["PAPYRUS", "PAPYRUS Retriever" and "Research Software Design" are 
trademarks of Research Software Design. All other brand and product 
names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective 
companies.]

                  P A P Y R U S   R e t r i e v e r (TM)

                               Version 7.0

                              User's Manual

             Copyright (c) 1992 Research Software Design (TM)
                          All Rights Reserved

This manual is copyrighted. You may not modify nor translate it in any 
way without the prior written consent of Research Software Design. 
However, unmodified copies of the manual may be made and distributed 
without restriction.

Welcome to the PAPYRUS Retriever!
---------------------------------

This manual is provided on your computer disk as a plain text file, so 
you can read and print it using any word processor or text editor. If 
you distribute copies of this program to anyone else, please be sure to 
include an unmodified copy of this manual.

Along with this on-disk manual should be the file PAPZIP.EXE. This is a 
compressed copy of the PAPYRUS Retriever program itself. Research 
Software Design provides the PAPYRUS Retriever free of charge, and gives 
you permission to copy and distribute it (without modification) freely.

You should also find yourself with exactly eight (8) files whose names 
all end with ".BIB". These eight files constitute your PAPYRUS database. 
This particular database was compiled through the efforts of the 
individual or organization from whom you acquired these disks. Whether 
you may pass along copies of this database to others depends on your 
agreement with the original compiler or distributor.

This Manual
-----------

This User's Manual is divided into three parts.

"Getting Started" will show you how to install the Retriever, and lead 
you through a simple search. Then it will guide you through the steps of 
printing out the results of your search. For some of you, the "Getting 
Started" section may be the only part of this manual you ever need to 
read.

"PAPYRUS Concepts" reviews a few of the basic concepts underlying 
PAPYRUS. Understanding these will help you make the best use of the 
Retriever.

"Reference" provides a detailed explanation of each part of the 
Retriever -- the questions it asks and the answers available to you at 
each point. You can turn to the Reference section the first time you try 
a new part of the program, or anytime the Retriever does not behave as 
you expected.

========================= Part I: Getting Started ======================

Installing the PAPYRUS Retriever
--------------------------------

(If your copy of the Retriever came with an automatic installer, then 
you can skip this section.)

Before using this program, you must check your computer's CONFIG.SYS 
file. This file can be found in the root directory of your C: drive. The 
easiest way to take a peek at it is by typing this:

            type c:\config.sys

If DOS replies "File not found", then you do not have a CONFIG.SYS file. 
You can create one by typing the following:

            copy con c:\config.sys
            files=30
            buffers=20

Press the ENTER key after typing the "20", and then press Ctrl-Z, 
followed again by the ENTER key. (You just told your computer to copy 
whatever gets typed on the keyboard -- "con" is short for "console" -- 
to the file C:\CONFIG.SYS. You then typed in two lines to be copied to 
the file; the Ctrl-Z indicated that you were finished.)

On the other hand, if you do already have a CONFIG.SYS file, it almost 
certainly already contains "files=..." and "buffers=..." lines. The 
value on the "files" line must be at least 30 for the Retriever to run 
reliably. The "buffers" number is less critical, but values of at least 
20 usually help the Retriever run faster.

(Power User note: If you have a disk cache utility loaded, such as 
SMARTDRV or NCACHE or PC-KWIK, the "buffers" number may have been set to 
a lower value. If so, you should leave it alone now. The "files" number 
must still be at least 30, though.)

If you do need to change or add the "files" and/or "buffers" lines, use 
your favorite text editor or word processor to edit C:\CONFIG.SYS as 
necessary. Be sure to save the results as a plain ASCII text file, not a 
fancy word processor file.

(WordPerfect users take heed: To save a file as a plain ASCII text file, 
press Ctrl-F5 ("Text In/Out"). But do NOT then choose the blatantly 
obvious "DOS Text" option. Rather, after pressing Ctrl-F5 you should 
choose "Save As", and then finally "Generic".)

[WordPerfect 6.0 addendum: What previous versions of WordPerfect called
"Generic" format is now called "ASCII Text (Stripped)". Which is NOT the
same as "ASCII Text (Standard)"! Be sure to choose "Stripped".]

(Please note that despite the need for us to include these detailed 
instructions on the use of the world's most popular word processor to 
accomplish what should have been an obvious and trivial task, we are 
nevertheless refraining from any editorial comments on the relative 
merits of any particular word processors.)

Now that your CONFIG.SYS file is in order, you need to decide where on 
your hard disk you will install the PAPYRUS Retriever and your database. 
The usual choice is to create a new directory for the purpose. This is 
easily done by typing:

            mkdir c:\pap

This means "MaKe a DIRectory named PAP on the C: drive". There is 
nothing special about the name "pap", nor does your new directory have 
to reside on C: if you have a D:, E:, or other drive. And if you already 
have a directory that you would like to use for the PAPYRUS Retriever, 
you need not create a new directory at all.

To decompress your Retriever program, place the disk containing 
PAPZIP.EXE into your computer. Assuming that you have put the disk into 
your A: drive, and have decided on C:\PAP for the Retriever's home, you 
would now type:

            a:papzip c:\pap

This tells PAPZIP.EXE to decompress itself, depositing the PAPYRUS 
Retriever program (PAPR.EXE) into the PAP directory on the C: drive.

