidt, Thomas Snowden, and Tom Neuman, Pepper Spray's Effects on a
Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2001 (NCJ
188069), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188069.htm.

o The Effectiveness and Safety of Pepper Spray, Research in Practice,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
forthcoming 2002.

Reducing Law Enforcement and Corrections Officer Stress

Stress is an occupational hazard for law enforcement and corrections officers of
all ranks. The effects of stress--low morale, high turnover, absenteeism, and
early death--exact a high cost from officers, their families, and their agencies.
Since 1996, NIJ has funded efforts to study the nature, extent, and impact of
stress on corrections and law enforcement personnel and their families.

In 2001, NIJ launched a six-site field test of a model stress prevention program
for law enforcement and corrections personnel and their families. The three
corrections and three law enforcement agencies are implementing a model that
offers wellness programming, inservice training, supervisor training, and family
services.

The model was developed in response to NIJ's previous research, which found
that most agency-based programs offer stress-related services only after a
critical incident or problem has been identified. The model focuses on
preventing stress and developing resiliency in responding to stress. Through the
field test, NIJ will collect outcome data to enhance knowledge and ensure that
future practice in this area is based on sound research.

Policing on American Indian Reservations

All communities have special needs that law enforcement officers must be
sensitive to, but Indian Country offers numerous additional challenges: generally
poor economic conditions, unique cultural underpinnings, and vast geographic
areas.

A study sponsored by NIJ took a broad look at policing in Indian Country and
found that the principles of community policing, which grew out of policing
experiences in urban settings, can be effectively applied in Indian Country. In
effective community policing, a department must heed the social and cultural
norms of the community it serves to gain the trust, respect, and cooperation of
the community. The study found that too often this attention to social and
cultural norms is lacking among police departments in Indian Country. Many
departments operate with little strategic direction from tribal elders and lack
methods for communicating directly with their service population. The
researchers argue that these problems stem in part from long years of Federal
involvement that has resulted in a top-down approach that discourages Indian
nations from designing and controlling their own policing institutions.

The research also supported a conclusion reached by others: There is a crisis in
policing on Indian reservations characterized by inadequate resources, low
morale, poor management, and undue political influence. At the same time, the
overall workload of tribal police departments is increasing.

The researchers suggest that tribes and the Federal Government must
reconsider the foundations of policing in Indian Country. The challenge, they
say, is to create workable, nation-specific policing institutions and approaches
informed by traditional customs. Concepts learned from community policing can
inform those who face this challenge.

For more information

o Stewart Wakeling, Miriam Jorgensen, Susan Michaelson, and Manley Begay,
Policing on American Indian Reservations, Research Report, Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September
2001 (NCJ 188095), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188095.htm.

Breaking the Drug-Crime Nexus

Some 14 million Americans, or 6.3 percent of all adults, used illicit drugs
recently.[1] By contrast, as many as 65 percent of adults who come into the
criminal justice system use drugs. Marijuana is the drug of choice in most
communities.

Through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, NIJ tracks
drug abuse by arrestees and promotes research on substance abuse. In this
way, and by evaluating and refining drug detection methods, NIJ is attempting
to break the drug-crime nexus.

Drug Use by Arrestees: The ADAM Program

For the past 15 years, NIJ has been conducting interviews and urinalysis among
adults and juveniles arrested in selected major urban areas. The findings are
more reliable than ever because the samples of the arrestee population are now
selected on a more scientifically rigorous basis, and data collection has been
standardized for all the sites. In addition, the recent redesign of the ADAM
program added a number of interview questions, including arrestees'
participation in drug markets.

All the changes, which required several years of planning and development,
were documented and published in 2001.

The international piece of the ADAM program, I-ADAM, was established in
1998 to develop a method that would help researchers begin to compare drug
use across countries. Twelve countries are currently affiliated with I-ADAM.
Four countries--Australia, England, Malaysia, and the United States--collected
data in 2001.

The persistence and gravity of the drug-crime nexus prompted NIJ, in concert
with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), to update the research
agenda the two agencies had developed two decades ago. The updated agenda
aims to inform public policy by highlighting priority topics and "gaps" in
knowledge. NIJ and NIDA began developing the agenda in 2000, presented
major portions of it at a forum for scholars and policymakers in April 2001, and
will publish a report in 2002.

For more information

o Dana Hunt and William Rhodes, Methodology Guide for ADAM,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
May 2001, http://www.adam-nij.net.

o Joanna Heliotis, Sarah Kuck, and Dana Hunt, Analytic Guide for ADAM,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
May 2001, http://www.adam-nij.net.

o Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
2002 (NCJ 194616), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/194616.htm.

A New Way to Detect Crack

Among State prisoners, 15 percent said they were using either crack or
powder cocaine at the time they committed their offense. In 2001, at least 22
percent of adult male arrestees in 13 of the 28 reporting ADAM sites said they
used crack cocaine in the past year, according to preliminary 2001 ADAM
data.

Although "self-reports" by arrestees are a valid way to estimate cocaine use,
urinalysis is a more objective way. But today's urinalysis technology cannot
distinguish between crack and powder. Thanks to NIJ-sponsored research, a
solution to this problem may be close at hand.

The key is the discovery of an antibody that identifies crack. The inhaled
byproducts of crack, the smokable form of cocaine, appear as "markers" in the
urine. The technique for identifying the antibody has been available for several
years, but until recently could not be studied using a large sample.

The new procedure, developed by ADAM staff, confirmed what early research
had brought to light: Crack use by arrestees is a significant proportion of their
cocaine use. When urine samples from arrestees were tested for cocaine, they
showed that almost 90 percent of those who tested positive had used crack,
not powder. The new procedure also confirmed the tendency to underestimate
drug use. The researchers found the proportion of arrestees who used crack
was 28 percent, substantially higher than the 15 percent who said they used it.

The procedure is very complex, costly, and in need of refinement, but it
appears promising. If crack can be differentiated from powder, it will be
possible to measure the relative prevalence of each method of use. NIJ is
looking into ways to make the procedure more widely available.

For more information

o K. Jack Riley, Natalie T. Lu, et al., "Monitoring the Crack Epidemic Through
Urine Testing: Establishment of Routine Detection Methods," Addiction Biology
6 (2001):83-95.

o Natalie T. Lu, Bruce G. Taylor, and K. Jack Riley, "The Validity of Adult
Arrestee Self-Reports of Crack Cocaine Use," American Journal of Drug and
Alcohol Abuse 27(3) (2001):399-419.

Refining Detection Methods

Urinalysis has been the method of choice to detect drug use, but it is invasive
and only detects fairly recent use. NIJ is evaluating other methods that might be
as effective and efficient while being less invasive.

Testing a sweat patch. The sweat patch is a tamper-proof adhesive pad that
absorbs perspiration when applied to the skin. When the patch is removed,
drug residues secreted in sweat can be detected. The patch has a longer
detection period than urinalysis and thus offers the opportunity for continuous
monitoring. It can be worn up to a week, so not as many drug tests are needed
and it is less invasive than urinalysis.

But the patch sometimes makes mistakes. It can register drug use when there is
none and is more likely than urinalysis to produce false positives, which can
occur by contamination of the patch from the surrounding environment or from
traces of the drug already on the skin when the patch is applied. NIJ research is
working to resolve the contamination and reliability issues.

Testing saliva. Saliva testing is relatively noninvasive, results are rapid, little
training is needed to conduct the test, and the kits are portable. They can be
used right on the roadside, for example, with people suspected of driving under
the influence. Several testing kits are now on the market. NIJ is evaluating four
of them to determine their advantages and disadvantages.

For more information

o Melissa Long and David A. Kidwell, Improving the PharmcheckTM Sweat
Patch: Reducing False Positives From Environmental Contamination and
Increasing Drug Detection, Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory,
December 19, 2001.

Stopping Drug Abuse in Prisons

Inmate drug use in prisons is a continuing problem for corrections
administrators. According to a recent study, about 10 percent of drug tests
conducted among jail inmates were positive.[2] Many who are incarcerated,
along with their accomplices, attempt to smuggle drugs into detention facilities
through every conceivable means. Prisons and jails are especially vulnerable to
drugs entering the facility through the mail.

