Children and Mental Health

Evans, M. E., Dollard, N., & McNulty, T. L. (1992).
Characteristics of seriously emotionally disturbed youth
  with and without substance abuse in intensive case
management. Journal of Child and Family Studies, I,
  305-3 14.

Evans, M. E., Huz, S., McNulty, T., & Banks, S. M. (1996b).
Child, family, and system outcomes of intensive case
management in New York State. Psychiatric Quarterly,
  67,273-287.

Eyberg, S. M., & Robinson, E. A. (1983). Conduct problem
behavior: Standardization of a behavioral rating scale with
adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12,
  347-354.

Fairbum, C. G., Jones, R., Peveler, R. C., Hope, R. A., &
O'Connor, M. (1993). Psychotherapy and bulimia
nervosa. Longer-term effects of interpersonal
psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive behavior
therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, SO, 4 19-428.
Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R., &Fenton, T. (1992). Psychiatric
diagnoses of maltreated children: Preliminary findings.
Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent
  Psychiatry, 32, 863-867.

Farberow, N. R. (1985). Youth suicide: An intemafional
problem. Report of the National Conference on Youth
Suicide. Washington, DC: Youth Suicide National Center.
Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J.
(1997). Impact of children's mental health problems on
families: Relationships with service use. Journal of
  Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 5,230-238.
Feil, E. G., Walker, H. M., & Sever-son, H. H. (1995). The
early screening project for young children with behavior
  problems. Journal of Emotional and G Behavioral
  Disorders, 3, 194-202.

Feldman, R. A., Caplinger, T. E., & Wodarski, J. S. (1983).
The St. Louis conundrum: The eflective treatment of
antisocial yourhs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Feldman, S. (1997). The Fort Bragg demonstration and
evaluation. American Psychologist, 52,560-561.
Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., & Guthertz, M. (1990).
Behavior-state matching and synchrony in mother-infant
interactions of non-depressed versus depressed dads.
  Developmental Psychology, 26,7-14.
Firestone, P., Crowe, D., Goodman, J. T., & McGrath, P.
(1986). Vicissitudes of follow-up studies: Differential
  effects of parent training and stimulant medication with
hyperactives. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56,
   184-194.

Flament, M. F., Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C. J., Sceery, W., Kilts,
C., Mellstrom, B., Kz Linnoila, M. (1985). Clomipramine
treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. A
double-blind controlled study. Archives of General
  Psychiatry, 42,977-983.

F'lament, M. F., Whitaker, A., Rapoport, J. L., Davies, M.,
Berg, C. Z., Kaliiow, K., Sceery,. W., & Shaffer, D.
(1988). Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence:
An epidemiological study. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27,
  764-771.

Fleming, J. E., Boyle, M. H., & Offord, D. R. (1993). The

outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario Child
Health Study follow-up. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32,28-33.
Flomenhaft, K. (1974). Outcome of treatment for adolescents.
  Adolescence, 9,57-66.

Food and Drug Administration. (1998). The CDER handbook
  [On-line]. Available:  http://www.fda/cder/
  handbook/index

Food and Drug Administration.. (1999). The FDA
modernization act of 1997 [On-line]. Available:
http:/lwww. fda.govlcderffdamaldefault.htm
Foster Family-Based Treatment Association. (1995). Program
stanaiuds for treatment foster care. New York: Author.
Fraser, M. W., Nelson, K. E., & Rivard, J. C. (1997).
Effectiveness of family preservation services. Social Work
  Research, 21, 138-153.

Fraser, M. W., Walton, E., Lewis, R. E., Pecora, P. J., &
Walton, W. K. (1996). An experiment in family
reunification: Con-elates of outcomes at one-year follow-
up. Chihfren and Youth Services Review, 18,335-361.
Freud, A. (1965). The concept of the rejecting mother. In The
writings of Anna Freud (Vol. 4, rev. ed., pp. 586-602).
  New York: International Universities Press.
Friday, P. C., & Hage, J. (1976). Youth crime in postindustrial
societies: An integrated perspective. Criminology, 14,
  347-368.

Friedman, R. M., & Burns, B. J. (1996). The evaluation of the
Fort Bragg Demonstration Project: An alternative
interpretation of the findings. Journal of Mental Health
  Administration, 23, 128-136.

Friedman, R., Katz-Leavy, J., Manderscheid, R., &
Sondheimer, D. (1996a). Prevalence of serious emotional
  disturbance in children and adolescents. In R. W.
  Manderscheid & M. A. Sonnenschein (Eds.), Mental
health, United States, 1996 (pp. 77-9 1). Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.

Friedman, R. M., Katz-Leavy, J. W., Manderscheid, R. W., &
  Sondheimer, D. L. (1998). Prevalence of serious
  emotional disturbance in children and adolescents. An
update. In R. W. Manderscheid & M. A. Sonnenschein
(Eds.), Mental health, United States, 1998 (pp. 110-l 12).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
Friedman, R. M., & Kutash, K. (1986). Mad, bad, sad, can't
add? Florida Adolescent and Child Treatment Study
(FACTS). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louise
  de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute.

201


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Friedman, R. M., Kutash, K., & Duchnowski, A. J. (1996b).
The population of concern: Defining the issues. In B. A.
Stroul (Ed.), Children's mental health: Creating systems
of care in a changing society (pp. 69-96). Baltimore: Paul
  H. Brookes.

Friedman, R. M., & Street, S. (1985). Admission and
discharge criteria for children's mental health services: A
review of the issues. Journal of Clinical Child
  Psychology, 14,229-235.

Friesen, B. J. (1990). National study of parents whose children
have serious emotional disorders: Preliminary findings. In
  A. Algarin, R. Friedman, A. Duchnowski, K. Kutash, S.
  Silver, & M. Johnson (Eds.), Second annual conference
proceedings on children's mental health services and
policy: Building a research base (pp. 294). Tampa, FL:
  University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health
  Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's
  Mental Health.

Friesen, B. J., & Koroloff, N. M. (1990). Family-centered
services: Implications for mental health administration
  and research. Journal of Mental Health Administration,
  17, 13-25.

Friesen, B. J., & Stephens, B. (1998). Expanding family roles
in the system of care: Research and practice. In M. R.
  Epstein, K. Kutash, & A. J. Duchnowski (Eds.),
  Outcomes for children and youth with behavioral and
emotional disorders and rheir families: Programs and
evaluation, best practices (pp. 231-259). Austin, TX:
  Pro-Ed.

Fristad, M. A., Gavazzi, S. M., Centolella, D. M., & Solkano,
K. W. (1996). Psycho-education: A promising
intervention strategy for families of children and
adolescents with mood disorders, Contemporary Family
  Therapy: An international Journal, 18, 371-384.
Gabel, S., & Finn, S. (1986). Outcome in children's day-
  treatment programs. International Journal of Partial
  Hospitalization, 3,261-271.

Gadow, K. D., Sverd, J., Sprafkin, J., Nolan, E. E., & Ezor, S.
N. (1995). Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-
deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 52,444-455.
Garber, J., & Hilsman, R. (1992). Cognition, stress, and
  depression in children and adolescents. Child and
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1,
  129-167.

Garber, J., Kriss, M. R., Koch, M., & Lindholm, L. (1988).
Recurrent depression in adolescents: A follow-up study.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry 27,49-54.
Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy &
M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping, and development in
  children (pp. 43-84). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & DuRant,
  R. H. (1998). The association between health risk
behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based
sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101 , 895-902.
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R., &
Goodman, E. (1999). Sexual orientation and risk of
suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth.
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153,
  487493.

Garrison, C. Z., Waller, J. L., Cuffee, S. P., McKeown, R. E.,
Addy, C. L., &Jackson, K. L. (1997). Incidence of major
depressive disorder and dysthymia in young adolescents.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 458-465.
Garvey, M. A., Giedd, J., & Swedo, S. E. (1998). PANDAS:
The search for environmental tiggers of pediatric
neuropsychiatric disorders. Lessons from rheumatic fever.
Journal of Child Neurology, 13,413423.
Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Sun, K., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J.,
  Williams, M., & Heath, J. (1998). Double-blind and
placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar
disorders with secondary substance dependency. Journal
  of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
  Psychiatry, 37, 171-178.

Geller, B., & Luby, J. (1997). Child and adolescent bipolar
disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  36.1168-l 176.

General Accounting Office. (1997). Head Start: Research
provides little information on impact of current program
(GAO/HEHS-97-59). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.

Gill, M., Daly, G., Heron, S., Hawi, Z., & Fitzgerald, M.
(1997). Confirmation of association between attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter
polymorphism. Molecular Psychiatry, 2, 3 1 l-3 13.
Gittehnan, R. (1985). The use of psychological tests in clinical
practice with children. In D. Shaffer, A. A. Ehrhardt, & L.
L. Greenhill (Eds.), The clinical guide to childpsychiatry
(pp. 447-474). New York: Free Press.
Gittehnan, R., Abikoff, H., Pollack, E., Klein, D. F., Katz, S.,
  & Mattes, J. (1980). A controlled trial of behavior
  modification and methylphenidate in hyperactive children.
  In C. K. Walen & B. Henker (Eds.), Hyperactive
  children: The social ecology of identification and
treatment (pp. 221-243). New York Academic Press.
Gittelman, R., Mannuzza, S., Shenker, R., & Bonagura, N.
  (1985). Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric
  status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42,937-947.
Gittelman-Klein, R. (1978). Validity of projective tests for
  psychodiagnosis in children. In R. L. Spitzer & D. F.
  Klein (I%.), Critical issues in psychiatric diagnosis (pp.
  141-165). New York: Raven Press.

202


Children and Mental Health

Glisson, C. (1996). Judicial and service decisions for children
entering state custody: The limited role of mental health.
  Social Service Review, 70,257-28 1.
Goenjian, A. K., P~IXXX, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L.
M., Asamow, J. R., Karayan, I., Ghurabi, M., &
Fairbanks, L. A. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity in
children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  34, 1174-l 184.

Goldman, H. H. (1998). Organizing mental health services:
An evidence-based approach. Stockholm: Swedish
Council Medical Technology Assessment.
Goldman, S. K., & Faw, L. ( 1998). Three wraparound models
as promising approaches. In B. J. Burns & S. K. Goldman
(Eds.). Promising practices in wraparound for children
  with severe emotional disturbance and their families.
Systems of care: Promising practices in children's mental
health, I998Series Vol. N(pp. 17-59). Washington, DC:
  American Institutes for Research, Center for Effective
  Collaboration and Practice.

Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., & Slanetz, P. J.
(1998). Diagnosis  and treatment of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.
  Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical
  Association. Journal of the American Medicai
  Association, 279, 1100-l 107.

Goldman, S. K. (1988). Series on community-based services
for children ana' adolescents who are severely
emotionally disturbed. Vol. II: Crisis services.
Washington, DC: Georgetown Child Development
  Center, National Technical Assistance Center for
  Children's Mental Health.

Goldsmith, H., Buss, A., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K.,
  Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., & McCall, R. B.
(1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Child
Development, 58, X15-529.

Goodman, R., & Stevenson, J. (1989). A twin study of
hyperactivity. II. The aetiological role of genes, family
relationships and perinatal adversity. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 30,69 l-709.
Goodwin, F., h Jan&on, K. (1990). Manic-depressive illness.
London/New York: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, C. T., State, R. C., Nelson, J. E., Hamburger, S. D.,
& Rapoport, J. L. (1993). A double-blind comparison of
clomipramine, desipramine, and placebo in the treatment
  of autistic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50,
  44147.

Gould, M. S., Fisher, P., Par-ides, M., Flory, M., & Shaffer, D.
(1996). Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent
completed suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53,
  1155-l 162.

Gould, M. S., King, R., Greenwald, S., Fisher, P., Schwab-
Stone, M., Kramer, R., Flisher, A. J., Goodman, S.,
Canine, G., & Shaffer, D. (1998). Psychopathology
associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among
children and adolescents. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37,
915-923.
Gould, M. S., & Shaffer, D. (1986). The impact of suicide in
  television movies. Evidence of imitation. New England
  Journal of Medicine, 315.690-694.
Gmchev, I. D., Breiter, H. C., Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R.,
Baer, L., Shera, D. M., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N.,
  Caviness, V. S., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Structural
  abnormalities of frontal. neocortex in obsessive-
compulsive disorder Iletter]. Archives of General
  Psychiatry, 55,181-182.

Gratton, J., Paulson, R., Stuntzer-Gibson, D., & Summers, R.
(1995, June). Oregon partners project: Progress and
outcomes report. Paper presented at the Building on
Family Strengths Conference, Portland, OR.
Green, W. H. (1995). The treatment of attentiondeficit
hyperactivity disorder with nonstimulant medications.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
  America, 4,169-195.

