3.0 INFRASTRUCTURE
 Infrastructure focuses on the areas of facilities, security and
technology usage.  The Library faces some unique and time-urgent issues
in these areas which are treated in detail in the following sections.
 3.1 FACILITIES
 The Library's operations are inherently facility intensive.  Without
adequate facilities, there would be nowhere to store and review the
Library's collection of printed materials, films, and recordings.  More
importantly, the Library's need for adequate space is constantly growing.
The recognition of the inter-relationship between mission and the
facilities required to support the mission is critical to the Library's
future success.
3.1.1 Background
 The Library of Congress is primarily housed in three buildings on
Capitol Hill.  The Jefferson Building, a turn-of-the-century facility
built in the Neo-classical style, is the centerpiece of the Library and
houses the Main Reading Room and a variety of collection items.  The
Adams Building is a Federal-style building housing the science and
technology collections.  And the Madison Building, built in the late 20th
century Modern style, houses most of the Library's operations and service
units, its Law Library, the National Digital Library, and several
classifications of collections.  The Library bears no rental or
maintenance costs for these facilities as those costs are borne by the
Architect of the Capitol.  The Jefferson and Adams Buildings are nearing
the completion of a 10-year, $80 million renovation.  The Madison
Building is nearing the end of its 20-year economic life.  The Library
does receive appropriated funds to pay $2.6 million for Capitol Hill
janitorial services and $4.7 million for the General Services
Administration (GSA) Rent System (RS) rates for the use of off-site
facilities (Landover Center Annex, Taylor Street Annex, Market Street
Annex, and Buzzard Point).  The Suitland and Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base facilities are used by the Library for nitrate film storage and
preservation.  These outlying facilities house a mix of collections
storage and Library operational functions.  The planning, design,
construction, maintenance and management of these facilities is performed
by a combination of the Library, and the Architect of the Capitol, the
GSA, and the U.S. Air Force.
 Collections storage space availability is a Library-wide issue, one that
has a clear impact on the Library of Congress' ability to carry out its
mission of collecting, storing, and preserving general and special
collections.  Available space to store the Library's continuously growing
collections has nearly run out.  In 1992, the Library predicted that the
General Collections would reach "gridlock" in 1994 in the Jefferson
Building and soon thereafter in the Adams Building.  Space for motion
picture film was expected to be exhausted in 1993 and recorded sound
collections would be out of space in 1994.  In addition, it was predicted
that several million items would need to be relocated to off-site storage
to accommodate the Manuscript Division staff for arrearage reduction.
The Prints and Photographs Division collections, scheduled to move to off
-site storage to make room for processing staff in 1993, are still
awaiting space.  And the Rare Book and Special Collections Division shelf
space is currently filled to capacity.1  Many of the predictions made in
1992 have now been realized and the space shortage is projected to
intensify as collections continue to grow at a rate of 300,000 items per
year.  At that rate, the Library's collections will exceed the predicted
storage capacity of the only construction project currently approved by
Congress, the Fort Meade Storage facility, before it is completed in
1999.
 In spite of this fragmented environment, facilities planning has
improved its efforts toward the identification and evaluation of short
and long term collection storage requirements.  These planning
activities, however, have been heavily influenced by Congress and program
funding for additional storage space was not granted until FY1993.2  The
Library has also completed several detailed planning analyses for
relocating some Capitol Hill collections into high density off-site
storage facilities as part of their planning process for the primary
storage needs of the Librarys collections.
 It is important to understand where facilities planning and management
activities fit into the overall Library organization.  The Library's
Integrated Support Services (ISS) Office is responsible for all functions
relating to procurement, contracting, and material activities; space
planning and space utilization; facility management, and custodial
oversight of Library buildings and leased space; interior design;
environmental health, safety, and fire protection; occupational health;
management of mail, freight, and transportation services; physical and
electronic security of Library buildings, collections, and information;
and emergency preparedness.  These activities are organized into seven
divisions.  Each of the seven Division Chiefs serves on the ISS
management team and is under the general policy direction of the ISS
Director.3  The ISS Director reports directly to an Associate Librarian
of Congress and serves on the Senior Management Reporting Group.  Exhibit
3-1 identifies all of the components of ISS that are involved in
facilities planning and management for the Library.
EXHIBIT 3-1
INTEGRATED SUPPORT ORGANIZATION CHART
 Facilities planning and management activities are primarily accomplished
in two of the seven divisions: Facility Services and ISS Directorate.
Facility Services provides services to management and staff regarding
space planning and space management of Library facilities.  In so doing,
they plan, design, and coordinate construction, alterations, and
operations of the Librarys facilities; provide interior design, provide
space requirements and conduct space inspections; provide labor and
moving support; provide custodial services and manage the food services
program and the operation of public spaces for special events.  Facility
Services is also the Library's primary liaison with the Architect of the
Capitol (AOC).
 ISS Directorate develops facility requirements and provides project
planning services to Library management, staff, and various management
committees that are responsible for determining and planning long term
collections storage requirements.  This service includes developing
design requirements and cost justification for the Fort Meade Storage
Facility project, projecting the Library's storage space requirements,
interfacing with Congressional appropriations committees to obtain
project approvals, and working with the AOC to integrate requirements
into the design of a facility.
3.1.2 Methodology
 BoozaAllen's assessment of the Library's facilities planning and
management decision making process is based upon face-to-face interviews,
with among others, personnel from Facility Services, ISS Directorate,
Library Collections Management, Congressional staff, and the Architect of
the Capitol.  Our interviews were conducted with senior-level managers
including an Associate Librarian of Congress, ISS Division Chiefs, Chief
of the Collections Management Division, and senior Congressional and
Congressional committee staff members.  On our many site tours, we
interviewed various Reading Room and Collections Managers including the
Law Library, Rare Books, Motion Pictures and Recorded Sound, Prints and
Photographs, the Hispanic Collection, Nitrate Film Storage, and others.
 We also met with facilities planning and management staff from our
benchmarking sources at The Smithsonian Institution, Harvard University,
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the National Archives and
Records Administration (NARA) to gather information for identifying "best
practices." These benchmarking site visits revealed that only NARA had
developed a comprehensive facilities planning program that was directly
tied to the organization's overall strategic plan.  None of the others
gave their facilities program much emphasis, but they did not and are not
expected to realize the magnitude of continued growth as that projected
for the Library of Congress.
 In the course of our assessment of the Library of Congress facilities
issues, we conducted an extensive literature search.  In addition to the
materials provided by the General Accounting Office, we collected and
reviewed many facilities planning and management specific materials.  The
types of documents reviewed included budget requests, strategic plans,
implementation goals, facilities regulations, project procedures, growth
projections, prioritization and scheduling methodologies, space rental
agreements, internal infrastructure planning memorandums, square footage
allocation reports, comprehensive long-range space plans, remote storage
space plans and reports, organizational structure and responsibilities,
facilities operational reports, comprehensive facility and space
standards, monthly Library/AOC coordination meeting minutes, and various
official correspondence among and between the Library, Congress, and the
AOC.
 The focus of our investigation centered on the following five
objectives:
 (1)  Assess the Library's current approach to strategic facilities
decisions as it   relates to the Library's collection policies
 (2)  Analyze the Library's Capitol Hill facilities' use and define the
Library's    facilities strategy in terms of centralized versus
decentralized control
 (3)  Assess the working relationships between the Library, AOC, and
Congress as it relates to facilities planning and management
 (4)  Compare and contrast the Library's facilities strategy development,
   planning, and management to the way industry and other similar
institutions conduct business and provide recommendations relating    to
the enhancement of facilities planning and management decisions    and
facilities utilization strategies
 (5)  Conduct a case study of the Fort Meade Storage Facility project to
chart    the events that led up to project approval and execution and
identify    the roles of key decision makers (the Fort Meade Case Study
is     presented in Volume 2).
We were unable to address the second objective because the Library was
unable to provide adequate facilities utilization data with which to
conduct the analysis.
3.1.3 Findings and Conclusions
 The facilities planning and management sections within Facility Services
provide a full range of service-oriented functions designed around the
user's needs.  They implement the majority of these functions in an
environment where direction, which is often conflicting, is received from
several sources and where key resources (especially space and personnel)
are severely restricted.  Operating in this environment directly affects
their ability to respond efficiently and effectively to customer's
requests for services.  In spite of this situation, they have
consistently been able to quickly mobilize available resources to
accommodate user changes or new directions, accommodating special events
and rapidly emerging programs such as the NDL.  All this, however, is
often at the cost of other requirements that were quickly reprioritized.
 The critical shortage of space that has been identified and documented
by the Library several times in recent years is symptomatic of a larger
problem: the Library does not treat facilities planning and management as
an integral part of its mission.  As a result, it is restricting its own
ability to locate materials for readers and the collection materials are
subject to damage and deterioration because they do not have the proper
storage environment.  Furthermore, the demand for additional space and
the need to remedy quality and environmental problems in older leased
facilities, such as the nitrate-based film storage facilities in
Suitland, Maryland, are increasingly impacting all collections programs
at the library.
 Related to this problem is the inability of the Library to obtain the
necessary Congressional program approval and subsequent funding for its
ever-increasing storage space requirements.  Multiple planning scenarios
have been developed by the Library to satisfy partial storage space
requirements; however, these scenarios have never been tied together in a
comprehensive plan and consequently have not been approved, in spite of
the fact that the Librarian has testified before Congress attesting to
the criticality of space needs.  Efforts at securing program approval
have largely failed; the one exception being the Fort Meade Storage
Facility project.
 BoozaAllen's facilities management assessment revealed the following
significant findings and conclusions:
1. The Library does not have a Strategic Facilities Plan that includes a
comprehensive plan for the efficient and economic management of the
facilities which house collections.
 Although there have been some isolated planning studies and reports that
define short and long-term collection storage needs, there is no
comprehensive,
integrated Library-wide strategic facilities plan.  For instance, the
Library has completed the following studies and reports:
1989 Statistical Survey of Current and Projected Collections Space Needs
for the Year 2000
1990 A Plan for the Library of Congress Collections Storage Facility
1991 Special Collections Space Needs Assessment
1992 Report on High Density Storage Facilities
1992 Library Strategic Plan
1992 Collections Storage Plan
1992 Committee on the Study of Future Space Needs for Book Collections
Report.
These documents collectively describe the Library's collections storage
problems in both the general and special collections, forecast the growth
of collections, and identify both long and short term solutions for
locating additional space.  Although these planning studies and reports
are important, a clear and comprehensive facilities strategy which
provides a solid foundation for making decisions and obtaining project
approvals and funding is missing.  Exhibit 3-2 assesses the current
availability of essential strategic planning components.
EXHIBIT 3-2
Strategic Facilities Plan Component Matrix
Availability
Component
Not
Available
Partially
Developed
Fully
Developed
Facilities mission
 Formal goals and objectives
C
Facilities strategy for each facility
 Preservation strategy
C
 Collections strategy, etc.
C
 Building use statistics
C
Facility space management standards
 Qualitative and quantitative standards
C
  Administrative room space
C
  Conference room space
C
  Lunchrooms/break rooms
C
  Restrooms
C
  Exhibit space
C
  Stack space
C
  Media storage
C
  Vault room space
C
  General storage areas
C
  Processing area
C
  Research room space, etc.
