MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW J U N ~ 1935 192
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movie camera. The size is admittedly small, but the
definition is escellent, and with the aid of an ordinary
reading glass all necessary cloud detail can usually be seen. A diary was kept of esposure times, the general sky and weather conditions at the time of taking the
picture, together with positive, actual-size pictures.
The diary a t the end of the year contained some 5,000
pictures of clouds. Some 600 of the best typical picture.s
have been enlarged to size 5 by 7 inches.
A few more details will now be given as to the camera
and method of procedure: The camera and lenses.-The camera used was a Zeiss Contas. Af first a wide-angle lens was adopted, giving
a field of view of about 90 (Zeiss Tessar 1: 5 , f. 2.5 c,m).
However, when a filter was put on (a light yellow one),
the wide angle at which the lidit met the filter caused much reflection, and as a resuk the outer parts of the picture very often showed serious underexposure. Hence
an ordinary Zeiss Tessar (1: 2.5, f . 5 cm) was purchased
and has proved very satisfactory in general.
The wide-angle lens was reserved for those pict,ures
of clouds (e. g., large thunderstorms) which occupied too much area for the ordinary lens, but noJilter was used with it. Usually the wide-angle lens, so used, gave
sufficiently good results, but not always. A light yellow filter was used with the ordinary lens,
since trial with a dark pellow filter showed practically no improvenient in deta.11. In fact, the Agfa Panchro-
matic films could almost be used without filter most of the time.
Fi1m.s.--In the tropics, one cannot always get the
film one desires, and we were compelled to start out with Superpan films. For the natural size small posi- tives, this gave good results; but when enlargements to
5 by 7 inches are in question, or projection on a screen, then the grain of the Superpan becomes quite perceptible.
Isopan films w-ere used as soon as they arrived in Ma,nila
and these gave a smaller grain. Finally during the last
month of work, the Finopan came, whic,li for fineness
of grain leaves really nothing to be desired. Dez~elopme?zt.-Fine-grain developers of various types were tried, but they all proved unsatisfactory, due bo
lack of sufficient c.ont,rast in the negatives. Delicate cirrus clouds, or m i s t y cloud effects, et,c., would not
come out properly; t,he fine details were lost, and many
pictures, too many in fact,, were quite flat. We there-
fore perforce had to use a contrast developer; but, a h , this also enlarged the grain. The grain, however, though at times not so pleasing to the eye on 5- by 7-inch enlarge-
ments, was not large enough to spoil details, and so for our films Eastman D-11 developer (time 5 minutes,
starting at 16 C.) has been almost exclusively used.
It was thought better to possess the requisit,e cloud
details with a somewhat larger grain on enlargements
(of course on the small prints there is no trouble about
grain), than to have smoothness with flatness and loss of detail. Perhaps in other climates, with clearer air, fine-grain developers would work better. The films in
the tropics after development must be ver-y thoroughly
washed. Father Doucette, Chief, Meteorological Sec- tion of the Observatory, kindly did all the developing
of the films, while the writer took the pictures and did all the printing and enlarging. In this way, though it
took much time, the cost of the program was considerably
reduced. Printing.-For this, Eastman D-72 developer (home-
made as was the D-11, by Father Doucette), diluted to
proper proportions (1 part developer to 2 parts water) and Azo No. 5 or No. 3 paper, were used. Very thorough
washing and the use of hypo only once were found neces-
sary to prevent the prints from turning brown after some
months. Enlarging.-To have 5- by $-inch enlargements made outside would have been very costly, and not so satisfac-
tory, since it would be d a c u l t for another to estimate rightly the proper shade of the clouds. It was found
cheaper and much more satisfactory to make the enlarge- ments ourselves, using a Zeiss Magniphot. To get
sufficient contrast on these enlargements, D-11 developer
was again used, undiluted, and proved escellent when used in conjunction with News Bromide Contrast paper
(or Medium for the more naturally contrasty pictures).
With the new Finopan films, enlargements of this size, developed as indicated, give hardly any grain, and show esquisite detail and contrast.
Taking the pictures.-About 20 pictures a day were
taken as a rule (the number varying with sky conditions), usually a t intervals of 1 or 2 hours. An Ombrus ex-
posure meter, which is reasonable in price and very
satisfactory, was found an absolute necessity to gage exposures of clouds correctly. One had to learn, too,
not to take pictures too near the sun or with too much contrast; this is especially true for pictures of squalls,
storm clouds of various kinds, etc. The eye has a re- markable power of adaptation to varying degrees of
light intensity, and only an exposure meter insures con-
sistently good exposure times. This consistency is a
necessity, for it must be remembered that the film roll
has 36 pictures, and there can be no individual develop- ment, and this latter must be done in a tank in perfect
darkness, since the films are so very sensitive to light. Even with a yellow filter, the oridinary exposure time used was one one-hundredth second, stop 8.
