-CITE-
    22 USC CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND
           NEUTRALITY                                      01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
          CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY      

-MISC1-
                       SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS                   
    Sec.                                                     
    401.        Illegal exportation of war materials.                 
    402 to 405. Repealed.                                             
    406.        Interference with foreign trade.                      
    407.        Repealed.                                             
    408.        Use of land and naval forces to prevent exportation.  
    408a.       "United States" defined.                              
    409 to 420. Repealed or Omitted.                                  
    421.        Contracts by Government agencies for defense articles,
                 services, etc., for foreign governments in interests
                 of United States.                                    
    422.        Retention for United States of defense articles
                 procured for foreign governments.                    
    423.        Omitted.                                              

                        SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY                    
    441.        Proclamation of state of war between foreign states.  
    442, 443.   Repealed.                                             
    444.        American Red Cross vessels.                           
    445.        Travel on vessels of belligerent states.              
    446.        Repealed.                                             
    447.        Financial transactions.                               
    448.        Solicitation and collection of funds and
                 contributions.                                       
    449.        American republics.                                   
    450.        Restrictions on use of American ports.                
    451.        Submarines and armed merchant vessels.                
    452.        Repealed.                                             
    453.        Regulations.                                          
    454.        Unlawful use of the American flag by vessel of foreign
                 state.                                               
    455.        General penalty provision.                            
    456.        Definitions.                                          
    457.        Appropriations.                                       

        SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY    
    461.        Enforcement by courts; employment of land or naval
                 forces.                                              
    462.        Compelling foreign vessels to depart.                 
    463.        Bonds from armed vessels on clearing.                 
    464.        Detention by collectors of customs.                   
    465.        Detention of vessels.                                 

                PROCLAMATIONS RESPECTING WAR AND NEUTRALITY            
      See notes preceding section 1 of Title 50, Appendix, War and
    National Defense.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS                         01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
                       SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS                   

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 401                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 401. Illegal exportation of war materials

-STATUTE-
    (a) Seizure and forfeiture of materials and carriers
      Whenever an attempt is made to export or ship from or take out of
    the United States any arms or munitions of war or other articles in
    violation of law, or whenever it is known or there shall be
    probable cause to believe that any arms or munitions of war or
    other articles are intended to be or are being or have been
    exported or removed from the United States in violation of law, the
    Secretary of the Treasury, or any person duly authorized for the
    purpose by the President, may seize and detain such arms or
    munitions of war or other articles and may seize and detain any
    vessel, vehicle, or aircraft containing the same or which has been
    or is being used in exporting or attempting to export such arms or
    munitions of war or other articles. The Secretary of Commerce may
    seize and detain any commodity (other than arms or munitions of
    war) or technology which is intended to be or is being exported in
    violation of laws governing such exports and may seize and detain
    any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft containing the same or which has
    been used or is being used in exporting or attempting to export
    such articles. All arms or munitions of war and other articles,
    vessels, vehicles, and aircraft seized pursuant to this subsection
    shall be forfeited.
    (b) Applicability of laws relating to seizure, forfeiture, and
      condemnation
      All provisions of law relating to seizure, summary and judicial
    forfeiture and condemnation for violation of the customs laws, the
    disposition of the property forfeited or condemned or the proceeds
    from the sale thereof; the remission or mitigation of such
    forfeitures; and the compromise of claims and the award of
    compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures shall
    apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been
    incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as
    applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions hereof.
    However, with respect to seizures and forfeitures of property under
    this section by the Secretary of Commerce, such duties as are
    imposed upon the customs officer or any other person with respect
    to the seizure and forfeiture of property under the customs law may
    be performed by such officers as are designated by the Secretary of
    Commerce or, upon the request of the Secretary of Commerce, by any
    other agency that has authority to manage and dispose of seized
    property. Awards of compensation to informers under this section
    may be paid only out of funds specifically appropriated therefor.
    (c) Disposition of forfeited materials
      Arms and munitions of war forfeited under subsection (b) of this
    section shall be delivered to the Secretary of Defense for such use
    or disposition as he may deem in the public interest, or, in the
    event that the Secretary of Defense refuses to accept such arms and
    munitions of war, they shall be sold or otherwise disposed of as
    prescribed under existing law in the case of forfeitures for
    violation of the customs laws.

-SOURCE-
    (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 223; June 17,
    1930, ch. 497, title IV, Sec. 523, 46 Stat. 740; Aug. 13, 1953, ch.
    434, Sec. 1, 67 Stat. 577; Pub. L. 105-119, title II, Sec. 211(a),
    Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2487.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      The customs laws, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c), are
    classified generally to Title 19, Customs Duties.

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1997 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-119, which directed the amendment
    of section 401 of title 22, United States Code, by inserting "The
    Secretary of Commerce may seize and detain any commodity (other
    than arms or munitions of war) or technology which is intended to
    be or is being exported in violation of laws governing such exports
    and may seize and detain any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft
    containing the same or which has been used or is being used in
    exporting or attempting to export such articles." after first
    sentence in subsec. (a), was executed by making the insertion in
    section 1(a) of act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, which is classified to
    this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105-119, which directed the amendment of
    section 401 of title 22, United States Code, by inserting "However,
    with respect to seizures and forfeitures of property under this
    section by the Secretary of Commerce, such duties as are imposed
    upon the customs officer or any other person with respect to the
    seizure and forfeiture of property under the customs law may be
    performed by such officers as are designated by the Secretary of
    Commerce or, upon the request of the Secretary of Commerce, by any
    other agency that has authority to manage and dispose of seized
    property." after "and not inconsistent with the provisions hereof."
    in subsec. (b), was executed by making the insertion in section
    1(b) of act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, which is classified to this
    section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
      1953 - Act Aug. 13, 1953, provided not only seizure and
    forfeiture of articles or merchandise which are being, or are
    intended to be illegally exported, and the vehicle, vessel, or
    aircraft in which exportation is intended to accomplish, but also
    for the seizure and forfeiture of articles or merchandise actually
    illegally exported out, the carrier used to effectuate the
    exportation, provided for applicability of laws relating to
    seizure, summary and judicial forfeiture and condemnation, and
    provided for the disposition of seized materials.
      1930 - Act June 17, 1930, substituted "comptrollers of customs"
    for "Naval officers of customs".

