Subject: J1) Where can I get historical data of tropical cyclones?
Contributed by Chris Landsea

FREE DATA

HURDAT For more detailed information regarding the re-analysis of the 
Atlantic hurricane database (currently 1851 to 1885) surf to our HURDAT 
page. To download the actual data go here. Provided by Chris Landsea.

Unisys The HURDAT information has be rendered into graphic form by Unisys 
Corporation and includes a track graphic as well as an ASCII listing for 
each storm since 1851.

NOAA Coastal Services Center NOAA's Coastal Services Center has put 
together a very nice interactive website which allows the user to search 
the HURDAT data base by location. You may select a major city or latitude 
and longitude and find how many storms of a particular strength and over 
particular ranges of time and proximity have approached that point.

NOT-FREE DATA

World Weather Disc ($295): Monthly temp, precip, pressure, sunshine data 
for about 2000 world stations for period of record. Daily weather data at 
hundreds of US stations. Data for some stations on temp, precip, freeze, 
drought, soil moisture, wind, storms. Frequency and movement of tropical 
cyclones. Contact: 
Cliff Mass
Dept. of Atmos. Sci. (AK40)
University of Washington
Seattle, WA  98195
USA
(206)685-0910
Global Tropical and Extratropical Cyclone Climatic Atlas (GTECCA) 2.0 
CD-ROM: This single volume CD-ROM contains global historic tropical storm 
track data for five tropical storm basins. Period of record vary for each 
basin, beginning as early as the 1870's, with 1995 as the latest year. 
Northern hemispheric extratropical storm track data are included from 
1965 to 1995. Tropical track data includes time, position, storm stage 
(maximum wind, central pressure when available). The user has the 
capability to display tracks, and to track data for any basin or 
user-selected geographic area. The user is also able to select storm 
tracks passing within a user-defined radius of any point. Narratives for 
all tropical storms for the 1980-1995 period are included along with 
basin-wide tropical storm statistics.
Contact:

National Climatic Data Center
Federal Building
Asheville, 
NC 28801
USA
(704)271-4800
email ncdc.orders@noaa.gov.
WEB SITE HISTORICAL DATA :

(Provided by Gary Gray.)

U.S. Air Force reconnaissance data (1995 to present)
UNISYS (Maps for every modern year)
EarthWatch (Some past satellite images)
U-Hawaii (Storm archives for past few years)
Tampa Bay Online (Worst storms, and FL frequency)
Tropical Prediction Center (Extensive overall summaries)

Subject: J2) What journals have regular articles on tropical cyclones?
Contributed by Chris Landsea

The American Meteorological Society publishes the Monthly Weather Review 
which has annual summaries of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, Atlantic 
basin tropical disturbances, and Northeast Pacific (east of 140W) basin 
tropical cyclones. These summaries have a substantial amount of data and 
analysis of the storms.

Weatherwise prints annual summaries of both the Atlantic and Northeast 
Pacific basins which are less technical than the Monthly Weather Review 
articles, but come out months earlier.

For just the tropical cyclones of the Southeast Indian/Australia and the 
Australia/Southwest Pacific basins, the Australia Meteorological Magazine 
has a very thorough annual summary.

The Indian journal Mausam carries an annual summary of tropical cyclone 
activity over the North Indian Ocean. Mariner's Weather Log has articles 
from all of the global basins in annual summaries. These are descriptive 
and non-technical.

Subject: J3) What books have been written about tropical cyclones?
Contributed by Chris Landsea

BEST NON-TECHNICAL BOOKS:

Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society
An excellent introductory text into hurricanes (and tropical cyclones in 
general), this book by R.A. Pielke, Jr. and R.A. Pielke, Sr. provides the 
basics on the physical mechanisms of hurricanes without getting into any 
mathematical rigor. The book also discusses hurricane policy, vulnerability 
and societal responses and ends with an in-depth look at Hurricane Andrew's 
forecast, impact and response. Roger A. Pielke, Jr. is a Sociologist at 
the Environmental and Societal Impacts Group at the National Center for 
Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Roger A. Pielke, Sr. is a 
Professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University (USA). The 
book's 1997 edition is available through John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Meteorology Today for Scientists and Engineers
For a concise mathematical description of hurricanes that has NO calculus 
and NO differential equations, then I would suggest obtaining a copy of 
this book by Rolland B. Stull (West Publ. Co., Minneapolis/St. Paul, 385 
pp - Chapter 16 Hurricanes p289-304). This paperback book is designed to 
accompany C. Donald Ahrens' introductory book Meteorology Today.

BEST TECHNICAL BOOK:

Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones
This is the revised version of A Global View of Tropical Cyclones and is 
the most current, detailed book available on the subject. This book 
provides the state of the science as of 1994. Improvements over the 
previous version include a chapter on the ocean response to tropical 
cyclones. This paperback book is written in 1995 by G.R. Foley, H.E. 
Willoughby, J.L. McBride, R.L. Elsberry, I. Ginis, and L. Chen with 
Elsberry serving as Editor and is available from the World Meteorological 
Organization as Report No. TCP-38. Their address is:
     World Meteorological Organization
     Publications Sales Unit
     Case Postale 2300
     CH-1211 Geneva 2
     Switzerland

BEST FORECASTING MANUAL:

Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting
For the tropical cyclone forecaster and also of general interest for 
anyone in the field and those with a non-technical interest in the field, 
the loose-leaf book - Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting (1993) 
by G.J. Holland (ed.), World Meteorological Organization, WMO/TD-No. 560, 
Report No. TCP-31 is a must get. Again, the address of the WMO :a
     World Meteorological Organization
     Publications Sales Unit
     Case Postale 2300
     CH-1211 Geneva 2
     Switzerland
BEST HISTORICAL BOOK:

North Carolina's Hurricane History
Florida's Hurricane History
These two books are an amazing documentaries of the hurricanes which have 
struck the states of North Carolina and Florida from 1526 until 1996 and 
1546-1995, respectively. The author Jay Barnes - Director of the North 
Carolina Aquarium - tells the stories of the hurricanes and their effects 
upon the people of the state in an easily readable style with numerous 
photographs. These 1998 books are available through the University of 
North Carolina Press.