Green, W. H. (1996). Principles of psychopharmacotherapy
and specific drug treatments. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Child
and adolescent psychiatry: A comprehensive textbook
(2nd ed., pp. 772-801). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Greenbaum, P. E., Dedrick, R. F., Kutash, K., Brown, E. C.,
Larieri, S. P., & Pugh, A. M. (1998). National Adolescent
and Child Treatment Study (NACTS): Outcomes for
  children with serious emotional and behavioral
  disturbance. In M. H. Epstein, K. Kutash, & A.
  Duchnowski @Is.). Outcomes for children and youth
  with behavioral and emotional disorders and their
families (pp. 21-54). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Greenbaum, P. E., Prange, M. E., Friedman, R. M., & Silver,
  S. E. (1991). Substance abuse prevalence and comorbidity
with other psychiatric disorders among adolescents with
  severe emotional disturbances. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adalescent Psychiatry, 30,
  575-583.

Gmenbaum, S. D. (1998). The role of ethnography in creating
linkages with communities: identifying and assessing
neighborhoods' needs and strengths. In M. Hemandez h
  M. R. Isaacs (Eds.), Promoting cultural competence in
  children's mental health services (pp. 119-132).
  Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

Greenhill, L. (1998a). Attentiondeficitiyperactivity disorder.
In B. T. Walsh (Ed.), ChiZd psychopharmacology (pp.
  91-109). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
  Association Press.

203


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Greenhill, L. (1998b). Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder: Pharmacological treatments. In P. E. Nathan &
J. GO~XUI (Eds.), Treatments that work (pp. 42-64).
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

Greenhill, L., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D. P.,
  Conners, C. K., Elliott, G., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S. P.,
  Hoza, B., Jensen, P. S.. March, J. S., Newcom, J.,
  Pelham, W. E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Vitiello, B.,
&Wells, K. (1996). Medication treatment strategies in the
  MTA Study: Relevance to` clinicians and researchers.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1304-l 3 13.
Greenhill, L., Abikoff, H., Arnold, L., Cantwell, D., Conners,
  C. K., Cooper, T., Crowley, K., Elliot, G., Davies, M.,
  Halperin, J., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S., Jensen, P,,
  Klein, R., Lemer, M., March, J., MacBumett, K., Pelham,
  W., Severe, J., Sharma, V., Swanson, J., Vallano, G.,
  Vitiello, B., Wigal, T., 8z Zametkin, A. (1998).
  Psychopharmacological treatment manual, NIMH
  multimodal treatment study of children with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (MTA Study). New York:
  Psychopharmacology Subcommittee of the MTA Steering
  committee.

Grizenko, N. (1997). Outcome of multimodal day treatment
for children with severe behavior problems: A five-year
follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of ChiM
ana' Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,989-997.
Grizenko, N., Papineau, D., & Sayegh, L. (1993).
Effectiveness of a multimodal day treatment program for
children with disruptive behavior problems. Journal of the
American Academy of ChiM and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  32, 127-134.

Groholt, B., Ekeberg, O., Wichstrom, L., & Haldorsen, T.
(1997). Youth suicide in Norway, 1990-1992: A
comparison between children and adolescents completing
  suicide and age- and gender-matched controls. Suicide
and Life-Threatening Behavior, 27,250-263.
Grossman, P. B., & Hughes, J. N. (1992). Self-control
interventions with internalizing disorders: A review and
  analysis. School Psychology Review, 2Z,229-245.
Guiterrez-Mayka, M., & Corm-eras-Neira, R. (1998). A
culturally receptive approach to community participation
  in system reform. In M. Hemandez & M. R. Isaacs (Eds.),
  Promoting cultural competence in children's mental
  health services (pp. 133-148). Baltimore: Paul H.
  Brookes.

Halperin, J. M., Newcom, J. H., Matier, K., Sharma, V.,
McKay, K. E., & Schwartz, S. (1993). Discriminant
validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal
of the American Acaa!emy of Child and Adolescent
  Psychiatry, 32, 1038-1043.

Hammen, C. (1988). Self-cognitions, stressful events, and the
prediction of depression in children of depressed mothers.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16,347-360.

Hammen, C., Burge, D., Burney, E., & Adrian, C. (1990).
Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women
with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Archives of
  General Psychiatry, 47, 1112-l 117.
Hamner, K. M., Lambert, E. W., & Bickman, L. (1997).

  Children's mental health in a continuum of care: Clinical
outcomes at 18 months for the Fort Bragg demonstration.
Journal of Mental Health Administration, 24,46547 1.
Hanington, R. (1994). Affective disorders. In M. Conduct, E.
Taylor, & L. Hersov (&Is.), Child and adolescent
psychiatry: Modem approaches (3rd ed., pp. 330-350).
  Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Hanington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J.
(1990). Adult outcomes of cliildhood and adolescent
depression. I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 47,465-473.

Harrington, R., Kerfoot, M., Dyer, E., McNiven, F., Gill, J.,
Harrington, V., Woodham, A., & Byford, S. (1998).
Randomized trial of a home-based family intervention for
children who have deliberately poisoned themselves.
JoumaE of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 37,5 12-5 18.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1989). Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality InventoFZZ. Minneapolis, MN:
  University of Minnesota.

Hawkins, R. P., Almeida, C., & Samet, M. (1989).
Comparative evaluation of foster-family-based treatment
and five other placement choices: A preliminary report. In
A. Algarin, R. Friedman, A. Duchnowski, K Kutash, S.
  Silver, & M. Johnson (Eds.), Children's mentaE health
services and policy: Building a research base (pp.
98-l 19). Tampa, FL: Research and Training Center for
  Children's Mental Health.

Hay, D. F., Zahn-Waxler, C., Cummings, E. M., & Iannotti, R.
J. (1992). Young children's views about conflict with
peers: A comparison of the daughters and sons of
depressed and well women. Journal of Child Psychology
ana' Psychiatry, 33,669-683.

Hazehigg, M. D., Cooper, H. M., & Borduin, C. M. (1987).
Evaluating the effectiveness of family therapies: An
integrative review and analysis, Psychological Bulletin,
  101,42842.

Hechtman, L. (1985). Adolescent outcome of hyperactive
  children treated with stimulants in childhood: A review.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 178-191.
Hechtman, L. (1993). Aims and methodological problems in
multimodal treatment studies. Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry, 38,458-&I.

Heflinger, C. A., & Bickman, L. B. (1996). Family
empowerment: a conceptual model for promoting parent-
professional partnership. In C. A. Heflinger d C. Nixon
  (Eds.), Families and mental health services for children
and adolescents (pp. 92-l 16). Newbury Park Sage.

204


Children and Mental Health

Heflinger, C. A., & Northrup, D. (1997). Interim report of the
implementation study of the transition to managed mental
health services at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Nashville,
TN: Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies, Center
for Mental Health Policy.

Her&en, R., & Mullen, D. (1997). Conduct disorder in
childhood. In J. M. Weiner (Ed.), Textbook of chiM and
adolescent psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 427-440).
Washington, DC: American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press.
Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. A. (1992).
Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: An
effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile
  offenders.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 60,953-96 1.

Henggeler, S. W., Rodick, J. D., Borduin, C. M., Hanson, C.
L., Watson, S. M., & Urey, J. R. (1986). Multisystemic
treatment of juvenile offenders: Effects on adolescent
behavior and family interaction. Developmental
Psychology, 22, 132-141.

Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M.,
Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (1998).
Multisystemic treatment of antisocial behavior in chitdren
  and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
Hemandez, M., & Isaacs, M. R. @Is.). (1998). Promoting
  cultural competence in children's mental health services.
  Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

Hemandez, M., Isaacs, M. R., Nesman, T., & Burns, D.
(1998). Perspectives on culturally competent systems of
care. In M. Hemandez & Isaacs, M. R. (Eds.), Promoting
cultural competence in children's mental health services
  (pp. l-25). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Herzog, D. B., Darer, D. J., Keel, P. K., Selwyn, S. E.,
  Ekeblad, E. R., Flares, A. T., Greenwood, D. N., Burwell,
R. A., & Keller, M. B. (1999). Recovery and relapse in
anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A 7.5-year follow- up
  study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
  Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 829-837.
Herzog, D. B., Nussbaum, K. M., & Marmor, A. K., (1996).
Comorbidity and outcome in eating disorders. Psychiatric
  Clinics of North America, 19, 843-859.
Hinckley, E. C., & Ellis, W. F. (1985). An effective
  alternative to residential placement: Home-based services.
  Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 209-213.
Hinshaw, S. P., & Erhardt, D. (1991). Attentiondeficit
  hyperactivity disorder. In P. Kendall (Ed.), Child and
  adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioralprocedures (pp.
  98-128). New York: Guilford Press.
Hoagwood, K. (1997). Interpreting nullity. The Fort Bragg
  experiment-a comparative success or failme? American
  Psychologist, 52,546-550.

Hoagwood, K.,. & Erwin, H. D. (1997). Effectiveness of
  school-based mental health services for children: A lO-
year research review. Journal of Child and Family
  Studies, 6,435454.

Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., Petti, T., & Burns, B. J. (1996).
  Outcomes of mental health care for children and
adolescents: I. A comprehensive conceptual model.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1055-1063.
Hoagwood, K., Kelleher, K., Feil, M., & Comer, D. (1998,
November 16). NIH Consensus Development Conference,
  Bethesda, MD.

Hoberman, H. M. (1992). Ethnic and minority status and
adolescent mental health services utilization. Journal of
  Mental Health Administration, 19.246-267.
Holden, E. W., Brannan, A. M., English, M. E., Friedman, R.
M., Hemandez, M., & Osher, T. (1999, February).
Update on the national evaluation of the Comprehensive
Community Mental Health Services for ChiMren and
Their Families' Program: Outcomes of the national
  evaluation. Paper presented at the 12th annual
Conference on the System of Care for Children's Mental
  Health Tampa, Florida.

Hollis, C. (1996). Depression, family environment, and
adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of fhe American
Academy of ChiZd and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,
  622-630.

Hops, H., Lewinsohn, P. M., Andrews, J. A., & Roberts, R. E.
(1990). Psychosocial correlates of depressive
symptomatology among high school students. Journal of
Clinical and Child Psychology, Z9,21 l-220.
Horacek, H. J., Ramey, C. T., Campbell, F. A., Hoffmann, K.
P., &Fletcher, R. H. (1987). Predicting school failure and
assessing early intervention with high-risk children.
Journal of the American Academy of ChiM and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 26.758-763.
Horn, W. F., Ialongo, N., Greenberg, G., Packard, T., 8z
Smith-Wiiberry, C. (1990). Additive effects of behavioral
parent training and self-control therapy with ADHD
  children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19,
  98-l 10.

Horn, W. F., Ialongo, N. S., Pascoe, J. M., Greenberg, G.,
Packard, T., Lopez, M., Wagner, A., & Puttler, L. (1991).
Additive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and
self-control therapy with ADHD children. Journal of the
American Academy of ChiZd and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  30,233-240.

Horn, W. F., Ialongo, N., Popovich S., & Peradotto, D. (1987).
Behavioral parent training and cognitive behavioral self-
control therapy with ADD-H children: Comparative and
combined effects. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,
  16,57-68.

Hoyert, D. L., Kochanek, K. D., 8t Murphy, S. L. (1999).
Deaths: Final data for 1997. National Vital Statistics
Reports, 47(9). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for
  Health Statistics.

205


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Hunt, R. D. (1987). Treatment effects of oral and transdermal
clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: An open pilot
study in ADD-H. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23,
  111-114.

Hunt, R. D., Arnsten, A. F., & Asbell, M. D. (1995). An open
trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,50-54.
Hunt, R. D., Capper, L., & O'Connell, P. (1990). Clonidine in
child and adolescent psychialtry. Journal of Child and
Adolescent Psychophamuzcology, I, 87- 102.
lllback, R. J., Nelson, C. M., & Sanders, D. (1998).
Community-based services in Kentucky: Description and
  5-year evaluation of Kentucky IMPACT. In M. H.
  Epstein, K. Kutash, &A. Duchnoski (Eds.), Outcomesfor
  children and youth with behavioral and emotional.
disorders and their families (pp. 141-172). Austin, TX:
  Pro-Ed.

Infant Health and Development Program. (1990). Enhancing
the outcomes of low-birth-weight, premature infants. A
  multisite, randomized trial. The -Infant Health and
Development Program Journal of the American Medical
  Association, 263, 3035-3042.

I&elder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical
thinkingfrom childhood to adolescence: An essay on the
construction offormal operational structures. New York:
  Basic Books.

