20 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW FEBRUARY 1852
SUMMER TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES
ARNOLD COURT
Office of The Quartermaster General, 1 2 Washington, D. C.
[Manuscript received August 21, 19511
ABSTRACT
Percentage frequencies of hourly temperatures above certain values from 40 to 110 F., by 5 intervals, are
presented for 102 places in the United States in summer (June-July-August). The frequencies are based on hourly
readings, generally a t airways weather stations, during five years 1935-1939. Since average summer temperatures
during this period were somewhat warmer than long-term normals, the resulting tabulation is considered appli-
cable to a typical warm summer such that only about 15 summers per century would be warmer. The percentages
are presented in a table, and those for temperatures above 85 (30 C. or higher) are shown on a map to indicate the
regions where refrigerated storage is desirable for chocolate candy, which turns white (graying or blooming)
as soon as its temperature exceeds 85.
INTRODUCTION
Summer temperatures in the United States, when
described by the percent of hours expected to be above
various values, can be used in quantitative estimates for
such purposes as air conditioning and refrigeration not
possible from the generally available averages and ex-
tremes. To obt,ain these percentage frequencies, hourly
temperatures during five years in the United States were
summarized and analyzed.
The basic observations were the hourly readings of
wet and dry thermometers a t airways weather stations,
during 5 years (1935-39). These were tabulated and
summarized by the Weather Bureau, through the Works
Progress Administration, a t the request of the American
Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Six
separate summaries were made: air temperature, dew
point, wet-bulb temperature, and correlations of air
temperature with wet-bulb depression and of air tempera-
ture with wind speed. These six summaries are available
on microfilm,3 and portions of them have beenused
extensively in various studies [l, 2, 31. Only the first
of these summaries, for air temperatures, wasused for
the present study.
Of the 117 stations in the original tabulation, 15 were
discarded because they had less than 10,000 of the 11,040
hourly observations possible during the 5 summers. The
102 remaining stations are generally distributed along the
civil airways whichha.d scheduled night-time flights
during that period, so that the coverage of the United
States is not uniform. From the original tabulation,
1 Published with the approval, but not necessarily the endorsement, of the Department
2 Present addres: 1520% 8pmw st., Berkeley 9, Calif.
addressing Chief, U. 8. Weather Bureau, Washington 25 D. C., Attention: CUmato-
8 Information concerning these tabulations and their availability may be secured by
logfoal Services Division.
of the Army.
which gave the frequencies of observations by each hour
of the day for each month, the monthly totals for the
three summer months werec,ombined and reduced to
percentages, shown in t,able 1.
DISCUSSION
Table 1 gives the percent of all hours during June,
July, and August,1935-39, on which temperatures at
eac,h of the 102places, in 40 stat,es and the District of
Columbia, were above certain values from 40 to 110 E.,
by 5 intervals. The five summers, 1935-39, the period
of observations on which the table is based, were slightly
warmer than the long-term averages for the United
St,ates. For each of the 102 stations, avera,ge summer
temperatures for those five years were computed and com-
pared with the normals for the same places, as shown
in the Weather Bureaus latest (1950) Climatological
Data for the United States, by Sections. For a few of the
places, such as El Morro, N. hlex., and Arlington, Oreg.,
det.ailed climatic data were not available, and the com-
parision was based on nearby stations wit,h long records.
For the United States as a whole, a separate study not
yet completed, indicates that the standard deviations of
mean monthly temperatures in summer vary from nearly
4 in the Great Plains to less than 1 along the southern
coast.s, with the nationwide average about 2. Since
average monthly temperatures in general followtvhe
normal distribution of statistical theory, it appears
that for the United States asa wholeabout twosummersout
of three have average temperatures within 2 of the long-
term averages, and only about one summer in six is more
than 2 warmer than those averages.
During 1935-39, the average of summer tempera-
tures a t the 102 places for which frequencies are shown in
table 1 was 1.8 wamer than the long-term normals.
