-CITE-
    18 USC CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE                  01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
                    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE                

-MISC1-
    Sec.                                                     
    1501.       Assault on process server.                            
    1502.       Resistance to extradition agent.                      
    1503.       Influencing or injuring officer or juror generally.   
    1504.       Influencing juror by writing.                         
    1505.       Obstruction of proceedings before departments,
                 agencies, and committees.                            
    1506.       Theft or alteration of record or process; false bail. 
    1507.       Picketing or parading.                                
    1508.       Recording, listening to, or observing proceedings of
                 grand or petit juries while deliberating or voting.  
    1509.       Obstruction of court orders.                          
    1510.       Obstruction of criminal investigations.               
    1511.       Obstruction of State or local law enforcement.        
    1512.       Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant.    
    1513.       Retaliating against a witness, victim, or an
                 informant.                                           
    1514.       Civil action to restrain harassment of a victim or
                 witness.                                             
    1514A.      Civil action to protect against retaliation in fraud
                 cases.                                               
    1515.       Definitions for certain provisions; general provision.
    1516.       Obstruction of Federal audit.                         
    1517.       Obstructing examination of financial institution.     
    1518.       Obstruction of criminal investigations of health care
                 offenses.                                            
    1519.       Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records
                 in Federal investigations and bankruptcy.            
    1520.       Destruction of corporate audit records.               

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2002 - Pub. L. 107-204, title VIII, Secs. 802(b), 806(b), July
    30, 2002, 116 Stat. 801, 804, added items 1514A, 1519, and 1520.
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-191, title II, Sec. 245(b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110
    Stat. 2018, added item 1518.
      1990 - Pub. L. 101-647, title XXV, Sec. 2503(b), Nov. 29, 1990,
    104 Stat. 4861, added item 1517.
      1988 - Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Secs. 7030, 7078(b), Nov. 18,
    1988, 102 Stat. 4398, 4406, inserted "; general provision" in item
    1515 and added item 1516.
      1982 - Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(b), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1253,
    substituted "or juror" for ", juror or witness" after "officer" in
    item 1503, and added items 1512, 1513, 1514, and 1515.
      1970 - Pub. L. 91-452, title VIII, Sec. 802(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84
    Stat. 937, added item 1511.
      1967 - Pub. L. 90-123, Sec. 1(b), Nov. 3, 1967, 81 Stat. 362,
    added item 1510.
      1962 - Pub. L. 87-664, Sec. 6(b), Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat. 552,
    substituted "Obstruction of proceedings before departments,
    agencies, and committees" for "Influencing or injuring witness
    before agencies and committees" in item 1505.
      1960 - Pub. L. 86-449, title I, Sec. 102, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat.
    86, added item 1509.
      1956 - Act Aug. 2, 1956, ch. 879, Sec. 2, 70 Stat. 936, added
    item 1508.
      1950 - Act Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1024, title I, Sec. 31(b), 64
    Stat. 1019, added item 1507.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1501                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1501. Assault on process server

-STATUTE-
      Whoever knowingly and willfully obstructs, resists, or opposes
    any officer of the United States, or other person duly authorized,
    in serving, or attempting to serve or execute, any legal or
    judicial writ or process of any court of the United States, or
    United States magistrate judge; or
      Whoever assaults, beats, or wounds any officer or other person
    duly authorized, knowing him to be such officer, or other person so
    duly authorized, in serving or executing any such writ, rule,
    order, process, warrant, or other legal or judicial writ or process
    - 
      Shall, except as otherwise provided by law, be fined under this
    title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 90-578, title IV,
    Sec. 402(b)(2), Oct. 17, 1968, 82 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 101-650,
    title III, Sec. 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 103-322,
    title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(F), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 245 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch.
    321, Sec. 140, 35 Stat. 1114).
      The phrase "Except as otherwise expressly provided by law" was
    inserted because sections 2231, 2232, and 2233 of this title
    provide greater penalties for obstructing service of search
    warrants.
      Mandatory provisions were rephrased in the alternative.
      Minor changes were made in phraseology.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $300" in last par.

-CHANGE-
                              CHANGE OF NAME                          
      "United States magistrate judge" substituted for "United States
    magistrate" in text pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101-650, set
    out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial
    Procedure. Previously, "United States magistrate" substituted for
    "United States commissioner" pursuant to Pub. L. 90-578. See
    chapter 43 (Sec. 631 et seq.) of Title 28.
      Reference to United States magistrate or to magistrate deemed to
    refer to United States magistrate judge pursuant to section 321 of
    Pub. L. 101-650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28.

-MISC2-
                       SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENT                   
      Pub. L. 107-204, title VIII, Sec. 801, July 30, 2002, 116 Stat.
    800, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 1348, 1514A,
    1519, and 1520 of this title, amending section 523 of Title 11,
    Bankruptcy, and section 1658 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial
    Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
    994 and 1658 of Title 28] may be cited as the 'Corporate and
    Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002'."

                       SHORT TITLE OF 1982 AMENDMENT                   
      Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 1, Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1248, provided:
    "That this Act [enacting sections 1512 to 1515, 3579, and 3580 of
    this title, amending sections 1503, 1505, 1510, and 3146 of this
    title and Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and
    enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1512 and 3579
    of this title] may be cited as the 'Victim and Witness Protection
    Act of 1982'."

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1502                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1502. Resistance to extradition agent

-STATUTE-
      Whoever knowingly and willfully obstructs, resists, or opposes an
    extradition agent of the United States in the execution of his
    duties, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than
    one year, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (June 24, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 103-322, title
    XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(F), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 661 (R.S. 5277).
      Said section 661 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., was incorporated
    in this section and section 752 of this title.
      Words "an extradition agent of the United States" were
    substituted for "such agent" which was referred to in sections 3182
    et seq. of this title.
      A fine of "$300" was substituted for "$1,000" as the mandatory
    maximum to harmonize with similar offenses in this chapter. (See
    section 1501 of this title.)
      Punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $300".

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1503                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1503. Influencing or injuring officer or juror generally

-STATUTE-
      (a) Whoever corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any
    threatening letter or communication, endeavors to influence,
    intimidate, or impede any grand or petit juror, or officer in or of
    any court of the United States, or officer who may be serving at
    any examination or other proceeding before any United States
    magistrate judge or other committing magistrate, in the discharge
    of his duty, or injures any such grand or petit juror in his person
    or property on account of any verdict or indictment assented to by
    him, or on account of his being or having been such juror, or
    injures any such officer, magistrate judge, or other committing
    magistrate in his person or property on account of the performance
    of his official duties, or corruptly or by threats or force, or by
    any threatening letter or communication, influences, obstructs, or
    impedes, or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due
    administration of justice, shall be punished as provided in
    subsection (b). If the offense under this section occurs in
    connection with a trial of a criminal case, and the act in
    violation of this section involves the threat of physical force or
    physical force, the maximum term of imprisonment which may be
    imposed for the offense shall be the higher of that otherwise
    provided by law or the maximum term that could have been imposed
    for any offense charged in such case.
      (b) The punishment for an offense under this section is - 
        (1) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in
      sections 1111 and 1112;
        (2) in the case of an attempted killing, or a case in which the
      offense was committed against a petit juror and in which a class
      A or B felony was charged, imprisonment for not more than 20
      years, a fine under this title, or both; and
        (3) in any other case, imprisonment for not more than 10 years,
      a fine under this title, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(c),
    Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, Sec.
    60016, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat.
    1974, 2147; Pub. L. 104-214, Sec. 1(3), Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat.
    3017.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 241 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch.
    321, Sec. 135, 35 Stat. 1113; June 8, 1945, ch. 178, Sec. 1, 59
    Stat. 234).
      The phrase "other committing magistrate" was substituted for
    "officer acting as such commissioner" in order to clarify meaning.
      Minor changes were made in phraseology.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-214 inserted at end "If the
    offense under this section occurs in connection with a trial of a
    criminal case, and the act in violation of this section involves
    the threat of physical force or physical force, the maximum term of
    imprisonment which may be imposed for the offense shall be the
    higher of that otherwise provided by law or the maximum term that
    could have been imposed for any offense charged in such case."
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), which directed the
    substitution of "fined under this title" for "fined not more than
    $5,000", could not be executed because the words "fined not more
    than $5,000" did not appear in text subsequent to amendment by Pub.
    L. 103-322, Sec. 60016. See below.
      Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 60016, designated existing provisions as
    subsec. (a), substituted "magistrate judge" for "commissioner" in
    two places and "punished as provided in subsection (b)" for "fined
    not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or
    both", and added subsec. (b).
      1982 - Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(c)(1), substituted "or juror" for
    ", juror or witness" after "officer" in section catchline.
      Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(c)(2), (3), substituted in text "grand"
    for "witness, in any court of the United States or before any
    United States commissioner or other committing magistrate, or any
    grand" after "or impede any", and struck out "injures any party or
    witness in his person or property on account of his attending or
    having attended such court or examination before such officer,
    commissioner, or other committing magistrate, or on account of his
    testifying or having testified to any matter pending therein, or"
    after "discharge of his duty, or".