-EXEC-
    EX. ORD. NO. 10863. AUTHORIZATION OF ATTORNEY GENERAL TO SEIZE ARMS
                 AND MUNITIONS OF WAR, AND OTHER ARTICLES
      Ex. Ord. No. 10863, Feb. 18, 1960, 25 F.R. 1507, provided:
      By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 1 of Title VI
    of the act of June 15, 1917, 40 Stat. 223, as amended by section 1
    of the act of August 13, 1953, 67 Stat. 577 (22 U.S.C. 401), it is
    ordered as follows:
      Section 1. The Attorney General is hereby designated under
    section 1 of Title VI of the act of June 15, 1917, as amended by
    section 1 of the act of August 13, 1953 [this section], as a person
    duly authorized to seize and detain arms or munitions of war or
    other articles, and to seize and detain any vessel, vehicle, or
    aircraft containing such items or which has been, or is being, used
    in exporting or attempting to export such arms or munitions of war
    or other articles, whenever an attempt is made to export or ship
    from or take out of the United States such arms or munitions of war
    or other articles in violation of law, or whenever it is known, or
    there is probable cause to believe, that such arms or munitions of
    war or other articles are intended to be, or are being or have
    been, exported or removed from the United States in violation of
    law.
      Sec. 2. The authority conferred upon the Attorney General by
    section 1 of this order may be exercised by any officer of the
    Department of Justice designated for such purpose by the Attorney
    General.
                                                   Dwight D. Eisenhower.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Secs. 402 to 405                                     01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Secs. 402 to 405. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Secs. 402 to 405. Repealed. Aug. 13, 1953, ch. 434, Sec. 2, 67
      Stat. 577.
      Section 402, act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 2, 40
    Stat. 224, related to issuance of warrant for detention of seized
    property.
      Section 403, act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 3, 40
    Stat. 224, related to filing petition for restoration of seized
    property.
      Section 404, acts June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 4, 40
    Stat. 224; Mar. 1, 1929, ch. 420, 45 Stat. 1423, related to
    institution of libel proceedings and sale of seized property.
      Section 405, act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 5, 40
    Stat. 224, related to method of trial and bond for redelivery.
      For subject matter of sections 402 to 405 of this title, see
    section 401 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 406                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 406. Interference with foreign trade

-STATUTE-
      Except in those cases in which the exportation of arms and
    munitions of war or other articles is forbidden by proclamation or
    otherwise by the President, as provided in section 401 of this
    title, nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to, or
    interfere with any trade in such commodities, conducted with any
    foreign port or place wheresoever, or with any other trade which
    might have been lawfully carried on before June 15, 1917, under the
    law of nations, or under the treaties or conventions entered into
    by the United States, or under the laws thereof.

-SOURCE-
    (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 6, 40 Stat. 225.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Herein, referred to in text, means act June 15, 1917, ch. 30,
    title VI, 40 Stat. 223, as amended, which enacted sections 31 to
    39, 98, 130 to 133, 288, 343 to 346, 381, 502, 535, 536, 574, and
    611 to 633 of former Title 18, Criminal Code and Criminal
    Procedure, sections 213, 231 to 233, 235, 401 to 408a, 462, and 465
    of this title, and sections 30 to 42, 191, and 192 to 195 of Title
    50, War and National Defense, and amended sections 25, 27, and 349
    of former Title 18. For complete classification of this Act to the
    Code, see Tables.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 407                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 407. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Sec. 407. Repealed. Aug. 13, 1953, ch. 434, Sec. 2, 67 Stat. 577.
      Section, act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 7, 40 Stat.
    225, related to President's discretion to release seized property.
    See section 401 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 408                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 408. Use of land and naval forces to prevent exportation

-STATUTE-
      The President may employ such part of the land or naval forces of
    the United States as he may deem necessary to carry out the
    purposes of sections 401 to 408 of this title.

-SOURCE-
    (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VI, Sec. 8, 40 Stat. 225.)

-MISC1-
                                 AIR FORCE                             
      For transfer of certain functions insofar as they pertain to the
    Air Force, and to the extent that they were not previously
    transferred to the Secretary of the Air Force from the Secretary of
    the Army, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order No. 40 [App.
    A(1)], July 22, 1949.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 408a                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 408a. "United States" defined

-STATUTE-
      The term "United States" as used in this Act includes the Canal
    Zone and all territory and waters, continental or insular, subject
    to the jurisdiction of the United States.

-SOURCE-
    (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title XIII, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 231.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      This Act, referred to in text, means act June 15, 1917, ch. 30,
    40 Stat. 217, as amended, which enacted sections 31 to 39, 98, 130
    to 133, 288, 343 to 346, 381, 502, 535, 536, 574, and 611 to 633 of
    former Title 18, Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure, sections
    213, 231 to 233, 235, 401 to 408a, 462, and 465 of this title, and
    sections 30 to 42, 191, and 192 to 195 of Title 50, War and
    National Defense, and amended sections 25, 27, and 349 of former
    Title 18. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
    Tables.
      For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in text, see section
    3602(b) of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Secs. 409, 410                                       01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Secs. 409, 410. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Secs. 409, 410. Repealed. June 25, 1948, ch. 645, Sec. 21, 62 Stat.
      862, eff. Sept. 1, 1948.
      Section 409, act Jan. 31, 1922, ch. 44, Sec. 1, 42 Stat. 361,
    related to prohibition against exportation of arms to American
    countries or countries under American jurisdiction in a state of
    domestic violence. See section 1934 of this title.
      Section 410, act Jan. 31, 1922, ch. 44, Sec. 2, 42 Stat. 361,
    related to penalties. See section 1934 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Secs. 411 to 419                                     01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Secs. 411 to 419. Omitted

