340 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. Jay, 1903
tions here considered is greater in winter than in summer,
and inversely the distances of the anticyclonic centers are
smaller in winter than in summer.
20. In the land and the coast cycloneu the greatest angle of
deviation occurs a t distances of 444-666 and 1110-1554 kilo-
meters, respectively; the sinallest angle occurs in the imme-
diate neighborhood of the center, and in land cyclones at a
distance of 1110-1332 kilometers; in coast cyclones froin 1554-
1776 kilometers.
21. At medium altitudes, on the contrary, the zone of 444-
666 kilometers radius shows a principal minimum; thence, the
angle increases as we go inward as well as outward and,
at the distance of (iGG-88H kilometers, attains its principal
maximum only to decrease again as i t approaches the periphery
of the cyclone.
22. In cyclones near the coast and a t medium altitudes, the
zone8 of the greateut sncl smallest angle ((A ) at a distance of
from 444666 kilometers, form the 1)ounclary of a cyclincler
of sir around which the outer air moves in spirals; on land,
however, the orographic impediments disturb these very much.
23. In coast cyclones, in the exterior space, the greatest
ascension of the air takes place on the south side, whereas
the tangential forces hinder the ascent on the rear side. On
the other hand, in land cyclones, in which the air flows inward
spirally close up to the center, the location of the greatest
ascension is transferred to the iimnecliate neighborhood of
the center. In consequence of the orographic inequalities,
the maximum of rainfall niay be shifted.
24. At medium altitudes in the inner zone the morements
toward the center continue for the most part unchanged, but
in the outer zones and in front there is an energetic outflow.
25. In regard to the individual seasons, in cyclones over
the land, both a t the ground and a t meclium altitudes, the
various zones of (as) show a shifting of location, whereas in
coast cyclones the increase and decrease of the average ralue
of the angle (u) occur in alinost the same manner in the summer
ancl winter seasons.
26. The variation, from summer to winter, of the greatest
outflow on the Schneekoppe, indicated in theorem 18, and
the resulting change in the direction of propagation of the
cyclones, occurs also for each individual distance from the
center. Since (although preponderating in the outer zone) in
the winter season the greatest outflow occurs with westerly gra-
dients and in the summer season with southwesterly gradients.
27. The velocity of the wind increases both with increasing
diutance from the periphery and from the center of the cyclone
and attains two maxima, one of which is near the center and
the other, according to the location of the cyclone, lies be-
tween 900 and 1300 kilometers distant from the center. In
summer the location of the first maximum of the force of tlie
wind is shoved away from its usual location near the center.
28. In anticyclones, both on the coast and over the land,
the smallest angle (a ) is close to the center; the largest angles
are in the second zone ancl at the periphery.
29. On tmhe other hand, a t medium altitudes the largest (a )
angles occur at distances of 666 to 888 kilometers and a t 1998
to 2220 kilometeru; the smallest angles are close to the center.
30. In anticyclones on the land and in those on the coast in
winter the air flows from the center toward all sides of the
periphery in spiral curves; furthermore, during the summer
season, in the anticyclones on tlie coast a tangential move-
ment of the air is observable in the north and east quadrants.
31. A t medium altitudes the air on the front side flows
rapidly outaarcl, whereas in the rear i t has a tendency to flow
inward.
32. In anticyclones the velocity of the wind increases with
increasing distance from the center and, according to the loca-
tion of the area of high 1nwssure, i t attains two maxima, one
vf which lies a t a distance of 666 to 888 kilometers; the other
is in the neighborhood of the periphery.
33. The median altitude of the anticyclones is greater than
that of the cyclones.
84. The coefticient of friction on the earths surface (the k.
of Chltlber:: and lIIohn) decreases as the stations are located
nearer to the coast and, also, as the elevation above the earths
mrfnce increases.
METEOROLOGY IN THE SUMMER SCHOOLS.
The development of sunimer schools at various universities
has become a very important factor iu our educational scheme.