FEBBUARY 1952 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 21
TABLE 1.-Percent of hours i n summer (June-Julu-Auoztstl with temperatwe above indicated values. (First column shows total number of h&lljreadings, 193k-39 inclusive, used) __ __
550
__
99.9 .""_
98.7
ti. 9 97.1
(0
99.7 96.4
99.5 99.8
99.1 85.9
99.9 95.9
92.9 95.9
95.3
"".
""_ .~."
(#)
86.4 82.3 76.5
96.0
96.5
97.8
97.4
99.1
99.2
.""
99.8
97.7
95.9
95.6
w. 4 99.4 99.0
87.2 61.3
94.0 88.0
74.6 76.5
99.5 99.5
se. 5 78.3 99.4 99. 2
__ ~
600
-
99. 9 99.2
96.5 99.6 99.6 92. 2
99.6
98.4
98. 9 79.9
95.0 48.5 96.5 95.3 87.0
82.5 87.8
85. 1
-. . . -.
___ ___
65'
-
97. a 99.7
92.2 98.3 98.2 81.6
97.7
93.6 58.6 96.0 85. 7 26.3 91.3 64.9 75.8
65.7 73.7
70.0
99.5 99.8 69.8
97.4
62.1 55. 7 48.5
80.6 78.1
83.2
82.1
92.6
69. I
"""
99.5
91.0
68.5
75.2
74.0
92.4 91.3 89.1
59.6 36.3
75.6 86.6
53.6 54.9
85.3 81.6
81.0
93.4 8 8 .5
49. a
__ __
70'
-
86.3 96.1
80.8
9x1 94.3
65.1
89.6
83.7 42.3 89.4 72.1 10. 1 81.2 25.0 64.3
49.0 58.9
.MI. 9
95.2
94.5 96.5
84.4
50.2 42.8 36. Q
59.1 64.2
64.7
65.6
81.4
74.4
99. h
96. 1
74.9
44.7
55.0
56.1
82.5 78.2 71. 5
44.5 25.6
59.5 73.4
43.5 45.4
67.8 61.6
62.8 37.3 77.7 69.8
- __
750
-
58.0 73.1
65.8 87.8 88.5 50.3
66.0
71.1
30.0
58.6 77.8
4.1 66.2 6.3 53.8
36.1 45.0
30.9
67.9 73.1 64.2
55.1
38.9 30. 7 24.9
38.8 44.8
42.7
46.2
M. 3
51.1
87.0 77. 7
50.8
23.2
33.9
37.8
66. 4 58.6 50.4
31.1 16.8
45. 1 55.8
34.3 35.4
43.9 35.6
47.4
60.4 53.0
24. a
- __
800
-
38.1 42.5
50.8 75.1 61.2 36.6
45.7
57.3 18.6
46.2 63.0
1.6 49.7 .9 43.4
24.4 32.9
16.2
41.7
38.5 43.5
35.4
28.2 20.8 15.7
22.4 28.8
25.4
28.7
46. 7
32.6
52. 6 50. o
27.8
11.0
17.6
22. 1
48.9 39.4 33.7
20.0
8.3
32.0 38. 1
!?A. 6 25.3
25.5 18.0
33.0 10.3 45.0 39.3
__ -
85'
__
21.9 22.4
36.6
45.8 59.8
23.2
30.3
43.2
49. 3 9.4
35.3 .I 35.8 .2 33.4
14.4 22.1
6.2
25. 7
20.1 20.6
19.8
18.7 11.7 7.0
11.5 16.0
11.1
15.9
32.0
16.4
34.5 25.4
13.3
4.1
6. 7
10.7
31.8 23.1 20.7
11.4 2.6
21.5 23.6
15.1 15.4
12.2 7. 0
20.3 1.9 31.7 27.2
__ ~
90"
-
8.3 5.4
23.2 46.0 31.0 10.8
16.3
30. a 3.7 36. 1 24.9
22.5
23.4
- - - - -. .