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 97-291 effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section
    9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as an Effective Date note under
    section 1512 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1504                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1504. Influencing juror by writing

-STATUTE-
      Whoever attempts to influence the action or decision of any grand
    or petit juror of any court of the United States upon any issue or
    matter pending before such juror, or before the jury of which he is
    a member, or pertaining to his duties, by writing or sending to him
    any written communication, in relation to such issue or matter,
    shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six
    months, or both.
      Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the
    communication of a request to appear before the grand jury.

-SOURCE-
    (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 103-322, title
    XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 243 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch.
    321, Sec. 137, 35 Stat. 1113).
      Last paragraph was added to remove the possibility that a proper
    request to appear before a grand jury might be construed as a
    technical violation of this section.
      Minor changes were made in phraseology.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $1,000" in first par.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1505                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1505. Obstruction of proceedings before departments, agencies,
      and committees

-STATUTE-
      Whoever, with intent to avoid, evade, prevent, or obstruct
    compliance, in whole or in part, with any civil investigative
    demand duly and properly made under the Antitrust Civil Process
    Act, willfully withholds, misrepresents, removes from any place,
    conceals, covers up, destroys, mutilates, alters, or by other means
    falsifies any documentary material, answers to written
    interrogatories, or oral testimony, which is the subject of such
    demand; or attempts to do so or solicits another to do so; or
      Whoever corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening
    letter or communication influences, obstructs, or impedes or
    endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede the due and proper
    administration of the law under which any pending proceeding is
    being had before any department or agency of the United States, or
    the due and proper exercise of the power of inquiry under which any
    inquiry or investigation is being had by either House, or any
    committee of either House or any joint committee of the Congress - 
      Shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years
    or, if the offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as
    defined in section 2331), imprisoned not more than 8 years, or
    both.

-SOURCE-
    (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 87-664, Sec. 6(a),
    Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat. 551; Pub. L. 91-452, title IX, Sec. 903,
    Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 94-435, title I, Sec. 105,
    Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(d), Oct. 12,
    1982, 96 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec.
    330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 108-458,
    title VI, Sec. 6703(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3766.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 241a, (Mar. 4, 1909,
    ch. 321, Sec. 135a, as added Jan. 13, 1940, ch. 1, 54 Stat. 13;
    June 8, 1945, ch. 178, Sec. 2, 59 Stat. 234).
      Word "agency" was substituted for the words "independent
    establishment, board, commission" in two instances to eliminate any
    possible ambiguity as to scope of section. (See definitive section
    6 of this title.)
      Minor changes were made in phraseology.

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      The Antitrust Civil Process Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L.
    87-664, Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat. 548, as amended, which is
    classified generally to chapter 34 (Sec. 1311 et seq.) of Title 15,
    Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the
    Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1311 of Title 15
    and Tables.

-MISC2-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2004 - Pub. L. 108-458, which directed amendment of the third
    undesignated paragraph of this section by substituting "be fined
    under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the
    offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in
    section 2331), imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both" for "be
    fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or
    both", was executed by making the substitution for "be fined under
    this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both", to
    reflect the probable intent of Congress.
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $5,000" in last par.
      1982 - Pub. L. 97-291 struck out first two paragraphs which
    provided, respectively, that whoever corruptly, or by threats or
    force, or by any threatening letter or communication, endeavored to
    influence, intimidate, or impede any witness in any proceeding
    pending before any department or agency of the United States, or in
    connection with any inquiry or investigation being had by either
    House, or any committee of either House, or any joint committee of
    the Congress, and whoever injured any party or witness in his
    person or property on account of his attending or having attended
    such proceeding, inquiry, or investigation, or on account of his
    testifying or having testified to any matter pending therein, would
    be subject to the penalty set forth in the last paragraph, and in
    the fourth paragraph substituted "any pending" for "such" after
    "law under which", and substituted "any" for "such" before
    "department" and before "inquiry".
      1976 - Pub. L. 94-435 struck out "section 1968 of this title"
    after "Antitrust Civil Process Act", inserted "withholds,
    misrepresents" after "willfully", "covers up" after "conceals",
    "answers to written interrogatories, or oral testimony", after "any
    documentary material", and "or attempts to do so or solicits
    another to do so;" after "such demand".
      1970 - Pub. L. 91-452 inserted reference to section 1968 of this
    title.
      1962 - Pub. L. 87-664 substituted section catchline "Obstruction
    of proceedings before departments, agencies, and committees" for
    "Influencing or injuring witness before agencies and committees"
    and punished the willful removal, concealment, destruction,
    mutilation, alteration or falsification of documents which were the
    subject of a demand under the Antitrust Civil Process Act if done
    with the intent to prevent compliance with a civil investigative
    demand.

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 97-291 effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section
    9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as an Effective Date note under
    section 1512 of this title.

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 94-435 effective Sept. 30, 1976, see section
    106 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 1311 of
    Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1506                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1506. Theft or alteration of record or process; false bail

-STATUTE-
      Whoever feloniously steals, takes away, alters, falsifies, or
    otherwise avoids any record, writ, process, or other proceeding, in
    any court of the United States, whereby any judgment is reversed,
    made void, or does not take effect; or
      Whoever acknowledges, or procures to be acknowledged in any such
    court, any recognizance, bail, or judgment, in the name of any
    other person not privy or consenting to the same - 
      Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five
    years, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 103-322, title
    XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                       HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES                   
      Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 233 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch.
    321, Sec. 127, 35 Stat. 1111).
      The term of imprisonment was reduced from 7 to 5 years, to
    conform the punishment with like ones for similar offenses. (See
    section 1503 of this title.)
      Minor changes were made in phraseology.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $5,000" in last par.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1507                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1507. Picketing or parading

