Jet Propulsion Laboratory UNIVERSE 
Pasadena, California - Vol. 26, No. 26 - December 27, 1996
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Galileo team hears 'voice' of Ganymede

By MARY BETH MURRILL
   Jupiter's big moon Ganymede is not only the size of a planet-it sounds 
like one too, as heard in audio recordings made from data returned by 
NASA's Galileo spacecraft released Dec. 12.
   Characterized by a soaring whistle and hissing static, Ganymede's song 
reveals that the solar system's largest moon is also the only one known to 
possess a planet-like, self-generated magnetic cocoon called a 
magnetosphere, which shields the moon from the magnetic influence of its 
giant parent body, Jupiter.
   Published in the scientific journal Nature earlier this month, these new 
Galileo findings and other measurements from several Galileo sensors were 
presented Dec. 13 in a news briefing held at JPL. Taken together, 
scientists say the new Ganymede findings are painting a portrait of a body 
that from the inside out closely resembles a planet like Earth rather than 
other moons in the solar system.
   "The data we get back is in the form of a spectrogram, and reading it is 
kind of like looking at a musical score," said Dr. Donald Gurnett, 
University of Iowa physicist and principal investigator on Galileo's plasma 
wave instrument. It was his experiment that first detected the telltale 
signals of a magnetosphere during the spacecraft's close flybys of that 
moon on June 27 and Sept. 6.
   Gurnett said the unique pattern of frequencies his instrument detected 
is characteristic of a magnetosphere and closely matches his previous 
studies of the magnetospheres of Earth, Saturn and Jupiter. "The instant I 
saw the spectrogram, I could tell we had passed through a magnetosphere at 
Ganymede," Gurnett said.
   Describing the electromagnetic wave activity that his experiment 
detected at Ganymede, Gurnett said the approach to the large moon was 
relatively quiet, "until all of a sudden, there's a big burst of noise that 
signals the entry into Ganymede's magnetosphere. Then, for about 50 
minutes, we detected the kinds of noises that are typical of a passage 
through a magnetosphere. As we exited the magnetosphere, there was 
another big burst of noise."
   Gurnett checked with Dr. Margaret Kivelson of UCLA, principal 
investigator for the magnetometer experiment on the spacecraft. Kivelson 
quickly confirmed the detection of a large increase in magnetic field 
strength near Ganymede. Related data from the two close flybys have 
confirmed that Ganymede has a magnetic field of its own.
   Using extremely precise data from tracking the spacecraft, investigators 
on Galileo's celestial mechanics team also have been able to confirm that 
Ganymede's interior is differentiated, probably having a three-layer 
structure. "These data show clearly that Ganymede has differentiated into 
a core and mantle which is, in turn, enclosed by an ice shell," said JPL 
planetary scientist Dr. John Anderson, team leader on the Galileo radio 
science experiment.
   "Combined with the discovery of an intrinsic magnetic field, our gravity 
results indicate that Ganymede has a metallic core about 400 to 1,300 
kilometers (250 to 800 miles) in," Anderson said. "This is surrounded by a 
rocky silicate mantle which is, in turn, enclosed by an ice shell about 800 
kilometers (500 miles) thick. Depending on whether the core is pure iron 
or an alloy of iron and iron sulfide, it could account for as little as 1.4 
percent or as much as one-third of the total mass of Ganymede."
   This differentiated structure is the most likely cause of Ganymede's 
newly discovered magnetic field which, in turn, gives rise to the 
magnetosphere, reported UCLA geophysicist Dr. Gerald Schubert, an 
interdisciplinary investigator on Galileo's science team. Scientists 
suspect Ganymede's magnetic field is generated the same way as Earth's, 
through the dynamo action of the fluid mantle rotating above a metallic 
core. The only other solid bodies in the solar system known to have 
magnetic fields are Mercury, Earth and possibly Jupiter's volcanic moon Io.
   "At Ganymede, the magnetic field is strong enough to carve out a 
magnetosphere with clearly defined boundaries within Jupiter's 
magnetosphere, making it the only 'magnetosphere within a 
magnetosphere' known in the solar system," Kivelson said.
   The strong magnetic characteristics of Ganymede, in combination with its 
residence within Jupiter's powerful magnetosphere, makes the Jovian 
environment even more intriguing, said Galileo Project Scientist Dr. 