C
Baseline data
 Current space conditions
C
 Space forecasts
C
 Quantity and quality standards vs.
  actual conditions
C
 Adjusted capacity
C
 Projected space costs
C
 Analysis of what each facility
  requires to meet standards
C
 Long term space forecast
C
Facility options
 Facility options to provide quality
  and quantity standards
C
 Cost estimates for implementing options
C
Fiscal and operational options
 Budgetary impact to the Library
C
 Operational issues
C
 The absence of a comprehensive process to guide facilities planning and
management decisions is further highlighted by the fact that the Library
has no short or long term strategy to transition out of the Suitland film
vaults facility.  The Library has clearly stated that nitrate film
storage has been troublesome over the last 15 years and the GSA has
requested that the Library vacate the Suitland film vaults.  The
Library's Safety Services Division said that the Suitland and the Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base facilities should be vacated due to
deteriorating conditions.  Even with the serious facility problem clearly
understood, one of Collections Services' top 10 priorities is to acquire
significant amounts of additional nitrate film without a clear, well-
developed plan and comprehensive approach to resolution of the associated
facility problem.4  The efforts involving the study of a potential site
in Culpepper, Virginia, are only investigatory at this point and not part
of a planned effort to address this issue.
 Without a comprehensive strategic facilities plan, there is no formal
process in place to:
 (1)  Describe the inter-relationship between the mission of the Library
and    the facilities operations that are required to support the mission
 (2)  Define Library-wide space management standards to apply to
individual facilities and function types
 (3)  Identify facilities options for meeting space requirements
 (4) Fully develop feasible alternatives.
Additionally, the placement of Facilities in the Library's organizational
structure does not support a strategic facilities decision-making process
(see finding number 7.) which is impacting the Library's ability to
provide a coordinated strategic facilities planning framework.
2. Data sharing, project planning, communication, and coordination among
organizational groups is insufficient.
 Within ISS, Facility Services, ISS Directorate, Safety Services, and
Security components work independently rather than as a team.  For
instance, the ISS Directorate's facility database, composed of Computer-
Aided Design (CAD) files and space utilization data, was not made
available to Facilities Services during the lengthy down time which
occurred when their only system crashed during our study.  Nor do
Facility Services, ISS Directorate, and Security exchange facilities data
to ensure all data sets are up-to-date.  The data sets of both the ISS
Directorate' and Security are based on 1989 information.
 Facility Services and Safety Services acknowledge little involvement
with the planning and development of the Fort Meade Storage Facility
project.  Volume 2 of this report contains a case study of the Fort Meade
project.  They also expressed concern that relevant environmental site
impacts are not adequately addressed.
 Outside of ISS, collections managers and service units often make
operational decisions with respect to facilities space and environmental
issues without consulting ISS.  One of the more significant examples
occurred when film collection managers acquired a large collection of
American films from the late 1890s to the 1950s from Australia and stored
them at the Suitland facility.  Safety Services learned of the film
collection from a 1994 article in The Washington Post. 5  Upon
investigation, it was discovered that the Suitland vaults' safe storage
capacity was greatly exceeded.  Film canisters were even stored on the
floor due to a lack of shelving space a serious fire and life safety
hazard.
3. The Librarys facilities planning and management workflow is
decentralized.
 Facilities planning and management functions are decentralized; there is
no central space management structure or one manager responsible for
overall facility requirements planning within the Library.  The lack of a
central space management structure prevents the Librarian from turning to
a single manager when additional space is required.  This was evident
when BoozaAllen team members requested space occupancy and utilization
information for the Library's Capitol Hill facilities from Facility
Services.  Facility Services had to request from each service unit a
marked-up set of hardcopy drawings that delineate the types of
collections or the service unit that is housed on each floor.  Only the
service units could provide this type of space utilization data.
Furthermore, once the space data were received, Facility Services had to
manually transfer the data to full-size hardcopy drawings.
 This work flow is further decentralized because decision making
authority is delegated to various Library committees for determining
space usage.  The current organizational structure supports a planning
process that includes anywhere from 50 to 100 Library groups in the
decision making process, all of which are concerned with their own
requirements rather than with a coordinated and timely facilities program
based on a sound strategy.  The Chief of Staff makes the ultimate
planning decisions or arbitrates space issues between groups.  It is
apparent that collection managers and service units act as "owners" of
the space as opposed to "tenants" and that they are more concerned with
their own programmatic requirements than with a timely and coordinated
facilities program.  This "ownership" places Facility Services in a
purely reactive mode.
 As further evidence of a segmented and disjointed workflow, we found
that there is no integrated work request or project tracking system
within the Library or across ISS.  Facility Services does track work
requests, maintain project schedules, and monitor the progress of
projects; however, the tracking system is not 100 percent automated and
is not accessible outside of Facility Services.  They produce a quarterly
work request status report for the ISS Director to use and disseminate;
however, there is no formal channel of dissemination or management review
across organizations.  Safety Services (a facilities function within ISS)
has no way of tracking project status to identify planned moves in order
to commence fire protection evaluations or to identify when they should
get involved with a project.  This disjointed work flow lends itself to
bypassing established procedures.  Some service units even call the AOC
directly to initiate a work request or obtain information on projects.
4. The Library lacks a comprehensive and integrated facilities database.
 Due to the absence of a comprehensive and integrated facilities
database, facility personnel do not have quick and easy access to a
single, integrated, or technically accurate facilities information data
set.  As a result, facility personnel are basing decisions on information
that is outdated and that varies across divisions.  Facilities planning
and space management decisions are not being optimized.
 At least five separate, incompatible, duplicative, and in one instance,
inaccessible, facilities databases, all in various degrees of accuracy,
are being used to make facilities decisions.  The Facilities Design and
Construction Division's drawing database includes architectural drawings
for the three Capitol Hill buildings detailed to the partition level.
The ISS Directorate's drawing database includes the architectural,
structural, mechanical, and electrical drawings of the same three Capitol
Hill buildings along with the GSA leased facilities.  Design and
Construction Divisions' drawings are current for partition information;
however, the ISS Directorate's drawings have not been updated since 1989.
The Security Division also has a complete drawing database of all Library
facilities that was downloaded from ISS Directorate's system.  These
drawings have never been updated.  The AOC has a standalone drawing
database that is the most current data set for the architectural,
structural, mechanical, and electrical drawings of the Capitol Hill
facilities.  Finally, various service units have unique versions of
drawing databases that are used in space management.  All of these
databases have duplicate data sets in various stages of accuracy
(floorplans, occupant information, wall/partition locations), and run on
different operating systems and/or platforms.
 Critical facilities information that exists in isolation at all levels
within the Library - strategic, facilities planning, and facilities
operations, is not being integrated into a centralized database for
organization-wide sharing:
ISS Directorate's optimization of facility assets and strategic planning
for future needs through fundamental "what-if" scenarios could be
accomplished more efficiently and effectively with a comprehensive and
integrated facilities database.
Facility Services and Facility Design and Construction Divisions.  It is
especially critical that these designers and project managers have up-to-
date information because their day-to-day operations depend on it.
Because they do not control whether vital facilities information is
shared Library-wide, they are unable to quickly and easily develop
detailed and accurate inventories of space and assets, develop occupancy
plans, quickly locate vacant space and other available resources.  Design
and Construction needs to work from a common set of data with the AOC,
Safety, and Human Resources as the Library assesses, quantifies, and
deals with the improvements that are needed to conform to the provisions
and requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
U.S.C. 651 et seq.) and with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
(42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.).
Facility Operations and other facility managers.  Coordination across the
organization is negatively affected because facility managers do not
share scheduled or unscheduled space modification information through
electronic work requests and job plans across the organization.
 The mainframe-based Computer-Aided Design system that is currently used
by Facility Services is the only repository of space related, graphic
information that includes individual office or work spaces.  The
architectural floor plan drawings that have been developed with this CAD
system are critical to Facility Service' operations and are intended to
be maintained and made available to users of facility information.  For
various reasons, the drawings in the system have not been maintained and
are not readily accessible.  BoozaAllen made several unsuccessful
attempts over a two-month period to obtain essential CAD drawings which
depict space utilization of Library facilities in a format suitable for
use with a Personal Computer (PC) platform.  These fundamental problems
have been further exacerbated by the fact that the mainframe platform is
obsolete, and due to the small customer base remaining in the industry,
it is difficult and costly to obtain system support and maintenance.
 In an effort to remedy the situation, the Facility Service' systems
administrator has initiated a contract to transition the entire system to
a PC-based, Windows NT platform.  Once this becomes fully operational,
and drawings have been updated and validated, a limited group of
authorized facility users within the Facilities Design and Construction
Division will be able to easily and conveniently access these drawings
through networked PC's.
 Although this effort represents a significant step in the right
direction, the Capitol Hill buildings account for only part of the
overall Library of Congress infrastructure, and their use by Facility
Service represents only a partial segment of users that require access to
this type of data.  ISS Directorate, the Security department, as well as
some service units, and even the AOC, all need access to this
information.  Unfortunately, these different groups all use different
tools and systems to maintain and manage assigned areas of
responsibility, each utilizing redundant CAD drawing files in varying
degrees of completeness and accuracy.
5. The Library does not have an integrated project prioritization
process.
 An integrated, Library-wide prioritization process has not been
established.  This issue was initially addressed in the 1989 Arthur Young
Management study.  The purpose of a project prioritization process is to
establish organization-wide priorities, assign individuals to high
priority work, and manage work backlog.  The Arthur Young Management
study recommended the establishment of such a project prioritization
process.  The study also recommended that all ISS departments, service
units, and Library management be included in the process of assigning
priorities and allocating resources based on those priorities.6
 Library of Congress managers, particularly those within Facility
Services, commented that planning and executing work assignments is
difficult and disorganized.  New projects are continuously forced into
the queue ahead of other projects already in the pipeline which results
in project delays.  According to Facility Services, initial steps were
taken to introduce a prioritization process; however, procedures were
never fully developed or implemented due to organizational changes within
ISS that left the issue of implementation responsibilities in question.
 The failure to appropriately set priorities is increasing the time and
cost required to plan, design, and execute user requests for space design
and modification because resources are not being efficiently allocated
based on priorities.  Continuously shifting priorities is causing
designers to stop work on a particular project for weeks on end in order
to work on a new, higher-priority project.  This frequently causes AOC
shop work to come to a halt and the reassignment of resources to other
projects which causes costly delays of all facilities design and
construction projects.
 Facility Services has specifically identified numerous examples of work
stoppages, lengthy delays, and reassignment of resources, including a
daycare center project that took priority and nearly stopped AOC shop
activities on other projects.  Another example cited was the completion
of a room in the poetry area which caused work stoppages on other
projects.  These examples illustrate the loss of work management control
resulting from the inability to set priorities and deal with  them in an
organized fashion.
6. The Library does not have comprehensive space management standards.
 Space utilization for each facility varies across service units and
functions.  The lack of approved and promulgated corporate space
standards inhibits the establishment of a realistic baseline to assess
this variance.  The lack of such standards also prevents the development
of defensible space requirements that can be used to evaluate facility
options, address identified needs for increased capacity, develop short
and long range planning options for additional facilities, and assess the
budgetary impact of space on the Library.  As a result, the efficiency
and equitable distribution of current space use cannot be determined, and
therefore controlled, and a supporting, auditable projection of
additional space requirements cannot be made.  Space management standards
would help to control increased space requirements and costs.
 The Facility Services Division has developed facilities space management
standards for the Madison Building administrative offices and conference
rooms and furniture standards for the Madison, Jefferson, and Adams
buildings.7   However, there are no uniform space standards for Library-
unique functions such as  stack space, media storage, general storage
areas, reading rooms, and processing areas.  This lack of comprehensive
space management standards is demonstrated in the Library's 23 reading
rooms which are all configured to use space differently.  An example of a
good space management standard for a textual research room is:  "A 600
square foot area is necessary.  Qualitatively, the room must be climate
controlled, with appropriate air filtration.  Special security, lighting,
and acoustics considerations are required, and the furniture must be
suitable."8
 Although the Library has developed detailed stack space analyses for the
Fort Meade Storage Facility project, they are not being further developed
into comprehensive space standards that can be used for existing
facilities.