There are probably a dozen large institutions, such as Harvard,
Cornell, Chicago, Columbian a t Washington, and the Univer-
sity of Virginia at Charlottesville, that have taken up this
work with great enthusiasm and very important results. These
summer schools are not rivals of the various Chatauquan As-
semblies, nor of the normal schools in the national educational
assemblies. They fill different field; they are peculiarly
aclaptecl to be the means of introducing new ideas to the
teachers ancl officers of norinal schools. They bring the best
teachers of graclecl schools ancl academies and smaller colleges
where teaching is the main thought, into close contact with
the most progressive spirit of eclucatioii, that which seeks out
new lines of thought ancl new ways of looking at familiar sub-
jects, thus leacling up to original thought and research on
the part of the scholar. It must be acknowledged that the
rapid progress of modern civilization, or mans conquest of
nature has clepencled on the development of the habits of in-
dependent original, but logical, not erratic, research into the
~W A of nature. There are those who in such work wander of
into attractive but delusive byways and fail to accomplish any-
thing. Such were the LParaclosers of De Morgan. It is
the province of modern education culminating in the modern
university, to stimulate logical and sound, original and inde-
pendent trains of thought and work. From this point of view
the summer school is doing a fine work, ancl Weather Bureau
men who are so situated as to be able to contribute six weeks
of hard work to this educational campaign mill doubtless be
rewarded 1)y finding their best ideas reappear in the normal
schools ancl the graded schools of tlie country.
THE WEATHER OF THE MONTH.
Ry Mr. W. B. STocltnr iN, District Forecaster, iu cliargr tif Diviriqm of Metenrolngical Records.
PRESSURE.
The distribution of mean atmospheric pressure is grapliically
shown on Chart IV ancl the average values a d departures
from normal are shown in Tables I and VI.
The mean barometric pressure was highest Over the imme-
&ate coast of the North Pacific States, with readings of HO.10
inches. Another, ancl extensive, area of high but slightly
lower mean pressure overlay the Ohio Valley aiid Tennessee
and the east Gulf and South Atlantic States.
sure was lowest over southwestern Arizona, with a minimum
reac1infi of 39.75 inches at, ~WWL.
The pressure was above the normal in the Pacific States,
western Nevsda, the northern Plateau region, in the Gulf States,
and tlie Ohio Valley generally, and Tennessee, and iu parts of
the IIixsissippi Valley, the greatest (1epartureS on the
northern coast of California; elsewhere the mean pressure was
below the normal, with the maximum minus departures at
northern New England stations, where they were about - . 10
The mean pres- inch.
JULY, 1903.
Accomo- lated departures
,,:Ey 1,
.MONTHLY WEATHER -BEVIEW.
Average
des$y January 1.
The mean pressure for July, 1903, increased over June, 1903,
in the Gulf and South Atlantic States, the southern portions
of the Middle Atlantic States, the western part of the lower
Lake region, the southern part of the upper Lake region, the
Ohio Valley and Tennessee, the central Mississippi Valley, the
Pacific States, and the western portions of the Plateau regions;
elsewhere the mean pressure decreased from that of June, 1903.
In the southeastern quarter of the country the increase was
quite marked. The decrease in pressure was greatest from
the northwestern portions of Texas ancl the Indian Territory
northwestward over eastern Montana and northeastward over
Lake Superior.
- Y. 2
-10.5
+ 2.7 +10.3 t13.9
+ 4.5
+ 6.7
+ 3.1
- 0. R
-5 %
TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR.
The distribution of maximum, minimum, and average surface
temperatures is graphically shown by the lines on Chart VI.
The average temperatures for the several geographic districts
and the departures from the normal values are shown in the
following table :
Average temperatures and departwrea from normal.
- 1.2
- 1.5
+ 0.4
+ 1.5
+ 2.0
+ 0. 6
+ 1.0
+ u.4
- 0. 1
- 11 R
NerEn land .... Middle Itlantii: 1: :: ............ huth Atlantic .................. Florida Peninsula* ............. East Gulf. ............. West Gulf.. ..................... Ohio Valley and Tennessee.. .... Lower Lake.. ................... Upper Lake ......... North Dakota *. ................. %per 1)Iississippi Valley. ....... 8soun Valley ................. Northern Slope.. ................ Middle Slo .................
Southern Plateau * .............. Middle Plateau * ................ Northern Plateau * .............. North Pacific. ................... Middle Pacific.. ................. Sooth Pacific ....................