_"""
11.5 5. 7
1.4
10. 6
2.5 .8
7.2
9. 8 4.1 1.4
4.6 0.7
3.3
7.2
19.8
5.5
19. 4 7.4
3.5
1.0
1.9
3.6
18.9 10.8 10.1
5.1 .4
12.8 11.9
6.2 6.4
3.6 1.7
7.9
9 . 5 15.4
- -
950
-
0. 7 1.7
31.9 9.7
17.0 2.6
5.5
18.8
23.4 1.1
15.4
11.2
14.1
"""
"""
1.1 3.0
.2
1.8
.1 __""
1.2
3.0 .7 .1
2.3 1.1
1.2
2.5
10.0
1.5
.6 6.2
.6
.1
.6
1.1
9.5 4.1 3.3
1.5
.1
4.9 5.4
.7 1.5
.5 .3
1.2
5.2 4.8
"""
- -
1M)o
-
(9
1.7
17.8 .1
4.6 .1
.7
8.3
10.2 .2
6.1
3.6
5. 8
"."
"."
.1
.1
40' 45'
"
"."" "" ~"
. . - - - - - -. - - - . .
....... 99.9
. . - - - - - - - -. -. - ..............
....... 99.8
. . - - . - - - . - - - - -
..............
. - - - -.
a ) .......
(#) . - -. .
(8 ...............
..............
..............
...............
99. 8 99.2
(#)
99.8 (#)
99.7
. -. - . - - - - -. - -.
...............
..............
. - - - - . . -. . - -.
99.7
95.3 98.9 97.0 99.4 98.4
99.9
""" 99.9
...............
....... 99.9
____"_______.
Birmingham.. Alahama
Mobile ...............................
Kingman." Arizona
Phoenix. ............................
Tucson ...............................
Winslow. ............................
Arkansas Little Rock.. .........................
California Bakersfield.. .........................
Burbank." ..........................
Daggett.. ............................
Fresuo. ..............................
Oakland ..............................
Redding ..............................
8an Diego ............................ Williams. ............................
Colorado Denver.. .............................
Pueblo. ..............................
.......................
.........................
11,038 11,036
11,029
10,993 11,032
11,014
10,825
11,019 11,036
11,029 11,037
11,016 11,040 11,038 11,036
11,040 11,012
10,813
11,040
11,025 11,034
11,028
10,940 10.992 11,006
11,036 11,038
11,006
11,038
11,026
11,036
11,036 11,040
11,025
11,039
11,039
11,038
11,015 11,039
11, MH)
11,040 11,025
11,011 11,031
11,033 11,030
11,013 11,032
11,037 11,033 10,861 11,033
99.6
.......
Yi. 1
ti. 6 .......
ti. 0
(#)
99.6
.......
97.2 98.9
98.6 Hartford.. Connedicui ...........................
Florida 1 Jacksonville.. ........................
Titusville.. Miami. .............................. ..........................
.......
"""_
Atlanta Georgza ............................... 99.5
69.6 74. 7
62.4
89.7
m. 8
93.2
92. 4
97.2
96.1
"""
(#I
97.9
86.8
8 8 .4
87.7
97.4 96.9 96.3
75.4 47.9
86.5 94.5
64.4 65.0
95.7 94.7
94.2 61.8 98.0
96.2
( 3
(*j
.3 .8
.4
.8
3.1
.3
'1'7
.1
Idaho Boise ................................ Burley.. .............................
Idaho Falls ...........................
94.3 91.2 87.9
98.8 98.8
99.8
99.4
99. 9
99.9
. . - -.
. -. . -
(#)
99.9
99.1
98.4
99.9
!i. 9
94.6 75.3
69.6 97.8
84.9 86. 8
99.9 99.9
99.6 89.4 99.9 99.9
Illinoir Chicago. ........................... Moliue. ..............................
Indianapolis
Dm Moiues.
Wichita
Louisville.
Indiana
..........................
Iowa .........................
Kansas ..............................
Kentucky .......................