OTHER BOOKS AVAILABLE:

Hurricanes, Their Nature and History
Before Dunn and Miller's book, Ivan Ray Tannehill came out with an 
authoritative reference on the history, structure, climatology, 
historical tracks, and forecasting techniques of Atlantic hurricanes as 
was known by the mid-1930s. This is one of the first compilations of 
yearly tracks of Atlantic storms - he provides tracks of memorable 
tropical cyclones all the way back to the 1700s and shows all the storm 
tracks yearly from 1901 onward. The first edition came out in 1938 and 
the book went through at least nine editions (my book was published in 
1956). Mr. Tannehill was engaged in hurricane forecasting for over 20 
years and also lead the Division of Synoptic Reports and Forecasts of the 
U.S. Weather Bureau. Princeton University Press, 308 pp (in 1956 
version).

Atlantic Hurricanes
A classic book describing tropical cyclones primarily of the Atlantic 
basin, but also covering the physical understanding of tropical cyclone 
genesis, motion, and intensity change at the time is Atlantic Hurricanes 
by Gordon E. Dunn and Banner I. Miller. Written in 1960, published by the 
Louisiana State Press, this book gives provides good insight into the 
knowledge of tropical cyclones as of the late 1950s. It is interesting to 
observe that much of what we know was well understood at this pre- 
satellite era. Gordon E. Dunn was the Director of the U.S. National 
Hurricane Center and Banner I. Miller was a research meteorologist at NHRL.

A Global View of Tropical Cyclones
A very thorough book dealing with the technical issues of tropical 
cyclones for the state of the science in the mid-1980s: A Global View of 
Tropical Cyclones (1987) by Elsberry, Holland, Frank, Jarrell, and 
Southern; University of Chicago Press, 195 pp. A revised version of this 
book has recently become available, see Global Perspectives on Tropical 
Cyclones below.

The Hurricane
A very good introductory text into hurricanes (and tropical cyclones in 
general), this book by R.A. Pielke provides the basics on the physical 
mechanisms of hurricanes without getting into any mathematical rigor. 
This first version is just 100 pages of text with another 120 pages 
devoted toward all of the tracks of Atlantic hurricanes from 1871-1989. 
Roger A. Pielke is a professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State 
University (USA). The book's 1990 edition is available through Routledge 
Publishing, New York. An updated version of this book is available in 1997 as 
Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society by Pielke and Pielke.
Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1992

Researchers and those who follow Atlantic hurricanes should all have a 
copy of the atlas: Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 
1871-1992, by C.J. Neumann, B.R. Jarvinen, C.J. McAdie, J.D. Elms; 
Asheville, NC, (1993), Prepared by the National Climatic Data Center, 
Asheville, NC, in cooperation with the OAR, Coral Gables, FL, 193 pp. 
(This is the previous edition of Neumann et al. 1999.)

Hurricanes
An introductory text book for young readers on hurricanes by Sally Lee, 
Franklin Watts Publishing, New York, 63 pp (1993).
Cyclone Tracy, Picking up the Pieces
Twenty years after Cyclone Tracy, this book recreates, by interviews with 
survivors, the events during and after the cyclone that nearly destroyed 
Darwin, Australia: Cyclone Tracy, Picking up the pieces, B. Bunbury, 
(1994), Fremantle Arts Centre Press, South Fremantle, Australia, 148 pp.

Beware the Hurricane!
This book tells "the story of the cyclonic tropical storms that have 
struck Bermuda and the Islanders' folk-lore regarding them" by Terry 
Tucker. It is published by The Island Press Limited, Bermuda in 1995, 180 
pp.

Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, Revised Edition
This recent book provides a historical perspective of Florida Hurricanes 
extending from 1871 to 1996 by J.M. Williams and I. W. Duedall, (1997), 
Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida Press, 
Gainesville, Florida, USA, 146 pp.

Hurricanes of the North Atlantic
This book by J. B. Elsner and A. B. Kara focuses on the statistics and 
variability of Atlantic hurricanes as well as detailed discussions on how 
hurricanes impact the insurance industry and how integrated assessments 
can be made regarding these storms. The book provides very valuable 
information on hurricane frequencies, intensities and return periods that 
are not easily available elsewhere. Also sections are devoted on the 
development of seasonal (and longer) hurricane forecast models and their 
performance. This 1999 book is available through Oxford University Press, 
New York/Oxford, 488 pp.

Natural Disasters - Hurricanes
This reference book by P. J. Fitzpatrick provides a very useful 
compilation of a wide range of topics on Atlantic hurricanes. Of 
particular interest is the chronology of advances in the science and 
forecasting of hurricanes along with biographcial sketches of researchers 
and forecasters prominent in the field. This book is an excellent 
resource in answering questions on many issues in the field. This 1999 
book is available through ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California, 286 pp.

Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1998
Researchers and those who follow Atlantic hurricanes should all have a 
copy of the atlas: Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 
1871-1998, by C.J. Neumann, B.R. Jarvinen, C.J. McAdie, and G. R. Hammer, 
Asheville, NC, (1999), Prepared by the National Climatic Data Center, 
Asheville, NC, in cooperation with the Tropical Prediction 
Center/National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 206 pp.

Hurricanes and Florida Agriculture
Hurricanes and Florida Agriculture by Dr. John A. Attaway, former 
Scientific Research Director of the Florida Department of Citrus, is a 
well researched history and litany of the impacts that hurricanes have 
had upon agriculture in Florida. This 1999 book is available from Florida 
Science Source, Inc., Lake Alfred, Florida, 444 pp.

Subject: J4) What fictional books, plays, and movies have been written 
involving tropical cyclones?
Contributed by Neal Dorst

There is an undeniable drama to hurricanes; their massive scale affecting 
the lives of thousands, the foreshadowing of impending doom, and their 
ponderous pace as they approach the shore. This has made them ideal plot 
elements in many fictional works. Below is an admittedly partial list of 
some novels, plays, and movies which have used hurricanes as a major 
dramatic element.

The Tempest (1611) by William Shakespeare
Inspired by a 1609 hurricane which shipwrecked the Sea View on the island 
of Bermuda, in the opening act Prospero magically conjures up a sea storm 
to bring a ship to his island exile.