Isaacs-Shockley, M., Cross, T., Bazron, B. J., Dennis, K., &
Benjamin, M. (1996). Framework for a culturally
  competent system of care. In B. A. Stroul (Ed.),
Children's mental health: Creating systems of tare in a
  changing society (pp. 234). Baltimore: Paul H.
  Brookes.

Jacobi, C., Dahme, B., & Rustenbach, S. (1997). [Comparison
of controlled psycho- and pharmacotherapy studies in
buliia and anorexia nervosa.]. Psychotherapie,
Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psycblogie, 47,346-3&I.
Jameson, P. B., Gelfand, D. M., Kulcsar, E., & Teti, D. M.
  (1997). Mother-toddler interaction patterns associated
with maternal depression.  Developmental
  Psychopathology, 9,537-550.

Jenkins, E., & Bell, C. (1997). Exposure and response to
community violence among children and adolescents. In
Osofsky, J. (Ed.). Children in a violent society (pp. 9-31).
  Guilford Press: New York.

Jensen, J. A., McNamara, J. R., & Gustafson, K. E. (199 1).
  Parents' and clinicians' attitudes toward the risks and
benefits of child psychotherapy: A study of informed-
consent content. Professional Psychology, Research and
  Practice, 22, 161-170.

Jensen, P. S. (1998). Developmental psycho-pathology courts
developmental neurobiology: Current issues and future
challenges. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 3,
  333-337.

Jensen, P. S., Bhatara, V: S., VitielIo, B., Htiagwood, K., Feil,
M., & Burke, L. B. (1999). Psychoactive medication
prescribing practices for U.S. children: Gaps between
research and clinical practice. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38,
,557-565.

Jensen, P. S., & Hoagwood, K. (1997). The book of names:
DSM-IV in context. Developmental Psychopathology, 9,
  23 l-249.

Jimerson, D. C., Herzog, D. B., & Brotman, A. W. (1993).
Pharmacologic approaches in the treatment of eating
disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1,82-93.
Johnson, D. L., & Breckemidge, J: N. (1982). The Houston
Parent-Child Development Center and the primary
prevention of behavior problems in young children.
American Journal of Community Psychology, 10,
  305-3 16.

Johnston, L. D., O'MaUey, P. M., & Backman, J. G. (1996).
National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring
the Future study, 1975-1995. Vol. I: Secondary school
  students. (NIH Pub. No. 974139). Rockville, MD:
  National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Johnston, C., Pelharn, W. E., Hoza, J., & Sturges, J. (1988).
Psychostimulant rebound in attention deficit disordered
boys. Journal of the American Academy of ChiM and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 27,806-810.
Joshi, P. K., & Rosenberg, L. A. (1997). Children's behavioral
response to residential treatment. Journal of Clinical
  Psychology, 53,567-573.

Kafantaris, V., CampbelI, M., Padron-Gayol, M. V., Small, A.
M., Locascio, J. J., & Rosenberg, C. R. (1992).
Carbamazepine in hospitalized aggressive conduct
disorder children: An open pilot study.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28, 193-199.
Kagan, J. (1984). The nature of the child. New York: Basic
  Books.

Kagan, J. (1989). Unstable ideas: Temperament, cognition
and se& Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kagan, J. (1994). Galen'sprophecy. New York: Basic Books.
Kagan, J. (1995). On attachment. Harvard Review of
Psychiatry, 3,104-106.

Kagan, J., & Gall, S. B. f&Is.). (1998). The Gale encyclopedia
of childhood and adolescence. Detroit: Gale.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological
bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167-171.
Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Arcus, D. (1998). Childhood
derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy. Child
Development, 69, 1483-1493.

Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1982). Epidemiology of
depressive mood in adolescents: An empirical study.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1205-1212.

206


Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Ever&ham, S. S., Hoube,
J., Kilbum, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M., & Chiesa,
J. (1998). Investing in our children: What we know and
don't know about the costs and bene$ts of childhood
interventions. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Kaslow, N. J., & Thompson, M. P. (1998). Applying the
criteria for empirically supported treatments to studies of
psychosocial interventions for child and adolescent
depression. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27,
  146155.

Kaufman, J. (1991). Depressive disorders in maltreated
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 30,257-265.
Kaye, W., Strober, M., Stein, D., & Gendall, K. (1999). New
  directions in treatment research of anorexia and bulimia
nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1285-1292.
Kazdin, A. E., Esveldt-Dawson, K., French, N. H., & Unis, A.
S. (1987a). Effects of parent management training and
problem-solving skills training combined in the treatment
of antisocial child behavior. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26,
  416424.

Kazdin, A. E. (1996). Developing effective treatments for
  children and adolescents. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen
(Eds.), Psychosocial treamtents for child and adolescent
disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical
practice (pp. 9-18). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.

Kazdin, A. E., Esveldt-Dawson, K., French, N. H., & Unis, A.
S. (1987b). Problem-solving skills training and
relationship therapy in the treatment of antisocial child
behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
  55,76-85.

Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., & Crowley, M. (1997). Family
experience of barriers to treatment and premature
termination from child therapy. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 65,453-463.
Kazdin, A. E., Moser, J., Colbus, D., & Bell, R. (1985).
Depressive symptoms among physically abused and
psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Abnormal
  Psychology, 94,298-307.

Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C., & Bass, D. (1990). Drawing on
clinical practice to inform research on child and
adolescent psychotherapy: Survey to practitioners.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21,
  189-198.

Keamey, C. A., & Silverman, W. K. (1998). A critical review
of pharmacotherapy for youth with anxiety disorders:
Things are not as they seem. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 12, 83-102.
Kellam, S. G., & Anthony, J. C. (1998). Targeting early
antecedents to prevent tobacco smoking: Findings froman
epidemiologically based randomized field trial. American
  Journal of Public Health, 88, 1490-1495.

Children and Mental Health

Kemph, J. P., DeVane, C. L., Levin, G. M., Jarecke, R., &
Miller, R. L. (1993). Treatment of aggressive children
with clonidine: Results of an open pilot study. Journal of
the American Academy of ChiZd and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 32,577-58 1.

Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children:
Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100-l 10.
Kendall, P. C., Chansky, T. E., Kane, M. T., Kim, R.,
Kortlander, E., Ronan, K. R., Sessa, F. M., & Siqueland,
L. (1992). Anxiety disorders in youth: Cognitive-
behavioral interventions. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn
  & Bacon.

Kendall, P. C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S.
M., Southam-Gerow, M., Henin, A., & Warman, M.
(1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A
second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 65,366-380.
Kendler, K. S. (1995). Genetic epidemiology in psychiatry.
Taking both genes and environment seriously. Archives of
General Psychiatty, 52.895-899.
Kemberg, P. F. (1994). Psychological interventions for the
  suicidal adolescent. American Journal of Psychotherapy,
  48,52-63.

Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B.,
Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wit&hen, H. U., & Kendler,
K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 1Zmonth prevalence of DSM-
III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results
from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 51,8-19.

Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McKonagle, K. A., Edlund, M.
J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996). The epidemiology
of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders:
Implications for prevention and service utilization.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 17-3 1.
Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (1998). Epidemiology of
DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression
among adolescents and young adults in the National
Comorbidity Survey. Depression and Anxiety, 7,3-14.
Kienhorst, I. C., De Wilde, E. J., Diekstra, R. F., & Wolters,
  W. H. (1995). Adolescents' image of their suicide
attempt. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,623-628.
Kirigin, K. A., Braukmann, C. J., Atwater, J. D., & Wolf, M.
  M. (1982). An evaluation of Teaching-Family
(Achievement Place) group homes for juvenile offenders.
  Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 1-16.
Kiser, L. J., Pruitt, D. B., McColgan, E. B., & Ackerman, B.
  J . ( 1986). A survey of child and adolescent day-treatment
programs: Establishing definitions and standards.
  International Journal of Partial Hospitalization, 3,
  247-59.

207


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Klein, D. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1997a).
Psychosocial characteristics of adolescents with a past
history of dysthymic disorder: Comparison with
adolescents with past histories of major depressive and
non-affective disorders, and never mentally ill controls.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 42, 127-135.
Klein, R. (1991, May). CME syllabus and proceedings
summary, 144th annual meeting of the American
Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, LA.
Klein, R. G., Abikoff, H., Klass, E., Ganeles, D., Seese, L. M.,
& Pollack, S. (1997b). Clinical efficacy of
methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of
  General Psychiatry, 54,1073-1080.
Klein, R. G., Koplewicz, H. S., & Kanner, A. (1992).
Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety
disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 31.21-28.

Klein, R. G., & Mannuzza, S. (1988). Hyperactive boys almost
grown up. III. Methylphenidate effects on ultimate height.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 113 l-l 134.
Knitzer J. (1982). Unclaimed children: The failure of public
responsibility to children and adolescents in need of
mental health services. Washington, DC: Children's
  Defense Fund.

Knitzer, J., Steinberg, Z., & Fleisch, B. (1993). At the
schoolhouse door: An examination of programs and
policies for children with behavioral and emotional
problems. New York: Bank Street College of Education.
Koluchova, J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case
study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13,
  107-l 14.

Kolvin, I., Barrett, M. L., Bhate, S. R., Bemey, T. P.,
Famuyiwa, 0. O., Fundudis, T., & Tyrer, S. (1991). The
Newcastle Child Depression Project. Diagnosis and
classification of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry.
Supplement, 11, 9-2 1.

Koren, P. E., Paulson, R., Kinney, R., Yatchmonoff, D.,
Gordon, L., 8z DeChillo, N. (1997). Service coordination
in children's mental health: An empirical study from the
caregivers perspective. Journal of Emotional and
  Behavioral Disorders, 5,62-172.

Koroloff, N. M., Elliot, D. J., Koren, P. E., & Friesen, B. J.
(1991). Support groups for parents and children with
emotional disorders: A comparison of members and
nonmembers. Community Mental Health Journal, 27,
  265-279.

Koroloff, N. M., Elliot, D. J., Koren, P. E., & Friesen, B. J.
(1996a). Linking low-income families to children's mental
health services: An outcome study. Journal of Emotional
and Behavioral Disorders, 4,2-l 1.
Koroloff, N. M., & Friesen, B. J. (1991). Support groups for
parents of children with emotional disorders: A
comparison of members and non-members. Community
  Mental Health Journal, 27,265-279.

208

Koroloff, N. M., Friesen, B. J., Resilly, L., & Rinkin, J.
(19%b). The role of family members in systems of care.
In B. Stroul (Ed.), Children's mental health: Creating
systems of care in a changing society (pp. -26).
  Baltimore.: Paul H. Brookes.

Kovacs, M. (1985). The children's depression inventory.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21,995-998.
Kovacs, M., Obrosky, D. S., Gastonis, C., & Richards, C.
(1997a). Fit-episode major depressive and dysthymic
disorder in childhood: Clinical and so&demographic
factors in recovery. Journal of American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,777-784.
Kovacs, M., Akiskal, H. S., Gatsonis, C., & Parrone, P. L.
( 1994). Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder. Clinical
features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 51,365-334.
Kovacs, M., Devlin, B., Pollock, M., Richards, C., & Mukerji,
P. (1997b). A controlled family history study of
childhood-onset depressive disorder. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 54,613-623.

Kraemer, H. C., I&din, A. E., Offord, D. R., Kessler, R. C.,
Jensen, P. S., & Kupfer, D. J. (1997). Coming to terms
with the terms of risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54,
  337-343.

Kretzman, J. P., & M&night, J. L. (1993). Building
communities from the inside out: A path towardfinding
and mobilizing a community's assets. Evanston, IL:
Northwestern University, Center for Urban Affairs and
Policy Research, Neighborhood Innovations Network.
Kulik, J. A., Stein, K. B., & Sarbin, T. R. (1968). Dimensions
and patterns of adolescent behavior. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 1134-l 144.
Kumar, R. C. (1997). "Anybody's child,,: Severe disorders of
mother-to-infant bonding. British Journal of Psychiatry,
  171,175-181.

Kutash, K., & Rivera, V. R. (1996). What works in children's
mental health services: Uncovering answers to critical
questions. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Kutcher, S. (1998). Affective disorders in children and
adolescents: A critical clinically relevant review. In B. T.
Walsh (Ed.), Child psychopharmacology (pp. 91-109).
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
  Press.

Lamb, M. E. (1975). The sociability of two-year-olds with
their mothers and fathers. Child Psychiatry and Human
Development, 5, 182-183.