-STATUTE-
      Whoever, with the intent of interfering with, obstructing, or
    impeding the administration of justice, or with the intent of
    influencing any judge, juror, witness, or court officer, in the
    discharge of his duty, pickets or parades in or near a building
    housing a court of the United States, or in or near a building or
    residence occupied or used by such judge, juror, witness, or court
    officer, or with such intent uses any sound-truck or similar device
    or resorts to any other demonstration in or near any such building
    or residence, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not
    more than one year, or both.
      Nothing in this section shall interfere with or prevent the
    exercise by any court of the United States of its power to punish
    for contempt.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1024, title I, Sec. 31(a), 64 Stat.
    1018; amended Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(K),
    Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $5,000" in first par.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1508                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1508. Recording, listening to, or observing proceedings of
      grand or petit juries while deliberating or voting

-STATUTE-
      Whoever knowingly and willfully, by any means or device
    whatsoever - 
        (a) records, or attempts to record, the proceedings of any
      grand or petit jury in any court of the United States while such
      jury is deliberating or voting; or
        (b) listens to or observes, or attempts to listen to or
      observe, the proceedings of any grand or petit jury of which he
      is not a member in any court of the United States while such jury
      is deliberating or voting - 

    shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one
    year, or both.
      Nothing in paragraph (a) of this section shall be construed to
    prohibit the taking of notes by a grand or petit juror in any court
    of the United States in connection with and solely for the purpose
    of assisting him in the performance of his duties as such juror.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Aug. 2, 1956, ch. 879, Sec. 1, 70 Stat. 935; amended Pub. L.
    103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat.
    2147; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 601(f)(13), Oct. 11, 1996,
    110 Stat. 3500.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Pub. L. 104-294 realigned margins for provisions beginning
    "shall be fined" and ending "one year, or both."
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $1,000" in par. following par. (b).

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1509                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1509. Obstruction of court orders

-STATUTE-
      Whoever, by threats or force, willfully prevents, obstructs,
    impedes, or interferes with, or willfully attempts to prevent,
    obstruct, impede, or interfere with, the due exercise of rights or
    the performance of duties under any order, judgment, or decree of a
    court of the United States, shall be fined under this title or
    imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
      No injunctive or other civil relief against the conduct made
    criminal by this section shall be denied on the ground that such
    conduct is a crime.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 86-449, title I, Sec. 101, May 6, 1960, 74 Stat. 86;
    amended Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(H), Sept. 13,
    1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for
    "fined not more than $1,000" in first par.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1510                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1510. Obstruction of criminal investigations

-STATUTE-
      (a) Whoever willfully endeavors by means of bribery to obstruct,
    delay, or prevent the communication of information relating to a
    violation of any criminal statute of the United States by any
    person to a criminal investigator shall be fined under this title,
    or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
      (b)(1) Whoever, being an officer of a financial institution, with
    the intent to obstruct a judicial proceeding, directly or
    indirectly notifies any other person about the existence or
    contents of a subpoena for records of that financial institution,
    or information that has been furnished to the grand jury in
    response to that subpoena, shall be fined under this title or
    imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
      (2) Whoever, being an officer of a financial institution,
    directly or indirectly notifies - 
        (A) a customer of that financial institution whose records are
      sought by a grand jury subpoena; or
        (B) any other person named in that subpoena;

    about the existence or contents of that subpoena or information
    that has been furnished to the grand jury in response to that
    subpoena, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more
    than one year, or both.
      (3) As used in this subsection - 
        (A) the term "an officer of a financial institution" means an
      officer, director, partner, employee, agent, or attorney of or
      for a financial institution; and
        (B) the term "subpoena for records" means a Federal grand jury
      subpoena or a Department of Justice subpoena (issued under
      section 3486 of title 18), for customer records that has been
      served relating to a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate - 
          (i) section 215, 656, 657, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1014, 1344,
        1956, 1957, or chapter 53 of title 31; or
          (ii) section 1341 or 1343 affecting a financial institution.

      (c) As used in this section, the term "criminal investigator"
    means any individual duly authorized by a department, agency, or
    armed force of the United States to conduct or engage in
    investigations of or prosecutions for violations of the criminal
    laws of the United States.
      (d)(1) Whoever - 
        (A) acting as, or being, an officer, director, agent or
      employee of a person engaged in the business of insurance whose
      activities affect interstate commerce, or
        (B) is engaged in the business of insurance whose activities
      affect interstate commerce or is involved (other than as an
      insured or beneficiary under a policy of insurance) in a
      transaction relating to the conduct of affairs of such a
      business,

    with intent to obstruct a judicial proceeding, directly or
    indirectly notifies any other person about the existence or
    contents of a subpoena for records of that person engaged in such
    business or information that has been furnished to a Federal grand
    jury in response to that subpoena, shall be fined as provided by
    this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
      (2) As used in paragraph (1), the term "subpoena for records"
    means a Federal grand jury subpoena for records that has been
    served relating to a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate,
    section 1033 of this title.
      (e) Whoever, having been notified of the applicable disclosure
    prohibitions or confidentiality requirements of section 2709(c)(1)
    of this title, section 626(d)(1) or 627(c)(1) of the Fair Credit
    Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681u(d)(1) or 1681v(c)(1)), section
    1114(a)(3)(A) or 1114(a)(5)(D)(i) of the Right to Financial Privacy
    Act (!1) (12 U.S.C. 3414(a)(3)(A) or 3414(a)(5)(D)(i)), or section
    802(b)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C.
    436(b)(1)), knowingly and with the intent to obstruct an
    investigation or judicial proceeding violates such prohibitions or
    requirements applicable by law to such person shall be imprisoned
    for not more than five years, fined under this title, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 90-123, Sec. 1(a), Nov. 3, 1967, 81 Stat. 362;
    amended Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(e), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1253;
    Pub. L. 101-73, title IX, Sec. 962(c), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 502;
    Pub. L. 102-550, title XV, Sec. 1528, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat.
    4065; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, Sec. 320604(c), title XXXIII,
    Sec. 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2119, 2147; Pub. L.
    104-191, title II, Sec. 248(c), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2020; Pub.
    L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 117, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 217.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2006 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109-177 added subsec. (e).
      1996 - Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104-191 which directed the
    insertion of "or a Department of Justice subpoena (issued under
    section 3486 of title 18)," after "subpoena", was executed by
    making the insertion after "subpoena" the second place it appeared
    to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
      1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K),
    substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than
    $5,000".
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320604(c), added subsec. (d).
      1992 - Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 102-550 substituted "1344,
    1956, 1957, or chapter 53 of title 31" for "or 1344".
      1989 - Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 101-73 added subsec. (b) and
    redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).
      1982 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-291 struck out ",
    misrepresentation, intimidation, or force or threats thereof" after
    "bribery", and struck out provision applying the penalties provided
    by this subsection to whoever injured any person in his person or
    property on account of the giving by such person or any other
    person of any information relating to a violation of any criminal
    statute of the United States to any criminal investigator.

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 97-291 effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section
    9(a) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as an Effective Date note under
    section 1512 of this title.

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by "of 1978".

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1511                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1511. Obstruction of State or local law enforcement

-STATUTE-
      (a) It shall be unlawful for two or more persons to conspire to
    obstruct the enforcement of the criminal laws of a State or
    political subdivision thereof, with the intent to facilitate an
    illegal gambling business if - 
        (1) one or more of such persons does any act to effect the
      object of such a conspiracy;
        (2) one or more of such persons is an official or employee,
      elected, appointed, or otherwise, of such State or political
      subdivision; and
        (3) one or more of such persons conducts, finances, manages,
      supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an illegal gambling
      business.