"Wreck Of The Hesperus" (1839) By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Although the old Sailor "fears a hurricane" the storm in this poem is 
more likely a nor'easter.

Chita : A memory of Last Island (1889) by Lafcadio Hearn
In this novella a young Cajun girl survives the 1856 hurricane that wiped 
out the resort on Last Island and is raised by a Spanish fisherman on the 
Louisiana coast.

Son of the Carolinas (1898) by Elizabeth Carpenter Satterthwait
A story of a hurricane striking the Sea Islands off the Georgia coast. 
Noted for its use of the native dialect.

Wed by Mighty Waves (1901) by Sue Greenleaf
A romantic novel set against the horrors of the Galveston hurricane.

Typhoon (1903) by Joseph Conrad
In this short story a steamer blunders into the teeth of a typhoon in the 
South China Sea.

Hurricane in Galveston (1913) directed by King Vidor
A Galveston native, King Vidor survived the 1900 hurricane when he was 
six years old. His directorial debut was this one reeler when he was 
nineteen, recounting the horric storm. He wrote a fictional account of it 
entitled "Southern Storm" in the May 1935 issue of Esquire magazine, four 
months prior to the Labor Day hurricane. Sim Aberson brought this to our 
attention.

Porgy (1925) by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward
A novel recounting the life of a crippled street beggar in Charleston, 
SC. The Heywards produced it as a play in 1927, and collaborated with 
George and Ira Gershwin to turn it into the opera "Porgy and Bess" in 
1935. A major turning point in the opera comes when a hurricane pummels 
Catfish Row and kills several of the characters, changing everyone's 
lives. A movie based on the opera was released in 1959, directed by Otto 
Preminger, and a televised version was produced by the BBC in 1993.

The Cradle of the Deep (1929) by Joan Lowell
At first published as a true life account of Lowell's 16 years aboard a 
copa trade ship, complete with her rescuing kittens when the ship burnt 
up off the coast of Australia, the book soon came under attack as almost 
entirely fiction, especially when the ship turned up safe and sound in 
Oakland. In her defense, Lowell made a 1934 movie entitled "Adventure 
Girl" based on her book, directed by Herman C. Raymaker, in which she 
hunts for Mayan treasure and battles a hurricane off the coast of 
Guatemala. This convinced no one. Sim Aberson also dug up this old bone 
of contention.

China Seas (1935) directed by Tay Garnett
Clark Gable stars as a ship captain plying the Hong Kong-Singapore trade, 
torn between Jean Harlow and Rosalind Russell. In addition to fighting 
off Malay pirates, he must pilot his ship through a typhoon. Twenty years 
later Gable would return to Hong Kong to star in "Soldier of Fortune" 
(1955) where he romances Susan Hayward as a typhoon rakes the city. The 
storm here is more of a metaphor and appears on screen like a bad squall 
line.

Hurricane (1935) by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall
The duo that wrote the "Mutiny on the Bounty" trilogy reunited to bring 
us this tale of a devastating typhoon in French Polynesia which alters  
the lives of the residents of the island of Manukura. This novel was made 
into a movie twice, once in 1938 starring Dorothy Lamour and Jon Hall and 
a remake in 1979 with Mia Farrow and Dayton Ka'ne. The first effort had a 
musical hit with the song "The Moon of Manukura". The 1979 remake 
inspired the end of Dayton Ka'ne's movie career.
In order to capitalize on the first film's popularity, Lamour was cast in 
"Her Jungle Love", where a typhoon strands Ray Milland on her island, and 
then costarred her with Robert Preston in Paramount's "Typhoon" (not 
based on the Conrad story) in 1940. In 1951, Jon Hall was back with Marie 
Windsor in "Hurricane Island", where a shaman conjures up a hurricane as 
a revenge on Juan Ponce de Leon and the gang.

Their eyes were watching God (1937) by Zora Neale Hurston
The principle characters survive the Lake Okeechobee hurricane of 1928 
only to suffer the devastating aftermath. Made into a TV movie in 2005 
starring Halle Berry and Michael Ealy.

When Tomorrow Comes (1939) directed by John Stahl
Charles Boyer, a concert pianist, and Irene Dunne, a union organizer, are 
trapped in a church by the storm surge of the Great New England 
hurricane, and must come to grips with their relationship. Won an Oscar 
(c) for Best Sound, no doubt for the hurricane's wind.

Storm (1941) by George R. Stewart
Actually this novel is not about a hurricane, but an extratropical 
cyclone. However, I give it an honorable mention here since it depicts a 
Junior Meteorologist who has a personal habit of naming storms. This 
helped to popularize the idea of naming hurricanes. It was made into a 
Disney TV movie "A Storm named Maria" in 1958, and inspired the song 
"They Call the Wind Maria" from 1951's Lerner and Lowe play "Paint Your 
Wagon".

Key Largo (1948) by Richard Brooks Directed by John Huston 
This movie starred Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall and was loosely 
based on a 1939 play by Maxwell Anderson. Mobster Edward G. Robinson 
holds several people hostage in a Keys' hotel as a hurricane bares down 
on them.

Slattery's Hurricane (1949) by Herman Wouk
Set in post-World War 2 Miami, a man seeks redemption by flying a 
hurricane reconnaissance mission for a Navy buddy. The movie opened in 
1949 with Richard Widmark and Veronica Lake. It proved popular enough for 
Wouk to serialize the script for magazine publication, and in 1951 it was 
released in paperback.

The Caine Mutiny (1951) by Herman Wouk
The climactic scene aboard the USS Caine takes places as Halsey's fleet 
has its fatal run-in with Typhoon Cobra. Wouk adapted his novel in 1953 
into a play starring Lloyd Noland and John Hodiak and for the movies in 
1954 with Humphrey Bogart and Van Johnson.

Thunder Bay (1953) directed by Anthony Mann
Jimmy Stewart is an engineer building an oil drilling platform off the 
Louisiana shore. He rides out a hurricane on his platform to see if it 
can stand the stress.