Lambert, E. W., & Guthrie, P. R. (1996). Clinical outcomes of
a children's mental health managed care demonstration.
Journal of Mental Health Administration, 23,51-68.
Landrum, T. J., Singh, N. N., Nemil, M. S., Ellis, C. R., &
  Best, A. M. (1995). Characteristics of children and
adolescents with serious emotional disturbance in systems
of care. Part II: Community based services. Journal of
  Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 3, 141-149.


Langmeyer, D. L. (1997). Cost control and the Fort Bragg
project: Does a continuum of care have to cost more? In
S. A. Pirw (Ed.), Lessons learnedfrom the Fort Bragg
Demonstration (pp. 91-100). Tampa, FL: University of
South Florida, Research and Training Center for
  Children's Mental Health.

Laufer, M. W. (1971). Long-term management and some
follow-up findings on the use of drugs with minimum
cerebral syndromes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4,
  519-522.

Laufer, M., & Denhoff, E. (1957). Hyperkinetic behavior
syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 50'463474.
Lavigne, J. V., Gibbons, R. D., Christoffel, K. K., Arend, R.,
Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H., Dawson, N., Sobel, H., &
  Isaacs, C. (1996). Prevalence rates and cormlates of
psychiatric disorders among preschool children. Journal
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 35'204-214.

Leaf, P. J., Alegria, M., Cohen, P., Goodman, S. H., Horwitz,
  S. M., Hoven, C. W., Narrow, W. E., Vaden-Kieman, M.,
  & Regier, D, A. (1996). Mental health service use in the
community and schools: Results fromthe four-community
MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child
and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  35,889-897.

Leckman, J. F., Peterson, B. S., Pauls, D. L., & Cohen, D. J.
(1997). Tic disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North
  America, 20,83%861.

Lee, M. Y. (1996). A constructivist approach to the help
seeking process of clients: A response to cultural
diversity. Clinical Social Work Journal, 24, 187-202.
Lee, V. E., Brooks-Gtmn, J., Schnur, E., & Liaw, F, R. (1990).
Are Head Start effects sustained? A longitudinal follow-
up comparison of disadvantaged children attending Head
Start, no preschool, and other preschool programs. Child
Development, 61,495-507.

Lenane, M. C., Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H., Pauls, D. L.,
Sceery, W., & Rapoport, J. L. (1990). Psychiatric
disorders in fust degree relatives of children and
adolescents with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Journal
of the Amen'can Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 29,407-412.

Leonard, H. L., Rapoport, J. L., 8r Swedo, S. E. (1997).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In J. M. Weiner (Ed.),
Textbook of child and adolescentpsychiatry (2nd ed., pp.
481-490). Washington, DC: American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press.
Letizia, C., Kapik, B., & Flanders, W. D. (1996). Suicidal risk
during controlled clinical investigations of fluvoxamine.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57,415-421.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., & Andrews, J.
(1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed
adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21,385-401.

Children and Mental Health

Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Rhode, P., Hops, H., h
Seely, J. (1996). A course in coping: A cognitive-
behavioral approach to the treatment of adolescent
depression. In D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.),
Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent
disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical
practice (pp. 109-135). Washington, DC: AmeriCan
Psychological Association.

Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P.
(1994a). Major depression in community adolescents:
Age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 33'809-8 18.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P.,
Gotlib, I. H., & Hops, H. (1994b). Adolescent
psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for
depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103,
  302-315.

hti~ohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., 8r
Franklin, J. (1981). Depression-related cognitions:
Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 90,213-219.

Lewis, W. W. (1988). The role of ecological variables in
  residential treatment. Behavioral Disorders, 13,98-107.
Linehan, M. M., Heard, H. L., & Armstrong, H. E. (1993).
Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for
chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 50.971-974.

Link, B. G., Dohmnwend, B. P., & Skodol, A. E. (1986).
Socioeconomic status and schizophrenia: Noisome
occupational characteristics as a risk factor. American
Sociological Review, 51,242-258.
Linn, J. G., & McGranahan, D. A. (1980). Personal
disruptions, social integration, subjective well-being, and
predisposition toward the use of counseling services.
American Journal of Community Psychology, 8,87- 100.
Locascio, J. J., Malone, R. P., Small, A. M., Kafantaris, V.,
Ernst, M., Lynch, N. S., Overall, J. E., & Campbell, M.
(1991). Factors related to haloperidol response and
dyskinesias in autistic children. Psychopharmacology
  Bulletin, 27, 119-126.

Lochman, J. E. (1992). Cognitive-behavioral intervention with
aggressive boys: Three-year follow-up and preventive
effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
  601426-432.

Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (Eds.). (1998). Serious and
violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful
interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors
as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems
and delinquency. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime
and justice (Vol. 7). Chicago: University of ChiCagO
  Press.

209


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Lonigan, C. J., Elbert, J. C., & Johnson, S. B. (1998).
Empirically supported psychosocial interventions for
children: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child
  Psychology, 27, 138-145.

Lourie, I. S. (1997). Service delivery lessons from the Fort
Bragg project. In S. A. Pires (Ed.), Lessons learnedfrom
the Fort Bragg Demonstration (pp. 23-56). Tampa, FL:
University of South Florida, Research and Training
  Center for Children's Mental Health.
Lourie, I. S., Howe, S. H., & Roebuck, L. L. (1996).
  Systematic approaches to mental health care in the
private sectorfor children, adolescents, and the families.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child
  Development Center, National Technical Assistance
  Center for Child Mental Health.

Lovaas, 0. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal
educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic
children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
  55,3-g.

Luria, A. R. (197 1). Towards the problem of the historical
nature of psychological processes. International Journal
of Psychology, 6,259-272.

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying
infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth
strange situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M.
Cummings @Is.), Attachment during preschool years
(pp. 121-160). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Mann, J. J. (1998j. The neurobiology of suicide. Nature
  Medicine, 4, 25-30.

Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., &
LaPadula, M. (1993). Adult outcome of hyperactive boys.
Educational achievement, occupational rank and
psychiatric stahts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50,
  565-576.

Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., 8z
LaPadula, M. (1998). Adult psychiatric status of
hyperactive boys grown up. American Journal of
  Psychiatry, 155,493498.

March, J. S., Frances, A., Carpenter, D., & Kahn, D. A.
(1997). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The
Expert Consensus Panel for obsessive-compulsive
disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 ,2-72.
Martin, S. L., Ramey, C. T., & Ramey, S. (1990). The
prevention of intellectual impairment in children of
impoverished families: Findings of a randomized trial of
educational day care. American Journal of Public Health,
  80,844-847.

Mattes, J. A., & Gittelman, R. (1981). Effects of artificial food
colorings in children with hyperactive symptoms. A
critical review and results of a controlled study. Archives
  of General Psychiatry, 38,714-718.

Maziade, M., Caperaa, P., Laplante, B., Boudreault, M.,
Thivierge, J., Cote, R., & Boutin, P. (1985). Value of
difficult temperament among seven-year-olds in the
general population for predicting psychiatric diagnosis at
age 12. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142,943-946.
McCabe, K., Yeh, M., Hough, R., Landsverk, J., Hurlburt, M.,
Culver, S., & Reynolds, B. (1998). RaciaUethnic
representation across five public sectors of care for
youth. San Diego, CA: Center for Research on Child and
  Adolescent Mental Health Services.
McCarton, C. M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Wallace, I. F., Bauer, C.
  R., Bennett, F. C., Bembaum, J. C., Broyles, R. S., Casey,
  P. H.. McCormick, M. C., Scott, D. T., Tyson, J.,
  Tonascia, J., & Meinert., C. L. (1997). Results at age 8
years of early intervention for low-birth-weight premature
  infants. The Infant Health and Development Program.
  Journal of the American Medical Association, 277,
  126-132.

McClellan, J., & Werry, J. (in press). Practice parameters for
  the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents
with schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of
  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

McCracken, J. T. (1992a). The epidemiology of child and
  adolescent mood disorders. In D. P. Cantwell & M. P.
Lewis (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of
North America: Mood disorders. Philadelphia: W. B.
  Saunders.

McCracken, J. T. (1992b). Etiologic aspects of child and
  adolescent mood disorders. In D. P. Cantwell & M. Lewis
(Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North
America: Mooddisorders. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders,
McDougle, C. J., Naylor, S. T., Cohen, D. J., Volkmar, F. R.,
Heninger, G. R., & Price, L. H. (1996). A double-blind,
placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with
  autistic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53,
  1001-1008.

McEachin, J. J., Smith, T., & Lovaas, 0. I. (1993). Outcome
in adolescence of autistic children receiving early
intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of
  Menta! Retardation, 97,359-372.

McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., Partridge, F., Silva, P.
A., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large
sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29,6 114 19.
McKay, M. M., Nudehnan, R., McCadam, K., & Gonzales, J.
( 1996). Evaluating a social work engagement approach to
involving inner-city children and their families in mental
  health care. Research on Social Work Practice, 6,
  462472.

McMiller, W. P., & Weisz, J. R. (1996). Help-seeking
preceding mental health clinic intake among African-
American, Latino, and Caucasian youths. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  35. 1086-1094.

210


Children and Mental Health

Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., & Weissman, M. M.
  (1988). Parental concordance for affective disorders:
Psychopathology in offspring. Journal of Affective
  Disorders, 15,279-290.

Merrick, E. (1998). Treatment of major depression before and
after implementation of a behavioral health carve-out
plan. Psychiatric Services, 49, 1563-1567.
Milich, R., & Pelham, W. E. (1986). Effects of sugar ingestion
  on the classroom and playground behavior of attention
deficit disordered boys. Journal of Consulting and
  Clinical Psychology, 54,7 14-7 18.
Miller, H. L., Coombs, D. W., Leeper, J. D., & Barton, S. N.
(1984). An analysis of the effects of suicide prevention
  facilities on suicide rates in the United States. American
  Journal of Public Health, 74,340-343.
Miller, K. E., King, C. A., Shain, B. N., & Naylor, M. W.
  (1992). Suicidal adolescents' perceptions of their family
  environment. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 22,
  226-239.

Millon, T., Green, CJ., & Meagher, Jr., R. B. (1982). Millon
Adolescent Personality Inventory. Minneapolis, MN:
  National Computer Systems.

Mitchell, S. A. (1993). Aggression and the endangered self.
Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 62,35 l-352.
Montgomery, S. A., & Montgomery, D. (1982).
  Pharmacological prevention of suicidal behavior. Journal
  of Affective Disorders, 4, 291-298.
Morgan, A. E., Hynd, G. W., Riccio, C. A., & Hall, J. (1996).
Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive
  and combined types: Relationship to previous DSM
  diagnoses/subtype differences. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,
  325-333.

Moscicki, E. K. (1995). Epidemiology of suicide.
  International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 137-148.
Mrazek, P. (1998). Preventing mental health and substance
abuse problems in managed health care settings.
  Alexandria, VA: National Mental Health Association.
MTA Cooperative Group. (1998, October). A ll-month
  randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for
attention dejicit hyperactivity disorder. Paper presented at
  the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, Anaheim, CA.
Mufson, L., Weissman, M. M., & Warner, V. (1992).
  Depression and anxiety in parents and children: A direct
  interview study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6, 1-13.
Murphy, J. M., Olivier, D. C., Monson, R. R., Sobol, A. M.,
  & Leighton, A. H. (1988). Incidence of depression and
  anxiety: The Stirling County Study. American Journal of
  Public Health, 78, 534-540.

Murray, L., Kempton, C., Woolgar, M., & Hooper, R. (1993).
Depressed mothers' speech to their infants and its relation
to infant gender and cognitive development. Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34, 1083-l 102.

National Association of Psychiatric Treatment Centers for
  Children. (1990). The emerging role of psychiatric
treatment centers for children. Unpublished manuscript.
National Center for Health Statistics. (1998). Leading causes
  of death by race and sex for selected age groups: United
  States 1979-96. Rockville, MD: Author.
National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). United States
  mortality statistics 1989-1996. Rockville, MD: Author.
National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse. ( 1995). Current
  trends in child abuse reporting andfatalities: The results
  of the 1994 annual 50 state survey. Chicago: Author.
National Institute of Mental Health. (1998). Genetics and
  mental disorders: Report of the National Institute of
  Mental Health's genetics Workgroup (NIH Publication
  No. 98-4268). Rockville, MD: Author.
National Institutes of Health gonsensus Statement 110.
  (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit
  hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [On-line]. Available:
  h t t p ://odp. od.nih.govl
  consensus/cons/l 10/l lo-statement.html
National Mental Health Association. (1987). Invisible
  Children Project. Final report and recommendations of
  the Invisible Chifdren Project. Alexandria, VA: Author
National Mental Health Association. (1993). A guide for
  advocates to all system failure. An examination of the
  results of neglecting the needs of children with serious
  emotional disturbance. Alexandria, VA: Author.
National Research Council. (1993). Understanding child
  abuse and neglect. Panel on Research on Child Abuse
  and Neglect, Commission on Behavioral and Social
  Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National
  Academy Press.