So much for the method. Now there remains the
onerous task of studying the pictures in relation with
the weather map. It will, in all probability, be a year
or more before the results of such analysis can be
published.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
C. FITZHUGH TALMAN? in Charge of Library
RECENT ADDITIONS Brooks, Charles Franklin.
Why the weather? . . . with the collaboration of Eleanor The following have been selected from among the titles Stabler Brooks and John Nelson; illus. with photographs.
of books remntly received as representing those most Rev. 8: enl. New Pork. 1935. xvii, 295 p. front.,
likelv to be useful to Weather Bureau offic.ials in their illus., plates, diagr. 21 cm.
metiorological work and studies: Physical and dynamical meteorology. New Pork, Mac- Blacktin, Samuel Cyril. millan. 1934. xxii, 411 p. illus. (maps, charts), diagrs.
Brunt, David.
Dust. London, Chapman & Hall, Itd., 1934. xi, 296 p. front., 26>$ cm.
Diaz. D. Sevcro. pl., diagrs. 22 cm. References: p. 259-275.
Blair, Thomas Arthur. Le previsi6n del tiempo en MBxico. Guadalajara. 1934. Syllabus in elementary meteorology. Lincoln. 1935. 118 p. p. 189-216. 22% cm. (Bol. de la Junta auxiliar Jalisciense
18 de abril de 1934). plates (part. fold.) 28 cm. (Manifolded). de la SOC. mexicana de geogr. y estad.
JUNE 1935 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 193
Air mass 75th mer.
1 time A.M. I 1 P. hl.
Duperier, A.
Distrihuci6n vertical de la temperatura en la atm6sfera del centro de Espaba. Madrid. 1933. 10 p. diagr. 245 cln. (Serv. meteor. espaiio. Serie A, n6m. 1.)
Local menu solar tiuie
Gregg, Willis R. The Weather Bureau and the nations business. 11. p. 1934.
3p. 27 cm. (hIanifolded).
eal.
0.52
......
Guardiola, Jose M.8 Jansa. Contribuci6n a1 estudio de la tramontana en hfenorca.
Madrid. 1933. 35 p. 2 DI., tab., diagr. 34 cni. (Serv. meteor. espabol. Serie 8, nbm. 3.)
Guerrieri, Eugenio.
LanorrnalitB delle due ultirne estati del 1930 e del 1931.
(R. Oss. astron. di Capodimonte. Contrib. geofisici N. 17.) Napoli. 1932-X. 15 p. tab., diagr. 24 cm. (Estr.:
Riv. di fisica, mateniatica e scienee naturali. Anno VI, fasc. 7. Maggio 1932--5.)
Haskin, Frederic J. The American government today. New York, Grosset &
Dunlap [o 19351. x, 470 p. 2136 cm. (Chap. XVI, The Weather Bureau , pp. 143-150.)
eal. cal. eal.
0.60 O.R2 1. 16
.82 .96 1.12
........................
........................
Jamaica. Government meteorologist.
A report on the hurricane of western Jamaica, October 29, 1933. Kingston. 1934. 11 p. 1 pl., tabs. 32 cm.
Kidson, E., and Ewart, M. E.
A years wind records. (Meteorological office note no. 14.) Wellington. 1933. p. 205-221. tab., dingr. 25 ciii.
(Extr.: New Zealand jnl. science and tech., v. SV, no. 3. 1933.)
cal.
1.06
1.06
.12 -
Livathinos, A. N. I h d e sur la pluie Athbnes. Athbnes. 193.5. [12 p.]
tab., diagr. 29,!4 cm. (Extract: Annales de 1Obs. natl dAth6nes. T. XII, p. 121-139.)
ea/. ea/. ea/. mm ........................ 5.79 ........................ 7.87
........................ R.91
....................... 10.59 .................. Y.47
........................ 9.83
........................ 10.21 ........................ 9.14
........................ 15.65
........................ 13.13 ______ __.___ ._____ ._____
______ __.__. _-____ ______
Lunelund, Harald. Die Helligkeit in Finnland. n. p. 1935. 42 p. tab.,
diagr. 24 mi. (Soc. scient. Fenn. Comment. phys.-
math. VIII. 7.)