Torrence Johnson. "The physics taking place within Jupiter's 
magnetosphere are of great interest to scientists attempting to understand 
the complex interplay of magnetic forces and matter throughout the 
universe," he said.
   Data from the plasma wave instrument can be heard and seen on the 
Galileo home page at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo.
   Newly received Galileo images of Jupiter's moon Callisto and one of 
Europa also were released at the briefing. Scientists were surprised by the 
lack of small craters visible in the images. Some small craters appear to 
have been softened or modified by downslope movement of debris, 
revealing ice-rich surfaces.
   Galileo's next moon encounter occurred Dec. 18-19, when the spacecraft 
made its first close approach to Europa, the moon thought to harbor a 
liquid ocean beneath its icy surface. Results from that flyby will be 
radioed to Earth starting in the last half of December and continuing 
through early February 1997.
   The Europa image received from the spacecraft in early December shows 
the cracked surface of this moon in greater detail than it has been seen 
before. The new image shows an area 238 by 225 kilometers (150 by 140 
miles) that has been highly disrupted by fractures and ridges.
   Arizona State University planetary scientist Kelly Bender of Galileo's 
imaging team said that symmetric ridges in the dark bands suggest that 
Europa's surface crust was separated and filled with darker material, 
somewhat analogous to spreading centers in the ocean basins of Earth. 
Although some impact craters are visible, their general absence indicates a 
youthful surface, she said.
   The youngest ridges, such as the two features that cross the center of 
the picture, have central fractures, aligned knobs and irregular dark 
patches. These and other features could indicate cryovolcanism, or 
processes related to the eruption of ice and gases. ###
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Northridge quake hasn't stopped; hills have risen

By MARY HARDIN
   JPL earthquake researchers measuring the movement of the Earth's 
surface with the Global Positioning System (GPS) have concluded that the 
Northridge earthquake has continued in a "quiet" way and the Granada 
Hills have risen about 16 centimeters (about 6 inches) since that first 
jolt in January 1994. 
   Scientists from JPL presented their findings in mid-December at the 
annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. 
   "The Northridge quake occurred on a thrust fault that did not break all 
the way to the surface. However, the sedimentary layers of rock, in the top 
five kilometers located just below the surface near the epicenter, have 
continued to move in a fluid-like manner-sort of like honey flowing off a 
spoon-since the earthquake," said Dr. Gregory Lyzenga, a JPL geophysicist 
and professor at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont. "The amount of 
motion that happened because of this 'stealth' earthquake is equivalent to 
the displacement that would accompany a magnitude 6.0 earthquake."
   Lyzenga and his JPL colleague Dr. Andrea Donnellan studied data from 
about a dozen GPS receivers that continuously measure the constant, yet 
nearly physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults 
throughout Southern California. These temporary GPS sites were part of a 
preliminary earthquake study that helped lead to a large effort called the 
Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN). The network uses an 
array of permanent GPS receivers placed throughout the region.
   GPS uses data transmitted from a constellation of 24 Earth-orbiting 
satellites that are jointly operated by the departments of Defense and 
Transportation. The satellites are arranged so that several of them are 
"visible" from any point on the surface of the Earth at any time. 
Scientists at JPL can determine the position of a user with a GPS receiver 
to better than 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) per day by correlating signals 
from the satellites and knowing the satellite orbital locations very 
accurately.
   "It is not clear yet if this continued post-Northridge "after-slip" 
represents a loss of stress along a fault or if it is a transfer of stress 
to other areas," Lyzenga said. "Our GPS processing techniques are now 
better refined, making it easier to resolve vertical as well as horizontal 
movements of the Earth's surface." 
   What is clear is that the force of the after-slip has added about 16 
centimeters (about 6 inches) to the Granada Hills since the earthquake. 
   "While similar post-seismic movements have been seen after 
earthquakes in other regions, this observation is significant because it 
highlights the difficulty of fully accounting for all of the strain that 
can potentially lead to earthquakes," Lyzenga added. "If we hope to make 
realistic assessments of earthquake potential in different parts of the Los 
Angeles basin, we need to understand the processes and amounts of quiet 
movement, as well as the more obvious shifts that occur immediately 
during seismic events."