7. The ISS Facility Services Department has assumed a reactive role in
terms of facilities operations.
 Facilities decisions come from multiple, uncoordinated sources such as
the numerous committees that are frequently formed to evaluate and
establish facilities requirements.  In addition, the various service
units establish their own facility space requirements and make their
demands known to ISS.  This multiplicity of decision-making authorities
greatly complicates the coordination and execution of planning efforts
across the organization.  The Fort Meade case study in Volume 2 of this
report further demonstrates reactive planning involving a new off-site
storage facility.  Instead of ISS taking the lead on providing technical
expertise for these facilities decisions and assuming accountability,
they have assumed a reactive management role.
8. A complex division of responsibility creates problems for making
timely facility decisions and divides the responsibility for space
planning and project implementation.
 Facility Services coordinates with three separate organizations:
Library Management, Service Unit Managers, and the AOC, who often have
conflicting priorities.  In addition, ISS Directorate interfaces with
these same organizations as well as with Congressional oversight and
appropriations committees for planning and executing facilities projects.
 ISS's horizontal organization contrasts with the Library's vertical
decision making process.  This structure requires a high level of
communication, coordination, and data sharing across divisional groups in
order to operate efficiently and effectively.  Unfortunately, this
coordination is not happening, resulting in voids, overlaps, and
suboptimizations - a counter-productive effect on the facilities planning
and management process.  Exhibit 3-3 identifies all of the groups
involved in facilities planning, management, and oversight for the
Library.
EXHIBIT 3-3
Facilities Planning And Management Responsibilities
And Decision Making Influences
3.1.4 Recommendations
 The Librarys greatest challenge is to think more strategically about
its facilities due to the inherent inter-relationship between the
Librarys mission and its facilities.  Treating facilities as an
important strategic element for accomplishing the Librarys mission will
address the most pressing needs the Library is currently facing: severe
space resource constraints, degradation of the quality of collections
environments, and no comprehensive long-term facilities requirements
plan.
 As the Library develops a comprehensive strategic plan that integrates
its mission and technology, facilities planning and management operations
must continue to be service-oriented and designed around the needs of
Library users.  Facility resources should be managed appropriately in
support of those needs.  This shift should be accomplished through the
effective and efficient coordination of facility planning and
implementation activities.
 The following are recommendations for improving the Library's facilities
planning and management decision making and facilities utilization
strategies.
1. Develop a Library-wide Strategic Facilities Plan.
 The Library's organizational decision making structure directly impacts
its ability to strategically plan and execute an effective and
comprehensive planning program in order to satisfy its collections
storage needs.  Authority and coherent direction should originate from
upper management in the Library's hierarchy, at the Associate Librarian
of Congress level, and be channeled directly along vertical and
horizontal reporting lines.  The direction given to facilities must be
strategic and based upon a thorough understanding of the inherent inter-
relationship between the Library's mission and its facilities in order to
provide an attainable and coordinated strategic facilities planning
framework for staff execution.
 Therefore, it is recommended that the responsibility for strategic
facilities planning be formally assigned to an upper management position
that places a clear focus on facilities operational requirements.  This
position must carry with it clear authority and accountability to develop
the strategic plan for the facilities divisions and all Library liaisons.
 A strategic facilities plan will enable the Library to determine and
control their role in the planning and management of key factors
affecting space and facility use.  It will also help them define the
inter-relationships between facilities and how they support the
collections through the utilization of a comprehensive process to guide
development.  Exhibit 3-4 models a strategic facilities plan that may be
used in developing a Library-wide plan.
2. The Library of Congress should design, develop, and implement a data
sharing methodology.
 The ISS Director must create the appropriate mechanisms to ensure
coordination between facilities departments and facilitate decision
making and project planning across the ISS team.  One such mechanism
could be the establishment of mandatory and routine space management
reviews with representation from all facilities divisions.  Another
mechanism would involve the design and implementation of a data sharing
system.
3. ISS should be given "ownership" of the Library facilities to ensure
both the optimal use of Library space and to ensure proper support for
the collections.
 Facility Services needs to operate as the owner of the spaces, a role
the service units currently assume.  This change will help Facility
Services operate more pro-actively and efficiently.  It will also insert
them into the collections management process, ensuring that the
availability of appropriate space is addressed in a timely manner in the
case of special collections, such as the WETA/PBS tape archives that were
awaiting the arrival of storage shelves in the Landover Annex during our
site visits.
EXHIBIT 3-4
Model Strategic Facilities Plan
  4. Develop and implement an integrated, shared, and technically
accurate set of facilities-specific CAD drawings and associated
databases.
 In order to implement and manage an integrated, shared, and accurate
database, a computer aided facilities management (CAFM) system should be
developed to provide the necessary tools for long-term planning and
infrastructure management.  These tools will provide Library personnel
with quick and easy access to accurate information on each functional
component.  Paramount to this accomplishment is the issue of
standardizing hardware platforms and software tools in a CAFM system.
This standardized environment is a prerequisite for local or wide area
networks that utilize client server technology to connect the various
user locations.  The Library's Facilty Design and Construction Section
has already purchased some of the major hardware and software components
that would be needed to implement an integrated CAFM system.
 An integral component of developing a CAFM system is the definition of a
functional data sharing process and a concept of operation that promotes
maximum efficiency across facility management divisions in terms of
resources, operational capabilities, and cost.  This concept of
operations should provide the capability for bi-directional flow of
facilities planning and space management information between users,
ultimately support the decision-making process with accurate and timely
data, and their consolidation into a strategic level executive
information system.
 It is important that the integrated facilities planning and space
management system database become the primary repository of information
for the Library's infrastructure.
5. Fully implement the Arthur Young Library of Congress Management study
finding and Facility Services' subsequent draft Process for Determining
and Implementing Space Planning Priorities.
 The Library obviously recognizes the importance of establishing and
implementing procedures for space project prioritization because
procedures were developed in 1995, service unit liaisons were assigned,
and initial service unit priorities were identified in order to integrate
these priorities into a master schedule.  It is time to move forward with
the implementation.
6. Develop comprehensive, uniform, qualitative, and quantitative space
standards for all Library facilities and for each type of functional
space; use GSA government-wide standards where applicable.
 It is critical that the space standards include both qualitative and
quantitative characteristics.  Qualitative narrative would describe in
detail the requirements for such necessities as climate control, air
filtration, security, lighting, fire protection, and adjacency.
Quantitative narrative would prescribe the amount of square footage for
each functional type of space.
 Once these standards are developed, they can be applied to all existing
spaces by functional type in order to assess the efficiency of current
space use.  In addition, when projecting future space requirements, these
standards will serve as a defensible database to support the projected
requirements.
7. Assign formal responsibility and accountability to ISS for fundamental
facilities roles.
 ISS should develop and maintain programs, policies, and/or procedures
for:
Standardization of space utilization
Compliance with the recommended/proposed space standards, and
Appropriateness of the usage of the space.
 The ISS Director, as an active participating member of the Library
Senior Management Reporting Group, also should stress to the other
members of that team the critical importance of the inter-relationship
between facilities and the Library's mission.
8. Require the Library to develop a Space Utilization Program.
 The Library should design the program to facilitate the assessment of
how efficiently they utilize all three Capitol Hill facilities.  This
Space Utilization Program should also be designed to help the Library
maximize the efficient use of space in coordination with the Library's
strategic vision.
3.2 SECURITY
3.2.1 Background
 With more than 4,000 employees, three large buildings on Capitol Hill
that are open to the public, more than 100 million items of stored
property (the Collections), and their own police force, the Library has a
unique blend of security concerns.  These concerns arise from the
potential for environmental emergencies, for example, fire or water
damage in the stacks; the theft or destruction of invaluable material in
the collections; or other forms of natural causes and criminal acts
committed in Library buildings or surrounding streets.
  Security at the Library encompasses the protection of Library
buildings, systems,  employees and visitors, sensitive information in
both paper and electronic form, and the Library's collections.  At the
Library, security is organized and implemented through three distinct
programs: physical security, information (computer) security, and
personnel security.
 The physical security program, including electronic security and the
Library police, are organized centrally under the Protective Services
Division (PSD) within the Integrated Support Services (ISS) Unit.  The
physical security program provides for the badging of Library employees
and visitors and ensures the integrity of all physical barriers and locks
used to control access to work and storage areas.  The electronic
security program repetitions is responsible for the specification,
installation, and maintenance of existing and new electronic access
controls, intrusion detection systems, and closed-circuit television
systems.  The Library's electronic security program currently focuses on
the implementation of electronic security equipment to protect collection
storage areas (book stacks) and reading rooms, and to facilitate the
installation of security equipment to support temporary exhibitions.  The
day-to-day operations of Library security are implemented by the Library
police.  With a staff of over 104 full-time uniformed armed officers, the
Library police provide control of building exteriors, entry, and exit
points.  They also guard highly valuable exhibits, patrol internal space,
and respond to emergencies as needed.
 The Library has a responsibility to protect information.  To accomplish
this, the Library has instituted an information security program operated
by the Information Technology Service (ITS) Unit.  Although in a
formative stage, the Library has published a computer security policy
that assigns roles and responsibilities for the protection of both
sensitive, proprietary, and publicly held information.
 The Library also has the responsibility of handling and storing
classified information received from Congress and other sources.  To
facilitate this activity, the Library has established a personnel
security program operated by the Personnel Security Office (PSO) with the
authority to grant security clearances.
 Sustaining, and hence protecting the Collections, are central to the
Library's operations under its current mission.  The establishment and
maintenance of collections security has been a topic of intense
discussion and debate within the Library over the past two decades.  From
the mid-1970's through 1995, workgroups have studied the effectiveness of
both Library and collections security.  A number of different security
experts and consultants have been hired to analyze security.  Internal
committees were formed to develop collections security plans, and funding
has been requested and spent to improve the protection of Library
materials.
 Although the Library has taken steps to improve security of the
Collections over this period, there continue to be allegations of book
theft and mutilations.   These allegations have prompted Congress to
question the status and condition of the security at the Library.
3.2.2 Methodology
 Our assessment of this portion of the study centered around the
following objectives:
Determine whether the Library organizes and manages its physical,
information, and personnel security program effectively
Address whether the Library has spent the money allocated for security in
a cost efficient and useful manner
Determine whether the Library is handling its security functions in
accordance with generally accepted security practices.
 Our security evaluation team completed this task using a variety of
methods to include:  external research and analysis, face-to-face and
telephone interviews, technical site surveys, and site visits.
Research and Analysis.  We conducted literature searches on Library and
collections security both specific to the Library of Congress, and to the
library community in general.  We researched trends in book and art
thefts and mutilations to develop an understanding of the problems
associated with this form of crime.  We also identified and contacted
library associations to find available documentation as to "best
practices" for library security.  Since the protection of Library
materials is a relatively new topic for library associations, the
American Library Association (ALA) and the Association of College and
Research Libraries (ACRL) indicated that the development of protective
standards has not been a high priority.
Interviews.  We conducted a series of interviews both within and outside
the Library.  We also conducted telephone interviews with several
national and international libraries to assess best practices for
security available from the professional library community and lessons
learned available from other libraries.
Site Surveys and Visits.  We conducted extensive site surveys and
assessment of Library buildings, storage facilities, and work areas.  We
viewed the placement and location of physical security equipment within
the buildings, evaluated the security control and security monitoring
locations, and assessed the operation of entry/exit points, and Library
Police posts.  We conducted tours with Library Police and Protective
Services personnel to review operating procedures.  We conducted site
visits to comparable Federal archive and state library facilities, and
visited several large academic libraries on the East Coast to compare
their security measures with those of the Library of Congress.