Southern Scpe *. ................
8
12 10
8
9 7 11
8 10 8 11
11 7 6
6
13 .R
12
7 5
4
Average tempera- tures for the c u r r e n t month.
0
67.4
i4. X
79.6 hl. 5
60.5
77.2
70. 7
67.5
67. I)
i4. S 74.8
6:. 8
77.5
81. s 76. i
6h. 4
&5. 5
h9. X
w2. 0
6% 2
no. 4
)e artures &r the c u r r e n t month.
0
- 0. i
+ 0.2
+ 0.5
f 0.1
- 0.4
- 1.4
+ 0.3
- 0. 5
- 0. 2
- 1.0
- 0.4
- 0.4
- 1.1;
+ 1 .2
+ 1.9
- 1.!I
- 3.0
- 3. 6
- 2.1)
- 2.5
- 2.4
+ 8.h + 1.3
+lo. 2
1 + 1.5
+ 3.0 + 0.4
+ 4.5 + 0.6
..
-111. 6
-12. (I
-211. 2 - 2.9
+ 2.1 -.
I 3 + 0.3
- 2.9 - 0.4
- 4.9 - 0.7
- 7.3
~
- 1.0
*Regular Weather Bureau and selected voluntary stations.
The temperature was above the normal in southern New
England, the southeastern portions of New Pork and Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, from the Atlantic coast of Virginia,
North Carolina, and northern South Carolina' westward to
central Colorado and western New Mexico, in the upper Rio
Grande Valley, about southern Lake Michigan, in eastern
upper Michigan, and low-er Michigan, except the south-central
part, but nowhere did the departure equal an arerage of + 8"
per day; elsewhere the mean temperature was below the nor-
mal, with decided departures, ranging from an average of 2"
to 5.9" per day in Idaho, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, nortli-
ern and central California, southwestern Montana, and the
western portions of the Dakotas; and 2.5" to 3.5" in portions
of southeastern Texas. By geographical districts the tempera-
ture was above the normal in the Middle and South Atlantic
States, Florida Peninsula, Ohio Valley and Tennessee, ancl the
middle and southern slope regions, and below the normal in
the remaining districts.
The isotherms of 70" and 80" of mean temperature were
located somewhat to the southward of their positions in July,
1902, and mean temperatures of less than 60" were reported
from portions of the interior of southeastern Texas, and south-
western Askansas.
The area embraced by the isotherms of 100' and 110" of
maximum temperature is much less than it was in July, 1902,
and the isotherms lay to the southward. The isotherms of
minimum temperature also lay to the southward of the posi-
46-5
tions they occupied in July, 1902, and this is markedly 80 with
reference to the isotherm of 70, and also of 60, except in
portions of the central Mississippi Valley. Freezing tempera-
ture was reported from northwestern Wisconsin.
In Cunuh-Prof. R. F. Stupart says:
The temperature was below the average throughout Canada, except at
a few isolated places in the Peninsula of Ontario where the average was
either maintained or slightly exceeded. The negative depai-ture was as much as 40 in portions of southern Alberta and southern Assiniboia, and
3 O in many part< of British Columbia, but elsewhere from lo to 54" was
the usual departure from the average.
PREOIPITATION.
The precipitation was above the normal in central and east-
ern Texas, central and southwestern Arkansas, southern Lou-
isiana, western and west-central Florida, southern New Jersey,
extreme northern Maryland, District of Columbia, western
Pennsylvania, extreme western New Pork, northern Ohio,
Michigan, except the extreme western and south-central por-
tions, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, Iowa, southern Minnesota,
southern and western South Dakota, western North Dakota,
central Nebraska, north-central Kansas, Moiitana, northern
Idaho, Washington. except on the inixnecliate Pacific coast, and
in portions of western Colorado, northern Arizona, and south-
ern Illinois; elsewhere i t was below the normal. In south-
eastern Texas the excess of precipitation was nearly 11.0
inches, and nearly 7.0 inches in southeastern New Jersey.