   In a related observation, researchers studying GPS measurements from a 
single site located in the foothills behind JPL have seen the rate of 
motion at that site change significantly since the Northridge quake.
   "This extra motion cannot be easily explained by means of additional 
slip on the fault which ruptured during the Northridge earthquake, 
suggesting the possibility of slip on a second fault closer to JPL," said 
Dr. Michael Heflin, a JPL geophysicist. "The extra motion may represent a 
significant release of strain energy which is occurring without 
earthquakes. If such events turn out to be common, the overall earthquake 
hazard may need to be reevaluated."
   The ongoing measurements of the new and growing SCIGN array will 
help clarify the "earthquake budget," or the amount of strain accumulation 
that has built up in Southern California. If the observations show that 
significant strain energy is released quietly, then less total energy is 
left to be released and we may experience fewer damaging earthquakes, 
Heflin added. ###
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Sagan played key roles in JPL missions, friends recall

   Dr. Carl Sagan and his long history of contributions to space missions 
conducted by JPL were remembered by his scientific colleagues following 
his death Dec. 20.
   Sagan had key roles in shaping the course of exploration of the planets 
with robotic spacecraft since the 1960s to the present. At the time of his 
death, he was an interdisciplinary scientist on JPL's Galileo mission to 
Jupiter.
   JPL Director Dr. Edward Stone, who also served as project scientist on 
the Voyager mission, commented:
   "The world's science community, and the field of planetary exploration 
in particular, have lost one of its most gifted minds and eloquent voices 
in the passing of Dr. Carl Sagan. As a team member on various planetary 
missions, Carl repeatedly demonstrated a special capability to understand 
the significance of a finding and place it in context. His contributions to 
the Voyager program, over some 20 years, were significant in making it the 
very successful exploration of the outer planets that it was. I personally 
shall miss his wise counsel.
   "The entire JPL staff joins me in mourning his loss and extending our 
deepest sympathies to the Sagan family. "
   Dr. Torrence Johnson, Galileo Project Scientist, who also worked with 
Sagan as a fellow member of the science team on the Voyager missions to 
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, recalled:
   "Carl was one of the greatest intellects behind the genesis of space 
exploration generally and specifically the Galileo mission. He was part of 
the original group that got together to promote the mission to NASA and he 
served as an interdisciplinary scientists on the mission team from the 
beginning. He was a great human being who shared with everyone his 
excitement about the exploration of the universe."
   Galileo Project Manager Bill O'Neil expressed the team's grief at 
Sagan's passing:
   "The Galileo mission team is heartbroken with the loss of Carl Sagan. 
Carl was one of our most esteemed interdisciplinary scientists on the 
Galileo Project Science Group. But more than that, Carl was a wonderful 
colleague and dear friend to us all. Carl is very well known for his 
tremendous success in engaging the public in space exploration. Not so well 
known is that Carl was extremely effective in helping save Galileo from the 
budget ax many times in the early years of the project. We are greatly 
indebted to Carl for his support and inspiration through the years."
   Dr. Carolyn Porco of the University of Arizona heads the imaging team 
for JPL's Cassini mission to Saturn. She attributes much of her success in 
science to early mentoring she received from Sagan:
   "Of all the people I have met in the course of my scientific career, no 
one was more gracious, understanding, respectful and encouraging towards me 
than Carl. From my very first professional presentation at the age of 21, 
to my current position as the Cassini imaging team leader, Carl was there, 
always, with a kind, gentle word of support. I believe that he cared for 
people, genuinely, in that special way that distinguishes great 
humanitarian leaders. And I believe that underlying his life's work was a 
bedrock faith in the fragile dignity and goodness of all humankind.
   "His passing is a heartbreaking loss-for his family, for the community 
of scientists that he walked among, and for the world. We who remain on 
Earth have lost our guardian angel. He is part of the cosmos now." ###
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Donnellan, Stofan honored by White House

By MARY HARDIN
   Two JPL scientists are among six NASA recipients of a new presidential 
award that recognizes outstanding young scientists who are beginning 
their independent research careers.