3.2.3 Findings and Conclusions
 The Library has a number of security related problems resulting from a
fragmented organization, ineffective management procedures, lack of a
clear security policy, ill-defined requirements for Collections security,
incomplete risk management processes, and no comprehensive security plan.
These findings are supported in the following sections.  A case study
focused specifically on the history and management of collections
security is provided in Volume 2.
A. The Library does not organize and manage its security functions in an
 effective manner.
 The Library suffers from a number of management problems that impact the
security program.  In addition to a fragmented security organization,
unqualified PSD manager, and a budget structure that does not provide
adequate cost information, little emphasis is placed on security related
training or awareness.  In response to some of these issues, PSD recently
retained Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) to conduct several
assessments of the Library's protective programs.  Although the CSC
effort is not designed to provide a comprehensive overview of Library
functions, CSC is under contract to the Library to survey security
operations under four tasks: a physical security survey of occupied
buildings; a study of Library Police operations with regard to collection
protection; the design of a security awareness program; and an inventory
study of selected collection items.
 Specific issues in the security management area include the following:
 1. The Library has not appointed a single point of authority to manage
all of its security programs.
 There is no single individual responsible and accountable for overall
security of the Library.  Current security responsibilities are
fragmented across the Protective Services Division (physical security),
Information Technology Services (computer security), and the Personnel
Security Office (personnel security).  Collections security is assigned
to collection managers as supported by Protective Services.  Focusing on
the security of the Collections as part of the Physical Security Program,
LCR 610-2 also places a "custodial" responsibility for Library materials
on the division chiefs and Library officers who have custody of Library
materials, the Library personnel who make use of Library materials as
part of their jobs, and the researchers who are granted access to Library
materials under specific readership rules.  Each of these groups has
separate and distinct programs with its own policies and guidelines.
Assigning responsibility for overall security to a single individual
would allow the Library to move toward a more integrated approach to its
security programs.  For example, at Harvard University, a Library
Security Officer has been appointed to oversee all security functions.
 Within the physical security arena, organizational confusion exists
regarding electronic security.  The management and implementation of
electronic security is currently divided between Protective Services and
the Architect of the Capitol (AOC).  The Library is responsible for
temporary installations, i.e., to support exhibits, while the AOC
purchases, installs, tests, and maintains permanent intrusion detection
and access control equipment for the Adams, Jefferson, and Madison
buildings.
 A similar situation exists with respect to computer security.  For
applications and data residing on the mainframes, responsibility and
authority for security has been designated to the Director, Information
Technology Section.
 The Library does have an effective Personnel Security organization
managed by the Personnel Security Office.  The PSO grants security
clearances to about 300 Library of Congress staff who require access to
classified information.  The PSO also manages the determination of
suitability for employment at the Library.  In May 1995, OPM reviewed the
PSO and concluded that the Library's personnel security and suitability
programs are being operated in an effective manner, with only minor
adjustments needed.  In September 1995, the Library OIG conducted a
review of the PSO and determined that "the Personnel Security Program
effectively ensures that appropriate suitability and clearance
investigations are initiated and issues uncovered by OPM are
adjudicated."
2. The permanent manager of Protective Services Division (PSD) should
have the security background needed to lead the technical and operational
implementation of Library physical security programs.
 Within the Library's Integrated Support Services Service Unit,  PSD
operates the physical and electronic security sections and manages the
Library police force.  Protective Services is responsible for the
development of physical and information security policies and has the
largest staff dedicated to Library security.  PSD provides the technical
capability to identify security problems and to develop solution options.
If long-term security planning and coordination are to occur, this
position requires a security professional with extensive management
experience on large security programs.  Although the acting PSD manager
gained an appreciation for Library security programs as the Chairman of
the Collection's Security Oversight Committee, his background and
training are not in the security field.  Prior to being detailed to the
PSD assignment, he served as the Special Assistant to the Librarian.
3. The budget structure does not provide sufficient information on
security costs.
 With the closing of the book stacks in 1992 and on-going Congressional
pressure, expenditures for security were increased from approximately
$200,000 in
FY 1991 to over $1 million in FY 1992.  The projected budget expenditure
for FY 1996 is $3,707K.  (Total expenditures for security from FY 1991
through FY 1996 will be approximately $11,956K).  Money during this
period has been allocated to five major areas:
The Security Policy Oversight area received approximately 11% of the
total funding, with the majority spent on the evaluation of the security
program in 1992 and 1995 and on the administration of the security
initiatives to include staff time and training.
The Collections area received approximately 39% of the total funding,
with the majority spent on development and enhancement of the Tracking
Control Facility, implementation of anti-theft tags, and KNOGO gates, and
securing of the delivery/charge stations serving the reading rooms.
The Collections Storage and Processing area received approximately 23% of
the total funding with the majority spent on improving access controls
over the book stacks and special collections areas, increased Police
patrols of the book stacks, and implementation of physical security at
the Landover facility.
The Reading Rooms area received approximately 22 percent of the total
funding with the majority spent on improving reader registration systems,
surveillance cameras, and security for Library exhibits.
The Building Entrances/Exits/Loading Docks area received approximately 5%
of the total funding with the majority spent on improving reader
registration systems, surveillance cameras, and security for Library
exhibits.
 The Library's budget structure makes it difficult to determine
specifically how much money is spent on security.  Security-related costs
are contained in the Constituent Services, Copyright Office, Law Library,
Congressional Research Service and Collections budgets.  In addition, the
Library's allocation of resources for collections security includes the
use of Library managers and staff in indirect ways that are not tracked.
As a result, it is difficult to accurately assess the Library's total
security costs.  It is also difficult to determine whether the Library
has spent money on the appropriate security initiatives since it has not
completed a comprehensive risk assessment that would form the basis for
budget decisions.  The issue of risk management is addressed below.
4. The Library does not provide sufficient security training to its
personnel.
 The implementation of a comprehensive security training and awareness
program would enhance all aspects of security at the Library.  This is
significant because the Library has a unique culture where access to the
stacks is seen as a job benefit.  As a result, the staff resists security
-driven changes that restrict their access.  They seem reluctant to
adhere to existing security guidelines.  Doors to the stacks are
sometimes propped open, security equipment is accidentally damaged by
bookcarts, and some staff members refuse to wear identification badges in
public areas.  By their resistance, it appears that the staff does not
understand the value of security measures.  Without their support, no
security procedures or systems will be effective.  Security awareness
training will help to solve this problem. The Library has implemented
security training in the form of Security Awareness Week(s) and articles
in The Gazette, but these actions do not constitute a complete security
training program.   The Library recently hired Computer Sciences
Corporation to develop security awareness materials centered on physical
security.  Personnel security information should also be integrated into
this process.
 With respect to computer security, LCR 1620 stipulates that "employees
shall be trained in techniques to enhance security.  New employees shall
receive a computer security awareness orientation and existing employees
shall receive periodic training on computer security."  The Department of
Justice conducted a briefing several years ago stressing the need for
formal computer security training and provided guidelines for a computer
security awareness program.  On August 22, 1989, the Librarian issued a
special announcement stating that the Staff Training and Development
Office would be implementing a computer security awareness training
program to increase staff awareness of protection measures and
techniques.  The announcement stated that additional information would be
provided later that month.  No such training program has occurred.  Some
divisions have provided personnel with overviews of computer security
responsibilities, but this has been on an informal basis.
 Finally, the Library Police receive a minimal amount of pertinent
training.  Library Police officers are required to successfully complete
the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) curriculum to join
the force.  Once hired, they receive internal exit and entry inspection
training based on an "Exit Inspections Procedures" manual.  Besides this
training, police personnel receive little training in police functions.
They attend CPR and other training available to all Library personnel and
can attend Washington, DC Police training courses if space is available.
B. The Library's security program does not conform to generally accepted
 security practices.
 Exhibit 3-5 identifies the key elements and interrelationships of an
effective security program.  These elements are generally accepted best
practices throughout Government and industry.
EXHIBIT 3-5
Key Elements of Security Program
Security requirements set the minimum criteria for the implementation of
an effective program.  An established set of requirements sets a baseline
for security and for the evaluation of its adequacy.
A comprehensive security policy encompasses the mission and goals of the
organization and addresses the specific objectives and needs of its
operations.  A policy is essential to set the standards by which the
effectiveness of security can be measured.
Risk management is the process of identifying threats and
vulnerabilities, assessing their impact (the risk), and identifying the
appropriate protections to mitigate that risk.  Inherent in the risk
management process is the ability to make informed decisions as to the
application of protection.  Determining risk is critical to developing a
comprehensive security program for an organization.
The implementation of security can be effective only if managed against a
comprehensive security plan.  An effective security plan encompasses both
near-and long-term activities focused on meeting specified requirements,
policy objectives, and identified risk reduction countermeasures.
Successful implementation of a security program provides a cohesive and
integrated approach to protection; maximizing the use of resources
against multiple goals or objectives.  Careful management of
implementation activities is critical to the effectiveness of security
throughout the organization.
 Our findings are structured to show how the Library performs against
each of these elements.
1. No single, comprehensive set of security requirements exists for
Library collections programs.
 Security at the Library of Congress encompasses the protection of
personnel (Library employees and the visiting public), property
(Government property and Library materials), and information (resident in
paper, electronic, and other media formats).  To implement these
protections, the Library should compile a comprehensive set of Library
regulations to cover Federal law pertaining to personnel and information
security and protection of Government property.  It should be noted that
no Federal requirements address the protection of the rare books and
other materials for which the Library is responsible since this is a
unique form of Government resource.  The Library has not developed its
own set of comprehensive requirements to cover this issue.
 Without a requirements baseline, the Library has no comprehensive set of
standards, or yardstick, by which to conduct or measure the effectiveness
of its security programs.  As a result, security is often evaluated only
in terms of events, like the theft or mutilation of books.
2. The Library does not have a single, clearly documented security
policy.
 Security policies within the Library have been developed primarily for
individual programs, or to address specific problem areas.  The Library's
1992 Plan for Enhancing Collections Security called for the "development
and publication of revisions to Library Regulations as necessary to
support enhanced Collections security."  These regulations contain policy
statements specific to individual areas, but there is no policy that
addresses the overall objectives of security for the Library.
3. The Library does not have a risk management program that includes a
comprehensive assessment of the security risks associated with its
current operations.
 The Library has no method or procedures for systematically evaluating or
analyzing risk.  Managers from within PSD provide ad hoc risk assessments
in concert with managers of the Collections, although for the most part,
they react to what the Collections managers want, which may not always be
consistent with best security practices.  From 1974 through 1995, several
internal and external (consultant) efforts were undertaken to identify
vulnerabilities and recommend protections.  The most recent efforts,
conducted in 1992 and again in 1995, have led to the elimination of some
identified vulnerabilities, for example, by reducing access to the stacks
and by providing more controls in the reading rooms.  These efforts,
however, do not represent a complete risk assessment.
 The Library does not have a written threat statement.  PSD and ITS
personnel verbally acknowledge a variety of threats to the people,
property, and Library materials, including:
The threat of outsiders coming into Library facilities to commit crimes
against Library employees and visitors, against personal and Government
property, and against the collections.  This threat ranges from
unsophisticated thefts to professional attacks against valuable Library
materials.
The threat of theft or mutilation of Library materials from people within
the Library.
The threat of people hacking into the Library's information systems,
although the Library does not seem to be targeted by any organized
groups.
Natural threats from fires, wind, snow, ice, and water, introduced
through human errors and facility defects.
 Although the Library has recently implemented some security tightening
measures, it is still vulnerable to physical attacks committed on its
property, and computer-based attacks committed through its connectivity
to external telephone and data networks.  Entry into the Madison building
provides access to the Library complex through underground tunnels, and
visitors have access to work areas, some storage areas, and utilities
areas.