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Sections 411, 412, and 413 to 419, popularly known as the Lend-
    Lease Act, terminated not later than June 30, 1946, pursuant to
    section 412 of this title.
      Section 411, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 2, 55 Stat. 31,
    defined "defense article" and "defense information" for purpose of
    lease, loan, etc., of war materials in interest of United States
    defense.
      Section 412, acts Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 3, 55 Stat. 31;
    Mar. 11, 1943, ch. 15, 57 Stat. 20; May 17, 1944, ch. 198, Secs. 1,
    2, 58 Stat. 222, 223; Apr. 16, 1945, ch. 61, Secs. 1, 2, 59 Stat.
    52, provided for procurement for and transfer of defense articles
    to other countries, repairs, limitation on amount, termination of
    powers after June 30, 1946, or after passage of concurrent
    resolution by both Houses before June 30, 1946, whichever is the
    earlier, naval convoys, and combat area navigation.
      Section 412a, act Mar. 18, 1943, ch. 17, title I, Sec. 1, 57
    Stat. 25, prohibited disposition of merchant vessels under sections
    411 to 419 of this title except by lease for duration of war.
      Section 413, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 4, 55 Stat. 32,
    provided for contract restrictions against disposal of transferred
    articles by transferee governments.
      Section 414, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 5, 55 Stat. 32,
    provided for information regarding articles exported and reports to
    Congress. Section 5(b) of act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, 55 Stat. 32,
    formerly classified to section 414(b) of this title, provided for
    reports with respect to operations under the Lend-Lease Act, and
    was repealed by Pub. L. 89-348, Sec. 1(19), Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat.
    1311.
      Section 415, acts Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 6, 55 Stat. 33;
    Mar. 11, 1943, ch. 15, 57 Stat. 20; May 17, 1944, ch. 198, Sec. 1,
    58 Stat. 222; Apr. 16, 1945, ch. 61, Sec. 1, 59 Stat. 52; July 25,
    1947, ch. 327, Sec. 1, 61 Stat. 449, authorized appropriations.
      Section 416, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 7, 55 Stat. 33,
    provided for protection of patent rights.
      Section 417, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 8, 55 Stat. 33,
    provided for acquisition of war materials from foreign governments.
      Section 418, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 9, 55 Stat. 33,
    authorized executive promulgation of rules and regulations and
    delegation of powers.
      Section 419, act Mar. 11, 1941, ch. 11, Sec. 10, 55 Stat. 33,
    related to effect of act Mar. 11, 1941 on existing laws relating to
    use of land and naval forces.

-MISC1-
    ADDITIONAL DEFENSE AID TO OTHER COUNTRIES; LEASE OF CERTAIN SHIPS,
                               BARGES, ETC.
      Acts Feb. 7, 1942, ch. 46, title III, Sec. 301, 56 Stat. 82; Oct.
    26, 1942, ch. 629, title I, Sec. 103, 56 Stat. 994; Feb. 19, 1943,
    ch. 1, Sec. 4, 57 Stat. 4, June 26, 1943, ch. 147, Sec. 118, 57
    Stat. 217; June 22, 1944, ch. 269, Sec. 121, 58 Stat. 322; May 29,
    1945, ch. 130, Sec. 119, 59 Stat. 222, provided for additional
    defense aid to countries deemed vital to the defense of the United
    States and for the lease of ships for periods not extending beyond
    the termination of the national emergency.

                       LIMITATION ON APPROPRIATIONS                   
      Act Apr. 28, 1942, ch. 247, title II, Sec. 201, 56 Stat. 233,
    provided that limitation of $2,500,000,000 shall apply to all
    appropriations made to the Navy Department since Mar. 11, 1941.

                  REDUCTION IN VALUE OF DEFENSE ARTICLES              
      The value of defense articles was reduced to $800,000,000 by act
    Dec. 17, 1941, ch. 591, title I, Sec. 102, 55 Stat. 813, and as
    thus limited was made inapplicable to the War Department after Dec.
    17, 1941.

-CROSS-
                                DEFINITIONS                            
      Act Mar. 5, 1942, ch. 141, title III, Sec. 303, 56 Stat. 131,
    provided that the term "defense article" shall be deemed to include
    defense information and services, and the expenses in connection
    with the procurement or supplying of defense articles, information,
    and services.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 420                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 420. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Sec. 420. Repealed. July 25, 1947, ch. 327, Sec. 1, 61 Stat. 449.
      Section, acts May 2, 1941, ch. 84, Sec. 5, 55 Stat. 150; June 16,
    1942, ch. 416, 56 Stat. 370, related to application of sections
    1119a and 1119b of former Title 46, Shipping, to functions of the
    Maritime Commission under sections 411, 412 and 413 to 419 of this
    title.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 421                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 421. Contracts by Government agencies for defense articles,
      services, etc., for foreign governments in interests of United
      States

-STATUTE-
      The President may, from time to time, when he deems it in the
    interest of national defense, authorize the head of any department
    or agency of the Government, to enter into contracts for the
    procurement of defense articles, information, or services for the
    government of any country whose defense the President deems vital
    to the defense of the United States, to the extent that such
    government agrees to pay the United States for such defense
    articles, information, or services prior to the receipt thereof and
    to make such payments from time to time as the President may
    require to protect the interests of the United States; and, upon
    payment of the full cost, the President may dispose of such
    articles, information, or services to such government: Provided,
    That the total amount of the outstanding contracts under this
    section, less the amounts which have been paid to the United States
    under such contracts, shall at no time exceed $600,000,000.

-SOURCE-
    (Oct. 28, 1941, ch. 460, title I, Sec. 102, 55 Stat. 746.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 422                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 422. Retention for United States of defense articles procured
      for foreign governments

-STATUTE-
      Any defense article procured pursuant to section 421 of this
    title shall be retained by or transferred to and for the use of
    such department or agency of the United States as the President may
    determine, in lieu of being disposed of to a foreign government,
    whenever in the judgment of the President the defense of the United
    States will be best served thereby.