New Orleans Louisiana
Bhreveport. .........................
.........................
Baltimore.. Maryland
..........................
Massuchwelts Boston ...............................
Detroit Michigaa
Bt. Paul-. Minnesota
Kams City Missouri
st. Louis .............................
8Phbdeld. .........................
...........................
........................
.........................
.2
.4
3.2 1.4 .7
.2
1.6 1.7
''1
.1 .1
, - - - - - .
.3 .4
Montana Billings ...............................
Butte ..............................
North Platte. Nehraska
Omaha ..............................
........................
Nevada ................................
Reno". Elko-
..............................
New Jersey Camdeu .............................. Newark. ............................
New Mexico
Albuquerque _____
~
__________ -. ____ - El Morro ............................ Rodeo.-. __
~ ~
__ - __ -
~
- - - ._ . __ - -. Tucumcari. ___ __ -
~
__ __ - - -. -. - -.
See footnote at end of table.
22 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW FEBRUARY 1952
TABLE 1.-Percent of hours i n summer (June-July-August) with temperature above indicated values. (First column shows total number of hourly readings, 1956-39 inclusive, used)-Continued - __
80"
-
15.4 11.6 15.5 16.7
32.8 27.2
21.8 24.4
17.4 30.3
22.1 20.5
19.9
52.4 50.1 48.5 54.2
24.7 14.8 10.0 22.5 8.6
5.1 8.9 24.3 19.8 16.9
34.2
45.3 36.4
37.8
51.2 37.3 60.4 48.4 44.5 54.1 50.1
31.1 32.2
27. 8
13. a 3.3 18.5
21.3
la s 10. e
16.5 14.8
31. E
105O 110"
-I-
I
99.1 98.4 98. 5 98.4
"""
99.9
94.8 95.4
99.0 99.6 98.8 99.3 98.9
11,040 11,039 11.028 11,028
11,039 11,024
10,084 11,003
11,038
11,039 11,040 11,039 11,039
10,906 11,033
11,040 IO, 951
IO, 617 11,016 11,036
11 040 11: 037
11,033
10 693
11,054 10,506
11; 032
11,030
11,033 11,026 10,979
11,033 11,037 11 038
11,028 11 005 11: 005
10,956 11, a?
11,006
10,289 11 038
11: 039
11; 040
11,032 11,007 11,007
11,022 11,034
10,987
'92.6 95.7
92.5 93.1
%. 3
88.4 89.3
95.0 97.9 95.5 90.9 95.7
%. 9
99.5 99.8
93.4 73.8
87.1 76.2
91.3
88.1 94.2 98.6 96. 6 97.8
(#)
99.9 99. 6
99.6
"""
99. 0
"""
85.8 81.7 82.8 83.3
98.9 97.4
77.7 78.3
87.1 92.9 87.9
88.0 90.8
99.8 94.4 99.1 97.9
82.3 59. 8 56.9 72.7 67.7
84.2 74.6
'89.2 83.5
91.2
99.6
69. a
98.2
98.3
99.8 95. 9
$8
69.3 66.0 67.3 69.2
95.5 90.4
64.2 64.0
74.1 84.4 75.9
74.3 79.8
98.2
96.9 9+5.8 93.9
67.3 46.6 41. 6
58.2 45. 1
50.6 643.3 82.3 75.4 78.4
97.7
94. C
96.8 94.2
85. E
9 8 .4
99.5 97. E 99.9 99. s 98. P
68. ; 76. A
88. t
46. 35. , 54.1
71. 73. d
63. :
51. i 49. c
92.1
48.8 45. 1 46.5 50. 6
28.9 26.2 29.1 31.8
51. 1 43.8
36.3 34.0
32.0 47.1 35.7 38.1 34.8
71. g
71.1 68.6
71.0
36.9 24.0
32.6 18.2
16.7
15.5 23.7 41.7 34. 1 33.0
.%. 1
53. f 67. 6 58.2
71.
8 4 .1
51.
66.; 71.