In 2001, NIJ began assessing technologies on the market that can rapidly
screen mail packages for the presence of drugs. Several types of devices are
being tested to find out how accurate they are, how small an amount of a drug
they can detect, and whether they can be adapted for use in a correctional
facility.

For more information

o Stacy Wright and Robert F. Butler, "Technology Takes On Drug Smugglers:
Can Drug Detection Technology Stop Drugs From Entering Prisons?"
Corrections Today 63(4) (July 2001):66-69.

Giving Technology Assistance in the Information Age

For most of its existence, NIJ has been helping criminal justice agencies
improve their service to the public by developing objective performance
standards for equipment. Agencies use these performance standards to make
informed decisions about purchasing equipment.

The Information Age offers criminal justice agencies numerous ways to improve
service. By working hand-in-hand with practitioners, NIJ has found ways law
enforcement and corrections can take advantage of new technology while
mitigating present and potential obstacles. Several technology-based efforts are
described below.

Enhancing Communications Through Technology

Reliable communications is an essential tool for police officers, firefighters, and
emergency medical service personnel in their day-to-day operations. It
becomes especially important during critical incidents that involve multiple
agencies. A report by the Congressional Research Service found that most
jurisdictions lack a unified communications structure that allows personnel from
various public safety agencies to communicate directly with one another during
an emergency.

Solving the interoperability problem. Interoperability is the ability of two or
more public safety agencies to exchange information, when and where it is
needed, even when disparate communications or information systems are
involved.

For several years, NIJ has been investigating ways to help State and local
agencies address the lack of communications interoperability. During 2001, NIJ
expanded and enhanced a program called AGILE: Interoperability Strategies
for Public Safety.

AGILE aims to improve public safety by developing and evaluating
interoperable technology for emergency first responders. Partnerships between
NIJ, public safety associations, and industry have been key to the program's
success.

One of the first products NIJ evaluated is a system that ties normally
incompatible radio systems together. Called the ACU-1000, the technology
was tested by the Alexandria (Virginia) Police Department to assess the
operational impact and effectiveness of interfacing it with the communications
infrastructure of other agencies in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., region.

The evaluation found that agencies could talk to one another via radio
equipment that used different frequency bands. They could also communicate
via radio using the same frequency band but incompatible modulation formats
or trunking techniques. The evaluation of ACU-1000 demonstrated an off-the-
shelf interim solution to communications interoperability.

Solving the shared database problem. Another barrier to effective
communication among law enforcement agencies involves sharing databases
and mining the data in them. Much of the data that could connect clues and
solve crimes is stored in databases that are not compatible or not shared. For
example, databases of mug shots may not be able to "talk" to databases that
contain information about gang members.

The Tucson (Arizona) Police Department, the University of Arizona's Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory, and the National Science Foundation, with support
from NIJ, have found a way to pool law enforcement information from various
regional and local sources. They created a "smart" database that allows law
enforcement to enter disparate clues, search for possible suspects, and thus
solve cases more rapidly.

The technology is called Coplink. It gives police and corrections officers a tool
that sorts, collates, and relates data so that investigators can search shared
databases using key words. For example, officers may know only that a
perpetrator's nickname is "Shorty" and that he drives a two-door white car.
They can enter these two pieces of information into the database and come up
with a number of possible suspects and their addresses. Coplink was tested in
2001 by the Tucson Police Department and is currently being used by the
Tucson and Phoenix Police Departments. Expanded use by these and other
departments is anticipated in 2002.

For more information

o Visit the AGILE Web page at http://www.agileprogram.org.

o A description of Coplink can be found in the Summer 1999 edition of
Techbeat, online at http://www.nlectc.org/pdffiles/962429.pdf.

Facial Recognition Technologies

New technologies can scan human faces in a real-time setting, then compare the
scanned faces to a database of photographs to identify specific individuals. In
2001, NIJ released results from the Facial Recognition Vendor Test, an effort
to assess facial recognition systems available for purchase. The test,
cosponsored by the Department of Defense Counterdrug Technology
Development Program Office and the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency, provides the Counterdrug community and other government agencies
with information to use in determining the best use of facial recognition
technology in the field.

For more information

o Visit the Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office Facial
Recognition Projects Web page at
http://www.dodcounterdrug.com/facialrecognition.

Electronic Crime

Electronic crime is an unfortunate byproduct of the Information Age. State and
local law enforcement agencies and prosecutorial offices are facing a growing
volume of electronic crimes. To help them learn how to better investigate and
solve these cases, NIJ is developing a series of reference tools regarding
practices and procedures for investigating electronic crime.

The content in the reference tools is guided by practitioners and subject experts
who form a working group of professionals from Federal, State, and local
criminal justice agencies; and from academic, commercial, and professional
organizations. In 2001, NIJ published the first in the series, Electronic Crime
Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, which provides guidance
about handling electronic evidence at crime scenes.

For more information

o Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders,
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
July 2001 (NCJ 187736), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/187736.htm.

Making Life Safer for Women and Children

Some things we know for sure: violence against women is primarily violence
perpetrated by a woman's intimate partner, violence among both men and
women is more severe than previously thought,[3] some interventions that work
to reduce domestic abuse may not work to prevent elder abuse,[4] and some
interventions, like arrest, work for some kinds of perpetrators, but not
others.[5] We also know that being abused or neglected as a child increases
the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 59 percent, as an adult by 28 percent,
and for a violent crime by 30 percent.[6]

Over the years, NIJ has conducted much research and evaluated many
programs in an effort to find ways to reduce the violence perpetrated against
women and their children. But in many cases, building knowledge about what
works has been slow because it is impossible to devise experiments that isolate
the many complex factors that make up human relationships.

How Health Care Providers Can Help Victims

Well-documented medical records can make domestic violence court cases
stronger.

Many health care protocols and training programs recognize the importance of
documenting abuse. But medical records often contain shortcomings that
prevent the prosecutor from using them as evidence in court. The shortcomings
may be as mundane as indecipherable handwriting or as key as missing
photographs of injuries.

With funds transferred from the Violence Against Women Office within the
Office of Justice Programs, NIJ supported researchers who examined the
medical charts of almost 100 domestic violence victims. The resulting analysis
produced a set of suggestions for ways health care providers can improve the
admissibility of evidence.

Suggestions include:

o Documenting factual information rather than making summary statements.

o Photographing the injuries.

o Noting the patient's demeanor.

o Clearly indicating the patient's statements as his or her own.

o Avoiding terms that imply doubt about the patient's reliability.

o Refraining from using legal terms.

o Writing legibly.

A followup study is developing a protocol for improving the way domestic
violence is documented by the medical profession. Training for practitioners is a
key part of this followup study.

For more information

o Nancy E. Issacs and V. Pualani Enos, Documenting Domestic Violence: How
Health Care Providers Can Help Victims, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 2001 (NCJ
188564), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188564.htm.

An Update on the "Cycle of Violence"

Childhood victimization represents a widespread, serious social problem.
Previous research shows childhood physical and sexual abuse leads to
delinquency, and onset of maltreatment may increase the variety, seriousness,
and duration of problems. And violence begets violence--today's abused
children too often become tomorrow's violent offenders.

In 2001, NIJ released the updated results of a longitudinal study that compared
the arrest records of abused and/or neglected children with arrest records for
children who were not abused or maltreated, and findings reinforced the
phenomena known as the "cycle of violence."

Being abused or neglected as a child greatly increases the likelihood of that
child later being arrested. Maltreated children were younger at the time of their
first arrest, committed nearly twice as many offenses, and were arrested more
frequently than youth and adults who were not maltreated as children.
Physically abused and neglected (versus sexually abused) children were the
most likely to be arrested later for a violent crime. In contrast to earlier research
findings, the new results indicate that abused and neglected females were also at
increased risk of arrest for violence as juveniles and adults. Researchers cite
three implications for juvenile authorities and child welfare professionals:
intervene early, recognize that neglect can be as high risk as physical abuse in
contributing to future violent behavior, and reexamine out-of-home placement
policies.