   Dr. Andrea Donnellan and Dr. Ellen Stofan received the Presidential 
Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers at a Dec. 16 ceremony in 
Washington, D.C. The award is the highest honor bestowed by the U.S. 
government on young professionals whose talents and potential are so 
great that they are expected to be leaders in the frontiers of science and 
engineering in the 21st century.
   The recipients received funding to support their research over the next 
five years. They will also serve as advisors to the president on emerging 
and developing trends and discoveries in their fields.
   Donnellan was recognized for her work using the Global Positioning 
System (GPS) satellite technology to study earthquakes and the 
corresponding movements of the Earth's crust. She is currently a team 
member on the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), an 
array of 250 GPS receivers that will continuously measure the constant, 
but nearly physically imperceptible movements of earthquake faults 
throughout Southern California. The network will help scientists forecast 
future earthquake hazards in the greater Los Angeles area.
   Donnellan is also a visiting associate at the Seismological Laboratory 
at Caltech. She has conducted field studies in California in the region of 
the Northridge earthquake, the Ventura basin and on the San Andreas fault. 
She has also carried out field work in Antarctica on the West Antarctic Ice 
Streams, on the Altiplano of Bolivia and on Variegated Glacier in Alaska.
   A resident of Altadena, the 32-year-old Donnellan was raised in 
Arlington Heights, Ill. She received her doctorate in geophysics in 1991 
and her master's degree in 1988 from Caltech. She graduated from Ohio 
State University in 1988 with a bachelor of science degree in geology and 
mathematics.
   Stofan is a planetary geologist who received the award for her geologic 
mapping studies of  Venus, using data from JPL's Magellan spacecraft. 
Stofan was the deputy project scientist for the Magellan mission. She 
assisted in the interpretation of Magellan radar data, helped to plan the 
science analysis and provided science input to the Magellan mission 
operations teams.
   Stofan has been on sabbatical in London for the past 15 months. She will 
return  to JPL after the first of the year to continue her work as program 
scientist of the New Millennium project. Prior to taking that position, 
Stofan was the experiment scientist for the Spaceborne Imaging Radar 
C/X-band Imaging Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) project.
   An Ohio native, Stofan, 35, received her master of science and doctorate 
degrees from Brown University, Providence, R.I. She graduated from 
William & Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. in 1983 with a degree in 
geology and art history.
   Stofan and her husband Tim Dunn, and their children, Ryan, Emily and 
Sarah, live in Pasadena.
   In addition to the NASA recipients, other awardees were from the 
departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human 
Services and Veteran Affairs, as well as the Environmental Protection 
Agency and the National Science Foundation. ###
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Space Coast childhood led engineer to JPL career

By JUDITH McGAVIN, Advisory Council for Women
   As fate would have it, Linda Robeck's career in space science may have 
been determined when she was just a child  or perhaps even sooner.
   Robeck, who works in Section 352, had a chance to reminisce about those 
early days recently, when she worked at Kennedy Space Center to help 
prepare Mars Pathfinder for its launch earlier this month. She found 
herself back in her old stomping grounds.
   From her birthplace of nearby Vero Beach, Fla., her family used to watch 
NASA launches on television, then run out into the yard to watch the 
rockets clear the trees.
   Then, when she was still a baby, Robeck's family moved to the Boston 
area, in a house at the end of the runway at Hanscom Air Force Base. 
   An inspiring moment came when she was about 6, she recalled. Her 
father took her out into the yard one evening and pointed out a star that 
moved slowly across the sky against the dark field of stars. It was an 
Apollo spacecraft, and her dad told her there were men in that star. Her 
mind just lit up, and a permanent fascination with space and science 
ensued.
   Now a nine-year JPL veteran, Robeck worked on a mechanical 
engineering team at KSC that was in charge of assembling Pathfinder's 
lander. She worked with cognizant engineers and teams responsible for the 
spacecraft's rover, camera, wind sensors and other instruments, ensuring 
that everything came together and  worked according to schedule.
   She joined the Pathfinder project in mid-1995 as a member of the 
assembly test and launch operations (ATLO) team, and prior to that served 
as JPL's metric conversion task manager, helping to heighten awareness to 
NASA's mandate to its  centers to implement metrics.
   As far back as she can recall, Robeck was always interested in the way 
things work, rather than how they look. "I do remember, as a small child, 
peering into the toaster to see how white bread became brown toast," she 
said. "I was also very interested in finding out why the heaters used to 
'bang' in the winters."