Needleman, H. L., Schell, A., Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., &
Allred, E. N. (1990). The long-termeffects of exposure to
  low doses of lead in childhood. An 1 l-year follow-up
report. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 83-88.
Nichols, P. L., & Chen, T. C. (1981). Minimal brain
dysfunction: A prospective study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence
of gender differences in depression during adolescence.
  Psychological Bulletin, 115,424+I3.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L.
(1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of
depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102,
  20-28.

O'Carroll, P. W., & Potter, L. B., (1994). Suicide contagion
and the reporting of suicide: Recommendations from a
national workshop. United States Department of Health
and Human Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 43, 9-17.

Ohring, R., Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., Weizman, R., Tyano, S., &
Plutchik, R. (1996). State and trait anxiety in adolescent
suicide attempters. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatq, 35, 154-157.

211


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Olds, D., Henderson, C. R., Jr., I&man, H., & Cole, R.
(1995). Effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home
  visitation on surveillance of child maltreatment.
  Pediatrics, 9.5,365-372.

Olds, D., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J.,
Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Sidora, K., Morris,
P., & Powers, J. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home
  visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior:
  15 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
  Journal of the American Medical Association, 280,
  1238-1244.

Olds, D., Robinson, J., Song, N., Little, C., & Hill, P. (1999).
Reducing risks for mental disorders during the first Jive
years of life: A review of preventive interventions.
  Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Statistics.
Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Jr., K&man, H.,
Powers, J., Cole, R., Sidora, K., Morris, P., Pet&t, L. M.,
& Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home
  visitation on maternal' life course and child abuse and
neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial.
  Journal of the American Medical Association, 278,
  637-643.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Chamberlin, R., &
Tatelbaum, R. (1986a). Preventing child abuse and
neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation.
  Pediatrics, 78,65-78.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., & Kitzman, H. (1994a).
Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have
enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and
  child health at 25 to 50 months of life? Pediatrics, 93,
  89-98.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Phelps, C., Kitzman, H., &
Hanks, C. (1993). Effect of prenatal and infancy nurse
home visitation on government spending. Medical Care,
  31,155-174.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., & Tatelbaum, R. (1994b).
Prevention of intellectual impairment in children of
women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy.
  Pediatrics, 93,228-233.

Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Tatelbaum, R., &
Chamberlin, R. (1986b). Improving the delivery of
prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized
  trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77, 16-28.
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Tatelbaum, R., &
Chamberlin, R. (1988). Improving the life-course
development of socially disadvantaged mothers: A
  randomized trial of nurse home visitation. American
Journal ofPubk Health, 78, 1436-1445.

Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1998). Empirically supported
treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders:
Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27,
  156-167.

Oswald, D. P., & Coutinho, M. J. (1995). Identification and
placement of students with serious emotional disturbance.
Part I: Correlates of state child-count data. Journal of
  Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 3,224-229.
Otto, R., Greenstein, J. J., Johnson, M. K., & Friedman, R. M.
(1992). Prevalence of mental disorders among youth in
the juvenile justice system In J. 3. Cocozza (Ed.),
Responding to the mental health needs of youth in the
juvenile justice system (pp. 7-48). Seattle, WA: National
Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice
System.

Overholser, J. C., Adams, D. M., Lehnert, K. L., & Brinkman,

D. C. (1995). Self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies
among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,919-928.
Ozonoff, S., & Cathcart, K. (1998). Effectiveness of a home
program intervention for young children with autism
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28,
  25-32.

Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercivefamilyprocess. Eugene, OR:
  Castalia.

Patterson, G. R. (1996). Some characteristics of a
developmental theory for early-onset delinquency. In M.
F. Lenzenweger h J. J. Haugaard (Us.), Frontiers in
developmental psychoZogy (pp. 81-124). New York:
Oxford University Press.

Patterson, G. R., & Dishion, T. J. (1988). Multilevel family
process models: Traits, interactions, and relationships. In
R. Hinde & Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships with
families: Mutual influences (pp. 283-310). Oxford, U.K.:
  Clarendon Press.

Patterson, G. R., Dishion, T. J., & Chamberlain, P. (1993).
Outcomes and methodological issues relating to treatment
of antisocial children. In T. R. Giles (Eds.), Handbook of
effective psychotherapy (pp. 43-88). New York: Plenum
  Press.

Pavuluri, M. N., Luk, S. L., & McGee, R. (1996). Help-
seeking for behavior problems by parents of preschool
children: A community study. Journal of the American
Academy of Chitd and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,
  215-222.

Pecora, P. J., Fraser, M. W., Bennet, R. B., & Haapala, D. A.
( 199 1). Placement rates of children and families served by
intensive family preservation services programs. In M. W.
Fraser, P. J. Pecora, & D. A. Haapala (Eds.), FamiZies in
  crisis: The impact of intensive family preservation
services (pp. 16-28). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
PeIham, W. E. (1993). Pharmacotherapy for children with
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology
  Review, 22, 199-227.

Pelham, W. E., Jr., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich,
R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for
the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31,
  210-218.

212


Children and Mental Health

Pelham, W. E., & Hoza, B. (1996). Intensive treatment: A
summer treatment program for children with ADHD. In
E. Hibbs & H. Jensen (as.), Psychosocial treatment for
child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based
strategies for chnical practice (pp. 3 1 l-340). New York:
American Psychological Association Press.
Pelham, W. E., Schnedler, R. W., Bender, M.E., Miller, J.,
  Nilsson,D., Budrow, M., Ronnei, M.,Paluchowski,C., &
Marks, D. (1988). The combination of behavior therapy
and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperactivity: A
therapy outcome study. In L. Bloomingdale, Attention
deficit disorders (pp. 2948). London: Pergamon.
Pelham, W. E., Jr., Wheeler, T., L?L Chtonis, A. (1998).
Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for
  attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical
  Child Psychology, 27, 190-205.
Perry, R., Campbell, M., Adams, P., Lynch, N., Spencer,.E.
  K., Curren, E. L., & Overall, J. E. (1989). Long-term
  efficacy of haloperidol in autistic children: Continuous
  versus discontinuous drug administration. Journal of the
  American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  28,87-92.

Pfeffer, C. R. (1986). The suicidal child. New York: Guilford
  Press.

Pfeffer, C. R., Normandin, L., & Kakuma, T. (1994). Suicidal
children grow up: Suicidal behavior and psychiatric
disorders among relatives. Journal of the American
Academy of Child ana' Adolescent Psychiatry, 33,
  1087-1097.

Pfeffer, C. R., Martins, P., Mann, J., Sunkenberg, M., Ice, A.,
Damore, J. P., Jr, Gallo, C., Karpenos, I., & Jiang, H.
(1997). Child survivors of suicide: Psychosocial
characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child
a&Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,65-74.
Phillips, D. P., Carstensen, L. L., h Paight, D. J. (1989).
  Effects of mass media news stories on suicide, with new
evidence on the role of story content. In C. R. Pfeffer
  (Ed.), Suicide among youth: Perspectives on risk and
prevention (pp. 101-115). Washington, DC: American
  Psychiatric Press.

Phillips, E. L., Phillips, E. A., Fixsen, D.L., & Wolf, M. M.
(1974). The teaching family handbook. Lawrence, KS:
University of Kansas Printing Service.
Pickrel, S. G., & Henggeler, S. W. (1996). Multisystemic
therapy for adolescent substance abuse and dependence.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
  America, 5,201-211.

pine, D. S. (1997). Childhood anxiety disorders. Current
Opinion in Pediatrics, 9, 329-338.
Pine, D. S., Trautman, P. D., Shaffer, D., Cohen, L., Davies,
M., Stanley, M., & Parsons, B. (1995). Seasonal rhythm
of platelet [3H]imipmmine binding in adolescents who
attempted suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152,
  923-925.

Pires, S.A. (1997). Lessons learned from the Fort Bragg
  demonstration: An overview. In S. A.. Pires (Ed.), Lessons
learnedfrom the Fort Bragg demonstration (pp. l-22).
Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Research and
Training Center for Children's Mental Health.
Piven, J. (1997). The biological basis of autism Current
Opinions in Neurobiology,. 7.708-7 12.
Piven, J., & O'Leary, D. (1997). Neuroimaging in autism. In
B. S. Peterson & M. Lewis (Eds.), Child and adolescent
psychiatric clinics of North America: Neuroimaging (Vol.
6, Chap. 2, pp. 305-324). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Plonk, R. (1986). Development, genetics, and psychology.
  Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Provence, S. (1985). On the efficacy of early intervention
programs. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral
Pediatrics, 6,363-366. "

Puig-Antich, J., Goetz, D., Davies, M., Kaplan, T., Davies, S.,
Ostrow, L., Asnis, L., Twomey, J., Iyengar, S., & Ryan,
N. D. (1989). A controlled family history study of
prepubertal major depressive disorder. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 46,4064 18.

Putallaz, M. (1983). Pmdicting children's sociomettic status
from their behavior. Child Development, 54,1417-1426.
Quinn, K. P., & Epstein, M. H. (1998). Characteristics of
children, youth, and families served by local interagency
systems of care. In M. H. Epstein, K. Kutash. & A.
Duchnowski (Eds.), Outcomes for children and youth
  `with behavioral and emotional disorders and their
families (pp. 81-114). Austin, TX Pro-Ed.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report
depression scale for research in the general population.
Applied Psychological Measurement, I, 385-401.
Raine, A., Brennan, P., Mednick, B., & Mednick S. A.
(19%). High rates of violence, crime, academic problems,
and behavioral problems in males with both early
  neuromotor deficits and unstable family environments.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 53,544-549.
Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Interaction
between birth complications and early maternal rejection
in predisposing individuals to adult violence: Specificity
to serious, early-onset violence. American Journal of
  Psychiatry, 154,1265-1271.

Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., Mednick, S. A., &
Farrington, D. P. (1998). Fearlessness, stimulation-
seeking, and large body size at age 3 years as early
predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 55,745-751.

Ramey, C. T., Bryant, D. M., Wasik, B. H., Sparling, J. J.,
Fendt, K. H., & LaVartge, L. M. (1992). Infant Health
and Development Program for low birth weight,
premature infants: Programelements, family participation,
and child intelligence. Pediatrics, 89,454-465.

213


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Ramey, C. T., & Campbell, F. A. (1984). Preventive education
for high-risk children: Cognitive consequences of the
Carolina Abecedarian Project. American Journal on
Mental Deficiency, 88,5 15-523.
Ramey, C. T., Yeates, K. O., & Short, E. J. (1984). The
plasticity of intellectual development: Insights from
  preventive  intervention. Child Development, 55,
  1913-1925.

Rao, U., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Dahl, R. E., Williamson,
D. E., Kaufman, J., Rao, R., & Nelson, B. (1995).
Unipolar depression in adolescents: Clinical outcome in
adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,546-578.
Rapin, I., & Katzman, R. (1998). Neurobiology of autism.
Annals of Neurology, 43,7-14.

Rapport, M. D., & Denney, C. (1997). Titrating
methylphenidate in  children  with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Is body mass predictive of
clinical response? Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36523-530.
Rauch, S. L., Cpr Savage, C. R. (1997). Neuroimaging and
neuropsychology of the striatum. Bridging basic science
and clinical practice. Psychiatric Clinics of North
  America, 20,741-768.

Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Manderscheid, R.
W., Locke, B. Z., & Goodwin, F. K. (1993). The de facto
U.S. mental and addictive disorders service system.
Epidemiologic Catchment Area prospective l-year
prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of
  General Psychiatry, SO, 85-W.

Rew, L., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1997). An
exploration of help-seeking behaviors in female Hispanic
  adolescents. Family & Community Health, 20, 1-15.
Reynolds, W. M. (1986). Reynolds adolescent depression
  scale. Odessa, TX: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Reynolds, W. M., & Coats, K. I. (1986). A comparison of
cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation training for
  the treatment of depression in adolescents. Journal of
  Consulting ana' Clinical Psychology, 54,653-660.
Rholes, W. S., Blackwell, J., Jordan, C., & Walters, C. (1980).
A developmental study of learned helplessness.
  Developmental Psychology, 16,616-624.

Richters, J. E., Arnold, L. E., Jensen, P. S., Abikoff, H.,
  Conners, C. K., Greenhill, L. L., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw,
  S. P., Pelham, W. E., & Swanson, J. M. (1995). NIMH
collaborative multisite multimodal treatment study of
children with ADHD: I. Background and rationale.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,987-1000.