For more information

o Cathy S. Widom and Michael G. Maxfield, An Update on the "Cycle of
Violence," Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice,
National Institute of Justice, March 2001 (NCJ 184894),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184894.htm.

Evaluating Services for Victims

State-based criminal justice agencies receive funds to strengthen their response
to violence against women. The funding comes from the Violence Against
Women Office; the program is called STOP (Services, Training, Officers, and
Prosecutors). NIJ evaluates the effectiveness of the programs funded with
STOP grants.

An evaluation of 6 years of STOP programs suggested that, overall, the awards
have been a successful way to improve criminal justice services to women. The
evaluators found that collaboration among service providers is key to success
and suggested that State STOP agencies make local coordination a priority.

The evaluation found that more programs for victims of sexual assault were
needed and recommended that greater focus be placed on funding such
programs. The evaluation also recommended that agencies and States put into
place better data and evaluation systems so that the impact of STOP programs
can be better measured.

For more information

o Martha R. Burt, Janine M. Zweig, Cynthia Andrews, Asheley Van Ness,
Neal Parikh, Brenda K. Uekert, and Adele V. Harrell, 2001 Report:
Evaluation of the STOP Formula Grants to Combat Violence Against Women,
Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, September 2001.

------------------

Products of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence

The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and
Development Working Group, Issues and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 2000 (NCJ
183697), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183697.htm.

Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests, Issues
and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute
of Justice, September 1999 (NCJ 177626),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/177626.htm.

Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers,
Brochure, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice and the Office for Victims of Crime, May 2001,
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/BC000657.htm.

Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases: A Guide for Law Enforcement, Research in
Practice, Crime Scene Investigation Working Group, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, forthcoming 2002.

What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence,
Brochure, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, September 1999, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/000614.htm.

What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence,
CD-ROM, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, 2000 (NCJ 182992).

What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence: A
Computer Based Training Program, CD-ROM, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2000 (NCJ 184479).

------------------

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center

NIJ's commitment to giving technology assistance to State and local criminal
justice agencies is demonstrated through NIJ's National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system, which serves as an "honest
broker" for law enforcement and corrections agencies seeking to implement
current and emerging technologies.

The NLECTC system is comprised of five regional centers and complemented
by several specialty offices and a national office in Rockville, Maryland.

The regional centers tailor technology solutions by coupling expertise with
unique regional characteristics. For example, the newest regional center, in
Anchorage, Alaska, gives advice on the most effective equipment to use in cold
and blustery climates and ways to minimize training through distance learning.

Other regional centers in the system are the northeast site in Rome, New York;
the southeast site in North Charleston, South Carolina; the Rocky Mountain site
in Denver, Colorado; and the western site in El Segundo, California.

In 2001, NIJ also expanded the NLECTC specialty centers: The Rural Law
Enforcement Technology Center (RULETC) was established in Hazard,
Kentucky, to address technology issues unique to historically underserved rural
jurisdictions. Although rural jurisdictions make up the majority of law
enforcement agencies in the United States, they are on the wrong side of the
digital divide when dealing with communications and information technology.
RULETC staff are working to bridge that gap through the review of
communications problems in Kentucky's rural landscape.

Other specialty centers are the Border Research and Technology Center in San
Diego, California; the Office of Law Enforcement Standards in Gaithersburg,
Maryland; and the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization
in Wheeling, West Virginia.

NLECTC also assists State and local law enforcement by transferring Federal
surplus property to State and local agencies. In 2001, the transfer program
moved $135 million worth of property to more than one million sworn officers
working in more than 8,000 State and local law enforcement agencies and 500
Federal agencies. In addition, NLECTC staff worked with the Defense
Information System Agency to transfer excess computers and equipment worth
approximately $1.5 million to law enforcement agencies.

For more information

o Visit the NLECTC Web page at http://www.justnet.org.

------------------

Notes

1. Summary of Findings From the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of
Applied Statistics, 2001:1.

2. Doris James Wilson, Drug Use, Testing, and Treatment in Jails, Special
Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice
Statistics, May 2000 (NCJ 179999),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/duttj.pdf.

3. Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Full Report of the Prevalence,
Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the
National Violence Against Women Survey, Research Report, Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, November 2000 (NCJ 183781),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183781.htm.

4. Research shows that domestic violence is reduced when a team consisting of
a police officer and domestic violence counselor intervenes. When the same
strategy was tried in cases involving elders, the victims reported more
subsequent abuse. (See Robert C. Davis and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Results
from an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Research in
Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of
Justice, September 2001 (NCJ 188675), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-
sum/188675.htm.)

5. Christopher D. Maxwell, Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, The Effects
of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the Spouse
Assault Replication Program, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 2001 (NCJ 188199),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/188199.htm.

6. Cathy S. Widom and Michael G. Maxfield, An Update on the "Cycle of
Violence," Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice,
National Institute of Justice, March 2001 (NCJ 184894),
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184894.htm.

------------------------------

Appendixes

Appendix A: Organization

NIJ's internal organization, shown in exhibit 1, "Organization of NIJ," reflects
the discrete missions of each component of the Institute:

o The Office of the Director sets the Institute's agenda, develops strategic plans
and policies, initiates collaboration with other government and private agencies,
and oversees the Institute's budget and management activities.

o The Office of Development and Communications develops and tests
research-based programs, brings promising new practices to the attention of the
field, and communicates findings and technological innovations through multiple
methods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local officials and criminal
justice practitioners. The International Center focuses on crime and justice
issues that transcend national boundaries and have impact on State and local
criminal justice systems.

o The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, conducts, directs, and
supervises comprehensive research and evaluation activities. The range of
research and evaluation cuts across a wide array of distinct topics within the
Institute's charter. Three programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program; the Crime Mapping
Research Center; and the Data Resources Program, which ensures the
preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through
NIJ-funded research.

o The Office of Science and Technology directs and supervises technology
research, development, and demonstrations to provide law enforcement and
corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides
technology assistance so that these agencies can enhance their capabilities to
improve efficiency and effectiveness. Technology assistance is provided through
the network of the regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections
Technology Center.

Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ [see PDF file.]

------------------------------

Appendix B: Financial Data [see PDF file.]

Exhibit 2: Trends in NIJ's Research and Development Portfolio, FY 1994-
2001

Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994-2001

Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditures, FY
2001

------------------------------

Appendix C: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 2001 (includes first-time awards
and supplements to previous awards)

Community Justice

Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis of Safety Strategies--City of
Redlands East Valley Initiative
Redlands Police Department
James R. Bueermann
$624,199
01-MU-MU-K012

Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies--Milwaukee
Milwaukee, City of
Jim Pingel
$625,000
01-IJ-CX-K005

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Peter Maier
$275,000
01-MU-MU-K015

Development of Crime Forecasting and Mapping Systems for Use by Police
Carnegie Mellon University
Thomas Eagan
$233,500
01-IJ-CX-0018

Development and Implementation of a Crime Mapping Training Lab
National Corrections and Law Enforcement Training and Technology Center
G. Steve Morrison
$96,545
01-LT-BX-K007

Corrections

Electronic Supervision Tools: Improving Practice and Technology
Council of State Governments/American Probation and Parole Association
Carl Wicklund
$99,720
99-LT-VX-K001

Offender Prediction and Classification
University of Texas-Austin
William R. Kelly
$15,000
01-IJ-CX-0003

Prevalence and Management of Infectious Disease Conditions in the
Correctional Setting
University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio
Jacques Baillargeon
$254,701
01-IJ-CX-0023

Tale of Two Laws Revisited: Investigating the Impact of Prisoner Litigation
Reform
National Center for State Courts-Virginia
Fred Cheesman
$135,644
01-IJ-CX-0013

Technology in Corrections
American Correctional Association
John Greene
$174,663
96-LB-VX-K004

Tenth National Survey of HIV/AIDS, STD's, and TB in Corrections
Abt Associates Inc.
Theodore Hammett
$202,414
01-IJ-CX-K018