      (b) As used in this section - 
        (1) "illegal gambling business" means a gambling business which
      - 
          (i) is a violation of the law of a State or political
        subdivision in which it is conducted;
          (ii) involves five or more persons who conduct, finance,
        manage, supervise, direct, or own all or part of such business;
        and
          (iii) has been or remains in substantially continuous
        operation for a period in excess of thirty days or has a gross
        revenue of $2,000 in any single day.

        (2) "gambling" includes but is not limited to pool-selling,
      bookmaking, maintaining slot machines, roulette wheels, or dice
      tables, and conducting lotteries, policy, bolita or numbers
      games, or selling chances therein.
        (3) "State" means any State of the United States, the District
      of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory
      or possession of the United States.

      (c) This section shall not apply to any bingo game, lottery, or
    similar game of chance conducted by an organization exempt from tax
    under paragraph (3) of subsection (c) of section 501 of the
    Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if no part of the gross
    receipts derived from such activity inures to the benefit of any
    private shareholder, member, or employee of such organization,
    except as compensation for actual expenses incurred by him in the
    conduct of such activity.
      (d) Whoever violates this section shall be punished by a fine
    under this title or imprisonment for not more than five years, or
    both.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 91-452, title VIII, Sec. 802(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84
    Stat. 936; amended Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat.
    2095; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(2)(C), Sept. 13,
    1994, 108 Stat. 2148.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      Paragraph (3) of subsection (c) of section 501 of the Internal
    Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (c), is classified to
    section 501(c)(3) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1994 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fine under this
    title" for "fine of not more than $20,000".
      1986 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue
    Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".

                    CONGRESSIONAL STATEMENT OF FINDINGS                
      Section 801 of title VIII of Pub. L. 91-452 provided that: "The
    Congress finds that illegal gambling involves widespread use of,
    and has an effect upon, interstate commerce and the facilities
    thereof."

                          PRIORITY OF STATE LAWS                      
      Section 811 of title VIII of Pub. L. 91-452 provided that: "No
    provision of this title [enacting this section and section 1955 of
    this title, amending section 2516 of this title, and enacting
    provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1955 of
    this title] indicates an intent on the part of the Congress to
    occupy the field in which such provision operates to the exclusion
    of the law of a state or possession, or a political subdivision of
    a State or possession, on the same subject matter, or to relieve
    any person of any obligation imposed by any law of any State or
    possession, or political subdivision of a State or possession."

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1512                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1512. Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant

-STATUTE-
      (a)(1) Whoever kills or attempts to kill another person, with
    intent to - 
        (A) prevent the attendance or testimony of any person in an
      official proceeding;
        (B) prevent the production of a record, document, or other
      object, in an official proceeding; or
        (C) prevent the communication by any person to a law
      enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information
      relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal
      offense or a violation of conditions of probation, parole, or
      release pending judicial proceedings;

    shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3).
      (2) Whoever uses physical force or the threat of physical force
    against any person, or attempts to do so, with intent to - 
        (A) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in
      an official proceeding;
        (B) cause or induce any person to - 
          (i) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or
        other object, from an official proceeding;
          (ii) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with
        intent to impair the integrity or availability of the object
        for use in an official proceeding;
          (iii) evade legal process summoning that person to appear as
        a witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object,
        in an official proceeding; or
          (iv) be absent from an official proceeding to which that
        person has been summoned by legal process; or

        (C) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law
      enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information
      relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal
      offense or a violation of conditions of probation, supervised
      release, parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

    shall be punished as provided in paragraph (3).
      (3) The punishment for an offense under this subsection is - 
        (A) in the case of murder (as defined in section 1111), the
      death penalty or imprisonment for life, and in the case of any
      other killing, the punishment provided in section 1112;
        (B) in the case of - 
          (i) an attempt to murder; or
          (ii) the use or attempted use of physical force against any
        person;

      imprisonment for not more than 20 years; and
        (C) in the case of the threat of use of physical force against
      any person, imprisonment for not more than 10 years.

      (b) Whoever knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly
    persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in
    misleading conduct toward another person, with intent to - 
        (1) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in
      an official proceeding;
        (2) cause or induce any person to - 
          (A) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or
        other object, from an official proceeding;
          (B) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with
        intent to impair the object's integrity or availability for use
        in an official proceeding;
          (C) evade legal process summoning that person to appear as a
        witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object, in
        an official proceeding; or
          (D) be absent from an official proceeding to which such
        person has been summoned by legal process; or

        (3) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law
      enforcement officer or judge of the United States of information
      relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal
      offense or a violation of conditions of probation (!1) supervised
      release,,(!1) parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;

    shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten
    years, or both.
      (c) Whoever corruptly - 
        (1) alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record,
      document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the intent
      to impair the object's integrity or availability for use in an
      official proceeding; or
        (2) otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official
      proceeding, or attempts to do so,

    shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20
    years, or both.
      (d) Whoever intentionally harasses another person and thereby
    hinders, delays, prevents, or dissuades any person from - 
        (1) attending or testifying in an official proceeding;
        (2) reporting to a law enforcement officer or judge of the
      United States the commission or possible commission of a Federal
      offense or a violation of conditions of probation (!1) supervised
      release,,(!1) parole, or release pending judicial proceedings;
        (3) arresting or seeking the arrest of another person in
      connection with a Federal offense; or
        (4) causing a criminal prosecution, or a parole or probation
      revocation proceeding, to be sought or instituted, or assisting
      in such prosecution or proceeding;

    or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
    not more than one year, or both.
      (e) In a prosecution for an offense under this section, it is an
    affirmative defense, as to which the defendant has the burden of
    proof by a preponderance of the evidence, that the conduct
    consisted solely of lawful conduct and that the defendant's sole
    intention was to encourage, induce, or cause the other person to
    testify truthfully.
      (f) For the purposes of this section - 
        (1) an official proceeding need not be pending or about to be
      instituted at the time of the offense; and
        (2) the testimony, or the record, document, or other object
      need not be admissible in evidence or free of a claim of
      privilege.

      (g) In a prosecution for an offense under this section, no state
    of mind need be proved with respect to the circumstance - 
        (1) that the official proceeding before a judge, court,
      magistrate judge, grand jury, or government agency is before a
      judge or court of the United States, a United States magistrate
      judge, a bankruptcy judge, a Federal grand jury, or a Federal
      Government agency; or
        (2) that the judge is a judge of the United States or that the
      law enforcement officer is an officer or employee of the Federal
      Government or a person authorized to act for or on behalf of the
      Federal Government or serving the Federal Government as an
      adviser or consultant.