. .
Mariolopoulos, E. G. Bibliographie du climat de la Grbce. Athbnes. 1934. n. p. 29}6 cm. (Estract: Ann. Obs. natl. Athbnes, t. -511.) fitucle des regimes pluviometriques de la Gr8ce. Athbnes. 1934. 13 p. maps (1 fold.) 2914 cm. (Estr.: Ann. Obs. natl. Athbnes, t. 111.)
Historia del Observatorio del Salto.
Navarrete, Julio Bustos.
Memoria presentada a la Sociedsd cientifica de Chile. Santiagoe de Chile. 1934. 16 p. ill. 26 an.
g. p. Stefan Hhsek-Hlssko. Warszama. 1934. 12 p. pl. (ports.) 31 cin. (Estr.: Bull. m6t. et hydrog., 1934,
Niebrzydowski, W.
N. 7-12.)
Petterssen, Sverre.
Practical rules for prognosticating the movement and the development of pressure centers. Bergen. 1933. 44 p. diagr. 2s cm. (Report presented a t the meeting of the International union of geodesy and geophysics, Lisbon 1933 .) (Manifolded .)
Reja, Oskar.
Odonsaji rned padavinaini in cikloni v Jugoslaviji. Ljubljana. 1933. p. 165-180. figs. 265 cm. (Geografskega vest-
nika. Annee 9. 1933.) (Les relations entre les cyclones
et les pr6cipitations dam la Yougoslavie.) [French resuni6.1
Bibliografia meteorol6gica y climatol6gica de la Repbblica Argentina y de las regiones AntSrtica v Sub-Antdrtica Americanns. 1924-1931. CrSrdoba. 193i. 47 p. 23 CIU.
(De la Revista de la Universidad nacional de C6rdoba, Aiio XX-nos. 9-10) Nov. y Dic. de 1933.)
Sparn, Enrique.
U. S. National resources board.
A report on national planning and public works in relation to natural resources and including land use and mater resources with findings and recommenclatioils. December 1 , 1934.
Submitted to the President in nccclrdnnce \\ i t h Executive order no. 6777, June 30, 1931. Washington. 1931. vii, 455 p. incl. illus., tables. limps (part fold.) diagrs.
(part fold) charts (part fold.) 29:; cni.
........................
______ .87 1.04 1.23
...... .71 .88 ......
____.. ______ ____.. 1.11
.................. .67
____.. ___.._ _____. .62 .52 .75 .96 1.05
-.05 +.OS +.I8 +. 11
Veryard, R. G. Scent and the weather. Peahawar. [1935.! 33 p. pl.,
tab., diagr. 22jk cm.
SOLAR OBSERVATIONS
By IRVING F. HAND, Assistant in Solar Radiation Investigations
SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS DURING JUNE 1935
For a description of instruments employed and their
esposures, the reader is referred to the January 193.5
REVIEW, page 24.
Table 1 shows that solar radiation intensities averaged above normal at all three Weather Bureau stations.
With the esceDtion of the western and southern sta-
but in both cases the maximums arc slightly below the June normals.
TABLE l.-d%lar radiation intensities during June 199.5
[Orsm-calories per minute per sr~usre centimeter ofnormal surface]
tions, Fresno, T&n Falls, and Miami, table 2 shows an excess in the amount of total solar and sky radiation
received on a horizontal surface. With the receipt of a
new Eppley thermoelectric pyrheliometer, La Jolla again
began regular measurements of total solar and sky radiation early in April. Values in gram-colories for the
weeks beg.inning April 9, 1935, up to and inclusive of the
week beginning with May 25, 1935, follow: 543, 525,
496, 620, 510, 553, 556, and 472 respectively. Beginning
with this issue, these values will regularly appear in
table 2. Polarization measurements obtained on five clays a t Washington give tl mean of 58 percent with a niaxinium of 60 percent on the 20th. At Madison, observations
taken on five days give a mean of 62 percent with a maximum of 67 percent on the 7th. Both means are
close to the respective normals for the stations for June,
Date
June 1 .......
June 5 .......
June 6 .......
June E----. June 13 ..... June 20--. __ June 24.---.. June 25 ...... June 27 ......
June 28 ...... iV ems. - ..
Departure!
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Suns zenith distance
mm 7. 19
9.47 10.59 12.24
15.11
9.47
10.59 10.59 16.20
15.65
. - - - - - .
eal.
1.36
1. 42
1.40
1.24 1.32 31.11
1.41 1.16
1. 34
-. 10
.-..-
.....