 Many of the Library's vulnerabilities are due to the age and nature of
its facilities and its current operations.  For example:
The Adams and Jefferson facilities are vulnerable to fire damage because
of the construction of the buildings and the amount of paper materials
(fuel) stored within these buildings.
Fire surveillance and control systems are implemented only to the extent
that they do not degrade historic value.
The Library buildings have a history of water leaks and other problems
that cannot be fully resolved without degrading the historical character
of the facilities or without large renovation expenditures.
 With respect to computer security, the Library has not performed a risk
assessment of its information systems.  LCR 1620 stipulates that the
"Library shall ensure that audits, reviews, certifications, and/or risk
analyses be performed at least every 3 to 5 years which evaluate the
adequacy and proper functioning of computer security safeguards and
identify vulnerabilities that could heighten threats to existing or
prospective automated data or resources."  Until this is completed, there
is no clear understanding of the risks, threats, or vulnerabilities that
exist for automated resources at the Library.
4. The Library lacks a comprehensive plan that addresses physical,
computer, collections, and personnel security.
 As noted above, the Library did develop a Plan for Enhancing Collections
Security in 1992 and has implemented a number of measures in accordance
with that plan.  These measures include:  inspections at building
entrances and exits, reduced access to the stacks, Police patrols in the
stacks, installation of video surveillance cameras and anti-theft gates,
personal belongings disallowed in reading rooms, and the installation of
an automated Collections Control Facility that provides inventory control
for books.  The plan, however, did not call for regulations covering all
aspects of security.  For example, the Library plan does not cover each
phase of the collections process from acquisition and storage to
availability for use.  LCR 610 is focused only on the use of Library
materials.  It does not set forth objectives for the protection of
materials while they are in storge.
 A more comprehensive security plan would allow the Library to improve
its decision-making process by weighing the needs of all security
programs, and providing the Librarian with a single point of reference
for allocating resources.  This is currently being done at the New York
Public Library and at the Smithsonian Institution.  Without such a
complete plan, security implementation remains reactive to the latest
problems or "wants" of the collections' managers and funding is
reallocated against near term needs, e.g., to protect an exhibition.  At
the Smithsonian, there is a formal planning process that requires a
representative from every division to approve changes to the facility and
to the security system.
 In addition to having no comprehensive Library security plan, the
Library lacks derivative plans in a number of key areas.  For example,
PSD has no systematic approach for planning or implementing physical
security.  The Library uses overlapping and multiple security hardware
and procedures to achieve what it considers to be an effective level of
physical protection.  This approach has evolved more from the limitations
to installation of security equipment in the buildings, than from a
planned approach to security.  Security for each specific collection
depends, to a great extent, on the desires of the collection manager,
previous consultant reports, and the experience of the Physical Security
Section personnel.  The Physical Security Section Manager works with
individual collections managers to determine the level of protection to
be afforded to the reading rooms and bookstacks assigned to that
collection.
 In the information technology area, the Library General Counsel directed
Information Technology Services in 1989 to develop a computer security
policy for the Library.  The written policy is in compliance with the
Computer Security Act of 1987 that requires "all Federal agencies to
identify each computer system that contains sensitive information and
prepare plans for the security and privacy of such systems."  Library of
Congress Regulation 1620 was drafted in 1989 to provide a framework for
compliance with the Computer Security Act of 1987.  Because of required
input and coordination from each service unit and division within the
Library, the LCR 1620 policy was not finalized until 1995.
 In addition,  the Library has not developed a contingency plan for its
computer operations.  LCR 1620 stipulates that the "Library shall require
appropriate contingency and continuity of operations plans be developed,
maintained, and coordinated."  While the ITS organization has an
understanding of emergency operating procedures, the Library has no
written and approved contingency plan documenting procedures to develop,
test, and maintain emergency response, backup operations, and disaster
recovery.  In lieu of a formal disaster recovery plan, the Library relies
on other legislative sites that can be used as an off-site information
resource to rebuild its systems.  The Landover, Maryland, Library
facility serves as the off-site backup location for critical Library
processes.  This back up arrangement does not satisfy all of the areas
that should be included in a contingency plan such as how to deal with a
fires in computer rooms or  how to respond to hackers who attempt to
enter into Library computer systems.
5. Implementation of security at the Library is conducted in an
inconsistent and sometime undocumented manner.
 The Library does not uniformly implement the physical, computer and
collections security procedures it has developed.  In some areas there
are no procedures at all.  This further degrades the security posture of
the Library.  The following implementation issues at the Library were
noted.
a. No complete set of procedures guides the actions of the Library
police, and policies are not uniformly followed.
 The Library police operating guidelines are a collection of procedures
that expand in reaction to Library needs.  The Library uses LCR 1810-2
,"Access to Library Buildings and Collections," to define entry/exit
requirements for Library space.  LCR 414-1, "Marking of Library
Materials," is used to define exit inspection criteria.  Library police
jurisdiction is defined to be within the Library buildings and outside to
the curb. The Office of the Librarian determines which entry/exit points
will be opened and closed, and when.  The Library police have an
unwritten procedure to patrol only public space and the stacks.  Written
procedures on detaining or arresting individuals suspected of breaking
Library rules are contained in Section AR of the Library of Congress
Police Policy Manual.
 Exit/entry inspections were observed to be inconsistent with published
guidelines.  In the Library Police Manual, Part 1, "Responsibilities and
Procedures for Police Officers," it states that the Police should "ask
each person before they go through the KNOGO if he/she has any Library
materials.  The answer to this question may be used as evidence in
court..."  We did not observe that this requirement was always followed.
 The Physical Security Section also issues picture badges to employees
that are printed on a magnetic stripe access control card.  The Library
has mandated that all employees wear badges.  The magnetic stripe card is
designed to provide access to the closed stacks.  Not all employees are
wearing the badges, thus making identification of authorized personnel
difficult for the Police and the staff.
b. Electronic security systems at the Library have varying levels of
effectiveness.
 The Library has an assortment of manual and electronically activated
locks and door hardware that are fitted into existing doors.  The absence
of documented procedures for the implementation of locking hardware and
exit/entry barriers has resulted in a "mixed bag" of physical security
equipment.  This "mixed bag" has created maintenance problems and
difficulty interfacing with the electronic security system.
 A card access system controls access to the closed stacks and restricted
areas. The design of the system is effective, but operational problems
with door exits and alarms have been reported.  For example, false alarms
occur when someone exits using the doorknob rather than the push bar.
The push bar shunts the alarm of the door.  If the doorknob is used, an
alarm goes off which is noted in the communication center.  Since these
types of false alarms are continually reported, the police have stopped
responding.  The KNOGO system, an exit-based detection system, appears to
be an effective deterrent, but not all Library material has the
appropriate sensors or tags.
 Intrusion detection systems monitor the closed stacks and other
restricted areas.  The AOC stated that the intrusion detection systems,
the same as those at the Library, perform well in the other Capitol Hill
buildings.  The Electronic Security Section Managers consider the AOC-
provided intrusion detection systems to be unreliable, and as a result,
have installed extra sensors and alarm monitoring equipment in several
areas.  Some doors in the stacks have as many as four door contacts.
This difference of opinion has been a continuing source of conflict and
has led to redundant expenditures for sensors.
 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and video tape recorders are
used in reading rooms, stack areas, and for general surveillance and
deterrence.  Common area and entry/exit point surveillance is monitored
in the command centers.  Cameras in the Rare Book reading rooms are also
constantly monitored.  Video surveillance systems in the other reading
rooms are effective where installed, because of the physical coverage of
the cameras.  The overall effectiveness of those  cameras is diminished,
however, by the fact that they are not regularly monitored.  Although the
Library has plans to install additional CCTV systems, finding suitable
mounting and conduit locations is a problem.
c. The Library has implemented common commercial practices to secure its
automated information resources.
 Although we did not test specific computer security processes during our
assessment, we did review available documentation and interview Library
personnel.  Because formal procedures and practices do not exist, the
Library is using commonly acceptable commercial practices to protect
their information resources.  Such practices include:
Inspection of log data for obvious trouble signs
Inspection of legitimate files available for transfer
Investigation of all suspicious e-mail received
Close review of the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) advisory to
keep abreast of attacks attempted on other systems and the recommended
safeguard protections.
 Access to UNIX systems at the Library is closely controlled by limited
distribution of system administration privileges within the ITS division.
A medium-security configuration on IBM mainframes at the Library provides
automated security features to determine the secure state of the system.
Commercial off-the-shelf security products are installed on the Library
servers.  Access to files is authorized by data owners and is controlled
by the system administrator.
3.2.5 Recommendations
 The following recommendations are considered critical to the
implementation of an effective, successful security program at the
Library.
1. The Library needs to organize and manage its security functions in a
less fragmented manner.
The Library needs to identify a single Library Security Officer  (LSO)
responsible for all security functions in the Library, including
physical, information and personnel security.  The LSO should be
responsible for providing the leadership and focus for the security
organization and for developing and implementing the Library's overall
security policy.
The Library should investigate transitioning full responsibility for the
design, component selection, installation, integration, and operation of
all permanent and temporary electronic security components and systems to
the AoC.  This would eliminate confusion and reduce the need for the
Library to maintain expertise in electronic security systems.
The Library needs to provide management with more detailed information on
security program costs and performance.  This will ensure that adequate
and complete information is available to determine how security dollars
should be spent and whether the money is being spent wisely.
The Library should establish a robust training program for its personnel,
to include general security awareness and computer security.  Since the
staff  must help enforce security policies, it needs to understand the
value of security in protecting the collections for future generations.
2. The Library needs to change its security program to conform with
generally accepted security practices.
The Library needs to establish a comprehensive and overarching security
policy based on a single set of requirements.  Accordingly, the Librarian
should publish a statement of the Library's objectives for the protection
of personnel, property, and information.  This statement should take the
form of a top-level Library Regulation from which all other regulations
can be derived.
The Library needs to implement a comprehensive risk management process,
starting with a Library-wide risk assessment, to support ongoing decision
making and allocation of protective resources.  The understanding of
security-related threats and vulnerabilities is an essential component of
an effective security program.  The Library should identify and
understand real and potential threats, and articulate current weaknesses
and vulnerabilities.  Also, it needs to formulate and prioritize its
risks by potential severity.  This information should be used to make
budget prioritization decisions on security initiatives.
After Library security requirements and risks are identified and
prioritized, a comprehensive security plan that incorporates elements
from the 1992 Plan for Enhancing Collections Security should be developed
to direct the implementation of security across all Library operating
elements and to drive the optimal allocation of personnel and financial
resources to fulfill Library security goals and objectives.
The Library needs to implement the security policies and procedures it
develops in a rigorous manner.
3.3 TECHNOLOGY USAGE
 Although information is still delivered in hardcopy form, i.e.,
newspapers,  magazines, and books,  computer technology is rapidly
liberating information from the limitations of print.  The Internet has
become the agent of change that is accelerating global, decentralized
access to information.  In the next decade, the pervasive presence of
computers and advances in telecommunications will profoundly affect the
nature of the Library and its mission.  People will no longer be
precluded from accessing information based on geography or time.  The
digital revolution will enable people to access and create the specific
information they need.  Millions of bits of information will be stored in
computers, rather than just on Library shelves.  Hardcopy physical
material, normally in a single media, is giving way to a multimedia,
hyperlinked "logical" world where physical handling becomes at best a
second order issue.  Multimedia processing has moved us from a singular
thinking world to a world where information can now be viewed and heard,
both at the same time.  Technology is the critical element that is
revolutionizing the way people work, learn, and live.