Understanding the Female Offender
University of New Mexico
Lisa Broidy
$195,655
01-IJ-CX-0034

Validating a Brief Jail Mental Health Screen
University of Maryland-Baltimore
Jack E. Scott
$281,412
01-IJ-CX-0030

Courts

Reentry Courts Process Evaluation
Research Triangle Institute
Pamela Lattimore
$50,000
01-DD-BX-0071

Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention, General

Breaking the Cycle Research Demonstration
Pierce County Alliance
Terree Schmidt
$300,000
98-IJ-CX-K011

Exploration of the Correlates of Specialization and Escalation
Arizona State University
Todd Armstrong
$30,814
01-IJ-CX-0004

Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods/Program on
Human Development and Criminal Behavior
Harvard College
Felton J. Earls
$2,200,000
93-IJ-CX-K005

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI)
SACSI Research Partnership
Michigan State University
Timothy S. Bynum
$229,915
01-IJ-CX-K006

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative
Reed Institute
Stefan J. Kapsch
$25,000
99-IJ-CX-0025

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative
Rochester Institute of Technology
John Klofas
$229,947
01-IJ-CX-K009

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative
University of New Mexico
Albert Harper
$229,993
01-IJ-CX-K001

Information Dissemination and Review of Criminal Justice Research

Annual Review of Justice Research
Castine Research Corporation
Michael Tonry
$202,446
92-IJ-CX-K044

Applying Fuzzy Statistical Methods to Survey Data
Sam Houston State University
Steven Jay Cuvelier
$35,000
01-IJ-CX-0002

Campbell Crime and Justice Group
University of Pennsylvania
Lawrence Sherman
$34,994
01-IJ-CX-0032

Center for Criminal Justice Technology
Mitretek Systems, Inc.
Steven L. Pomerantz
$997,796
01-LT-BX-K002

Committee on Law and Justice Core Support
National Academy of Sciences
Judith P. Cohn
$280,000
01-MU-MU-0007

Crime and Justice Atlas: Centennial Edition
Justice Research and Statistics Association
Joan C. Weiss
$37,000
00-IJ-CX-0005

Journal of Criminology and Public Policy
John Jay College-Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Todd Clear
$113,961
00-IJ-CX-0036

Technology Conference Support
Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc.
James Scutt
$1,072,855
99-LT-VX-K021

International Crime

The Internet Studio: Building the Infrastructure for the World Justice
Information Network
Rule of Law Foundation
Sergey Chapkey
$107,970
98-IJ-CX-K004

NIJ Rule-of-Law Transition Support Activities
Abt Associates Inc.
Terence Dunworth
$674,200
01-IJ-CX-K002

Preventing Corruption and Crime in the Republic of Georgia: A Three-Pronged
Cultural Approach
National Strategy Information Center, Inc.
Roy Godson
$222,500
01-IJ-CX-K016

Trafficking in Persons in the United States
Croft Institute for International Studies
Kevin B. Bales
$199,395
01-IJ-CX-0027

Investigative and Forensic Sciences

Forensics, General

Central Piedmont Community College Forensic Institute
Central Piedmont Community College
Michael Horn
$498,900
01-RC-CX-K009

Direct In-Situ ID of Inks to Expedite Forensic Analysis
Iowa State University
John McClelland
$160,000
01-LT-BX-K004

DNA: Lessons From the Past, Problems for the Future
Brooklyn Law School
Margaret Berger
$31,235
01-LT-BX-0002

Forensic Equipment for Southern Regional Crime Laboratory
Arizona Department of Public Safety
Todd A. Griffith
$698,460
01-RC-CX-K007

Forensic ID Training and Research Resources at West Virginia University
West Virginia University Research Corporation
Edwin Rood
$3,000,000
01-RC-CX-K003

Forensic Science and Crime Scene Technology Conference
Frenzy Expo, LLC
Elia Beeken
$100,000
01-LT-BX-0001

Marshall University Forensic Science Center
Marshall University
Ron Schelling
$502,382
01-RC-CX-K002

National Center for Forensic Science
University of Central Florida
Terri Vallery
$2,489,477
98-IJ-CX-K003

Neurobiological and Psychosocial Correlates and Predictors
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Angelos Halaris
$1,000,000
01-IJ-CX-0036

Pattern Recognition Techniques in Investigative and Forensic Sciences
Institute for Linguistic Evidence, Inc.
Carole E. Chaski
$84,000
98-LB-VX-0065

Perfluorocarbon Detection Experiment--II
Tracer Detection Technology Corporation
Jay Fraser
$99,780
01-LT-BX-K005

Procurement of Fingerprint Examination Instruments
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
Mike VanStratton
$149,670
01-RC-CX-K012

Service Quality in Crime Laboratories
National Forensic Science Technology Center
William J. Tilstone
$2,594,280
00-RC-CX-K001

Support to the 15th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic
Sciences
International Association of Forensic Sciences, Inc.
Barry A.J. Fisher
$15,062
98-LB-VX-0011

Time-Sensitive Investigations: Arnold Markle Symposium 2001
University of New Haven-School of Public Safety
Albert Harper
$27,750
01-LT-BX-K001

DNA 5-Year Plan

Development of Rapid, Immobilized Probe Assay for the Detection of mtDNA
Variation
Children's Hospital-Oakland Research Institute
Kathleen Gonzalez
$259,080
96-IJ-CX-0028

Microdevice for Automated, Ultra-High-Speed, and Portable DNA Forensics
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Daniel J. Ehrlich
$1,102,790
98-LB-VX-K022

DNA Laboratory Improvement Program

Automated STR Mixture Analysis
Cybergenetics Co.
Mark Perlin
$396,525
01-IJ-CX-K003

Charge Tags as Electronic Labels for DNA Microchip Testing
Carnegie Mellon University
Victor W. Weedn
$180,849
01-IJ-CX-K012

Development of Y SNP Assays for a Multicolor Fluorescence Detection
System
American University
Janice Idyll
$55,568
01-IJ-CX-K013

Homogenous Fluorescent PCR Assays for Forensically Informative Sites Over
the Entire mtDNA Genome
American Registry of Pathology
Thomas J. Parsons
$465,082
00-IJ-CX-K010

LINE Elements: New Source of Genomic Variation-DNA Profiling
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Mark Batzer
$370,513
01-IJ-CX-K004

Locus-Specific Brackets and Multiplex PCR for Y Chromosome STR's
Oligotrail, LLC
Debang Liu
$224,588
01-IJ-CX-K008

Plant DNA Typing by AFLP
University of New Haven-School of Public Safety
Albert Harper
$259,868
01-IJ-CX-K011

Renovation and Expansion of SEMO Regional Crime Lab
Southeast Missouri State University
Robert C. Briner
$750,000
01-MU-MU-K004

Replacement and Enhancement of Lab Instrumentation and Equipment
Vermont Department of Public Safety
Eric Buel
$498,900
01-RC-CX-K005

CODIS Backlog Reduction

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
Bode Technology Group, Inc.
Thomas J. Bode
$2,297,252
01-RC-CX-K010

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
Fairfax Identity Laboratories
Daniel B. Demers
$103,392
01-RC-CX-K011

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
GeneScreen
John Rader
$90,400
01-RC-CX-K008

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
George Herrin, Jr.
$482,710
01-RC-CX-0003

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
Lifecodes Corporation
Bruce Boeko
$22,932
01-RC-CX-0002

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
Myraid Genetic Laboratories, Inc.
Brian E. Ward
$2,746,764
01-RC-CX-K014

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
North Carolina Department of Justice
Mark S. Nelson
$146,400
01-RC-CX-0001

DNA Backlog Reduction Program
ReliaGene Technologies, Inc.
Sudhir K. Sinha
$60,200
01-RC-CX-K013

Equipment Replacement and DNA Remodel
Alaska Department of Public Safety
George M. Taft, Jr.
$1,249,926
01-RC-CX-K001

Georgia Crime Lab Improvement and Case Backlog Reduction Project
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Terry Mills III
$648,570
01-RC-CX-K006