      (h) There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an
    offense under this section.
      (i) A prosecution under this section or section 1503 may be
    brought in the district in which the official proceeding (whether
    or not pending or about to be instituted) was intended to be
    affected or in the district in which the conduct constituting the
    alleged offense occurred.
      (j) If the offense under this section occurs in connection with a
    trial of a criminal case, the maximum term of imprisonment which
    may be imposed for the offense shall be the higher of that
    otherwise provided by law or the maximum term that could have been
    imposed for any offense charged in such case.
      (k) Whoever conspires to commit any offense under this section
    shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the
    offense the commission of which was the object of the conspiracy.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1249;
    amended Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 61, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3614;
    Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7029(a), (c), Nov. 18, 1988, 102
    Stat. 4397, 4398; Pub. L. 101-650, title III, Sec. 321, Dec. 1,
    1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, Sec. 60018, title
    XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(O), (U), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1975,
    2148; Pub. L. 104-214, Sec. 1(2), Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat. 3017;
    Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 604(b)(31), Oct. 11, 1996, 110
    Stat. 3508; Pub. L. 107-204, title XI, Sec. 1102, July 30, 2002,
    116 Stat. 807; Pub. L. 107-273, div. B, title III, Sec. 3001(a),
    (c)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1803, 1804.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2002 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(a)(1)(A),
    substituted "as provided in paragraph (3)" for "as provided in
    paragraph (2)" in concluding provisions.
      Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(a)(1)(C), added par.
    (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).
      Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(a)(1)(B), (D),
    redesignated par. (2) as (3), added subpars. (B) and (C), and
    struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "(B) in the
    case of an attempt, imprisonment for not more than twenty years."
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(a)(2), struck out "or
    physical force" after "intimidation" in introductory provisions.
      Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(c)(1), inserted
    "supervised release," after "probation".
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107-204 added subsec. (c). Former subsec.
    (c) redesignated (d).
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107-204 redesignated former subsec. (c) as
    (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).
      Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(c)(1), inserted
    "supervised release," after "probation".
      Subsecs. (e) to (j). Pub. L. 107-204 redesignated former subsecs.
    (d) to (i) as (e) to (j), respectively.
      Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(a)(3), added subsec. (k).
      1996 - Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104-294 inserted "and" after
    semicolon at end.
      Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104-214 added subsec. (i).
      1994 - Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 60018, amended
    subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as
    follows: "(A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in
    sections 1111 and 1112 of this title; and".
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(U), substituted
    "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $250,000" in
    concluding provisions.
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(O), substituted
    "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $25,000" in
    concluding provisions.
      1988 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-690, Sec. 7029(c), substituted
    "threatens, or corruptly persuades" for "or threatens".
      Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100-690, Sec. 7029(a), added subsec. (h).
      1986 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 61(2), (3), added
    subsec. (a) and redesignated former subsec. (a) as (b).
      Subsecs. (b) to (g). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 61(1), (3),
    redesignated former subsec. (a) as (b), inserted ", delay, or
    prevent", and redesignated former subsecs. (b) to (f) as (c) to
    (g), respectively.

-CHANGE-
                              CHANGE OF NAME                          
      Words "magistrate judge" and "United States magistrate judge"
    substituted for "magistrate" and "United States magistrate",
    respectively, in subsec. (f)(1) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L.
    101-650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary
    and Judicial Procedure.

-MISC2-
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see
    section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section
    13 of this title.

                              EFFECTIVE DATE                          
      Section 9 of Pub. L. 97-291 provided that:
      "(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act and the
    amendments made by this Act [enacting this section and sections
    1513 to 1515, 3579, and 3580 of this title, amending sections 1503,
    1505, 1510, and 3146 of this title and Rule 32 of the Federal Rules
    of Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes
    under this section and sections 1501 and 3579 of this title] shall
    take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 12,
    1982].
      "(b)(1) The amendment made by section 2 of this Act [enacting
    provisions set out as a note under this section] shall apply to
    presentence reports ordered to be made on or after March 1, 1983.
      "(2) The amendments made by section 5 of this Act [enacting
    sections 3579 and 3580 of this title] shall apply with respect to
    offenses occurring on or after January 1, 1983."

            CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSES        
      Section 2 of Pub. L. 97-291 provided that:
      "(a) The Congress finds and declares that:
        "(1) Without the cooperation of victims and witnesses, the
      criminal justice system would cease to function; yet with few
      exceptions these individuals are either ignored by the criminal
      justice system or simply used as tools to identify and punish
      offenders.
        "(2) All too often the victim of a serious crime is forced to
      suffer physical, psychological, or financial hardship first as a
      result of the criminal act and then as a result of contact with a
      criminal justice system unresponsive to the real needs of such
      victim.
        "(3) Although the majority of serious crimes falls under the
      jurisdiction of State and local law enforcement agencies, the
      Federal Government, and in particular the Attorney General, has
      an important leadership role to assume in ensuring that victims
      of crime, whether at the Federal, State, or local level, are
      given proper treatment by agencies administering the criminal
      justice system.
        "(4) Under current law, law enforcement agencies must have
      cooperation from a victim of crime and yet neither the agencies
      nor the legal system can offer adequate protection or assistance
      when the victim, as a result of such cooperation, is threatened
      or intimidated.
        "(5) While the defendant is provided with counsel who can
      explain both the criminal justice process and the rights of the
      defendant, the victim or witness has no counterpart and is
      usually not even notified when the defendant is released on bail,
      the case is dismissed, a plea to a lesser charge is accepted, or
      a court date is changed.
        "(6) The victim and witness who cooperate with the prosecutor
      often find that the transportation, parking facilities, and child
      care services at the court are unsatisfactory and they must often
      share the pretrial waiting room with the defendant or his family
      and friends.
        "(7) The victim may lose valuable property to a criminal only
      to lose it again for long periods of time to Federal law
      enforcement officials, until the trial and sometimes and [sic]
      appeals are over; many times that property is damaged or lost,
      which is particularly stressful for the elderly or poor.
      "(b) The Congress declares that the purposes of this Act [see
    Short Title of 1982 Amendment note set out under section 1501 of
    this title] are - 
        "(1) to enhance and protect the necessary role of crime victims
      and witnesses in the criminal justice process;
        "(2) to ensure that the Federal Government does all that is
      possible within limits of available resources to assist victims
      and witnesses of crime without infringing on the constitutional
      rights of the defendant; and
        "(3) to provide a model for legislation for State and local
      governments."

    FEDERAL GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF CRIME VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN
                        THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
      Section 6 of Pub. L. 97-291, as amended by Pub. L. 98-473, title
    II, Sec. 1408(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2177, provided that:
      "(a) Within two hundred and seventy days after the date of
    enactment of this Act [Oct. 12, 1982], the Attorney General shall
    develop and implement guidelines for the Department of Justice
    consistent with the purposes of this Act [see Short Title of 1982
    Amendment note set out under section 1501 of this title]. In
    preparing the guidelines the Attorney General shall consider the
    following objectives:
        "(1) Services to victims of crime. - Law enforcement personnel
      should ensure that victims routinely receive emergency social and
      medical services as soon as possible and are given information on
      the following - 
          "(A) availability of crime victim compensation (where
        applicable);
          "(B) community-based victim treatment programs;
          "(C) the role of the victim in the criminal justice process,
        including what they can expect from the system as well as what
        the system expects from them; and
          "(D) stages in the criminal justice process of significance
        to a crime victim, and the manner in which information about
        such stages can be obtained.
        "(2) Notification of availability of protection. - A victim or
      witness should routinely receive information on steps that law
      enforcement officers and attorneys for the Government can take to
      protect victims and witnesses from intimidation.
        "(3) Scheduling changes. - All victims and witnesses who have
      been scheduled to attend criminal justice proceedings should
      either be notified as soon as possible of any scheduling changes
      which will affect their appearances or have available a system
      for alerting witnesses promptly by telephone or otherwise.
        "(4) Prompt notification to victims of serious crimes. -
      Victims, witnesses, relatives of those victims and witnesses who
      are minors, and relatives of homicide victims should, if such
      persons provide the appropriate official with a current address
      and telephone number, receive prompt advance notification, if
      possible, of - 
          "(A) the arrest of an accused;
          "(B) the initial appearance of an accused before a judicial
        officer;
          "(C) the release of the accused pending judicial proceedings;
        and
          "(D) proceedings in the prosecution and punishment of the
        accused (including entry of a plea of guilty, trial,
        sentencing, and, where a term of imprisonment is imposed, a
        hearing to determine a parole release date and the release of
        the accused from such imprisonment).
        "(5) Consultation with victim. - The victim of a serious crime,
      or in the case of a minor child or a homicide, the family of the
      victim, should be consulted by the attorney for the Government in
      order to obtain the views of the victim or family about the
      disposition of any Federal criminal case brought as a result of
      such crime, including the views of the victim or family about - 
          "(A) dismissal;
          "(B) release of the accused pending judicial proceedings;
          "(C) plea negotiations; and
          "(D) pretrial diversion program.
        "(6) Separate waiting area. - Victims and other prosecution
      witnesses should be provided prior to court appearance a waiting
      area that is separate from all other witnesses.
        "(7) Property return. - Law enforcement agencies and prosecutor
      should promptly return victim's property held for evidentiary
      purposes unless there is a compelling law enforcement reason for
      retaining it.
        "(8) Notification to employer. - A victim or witness who so
      requests should be assisted by law enforcement agencies and
      attorneys for the Government in informing employers that the need
      for victim and witness cooperation in the prosecution of the case
      may necessitate absence of that victim or witness from work. A
      victim or witness who, as a direct result of a crime or of
      cooperation with law enforcement agencies or attorneys for the
      Government, is subjected to serious financial strain, should be
      assisted by such agencies and attorneys in explaining to
      creditors the reason for such serious financial strain.
        "(9) Training by federal law enforcement training facilities. -
      Victim assistance education and training should be offered to
      persons taking courses at Federal law enforcement training
      facilities and attorneys for the Government so that victims may
      be promptly, properly, and completely assisted.
        "(10) General victim assistance. - The guidelines should also
      ensure that any other important assistance to victims and
      witnesses, such as the adoption of transportation, parking, and
      translator services for victims in court be provided.
      "(b) Nothing in this title shall be construed as creating a cause
    of action against the United States.
      "(c) The Attorney General shall assure that all Federal law
    enforcement agencies outside of the Department of Justice adopt
    guidelines consistent with subsection (a) of this section."
      [Amendment of section 6 of Pub. L. 97-291 by Pub. L. 98-473, set
    out above, effective 30 days after Oct. 12, 1984, see section
    1409(a) of Pub. L. 98-473, set out as an Effective Date note under
    section 10601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.]