 The Library is uniquely positioned to take a pivotal role in this
information  revolution.  Bold leadership and innovations in cataloging,
storage, and presentation techniques will be required to meet the needs
of future information consumers.  The Library has demonstrated such
leadership in the past.  For example, in the 1960-70 timeframe, the
Library developed a capability that enabled libraries around the world to
develop automated cataloging systems for efficient information access.
Such creativity and innovation will become even more important in the
digital age.
3.3.1 Methodology
 The purpose of this portion of the study was to determine whether the
Library is properly positioned in terms of strategy, leadership,
organization, business processes, data, and technology, to serve Congress
and the Nation effectively in this new information revolution.  We also
assessed the level of strategic planning required to enable the Library
to take full advantage of today's technology.  During the course of this
study, we established technology benchmarks based on site visits to large
research institutions, public libraries, commercial information
providers, and technology development organizations.
Our assessment centered around the following specific objectives:
Address whether the information technology (IT) strategy is linked to the
overall Library mission
Evaluate whether integrated IT planning, budgeting, and performance
measurement processes exist
Define the degree to which business unit heads in the Library interact
with Information Technology Services (ITS) to make joint decisions on IT
spending and direction
Evaluate existing Library information systems and their effectiveness in
supporting the current mission and operations
Evaluate the current Library technology organization and its
effectiveness in delivering technology enabling solutions
Define relevant enabling technologies and assess their potential impact
on Library operations
Define "best practices" that are employed by similar organizations in
Government, academia, and industry; and assess how these practices could
be used to enhance the Library's operations.
 Using GAO's Strategic Information Management Self-Assessment Toolkit, we
first examined the Library's information needs from the perspective of
current operational needs and the potential for exploiting new
technologies.  As part of this assessment, we focused on acquiring a
sound understanding of the factors affecting the Library's mission and
goals.  These factors included its organization, functions, and
supporting processes.  In addition, we defined and assessed enabling
technologies and their potential for improving Library operations.
Through a combination of interviews and site visits, we also examined
best practices from similar Government, industry, and academic
institutions.  The list of site visits is provided in Exhibit 3-6.
EXHIBIT 3-6
Benchmark Site Visits
SITE
RATIONALE
Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)
To review lessons learned in the areas of facilities, security, and
technology, including the digital capture of patents and trademarks and
the dissemination of information.
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
To review its approach to record and document storage.
Smithsonian Institution
To review its large volume of physical material, data catalog, security,
and material access controls.
New York Public Library
To review its methods and techniques for managing its vast holdings and
the role that technology plays in day-to-day operations.
Chicago Public Library
To review its approach to using technology to meet the needs of the
public.
Harvard University
To review its extensive archive holdings and its approach to an
Integrated Library System (ILS).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
To review its innovation in on-line access, information storage and
retrieval, and information sharing.
Indiana University
To review innovation in the area of digital information handling (sound
and video) and support for the Internet.  In addition, to discuss their
views on copyright information processing.
Carnegie Mellon University
To review  innovation in the area of digital information handling and its
support for the Internet.
Purdue University
To review its innovation in on-line information access, its Thorplus Web
site, and information sharing.
The University of California at Berkeley
To review its information technology infrastructure and the changes it
has made to the School of Library Science.
The University of California at Los Angeles
To review its approach to an Integrated Library System (ILS).
On-line Computer Library Center (OCLC)
To review its leadership in information cataloging and data sharing.
3.3.2 Findings and Conclusions
 The Library has not recognized the importance of information technology
as an investment, nor does it have a strategic information management
process linked to customer needs and mission objectives.  Information
technology planning, budgeting, and evaluation processes are not tied
into the overall Library strategy.  Finally, the Library has not built an
organization-wide technology infrastructure to address all of its current
and future needs.  Staff technology skills, anchored in old mainframe-
based (legacy) systems, will inhibit the Library's transition into a
modern client-server environment.  These findings are supported in the
following sections.
A. A greater strategic focus on Information Resources Management (IRM)
would position the Library to make better use of technology.
 The Library does not view technology in a strategic context, nor has it
focused on what information is needed to run the organization.  This is
evidenced by the fact that there is no single system-level architecture
in place, complete with a performance measurement component, that can
facilitate the organization's decision making process.  Through
interviews with Library staff, we found that IT prioritization decisions
are not based on a clearly defined strategy and are not directly linked
to the Library's mission objectives.  This situation has inhibited the
Library from moving technology forward to better support the user
community.
 The Library's leaders have not secured the full support and commitment
of the entire organization and no sense of common ownership has been
created at all management levels.  The New York Public Library, on the
other hand, is an example of an organization that views technology as
integral to its mission.  It started a strategic planning process in 1992
and now has an operational focus with buy-in at all levels of the
organization.  The New York Public Library would serve as an excellent
model for the Library of Congress in this arena.  The Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) also has an excellent strategic plan that
is used as a communications tool for the staff and to support staff
requests, budget planning, and task prioritization.
 Lack of a recognized need for a global vision and strategy has resulted
in costly projects that never achieved their stated goals or had to be
canceled prior to reaching their objectives.  The Resystemization effort,
which was initiated to modernize the existing cataloging environment,
failed, in part, as a result of these missing components.  Project
leaders initially recognized the importance of the process but the
commitment to seeing this project succeed was not present.
1. The ITS organization does not have a global view of the Library's
information needs.
 The current ITS organization views itself as an applications development
and maintenance organization, largely reactive to the day-to-day
operational needs of the Library.  The Library does not view ITS in a
strategic role as the manager of all the organization's information
needs.  It does not integrate all information requirements Library-wide
and has no communication strategy for distributing technology decisions,
soliciting recommendations, and documenting problems and solutions.
 ITS supplies maintenance services for the legacy systems and the network
infrastructure required to support current library operations.  It
continues to accept new tasks that monopolize the development staff,
while neglecting capabilities that would better assist the overall
organization.  For example, the Library has focused on the THOMAS
project, the initiation of the National Digital Library (NDL) project,
and the creation of a digital video capture environment to record
Congressional sessions, while neglecting enhancements needed in other
areas, such as cataloging.  Even in new system development projects,
tasks are structured as a "job jar" list.  This is evident in the way
that IT responsibilities are allocated and managed in the Library.
Specifically:
There is no clear delineation of responsibilities between ITS and the
service units with respect to technology implementation.
The shortage of resources, the perceived need to provide equitable
support across the service areas, and constant shifts in priorities cause
technical staff to be inefficiently "time-shared" across numerous
projects.
 Information required to make key technology decisions is not always
available and, as a result, ITS decisions are made from incomplete data.
It is almost impossible today to perform a cost benefit trade-off
analysis on IT projects because the necessary information is not tracked
and in a usable form.
 As a result of not tracking pertinent information concerning project
performance and expenditures, it is difficult to determine when tasks
will be done or how much they will cost.  The cost may not just be
financial in nature but may include lost opportunities to provide better
service to the organization.
 In summary, Exhibit 3-7 compares the difference between the current ITS
approach used by the Library and an IRM organizational approach that we
derived from our site visits.
EXHIBIT 3-7
Contrasting ITS and IRM Approaches
Finding Areas
ITS Approach
IRM Approach
Planning focus
Evidence:  Tasks are undertaken in a job jar fashion.  Staff is
constantly reshuffled on a weekly basis to meet the current priority.
Tactical in nature - the goal is to maximize near term benefit
Operationally driven
Reactive
Decisions based on competing initiatives
Strategic in nature - the goal is to maximize long-term as well as short-
term objectives
Mission driven
Proactive
Decisions based on end-to- end, integrated capabilities
Organization orientation and leadership
Evidence: Information is not the cornerstone of the organization.
Detailed status reports and process metrics are not gathered, analyzed
and used to make cost/benefit analysis decisions
IT Director
Technology driven
Product provider
Support organization
CIO
Information solution enabled
Service provider
Integrated team
Information architecture
Evidence:  The current environment does not have an overarching
infrastructure.  It is difficult to move information easily across the
environment without additional software development.
Stovepipe approach based on current short-term needs
Integrated based on open long-term needs
2. The lack of a strategic, mission-driven perspective results in
divergent systems and a duplication of effort.
 The lack of a single IRM focus within the Library has resulted in the
introduction of competing, often divergent, technology infrastructures.
For example, CRS implemented its own electronic mail system, network
operating system, and Window management system because CRS believed that
ITS could not meet its needs.  The technology environment that CRS
implemented is not totally compatible with the infrastructure in the rest
of the Library.  Moreover, CRS has had to provide its own staff to
support the CRS network, and electronic mail environment. These resources
cannot be shared with ITS because of the different skills required.
3. Without a formal strategic plan or an integrated IRM planning process,
prioritization decisions are not always consistent with mission needs.
 Because the ITS organization views itself in a tactical versus a
strategic role, the Library does not have an IRM plan that focuses
technology investments and resources on Library-wide core mission goals,
business processes, and customer needs.  As a result, there is no solid
basis for allocating resources and making priority decisions with respect
to IT products and services.
 The Library's current IRM planning process is informal, reactive to
short-term needs, and not rooted in a comprehensive IT vision.  As a
result, resource allocation and technology decisions are often based on
perceived short-term requirements rather than on established mission
priorities.  Projects are often prioritized based on the availability of
resources rather than on their benefit to the organization and its
mission.  The following specific examples illustrate this point.
Although they demonstrate the flexibility and responsiveness of the ITS
staff, their undertaking diverted scarce resources from other priorities.
In December 1994, Congress directed the Library to provide a gateway for
sharing legislative information on the Internet.  The goal was to have
this capability in place by the start of the new Congress on January 5,
1995.  The Library responded by developing a capability called THOMAS.
To satisfy this quick-turnaround task, three people were redirected from
other key projects such as the Global Legal Information Network and the
Bibliographic WorkStation (BWS).
The Technology Assessment Group has not focused on assessing innovations
which could streamline the Library's operations or enhance their product
delivery capabilities.  While some of their work has been lauded from
outside the Library, it is not supporting any of the Library's stated
internal strategic objectives.
 IT priorities for the Library have been described and documented in the
ITS Strategic Plan, last revised in September 1995.  This plan
exemplifies the planning process used by ITS in establishing tactical
priorities for the Library.  This process consists of the following
steps:
ITS customers and constituencies are identified.
User needs are established and defined in one-on-one sessions with each
customer.  Priorities are reviewed in periodic meetings conducted between
user and ITS representatives.
ITS management reconciles conflicts that cross the Library and attempts
to address at least one or more high priority item from each constituency
group.  Final decisions are made by ITS management based on resource
availability rather than organizational priorities.
 As evidenced by this process, major initiatives in the Library are
usually first championed from within one of the user organizations, then
supported at the Executive Committee level.  Some projects, such as the
National Digital Library (NDL), are initiated from the top down.  Others,
such as THOMAS, originate from a Congressional request.  More often,
projects result from a need advocated by either a technical or functional
proponent in the Library. The Copyright Office Registration, Recordation,
and Deposit System (CORDS), for example, did not take on significant
importance until a new manager took over the Copyright Division and
pushed the initiative.
 Because initiatives are linked to the Library's mission only to the
extent that the mission is reflected in the perceived needs of the
individual proponent, the planning process does not address all the
strategic planning elements that would better enable ITS to allocate
resources, define technology expenditures, and establish priorities
across the Library.  These missing elements include the following:
A vision for the future that includes IT as an enabler to the Library's
mission (Where do we want to be?)
An integrated IRM architecture (i.e., organization, business processes,
and support systems) rooted in this vision (What resources are needed to
get there?)
Performance improvement objectives that are measurable and linked to the
mission (How do we know when we get there?).