Hurricane Road (1954) by Nora K. Smiley and Louise V. White
A Novel of a Railroad that Went to Sea. Fictional account of the building 
of Henry Flager's railroad to Key West, and the devastating hurricane in 
1906 which nearly destroyed it and the Labor Day hurricane in 1935 which 
did.

Ferry to Hong Kong (1959) directed by Lewis Gilbert
This time it's Orson Welles as the ship captain who battles pirates and a 
typhoon in the South China Sea. The question remains, do pirates cause 
typhoons or visa versa?

A Journey to Matecumbe (1961) by Robert Lewis Taylor 
Tells the tale of two young men traveling the post-bellum South to search 
for their fortunes in the Florida Keys. Along the way they dodge Klansmen 
and survive a hurricane. This was adapted by Disney Studios in 1976 into 
the film "Treasure of Matecumbe" starring Robert Foxworth and Joan 
Hackett.

Hurricane Hannah (1962) narrated by Bob Cummings 
After the success of "A Storm named Maria" in 1958, The Wonderful World 
of Disney made another TV episode about a fictional Hurricane Hannah. 
They used actual footage shot of Hurricane Carla from civilian Hurricane 
Hunter aircraft, as well as footage of the National Hurricane Research 
Project and National Hurricane Center. Joel Bader reminded us to include 
this one.

Wyatt's Hurricane (1966) by Desmond Bagley
Set on a lush Caribbean island, meteorologist David Wyatt knows that 
Hurricane Mabel will hit despite what the forecast says. Throw in a 
political revolution and some romance and you've got a mid-60's suspense 
novel.

Under the Eye of the Storm (1967) by John Hersey
Two couples sail their yawl into the heart of a hurricane and into the 
stormy seas of their relationships. Thanks to Joel Bader for mentioning 
this one.

Hurricane in the Keys (1968) by Henry Hayes Stansbury
This self-published novel tells of a Category Five hurricane threatening 
the Florida Keys and the President of the United States' decision to 
order the seeding of the storm.

Devil Walks on Water (1969) by John F. Murray
A novel based on accounts of survival from the 1938 New England 
hurricane.

On the Wings of the Storm (1969) by Richard Newhafer
A heist caper set in Palm Beach as Hurricane Margo threatens. Thanks to 
Christine McGehee for bringing this gem to our attention.

Marooned (1969) directed by John Sturges
Three Apollo astronauts are trapped in their orbiting capsule when the 
re-entry rockets fail, so Gregory Peck (NASA) must launch David Jansen's 
rescue rocket in the eye of a hurricane. Lampooned by Mystery Science 
Theater 3000. "I love the Weather Channel."

Hurricane Alert (1970) by Walter T. Donovan
A Florida county Civil Defense director must battle political corruption 
as Hurricane Hanna looms in this 'gut grabber'.

Hurricane Hunters (1972) by William C. Anderson
This novel concentrates on the lives and loves of Air Force Hurricane 
Hunter pilots. It was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1974 called 
"Hurricane" starring Martin Milner and Frank Sutton.

Condominium (1977) by John MacDonald
Residents of a condo in southwest Florida are beset by unscrupulous real 
estate developers, faulty construction, and a Gulf hurricane. This was 
adapted into a 1980 TV movie starring Barbara Eden and Steve Forrest

Cat Five (1977) by Robert P. Davis.
As a Category Five hurricane menaces ritzy Palm Beach, hurricane 
researchers are torn apart by a blistering love triangle. OK, this one 
made me laugh.

Storm Center (1983) by Elizabeth Verner Hamilton
Novel based on her family's accounts of surviving the Great Hurricane of 
1893 hitting Charleston, SC.

Mother of Storms (1994) by John Barnes
When someone sets off a series of underwater explosions it releases large 
quantities of methane from melting methal hydrates, which in turn 
triggers global warming and hyper-hurricanes. The only hope lies with an 
astronaut with a brain the size of a small planet, who shields the Earth 
from the sun until things cool down.

Stormy Weather (1996) by Carl Hiassen
In this novel inspired by Hurricane Andrew, people's lives in the wake of 
a devastating hurricane are further stressed by con men, shady 
contractors, and a former Lt. Governor.

One August Day (1998) by Charlotte Morgan
Revisits Hurricane Camille in 1969 and its impact on the lives of the 
people of the Gulf Coast.

Gingerbread Man (1998) directed by Robert Altman
A group of people in Savannah are trapped by a hurricane as an asylum 
escapee, Robert Duval, threatens to have his revenge on them.

Virus (1999) directed John Bruno
A tugboat crew seeks refuge during a typhoon onboard a Russian research 
ship only to find it occupied by aliens who view humanity as a virus that 
they try to exterminate. Stars Jamie Lee Curtis and William Baldwin in 
the title roles. Another gem found by Sim Aberson.

Storm Tracker (1999) directed Harris Done
This made-for-TV movie stars Martin Sheen as a renegade Air Force 
general, and Luke Perry as a University of Miami meteorology professor 
who gets involved in the general's project to control hurricanes.

Second Wind (1999) by Dick Francis
Francis takes a break from the horsey set to spin a yarn about a BBC TV 
meteorologist who goes on a hurricane hunting joy ride.

Windows on Heaven (2000) by Ron Rozelle
A novel based on accounts from the 1900 Galveston hurricane in which over 
8000 people perished.

Gale Force (2002) directed by Jim Wynorski
The safety of contestants in a TV reality show on a tropical islands are 
threatened by both the producer and a Category 5 hurricane. Thanks to Sim 
Aberson for finding this one.

Zero Hour (2003) by Benjamin E. Miller
Antarctica is melting and its suddenly warm waters thereaten to spawn a 
super hurricane. A world famous MIT professor is consulted about his 
theory on hypercanes, and somethings up with those wacky penguins.

Hurricane : Of the 1900 Galveston Hurricane (2004) by Janice A. Thompson
An inspirational novel about the people of Galveston surviving the 
hurricane of 1900 and rebuilding their city.

Hurricane 38 (2004) by Gaylord Meech
Based on news accounts and family letters, this novel is about people 
trapped by the Great New England hurricane of 1938.