   Later, she spent hours in her family's dirt driveway performing little 
erosion experiments, and was especially interested in watching to see how 
plants grew.
   Robeck also conducted scientific experiments in "fluid dynamics." Her 
family had a pump to keep water out of the basement. The water flowed 
from a tube at the top of the driveway. "I spent many hours experimenting 
with different sizes and shapes of dams, using a variety of building 
materials, such as dry dirt, wet dirt, grass clippings, sticks, rocks and 
various combinations." Her family encouraged this method of 
entertainment for quite some time.
   But it was more than entertainment. Fortunately, on the serious side, 
Robeck's parents both influenced an atmosphere of learning and 
exploration for her and her two older sisters and brother.
   She and her sisters, however, had to overcome what she termed her 
father's "old world ideas" about women in the workplace.
   She says her dad was a firm believer that women could do whatever 
they wanted to-as long as they cooked, cleaned and took care of the kids, 
so her primary tasks while growing up included cleaning and preparing 
meals.
   But she also had chances to help out in the garage, bleeding brake lines 
or resetting the clutch. Yard work and snow shoveling were also part of 
her household assignments. 
   Her father even encouraged her to learn how to change tires before she 
applied for her driver's license. 
   "He expected us to be well-educated, but was surprised when I went into 
engineering," Robeck said. Each of her siblings has now earned master's 
degrees in science or engineering, which pleased her dad to no end.
   "He loved it to pieces, the fact that all of his children became 
professionals," she noted. "He especially loved to brag about me and his 
other daughters."
   Robeck's mother, Gisela, was no less inspirational. After 20 years of 
homemaking, her mom went back to school, earning a bachelor's degree in 
computer science from Northeastern University in Boston, followed by a 
master's degree in finance from Boston College. She then worked her way 
up to the equivalent of a division manager for a major life insurance 
company before retiring in 1992.
   But that is just part of her mother's story. Gisela survived World War 
II by escaping across the Russian border from East Germany into West 
Germany one night and ended up supporting herself and a younger 
brother and sister until she emigrated to the United States in 1952.
   Following her parents' divorce when she was 11, Robeck lived with her 
mother. She said she kept up her interest in science by learning to do 
preventative maintenance on household appliances.
   Although Robeck was always enamored of the space program, she said 
she had never thought about it as a career until a poignant moment in her 
high school physics class, when she used a calculator to figure out the 
orbit of Jupiter. "'Wow!,'" she thought. "A pimply-faced kid with a pencil 
and a few equations can figure  out the motions of the planets!" Shortly 
thereafter, she applied to MIT to study physics, eventually earning a 
bachelor's degree in aeronautics and astronomy, followed by a master's in 
science from Stanford.
   Following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in early 1986, Robeck 
found that NASA wasn't doing much hiring, but a friend informed her of an 
opening at JPL the following year. She then joined the Galileo project in 
mid-1987, working on the integration of the attitude control system.
   Robeck said the most interesting work she's done at JPL was the ATLO 
work for Mars Pathfinder. "It was the hardest thing I've ever had to do," 
she said. "We had to start from nothing and build an autonomous 
spacecraft that will land on another planet. We had to learn everything 
about how each instrument and mechanism worked, how to put it together 
and how to take care of it.  We were the final caretakers of that hardware; 
hundreds of people were counting on us to bring the whole thing to a final, 
integrated, complete spacecraft. 
   "We worked extremely long hours, nights and weekends, fixing problems 
no one had seen until the last minute, making things fit, and all the while 
handling all of the constraints that keep us from causing a biological 
contamination of Mars. It was really hard work, but very, very rewarding."
   However, her most memorable moment was when the Pathfinder ATLO 
crew threw a surprise birthday party for her last January. She had no idea 
anything was in the works.  "That was so nice, I wanted to cry," she 
recalled.
   Now that Pathfinder is safely on its way to Mars, Robeck works with the 
Critical Dynamics in Microgravity (DYNAMX) Preproject, a space science 
experiment scheduled for a space shuttle flight in 2001. The experiment 
will investigate the changing properties of helium at extremely cold 
temperatures. Her work involves cryovalve calibrations needed for flight 
designs.