-SOURCE-
    (Oct. 28, 1941, ch. 460, title I, Sec. 103, 55 Stat. 747.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 423                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER I - WAR MATERIALS

-HEAD-
    Sec. 423. Omitted

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Section, act June 14, 1943, ch. 122, Sec. 2, 57 Stat. 152,
    related to retention for defense of United States of certain
    articles, information or service procured for foreign governments
    from funds appropriated by act June 14, 1943 or prior acts
    appropriating funds to the President for such purposes.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY                           01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
                        SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY                    

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 441                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 441. Proclamation of state of war between foreign states

-STATUTE-
    (a) Issuance of proclamation
      Whenever the President, or the Congress by concurrent resolution,
    shall find that there exists a state of war between foreign states,
    and that it is necessary to promote the security or preserve the
    peace of the United States or to protect the lives of citizens of
    the United States, the President shall issue a proclamation naming
    the states involved; and he shall, from time to time, by
    proclamation, name other states as and when they may become
    involved in the war.
    (b) Revocation of proclamation
      Whenever the state of war which shall have caused the President
    to issue any proclamation under the authority of this section shall
    have ceased to exist with respect to any state named in such
    proclamation, he shall revoke such proclamation with respect to
    such state.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 4.)

-MISC1-
                                SHORT TITLE                            
      Section 20 of Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, provided that: "This joint
    resolution [enacting this subchapter] may be cited as the
    'Neutrality Act of 1939'."

                                  REPEALS                              
      Section 19 of Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, provided that: "The joint
    resolution of August 31, 1935, as amended [sections 245a to 245i of
    this title], and the joint resolution of January 8, 1937 [ch. 1, 50
    Stat. 3], are hereby repealed; but offenses committed and
    penalties, forfeitures, or liabilities incurred under either of
    such joint resolutions prior to the date of enactment of this joint
    resolution [this subchapter] may be prosecuted and punished, and
    suits and proceedings for violations of either of such joint
    resolutions or of any rule or regulation issued pursuant thereto
    may be commenced and prosecuted, in the same manner and with the
    same effect as if such joint resolutions had not been repealed."
      Neutrality Act of 1939 not to be deemed repealed or modified in
    any manner by Joint Res. May 7, 1940, ch. 185, 54 Stat. 179,
    according to section 3 thereof, which resolution amended section
    5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act, see sections 95a of Title
    12, Banks and Banking, and 5(b) of Title 50, Appendix, War and
    National Defense, which resolution approved and confirmed Ex. Ord.
    No. 8389, amending Ex. Ord. No. 6560, set out in note under section
    95a of said Title 12, and regulations and general rulings issued by
    Secretary of Treasury under Ex. Ord. No. 8389.

                               SEPARABILITY                           
      Section 17 of Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, provided that: "If any of
    the provisions of this joint resolution [this subchapter], or the
    application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid,
    the remainder of the joint resolution, and the application of such
    provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected
    thereby."

              PURPOSE OF AND RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER SUBCHAPTER          
      The purpose of Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, was expressed in the
    first three paragraphs of the act as follows:
      "Whereas the United States, desiring to preserve its neutrality
    in wars between foreign states and desiring also to avoid
    involvement therein, voluntarily imposes upon its nationals by
    domestic legislation the restrictions set out in this joint
    resolution [this subchapter]; and
      "Whereas by so doing the United States waives none of its own
    rights or privileges, or those of any of its nationals, under
    international law, and expressly reserves all the rights and
    privileges to which it and its nationals are entitled under the law
    of nations; and
      "Whereas the United States hereby expressly reserves the right to
    repeal, change or modify this [this subchapter] or any other
    domestic legislation in the interests of the peace, security or
    welfare of the United States and its people."

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Secs. 442, 443                                       01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Secs. 442, 443. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Secs. 442, 443. Repealed. Nov. 17, 1941, ch. 473, Sec. 1, 55 Stat.
      764.
      Section 442, Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 4,
    related to commerce with states engaged in armed conflict.
      Section 443, Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 3, 54 Stat. 7,
    related to combat areas.

                        DEFINITION OF COMBAT AREAS                    
      Proc. No. 2376, Nov. 4, 1939, 3 p.m., 4 F.R. 4495, 54 Stat. 2673;
    Proc. No. 2394, Apr. 10, 1940, 5 F.R. 1400, 54 Stat. 2693; Proc.
    No. 2410, June 11, 1940, 5:20 p.m. E.S.T., 5 F.R. 2209, 54 Stat.
    2708, as modified by Proc. No. 2474, Apr. 10, 1941, 6 F.R. 1905, 55
    Stat. 1628, defined various combat areas.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 444                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 444. American Red Cross vessels

-STATUTE-
    (a) Transport of officers, American Red Cross personnel, medical
      personnel, medical supplies, food and clothing
      The provisions of section 442(a) (!1) of this title shall not
    prohibit the transportation by vessels, unarmed and not under
    convoy, under charter or other direction and control of the
    American Red Cross of officers and American Red Cross personnel,
    medical personnel, and medical supplies, food, and clothing, for
    the relief of human suffering: Provided, That where permission has
    not been given by the blockading power, no American Red Cross
    vessel shall enter a port where a blockade by aircraft, surface
    vessel, or submarine is being attempted through the destruction of
    vessels, or into a port of any country where such blockade of the
    whole country is being so attempted: Provided further, That such
    American Red Cross vessel shall be on a mission of mercy only and
    carrying only Red Cross materials and personnel.

    (b) Transport of refugee children
      The provisions of sections 442(a) and 443 (!1) of this title
    shall not prohibit a vessel, in ballast, unarmed, and not under
    convoy, and transporting refugee children, under sixteen years of
    age, from war zones, or combat areas, and shall not prohibit such
    vessel entering into such war zones or combat areas for this
    purpose, together with such necessary American citizen adult
    personnel in charge as may be approved by the Secretary of State,
    subject to the provisions of the immigration laws, if such vessel
    is proceeding under safe conduct granted by all of the States named
    in the proclamations issued under the authority of section 441(a)
    of this title, and if such vessel has painted on a large scale
    prominently, distinctly, and unmistakably on each side thereof and
    upon the superstructure thereof plainly visible from the air an
    American flag and a statement to the effect that such vessel is a
    refugee-child rescue ship of the United States or under United
    States registry: Provided, That every such child so brought into
    the United States shall, previous to departure from the port of
    embarkation, have been so sponsored by some responsible American
    person, natural or corporate, that he will not become a public
    charge.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 4, 54 Stat. 7; June 26, 1940, ch. 431,
    54 Stat. 611; Aug. 27, 1940, ch. 695, 54 Stat. 866.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Sections 442(a) and 443 of this title, referred to in subsecs.
    (a) and (b), were repealed by act Nov. 17, 1941, ch. 473, Sec. 1,
    55 Stat. 764.
      The immigration laws, referred to in subsec. (b), are classified
    generally to Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. See also section
    1101(a)(17) of Title 8.