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) So in original.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1513                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1513. Retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant

-STATUTE-
      (a)(1) Whoever kills or attempts to kill another person with
    intent to retaliate against any person for - 
        (A) the attendance of a witness or party at an official
      proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, document, or
      other object produced by a witness in an official proceeding; or
        (B) providing to a law enforcement officer any information
      relating to the commission or possible commission of a Federal
      offense or a violation of conditions of probation (!1) supervised
      release,,(!1) parole, or release pending judicial proceedings,

    shall be punished as provided in paragraph (2).
      (2) The punishment for an offense under this subsection is - 
        (A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided in
      sections 1111 and 1112; and
        (B) in the case of an attempt, imprisonment for not more than
      20 years.

      (b) Whoever knowingly engages in any conduct and thereby causes
    bodily injury to another person or damages the tangible property of
    another person, or threatens to do so, with intent to retaliate
    against any person for - 
        (1) the attendance of a witness or party at an official
      proceeding, or any testimony given or any record, document, or
      other object produced by a witness in an official proceeding; or
        (2) any information relating to the commission or possible
      commission of a Federal offense or a violation of conditions of
      probation (!1) supervised release,,(!1) parole, or release
      pending judicial proceedings given by a person to a law
      enforcement officer;

    or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
    not more than ten years, or both.
      (c) If the retaliation occurred because of attendance at or
    testimony in a criminal case, the maximum term of imprisonment
    which may be imposed for the offense under this section shall be
    the higher of that otherwise provided by law or the maximum term
    that could have been imposed for any offense charged in such case.
      (d) There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an
    offense under this section.
      (e) (!2) Whoever knowingly, with the intent to retaliate, takes
    any action harmful to any person, including interference with the
    lawful employment or livelihood of any person, for providing to a
    law enforcement officer any truthful information relating to the
    commission or possible commission of any Federal offense, shall be
    fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or
    both.

      (e) (!2) Whoever conspires to commit any offense under this
    section shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed
    for the offense the commission of which was the object of the
    conspiracy.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1250;
    amended Pub. L. 103-322, title VI, Sec. 60017, title XXXIII, Sec.
    330016(1)(U), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1975, 2148; Pub. L. 104-
    214, Sec. 1(1), Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat. 3017; Pub. L. 107-204,
    title XI, Sec. 1107(a), July 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 810; Pub. L. 107-
    273, div. B, title III, Sec. 3001(b), (c)(2), title IV, Sec.
    4002(b)(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1804, 1807.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2002 - Subsecs. (a)(1)(B), (b)(2). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec.
    3001(c)(2), inserted "supervised release," after "probation".
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 4002(b)(4), transferred
    subsec. (d) to appear after subsec. (c).
      Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107-273, Sec. 3001(b), added subsec. (e)
    relating to conspiracy to commit any offense under this section.
      Pub. L. 107-204 added subsec. (e) relating to taking of action
    harmful to any person for providing law enforcement officer
    truthful information relating to commission of offense.
      1996 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-214, Sec. 1(1)(B), added subsec.
    (c) at end.
      Pub. L. 104-214, Sec. 1(1)(A), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d).
      Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-214, Sec. 1(1)(A), redesignated subsec.
    (c) as (d).
      1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 60017(2), added subsec.
    (a). Former subsec. (a) redesignated (b).
      Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(U), substituted
    "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $250,000" in
    concluding provisions.
      Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 60017(1), redesignated subsec. (a) as (b).
    Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).
      Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 60017(1), redesignated subsec.
    (b) as (c).

                              EFFECTIVE DATE                          
      Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-
    291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

-FOOTNOTE-
    (!1) So in original.

    (!2) So in original. Two subsecs. (e) have been enacted.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1514                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1514. Civil action to restrain harassment of a victim or
      witness

-STATUTE-
      (a)(1) A United States district court, upon application of the
    attorney for the Government, shall issue a temporary restraining
    order prohibiting harassment of a victim or witness in a Federal
    criminal case if the court finds, from specific facts shown by
    affidavit or by verified complaint, that there are reasonable
    grounds to believe that harassment of an identified victim or
    witness in a Federal criminal case exists or that such order is
    necessary to prevent and restrain an offense under section 1512 of
    this title, other than an offense consisting of misleading conduct,
    or under section 1513 of this title.
      (2)(A) A temporary restraining order may be issued under this
    section without written or oral notice to the adverse party or such
    party's attorney in a civil action under this section if the court
    finds, upon written certification of facts by the attorney for the
    Government, that such notice should not be required and that there
    is a reasonable probability that the Government will prevail on the
    merits.
      (B) A temporary restraining order issued without notice under
    this section shall be endorsed with the date and hour of issuance
    and be filed forthwith in the office of the clerk of the court
    issuing the order.
      (C) A temporary restraining order issued under this section shall
    expire at such time, not to exceed 10 days from issuance, as the
    court directs; the court, for good cause shown before expiration of
    such order, may extend the expiration date of the order for up to
    10 days or for such longer period agreed to by the adverse party.
      (D) When a temporary restraining order is issued without notice,
    the motion for a protective order shall be set down for hearing at
    the earliest possible time and takes precedence over all matters
    except older matters of the same character, and when such motion
    comes on for hearing, if the attorney for the Government does not
    proceed with the application for a protective order, the court
    shall dissolve the temporary restraining order.
      (E) If on two days notice to the attorney for the Government or
    on such shorter notice as the court may prescribe, the adverse
    party appears and moves to dissolve or modify the temporary
    restraining order, the court shall proceed to hear and determine
    such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice require.
      (F) A temporary restraining order shall set forth the reasons for
    the issuance of such order, be specific in terms, and describe in
    reasonable detail (and not by reference to the complaint or other
    document) the act or acts being restrained.
      (b)(1) A United States district court, upon motion of the
    attorney for the Government, shall issue a protective order
    prohibiting harassment of a victim or witness in a Federal criminal
    case if the court, after a hearing, finds by a preponderance of the
    evidence that harassment of an identified victim or witness in a
    Federal criminal case exists or that such order is necessary to
    prevent and restrain an offense under section 1512 of this title,
    other than an offense consisting of misleading conduct, or under
    section 1513 of this title.
      (2) At the hearing referred to in paragraph (1) of this
    subsection, any adverse party named in the complaint shall have the
    right to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses.
      (3) A protective order shall set forth the reasons for the
    issuance of such order, be specific in terms, describe in
    reasonable detail (and not by reference to the complaint or other
    document) the act or acts being restrained.
      (4) The court shall set the duration of effect of the protective
    order for such period as the court determines necessary to prevent
    harassment of the victim or witness but in no case for a period in
    excess of three years from the date of such order's issuance. The
    attorney for the Government may, at any time within ninety days
    before the expiration of such order, apply for a new protective
    order under this section.
      (c) As used in this section - 
        (1) the term "harassment" means a course of conduct directed at
      a specific person that - 
          (A) causes substantial emotional distress in such person; and
          (B) serves no legitimate purpose; and