Many libraries and institutions we visited during our site surveys offer
excellent examples of how strategic planning can effectively drive
technology decisions.  The Library of Congress would benefit from using
some of the same IRM planning processes that have been implemented at the
National Archives & Records Administration, the Patent & Trademark
Office, Carnegie Mellon University, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and the Chicago Public Library.
B. The existing technology infrastructure is not integrated across the
Library.
 As the Library increases its use of technology, both to support internal
operations and to interact with its external customers, the overall
infrastructure becomes an increasingly critical factor affecting the
ability of the Library to accomplish its mission.  This infrastructure
consists of the architecture, systems, resources, and processes designed
to support technology.  Library systems are currently not integrated at a
level appropriate to reduce interfaces between systems, lessen the need
for maintenance resources, and minimize redundant data.
 The Library currently faces a situation associated with its core
information systems that is not uncommon among organizations that
developed automated tools in the 1970's.  At that time, systems were
built to focus on specific, localized problems or processes.  Library
systems developed using this approach include the following:
Multi-Use MARC System (MUMS) - A data repository system for bibliographic
data
Subject-Content-Oriented Retrieval for Processing Information On-line
(SCORPIO) - A data repository system containing indexed information
pertaining to material available in the Library
Copyright Office Publication and Interactive Cataloging System (COPICS) -
A data repository system containing copyright registration information
Copyright Office IN-process System (COINS) - A data repository and
tracking system for managing deposit accounts and requests for
information on fee services associated with the copyright registration
process.
 These systems form the foundation for a majority of the automated
information processing now associated with the Library's day-to-day
operations.  They were developed around non-integrated data structures
that were state-of-the-art at that time. Newer Library systems are
designed to improve access to these core systems and to address
additional functional capabilities.  Multiple interfaces have been
developed among these systems (e.g., MUMS, SCORPIO, COPICS, COINS).  The
number, quality, and complexity of these interfaces complicates software
changes since a change made to one system may affect several other
systems. The Library's technical architecture has evolved around the need
to support and enhance these legacy systems rather than in accordance
with an overall data model representing the organization's integrated
information needs.
 Lack of a comprehensive, integrated information architecture has also
caused systems to be acquired as independent entities.  Automated
solutions to provide new capabilities tend to be bounded by the
requirements of a single organization, rather than implemented within the
larger context of the Library's global requirements.  An important
example of this is the current issue surrounding the selection of an
electronic mail package for the Library.  The main purpose of an
electronic mail selection is to provide an enterprise-wide capability
that can serve the entire Library community.  CRS has standardized its e-
mail environment, but the remainder of the Library continues to operate
using numerous products.  The Library has adapted the CRS solution but no
plan for migration was available for review.  As a result, inefficiencies
in operation, staffing and communication exist.
 Another shortcoming of this piecemeal approach to system selection has
been a failure to recognize the benefit of an Integrated Library System
(ILS), i.e., a system that would help the Library track orders,
acquisition, cataloging, and circulation functions.  A consultant's
report prepared for the Acting Director, Public Service Collection, on
Processing and Information in the Library, dated April 25, 1995, clearly
demonstrated the feasibility and potential benefits of adapting a
commercially available ILS environment.  The Library has not yet
capitalized on this report.  Both Carnegie Mellon University and the
Chicago Public Library depend upon ILS to facilitate Library management
functions.
 The Library has many system databases that will continually increase in
volume.  The NDL, for example, is expected to store 5 million digitized
images by the year 2000.  A key benefit of integrating systems within a
comprehensive, targeted architecture is the ability to limit data
redundancy, thus reducing costs associated with data storage capacity and
the resources required to keep common elements synchronized. At the
present time, however, there are a number of systems that perform similar
activities.  For example, MUMS and COPICS both perform functions needed
to process catalog records but they contain some of the same data fields.
The lack of an integrated plan for managing these data systems into the
foreseeable future is a risk for the Library.  Data redundancy that does
not specifically improve performance or provide some other benefit in
support of the Library's mission should be minimized in order to reduce
resource costs.
 Individuals within the Library, both system developers and end-users,
recognize the need to integrate technical decisions across project
initiatives.  A current example of this is the needed integration among
the NDL, CORDS, GLIN, and THOMAS projects, all of which plan to use the
Internet as a means of data transmission.  Integration efforts are driven
by individual initiative, however, because the concept of technical
integration across the Library has not been institutionalized.  No formal
process has been established to ensure that technical information is
shared across projects.
C. Technology programs and projects are not managed as investments.
 Because the Library does not have a comprehensive IRM vision or
strategy, it does not view technology as an investment.  Insufficient
attention is paid to program and project costs, priorities, and
performance.  As a result, the Library cannot determine if its
investments in technology are supporting its mission objectives.
1. The budget structure does not provide program or project level cost
information.
 Budget planning follows a bottom-up process within ITS.  Every year the
ITS staff gets budget inputs from the service units and prepares a draft
submission. This exercise is usually accomplished by taking the previous
year's approved expenditures and either increasing or decreasing each of
the cost centers to achieve an internally generated funding objective.
Budget estimates are based on current staffing levels and estimated
capital expenditures, not on mission priorities as defined in an overall
Library strategy.  The budget is executed as a general pool of resources
expended on short-term needs rather than on long term IRM objectives.  As
a result, it is difficult for the Library to justify spending priorities
and to perform cost benefit analyses.
 The budget structure itself does not provide adequate information on IRM
expenditures for specific initiatives.  When resources are diverted to a
new priority, such as THOMAS, the true cost is unavailable because no
information is kept to account for project level costs.  As a result, it
is difficult to accurately assess either  individual initiative or total
Library IT costs.  Reasons for this lack of budget visibility include the
following:
The Library has 5 different appropriations:  Library Salaries,
Congressional Research Services, Copyright, Books for the Blind and
Physically Handicapped, and Furniture and Furnishings.  Technology
expenditures are included in at least three of these appropriations.
The cost center structure for the ITS budget does not provide the
necessary visibility to track cost performance associated with specific
high priority initiatives.  Whereas the budget details are treated more
specifically within ITS, the true cost of certain programs can only be
estimated.
Other Library organizations, such as CRS, plan and manage their component
of the IT budget independently of ITS.
2. The Library has no formal performance measurement system.
 Performance measurement is a critical element in the strategic IRM
planning process because it determines whether the IRM strategy is
addressing mission objectives effectively.  The Library has a number of
deficiencies in this area that need to be addressed, including:
Specific, measurable performance objectives, tied to Library mission
priorities, are not formally established, negotiated, and communicated
within the organization.
Programs or projects are not managed as investments.  The program or
project evaluation process is not directly linked to the planning and
budgeting process.  No formal process exists for monitoring major
initiatives, programs, and funding priorities; and subjecting them to a
comprehensive performance review process.
Performance measures are established on a transaction basis tied to
specific system platforms rather than linked to the mission as a measure
of organizational performance.
 Exhibit 3-8 summarizes our findings about the Library's ITS performance
measurement process.  It describes the sources and types of performance
measures typically employed at each level of evaluation and how these
evaluation methods compare to the Library's performance evaluation
process.
EXHIBIT 3-8
Weaknesses in the Performance Measurement Process
Performance Entity
Types of Measures
Library Performance
Measurement Process
Mission
 Customer Satisfaction
 Mission goals and objectives measures
 No formal IRM performance measurement process integrating planning
budgeting and evaluation processes
 Performance of key mission delivery processes not formally measured
 IRM performance measures not formally defined, communicated and linked
to mission performance
Organization
 Customer satisfaction
 Strategic objective measures
% Resource usage by objective
 Measurable organizational performance objectives not defined and
documented in the IT strategy
 Performance measures not linked to budget evaluation
 Resource expenditures and technology investments not measured against a
defined IRM strategy and measurable performance objectives
Program
 Cost performance
 Schedule performance
 Technical performance
 IRM programs and projects not treated as investments; program
evaluation process not directly linked to planning and budgeting
% Program and project work plans not consistently developed
% Many high priority programs lack a formal review process to track and
measure cost, schedule and technical performance
Individual
 Measurable personal business objectives
 Development objectives
 Accomplishments
 Individual performance appraisals and personal development plans not
formally tied to IRM objectives
IT System or Application
 User satisfaction
 Reliability/Maintain-ability/Availability
 Transaction-based statistics
 System level performance is typically measured by transaction-based
measures
 System performance measures not closely linked to user satisfaction and
responsiveness to mission needs
D. The Library needs to decide whether to build new systems in-house or
to outsource future systems development.
 The Library is currently at a crossroads and must determine whether it
wants to continue to build new systems in-house or whether it would be
more cost effective to acquire these capabilities elsewhere.  Other
government organizations have faced similar issues.  For example, NARA
has outsourced administration of its network environment and the Patent &
Trademark Office has migrated away from doing custom software development
to procuring and adapting commercial solutions.   In any case, the
Library will be faced with establishing more rigorous systems engineering
processes and acquiring staff with new skills to ensure that automation
requirements are met in an efficient and timely manner, and that they are
consistent with organizational goals.
1. The Library is in a transition state with respect to the systems it is
implementing.
 The Library is currently in a transition state regarding the types of
systems it is implementing to support its mission.  It is moving from
building the internal data repository capabilities represented by the
core legacy systems, to systems that are designed more to automate
processes.  This means that the operations of the Library are
increasingly coupled to the systems designed to support them.  The
Library can either accept system development as integral to its mission
and establish a full-scale, high-quality system development capability;
or it can acquire the systems it needs by other means, i.e., purchase
commercial products or outsource.
 The Library's need for sophisticated, technology-based solutions is
expanding beyond its current capabilities.  This trend is accentuated by
the following:
Expanding requirements for serving Congress and other Library users
(resulting in systems such as THOMAS, GLIN, and NDL).
The need to manage databases continually increasing in volume
Changes in cataloging rules or strategy resulting in considerable data
maintenance (e.g., the need for global updates to catalog records)
Increased capability and technology innovation available in the
marketplace
2. The Library's current legacy systems cannot support its future needs.
 The Library has a core dependence on legacy systems (e.g., SCORPIO,
MUMS, COINS, COPICS) that have been in operation for over 20 years.
These systems are complex, increasingly difficult to maintain, and cannot
evolve in line with future Library requirements.  The software code for
the legacy systems was developed by Library staff at a time when system
resources (e.g., memory, system registers, disk space, standardized
operating system utilities) were scarce.  This issue required software
developers to structure code to conserve resources.  As new requirements
were identified, changes were implemented by fixing existing code and/or
adding more code to the baselined version.  Over two decades, these
systems have necessarily become functionally rich and specifically
tailored to the historical operating processes of the Library but they
have also become extremely convoluted in design.  As a result, the
structure and complexity of these legacy systems are increasingly
inflexible and difficult to adapt to changing requirements.  They will
eventually reach a point at which they can no longer evolve without major
re-engineering efforts to restructure all or portions of the code.
Additionally, if the Library moves in the direction of assuming an
information broker role in the future, it must move to new interactive
technologies that facilitate data sharing among geographically dispersed
organizations.  These legacy systems will not accommodate such changes.
3. The processes designed to support software development in the Library
are not adequate for building high quality systems.
 At some point in its history, the Library institutionalized a structured
development methodology called the Work in Process System (WPS).  This
approach, which detailed the documents and phases required to develop
Library systems, was used for implementing large-scale, stand-alone,
batch-oriented systems.  It is still used, in part, by the staff
maintaining the mainframe systems.  Based upon discussions with various
Library IT maintenance staff, however, it is not applied uniformly across
all software development projects.