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1940 - Act June 26, 1940, inserted "unarmed and not under
    convoy", inserted two proviso clauses and struck out "proceeding
    under safe conduct granted by states named in any proclamation
    issued under the authority of section 441(a) of this title" after
    "control of the American Red Cross".
      Act Aug. 27, 1940, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a)
    and added subsec. (b).

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) See References in Text note below.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 445                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 445. Travel on vessels of belligerent states

-STATUTE-
    (a) Proscription by Presidential proclamation
      Whenever the President shall have issued a proclamation under the
    authority of section 441(a) of this title it shall thereafter be
    unlawful for any citizen of the United States to travel on any
    vessel of any state named in such proclamation, except in
    accordance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed.
    (b) Revocation of proclamation; effect
      Whenever any proclamation issued under the authority of section
    441(a) of this title shall have been revoked with respect to any
    state the provisions of this section shall thereupon cease to apply
    with respect to such state, except as to offenses committed prior
    to such revocation.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 5, 54 Stat. 7.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 446                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 446. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Sec. 446. Repealed. Nov. 17, 1941, ch. 473, Sec. 2, 55 Stat. 764.
      Section, Joint Res. Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 6, 54 Stat. 7,
    prohibited arming of American merchant vessels. Joint Res. Nov. 17,
    1941, Sec. 2, which repealed this section, was itself repealed,
    effective July 1, 1948, by Joint Res. July 25, 1947, ch. 327, Sec.
    2(a), 61 Stat. 451, which provided that it should remain in full
    force and effect until such date.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 447                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 447. Financial transactions

-STATUTE-
    (a) Bonds, securities, or other obligations
      Whenever the President shall have issued a proclamation under the
    authority of section 441(a) of this title, it shall thereafter be
    unlawful for any person within the United States to purchase, sell,
    or exchange bonds, securities, or other obligations of the
    government of any state named in such proclamation, or of any
    political subdivision of any such state, or of any person acting
    for or on behalf of the government of any such state, or political
    subdivision thereof, issued after the date of such proclamation, or
    to make any loan or extend any credit (other than necessary credits
    accruing in connection with the transmission of telegraph, cable,
    wireless and telephone services) to any such government, political
    subdivision, or person. The provisions of this subsection shall
    also apply to the sale by any person within the United States to
    any person in a state named in any such proclamation of any
    articles or materials listed in a proclamation referred to in or
    issued under the authority of section 452(i) (!1) of this title.

    (b) Renewal or adjustment of indebtedness
      The provisions of this section shall not apply to a renewal or
    adjustment of such indebtedness as may exist on the date of such
    proclamation.
    (c) Fine and imprisonment
      Whoever shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this
    section or of any regulations issued thereunder shall, upon
    conviction thereof, be fined not more than $50,000 or imprisoned
    for not more than five years, or both. Should the violation be by a
    corporation, organization, or association, each officer or director
    thereof participating in the violation shall be liable to the
    penalty herein prescribed.
    (d) Revocation of proclamation
      Whenever any proclamation issued under the authority of section
    441(a) of this title shall have been revoked with respect to any
    state the provisions of this section shall thereupon cease to apply
    with respect to such state, except as to offenses committed prior
    to such revocation.
    (e) Wartime
      This section shall not be operative when the United States is at
    war.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 7, 54 Stat. 8; Feb. 21, 1942, ch. 104,
    56 Stat. 95.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Section 452(i) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was
    repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec. 542(a)(12),
    68 Stat. 861. See former section 1934(a) and section 2778(a) of
    this title.

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1942 - Subsec. (e). Joint Res. Feb. 21, 1942, added subsec. (e).

             OPERATION OF SECTION POSTPONED UNTIL JULY 1, 1953         
      Joint Res. July 3, 1952, ch. 570, Sec. 1(b)(7), 66 Stat. 333, as
    amended by Joint Res. Mar. 31, 1953, ch. 13, Sec. 1, 67 Stat. 18,
    provided that this section which is normally operative in time of
    peace shall not be operative by reason of the termination of a
    state of war on Apr. 28, 1952, but rather (in addition to being
    inoperative, in accordance with their terms, in time of war) shall
    continue to be inoperative until 6 months after the termination of
    the national emergency proclaimed by the President on Dec. 16,
    1950, 1950 Proc. 2914, 15 F.R. 9029, set out as a note preceding
    section 1 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense, or until
    such earlier date or dates as the Congress may provide, but in no
    event beyond Apr. 1, 1953.

                  REPEAL OF PRIOR ACTS CONTINUING SECTION              
      Section 6 of Joint Res. July 3, 1952, repealed Joint Res. Apr.
    14, 1952, ch. 204, 66 Stat. 54 as amended by Joint Res. May 28,
    1952, ch. 339, 66 Stat. 96; Joint Res. June 14, 1952, ch. 437, 66
    Stat. 137; Joint Res. June 30, 1952, ch. 526, 66 Stat. 296, which
    continued provisions until July 3, 1952. This repeal shall take
    effect as of June 16, 1952, by section 7 of Joint Res. July 3,
    1952.