        (2) the term "course of conduct" means a series of acts over a
      period of time, however short, indicating a continuity of
      purpose.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1250.)

-MISC1-
                              EFFECTIVE DATE                          
      Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-
    291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1514A                                           01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1514A. Civil action to protect against retaliation in fraud
      cases

-STATUTE-
      (a) Whistleblower Protection for Employees of Publicly Traded
    Companies. - No company with a class of securities registered under
    section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78l),
    or that is required to file reports under section 15(d) of the
    Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78o(d)), or any officer,
    employee, contractor, subcontractor, or agent of such company, may
    discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other
    manner discriminate against an employee in the terms and conditions
    of employment because of any lawful act done by the employee - 
        (1) to provide information, cause information to be provided,
      or otherwise assist in an investigation regarding any conduct
      which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation of
      section 1341, 1343, 1344, or 1348, any rule or regulation of the
      Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of Federal
      law relating to fraud against shareholders, when the information
      or assistance is provided to or the investigation is conducted by
      - 
          (A) a Federal regulatory or law enforcement agency;
          (B) any Member of Congress or any committee of Congress; or
          (C) a person with supervisory authority over the employee (or
        such other person working for the employer who has the
        authority to investigate, discover, or terminate misconduct);
        or

        (2) to file, cause to be filed, testify, participate in, or
      otherwise assist in a proceeding filed or about to be filed (with
      any knowledge of the employer) relating to an alleged violation
      of section 1341, 1343, 1344, or 1348, any rule or regulation of
      the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of
      Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.

      (b) Enforcement Action. - 
        (1) In general. - A person who alleges discharge or other
      discrimination by any person in violation of subsection (a) may
      seek relief under subsection (c), by - 
          (A) filing a complaint with the Secretary of Labor; or
          (B) if the Secretary has not issued a final decision within
        180 days of the filing of the complaint and there is no showing
        that such delay is due to the bad faith of the claimant,
        bringing an action at law or equity for de novo review in the
        appropriate district court of the United States, which shall
        have jurisdiction over such an action without regard to the
        amount in controversy.

        (2) Procedure. - 
          (A) In general. - An action under paragraph (1)(A) shall be
        governed under the rules and procedures set forth in section
        42121(b) of title 49, United States Code.
          (B) Exception. - Notification made under section 42121(b)(1)
        of title 49, United States Code, shall be made to the person
        named in the complaint and to the employer.
          (C) Burdens of proof. - An action brought under paragraph
        (1)(B) shall be governed by the legal burdens of proof set
        forth in section 42121(b) of title 49, United States Code.
          (D) Statute of limitations. - An action under paragraph (1)
        shall be commenced not later than 90 days after the date on
        which the violation occurs.

      (c) Remedies. - 
        (1) In general. - An employee prevailing in any action under
      subsection (b)(1) shall be entitled to all relief necessary to
      make the employee whole.
        (2) Compensatory damages. - Relief for any action under
      paragraph (1) shall include - 
          (A) reinstatement with the same seniority status that the
        employee would have had, but for the discrimination;
          (B) the amount of back pay, with interest; and
          (C) compensation for any special damages sustained as a
        result of the discrimination, including litigation costs,
        expert witness fees, and reasonable attorney fees.

      (d) Rights Retained by Employee. - Nothing in this section shall
    be deemed to diminish the rights, privileges, or remedies of any
    employee under any Federal or State law, or under any collective
    bargaining agreement.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 107-204, title VIII, Sec. 806(a), July 30, 2002, 116
    Stat. 802.)

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1515                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1515. Definitions for certain provisions; general provision

-STATUTE-
      (a) As used in sections 1512 and 1513 of this title and in this
    section - 
        (1) the term "official proceeding" means - 
          (A) a proceeding before a judge or court of the United
        States, a United States magistrate judge, a bankruptcy judge, a
        judge of the United States Tax Court, a special trial judge of
        the Tax Court, a judge of the United States Court of Federal
        Claims, or a Federal grand jury;
          (B) a proceeding before the Congress;
          (C) a proceeding before a Federal Government agency which is
        authorized by law; or
          (D) a proceeding involving the business of insurance whose
        activities affect interstate commerce before any insurance
        regulatory official or agency or any agent or examiner
        appointed by such official or agency to examine the affairs of
        any person engaged in the business of insurance whose
        activities affect interstate commerce;

        (2) the term "physical force" means physical action against
      another, and includes confinement;
        (3) the term "misleading conduct" means - 
          (A) knowingly making a false statement;
          (B) intentionally omitting information from a statement and
        thereby causing a portion of such statement to be misleading,
        or intentionally concealing a material fact, and thereby
        creating a false impression by such statement;
          (C) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting or inviting
        reliance on a writing or recording that is false, forged,
        altered, or otherwise lacking in authenticity;
          (D) with intent to mislead, knowingly submitting or inviting
        reliance on a sample, specimen, map, photograph, boundary mark,
        or other object that is misleading in a material respect; or
          (E) knowingly using a trick, scheme, or device with intent to
        mislead;

        (4) the term "law enforcement officer" means an officer or
      employee of the Federal Government, or a person authorized to act
      for or on behalf of the Federal Government or serving the Federal
      Government as an adviser or consultant - 
          (A) authorized under law to engage in or supervise the
        prevention, detection, investigation, or prosecution of an
        offense; or
          (B) serving as a probation or pretrial services officer under
        this title;

        (5) the term "bodily injury" means - 
          (A) a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn, or disfigurement;
          (B) physical pain;
          (C) illness;
          (D) impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or
        mental faculty; or
          (E) any other injury to the body, no matter how temporary;
        and

        (6) the term "corruptly persuades" does not include conduct
      which would be misleading conduct but for a lack of a state of
      mind.