67. 4
80.4
41. I 45. :
45. t
21. !
28. !
8. I
35. I 32. : 22. :
27.4 26. (
53.1
6.4 3.4 6.4 6.8
18.2 12.7
14.7 11.6
17.7 6.4
10.1 9.3
9.0
36.3 34.0
38.3 31.9
15.2 7.5 4.4 14.0 3.5
.8 2.5 11.1 7.6 6.0
16.0
21.8 28. 6 22. 1
35.0 24.6 41.0 32.8 27.6 36.6 36.1
19.9 19.9
14.7
6.3
10.0 .9
9.8 6.4 4.0
7.5 5.7
16.5
1.4 .4 1.4 1.3
6.6 3.0
7.4 5.3
1.3 6.5 2.6
2.9 2.2
22.5 19.7
25.9 18.3
7.7 2.5 1.6 6.6 1.5
.2 .4 3.4 1.6 1. 1
3.3
13.6 8.5
8.9
19. a
24. a
12.6
17.2 8.5 21.1 23.3
a. E 9.4
4.4
2.4
4. : .I
3. c 2. c 1. t
.E .E
5. :
0.1
.3 .3
"""
1.4 .3
3.4 1.9
.4 1.7 .7
.8 .6
10.1 8.6 7.4 15.8
3.0 .5 .6 2.4 .5
(*I
'*I. 6 .2 .2
.5
4.3 1.8
2.2
3.4 5.7
10.6 4.6 .9 7.6 9.9
1.6 2.4
.5
.ti
1.3
"""
1.0
.I
.4
c*i
.I
49.6 48.2
1.3 .7
(3 .5 .3 .2
.2
2.0 1.8 2.0 6.7
1.0
(9
(3
c*i
- - - - - - . - - -. -.
c*i (*)
-. . . - - .
.2 .5 .3
.5 .3 1.9 .4 .1 .5 2.0
.1 .2
.1
.1
.2
"""
.3 .2 .1
52.4 68.8 55.8
54.4
60.0
.3 """"
1.5
j."-
.2
:: !t. 9
98.5 86. 1 91.5 96.1 99.1
95.9 98.6
99.5 99.9
99.9
84.5
s. 8
_""_
97. 1 97.1
99. 9
91.4 97.4 94.0
97.4 98.7 96.9
92.4 87.2
(#)
"""
"""
"""
92.4 03. E
99. 4
78. s 82. a 83. E
'93. 1
95. E 91. I
82.3 76.2
9 9 .6
"""
99.8
82.9 87.0
96.7
62.7 55.7 68.7
84. 7 88.4 80. 6
6.6 62.5
98.3
54.2
6 0 .5
71.5
53.8 53.2 40.3
37.9 37.0
.1 77.2
# Between 99.05 and 100.00 percent. Between 0.00 and 0.05 percent.
Only seven placeswere colder than"normal,"andonly tive of a warm summer, there would appear to besorne-
nine as much as 4' warmer, most of them in the central what less than one chance in six that the percentages will
Great Plains. Thus, since the 1935-39 data, as summar-. . be substantiallyhigher than those given for any of the
ixed in table 1, mky be considered as generally representa- 102 pla.ces. ..
F~EUARY 1952 MOPJTHLY W E A T H E R R E V I E W 23
Only 15 of the 102 stations missed 40 or more hourly
observations during the five summers, and eleven of these
missed fewer than 223. The remaining four missed 413,
524,751, and 956 observat.ions, respectively. Most of the
omissions were due to short cessations of operation, as
when stations were moved, but may represent consistent
skipping of one or more observations per day, usually a t
night, for one or more summers. Thus, for the few places
with substantially less tha.n the 11,040 observations of a
perfect record, the percentages, because they are based on
the actual number of observations and not the total pos-
sible, may indicat,e somewhat wanner conditions than
would have been shown if all night-time hours were repre-
sented.