Category 6: Day of Destruction (2004) Directed by Matt Dorff
This CBS made-for-TV movie starring Thomas Gibson and Nancy McKeon was 
originally supposed to be about a big power blackout crippling Chicago 
(original title "Overload"), but after the active 2004 hurricane season, 
they threw in a hurricane (Cat 6 over Lake Michigan), tornadoes, and 
Randy Quaid as a tornado chaser. A laugh riot.

Storm Chasers (2004) by Paul Quarrington
A professional storm chaser flys into Dampier Cay to videograph an 
on-coming hurricane, where he crosses paths with various losers seeking 
refuge in the storm from their sorry lives.

Whirlwind (2004) by Michael Grant Jaffe
A North Carolina TV weatherman finds fame and fortune after he pulls a 
'Dan Rather' during Hurricane Isabel, and tries to pull his life out of 
the toilet.

Category Five (2005) by Philip S. Donlay
A mystery man founds a scientific organization called Eco-Watch. When he 
flies its jet into a hurricane with 300 mph winds and gets trapped in the 
eye he must come clean about his past in order to save the day.

14 Hours (2005) directed by Greff Chanpion
A made-for-TV movie based very loosely on the evacuation of patients from 
a Houston hospital as Tropical Storm Allison threatens to inundate the 
area. Sim Aberson brought this one to our attention.

Category 7: The End of the World (2005) Directed by Dick Lowry
CBS must've felt "Category 6" wasn't bad enough, so they made this 
sequel. Randy Quaid's "Tornado Tommy" is the only character brought back 
for the follow-up, which is ironic since his was the only main character 
in the original to die. Falling chunks of the mesosphere combine with 
urban heat islands to spawn global spanning superstorms (huh???). The 
best part is the ending when Gina Gershon assures the public that FEMA 
will be there to help them when disaster strikes.

Invasion (2005-6) Directed by Thomas Schlamme
The ABC television series is set in Homestead, FL following a devastating 
hurricane, which has released a race of alien, glow-in-the-dark squid 
creatures that turn Air Force Hurricane Hunters into superhuman hybrids. 
The series was cancelled after its initial season, with no resolution to 
the question, "Does global warming cause more squid people?" Thanks to 
Sim Aberson for reminding us to include this one.

Der Untergang der Pamir (2006) Directed by Kaspar Heidelbach
"The Loss of the Pamir" is a fictional account of the sinking of the 
German sailing ship Pamir in Hurricane Carrie in 1957. Danke Herr Docktor 
Aberson fur diesen Eintritt.

Katrina's Wake (2006) Directed by Kathilynn Phillips
A fictional account of a family trapped in their attic by the flood 
waters following Katrina in New Orlean's Ninth Ward. Again, thanks to Sim 
Aberson for pointing this one out.

Honeymoon Hurricane (2006) by Pamela Rowan
Several people, including a honeymoon couple, head to Sanibel Island for 
vacation only to be trapped there durring a hurricane.

Hurricane (2006) by Karen Harper
Two single parents desperately try to find their children as a hurricane 
swerves to menace their southwest Florida community.

Hurricane Hannah (2006) by Sue Civil-Brown
A female jet pilot named Hannah makes an emergency landing on a small 
tropical island, and must wait out the passage of Hurricane Hannah while 
becoming familiar with the excentric locals.

The Mote in Andrea's Eye (2006) by David Niall Wilson
Storm seeders battle a monster hurricane, but it disappears into the 
Bermuda Triangle, along with the seeding plane.

Superstorm (2007) Directed by Julian Simpson
A made-for-BBC movie, starring Tom Sizemore and Nicola Stephenson. In the 
future, global warming has spawned larger, more devastating hurricanes. 
Project StormShield is formed to, once again, investigate modifying 
hurricanes. However, someone seems determined to use their technology 
even if the scientists have moral quandries. Originally a three parter on 
the BBC, it was trimmed to two hours when rebroadcast in the US by the 
Discovery Channel. Thanks to Julian Heming for notifying us about this.

Rebel Island (2007) by Rick Riordan
Yet another honeymoon couple are trapped on an island as a monster 
hurricane looms. This time they must solve a murder mystery and confront 
their past before the storm strikes. And you thought buying plywood 
before a hurricane was tough.

Acts of Nature (2007) by Jonathon King
A PI and his police girlfriend find their vacation at a Florida fishcamp 
interuppted by a hurricane, scavengers, and gunmen.

Subject: J5) What refereed articles were written in recent years about 
tropical cyclones?
Contributed by Chris Landsea

Go here for each year:
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1991.html
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1992.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1993.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1994.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1995.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1996.html
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1997.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1998.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs1999.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2000.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2001.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2002.html
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2003.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2004.html 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcpubs2005.html

Subject: J6) What are some important dates in the history of hurricanes 
and hurricane research ?
Contributed by Neal Dorst