Laboratory Information Management System Implementation
Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation
Roger Kahn
$498,898
01-RC-CX-K004

Less-Than-Lethal Incapacitation

Less-Than-Lethal Equipment Review National Security Research, Inc.
Jeffrey Schwartz
$24,752
01-LT-BX-K009

Less-Than-Lethal Technology Support
Pennsylvania State University
Andrew F. Mazzara
$77,464
01-RD-CX-K002

Ring Airfoil Projectile System for Less-Than-Lethal Application
Guilford Engineering Associates, Inc.
David Findlay
$80,990
97-IJ-CX-K019

Communication and Information Technologies

Advanced Generation Interoperability for Law Enforcement
University of Denver-Colorado Seminary
Robert Epper
$712,015
01-RD-CX-K001

Capital Wireless Integrated Network
University of Maryland-College Park
George Ake
$373,666
01-RB-CX-K001

Distributed COPLINK Database and Concept Space Development
Tucson, City of
Jennifer Schroeder
$395,077
00-RB-CX-K001

Establish and Publish a Suite of Very Narrow Band Voice and Data Standards
Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International, Inc.
Craig M. Jorgensen
$100,000
97-LB-VX-K002

Indiana Hoosier Safe-T
Indiana State Police
Lester Miller
$2,993,400
01-LT-BX-K003

Interoperable Communications for Public Safety Agencies
Sheriffs' Association of Texas
Steve Westbrook
$168,169
01-MU-MU-K017

Law Enforcement Data Mining Analytical Tools Developed in Support of the
Washington/Baltimore HITDA
University of Maryland-College Park
Thomas H. Carr
$1,470,000
99-LT-VX-K010

National Communications Interoperability Assessment
Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory
Darcy Brudin
$49,730
00-MU-MU-K007

Spatial Knowledge Mining and Information Sharing
University of Virginia
Donald E. Brown
$210,000
00-RB-CX-K004

Statewide LAWNET Communications Project
New Hampshire Department of Safety
Frederick H. Booth
$3,900,201
01-MU-MU-K010

Training and Simulation Technologies

Rural Law Enforcement Technology Support
Eastern Kentucky University
Pam Collins
$250,000
00-MU-MU-K008

Technology Outreach Program
Primedia Workplace Learning
Josh Klarin
$236,956
00-MU-MU-K020

Critical Incident Response/Counterterrorism Technologies

Incident Command Management System Test Bed
Camber Corporation
Ed Wolcoff
$250,000
01-MU-MU-K014

Program Assessment, Policy, and Coordination

Criminology and Public Policy
American Society of Criminology
Chris Eskridge
$206,356
01-IJ-CX-0015

Public Safety Technology Partnership
Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc.
Lisa Hecker
$248,931
01-LT-BX-K011

Risk Assessment Validation Study
Johns Hopkins University
Jacquelyn Campbell
$523,669
00-WT-VX-0011

SEASKATE Technology and Policy Assessment Executive Panel
SEASKATE, Inc.
E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$598,630
01-MU-MU-K003

Surplus Property Program
Ultimate Enterprises Limited
Michael Simpson
$245,458
96-LB-VX-K002

Technology and Policy Assessment Liability Task Group
SEASKATE, Inc.
E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$278,431
01-MU-MU-K001

Technology Assistance, National Law Enforcement and Corrections
Technology
Center (NLECTC)

Governance and Technology Delivery Processes for NLECTC
Elberton, City of
Ruth M. Davis
$378,446
98-LB-VX-0001

NLECTC--Rocky Mountain Region
University of Denver-Colorado Seminary
Robert Epper
$1,775,508
96-MU-MU-K012

NLECTC--Rural Law Enforcement Technology Center
Eastern Kentucky University
Pam Collins
$1,457,000
01-MU-MU-K009

NLECTC--Southeast Region
South Carolina Research Authority
Gary Mastrandrea
$5,028,402
97-MU-MU-K020

NLECTC Supplemental Funding for Development of OLES Web Site
Aspen Systems Corporation
Richard S. Rosenthal
$2,789,914
96-MU-MU-K011

NLECTC--West
Aerospace Corporation
Jay Glowacki
$1,728,190
00-MU-MU-K004

Operation of the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization
Wheeling Jesuit University
Carole Coleman
$2,800,000
98-IJ-CX-K002

Law Enforcement

Policing, General

Assessing Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion
University of South Carolina
Geoffrey Alpert
$247,877
01-IJ-CX-0035

An Assessment of Indian Country Law Enforcement in PL-280 States
University of California-Los Angeles
Carole Goldberg
$299,993
01-IJ-CX-0031

The Cop Crunch: Identifying Strategies for Dealing Effectively With the
Recruiting and Hiring Crisis in Law Enforcement
Police Executive Research Forum
Lorie Fridell
$210,995
01-IJ-CX-0024

Does the Way Police Treat Citizens in Routine Encounters Shape Community
Opinion of the Police?
Vera Institute of Justice, Inc.
Robert C. Davis
$106,509
01-IJ-CX-0038

Examining Minority Trust and Confidence in the Police
University of Illinois
Darnell F. Hawkins
$343,132
01-IJ-CX-0021

Exploring the Reasons for Public Trust and Confidence
New York University
Tom Tyler
$196,488
01-IJ-CX-0029

Rethinking Minority Attitudes Toward the Police
George Washington University
Helen Spencer
$202,273
01-IJ-CX-0016

Transferring Responsibility for Child Welfare to a Law Enforcement Agency:
An Evaluation
University of Pennsylvania
Richard Gelles
$194,762
00-IJ-CX-0002

Why Do Corporations Obey Environmental Law?
University of Maryland-College Park
Sally Simpson
$315,792
01-IJ-CX-0020

Community Policing

Blueprint for Sustaining Community-Based Initiatives
Winston-Salem State University
Sylvia Oberle
$49,070
01-IJ-CX-0025

Criminal Careers of Places: A Longitudinal Study
University of Maryland-College Park
David Weisburd
$286,967
01-IJ-CX-0022

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support (CLEFS)

CLEFS Law Enforcement Field Test
Knoxville, City of
Cheri Matlock
$100,000
01-FS-BX-K004

Correction Officer Stress Management
New Jersey Department of Corrections
Therese Matthews
$99,239
01-LT-BX-K013

Law Enforcement and Family Stress
Duluth, City of
Peg Johnson
$94,046
01-FS-BX-K002

North Miami Beach Police "SOS" (Stop Our Stress)
North Miami Beach, City of
Mike Gordon
$60,300
01-FS-BX-K003

Staff and Family Support Program
Iowa Department of Corrections
Larry Brimeyer
$100,000
01-LT-BX-K012

Wisconsin Youth Counselor Stress Reduction Program
Wisconsin Department of Corrections
Shelly Hagan
$100,000
01-FS-BX-K001

Schools

Berkeley High School Security Project
Berkeley Unified School District
Frank Lynch
$305,265
01-LT-BX-K008

Increasing the Utility of School Incident Data
Abt Associates Inc.
Thomas Rich
$201,785
01-IJ-CX-0026

Integration of Law Enforcement Into School Safety
Milwaukee Public Schools
Peter Pochowski
$280,000
01-IJ-CX-0037

Role of Law Enforcement in Public School Safety
University of Cincinnati
Lawrence F. Travis III
$405,262
01-IJ-CX-0011

Safe School Technologies
MATCOM
William Walsh
$49,566
99-LT-VX-K015

Safe Schools, Law Enforcement, and Corrections Research Support
George Mason University
Stephen D. Mastrofski
$49,890
00-RD-CX-K003

Software Radio for School Safety
Vanu, Inc.
Andrew D. Beard
$149,750
01-RD-CX-K003

Testing a Drug Detection and Identification System in Secondary Schools Using
Nontoxic Aerosol Technology
Mistral Security, Inc.
Eyal Banai
$356,925
00-RD-CX-K004

Sentencing

Impact of Truth-in-Sentencing on Length of Stay in Prison
Urban Institute
Avinash Bhati
$14,067
98-CE-VX-0006

Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice Partnership to Study Waiver Effects
University of Baltimore
Cindy Smith
$145,972
98-CE-VX-0018

Technology Development

Officer Protection and Crime Prevention Technologies

Activity-Suppressing Light Barrier
Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory
Maurice Permodo
$75,034
01-LT-BX-K006

Applying Behavioral Economics and Game Theory to the Problems of Optimal
Crime Control
University of California-Los Angeles
Mark Kleiman
$145,000
01-IJ-CX-0033

Biometric Authentication System
Integrated Technology Solutions, Inc.
James L. Gossard
$235,000
01-RB-CX-K002

Consolidated Advanced Technologies for Law Enforcement
University of New Hampshire
W. Thomas Miller III
$3,492,300
01-LT-BX-K010

Development of a Smart Gun Prototype Using Handgrip Recognition
Jeffrey Moser
$299,510
01-IJ-CX-K010

Enhancing Imputation Methodologies for County-Level UCR Data
University of Illinois
Michael D. Maltz
$34,997
01-IJ-CX-0006

Face Recognition and Intelligent Software Development
Analytic Services, Inc.
Antonio R. Harris
$1,787,021
98-LB-VX-K021

Improved Thermal Control Body Armor
Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory
Darcy Brudin
$199,560
01-RD-CX-K004

Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination
Eastern Kentucky University
Tom Thurman
$230,424
99-DT-CX-K001

Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination and Training
Eastern Kentucky University
James T. Thurman
$46,742
99-LT-VX-K002

Multiband Antenna System for AGILE
Mission Research Corporation
Hirsch Chizever
$105,936
00-RB-CX-K002

Secure Weapons System
FN Manufacturing, Inc.
Jeffrey R. Rankin
$1,271,826
01-IJ-CX-K017

Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System
Criminal Information Sharing Alliance
Glen Gillum
$8,773,400
97-LB-VX-K009

Technology Information Exchange for State and Local Law Enforcement
International Association of Chiefs of Police
John Firman
$174,102
99-LT-VX-K004

Victimization and Victim Services

Victim Services, General

National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs
Urban Institute
Martha Burt
$161,163
99-WT-VX-0010

Victim Rights and Services for the Pueblo of Laguna
New Mexico State University
Joan Crowley
$90,000
01-VI-GX-0011

Elder Abuse

Bruising in the Geriatric Population
University of California-Irvine
Laura Mosqueda
$110,745
01-IJ-CX-K014

Identifying Forensic Markers in Elder Sexual Abuse
Boston College
Stephen Erickson
$99,264
01-IJ-CX-K015

Recommendations for Elder Abuse and Related Forensic Issues
American Bar Association
Lori Stiegel
$100,000
01-IJ-CX-K007

Violence

Violence, General

Explaining Males' and Females' Delinquency
University of Nebraska-Omaha
Finn Esbensen
$15,000
01-IJ-CX-0009

Gender, Economic Transformation, and Urban Violence
University of Florida-Gainesville
Karen F. Parker
$32,440
01-IJ-CX-0008

Impact of Immigration in Ethnic-Specific Violence in Miami
Florida International University
Ramiro Martinez, Jr.
$61,997
01-IJ-CX-0012

Violence Against Women and Family Violence

Context, Motives, and Meaning of Partner Violence
University of North Texas
Linda L. Marshall
$499,960
01-WT-BX-0504

Culturally Focused Batterer Counseling for African-American Men
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Edward Gondolf
$356,321
01-WT-BX-0003

Development and Validation of a Coercive Control Measure
Cosmos Corporation
Mary Ann Dutton
$430,924
01-WT-BX-0503

Ecological Model of Battered Women's Experience Over Time
Georgetown University
Mary Ann Dutton
$569,586
01-WT-BX-0001

Empirical Examination of a Theory of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate
Relationships
Yale University
Susanne Swan
$388,803
01-WT-BX-0502

Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration of Collaborations to Address Domestic
Violence and Child Maltreatment
Caliber Associates
Sharon Bishop
$749,518
00-MU-MU-0014

Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight of
Domestic Violence Cases
Urban Institute
Adele Harrell
$640,000
99-WT-VX-K005

Explaining the Prevalence, Context, and Consequences of Dual Arrest in
Intimate Partner Cases
University of Massachusetts-Lowell Research Foundation
David Hirschel
$428,189
01-WT-BX-0501

Female-on-Female Assault in an Urban Area
Rutgers State University-New Jersey
Nancy M. Hirschinger
$15,000
01-WT-BX-0505

Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Women's Labor Force
University of Illinois
Stephanie Riger
$299,407
01-WT-BX-0002

National Sexual Violence Prevention Conference
Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault
Polly Poskin
$75,000
01-WT-BX-0004

Testing the Impact of Court Monitoring and Batterer Intervention Program
New York, City of 
Michele Sviridoff
$294,129
01-WT-BX-0506

When Silenced Voices Speak: Exploratory Study of Prostitute Homicide Cases
MCP Hahnemann University
Jonathan A. Dudek
$15,000
01-IJ-CX-0001

Firearms

Ballistics Matching Using 3D Images of Bullets and Cartridge Cases
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
Benjamin Bachrach
$54,982
97-LB-VX-0008

Gun Policy, Gun Violence, and America's Cities
Brookings Institution
Bruce Katz
$35,000
01-IJ-CX-0010

Improving Research and Data on Firearms
National Academy of Sciences
Carol Petrie
$175,613
00-IJ-CX-0034

New Haven Gun Project
Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc.
Eliot Hartstone
$42,000
99-IJ-CX-K001

Strategic Disruption of Firearms Markets
Rand Corporation
Jack Riley
$399,993
01-IJ-CX-0028

Youth

Assessment of the Special Programming and Management Needs of Youths
University of Texas-Austin
Yvonne Murray
$193,289
01-IJ-CX-0014

Between Two Worlds: Prosecuting Adolescents in Juvenile Court
New York University
Aaron Kupchik
$14,942
01-IJ-CX-0005

Breaking-the-Cycle Project for Juveniles
Lane County Department of Youth Services
Stephen Carmichael
$7,444
99-IJ-CX-K017

Breaking-the-Cycle Project for Juveniles Evaluation Research Triangle Institute
Pamela Lattimore
$300,000
99-IJ-CX-0032

Evaluation of Juvenile Justice Mental Health Initiative With Randomized Design
University of Missouri-St. Louis
G. David Curry
$200,000
01-IJ-CX-0017

Impact of Juvenile Justice Involvement on Educational Outcomes
Northwestern University
Paul Hirschfield
$15,000
01-IJ-CX-0007

Police Problem-Solving Strategies for Dealing With Youth- and Gang-Related
Firearms
Rand Corporation
Peter Greenwood
$65,000
98-IJ-CX-0043

------------------------------

Appendix D: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 2001

Most NIJ materials are free and can be obtained from these three sources:

1. NIJ: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij.

2. National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS): http://www.ncjrs.org,
800-851-3420, P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000.

3. (For science and technology materials) National Law Enforcement and
Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC): http://www.justnet.org, 800-248-
2742.

ADAM Reports

ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets--Adult
Male Arrestees, Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A.
Reardon, and Henry H. Brownstein, Research Report, December 2001, 36
pages, NCJ 189101.

Analytic Guide for ADAM, Heliotis, Joanna, Sarah Kuck, and Dana Hunt,
May 2001, 51 pages.

Methodology Guide for ADAM, Hunt, Dana, and William Rhodes, May 2001,
82 pages.

2000 Annualized Site Reports, Research Report, June 2001, 400 pages, NCJ
192943.

Corrections

Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies, Finn, Peter,
Issues and Practices, February 2001, 129 pages, NCJ 183474.

A National Study Comparing the Environments of Boot Camps With
Traditional Facilities for Juvenile Offenders, MacKenzie, Doris Layton, Angela
R. Gover, and Gaylene Styve, Research in Brief, August 2001, 19 pages, NCJ
187680.

A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic
Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented
Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822.