Riddle, M. A., Nelson, J. C., Kleinman, C. S., Rasmusson, A.,
Leckman, J. F., King, R. A., & Cohen, D. J. (1991).
Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin: A review
of three reported cases and commentary. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  30, 104-108.

Riddle, M. A., S&ill, L., King, R. A., Hardin, M. T.,
  Anderson, G. M., Ort, S. I., Smith, J. C., Leckman, J. F.,
& Cohen, D. J. (1992). Double-blind, crossover trial of
fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31,
  1062-1069.
Riddle, M. A., Subramam `am, G., & Walkup, J. T. (1998).
Efficacy of psychiatric medications in children and
  adolescents: A review of controlled studies. Psychiattic
  Clinics of North America: Annual of Drug Therapy, 5,
  269-285.

Rifkin, A., Doddi, S., Dicker, R., Karajgi, B., & Perl, E.
(1989, May). Lithium in adolescence with conduct
disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
New Drug Clinical Evaluation Unit, Key Biscayne, FL.
Rihmer, Z., Rutz, W., & Pihlgren, H. (1995). Depression and
  suicide on Gotland. An intensive study of all suicides
before and after a depression-training programme for
general practitioners. Journal of Affective Disorders, 35,
  147-152.

Roberts, R. E., Attkisson, C. C., & Rosenblatt, A. (1998).
Prevalence of psychopathology among children and
adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155,
715-725.

Robson, K. M., & Kumar, R. (1980). Delayed onset of
  maternal affection after childbirth. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 136, 347-353.

Rogers, S. J. (1998). Empirically supported comprehensive
treatments for young children with autism. Journal of
  Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 168-179.
Roose, A. I. (1987). Treatment outcomes in an adolescent
  residential  treatment center. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Texas, Health Science Center,
  Dallas, TX.

Rorsman, B., Grasbeck, A., Hagnell, O., Lanke, J., Ohman, R.,
Ojesjo, L., & Otterheck, L. (1990). A prospective study of
first-incidence depression. The Lundby Study, 1957-72.
  British Journal of Psychiatry, 156,336-342.
Rosado, J. W., 8z Elias, N. J. (1993). Ecological and psycho-
cultural mediators in the delivery of services for urban,
culturally diverse Hispanic clients. Professional
  Psychology: Research and Practice, 24,450-459.
Rosenblatt, A. (1998). Assessing the child and family
  outcomes of systems of care for youth with serious
emotional disturbance. In M. H. Epstein, K. Kutash, & A.
  Duchnowski (Eds.), Outcomes for.children and youth
  with behavioral ana' emotional disorders and their
families (pp. 329-362). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1982). Hyperactivity: Current
  issues, research, and theory. New York: Wiley.
Rote&erg, J. H. (1982). Development of character constancy
  of self and others. Child Development, 53,505-5 15.

214


Children and Mental Health

Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Piacentini, J., Miller, S., Graae, F., &
Castro-Blanco, D. (1994). Brief cognitive-behavioral
treatment for adolescent suicide attempters and their
families. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 33,508-517.
Rubenstein, J. S., Armentrout, J. A., Levin, S., & Herald, D.
(1978). The parent-therapist program: Alternate care for
emotionally disturbed children. American Journal of
  Orthopsychiatry, 48,654-662.
Ruiz, P. (1993). Access to, health care for uninsured
Hispanics: Policy recommendations. Hospital and
  Community Psychiatry, 44,958-962.
Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to
  stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf
  (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Social
competence in children (pp. 49-74). Hanover, NH:
University Press of New England.
Rutter, M. (1995). Clinical implications of attachment
  concepts: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Child
  Psychology and Psychiatry, 36,549-57 1.
Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1984). Juvenile delinquency: Trends
  and perspectives. New York Penguin.
Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1977). Psychiatric disorders:
  Ecological factors and concepts of causation. In H.
  McGurk (Ed.), Ecologicalfactors in human development
  (pp. 173-l 87). Amsterdam, Holland: North-Holland.
Rutter, M., & Sandberg, S. (1992). Psychosocial stressors:
  Concepts, causes and effects. European Child and
  Adolescent Psychiatry, I, 3-13.
Rutter, M., Silberg, J., O'Connor, T., & Simonoff, E. (1999).
  Genetics and child psychiatry: I. Advances in quantitative
  and molecular genetics. Journal of Child Psychology and
  Psychiatry, 40, 3-18.

Rutter, M. L. (1986). Child psychiatry: The interface between
clinical and developmental research. Psychological
  Medicine, 16, 151-169.

Ryan, N. D., Bhatara, V. S., & Perel, J. M. (1999). Mood
stabilizers in children and adolescents. Journal of
American Academy of Child ana' Adolescent Psychiatry,
  38,529-536.

Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H.,
Robinson, D., Nelson, B., Iyengar, S., & Twomey, J.
(1987). The clinical picture of major depression in
children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry,
  44,854-861.

Ryan, N. D., & Varma, D. (1998). Child and adolescent mood
disorders-experience with serotonin-based therapies.
Biological Psychiatry, 44,336-340.
Sabbath, J. C. (1969). The suicidal adolescent--the
expendable child. Journal of the American Academy of
  Child Psychiatry, 8,272-289.

Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Hammer, M., & Rosario, M.
(1993). The effects of physical abuse on children's social
relationships. Child Development, 64, 169-l 87.

Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making:
Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Sanchez, L. E., Campbell, M., Small, A. M., Cueva, J. E.,
Armenteros, J. L., & Adams, P. B. (1996). A pilot study
of clomipramine in young autistic children. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatll;,
  35,537-544.

Santarcangelo, S., Bruns, E. J., & Yoe, J. T. (1998). New
directions: evaluating Vermont's statewide model of
individualized care. In M. H. Epstein, K. Kutash, & A.
DUC~IIOWS~~ @Ids.), Outcomes for children and youth
  with behavioral ana! emotional disorders and their
families (pp. 117-140). Ais%, TX: Pro-Ed.
Santisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines,
W. M., Murray, E. J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy
of intervention for engaging youth and families into
  treatment and some variables that may contribute to
  differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology,
  10,354.

Saunders, S. M. (1996). Applicants' experience of social
support in the process of seeking psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy, 33,617427.

Saxe, L., & Cross, T. P. (1997). Interpreting the Fort Bragg
children's Mental Health Demonstration Project. The cup
is half full. American Psychologist, 52,553-556.
Schorr, L. B. (1988). Within our reach: Breaking the cycle of
disadvantage. New York Doubleday.
Schweitzer, R., & Dubey, D. R. (1994). Scattered-site crisis
beds: An alternative to hospitalization for children and
adolescents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45,
  351-354.

Se&rest, L., & Walsh, M. (1997). Dogma or data: Bragging
rights. American Psychologist, 52,536-540.
Seitz, V., Rosenbaum, L. K., & Apfel, N. H. (1985). Effects of
family support intervention: A ten-year follow-up. Child
Development, 56,376391.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) Helplessness: On depression,
development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
Shadish, W. R., Montgomery, L. M., Wilson, P., Wilson. M.
R., Bright, I., & Okwumabua, T. (1993). Effects of family
and marital psychotherapies: A meta-analysis. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61,992-1002.
Shaffer, D., &Craft, L., (1999). Methods of adolescent suicide
prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (SUP@. 2).
  70-74.

Shaffer, D., & Fisher, P. W. (1998). Diagnostic Interview
Schedule for Children (DISC) Depression Scale (ages 11
and over). New York: Columbia University/New York
State Psychiatric Institute. Unpublished manuscript,
Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric
  Institute.

215


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M. K., Davies, M., Piacentini,
J., Schwab-Stone, M. E., Labey, B. B., Bourdon, K.,
Jensen, P. S., Bird, H. R., Canino, G., & Regier, D. A.
(1996a). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for
Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description,
acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the
MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child
and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  35.865-877.

Shaffer. D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M., Davies, M., Piacentini, J.,
  Schwab-Stone, M., Lahey, B., Bourdon, K., Jensen, P.,
  Bird, H., & Canino, G. R. D. (1996b). The second version
  of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children
(DISC-2). Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,865-877.
Shaffer, D., Garland, A., ,& Bacon, K. (1989). Prevention
issues in youth suicide. In D. Shaffer, I. Philips, & N.
  Enzer (Eds.), Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol and
  drug abuse in children and adolescents. (OSAP
  Prevention Monograph 2, pp. 373-412). Rockville, MD:
  Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration.
Shaffer, D., Garland, A., Fisher, P., Bacon, K., & Vieland, V.
  (1990a). Suicide crisis centers: A critical appraisal with
  special reference to the prevention of youth suicide. In F.
  E. Goldston, C. M. Heinecke, R. S. Pynoos, & J. Yager
  (Eds.), Preventing mental health disturbance in childhood
  (pp. 135-166). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
  Press.

Shaffer, D., Garland, A., Vieland, V., Underwood? M., &
Busner, C. (1991). The impact of curriculum-based
suicide prevention programs for teenagers. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  30,588-596.

Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Fisher, P., Trautment, P., Moreau,
D., Kleinman, M., & Flory, M. (19961~). Psychiatric
diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Archives of
  General Psychiatry, 53, 339-348.
Shaffer, D., Vieland, V., Garland, A., Rojas, M., Underwood,
M., & Busner, C. (1990b). Adolescent suicide attempters.
  Response to suicide-prevention programs. Journal of the
  American Medical Association, 264.3 15 l-3 155.
Shaffer, D., Craft, L. (1999). Methods of adolescent suicide
prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, ciO,(Suppl. 2),
  70-74.

Shafii, M., Carrigan, S., Whittinghill, J. R., & Derrick, A.
(1985). Psychological autopsy of completed suicide in
children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry,
  142, 1061-1064.

Sheridan, A., & Moore, L. M. (1991). Running groups for
parents with schizophrenic adoiescents: Initial experiences
and plans for the future. Journal of Adolescence, 14,
  1-16.

Singh, N. N., Landrum, T. J., Donatelli, L. S., Hampton, C., &
  Ellis, C. R. (1994). Characteristics of children and
adolescents with serious emotional disturbance in systems
of care. Part I: Partial hospitalization and inpatient
psychiatric services.  Journal of Emotional and
  Behavioral Disorders, 2, 13-20.
Smalley, S. L., Bailey, J. N., Palmer, C. G., CantwelI, D. P.,
McGough, J. J., Del'Homme, M. A., Asarnow, J. R.,
Woodward, J. A., Ramsey, C., & Nelson, S. F. (1998).
Evidence that the dopamine D4 receptor is a susceptibility
gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular
  Psychiatry, 3,427-430.

Smetana, J. G., & Kelly, M. (1989). Social cognition in
  maltreated children. In D. Cichetti & V. Carlson @Is.),
Child maltreatment: Theory and research on causes and
consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 620-646).
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., &
Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the
Children's Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal
  Child Psychology, 14,25-39.

216

Snidman, N., Kagan, J., Rio&n, L., & Shannon, D. C.
(1995). Cardiac function and behavioral reactivity during
infancy. Psychophysiology, 32, 199-207.
Snowden, L. R., & Hu, T. W. (1997). Ethnic differences in
mental health services among the severely mentally ill.
Journal of Community Psychology, 25.235-247.
Spaccarelli, S., Cotler, S., & Penman, D. (1992). Problem-
solving skills training as a supplement to behavioral
parent training. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27,
  171-186.

Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Harding, M.,
O'Donnell, D., & Griffin, S. (1996). Pharmacotherapy of
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life
cycle. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,409432.
Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Ablon,
J. S., & Lapey, K. (1995). A double-blind, crossover
comparison of metbylphenidate and placebo in adults with
childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 52,4344%3.
Spirito, A. (1997). Individual therapy techniques with
  adolescent suicide attempters. Crisis, 18, 62-64.
Spirito, A., Overholser, J., Ashworth, S., Morgan, J., &
  Benedict-Drew, C. (1988). Evaluation of a suicide
  awareness curriculum for high school students. Journal of
  the American Academy of Chikf and Adolescent
  Psychiatry, 27,705-7 11.

Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of
developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55,
  17-29.

Shulman, D. A., & Athey, M. (1993). Youth emergency
services: Total community effort, a multisystem approach.
Child Welfare, 72, 171-179.


Children and Mental Health

St. Lawrence, J. S., Brasfield, T. L., Jefferson, K. W., Alleyne,
E., O'Bannon, R. E., III. & Shirley, A. (1995). Cognitive-
  behavioral intervention to reduce African American
adolescents' risk for HIV infection. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 63,221-237.
Stanton, M. D., & Shadish, W. R. (1997). Outcome, attrition
and family/couples treatment for drug abuse: A meta-
analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies.
Psychological Bulletin, 122, 170-l 9 1.
Stark K. D., Reynolds, W. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (1987). A
comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control therapy
and a behavioral problem-solving therapy for depression
  in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15,
  91-l 13.