How well the hourly temperatures a t each of the 102
stations represent the temperatures prevailing over the
general area around the stations cannot be determined
without detailed information on the locations of the sta-
tions and the conditions of thermometer exposure; such
information has not been tabulated by the Weather
Bureau. However, from the general conditions during
,those years a t airways weather stations, at which nearly
all of the observations were made, it appears that most of
them (perhaps 80 percent) represent readings in regular
thermometer shelters erected over sod or bare ground, on
level terrain adjacent to airfields. Such readings should
be representative of free air temperature, about five feet
above the ground, over rather wideexpanses,a.nd thus
generally applicable.
APPLICATION
This investigation, resulting in table 1, was the out-
growth of a simple problem in applied climatology: in
what parts of the United States is refrigeration desirable
to prevent deterioration of chocolate candy?
Detailed research a t the Georgia Agricultural Experi-
ment Station [4,5] has shown that Temperatures from
85 to 95 cause graying or blooming of chocolates, even
though exposure is only for a few hours. This undesir-
able change in the appearance of the candy is a result of
the melting of the layer of cocoa, butter beneath the sur-
face, causing it to penetrate the outer chocolate layer and
become like cold grea.se on the surface.
Since temperature above 85O F. appears, from this
research, to be the critical factor causing the deterioration
of chocolate candy, refrigerated cases to counteract such
deterioration may be advisable in places where the candy
temperature is likely to exceed this value on any sub-
stantial number of occasions. The temperature of candy
24 M O N T H L Y W E A T FEBBUABY 1952
on display in a store, or in cardboard boxes on a shelf in
the store or the adjacent storeroom, lags behind that of
the surrounding air by perhaps an hour. Consequently,
it is likely that unless the air temperature in the store
exceeds 85' for a t least an hour, the candy will not be
affected by graying or blooming.
During warm weather, buildings not provided with
artificial cooling usually are ventilated as much as possible,
and the a.ir inside the building is at least as warm as the
outside air, as measured by standa.rd met'eorological pro-
cedures in a thermometer shelter five feet above the
ground; in many buildings, especially those of a single
story, the afternoon air temperature frequently exceeds
that in a thermometer shelter.
To locate placeswhere the air temperature (and thus
that of candy) inside buildings is likely to be above 8 5 O ,
the summertime frequencies of hourly temperatures
above 85", as shown in table 1, were plotted on a map
(fig. 1). Isopleths were drawn for every 10 percent,
considering not only the 102 stations themselves but the
general topography, so that mountains are shown as
having zero likelihood of temperatures above 85' although
no observations in them a.re available.
RESULTS
During a typical warm summer (fewer than about 15
summers per century would be expected to be ma.rmer),
hourly temperatures exceed 85O about one-fifth of the,
time over nearly one-third of the United States. Two-
fifths of all hourly readings are above this value in centsral
Texas, central California, and the lowland desert area of
California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah.
On the other hand, less than one-tenth of all summer
hours have temperatures above 85O along the Oregon-
Washington coast, around the Great Lakes, and in the
northeastern States; there is very little likelihood of such
temperatures in the northern Rocky hlountains, the
central Appalachians, and the mountains of northern
New York and New England.
Temperatures above 85' occur in spring and autumn
as well as in summer, but over most of the United States
about four-fifths of the hours with such temperatures fa.11
in the three summer months. Table 2 shows the number
of hours during the five years with temperatures over 8.5'
in summer, throughout the entire year, and the percent
of such hours in summer, at 20 of the 100 placeswell-
distributed over the United States.
At 14 of these 20, including such diverse places as
Spokane, Detroit, El Paso, and Atlanta, the percentages
are between 77 and 85, inclusive, and at all except two
they are between 68 and 91. The two exceptions are
Oakland (33%) and San Diego (16%), whereoceanic
influence causes more hours above 85' in early autumn
than in summer (San Diego had 72 hours in five Septem-
bers, 25 in five Octobers, only 20 in five entire summers).