Hurricane Timeline

1494 During his second voyage, Christopher Columbus shelters his fleet 
from a tropical cyclone. This is the first written European account of a 
hurricane.
1502 During his fourth voyage Columbus warns the governor of Santo 
Domingo of an approaching hurricane, but is ignored. A Spanish treasure 
fleet sets sail and loses 20 ships with 500 men.
1565 A French fleet sent to support Ft. Caroline is devastated by a 
hurricane. The Spaniards at St. Augustine massacre the colonists at Ft. 
Caroline ensuring Spanish control of East Florida.
1609 The British ship Sea Venture is damaged by a hurricane but manages 
to find refuge on uninhabited Bermuda archipelago. The islands become a 
British colony.
1635 The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes the young Massachusetts Bay and 
Plymouth colonies.
1667 The Dreadful Hurricane strikes the Virginia colonies.
1702 A severe storm (possibly a hurricane) strikes England. Daniel Defoe 
gathers eyewitness accounts and publishes them in "The Storm".
1743 A hurricane prevents Ben Franklin from observing a lunar eclipse in 
Philadelphia. When he later learns his brother in Boston experienced the 
storm much later, he surmises that hurricanes don't move in the direction 
that the winds are blowing. Also, Professor Winthrop of Harvard makes 
first pressure and tide observations during this hurricane.
1780 The Great Hurricane leaves over 22,000 dead across the Antilles.
1815 Professor Farrar of Harvard observes winds as a hurricane, known as 
the 'Great September Gale', passes Boston and concludes that the storm is 
a large, moving vortex.
1821 William Redfield observes counter-clockwise pattern to damage across 
Connecticut following a hurricane.
1831 Redfield publishes his observation of 1821 hurricane damage and 
theorizes storms are large, moving votices. He begins compiling hurricane 
tracks.
A major hurricane strikes Barbados. Lt. Col William Reid of the Royal 
Engineers is sent to survey the damage.
1837 Racer's Hurricane devastates much of the Gulf coast.
1838 Reid publishes his "Law of Storms" which advises mariners on how to 
avoid a hurricane at sea.
1847 Reid establishes a hurricane warning network in Barbados.
1848 The Smithsonian Museum organizes a network of weather observers 
across the United States and its territories.
1855 Andres Poey publishes a chronology of over 400 hurricanes since the 
time of Columbus.
1856 A hurricane wipes out the resort on Last Island, Louisiana.
1865	 Manila Observatory is founded in the Philippines with Fr. Faura 
as its first director. Begins study of typhoons and creates an observing 
network.
1870 Fr. Benito Vies becomes head of Meteorological Observatory at Belen 
College in Havana, and begins research on hurricanes. He establishes an 
observing network across Cuba.
The United States Government forms its National Weather Service under 
Army's Signal Service.
1873 The National Weather Service issues its first hurricane warning.
1875 Vies issues his first hurricane warning.
1877 Vies publishes "Relative Points of the Hurricanes of the Antilles 
in September and October of 1875 and 1876", in which he details using 
waves and cloud motions to forecast hurricanes.
1879 Faura makes first typhoon forecast.
1890 U.S. Weather Bureau established from Army's National Weather 
Service. Made a civilian agency under the Department of Agriculture.
1893 The dealiest hurricane year in U.S. history, as the "Sea Islands" 
hurricane kills 1000 to 2000 people, the "Chenier Caminada" hurricane 
causes about 2000 deaths, and another major hurricane strikes the 
Carolinas in mid-October.
1897 Fr. Algue' publishes book cataloging and categorizing typhoon 
tracks.
1898 The U.S. Weather Bureau establishes a hurricane warning center at 
Kingston, Jamaica. After the Spanish-American War this it's moved to 
Havana.
Vies' "Investigations Relating to the Circulation and Cyclonic 
Translation of Hurricanes of the Antilles" published by U.S. Weather 
Bureau.
1900 A devastating hurricane strikes Galveston resulting in over 8000 
deaths (or perhaps as many as 12,000).
Edward Garriott writes USWB Bulletin H "West Indian Hurricanes" based 
mostly on Vies' work.
1902 Weather Bureau moves its hurricane forecast center to Washington, 
DC.
1906 Cuba establishes its National Observatory under its Navy. Assumes 
hurricane warning duties from Belen Observatory.
1909Grand Isle, LA is struck by a major hurricane, killing 350 people.
1913 Oliver Fassig publishes "Hurricanes of the West Indies".
1919 Sakuhei Fujiwara notes that hurricanes move with the larger scale 
synoptic flow.
Over 600 deaths are caused by a hurricane striking the Florida Keys and 
thenCorpus Christi, Texas.
1921 Fujiwara publishes paper on the interaction of two tropical cyclones 
noting what becomes known as the "Fujiwara Effect".
1922 Edward Bowie observes that most hurricanes move anti-cyclonically 
around the subtropical ridge.
1924 Mitchell publishes "West Indies Hurricanes and other Tropical 
Cyclones" in Monthly Weather Review.
1926 Issac Cline publishes his major book "Tropical Cyclones".
The Great Miami hurricane crashes into Florida causing tremendous damage 
and a month later another hurricane strikes Havana causing over 600 
casualties.
1928 The Lake Okeechobee hurricane kills nearly 2500 people. Also known 
as the 'San Felipe' hurricane in Puerto Rico where it killed over 300 
people.
1935 The Weather Bureau revamps its hurricane warning service, and 
ndivides responsibilities between New Orleans, Jacksonville, San Juan, and 
Washington, DC. Boston is added later.
The Labor Day hurricane hits the Florida Keys with over 400 killed. This 
is the most intense hurricane to have been recorded in the U.S..
1938 The New England hurricane strikes Long Island and Rhode Island 
causing over 600 deaths.
Ivan Tannehill publishes "Hurricanes, Their Nature and History".
1939 Fr. Deppermann publishes "Some Characteristics of Philippine 
Typhoons" in which he presents a theoretical model of tropical cyclones.
1940 Gordon Dunn demonstrates that most Atlantic hurricanes form from 
tropical easterly waves rather than baroclinic zones.
1943 Major Joseph Duckworth flies his trainer airplane into a Gulf 
hurricane proving the utility of this method of reconnaissance.
The hurricane warning center is moved from Jacksonville to Miami where a 
joint center with the Navy and Air Corps is established.
1944 The Great Atlantic hurricane sweeps up the eastern seaboard and 
causes 390 casualties, mostly at sea. This is the first hurricane with 
scheduled aircraft reconnaissance and the first radar depiction of a 
hurricane eye and spiral rainbands.
Herbert Riehl and Major Robert Shafer find that large vertical wind shear 