By geographic districts the precipitation was normal in the
middle ancl south Pacific districts, slightly above in the Mid-
dle Atlantic States, upper Mississippi Valley and northern
slope, and considerably above in the Lake region and west
Gulf States; elsewhere it was below the normal, and except in
the Ohio Valley and Tennessee, and the middle and southern
slope districts the departures were slight. Rainfall ranging
from 10.0 inches to 16.4 inches occurred in portions of south-
eastern Texas, south-central Louisiana, southwestern Florida,
and southern New Jersey. Practically no rainfall occurred in
California and Nevada.
The distribution of total monthly precipitation is shown on
Chart 111.
Average precipitation and departure from the normal.
Districts.
.............
Southern Plat.eau * ..................... Middle Plateau * ........ Northern Platenu * ...... North Pacific. .......................... Middle Pacific.. ......... South Pacific. ...........
8
12
10
8
9 7 11 8 10 8 11 11 7 6 6 13
8
12
7 6
4
Average.
~
Purrent month.
~
Iiiehea. 2. 91
1.58 3.63
5. 73
5. 09
6. 92 2. 65
4.08
4. 97
1.90
4.15 3. M
2.45
1.8s
1. 51
0.94 0.53 0.89
0. R6
0.01
0.00
__
Percent age of normal.
H1
107 61
88 I1 22:)
6.4
1 32
1 S2
i 6
111
$14
14s 65
.w 71 I
84 75 90 100
100
Departure.
~
Current month.
Inches. -0. 7
+o. 3 -2.3 -0.9 -0.5
+3.9
-1.5
+1.0
+l. 7 -0.6
+It. 4
-0.2
+o. s -1.0 -1.5 4 .4
-0. 1 -0.3
-0. 1 0.0 0.0
4ccoruu- l a t e d s i n c e Jan. 1.
Inches. +O. 9
+o. 3
4 .2
+6.4
+n. 6
+". 9
-2.3
+l. 7
-0. 7 -3.6 -1.5
+o. 2 0.0
+o. 4
-2.0
+O. 3
0.0
-3.6 -6.7 -3.7
+o. 4
*Regular Weather Bureau and selected voluntary stations.
111 Cmindn.-Professor Stupart says:
The rainfall generally waq above the averige. and in many localities
to a marked extent, llut in certain *mall sections of the Dominion the
fall was at the same time deficient. The sections, with the negative
cleparture, were uoticea1,ly the western portiou of the Proviuce OI Que-
liec, Prince Eilmarcl Island, and Cape Breton as well as a few scattered
342 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JULY, 1903
New Euiland . : :. ........... Middle tlantic ............ Sontlr Atlautic .............. Florida Peuiusula ..........
points in Ontario, the Northwest Territories and on the coast line of
British Columbia. Over the mainland of British Columbia the rainfall
was much above the average, and between the 4th and 6th there was a
snowfall of about 2 feet on the mountain ranges, extending to quite a low altitude lor the season of the year. Southern Alberta was remarka-
ble for its large rainfall, so also was the Qu'Appelle Valley, hut the larg- est positive departures were in the Peninsula of Ontario, mainly no
doubt attributable to heavy local thunderstorms. Port Dover was 5.9
inches above the average: Port Stauley, 4.1 inches above; Owen Sound,
3.3 inches above, and Toronto, 1.4 inches above. The positive departure
was also niarlied in the Peninsula of Quebec. likewise in northern New
Brunswick, and over the Island of Anticoati.
HAIL.
The following are the dates on which hail fell in the
respective States :
Alabama, 26. Colorado, 2 , 3, 7, 9,
10, 13, 14,16, 17, 16, 19, 2U, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31. Connecticut,
1, 14, 15,20, 21, 26. Delaware, 22. Florida, 23, 24. Georgia,
7, 25. Idaho, 1, 6, 11, 16, 18, 22, 23. Illinois, 1, 11, 17, 21,
26, 29. Indiana, 3, 21, 22. Iowa, 8, 17, 20, 21, 26, 28, 29.
Kansas, 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 29, 31. Iieiituckq-, 11, 23.
Louisiana, 12. Maine, 8, 15. Maryland, 3 , 12, 20, 22, 29, 30.
Massachusetts., 14. Michigan, 1, 2, 8, 11, 14,17, 18,19, 21,28.