What Future for "Public Safety" and "Restorative Justice" in Community
Corrections? Smith, Michael E., Research in Brief, June 2001, 19 pages, NCJ
187773.

Courts

Documenting Domestic Violence: How Health Care Providers Can Help
Victims, Isaac, Nancy E., and V. Pualani Enos, Research in Brief, October
2001, 10 pages, NCJ 188564.

Pretrial Services Programs: Responsibilities and Potential, Mahoney, Barry,
Bruce D. Beaudin, John A. Carver III, Daniel B. Ryan, and Richard B.
Hoffman, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 130 pages, NCJ 181939.

A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic
Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented
Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822.

Sentencing Guidelines: Reflections on the Future, Lubitz, Robin L., and Thomas
W. Ross, Research in Brief, June 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 186480.

Crime Prevention

Crime Mapping and Analysis by Community Organizations in Hartford,
Connecticut, Rich, Thomas, Research in Brief, March 2001, 19 pages, NCJ
185333.

Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Sampson, Robert
J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Research in Brief, February 2001, 13 pages,
NCJ 186049.

Pretrial Services Programs: Responsibilities and Potential, Mahoney, Barry,
Bruce D. Beaudin, John A. Carver III, Daniel B. Ryan, and Richard B.
Hoffman, Issues and Practices, March 2001, 130 pages, NCJ 181939.

Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire,
Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring,
Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741.

Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis,
Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12
pages, NCJ 188675.

An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Widom, Cathy S., and Michael G.
Maxfield, Research in Brief, March 2001, 14 pages, NCJ 184894.

Drugs and Crime

ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets: Adult
Male Arrestees, Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A.
Reardon, and Henry H. Brownstein, Research Report, December 2001, 36
pages, NCJ 189101.

Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle, Vander Waal, Curtis J., Duane C.
McBride, Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, and Holly VanBuren, Research Report,
May 2001, 24 pages, NCJ 186156.

Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4,
Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W.
Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages,
NCJ 184245.

The Rise of Marijuana as the Drug of Choice Among Youthful Adult Arrestees,
Golub, Andrew, and Bruce D. Johnson, Research in Brief, June 2001, 26
pages, NCJ 187490.

Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility
Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law
Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15
pages, NCJ 187111.

International

Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Foglesong,
Todd S., and Peter H. Solomon, Jr., Research Report, July 2001, 119 pages,
NCJ 186166.

Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It, Bayley,
David H., Research Report, June 2001, 108 pages, NCJ 188742.

The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, Finckenauer, James O., and Yuri A.
Voronin, Research Report, June 2001, 35 pages, NCJ 187085.

Investigative Sciences

Biometrics Catalog online, July 2001.

Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J.,
and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434.

Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, National
Institute of Justice, NIJ Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736.

Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony
D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and
Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ
186634.

Improved Analysis of DNA Short Tandem Repeats With Time-of-Flight Mass
Spectrometry, Butler, John M., and Christopher H. Becker, Science and
Technology Research Report, October 2001, 54 pages, NCJ 188292.

Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National
Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8
pages, BC 000657.

Law Enforcement

Antenna System Guide, NIJ Guide 202-00, Kissick, W.A., W.J. Ingram, J.M.
Vanderau, and R.D. Jennings, April 2001, 61 pages, NCJ 185030.

Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation, Finn, Peter, Issues
and Practices, March 2001, 209 pages, NCJ 184430.

Community Prosecution in Washington, D.C., Boland, Barbara, Research
Report, June 2001, 46 pages, NCJ 186274.

Crime Mapping and Analysis by Community Organizations in Hartford,
Connecticut, Rich, Thomas, Research in Brief, March 2001, 19 pages, NCJ
185333. 

Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J.,
and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434. 

Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Walker,
Samuel, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Research in Brief, July
2001, 17 pages, NCJ 188565.

Electronic Crime Needs Assessment for State and Local Law Enforcement,
Stambaugh, Hollis, David S. Beaupre, David J. Icove, Richard Baker, Wayne
Cassaday, and Wayne P. Williams, Research Report, March 2001, 77 pages,
NCJ 186276.

Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, NIJ
Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736.

Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony
D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and
Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ
186634.

Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material
Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 100-00,
Volume I, June 2000, 70 pages, NCJ 184449.

Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material
Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 100-00,
Volume II, June 2000, 452 pages, NCJ 184450.

An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First
Responders, NIJ Guide 101-00, December 2001, 46 pages, NCJ 190747.

The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization, and Research
Agenda, Bayley, David H., and Clifford D. Shearing, Research Report, July
2001, 60 pages, NCJ 187083.

Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C.,
Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden,
and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ
188069.

Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial
Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66
pages, NCJ 188739.

Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire,
Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring,
Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741.

A Resource Guide to Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Forensic
Technologies, Office of Justice Programs and Office of Community Oriented
Policing Services, Resource Guide, May 2001, 103 pages, NCJ 186822.

Selection and Application Guide to Personal Body Armor, November 2001,
121 pages, NCJ 189633.

Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility
Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law
Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15
pages, NCJ 187111.

Users' Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors, Paulter,
Nicholas G., Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, January 2001, 56 pages, NCJ 184433.

Research and Evaluation

Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle, Vander Waal, Curtis J., Duane C.
McBride, Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, and Holly VanBuren, Research Report,
May 2001, 24 pages, NCJ 186156.

Citizen Review of Police: Approaches and Implementation, Finn, Peter, Issues
and Practices, March 2001, 209 pages, NCJ 184430.

Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Foglesong,
Todd S., and Peter H. Solomon, Jr., Research Report, July 2001, 113 pages,
NCJ 186166.

Democratizing the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It, Bayley,
David H., Research Report, June 2001, 108 pages, NCJ 188742.

Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J.,
and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434.

Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods--Does It Lead to Crime? Sampson, Robert
J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, Research in Brief, February 2001, 13 pages,
NCJ 186049.

Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, Walker,
Samuel, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney, Research in Brief, July
2001, 17 pages, NCJ 188565.

The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the
Spouse Assault Replication Program, Maxwell, Christopher D., Joel H.
Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, Research in Brief, July 2001, 22 pages, NCJ
188199.

Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and
Detection, NIJ Guide 602-00, Paulter, Nicholas G., February 2001, 66 pages,
NCJ 184432.

1999 Survey of Forensic Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, March 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187237.

Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C.,
Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden,
and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ
188069.

Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4,
Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W.
Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages,
NCJ 184245.

Policing on American Indian Reservations, Wakeling, Stewart, Miriam
Jorgensen, Susan Michaelson, and Manley Begay, Research Report, Revised
September 2001, 115 pages, NCJ 188095.

Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial
Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66
pages, NCJ 188739.

Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire,
Kennedy, David M., Anthony A. Braga, Anne M. Piehl, and Elin J. Waring,
Research Report, October 2001, 60 pages, NCJ 188741.

Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis,
Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12
pages, NCJ 188675.

The Rise of Marijuana as the Drug of Choice Among Youthful Adult Arrestees,
Golub, Andrew, and Bruce D. Johnson, Research in Brief, June 2001, 26
pages, NCJ 187490.

Sentencing Guidelines: Reflections on the Future, Lubitz, Robin L., and Thomas
W. Ross, Research in Brief, June 2001, 15 pages, NCJ 186480.

The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, Finckenauer, James O., and Yuri A.
Voronin, Research Report, June 2001, 35 pages, NCJ 187085.

Science and Technology

Antenna System Guide, NIJ Guide 202-00, Kissick, W.A., W.J. Ingram, J.M.
Vanderau, and R.D. Jennings, April 2001, 61 pages, NCJ 185030.

Biometrics Catalog online, July 2001.

Development of NIST Standard Bullets and Casings Status Report, Song, J.,
and T.V. Vorburger, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, November 2000, 15 pages, NCJ 184434.

Electronic Crime Needs Assessment for State and Local Law Enforcement,
Stambaugh, Hollis, David S. Beaupre, David J. Icove, Richard Baker, Wayne
Cassaday, and Wayne P. Williams, Research Report, March 2001, 77 pages,
NCJ 186276.

Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, National
Institute of Justice, NIJ Guide, July 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187736.