Stark, K. D., Rouse, L., & Livingston, R. (1991). Treatment of
depression during childhood and adolescence: Cognitive-
behavioral procedures for the individual and family. In P.
Kenall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy (pp.
  165-206). New York Guilford Press.
Steiner, H., & Lock, J. (1998). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
nervosa in children and adolescents: A review of the past
10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 37.352-359
Stratton, K., Howe, C., 8z Battaglia, F. C. (Ms.). (1996). Fetal
alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention,
  and treatment. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.
Strauss, A. A., & Lehtinen, L. E. (1947). Psychopathology and
  education of the brain-injured child. New York: Gnme &
  Stratton.

Strober, M., DeAntonio, M., Schmidt-Lackner, S., Pataki, C.,
Freeman, R., Rigali, J., & Rao, U. (1999). The
pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescents: An
open-label comparison of fluoxetine with imipramine-
treated historical controls. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
  60, 164-169.

Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S., & Morrell, W. (1993).
The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I.
Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of
psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  32,34-42.

Stroker, M., Morrell, W ., Lampert, C., &Burroughs, J. (1990).
Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance
therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: A naturalistic
study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147,457-461.
Strober, M., Schmidt-Lackner, S., Freeman, R., Bower, S.,
Lampert, C., & DeAntonio, M. (1995). Recovery and
relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: A

five-year naturalistic, prospective followup. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
34,724731.

Stroul, B. A. (1988). Series on community-based services for
children and adolescents who are severely emotionally
disturbed, Vol. I: Home-based services. Washington, DC:
CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown
University child Development Center.
Stroul, B. A. (Ed.). (1993a). Children's mental health:
Creating systems of care in a changing society.
  Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

Stroul, B. A. (1993b). Systems of care for children and
  adolescents with severe emotional disturbances: What are
the results? Washington, I DC: CASSP Technical
  Assistance Center,  Georgetown University Child
Development Center.

Stroul, B. A., & Friedman, R. M. (1986). A system of care for
seriously emotionally disturbed children and youth.
Washington, DC: CASSP Technical Assistance Center,
Georgetown University Child Development Center.
Stroul, B. A., & Friedman, R. M. (1988). Caring for severely
emotionally disturbed children and youth. Principles for
a system of cam. Child Today 17, 11-15.
Stroul, B. A, & Friedman, R. M. (1996). A system of care for
  children and adolescents with severe emotional
disturbance (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: National
  Technical Assistance Center for Child Mental Health,
Georgetown University Child Development Center.
Stroui, B. A., Pires, S. A., & Armstrong, M. A. (1998). Health
  care reform tracking project: Tracking state managed
  care reforms as they affect children and adolescents with
  behavioral disorders and their families-1997 impact
  analysis. Tampa, FL: University of Florida, Florida
  Mental Health Institute, Louis de la Parte Research and
  Training Center for Children's Mental Health.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  (1993). Final notice establishing definitions for (1)
  children with a serious emotional disturbance, and (2)
  adults with a serious mental illness. Federal Register, 58,
  29422-29425.

Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L. T., Takeuchi, D. T., & Zane, N.
W. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic
minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness
hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 59,533-540.

Sullivan, P. F. (1995). Mortality in anorexia nervosa.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1073-1074.
Swanson, J. M., Flokhart, D., Udrea D., & Cantwell, D.
(1995a). Clonidine in the treatment of ADHD: Questions
about safety and efficacy. Journal of Child and
Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 5,3Ol-304.
Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Christian, D. L., & Wigal, T.
  (1995b). Stimulant medications and treatment of children
  with ADHD. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17,
  265-3

217


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Wigal, T., & Pfiffner, L. J.
  (1993). Effect of stimulant medication on children with
  attention-deficit disorder: A review of "reviews."
Exceptional Children, 60, 154-161.
Swanson, J., Posner, M. I., Cantwell, D., Wigal, S., Crinella,
F., Filipek, P., Emerson, J., Tucker, D., & Nalcioglu, 0.
(1998). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Symptom
  domains, cognitive processes, and neural networks. In R.
  Parasuranam (Ed.), llte arrenrive brain (pp. 445460).
  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Swedo, S. E., Pleeter, J. D., Richter; D. M., Hoffman, C. L.,
Allen, A. J., Hamburger, S. D., Turner, E. H., Yamada, E.
  M., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1995). Rates of seasonal
  affective disorder in children and adolescents. American
Journal ofPsychiatry, 152, 1016-1019.
Szapocznik J., & Kurtine, W. M. (1993). Family psychology
and cultural diversity: Opportunities for theory, research
  and application. American Psychologist, #8,400407.
Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Brickman, A. L., Foote, F. H.,
  Santisteban, D., Hervis, O., & Kurtines, W. M. (1988).
  Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in
treatment: A strategic structural systems approach.
  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56,
  552-557.

Takeuchi, D. T., Bui, K. V., & Kim, L. (1993). The referral of
minority adolescents to community mental health centers.
  Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 153-164.
Takeuchi, D. T., Sue, S., & Yeh, M. (1995). Return rates and
outcomes from ethnicity-specific mental health programs
in Los Angeles. American Journal of Public Health, 85,
  638-643.

Taylor, E. (1994). Syndromes of attention deficit and
overactivity. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor, & L. Hersov (Eds.),
Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modem approaches
(3rd ed., pp. 285-307). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
  Publications.

Thies-Flechtner, K., Muller-Oerlinghausen, B., Seibert, W.,
Walther, A., & Greil, W. (1996). Effect of prophylactic
treatment on suicide risk in patients with major affective
disorders. Data from a randomized prospective trial.
  Pharmacopsychiatry, 29,103-107.
Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and
  development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. (1968). Temperament and
  behavior disorders in children. New York: New York
  University Press.

Thomas, C. R., & Holzer, C. E., III. (1999). National
distribution of child and adolescent psychiatrists. Journul
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 38,9-15.

Thompson, L., Lobb, C., Elling, R., Herman, S.,
Jurkidwewicz, T.; & Helluza, C. (1997). Pathways to
family empowerment: Effects of family-centered delivery
of early intervention services. Exceptional Children, 64,
  99-l 13.

Thompson, R. A., Connell, J. P., & Bridges, L. J. (1988).
Temperament, emotion, and social interactive behavior in
the strange situation: A component process analysis of
attachment system functioning. Child Development, 59,
  1102-1110.

Tisher, M., & Lang, M. (1983). The Children's Depression
Scale: Review and further developments. In D. P.
Cantwell & G. A. Garlson (Eds.), Afictive disorders in
childhood and adolescence: An update (pp. 181-202).
New York: Spectrum Publications.
Todd, R. D., Neuman, R., Geller, B., Fox, L. W., & Hickok, J.
(1993). Genetic studies of affective disorders: Should we
be starting with childhood onset probands? Journal ofthe
American Academy of ChiM and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  32, 1164-l 171.

Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Patterns of relatedness,
depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in
maltreated children. Journal of Consulting und Clinical
Psychology, 64, 32-41.

U.S. Department of Education. (1997). To ussure the free
appropriate public education of all children with
disabilities. Nineteenth Annual Report to Congress on the
Implementation of the Individuals With Disabilities
Education Act. Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. (1986). Children's
  mental health: Problems and service-a background
paper. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
  Office.

van IJzendoom, M. H., Goldberg, S., Kroonenberg, P. M., &
Frenkel, 0. J. (1992). The relative effects of maternal and
child problems on the quality of attachment: A meta-
analysis of attachment in clinical samples. Child
Development, 63, 840-858.

van IJzendoom, M. H., Juffer, F., & Duyvesteyn, M. G.
(1995). Breaking the intergenerational cycle of insecure
  attachment: A review of the effects of attachment-based
interventions on maternal sensitivity and infant security.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36,
  225-248.

Varanka, T. M., Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B., & Fristad, M. A.
(1988). Lithium treatment of manic episodes with
psychotic features in prepubertal children. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 145,1557-1559.
Velez, C. N., Johnson, J., & Cohen, P. (1989). A longitudinal
analysis of selected risk factors for childhood
psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of
  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28,861-864.
Velting, D. M., & Gould, M. S. (1997). Suicide contagion. In
  R. W. Maris & M. M. Silverman (Eds.), Review of
suicidology (pp. 96-137). New York: Guilford Press.
Verkes, R. J., Van der Mast, R. C., Hengeveld, M. W., Tuyl,
  J. P., Zwinderman, A. H., & Van Kempen, G. M. (1998).
  Reduction by paroxetine of suicidal behavior in patients
  with repeated suicide attempts but not major depression.
  American Joutnul of Psychiatry, 154, 543-547.

218


Children and Mental Health

Viale-Val, G., Rosenthal, R. H., Curtiss, G., & MEUO~, R. C.
( 1984). Dropout from adolescent psychotherapy: A
prelimin~ study. Journal of the American Academy of
Child Psychiatry, 23,562-568.
Vieland, V., Whittle, B., Garland, A., Hicks, R., & Shaffer, D.
(1991). The impact of curriculum-based suicide
prevention programs for teenagers: An 18-month follow-
up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 30,811-815.
Vincent, J., Varley, C. K., & Leger, P. (1990). Effects of
methylphenidate on early adolescent growth. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 147,501-502.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge,
  MA: MIT Press.

Wagner, B. M. (1997). Family risk factors for child and
adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121,
  246-298.

Wagner, K. D., Birmaher, B., Carlson, G., Clarke, G., Emslie,
G., Geller, B., Keller, M. R., Mein Kutcher, S.,
Paptheodorou, G., Ryan, N., Strober, M., & Weller, E.
(1998, June 10-13). Safety ofparoxetine and imipramine
in the treatment of adolescent depression. Poster
presented at the 38th annual meeting of the National
  Institute of Mental Health, New Clinical D Evaluation
  Unit, Boca Raton, FL.

Waldman, I. D., Rowe, D. C., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S. T.,
  Mohr, J. H., Sherman, S. L., Cleveland, H. H., Sanders,
M. L., Gard, J. M., & Stever, C. (1998). Association and
linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-
deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: Heterogeneity
owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. American
Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1767-1776.
Wallace, J. D., Calhoun, A. D., Powell, K. E., O'Neil, J., &
  James, S. P. (1996). Homicide and suicide among Native
Americans, 1979-l 992 (Violence Surveillance Series,
  No. 2). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and
  Control.

Walsh, B. T., Giardina, E. G., Sloan, R. P., Greenhill, L., &
Goldfein, J. (1994). Effects of desipramine on autonomic
control of the heart. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 191-197.

Warner, V., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (1995).
Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety:
Mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. Journul of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
  34,786-797.

Waslick, B., & Greenhill, L. (1997). Attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In 3. M. Weiner (Ed.),
Textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry (2nd ed., pp.
389-4 10). Washington, DC: American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press.

Webster-Stratton, C. (1998). Preventing,conduct problems in
  Head Start children:  Strengthening parenting
competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 66,7 15-730.

Weikart, D. P. (1998). Changing early childhood development
through educational intervention. Preventive Medicine,
27,233-237.
Weinberg, N. Z., Rahdert, E., Colliver, J. D., & Glantz, M. D.
(1998). Adolescent substance abuse: A review of the past
10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 37,252-26 1.
Weiner, J. M. (1997). Oppositional defiant disorder. In J. M.
Weiner (Ed.), Textbookofchildandadolescentpsychiatry
(2nd ed., pp. 459463). .Washington, DC: American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American
  Psychiatric Press.

Weinstein, L. (1974). Evaluation of a program for re-
educating disturbed children: A follow-up comparison
with untreated children. Washington, DC: Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Bureau for the Education
of the Handicapped.

Weissbourd, B., & Kagan, S. L. (1989). Family support
programs: Catalysts for change. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 59,2O-3 1.

Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences
and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General
  Psychiatry, 34,98-l 11.

Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., Moreau,
D., & Olfson, M. (1997). Offspring of depressed parents.
10 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54,
  932-940.

Weissman, M. M., Wolk, S., Goldstein, R. B., Moreau, D.,
Adams, P., Greenwald, S., Klier, C. M., Ryan, M. D.,
Dahl, R. E., & Wickramaratne, P. (1999). Depressed
adolescents grown up. Journal of the American Medical
  Association, 281, 1707-1713.

Weisz, J. R., Han, S. S., & Valeti, S. M. (1997). More of
what? Issues raised by the Fort Bragg Study. American
Psychologist, 52.541-545.