is inimical to tropical cyclone formation and development.
Halsey's Third Fleet runs into Typhoon Cobra in the Pacific with the loss 
of 3 destroyers and 790 men.
1946 The Navy and Air Force organize Hurricane Hunter squadrons in the 
Atlantic and Typhoon Chasers in the Pacific.
1947	 Navy planes seed an Atlantic hurricane as part of Project Cirrus.
Bob Simpson 'piggybacks' a research mission onto an Air Force 
reconnaissance flight into a hurricane. This is the first detailed 
examination of the upper level circulation of the hurricane core.
1947- 1948 Four hurricanes over two years strike South Florida causing 
persistent flooding
1948 Eric Palmen publishes a study showing that hurricanes require at 
least 80 F (26 C) water in order to form.
1950 The Weather Bureau officially begins naming hurricanes.
Hurricane King strikes Miami and affects much of Florida.
1951 Simpson flies 'piggyback' research mission is flown into Typhoon 
Marge, measuring its warm core and record low pressure eye.
1954 Tropical depression detected by camera on a Navy rocket. This 
demonstrates the utility of weather observations from space.
Hurricanes Carol and Edna strike New England in succession.
Simpson has last of the 'piggyback' research missions on an Air Force 
reconnaissance flight into Hurricane Edna.
Hurricane Hazel slams into the Carolinas and causes destruction all the 
way to Toronto. Grady Norton dies during the ongoing effort to forecast 
this storm.
1955 Miami office of the US Weather Bureau is designated the primary 
hurricane center responsibile for forecasting and issuing warnings for 
hurricanes in the Atlantic.
The US Weather Bureau founds the National Hurricane Research Project 
which begins research flights into hurricanes the next year.
Three hurricanes make landfall in North Caroline this year including 
Hurricane Diane, the "Billion Dollar Hurricane".
Joint Numerical Weather Prediction unit formed by US Weather Bureau, 
Navy, and Air Force to use computers to forecast the weather.
Tannehill publishes "The Hurricane Hunters" about aircraft 
reconnaissance.
1956	 Riehl and William Haggard develop the first statistical hurricane 
track forecast techniques.
Julian Adem describes the "beta effect" on the motion of hurricanes.
1957 Hurricane Audrey causes over 500 deaths in Louisiana and Texas.
1958 Marjory Stoneman Douglas publishes "Hurricane", a popular history 
about Atlantic hurricanes.
Navy launches a radar-tracked 'Brango Ball' into eye of Hurricane Helene. 
Later, the Air Force releases a balloon beacon into Helene's eye and 
succesfully tracks it remotely.
First real-time hurricane track forecast made by computer.
1959 The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is formed in Guam, combining the 
Navy and Air Force Pacific forecasting efforts.
Dunn and researchers begin a five year program to study hurricane track 
forecasts and evaluated various objective techniques.
1960 TIROS I, the first experimental weather satellite, is launched and 
promptly discovers an undetected tropical cyclone near Australia.
Hurricane Donna roars through the Florida Keys and then up to North 
Carolina and Connecticut causing 50 deaths.
Dunn and Banner Miller publish "Atlantic Hurricanes", the most up-to-date 
summary of hurricane science at the time.
1961 The Research Flight Facility (RFF) is formed to manage and operate 
the Dept. of Commerce's hurricane research aircraft.
Navy and RFF planes seed Hurricane Esther.
1962 Project STORMFURY is begun, a joint effort of the Weather Bureau, 
Navy, and National Science Foundation to seed hurricanes to reduce their 
winds,
1963	 STORMFURY planes seed Hurricane Beulah with encouraging results.
Victor Ooyama formulates his theory of tropical cyclone formation.
Jule Charney and Arnt Eliasson formulate their CISK theory of tropical 
cyclone formation.
1964 Miller and Peter Chase create NHC-64, the first in a long line of 
statistical-dynamical track forecast programs, is used operationally.
1965 Hurricane Betsy crashes through the Bahamas, Florida Keys, and 
Louisiana killing 75 people.
Department of Commerce combines US Weather Bureau and US Coast and 
Geodetic Survey to form Environmental Science Services Administration 
(ESSA).
1967 Air Force joins Project STORMFURY.
US Weather Bureau's Miami hurricane forecast office seperated from 
regular weather forecast office and designated National Hurricane Center 
(NHC).
1968 Charlie Neumann and John Hope create a hurricane database of 
Atlantic hurricanes later known as HURDAT.
Harry Hawkins and Daryl Rubsam publish influential papers on the 
structure and energy budget of Hurricane Hilda.
1969 Ooyama creates 2D hurricane computer simulation.
Project BOMEX attempts to define the air-sea fluxes in the tropical 
Atlantic.
Hurricane Camille strikes Mississippi coast as only the second Category 
Five hurricane recorded in US history. She leaves 260 dead in her wake.
NHC director Simpson works with engineer Herb Saffir to modify the 
latter's hurricane damage scale to include wind speed regimes, creating 
the Saffir-Simpson scale.
Project STORMFURY seeds Hurricane Debbie on two days.
1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is formed, 
unifying many government oceanographic facilities and ESSA, including US 
Weather Bureau, which is renamed National Weather Service.
Fred Sanders' SANBAR, the first barotropic hurricane track computer 
forecast model, is put into operation.
A tropical cyclone rushing up the Bay of Bengal causes over half of a 
million deaths in Bangladesh and India.
1971 Richard Anthes creates the first 3D hurricane simulation.
Project STORMFURY seeds Hurricane Ginger. This is the last field 
experiment carried out by the Project.
1972 Neumann develops CLIPER, a statistical hurricane track forecast 
scheme, used as a benchmark for other model's forecast skill scores.
Roland Madden and Paul Julian describe a global scale pressure wave which 
seems to enhance tropical convection known as the Madden-Julian 
Oscillation (MJO).
Hurricane Agnes floods areas along the eastern seaboard causing over 120 
deaths.
Bob Burpee publishes a paper explaining the origin and structure of 
easterly waves.
1974 The Navy disbands its Hurricane Hunter squadrons.
The GATE experiment in the east Atlantic measures tropical waves as they 
come off the African coast.
Cyclone Tracy devastates Darwin, Australia.
1975 Vern Dvorak proposes a scheme to estimate tropical cyclone strength 
from satellite pictures.
1977 A tropical cyclone in India kills over 10,000.
1979 Neumann and Brian Jarvinen develop SHIFOR, a statistical scheme to 
forecast hurricane intensity, used as a benchmark for intensity forecast 
skill scores.
