Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        David R. Smith, Georgia Cooperative Fish and
        Wildlife Research Unit, School of Forest Resources
      Originator:
        Michael J. Conroy, National Biological Service,
        Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research
        Unit, School of Forest Resources, University of
        Georgia
      Originator:
        David H. Brakhage, Waterfowl Management Section,
        Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title:
        Efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling for
        estimating density of wintering waterfowl
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Athens, GA
        Publisher:
          University of Georgia, School of Forest Resources,
          Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildife Research Unit
  Description:
    Abstract:
      An evaluation of adaptive cluster sampling was
      based on a simulation experiment where samples
      were drawn from an enumeration of three species of
      waterfowl wintering in central Florida.  The
      initial samples were taken either by simple random
      sampling or with probability proportional to
      available habitat. Efficiency of adaptive cluster
      sampling relative to simple random sampling was
      highest when 1) the within-network variance was
      close to the population variance, and 2) the final
      sampling fraction was close to the initial
      sampling fraction.  The within-network variance is
      determined by the spatial distribution of the
      population, quadrat size, and the condition that
      determined when to adapt sampling.  The final
      sampling fraction depends on the previous factors
      as well as the size and selection of the initial
      sample. Some combinations of these factors led to
      increased precision compared to simple random
      sampling and some did not.
    Purpose:
      Objective was to evaluate adaptive sampling for
      three species of waterfowl.  The evaluation was
      based on a simulation experiment for which the
      samples were drawn from an enumeration of
      ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), blue-winged
      teal (Anas discors), and green-winged teal (Anas
      crecca) in 5,000 km2 of central Florida.  The
      population density of ring-necked ducks was of
      primary concern because of the species' importance
      to waterfowl harvest in Florida.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19921213
        Ending_Date: 19921215
    Currentness_Reference: Ground Condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Description_of_Geographic_Extent:
      Central Florida (5,000 km2).  The study region
      extended 100 km east and 50 km north from the
      southwest corner at 0438000, 3056000 (Universal
      Transverse Mercator coordinates; zone 17).
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -85
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: adaptive cluster sampling
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: FL
      Place_Keyword: Central Florida
  Taxonomy:
    Taxonomic_Keywords: waterfowl
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
        Kingdom: Animal
        Division-Phylum: Chordata
        Class: Aves
        Order: Anseriformes
        Family: Anatidae
        Genus: Aythya
        Species: Aythya collaris
        Applicable_Common_Names: ring-necked ducks
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
        Kingdom: Animal
        Division-Phylum: Chordata
        Class: Aves
        Order: Anseriformes
        Family: Anatidae
        Genus: Anas
        Species: Anas discors
        Applicable_Common_Names: blue-winged teal
    Taxonomic_Coverage:
      Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
        Kingdom: Animal
        Division-Phylum: Chordata
        Class: Aves
        Order: Anseriformes
        Family: Anatidae
        Genus: Anas
        Species: Anas crecca
        Applicable_Common_Names: green-winged teal
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: None
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
          Division, Leetown Science Center
        Contact_Person: David R. Smith
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: 1700 Leetown Road
        City: Kearneysville
        State_or_Province: WV
        Postal_Code: 25430
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 304-724-4467
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 304-728-6509
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: david_r_smith@usgs.gov
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        David R. Smith (formerly of Georgia Cooperative
        Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Forest
        Resources) now with U.S. Geological Survey,
        Biological Resources Division, Leetown Science
        Center
      Originator:
        Michael J. Conroy, (formerly National Biological
        Service),U.S. Geological Survey, Biological
        Resources Division, Georgia Cooperative Fish and
        Wildlife Research Unit, School of Forest
        Resources, University of Georgia
      Originator:
        David H. Brakhage, Waterfowl Management Section,
        Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
      Publication_Date: 199506
      Title:
        Efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling for
        estimating density of wintering waterfowl
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Biometrics
        Issue_Identification: 51
      Other_Citation_Details: pp. 777-788
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      The surveys were flown under clear skies and the
      ducks occupied open habitats resulting in good
      conditions for counting.  Nevertheless,
      detectability was probably not perfect causing
      some ducks to be missed or counted more than once.
      In aerial surveys of wildlife that result in
      imperfect counts, the density estimate is often
      used as a population index.
  Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable
  Completeness_Report:
    The surveys were flown under clear skies and the
    ducks occupied open habitats resulting in good
    conditions for counting.  Nevertheless,
    detectability was probably not perfect causing
    some ducks to be missed or counted more than once.
    In aerial surveys of wildlife that result in
    imperfect counts, the density estimate is often
    used as a population index.
  Lineage:
    Methodology:
      Methodology_Type: Field
      Methodology_Identifier:
        Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Methodology_Keyword: areal survey
      Methodology_Description:
        An effort was made to count every individual duck
        of the three waterfowl species in a 5,000 km2 area
        of central Florida by making systematic flights
        over the entire study region.  Two biologists
        counted waterfowl from separate helicopters (Bell
        Jet Rangers) during 13-15 December, 1992 and used
        the LORAN-C and GPS systems to determine flock
        locations.
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Used MonteCarlo simulation to draw samples from
        the enumerated populations.  Uniform random
        devices were generated by an algorithm presented
        in Press et al. (1992, pp. 272-273) and used to
        draw random number samples.  Density was estimated
        using several designs. Values of the density
        estimators and the number of distinct units in the
        sample were averaged over 1,000 replicate samples.
        The averages were interpreted as expected values
        where r denotes the number of replications.
        Precision of estimates was compared across
        designs.
      Process_Date: 199506
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Based on local reference names.
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Entity - waterfowl species; associated attributes
      - population counts.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: unknown
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
          Division, Leetown Science Center
        Contact_Person: David R. Smith
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: 1700 Leetown Road
        City: Kearneysville
        State_or_Province: WV
        Postal_Code: 25430
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 304-724-4467
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 304-728-6509
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: david_r_smith@usgs.gov
  Distribution_Liability:
    Although these data have been processed
    successfully on a computer system at the
    Biological Resources Division, no warranty
    expressed or implied is made regarding the
    accuracy or utility of the data on any other
    system or for general or scientific purposes, nor
    shall the act of distribution constitute any such
    warranty. This disclaimer applies both to
    individual use of the data and aggregate use with
    other data.  It is strongly recommended that these
    data are directly acquired from a Biological
    Resources Division server, and not indirectly
    through other sources which may have changed the
    data in some way.  It is also strongly recommended
    that careful attention be paid to the contents of
    the metadata file associated with these data.  The
    Biological Resources Division shall not be held
    liable for improper or incorrect use of the data
    described and/or contained herein.
  Custom_Order_Process:
    Please contact the distributor.  Data available in
    paper cited in Cross Reference.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 199506
  Metadata_Review_Date: 199803
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization:
          Raytheon Information Technology and Scientific
          Services (ITSS)
        Contact_Person: Cheryl Solomon
      Contact_Position: Biology/Ecology Metadata specialist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: 4500 Forbes Boulevard
        City: Lanham
        State_or_Province: MD
        Postal_Code: 20706
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301 794-3049
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301 794-3164
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: solomon@gcmd.nasa.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name:
    NBS Content Standards for National Biological
    Information Infrastructure Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version:
    NBII Draft of December 1995, Based FGDC of June 8,
    1994
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
  Metadata_Use_Constraints: None