Flammable and Combustible Liquid Spill/Burn Patterns, Putorti, Jr., Anthony
D., Jay A. McElroy, and Daniel Madrzykowski, Law Enforcement and
Corrections Standards and Testing Program, March 2001, 18 pages, NCJ
186634.

Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment
for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00, Volume I, National
Institute of Justice, October 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 189724.

Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment
for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00, Volume II, National
Institute of Justice, October 2001, 186 pages, NCJ 189725.

Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband Imaging and
Detection, NIJ Guide 602-00, Paulter, Nicholas G., February 2001, 66 pages,
NCJ 184432.

Improved Analysis of DNA Short Tandem Repeats With Time-of-Flight Mass
Spectrometry, Butler, John M., and Christopher H. Becker, Science and
Technology Research Report, October 2001, 54 pages, NCJ 188292.

An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First
Responders, NIJ Guide 101-00, National Institute of Justice, December 2001,
46 pages, NCJ 190747.

1999 Survey of Forensic Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, March 2001, 98 pages, NCJ 187237.

Pepper Spray's Effects on a Suspect's Ability to Breathe, Chan, Theodore C.,
Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, Richard Clark, Paul Schmidt, Thomas Snowden,
and Tom Neuman, Research in Brief, November 2001, 13 pages, NCJ
188069.

Privacy in the Information Age: A Guide for Sharing Crime Maps and Spatial
Data, Wartell, Julie, and J. Thomas McEwen, Research Report, July 2001, 66
pages, NCJ 188739. 

Trace Detection of Narcotics Using a Preconcentrator/Ion Mobility
Spectrometer System, Parmeter, John E., and Gary A. Eiceman, Law
Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, April 2001, 15
pages, NCJ 187111.

Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National
Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8
pages, BC 000657.

Users' Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors, Paulter,
Nicholas G., Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing
Program, January 2001, 56 pages, NCJ 184433.

Victims

Documenting Domestic Violence: How Health Care Providers Can Help
Victims, Isaac, Nancy E., and V. Pualani Enos, Research in Brief, October
2001, 10 pages, NCJ 188564.

The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the
Spouse Assault Replication Program, Maxwell, Christopher D., Joel H.
Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, Research in Brief, July 2001, 22 pages, NCJ
188199.

Results From an Elder Abuse Prevention Experiment in New York City, Davis,
Robert C., and Juanjo Medina-Ariza, Research in Brief, September 2001, 12
pages, NCJ 188675.

Understanding DNA Evidence: A Guide for Victim Service Providers, National
Institute of Justice and Office for Victims of Crime, Brochure, May 2001, 8
pages, BC 000657.

An Update on the "Cycle of Violence," Widom, Cathy S., and Michael G.
Maxfield, Research in Brief, March 2001, 14 pages, NCJ 184894.

Other

Crime and Justice, A Review of Research (volume 28), published by the
University of Chicago Press, Journals Division, with support from NIJ.

Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1999-2000 Lecture Series, Volume 4,
Zimring, Franklin, Richard B. Freeman, William A. Vega, Lawrence W.
Sherman, and Heather B. Weiss, Research Forum, March 2001, 135 pages,
NCJ 184245.

NIJ Journal

October 2000, Cover Story: "Getting to Know Neighborhoods," by G.
Thomas Kingsley and Kathryn L.S. Pettit, 40 pages, JR 000245.

January 2001, Cover Story: "Policing on American Indian Reservations," by
Stewart Wakeling, Miriam Jorgensen, and Susan Michaelson, 40 pages, JR
000246.

April 2001, Cover Story: "Challenging the Russian Mafia Mystique," by James
O. Finckenauer and Elin Waring, 28 pages, JR 000247.

Solicitations for Research and Evaluation

Application for FRENZY Conference and Expo Support, January 2001.

Communications Interoperability and Information Sharing Technologies
(AGILE R&D) Solicitation, June 2001, 14 pages.

COMPASS: Research Partner for Milwaukee COMPASS, Request for
Proposals, March 2001.

Context and Consequences of Mutual Intimate Partner Violence, March 2001,
10 pages, SL 000474.

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support, Solicitation for the
Implementation of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Field Tests--
Corrections Field Tests, January 2001.

Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support, Solicitation for the
Implementation of the Law Enforcement and Corrections Field Tests--Law
Enforcement Field Tests, January 2001.

Crime and Justice Research and Evaluation: American Indian and Alaska
Native Issues, January 2001, 14 pages, SL 000455.

Data Resources Program: Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, August
2000, 10 pages, SL 000437.

Examining Minority Trust and Confidence in the Police, November 2000, 9
pages, SL 000448.

Graduate Research Fellowship Program: Tomorrow's Research Community, 4
pages, NCJ 172869.

NIJ School Safety Web-Based Curriculum Solicitation, June 2001, 10 pages.

NIJ "Smart Gun" Solicitation, June 2001, 13 pages.

Office of Research and Evaluation 2001 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated
Research, September 2000, 13 pages, SL 000442.

Request for Applications for Reentry Courts Process Evaluation, January 2001,
21 pages.

Solicitation for Convicted Offender DNA Backlog Reduction Program (FY
2001), March 2001, 22 pages, SL 000472.

Solicitation for a Demonstration/Evaluation of the Utility of ATF's Youth Crime
Gun Interdiction Initiative, March 2001, 13 pages, SL 000473.

Solicitation for Forensic DNA Research and Development, FY 2001, February
2001, 10 pages, SL 000461.

Solicitation for General Forensic Research and Development for FY 2001,
June 2001, 12 pages.

Solicitation for a Research Partner for the East Valley, California, COMPASS
Initiative, April 2001.

Trafficking in Persons in the U.S., June 2001, 10 pages.

W.E.B. DuBois Fellowship Program: NIJ Residential Research Opportunity,
November 2000, 12 pages, SL 000450.

NIJ Annual Report

2000 Annual Report to Congress, August 2001, 50 pages, NCJ 189105.

Catalogs of Publications

NCJRS Catalog #55, November/December 2000, 20 pages, BC 000279.

NCJRS Catalog #56, January/February 2001, 20 pages, BC 000280.

NCJRS Catalog #57, March/April 2001, 20 pages, BC 000281.

NCJRS Catalog #58, May/June 2001, 24 pages, BC 000282.

NCJRS Catalog #59, July/August 2001, 20 pages, BC 000283.

 NCJRS Catalog #60, September/October 2001, 20 pages, BC 000284.

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Appendix E: Key Conferences

Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, "Enhancing
Policy and Practice," July 22-25, 2001, Washington, D.C. In 2001, NIJ's
primary annual conference focused on how research can help shape policy and
practice. Attendance topped 900.

Fifth Annual International Crime Mapping Conference, "Translating Spatial
Research Into Practice," December 1-4, 2001, Dallas, Texas. The 2001
conference featured 500 participants representing more than a dozen countries.

Fifth Annual Mock Prison Riot, April 29-May 3, 2001, Moundsville, West
Virginia. This annual event, which takes place in a former maximum security
correctional facility, is designed to demonstrate corrections technologies
through realistic simulations. The 2001 event included 1,350 attendees
representing 35 States and 7 countries; 77 technologies were showcased.

Fourth National Workshop on Sentencing and Corrections Challenges, May
31-June 1, 2001, Jacksonville, Florida. More than 200 attendees from 42
States attended this workshop. Topics included DNA issues in sentencing and
corrections, offender reentry, juvenile offenders, restorative justice, sex
offender management, and the reinvention of probation and parole.

National Conference on Science and the Law, October 4-6, 2001, Miami,
Florida. Designed to explore the role of science and scientists in the criminal
justice system. Nearly 200 attended.

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The National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation
agency of the U.S. Department of Justice and is solely dedicated to researching
crime control and justice issues. NIJ provides objective, independent,
nonpartisan, evidence-based knowledge and tools to meet the challenges of
crime and justice, particularly at the State and local levels.

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice
Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of
Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and
the Office for Victims of Crime.

Photo Sources: GettyImages and PictureQuest.

NCJ 195076