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) See References in Text note below.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 448                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 448. Solicitation and collection of funds and contributions

-STATUTE-
    (a) Unlawful acts
      Whenever the President shall have issued a proclamation under the
    authority of section 441(a) of this title, it shall thereafter be
    unlawful for any person within the United States to solicit or
    receive any contribution for or on behalf of the government of any
    state named in such proclamation or for or on behalf of any agent
    or instrumentality of any such state.
    (b) Medical aid, food, and clothing
      Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the
    solicitation or collection of funds and contributions to be used
    for medical aid and assistance, or for food and clothing to relieve
    human suffering, when such solicitation or collection of funds and
    contributions is made on behalf of and for use by any person or
    organization which is not acting for or on behalf of any such
    government, but all such solicitations and collections of funds and
    contributions shall be in accordance with and subject to such rules
    and regulations as may be prescribed.
    (c) Revocation of proclamation
      Whenever any proclamation issued under the authority of section
    441(a) of this title shall have been revoked with respect to any
    state the provisions of this section shall thereupon cease to apply
    with respect to such state, except as to offenses committed prior
    to such revocation.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 8, 54 Stat. 8.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 449                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 449. American republics

-STATUTE-
      This subchapter (except section 452 (!1) of this title) shall not
    apply to any American republic engaged in war against a non-
    American state or states, provided the American republic is not
    cooperating with a non-American state or states in such war.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 9, 54 Stat. 8.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Section 452 of this title, referred to in text, was repealed by
    act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec. 542(a)(12), 68 Stat. 861.
    See former section 1934(a) and section 2778(a) of this title.

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) See References in Text note below.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 450                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 450. Restrictions on use of American ports

-STATUTE-
    (a) Bond to insure non-delivery of men, ammunition, fuel, etc.
      Whenever, during any war in which the United States is neutral,
    the President, or any person thereunto authorized by him, shall
    have cause to believe that any vessel, domestic or foreign, whether
    requiring clearance or not, is about to carry out of a port or from
    the jurisdiction of the United States, fuel, men, arms, ammunition,
    implements of war, supplies, dispatches, or information to any
    warship, tender, or supply ship of a state named in a proclamation
    issued under the authority of section 441(a) of this title, but the
    evidence is not deemed sufficient to justify forbidding the
    departure of the vessel as provided for by section 967 of title 18,
    and if, in the President's judgment, such action will serve to
    maintain peace between the United States and foreign states, or to
    protect the commercial interests of the United States and its
    citizens, or to promote the security or neutrality of the United
    States, he shall have the power, and it shall be his duty, to
    require the owner, master, or person in command thereof, before
    departing from a port or from the jurisdiction of the United
    States, to give a bond to the United States, with sufficient
    sureties, in such amount as he shall deem proper, conditioned that
    the vessel will not deliver the men, or any fuel, supplies,
    dispatches, information, or any part of the cargo, to any warship,
    tender, or supply ship of a state named in a proclamation issued
    under the authority of section 441(a) of this title.
    (b) Departure prohibited
      If the President, or any person thereunto authorized by him,
    shall find that a vessel, domestic or foreign, in a port of the
    United States, has previously departed from a port or from the
    jurisdiction of the United States during such war and delivered
    men, fuel, supplies, dispatches, information, or any part of its
    cargo to a warship, tender, or supply ship of a state named in a
    proclamation issued under the authority of section 441(a) of this
    title, he may prohibit the departure of such vessel during the
    duration of the war.
    (c) Alien seaman; bond
      Whenever the President shall have issued a proclamation under
    section 441(a) of this title he may, while such proclamation is in
    effect, require the owner, master, or person in command of any
    vessel, foreign or domestic, before departing from the United
    States, to give a bond to the United States, with sufficient
    sureties, in such amount as he shall deem proper, conditioned that
    no alien seaman who arrived on such vessel shall remain in the
    United States for a longer period than that permitted under the
    regulations, as amended from time to time, issued pursuant to
    section 168 (!1) of title 8. Notwithstanding the provisions of said
    section 168 (!1) of title 8, the President may issue such
    regulations with respect to the landing of such seamen as he deems
    necessary to insure their departure either on such vessel or
    another vessel at the expense of such owner, master, or person in
    command.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 10, 54 Stat. 9.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Section 168 of title 8, referred to in subsec. (c), was repealed
    by act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, Sec. 403(a)(13), 66 Stat. 279. See
    section 1286 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      In subsec. (a), "section 967 of title 18" substituted for
    "section 1, title V, chapter 30, of the Act approved June 15, 1917
    (40 Stat. 217, 221; U.S.C., 1934 edition, title 18, sec. 31)" on
    authority of act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 863, section 1 of
    which enacted Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

-TRANS-
                          DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS                      
      For delegation to Secretary of Homeland Security of authority
    vested in President by subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section, see
    sections 1(n) and 1(o) of Ex. Ord. No. 10637, Sept. 16, 1955, 20
    F.R. 7025, as amended, set out as a note under section 301 of Title
    3, The President.

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) See References in Text note below.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 451                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 451. Submarines and armed merchant vessels

-STATUTE-
      Whenever, during any war in which the United States is neutral,
    the President shall find that special restrictions placed on the
    use of the ports and territorial waters of the United States by the
    submarines or armed merchant vessels of a foreign state will serve
    to maintain peace between the United States and foreign states, or
    to protect the commercial interests of the United States and its
    citizens, or to promote the security of the United States, and
    shall make proclamation thereof, it shall thereafter be unlawful
    for any such submarine or armed merchant vessel to enter a port or
    the territorial waters of the United States or to depart therefrom,
    except under such conditions and subject to such limitations as the
    President may prescribe. Whenever, in his judgment, the conditions
    which have caused him to issue his proclamation have ceased to
    exist, he shall revoke his proclamation and the provisions of this
    section shall thereupon cease to apply, except as to offenses
    committed prior to such revocation.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 11, 54 Stat. 9.)

-MISC1-
    USE OF UNITED STATES PORTS AND TERRITORIAL WATERS BY SUBMARINES OF
                              FOREIGN NATIONS
      By Proc. Nos. 2375, Nov. 4, 1939, 4 F.R. 4494, 54 Stat. 2672;
    2400, Apr. 25, 1940, 5 F.R. 1570, 54 Stat. 2699; 2406, May 11,
    1940, 5 F.R. 1690, 54 Stat. 2705; 2409, June 10, 1940, 5 F.R. 2192,
    54 Stat. 2707; 2445, Nov. 15, 1940, 5 F.R. 4524, 54 Stat. 2672,
    submarines of France, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom, India,
    Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Norway,
    Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, and Greece were denied use of
    United States ports and territorial waters.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 452                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 452. Repealed.