Since summer is the principal season during which
temperatures over 85' are likely, the percentages given in
table 1 and figure 1 indicate the general likelihood of such
temperatures during the entire year, except on the Cali-
fornia coast where the annual total of such temperatures
is negligible. Consequently the map shows the percent
of time in summer during which refrigeration is required to
prevent graying or blooming of chocolate candy in various
areas of the United States, and in general the areas where
such protection is required at some time during the year.
Whether refrigeration for chocolate candy should be
provided in places expecting temperatures over 85O during
10 percent of the time in summer, or 20 percent, or 30 per-
cent, depends on economic considerations, such as the cost
of protection relahive to possible loss. This map, however,
provides the climatic basis for such a decision, and any
other involving the same critical temperature.
OTHER USES
Other uses may be made of the map. For example, 85'
is about the temperature (depending on humidity, ventila-
tion, and radiation) at which human discomfort is first
demonstrat,ed by removal of coats, turning on of fans, and
frequent trips to the water cooler. Until a more satis-
factory index of such discomfort is developed, which
would include humidity a.nd air movement, and perhaps
radiation, and climatic data are converted to it and tabu-
lated, this map can serve as a rough index t.0 the need for
air conditioning or ot,her means of alleviating the dis-
comfort of hot weather.
Since the map shows the frequency of temperatures of
86' F. or over, which is exactly the same as 30' C. or over,
it may be compared directly to similar maps prepared for
TABLE 2.-Total hours during 5 years (1935-39) with temperatures over 85' F . in sum~?ner, throughout the year, and percent in summer
Omaha, Nebr __________._______.__ -. _._._. ". . __._ ______ 1 2,602
Detroit, Mi&- ____. ___._. .._______ __._.._.___.. ____ -..I 744 KansasCity,Mo ________.___.__.____".-...-.
~
..__..____ 1 3,504
El Paso, Tex _____________..._.._.-. ___ __ __.__..____.____ I 3,624
Greensboro, N. C _._.___ _._ .-. -. - _.__._.___._. .. . ________ 1,395
Year
2404
857 326 1,298
3,164
4,359
915
4,593
Ma
1,771
%
"
91
88 85
85 a3
83 81
80 79 79
Year %
-~
2,793 5,395
78
2,359
78 77
2,005 77
4,105 77
3,175 5, a93 77
4,180
74
191 68
123 33 16
FEBRUABY 1952 MONTHLY W E A T H E R R E V I E W 25
other countries using Centigrade temperatures. For other REFERENCES
problems with other critical temperatures, analagous maps
can be drawn from the data of table 1 of the percentage
frequency of hourly temperatures in summer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Computation of the cumulative percentages of table 1
and plotting of figure 1 were done by Mrs. Vera Grove,
statistician, from data cards which she had previously
prepared from a copy of the original microfilmed tabula-
tion. Annual values used in table 2 were furnished by Dr.
Paul A. Siple. The 1935-1939 summer averages and their
departures from normal were computed by Mr. 0. S.
Parmele, statistical clerk. Advice in drawing the percent-
age lines of figure 1 was given by Mr. Norman Sissenwine,
meteorologist, and Drs. Peveril Meigs and Louis Peltier,
geographers.
1. C. A. Gosline, The Role of the Meteorologist in a Large
Company, Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, vol. 30, April 1949, pp. 119-123.
2. Paul A. Siple, American Climates, Bulletin of the
AmPrican Institute of Architects, vol. 3, September
1949, pp. 15-36, and 14 succeeding numbers.
3. Arnold Court, Temperature Frequencies in the United
States, Journal of Meteorology, vol. 8, December
4. J. G. Woodroof and others, Cold Stored Candies;
Special Food Industries Report, Food Industries,
5. J. G. Woodroof and H. H. Thompson, What Refrigera-
tion Does for Candies, Rejrigeration Engineering,
vol. 58, December 1950, pp. 1169-1172. Discus-
sion, vol. 59, January 1951, pp. 50-51.
1951, pp. 367-380.
v01. 22, August 1950, pp. 1356-1367.