   Robeck hopes to one day become a systems engineer at JPL. Even though 
systems engineers were formally named only last year, Robeck noted that 
in her experience, there has always been an informal network of mentors 
or guides on Lab. "There have been so many changes in the 10 years I've 
worked here," she said. "When I look back, there's always been a couple of 
people in each division that others could talk to for advice."
   In her free time, Robeck is a voracious reader. Spurred by hearing the 
short story "Arena" (later adapted as a story for the original "Star Trek") 
at summer camp at age 9, she tumbled headlong into a love affair with 
science fiction, which continues to this day. Because Pathfinder took up so 
much of her time this year, Robeck fell short of her goal of reading 100 
books a year, reading "only" 30 so far. Her tastes include current popular 
fiction, non-fiction, and the classics. She also likes to unwind by growing 
flowers and vegetables in her garden. 
   The most rewarding milestone in Robeck's life was buying a home. "It is 
hard enough for anyone to buy a home these days, but especially for a 
woman living alone, with no help from anyone."
   She currently shares her home with her cat, but that will soon change, 
as she is engaged to be married to Don Fuhrman, a 10-year JPL veteran. 
Fuhrman is the system architect for JPL's Product Data Management 
Services (PDMS), which is a suite of configuration management services, 
data management services, data distribution services, and 
technical/engineering information storage and retrieval for the Lab. ###
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News briefs

   Dr. Henry Garrett, lead technologist for the Office of Engineering and 
Mission Assurance, has co-authored a college-level textbook based partly 
on his JPL work of specifying and defining environmental requirements for 
Lab missions.
   The book, called "Spacecraft Environment Interactions," was co-authored 
by MIT professor Daniel Hastings and is used in one of his courses there. 
Garrett said the book is in widespread use at universities throughout the 
country with spacecraft design courses.
   Garrett added that the book is available for loan at the JPL Library and 
for sale at the Caltech bookstore, staff/faculty section. For more 
information, call him at ext. 4-2644. ###

   The JPL Genealogy Club has announced that its regular membership 
meetings have been changed to the first Tuesday of the month. The next 
meeting will be held on Jan. 7 at noon in Bldg 301-169. For more 
information, see the Genealogy Club home page at http://www.jplerc.org/ 
genealog/. 
   Genealogy Club president Jay Holladay recommends a new PBS series 
about family history beginning in January.
   The show will air on KCET, Channel 28 beginning on Sunday, Jan. 5, at 
6:30 p.m. The show's 10 30-minute segments will air on consecutive 
Sunday evenings at the same time. Episodes will cover such topics as: 
getting started, gathering family stories, census and military records, 
African American research and high-tech help. Additional information 
about the series is available at http://www.kbyu. byu.edu/ ancestors/. ###
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X-33 manager discusses program

   Gene Austin, manager of NASA's X-33 program, presented an overview 
of the program's demonstration vehicle to a von Krmn Auditorium 
audience Dec. 13.
   The demonstration vehicle, according to JPL Defense Space Technology 
Manager Ken Russ, is a steppingstone to NASA's Reusable Launch Vehicle, 
intended to lead to cheaper and more frequent space flights.
   Russ said that Austin's briefing was a follow-up to Vice President Al 
Gore's announcement at JPL in July that Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works 
facility in Palmdale had won the competitive bid to build the X-33 test 
vehicle.
   "The X-33 demonstration vehicle is scheduled to first fly early in 1999, 
when it will complete 15 flights," Russ said. "The economic feasibility and 
performance reliability of the RLV space plane is to be established by the 
X-33 program."
   Russ also will manage two support tasks that JPL will contribute to the 
RLV. One, called vehicle health management, "will ensure incorporation of 
proper status sensors on the RLV that will make it as safe as present-day 
airplanes that fly over land," he said. The other task, Russ added, is an 
avionics flight experiment that "will demonstrate the capability to manage 
large and diverse quantities of data, which will allow operational costs to 
be greatly reduced."
   A videotape of Austin's speech is available for loan from the 
Audiovisual Services Office. ###
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Universe

Editor, Mark Whalen 
Photos, JPL Photo Lab

Universe is published every other Friday by the Public Affairs Office of 
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak 
Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109.