Minnefiota, 16, 27. Mississippi, 31. Missouri, 1, 20, 21, 23, 3 0 .
Montana, 1. 3, 6, 7, 13, 17, 19, 93, 24, 25, 26, 27. Nebraska, 3 ,
10, 11, 18, 13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 31. New Jersey, 3,14, 20,
22, 29. New Mexico, 19, 28. New York. 14, 15, 20, 21, 39.
North Carolina, 5, 23, 28. Ohio, 2, 14,
21. Oklahoma, 4. Oregon, 1, 2, 20, 23. Pennsylvania, 3. 4.
5, 11, 14, 15, 20, 22, 30. South Carolina, 22. South Dakota,
1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, 21,25, 27, 28. Tennessee, 8, 9, 16, 19,
22, 26, 29. .Texas, 11, 24. Vermont. 15, 16.
Virginia, 20. West Virginia,
3. Wisconsin, 1,9,26. Wyoming, 1, 2, 3, 17, 16,24, 29, 30. 31.
Arizona, 6, 10, 22, 21.
North Dakot,a, 9, 10.
Utah, 6. 16, 24.
Washington, 1, 6, 8, 9, 22, 23.
SLEET.
The following are the dates on which sleet fell in the
Colorado, 3. Wyoming, 3.
respective States :
_____
HUMIDITY.
The relative humidity was normal in the midclle slope clis-
trict and Missouri Valley; below in the Atlantic States, Florida
Peninsula, east Gulf States, and the southern slope, sonthern
Plateau, and midclle Pacific districts, and above normal in the
remaining districts.
The averages by clistricts appear in the subjoined table :
Average relative humidity and departure8 from the normal.
5.3
4.2
3 8
4. !I
d M
Districts.
+ 0.4
- 0.6
- 1.2
- 0.1
+ 0.2
+ 0.1
- 0 .2
+ 0.1
+ 0 .3
t 0.1
- 0.2
____
Missouri Valley ............. 4.5 + 0.1
NorthernSlope .............. 4.3 + 0.6 MiddleSly ................ 3.7 - 0.3 Bout.lieru lope .............. s .7 - 0.1
Southeru Plateau ........... 2.4 - 0.8
Middle Plateau ............. 2.4 + 0.2 Northeru Plateau ........... 3.4 + 0.3 North Pacific ................ 5.6 + 1.2
Middle Pacitic .............. 3.2 + 0.3 South Paci6c ................ 1.9 + 0.8
Districts.
Amarillo, 'rex ...........
n, I11 .............
0 . ..............
r I u .. ............... htodena. 11t:ih. ...........
l h l ................ Mount Tamalliairr,C'al.. .. 110. ...............
1 1 4 1 .. ...............
110.. ............... I)<).
no.. ...............
............
Sew Yairlt, N. T.. .......
I r l J .. ...............
(I
+9 0
-1
-s -1- 2
+8 +2
-1
4- 3
2
11
SUNSHINE AND ULOUDINESS.
The cloudiness was in exces8 in New England, the Gulf
States, Lake region, Missouri Valley, North Dakota, northern
slope district, and the northern and middle Plateau, and Pa-
cific regions; elsewhere it was below the average.
The distribution of sunshine is graphically shown on Chart
n>:.. ..............
110 ................. Dn. ................
110). ................
I,O.. ..............
VII, and the numerical values of average daylight cloudiness,
both for individual stations and by geographical districts,'
appear in Table I.
The averages for the various districts, with departures from
the normal, are shown in the following table:
Average c l o u d i ~e and departurea from tb normal.
6
6
12
13
18
Districts.
D4D ................. Tatoush Iblaud \Vmh ... Taddo, Ohio..: ......... \Villistoo, N. risk ......
East Gulf .................... West (iulf. ................... Ohio Vallev aud Tennessee.. . Lower Lakk .................. ITpper Lake ................. North Dakota. ............... Upper Mississippi Valley.. ...
3
1
New En land ................ Niddle j t l a n t i c .. ........... South Atlantic ............... Florida Peninsula. ........... East G u l f . ................... West Gulf ................... Ohio Valley and Tenuessee.. . Lower Lake. ................. Upper Lake. ............... North Dakota.. ..............