-MISC1-
    Sec. 452. Repealed. Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec.
      542(a)(12), 68 Stat. 861.
      Section, acts Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 12, 54 Stat. 10; Jan. 26,
    1942, ch. 19, 56 Stat. 19, established the National Munitions
    Control Board. See former section 1934 and section 2778 of this
    title.
      Subsec. (h) was subsequently repealed by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch.
    1076, Sec. 1(28), 68 Stat. 968.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 453                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 453. Regulations

-STATUTE-
      The President may, from time to time, promulgate such rules and
    regulations, not inconsistent with law, as may be necessary and
    proper to carry out any of the provisions of this subchapter; and
    he may exercise any power or authority conferred on him by this
    subchapter through such officer or officers, or agency or agencies,
    as he shall direct.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 13, 54 Stat. 11.)

-MISC1-
                           DELEGATION OF POWERS                       
      Power to make rules and regulations under this subchapter
    delegated to Secretary of State by Proc. No. 2374, promulgated Nov.
    4, 1939, 4 F.R. 4493, 54 Stat. 2671. See proclamations preceding
    section 1 of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 454                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 454. Unlawful use of the American flag by vessel of foreign
      state

-STATUTE-
      (a) It shall be unlawful for any vessel belonging to or operating
    under the jurisdiction of any foreign state to use the flag of the
    United States thereon, or to make use of any distinctive signs or
    markings, indicating that the same is an American vessel.
      (b) Any vessel violating the provisions of subsection (a) of this
    section shall be denied for a period of three months the right to
    enter the ports or territorial waters of the United States except
    in cases of force majeure.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 14, 54 Stat. 11.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 455                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 455. General penalty provision

-STATUTE-
      In every case of the violation of any of the provisions of this
    subchapter or of any rule or regulation issued pursuant thereto
    where a specific penalty is not provided in this subchapter, such
    violator or violators, upon conviction, shall be fined not more
    than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 15, 54 Stat. 11.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 456                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 456. Definitions

-STATUTE-
      For the purposes of this subchapter - 
      (a) The term "United States", when used in a geographical sense,
    includes the several States and Territories, the insular
    possessions of the United States, the Canal Zone, and the District
    of Columbia.
      (b) The term "person" includes a partnership, company,
    association, or corporation, as well as a natural person.
      (c) The term "vessel" means every description of watercraft and
    aircraft capable of being used as a means of transportation on,
    under, or over water.
      (d) The term "American vessel" means any vessel documented, and
    any aircraft registered or licensed, under the laws of the United
    States.
      (e) The term "state" shall include nation, government, and
    country.
      (f) The term "citizen" shall include any individual owing
    allegiance to the United States, a partnership, company, or
    association composed in whole or in part of citizens of the United
    States, and any corporation organized and existing under the laws
    of the United States as defined in subsection (a) of this section.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 16, 54 Stat. 12; Proc. No. 2695, July 4,
    1946, 11 F.R. 7517, 60 Stat. 1352.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in subsec. (a), see
    section 3602(b) of this title.

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Words "(including the Philippine Islands)" omitted from
    definition of "United States" in subsec. (a) pursuant to the
    authority of Proc. No. 2695, which granted independence to the
    Philippines under the provisions of section 1394 of this title, and
    which is set out as a note under section 1394.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 457                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER II - NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 457. Appropriations

-STATUTE-
      There is hereby authorized to be appropriated from time to time,
    out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such
    amounts as may be necessary to carry out the provisions and
    accomplish the purposes of this subchapter.

-SOURCE-
    (Nov. 4, 1939, ch. 2, Sec. 18, 54 Stat. 12.)

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST
           NEUTRALITY                                      01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
        SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY    

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 461                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 461. Enforcement by courts; employment of land or naval forces

-STATUTE-
      The district courts shall take cognizance of all complaints, by
    whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made within the waters
    of the United States, or within a marine league of the coasts or
    shores thereof. In every case in which a vessel is fitted out and
    armed, or attempted to be fitted out and armed, or in which the
    force of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel is
    increased or augmented, or in which any military expedition or
    enterprise is begun or set on foot, contrary to the provisions and
    prohibitions of this subchapter and sections 958 to 962 of title
    18; and in every case of the capture of a vessel within the
    jurisdiction or protection of the United States as before defined;
    and in every case in which any process issuing out of any court of
    the United States is disobeyed or resisted by any person having the
    custody of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel of any
    foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people, or
    of any subjects or citizens of any foreign prince or state, or of
    any colony, district, or people, it shall be lawful for the
    President or such other person as he shall have empowered for that
    purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the
    United States, or of the militia thereof, for the purpose of taking
    possession of and detaining any such vessel, with her prizes, if
    any, in order to enforce the execution of the prohibitions and
    penalties of this subchapter and sections 958 to 962 of title 18,
    and the restoring of such prizes in the cases in which restoration
    shall be adjudged; and also for the purpose of preventing the
    carrying on of any such expedition or enterprise from the territory
    or jurisdiction of the United States against the territory or
    dominion of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony,
    district, or people with whom the United States are at peace.

-SOURCE-
    (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 14, 35 Stat. 1090.)

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      This subchapter and sections 958 to 962 of title 18, referred to
    in text, was in the original "this chapter", meaning chapter 2 of
    the act of Mar. 4, 1909, which had been classified to sections 461
    to 464 of this title and sections 21 to 25, and 30 of former Title
    18, Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure.
      "This subchapter" substituted in text for "sections 461 to 464 of
    this title".
      "Sections 958 to 962 of title 18" substituted in text for
    "sections 21 to 25, and 30 of title 18" on authority of act June
    25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, section 1 of which enacted Title
    18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
      Section was formerly classified to section 26 of title 18 prior
    to the general revision and enactment of Title 18 by act June 25,
    1948, ch. 645, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 683.