 As technology evolved, the WPS approach has become less applicable.  The
Library abandoned the WPS system engineering framework but did not
replace it with system engineering practices more appropriate to new
systems.  As a result, no institutionalized system engineering framework
currently exists.  Each individual development team decides on its own
approach, platform, and development environment.  The team then monitors
its own adherence to self-developed conventions.  The only development
standards that are being followed by multiple teams are those developed
for systems on the Internet.
 If the Library wants to continue to build information systems, it must
address existing shortfalls in its System Development Life Cycle approach
in the following areas:
System planning
Requirements definition
Requirements tracking/validation
Configuration management/control
Development tools/environment
Development methodologies
Test approach/tools
Data definition and repository
Engineering process integration
Project control.
 The following sections detail our specific findings regarding processes
in each of these system engineering disciplines:
System planning-System development costs are not routinely estimated
before development and only sometimes after a project has been completed.
The hardware may be planned but the labor required is taken out of the
development labor pool and is usually not viewed as a "cost" to the
project.  In the only discovered instance in which a project (SMS) had
been assessed to determine cost, including labor, an issue still under
discussion is the "loading" applied to labor rates (e.g., for benefits,
facilities, auxiliary support functions, etc.).  This information is not
readily available to the Library staff.  True costs and level of
accomplishment for specific initiatives are also obscured by the fact
that the budget is not structured and executed in a way that will easily
produce such data.
Requirements definition-The Library has implemented several useful
techniques in this area focused on garnering strong user involvement.
ITS points of contact with the service areas are primarily tasked with
ensuring requirements are properly defined.  Methods for capturing
defined requirements are not consistent across the teams and sometimes
rely heavily on mutual understanding between the staff involved.
Although most projects reviewed did produce some type of written
requirements statement, format, content and level of detail vary.
Requirements tracking and validation-The most common method of tracking
requirements at the Library is to record individual requirements in the
form of tasks to be completed.  This task list then becomes the Project
Plan for the effort.  We found no evidence of automated requirements
tracking systems or other mechanisms to support this function, with the
exception of the Work Tracking System used to track help desk problem
reports.  Discussions with the development staff indicate that
requirements are not universally linked to system documentation.
Configuration Management (CM)-CM is handled by each development team
until the system is turned over for production.  The mainframe systems
are more tightly controlled.  CM planning, processes, and tools are not
required to be consistent between projects and we did not find evidence
of a formal CM structure.  Only one project indicated it used automated
CM tools for tracking source code and system components.  A common
response we received when requesting specific documentation was that it
existed somewhere but the exact location was not immediately known.
Development tools-The Library indicated that several products have been
tried but none has been adopted for Library-wide use.  Individual
development teams select the tools and environment considered most
appropriate for the system they are building, subject to management
concurrence.  ITS is in the process of trying to standardize on a set of
data base products and development platforms to address the issue of
support and maintenance for a heterogeneous architecture.
Development methodologies-The Library indicated that it does not use a
suite of standardized development methodologies other than the instances
where the WPS approach is still followed.  Use of a particular
methodology is at the initiative of an individual team or staff member.
Test approach and tools-The maintenance teams for the mainframe systems
currently implement the most rigorous approach to testing; although
"emergency" fixes do not always go through a full test scenario.  Quality
assurance staff are responsible for reviewing changes to production
systems, performing some testing in accordance with developed test
scripts, and moving versions of the code into production.  Systems under
development are tested in accordance with the test approach selected by
the development team, which may or may not be formalized.  In most cases,
final acceptance testing is accomplished by turning the test
configuration over to the user rather than using a structured approach
governed by an Acceptance Test Plan.
Data definition and repository-The ITS data administration staff has the
responsibility for working with development teams and overseeing all data
dictionary and data element definition activities.  Entity-relationship
models are used as the basis for more complex systems, but are developed
on an individual project basis. Attempts to develop global definitions
for data used by different segments within the organization have not been
successful.
Engineering process integration-No formal mechanism exists for
translating requirements into support and resource needs across ITS and
other segments of the Library.  The focus of planning and process
implementation is at the project level and varies between individual
projects.  Communication between projects is dependent upon individual
team members and is not governed by any formal mechanism.  It is
facilitated to some degree by the "automation liaisons" but this
mechanism is heavily dependent on personal relationships.  The key formal
mechanism for interaction on a technical level is the Technology Working
Group, which emphasizes workstation allocation and other budget issues.
This role has not been enhanced to provide a means of developing
integrated plans and solutions.
Project control-Although reporting mechanisms exist, they are oriented
toward budget management of the organization.  They are not crafted to
provide the level of information needed to monitor and guide development
and project activities effectively.  The "project control" function at
the global level is missing or informal.  This includes activities such
as developing master schedules across all projects, resource balancing,
and resource projection.  At the individual project level, the use of
project control techniques supported by automated tracking or management
tools has not been institutionalized and initiatives are not tracked in
sufficient detail to determine total project cost, projected resource
needs, overallocated resources, etc.
 In summary, we found that some accepted systems engineering practices
have been implemented or are being developed throughout the Library.  The
degree to which this is occurring depends upon the specific project or
development group.  Although the lack of a structured system engineering
framework is viewed by many as allowing flexibility, the potential
impacts for the Library include:
There is greater difficulty in accurately assessing the status of current
systems
Individual teams must "pay the cost" to recreate needed components
Systems are developed with little consistency (e.g., design approaches,
naming conventions, screens, documentation, development techniques,
degree of modularity)
System integration is hampered and opportunities for multi-use code are
reduced
The quality, complexity, and comprehensiveness of developed systems is
dependent upon the skills and capabilities of a specific team.
4. Continued in-house systems development will be difficult with the
existing staff.
 The key resource for a high-quality system delivery capability is the
staff.  The Library has a pool of staff resources, many of whom have a
long history with the organization.  A number of issues, however, must be
overcome if the Library chooses to continue in-house systems development.
These issues include the following:
ITS has staff members who are experts in certain applications (e.g.,
bibliographic records). The Library legacy systems are maintained by
staff who are highly skilled in the intricacies of their particular
segment of the system and, in some cases, were even involved in the
original implementation efforts.  For the most part, this staff is fairly
small (maintenance staff typically averages 4-5 people, not always full-
time) and these individuals do not cross into other areas or systems.
This situation poses a high long-term risk for the Library because the
legacy systems are complex, difficult to replace, lack accurate
maintenance documentation, and require skills that are difficult to find
in the marketplace.  The Library Resystemization effort started in the
late 1980's was designed to resolve this situation but it was never
completed.  In one anecdotal example, a new staff member was able to
"come up to speed" on an existing legacy system to the point of producing
viable work at a basic level after one year, including three months of
working with a knowledgeable staff member.
Resources and skills of those responsible for implementing technology are
in many instances rooted in the mainframe milieu.  The Library does not
yet have the critical mass of technical talent needed to continually
expand and sustain current new initiatives such as NDL.
Staff that are core knowledge holders are reaching retirement age and
have not always been back-filled with trained, younger staff.
The lengthy hiring process adversely affects the ability of ITS to
acquire talent necessary to deliver state-of-the-art technology
solutions.
5. The skills and structure needed to outsource technical work are not
fully available.
 The structure and skills required to manage outsourced technical work do
not fully exist at the Library.  The framework required to support
contract efforts and to ensure that high-quality products are delivered
must include many of the components of a structured system engineering
organization that the Library currently lacks.  These include:
Proven, structured methods for capturing, managing and communicating
system and project requirements
Clear, measurable quality standards against which deliverables can be
assessed
Mechanisms to enforce project and technical integration across the
organization and all contract efforts
Efficient, clear and consistent project control and reporting mechanisms
Performance metrics tied to the mission
Concise development standards and guidelines
Functionally and technically knowledgeable staff.
 The Library has already contracted out several efforts with mixed
results.  For example, the Copyright Imaging System (CIS) was originally
developed using proprietary hardware and software from a small vendor
company.  The proprietary nature of the platform made it difficult to
integrate with other systems and restricted the Library's ability to
upgrade the system without calling upon the original developer.  CIS is
in the process of being changed to resolve this issue.  We also
encountered several descriptions of small systems built under contract in
the PC environment that were not adequately documented.  When the
individuals who built the systems were no longer available, the Library
was unable to maintain the systems properly.  In another instance, the
Library has not specified the use of engineering standards for the
contractor associated with CORDS and NDL (Corporation for National
Research Initiatives (CNRI)).  Infrastructure requirements have not been
modeled, nor have the requirements for indefinitely sustaining the NDL
been specified and budgeted.
3.3.3  Recommendations
 There are a number of action items that the Library could take to
improve its technology infrastructure and processes should it decide to
continue in the systems development business.  More importantly, however,
the Library needs to view information technology as an integral component
of its mission. This issue will become even more critical if the Library
assumes a collaborative information/knowledge broker role as described in
the Mission section.  The Library's ability to "make knowledge available
and useful to Congress and to the American people and to provide
leadership in creating networks of institutions that enable the world's
resources to be shared" will be predicated upon the successful
implementation of emerging information technology.  Specific
recommendations include the following
1. The Library needs to place a greater strategic focus on Information
Resources Management (IRM).
The Library management must first adopt a strategic IRM approach by
changing how it views, collects, and uses information in order to achieve
its mission objectives.  As recommended earlier in the Mission section of
this report, the mission of the Library and the customers it supports
must be clearly defined and articulated, and this definition must be
supported by both Congress and the Library.  This global approach should
be reflected in a strategic IRM plan that lays out the part technology
will play in enabling mission goals.
The Library should expand the focus of the ITS Director to include the
functions of a Chief Information Officer (CIO).  The position must be
enabled with the responsibility and authority to participate in the
formation of the  mission strategy so that technology will more fully
support the Library's needs. The CIO should be responsible for providing
the leadership and focus for the information organization, for managing
executive expectations, and for developing and implementing the IT
strategy.  Both the Smithsonian Institution and the Patent & Trademark
Office have assigned a CIO to manage information strategy and information
assets.
2.   The Library needs to integrate its technology infrastructure across
the organization.
The Library should perform a structured configuration audit of all
existing systems to establish an accurate configuration baseline.  Once
this is completed, it should develop a plan to transition to a target
architecture to support its long-range goals.  Finally, the Library
should establish the mechanisms to control this architecture and to keep
it documented.
The Library should develop detailed, workable transition plans for its
legacy systems within the context of the target architecture.
3.  The Library needs to manage its technology programs and projects as
investments.
The Library should establish a process to provide management with
information on IRM program costs and performance.  This will ensure that
information is available to make wise technology investment decisions.
The University of California at Berkeley is an example of an organization
that has successfully taken a business approach to its library
operations.
4.   The Library should decide whether to build new systems in-house or
to outsource future systems development.
If the Library decides to continue developing its own systems, it needs
to address shortfalls in its System Development Life Cycle processes
because no institutionalized system engineering framework currently
exists.
Additionally, it needs to assess current skills against needed skills and
implement a process to acquire missing skills through training or hiring.
If the Library decides to outsource systems development, it should
develop the framework and skills needed to manage outsourced technical
work.
1 Data from the December 1, 1992, Library of Congress Collections Storage
Plan.
2 FY 1993 Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill.
3 Data from  the March 28, 1994, Library of Congress Regulation 214-3,
Functions and Organization of Integrated Support Services, Constituent
Services.
4 Data from July 13, 1995, Library of Congress memorandum from the
Director of ISS to the Deputy Librarian of Congress.
5 Data from the December 1, 1992, Library of Congress Collections Storage
Plan.
6 Data from, the January 26, 1989, Arthur Young Library of Congress
Management Review.
7 Data from the December, 1989, Madison Building Offices and Conference
Rooms Revised Standards Document.
8 Data from the July 31, 1995, National Archives and Records
Administration, Report of the NARA Space Planning Team.
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