% i8 73
76
79 77
78 70 72
74
65
WIND.
The maxinium wind velocity at each Weather Bureau station
for a period of five minutes is given in Table I, which also 6' rives
the altitude of Weather Bureau anemometers above ground.
Following are t,he velocities of 50 miles and over per hour
registered during the month:
Maximum wind velocitm.
Missouri Valley ............. Northern Slope.. ............ Middle Slope.. .............. Southern Slope.. ............ Southern Plateau ........... Middle Plat.eau.. ............ Northern Plateau ........... North Pacitic ............... Middle Paci6c.. ............. South Pacific. .............. .,
$
66
61
60
58
33
34
4!) 77
65
67
17
4 17
4
1
li
9
5
6
1
1
4
5
6
20
>
~
60
70
56
515
5Y
50
60
55
65 li0
57
60
i l
62
50
sn
U
-. .
nw.
fie.
8.
SW.
UW.
e.
Ue.
0 w. RW.
sw.
UW.
U.
nW.
IlW.
u w.
UW.
~
d Stat.ions.
-
r;
8
* .*
- ; __
73
M
74
58
57
SO
74
63 62
63 60
5s
50
62
63
so
~.
~
i
a
.- e
m
__
n W.
n w. u w. nw.
11w.
nw. nw. n w.
uw.
UW.
8.
w. w.
nw.
nw.
nw.
__
ATMOSPHERIC ELEUTFLICITY.
Numerical statistics relative to auroras and thunderstorms are
given in Table rV, which shows the number of stations from
which meteorological reports were received, ancl the number of
such stations reporting thunderstorms (T) and auroras (A ) in
each State and on each clay of the month, respectively.
Th n,idrl.stoi.,iia.-Reports of Sl39 thunderstorms were re-
ceived during the current month as against 6266 in 1902 and
GO45 during the preceding month.
The dates on which the number of reports of thunderstorms
for the whole country was most numerous were: 29tmh, 537;
Reports mere most numerous from : Missouri. 451 ; Nebrttskn,
439; New Tork, 393; Iowa, 35%.
d wwas. -The evenings on which bright moonlight must,
have interfered with observations of faint auroras are assumed
to be the four preceding ancl following the date of full moon,
viz: 5th to 15th.
1111 C'n~ndn: Thunderstorms were reported a t St. John, N. B.,
10. 1'3, 17, 24. 26. Sidney, 2, 1H. Graiicl Manan, 2, 23. Yar-
mouth, 10, 30. Cliarlottetown, 11, 12. 15, 18, 2-1, 26. Chat-
haiii, 16. Father Point, 7, 12. Quebec, 1, 8, 10. 11, 1 3 . 14,
15, 16, 30. iUontrea1, 1, 7. Ottawa, 20, 21, 23. Kingfiton, 2,
l l t l l , 468; 30th, 411; 10th and 22c1, 383.
JULY, 1903. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 343
21, 23, 23. Toronto, 3, 9.11,19. White River, 5,16, 30. Port Current. 10, 14, 19, 80, 36, 27. Cdgary, 26, 30. Banff, 12, 18,
Stanley, 2, 3, 5, 11, 14, 19, 80, 21, 32, 23. 30. Saugeen, 3, 89. 22, 23, 26. Prince Albert. 29. 24. Bst,tleford, 11, 23, 29, 30.
Parry Sound, 5, 15,19,20, 30. Port Arthur, 1,19. Winnipeg. I<nmloop~. 11. 23, 89,30. Barkerville, 13. New Westminster,
9, 10, 15, 24, 27, 28, 29. Minneclosa, 5, 6, 20, 27. QuAppelle, 13. D s ~s o n , 16. Hamilton, Bermuda, 35.
1, 7, 14, 15, 26, 27. Medicine Hat, 6, 7, 19, 24, 36, 2!). Swift An aurora was reported from Quebec on the 27th.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES AND CHARTS.
By Mr. W. B. Srorntd~a, Forecast Oficial, iu charge of Division of hfeteorological Records.
For descriptioir of tables and charts see page 266 of REVIEW for June, 1903.