      (b) As used in section 1505, the term "corruptly" means acting
    with an improper purpose, personally or by influencing another,
    including making a false or misleading statement, or withholding,
    concealing, altering, or destroying a document or other
    information.
      (c) This chapter does not prohibit or punish the providing of
    lawful, bona fide, legal representation services in connection with
    or anticipation of an official proceeding.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1252;
    amended Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 50(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3605;
    Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7029(b), (d), Nov. 18, 1988, 102
    Stat. 4398; Pub. L. 101-650, title III, Sec. 321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104
    Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 102-572, title IX, Sec. 902(b)(1), Oct. 29,
    1992, 106 Stat. 4516; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, Sec. 320604(a),
    Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2118; Pub. L. 104-292, Sec. 3, Oct. 11,
    1996, 110 Stat. 3460; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 604(b)(39),
    Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3509.)

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1996 - Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 104-294 struck out "or" after
    semicolon at end.
      Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 104-292 added subsec. (b) and
    redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).
      1994 - Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103-322 added subpar. (D).
      1992 - Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 102-572 substituted "United
    States Court of Federal Claims" for "United States Claims Court".
      1988 - Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 100-690, Sec. 7029(b), inserted
    "a judge of the United States Tax Court, a special trial judge of
    the Tax Court, a judge of the United States Claims Court," after
    "bankruptcy judge,".
      Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 100-690, Sec. 7029(d), added par. (6).
      1986 - Pub. L. 99-646 inserted "; general provision" in section
    catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and added
    subsec. (b).

-CHANGE-
                              CHANGE OF NAME                          
      "United States magistrate judge" substituted for "United States
    magistrate" in subsec. (a)(1)(A) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L.
    101-650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary
    and Judicial Procedure.

-MISC2-
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see
    section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section
    13 of this title.

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 102-572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section
    911 of Pub. L. 102-572, set out as a note under section 171 of
    Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

                              EFFECTIVE DATE                          
      Section effective Oct. 12, 1982, see section 9(a) of Pub. L. 97-
    291, set out as a note under section 1512 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1516                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1516. Obstruction of Federal audit

-STATUTE-
      (a) Whoever, with intent to deceive or defraud the United States,
    endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede a Federal auditor in
    the performance of official duties relating to a person, entity, or
    program receiving in excess of $100,000, directly or indirectly,
    from the United States in any 1 year period under a contract or
    subcontract, grant, or cooperative agreement, or relating to any
    property that is security for a mortgage note that is insured,
    guaranteed, acquired, or held by the Secretary of Housing and Urban
    Development pursuant to any Act administered by the Secretary, or
    relating to any property that is security for a loan that is made
    or guaranteed under title V of the Housing Act of 1949, shall be
    fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or
    both.
      (b) For purposes of this section - 
        (1) the term "Federal auditor" means any person employed on a
      full- or part-time or contractual basis to perform an audit or a
      quality assurance inspection for or on behalf of the United
      States; and
        (2) the term "in any 1 year period" has the meaning given to
      the term "in any one-year period" in section 666.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7078(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102
    Stat. 4406; amended Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, Sec. 320609,
    Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2120; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec.
    604(b)(43), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3509; Pub. L. 105-65, title V,
    Sec. 564, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1420; Pub. L. 106-569, title
    VII, Sec. 709(b), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3018; Pub. L. 107-273,
    div. A, title II, Sec. 205(c), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1778.)

-REFTEXT-
                            REFERENCES IN TEXT                        
      The Housing Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (a), is act July
    15, 1949, ch. 338, 63 Stat. 413, as amended. Title V of the Act is
    classified generally to subchapter III (Sec. 1471 et seq.) of
    chapter 8A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
    classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
    out under section 1441 of Title 42 and Tables.

-MISC1-
                                AMENDMENTS                            
      2002 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107-273 inserted ", entity, or
    program" after "person" and "grant, or cooperative agreement,"
    after "subcontract,".
      2000 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-569 inserted "or relating to any
    property that is security for a loan that is made or guaranteed
    under title V of the Housing Act of 1949," before "shall be fined
    under this title".
      1997 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-65 inserted "or relating to any
    property that is security for a mortgage note that is insured,
    guaranteed, acquired, or held by the Secretary of Housing and Urban
    Development pursuant to any Act administered by the Secretary,"
    after "under a contract or subcontract,".
      1996 - Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104-294 inserted "and" after
    semicolon at end.
      1994 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "section - " for
    "section", inserted "(1)" before "the term", substituted semicolon
    for the period at end, and added par. (2).

                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT                 
      Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see
    section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section
    13 of this title.

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1517                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1517. Obstructing examination of financial institution

-STATUTE-
      Whoever corruptly obstructs or attempts to obstruct any
    examination of a financial institution by an agency of the United
    States with jurisdiction to conduct an examination of such
    financial institution shall be fined under this title, imprisoned
    not more than 5 years, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 101-647, title XXV, Sec. 2503(a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104
    Stat. 4861.)

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1518                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1518. Obstruction of criminal investigations of health care
      offenses

-STATUTE-
      (a) Whoever willfully prevents, obstructs, misleads, delays or
    attempts to prevent, obstruct, mislead, or delay the communication
    of information or records relating to a violation of a Federal
    health care offense to a criminal investigator shall be fined under
    this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
      (b) As used in this section the term "criminal investigator"
    means any individual duly authorized by a department, agency, or
    armed force of the United States to conduct or engage in
    investigations for prosecutions for violations of health care
    offenses.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 104-191, title II, Sec. 245(a), Aug. 21, 1996, 110
    Stat. 2017.)

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1519                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1519. Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in
      Federal investigations and bankruptcy

-STATUTE-
      Whoever knowingly alters, destroys, mutilates, conceals, covers
    up, falsifies, or makes a false entry in any record, document, or
    tangible object with the intent to impede, obstruct, or influence
    the investigation or proper administration of any matter within the
    jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or
    any case filed under title 11, or in relation to or contemplation
    of any such matter or case, shall be fined under this title,
    imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 107-204, title VIII, Sec. 802(a), July 30, 2002, 116
    Stat. 800.)

-End-

-CITE-
    18 USC Sec. 1520                                            01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
    TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    PART I - CRIMES
    CHAPTER 73 - OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE

-HEAD-
    Sec. 1520. Destruction of corporate audit records

-STATUTE-
      (a)(1) Any accountant who conducts an audit of an issuer of
    securities to which section 10A(a) of the Securities Exchange Act
    of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78j-1(a)) applies, shall maintain all audit or
    review workpapers for a period of 5 years from the end of the
    fiscal period in which the audit or review was concluded.
      (2) The Securities and Exchange Commission shall promulgate,
    within 180 days, after adequate notice and an opportunity for
    comment, such rules and regulations, as are reasonably necessary,
    relating to the retention of relevant records such as workpapers,
    documents that form the basis of an audit or review, memoranda,
    correspondence, communications, other documents, and records
    (including electronic records) which are created, sent, or received
    in connection with an audit or review and contain conclusions,
    opinions, analyses, or financial data relating to such an audit or
    review, which is conducted by any accountant who conducts an audit
    of an issuer of securities to which section 10A(a) of the
    Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78j-1(a)) applies. The
    Commission may, from time to time, amend or supplement the rules
    and regulations that it is required to promulgate under this
    section, after adequate notice and an opportunity for comment, in
    order to ensure that such rules and regulations adequately comport
    with the purposes of this section.
      (b) Whoever knowingly and willfully violates subsection (a)(1),
    or any rule or regulation promulgated by the Securities and
    Exchange Commission under subsection (a)(2), shall be fined under
    this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
      (c) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to diminish or
    relieve any person of any other duty or obligation imposed by
    Federal or State law or regulation to maintain, or refrain from
    destroying, any document.

-SOURCE-
    (Added Pub. L. 107-204, title VIII, Sec. 802(a), July 30, 2002, 116
    Stat. 800.)

-End-