Weisz, J. R., Huey, S. J., & Weersing, V. R. (1998).
Psychotherapy outcome research with children and
adolescents. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 20,
  49-9 1.

Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1991). Studying the "referability"
of child clinical problems. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 59,266-273.

Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1993). Eficts ofpsychotherapy
with children andadolescents. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Alicke, M. D., & KIotz, M. L. (1987).
Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and
adolescents: A meta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55,542-549.

219


Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Granger, D. A., & Morton,
T. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy with children and
adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment
outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, I 17,450468.
Weller, E. B., Cook, S. C., Hendren, R. L., & Woolston, J. L.
(1995). On the use of mental health services by minors:
Repot? to the American Psychiatric Association Task
Force to Study the Use of Psychiatric Hospitalization of
Minors: A review of statistical data on the use of mental
health services by minors. Washington, DC: American
  Psychiatric Association.

Wells, K. (199 1). Placement of emotionally disturbed children
in residential treatment: A review of placement criteria.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 339-347.
Wender, P. (1971). Minimal brain dysfunction in children.
New York Wiley-Liss.

Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds:
High risk children from birth to adulthood. New York:
  Cornell University Press.

Wemicke, J. F., Sayler, M. E., Koke, S. C., Pearson, D. K., &
Tollefson, G. D. (1997). FIuoxetine and concomitant
centrally acting medication use during clinical trials of
depression: The absence of an effect related to agitation
and suicidal behavior. Depression and Anxiety, 6,3 l-39.
Whitaker, A. H., Van Rossem, R., Feldman, J. F., Schonfeld,
  I. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., Tore, C., Shaffer, D., & Paneth,
N. (1997). Psychiatric outcomes in low-birth-weight
children at age 6 years: Relation to neonatal cranial
ultrasound abnormalities. Archives of General Psychiatry,
  54,847-856.

Wickramaratne, P. J., & Weissman, M. M. (1998). Onset of
psychopathology in offspring by developmental phase and
parental depression. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37,933-942.
Will, M. (1998). Family support: Perspectives on the
provision of family support services. Focal Point, 2-3,
  l-2.

Williams, P. G., & Hersh, J. H. (1997). A male with fetal
valproate syndrome and autism. Developmental Medicine
and Child Neurology, 39,632-634.
Williamson, D. E., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Dahl, R. E.,
Kaufman, J., Rao, U., & Puig-Antich, J. (1995). A case-
control family history study of depression in adolescents.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1596-1607.

Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city,
the underclass, andpublicpolicy. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.

Winsberg, B. G., Bialer, I., Kupietz, S., Botti, E., & Balka, E.
B. (1980). Home vs hospital care of children with
behavior disorders. A controlled investigation. Archives
of General Psychiatry 37,413418.
Wolraich, M. L., Hannah, J. N., Pinnock, T. Y., Baumgaertel,

A., & Brown, J. (1996). Comparison of diagnostic criteria
for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-
wide sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,3 19-324.
Wolraich, M. L., Lindgren, S., Stromquist, A., Milich, R.,
Davis, C., &Watson, D. (1990). Stimulant medication use
by primary care physicians in the treatment of attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pgdiutrics, 86,95-101.
Woodward, A. M., Dwinell, A. D., & Arons, B. S. (1992).
Barriers to mental health care for Hispanic Americans: A
literature review and discussion. Journal of Mental Health
  Administration, 19, 224-236.

Yatchmenoff, D. K., Koren, P. E., Friesen, B. J., Gordon, L.
J., & Kinney, R. F. (1998). Enrichment and stress in
families caring for a child with a serious emotional
disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7,
  129-145.

Yeh, M., Takeuchi, D. T., & Sue, S. (1994). Asian American
children treated in the mental health system. Journal of
  Clinical Child Psychology, 23,5-12.
Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood
programs on social outcomes and delinquency. Future
  Child, 5,5 l-75.

Zahn-Waxler, C., Iannotti, R., Cummings, E. M., & Denham,
S. (1990). Antecedents of problem behaviors in children
  of depressed  mothers.  Development and
Psychopathology, 2, 27 l-29 1.

Zigler, E. F., & Styfco, S. J. (1993). Head Start and beyond:
A nationalplanfor extendedchildhood intervention. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Zilbovicius, M., Garreau, B., Samson, Y., Remy, P.,
Barthelemy, C., Syrota, A., & Lelord, G. (1995). Delayed
  maturation of the frontal cortex in childhood autism.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 152,248-252.
Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A self-rating depression scale.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 12,63-70.

220


          CHAPTER 4
ADULTS AND MENTAL HEALTH

Contents

Chapter Overview  .............................................................. 225
  Mental Health in Adulthood  ................................................... 227
   PersonalityTraits  ......................................................... 227
      Self-Esteem  ......................................................... 228
      Neuroticism  ......................................................... 229

       Avoidance  .......................................................... 229
     Impulsivity  .......................................................... 229
     Sociopathy  .......................................................... 229
  Stressful Life Events ......................................................... 230
    Past Trauma and Child Sexual Abuse  ........................................ 23 1
    DomesticViolence...........: ........................................... 231
    Interventions for Stressful Life Events ........................................ 232
  Prevention of Mental Disorders  ................................................ 233

Anxiety Disorders  .............................................................. 233
Types of Anxiety Disorders  ................................................... 233
    Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder  ........................................... 233
   Agoraphobia ............................................................ 234
   SpecificPhobias   ........................................................ 235

    SocialPhobia  ........................................................... 235
   Generalized Anxiety Disorder   ............................................. 235
   Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder   ........................................... 236
    Acute and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders .................................... 237
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders  ................................................. 237
   Acute Stress Response  .................................................... 238
   New Views About the Anatomical and Biochemical Basis of Anxiety ............... 239

    Neurotransmitter Alterations  ............................................... 240
   Psychological Views of Anxiety  ............................................ 240


Contents, continued

Treatment of Anxiety Disorders  ................................................ 241
CounselingandPsychotherapy .............................................. 241
Pharmacotherapy  ........................................................ 242
   Benzodiazepines ...................................................... 242
   Antidepressants  ................................................... o .. 242
   Buspirone  ........................................................... 243
Combinations of Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy  ........................... 243

MoodDisorders  ................................................................ 244
Complications and Comorbidities ............................................... 244
   Clinical Depression Versus Normal Sadness  ................................... 245
Assessment: Diagnosis and Syndrome Severity  .................................... 245
   Major Depressive Disorder ................................................. 246
   Dysthymia .............................................................. 246
   BipolarDisorder.. ....................................................... 246
   Cyclothymia  ............................................................ 251
   DifferentialDiagnosis ..................................................... 251
Etiology of Mood Disorders  ................................................... 25 1
   Biologic Factors in Depression .... .: ........................................ 251
   MonoamineHypothesis  ................................................... 252
   Evolving Views of Depression  .............................................. 252
   Anxiety and Depression  ................................................... 253
   Psychosocial and Genetic Factors in Depression  ................................ 254

    Stressful Life Events ...................................................... 254
   CognitiveFactors  ........................................................ 254
   Temperament and Personality  .............................................. 255

     Gender ................................................................. 255
   Genetic Factors in Depression and Bipolar Disorder ............................. 256

  TreatmentofMoodDisorders .................................................. 257
   StagesofTherapy  ........................................................ 257
     AcutePhaseTherapy  .................................................. 257
     Continuation Phase Therapy  ............................................ 261
     Maintenance Phase Therapies  ........................................... 26 1
  Specific Treatments for Episodes of Depression and Mania  .......................... 261


Contents, contjnued

Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes  ..................................... 262
Pharmacotherapies .................................................... 262
Alternate Pharmacotherapies ............................................. 263
Augmentation Strategies  ................................................ 265
Psychotherapy and Counseling .................................... . ..... 265
BipolarDepression  ............. . ..................................... 265
Pharmacotherapy, Psychosocial Therapy, and Multimodal Therapy   ............ 266
Preventing Relapse of Major Depressive Episodes ........................... 267
Treatment of Mania  ...................................................... 267
  AcutePhaseEfficacy .................................................. 267
Maintenance Treatment to Prevent Recurrences of Mania  ..................... 268
Service Delivery for Mood Disorders  ........................................ 269

Schizophrenia  ................................................................. 269

  Overview .................................................................. 269
   Cognitive Dysfunction   ................................................... 272
   FunctionalImpairment  ................................................... 272

    CulturalVariation  .......... . ............................................ 272

    Prevalence  ............................................................. 273
     Prevalence of Comorbid Medical Illness ................................... 273
CourseandRecovery  ........................................................ 274
   GenderandAgeatOnset  .................................................. 275
EtiologyofSchizophrenia  .................................................... 276

  Interventions ............................................................... 279
   Pharmacotherapy  ........................................................ 280
   Ethnopsychopharmacology  ................................................ 282
   PsychosocialTreatments  .................................................. 283
     Psychotherapy  ....................................................... 283
     FamilyInterventions  .................................................. 283
    Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Skills Development  ......................... 283
     Coping and Self-Monitoring  ............................................ 284

      Vocational Rehabilitation  .............................................. 285

ServiceDelivery  ............................................................... 285

CaseManagement  .......................................................... 286
Assertive Community Treatment  ............................................... 286
Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services  ........................................... 287
Inpatient Hospitalizatioh and Community Alternatives for Crisis Care .................. 287
Services for Substance Abuse and Severe Mental Illness  ............................ 288


Contents, continued

Other Services AndSupports.. .................................................... 289
Consumer Self-Help  ......................................................... 289
Consumer-Operated Programs  ................................................. 290
ConsumerAdvocacy  ......................................................... 291
Family Self-Help     ................................................. .' ....... 291
Family Advocacy.. .......................................................... 292

  HumanServices .............................................................. 292
   Housing ................................................................ 292
   Income, Education, and Employment ......................................... 293
   HealthCoverage  ......................................................... 294
Integrating Service Systems  .................................................... 295

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296


CHAPTER 4

A dulthood is a time for achieving productive
vocations and for sustaining close relationships at
home and in the community. These aspirations are
readily attainable for adults who are mentally healthy.
And they are within reach for adults who have mental
disorders, thanks to major strides in diagnosis,
treatment, and service delivery.

This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge
about mental health in adults, along with selected
mental disorders: anxiety disorders, mood disorders,
and schizophrenia. These disorders are highlighted
largely because of their prevalence in the population
and the burden of illness associated with each. The
chapter then turns to service delivery, describing the
effective organization and range of services for adults
with the most severe mental disorders. It also reviews
an array of other services and supports designed to
provide comprehensive care beyond `the formal
therapeutic setting.

Chapter Overview

Mental health in adulthood is characterized by the
successful performance of mental function, enabling
individuals to cope with adversity and to flourish in
their education, vocation, and personal relationships.
These are the areas of functioning most widely
recognized by the mental health field. Yet, from the
perspective of different cultures, these measures may
define the concept of mental health too narrowly. As
noted in Chapter 2, many groups, particularly ethnic
and racial minority group members, also emphasize
community, spiritual, and religious ties as necessary for
mental health. The mental health profession is
becoming more aware of the importance of reaching
out to other cultures;  an innovation termed
"linguistically and culturally competent services" is

ADUTS AND MENTAL HEALTH

pertinent both to the field's conception of mental health
and to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
An assortment of traits or personal characteristics
have been viewed as contributing to mental health,
including self-esteem, optimism, and resilience (Alloy
& Abramson, 1988; Seligman, 199 1; Institute of
Medicine [IOM], 1994; Beardslee & Vaillant, 1997).
These and related traits are seen as sources of personal
resilience needed to weather the storms of stressful life

events.

  Stressful life events in adulthood include the
breakup of intimate romantic relationships, death of a
family member or friend, economic hardship, role
conflict, work overload, racism and discrimination,
poor physical health, accidental injuries, and
intentional assaults on physical safety (Holmes & Rahe,
1967; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Kreiger et al., 1993).
Stressful life events in adulthood also may reflect past
events. Severe trauma in childhood, including sexual
and physical abuse, may persist as a stressor into
adulthood, or may make the individual more vulnerable
to ongoing stresses (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986).
Although some kinds of stressful life events are
encountered almost universally, certain demographic
groups have greater exposure and/or vulnerability to
their cumulative impact. These groups include women,
younger adults, unmarried adults, African Americans,
and individuals of lower socioeconomic status (Ulbrich
et al., 1989; McLeod & Kessler, 1990; Turner et al.,
1995; Miranda & Green, 1999).

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental
disorders in adults (Regier et al., 1990). The anxiety
disorders affect twice as many women as men. A broad
category, anxiety disorders include panic disorder,
phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic
stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder,

225