Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        J. K. Bohlke

        L. N. Plummer, T. B. Coplen, E. Busenberg, E. A. Shinn (ret)
      Publication_Date: Unpublished Material
      Title:
        Chronology and Isotope Geochemistry of Ground Waters in the Florida
        Keys and Offshore  Areas
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/grndwtr_geochem/
  Description:
    Abstract:
      This project involves sampling surface waters and ground waters from
      Florida Bay, the Keys, and offshore to the barrier reef. Analyses will
      be done on a variety of isotopic and chemical species that have been
      used elsewhere to determine ground-water ages, contaminant sources,
      and geo- chemical reactions.  Water Research Discipline researchers
      will coordinate ground water sampling and analytical work; Geologic
      Discipline researchers will provide access to wells and back- ground
      data, handle field logistics, etc.
    Purpose:
      A significant issue of concern in South Florida is the potential
      effect of anthropogenic pollutants from the Florida Keys or elsewhere
      on the water quality and health of offshore marine ecosystems.  It has
      been suggested that certain contaminants (e.g., bacteria, excess
      nutrients) found in some offshore ground waters may be transported 'in
      the subsurface to discharge sites beneath Florida Bay or the reef
      tract, where they may be contributing to declining ecosystem health. 
      But not much is known about the origins of the ground waters
      underlying the region, how the subsurface flow systems operate, and
      what is the fate of contaminants emplaced in ground water in the Keys.

      Ground waters are potential sources, sinks, and carriers of nutrients
      and other contaminants beneath the Florida Keys and offshore regions
      to the north and south. This project is designed to provide new data
      on the sources, flow directions, exchange rates, and chemical
      characteristics of ground waters underlying the region of Florida Bay,
      the Keys, and offshore reefs.  The results, to be derived in part from
      analyses of environmental tracers and isotopes, will provide general
      empirical information about subsurface transport processes and their
      potential impact on surface water chemistry.
    Supplemental_Information:
      This project ended in FY 1999.  No data is available through the SOFIA
      Data Exchange pages.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1996
        Ending_Date: 1998
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.2
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -79.82
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.69
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.27
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: geochemistry
      Theme_Keyword: chemistry
      Theme_Keyword: groundwater
      Theme_Keyword: nutrients
      Theme_Keyword: contaminants
      Theme_Keyword: hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: isotope geochemistry
      Theme_Keyword: chronology
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: environment
      Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
      Theme_Keyword: 007
      Theme_Keyword: 012
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of
        Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, 
        Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington,
        D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: United States
      Place_Keyword: US
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the
        United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST
      Place_Keyword: Florida
      Place_Keyword: FL
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of
        the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3,
        Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: Monroe County
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: Florida Bay
      Place_Keyword: Central Everglades
      Place_Keyword: Florida Keys
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints:
    Any data are subject to change and are not citeable until reviewed and
    approved for official publication.
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: J. K. Bohlke
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 431 National Center
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-6325
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-5274
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jkbohlke@usgs.gov
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Griggs, E. M.

        Krump, L. R., Bohlke, J. K.
      Publication_Date: 2003
      Title:
        The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the
        Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
        Issue_Identification: 58
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands
        Publisher: Elsevier Science BV
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: unavailable
  Completeness_Report: unknown
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Samples for analysis are to be collected during 2 intensive field
        campaigns from observation wells, seepage collectors, and surface
        waters, to be accessed largely by boat. One of those collections
        occurred in 1996; another is planned for summer 1997 to complete the
        regional survey. The following types of analyses are to be done: 1 -
        Major-element water chemistry and dissolved gases. These data are
        essential for comparing water types and for calculating potential
        reaction relations among different waters (e.g., seawater reduction,
        mixing, etc.). 2 - Nitrogen isotopes in ammonium, nitrate, and N2
        gas. Concentrations and isotope mass balances will be examined for
        evidence relating high ammonium in offshore ground waters to
        potential sources such as waste water and natural sedimentary
        organic matter. 3 - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). Contamination
        levels of CFC's may indicate anthropogenic point sources; ambient
        levels may be useful in dating the recharge (entry into the
        subsurface) of the ground waters; no CFC's could indicate ages more
        than 50 years, or possibly degradation of CFC's. 4 - Tritium and He
        isotopes. Tritium-helium dating may indicate the residence times of
        ground waters since recharge from the ocean or the bay or the Keys;
        these data may be necessary as backup for the CFC's because of the
        possibility of CFC degradation in some of the reducing waters, or
        they may be used in conjunction with the CFC's to indicate
        ground-water mixing or dispersion phenomena. 5 - C-14 and stable
        carbon isotopes in carbonate, methane, and dissolved organic carbon.
         Isotopes and chemistry of around waters will be used for
        calculating reactions that might represent conversion of seawater
        into reduced marine ground water; information about the sources of
        organic constituents may be derived; very old waters may be
        detected. 6- Sulfur isotopes in sulfide and sulfate, plus mass
        balance of sulfate reduction. Sulfur derived from modern seawater
        (or Florida Bay) may be distinguishable from sulfur coming out with
        deep old ground waters; these data are also needed for reaction
        modeling. 7- Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water. Water
        isotopes are potentially useful for distinguishing water units such
        as evaporated, meteoric, marine, glacial/intergiacial, etc.

        The major accomplishments for FY98 were an intensive sampling effort
        in November, 1997 and subsequent analytical work on the samples. 
        Approximately 1200 samples were collected from about 40 sites,
        mainly in Florida Bay, and including a few representatives of
        surface waters, water supplies, and nested piezometers. This sample
        set complements the one obtained in FY96 by extending the coverage
        of the project throughout Florida Bay, by including more vertical
        resolution at selected sites, and by including some shallow ground
        waters and seepage meters at one of the ocean-side experimental
        tracer sites.
      Process_Date: 1998
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        In FY99 analyses and data summaries of samples collected in
        FY96-FY98 will be completed.   A small number of additional samples
        will be collected and analyzed for a subset of chemical and isotopic
        constituents, to fill specific gaps in the sets collected so far,
        and to provide some indication about short-term changes at selected
        sites over the course of the study (collections with aid from Shinn
        and Reich; analyses by Bohlke, Plummer, and Busenberg).  Results
        will be compiled and evaluated in terms of ground water sources,
        residence times, and geochemical reactions.   Reports will be
        written on (1) origins and residence times of marine ground waters,
        and (2) nutrient chemistry of marine ground waters.
      Process_Date: 1999
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: J. K. Bohlke
            Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing address
            Address: 431 National Center
            City: Reston
            State_or_Province: VA
            Postal_Code: 20192
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-6325
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-5274
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jkbohlke@usgs.gov
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: J. K. Bohlke
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 431 National Center
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-6325
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-5274
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jkbohlke@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description:
    data from Chronology and isotope geochemistry of groundwaters in the
    Florida Keys and offshore areas
  Distribution_Liability: No warranties are implied or explicit for the data.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Non-digital_Form: unknown
    Fees: none
    Ordering_Instructions: Contact J. K. Bohlke for data from this project.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20061026
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998