1980 Hurricane Allen roars through the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico as a 
Category Five hurricane.
1982 The first Synoptic Flow experiment is flown around Hurricane Debby 
to help define the large scale atmospheric winds that steer the storm 
using dropsondes.
Anthes publishes "Tropical Cyclones, Their Evolution, Structure, and 
Effects".
Hugh Willoughby, Jean Clos, and Mohamed Shoreibah publish a paper on 
hurricane eyewall cycles.
1983 Project STORMFURY is officially ended.
Hurricane Alicia forms from an old frontal boundary in the Gulf of Mexico 
and hits Galveston and Houston.
1984 William Gray and his team issue the first hurricane seasonal 
forecast.
1985 Willoughby, Bob Black, Stan Rosenthal, and Dave Jorgensen write an 
assessment of Project STORMFURY which documents several flaws in the 
assumptions in planning the experiments that call the results into 
question.
Hurricane Gloria roars up the eastern seaboard threatening New York City, 
but eventually makes landfall on Long Island.
1987 The Air Force disbands its Pacific Typhoon Chasers squadrons.
1988 Hurricane Gilbert has the lowest central pressure (888 mb) ever 
estimated for an Atlantic hurricane just before striking the Yucatan 
peninsula.
1989 Hurricane Hugo makes a direct hit on Charleston, SC and causes over 
20 casualties.
BAM, the Beta and Advection Model, and VICBAR, a nested barotropic 
hurricane track forecast model become operational.
1990 Mark DeMaria and John Kaplan create SHIPS a statistical hurricane 
intensity forecast scheme.
Roger Pielke Sr. publishes "The Hurricane".TCM-90 Experiment attempts to 
define factors contributing to typhoon 
motion such as synoptic winds and the beta effect.
1991 TEXMex is an MIT/NOAA joint project carried out in the eastern 
Pacific to examine the genesis of tropical cyclones.
The Air Force transfers its Hurricane Hunters to the Air Force Reserves.
1992 Hurricane Andrew levels parts of south Florida and causes over $26 
billion in damages there, in the Bahamas, and Louisiana.
NCEP's Aviation model becomes operational.
Super Typhoon Omar hits Guam causing $457 million in damage.
TCM-92 Experiment combines satellite and aircraft observations to better 
define tropical cyclogenesis.
Hurricane Iniki hits Kauai in Hawai'i as a Category 4 storm.
1995 In one of the busiest Atlantic hurricane seasons in decades, 
Hurricane Opal rapidly intensifies as it approaches the Florida 
panhandle, only to weaken just before landfall. It still causes $3 
billion in damage.
Rapid scan high-resolution satellite loops are made of Hurricane Luis, 
showing eye structure and motion.
The GFDL model becomes operational. It provides both track and intensity 
forecasts.
1996 Both the NOGAPS and UKMET track forecast models become available to 
NHC.
Mark Powell and Sam Houston publish detailed analyses of Hurricane 
Andrew.
1997 High resolution dropsondes are released in the eyewall of Hurricane 
Guillermo in the eastern Pacific. These reveal wind structure that 
surprise scientists.
NOAA's GIV high altitude jet becomes operational, allowing examination of 
the steering flow around hurricanes from a greater height.
Super Typhoon Paka ravages Guam causing $500 million in damage.
1998 Hurricane Mitch kills more than 12,000 people in Honduras and 
Nicaragua.
CAMEX3, a NASA experiment run in conjunction with NOAA's Hurricane Field 
Program collects detailed data sets on Hurricanes Bonnie, Danielle, and 
Georges.
1999 Hurricane Floyd causes a massive evacuation from coastal zones from 
northern Florida to the Carolinas. It comes ashore in North Carolina and 
results in nearly 80 dead and $4.5 billion in damages.
2001 CAMEX4, a NASA experiment run in conjunction with NOAA's Hurricane 
Field Program collects detailed data sets on Hurricanes Erin, Gabrielle, 
and Humberto and Tropical Storm Chantal.
Stan Goldenberg, Chris Landsea, Alberto Mestas-Nuez and Gray publish a 
major paper in Science noting decadal swings in Atlantic hurricane 
activity.
2003 Hurricane Isabel leaves a path of damage from North Carolina to 
Pennsylvania costing $3 billion and 16 deaths.
Mike Black, Krystal Valde, and others publish a paper on hurricane 
eyewall wind profiles based on GPS dropsondes.
Powell, Peter Vickery, and Timothy Reinhold publish a paper on drag 
coefficients in hurricane force winds.
2004 Jason Dunion and Chris Velden demonstrate the delimiting effect the 
Saharan Air Layer has on tropical cyclone development.
Tropical Storm Bonnie and Hurricane Charley hit Florida within 24 hours 
ofeach other. It's True.
Four hurricanes, Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne, strike Florida in 
one year, setting a new record.
After Hurricane Ivan's landfall in the Florida panhandle, its remanents 
moved over the Atlantic, looped back across Florida into the Gulf of 
Mexico, reformed into a Tropical Storm, making landfall in Louisiana.
2005 In one of the busiest Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, 28 named 
storms form, 15 of them hurricanes, seven of which are major, and four 
reach Category Five status. For the first time the alternate Greek 
alphabet scheme for naming storms has to be employed.
NASA's Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Mission is set to investigate 
eastern Pacific disturbances, but is diverted to examining the activity 
in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
Hurricane Dennis becomes the earliest major hurricane to form in the 
Atlantic.
Project IFEX examines transmitting detailed information in the hurricane 
inner core in real-time to National Center for Enivronmental Prediction 
for inclusion in intensity models.
Hurricane Katrina submerges the Mississippi/Alabama Gulf coast under a 27 
foot storm surge killing 240 people. When New Orlean's levees fail, it 
causes over 1500 additional deaths and $81 billion in damages.
Hurricane Wilma's central pressure reaches 882 millibars, the lowest 
recorded value in an Atlantic hurricane.
2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment 
examines the wind regimes over western Africa and their role in 
generating disturbances over the Atlantic.
The NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) experiment 
similarly seeks to investigate these disturbances off the African coast 
using aircraft and the CALIPSO satellite. These systems were then handed 
off to NOAA IFEX scientists over the western Atlantic.
References:

Fitzpatrick, Patrick "Natural Disasers : Hurricanes" 1999 ABC-CLIO 
Publishers, Santa Barbara, CA

Ludlum, David "Early American Hurricanes 1492-1870" 1963 Lancaster Press, 
Lancaster, PA

Simpson, Robert ed. "Hurricane ! Coping with Disaster" 2003 American 
Geophysical Union, Washington, DC

Last updated June 1, 2007