-MISC1-
                             PRIOR PROVISIONS                         
      Section was derived from R.S. Sec. 5287 (act Apr. 20, 1818, ch.
    88, Sec. 8, 3 Stat. 449) which was amended by act Feb. 18, 1875,
    ch. 80, 18 Stat. 320, and was repealed by section 341 of the act of
    Mar. 4, 1909.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 462                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 462. Compelling foreign vessels to depart

-STATUTE-
      It shall be lawful for the President to employ such part of the
    land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia
    thereof, as he may deem necessary to compel any foreign vessel to
    depart from the United States or any of its possessions in all
    cases in which, by the law of nations or the treaties of the United
    States, it ought not to remain, and to detain or prevent any
    foreign vessel from so departing in all cases in which, by the law
    of nations or the treaties of the United States, it is not entitled
    to depart.

-SOURCE-
    (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 15, 35 Stat. 1091; June 15, 1917, ch.
    30, title V, Sec. 10, 40 Stat. 223.)

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Section was formerly classified to section 27 of title 18 prior
    to the general revision and enactment of Title 18, Crimes and
    Criminal Procedure, by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, Sec. 1, 62 Stat.
    683.
      Act June 15, 1917, inserted provisions relating to detention of
    vessels.

-MISC1-
                             PRIOR PROVISIONS                         
      Section was derived from R.S. Sec. 5288 (act Apr. 20, 1818, ch.
    88, Sec. 9, 3 Stat. 449), which was repealed by section 341 of act
    Mar. 4, 1909.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 463                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 463. Bonds from armed vessels on clearing

-STATUTE-
      The owners or consignees of every armed vessel sailing out of the
    ports of, or under the jurisdiction of, the United States,
    belonging wholly or in part to citizens thereof, shall, before
    clearing out the same, give bond to the United States, with
    sufficient sureties, in double the amount of the value of the
    vessel and cargo on board, including her armament, conditioned that
    the vessel shall not be employed by such owners to cruise or commit
    hostilities against the subjects, citizens, or property of any
    foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people,
    with whom the United States are at peace.

-SOURCE-
    (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 16, 35 Stat. 1091.)

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Section was formerly classified to section 28 of title 18 prior
    to the general revision and enactment of Title 18, Crimes and
    Criminal Procedure, by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, Sec. 1, 62 Stat.
    683.

-MISC1-
                             PRIOR PROVISIONS                         
      Section was derived from R.S. Sec. 5289 (act Apr. 20, 1818, ch.
    88, Sec. 10, 3 Stat. 449), which was repealed by section 341 of act
    Mar. 4, 1909.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 464                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 464. Detention by collectors of customs

-STATUTE-
      The several collectors of the customs shall detain any vessel
    manifestly built for warlike purposes, and about to depart the
    United States, or any place subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
    the cargo of which principally consists of arms and munitions of
    war, when the number of men shipped on board, or other
    circumstances, render it probable that such vessel is intended to
    be employed by the owners to cruise or commit hostilities upon the
    subjects, citizens, or property of any foreign prince or state, or
    of any colony, district, or people with whom the United States are
    at peace, until the decision of the President is had thereon, or
    until the owner gives such bond and security as is required of the
    owners of armed vessels by section 463 of this title.

-SOURCE-
    (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, Sec. 17, 35 Stat. 1091.)

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      Section was formerly classified to section 29 of title 18 prior
    to the general revision and enactment of Title 18, Crimes and
    Criminal Procedure, by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, Sec. 1, 62 Stat.
    683.

-MISC1-
                             PRIOR PROVISIONS                         
      Section was derived from R.S. Sec. 5290 (act Apr. 20, 1818, ch.
    88, Sec. 11, 3 Stat. 450), which was repealed by section 341 of act
    Mar. 4, 1909.

-TRANS-
                           TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS                       
      Offices of collector of customs, comptroller of customs, surveyor
    of customs, and appraiser of merchandise of Bureau of Customs of
    Department of the Treasury to which appointments were required to
    be made by President with advice and consent of Senate ordered
    abolished, with such offices to be terminated not later than Dec.
    31, 1966, by Reorg. Plan No. 1, of 1965 eff. May 25, 1965, 30 F.R.
    7035, 79 Stat. 1317, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government
    Organization and Employees. Functions of Offices eliminated were
    already vested in Secretary of the Treasury by Reorg. Plan No. 26
    of 1950, eff. July 31, 1950, 15 F.R. 4935, 64 Stat. 1280, set out
    in the Appendix to Title 5.

-End-

-CITE-
    22 USC Sec. 465                                             01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
    CHAPTER 9 - FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY
    SUBCHAPTER III - PREVENTION OF OFFENSES AGAINST NEUTRALITY

-HEAD-
    Sec. 465. Detention of vessels

-STATUTE-
      The President may employ such part of the land or naval forces of
    the United States as he may deem necessary to carry out the
    purposes of sections 462 and 465 of this title, and sections 756,
    960, 963 to 967, and 3058 of title 18.

-SOURCE-
    (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title V, Sec. 9, 40 Stat. 223.)

-COD-
                               CODIFICATION                           
      This section was not enacted as part of act Mar. 4, 1909, ch.
    321, 35 Stat. 1090, which comprises this subchapter.
      Sections 462 and 465 of this title, and sections 756, 960, 963 to
    967, and 3058 of title 18, referred to in text, was in the original
    "this title", meaning title V of act June 15, 1917, which had been
    classified to sections 462 and 465 of this title and sections 25,
    and 31 to 38 of former Title 18, Criminal Code and Criminal
    Procedure.
      "Sections 756, 960, 963 to 967, and 3058 of title 18" substituted
    in text for "sections 25, and 31 to 38 of title 18" on authority of
    act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, section 1 of which
    enacted Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedures.
      Section was formerly classified to section 38 of title 18 prior
    to the general revision and enactment of Title 18, by act June 25,
    1948, ch. 645, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 683.

-CROSS-
                                DEFINITIONS                            
      Definition of United States as used in this section, see section
    408a of this title.

-End-