Finally, copy all eight *.BIB files to C:\PAP, or whatever directory 
you've chosen.

Your installation is now complete.

Running the PAPYRUS Retriever
-----------------------------

First, make sure that you are working in the correct directory. For 
example, you can type:

            cd c:\pap

("cd" means "Change Directory".)

Now type this:

            papr

That's all there is to starting up the program.

Running the PAPYRUS Retriever -- The Advanced Course
----------------------------------------------------

If you wish to access the Retriever without first switching directories, 
you can type this:

            c:\pap\papr c:\pap

The first "c:\pap\" tells DOS where to find the PAPR.EXE program. The 
second "c:\pap" tells the Retriever where to find its database.

You can skip the first "c:\pap\" if you add "c:\pap" to the PATH 
statement in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.

Whichever of the above lines you use to start the Retriever, you can add 
some optional "switches":

            /m  -- run in Monochrome mode. This switch is sometimes
                   necessary if you are using a gray-scale CGA display,
                   such as that found on some AT&T machines or on some
                   laptop computers. On these computers, the Retriever
                   may choose screen colors that are impossible to read
                   unless you include the "/m" switch.

            /s  -- suppress the Retriever's usual Sliding screens. This
                   is an aesthetic matter; experiment and decide for
                   yourself.

            /c  -- The Retriever normally signs off with a randomly-
                   chosen goodbye message. You may turn this off if you
                   are a Curmudgeon.

For example, to run the Retriever on a problematic laptop and suppress 
the sliding screens, you could type:

            papr /m /s

or:

            c:\pap\papr /m /s c:\pap

Using the PAPYRUS Retriever
---------------------------

The "main menu" of the Retriever looks like this:

                                Retriever Option
           --------------------------------------------------------
          | Quit        List      Preferences        Advertisement |
          |                                                        |
          | Search      Group     Choose Printer     Notecards     |
           --------------------------------------------------------
                                                         F1 for help

("Notecards" may be missing from your menu. If so, don't worry; we'll 
discuss Notecards below.)

You make your selections by typing the initial letter of the desired 
menu item. For example, when you are done using the Retriever, type a 
"q" to Quit.

Here is what the other choices mean:

            Search  -- Find all the references that meet some particular
                       criteria.

              List  -- Quickly list out references. There are several
                       choices of lists, including an alphabetic listing
                       of any or all of the total database, a list of
                       all references with a particular co-author, an
                       index of the entire database by keyword, and a
                       couple others. The list can be sent to the
                       screen, to the printer, or to your word proces-
                       sor.

             Group  -- This option allows you to assemble "groups" of
                       specific references from the database. You can
                       pick references one at a time, or you can perform
                       a series of complicated searches until you have
                       exactly the references you want. Then you can
                       sort them any way you like, and list them out to
                       screen, printer, or word processor.

       Preferences  -- Although the full PAPYRUS program allows the user
                       to specify many preferences, the Retriever offers
                       only two. You may pick your screen colors, and
                       you may choose to suppress your computer's beeps.

    Choose Printer  -- If you plan on having the Retriever print
                       reference lists for you, first use this option
                       to tell the program what type of printer you use.

     Advertisement  -- Just what it says.

         Notecards  -- PAPYRUS provides room for Abstracts and Comments
                       with each reference in the database. In addition,
                       the creators of your database had the option of
                       appending one or more "Notecards" to each of the
                       references in the database. Each Notecard
                       provides additional room for notes on a partic-
                       ular portion of the cited reference. This note-
                       card feature is mainly useful when a database
                       will be used by the person taking the notes, so
                       your database -- designed for the use of many
                       people -- probably does not include any
                       Notecards. Still, in case your database was
                       created by a compulsive annotator, the Notecards
                       option will appear on your main menu to provide
                       access to all of the notes.

A Simple Search
---------------

Let's start by trying a basic sort of search. How about finding all 
references written by a particular author?

To begin, type "s" for "Search". You will now be shown a list of the 
various items you can use in defining your search, plus two examples. 
The first example reads:

            keyword="review article" and author="smith"

This means "find all references in the database for which one of the 
authors is named 'Smith' and one of the keywords assigned to the 
reference was 'review article'".

The other example shown is:

            term="human*" and year>1989

This one takes a little bit more explaining. As you can see from the 
list on the screen, "term" stands for "Title OR Comments OR Abstract OR 
Keyword". Thus, "term='human'" refers to any reference in which the word 
"human" appears in the title, in the comments, in the abstract, or as 
one of the keywords. The asterisk ("*") is a "wildcard": "human*" will 
happily match any of the words "human", "humans", "humanity", 
"humankind", etc. Without the asterisk we would only find references 
containing precisely the word "human".

So the second example means "find all references in the database in 
which the title or comment or abstract or keywords includes a word 
beginning with 'human', and which was published in 1990 or later".

Now, back to our own search. We are being prompted:

            Search for:

If I knew that there were references with an author named "Smith" in 
your database, I would now have you type:

            author="smith"

(Note that capitalization is not important here.) But since I don't know 
what authors are actually cited in your particular database, I will show 
you a helpful trick.

Type this much, but do NOT press the ENTER key yet:

            author=

Now press the F2 key. F2 is a special key that lets us look at various 
"indexes" (or "indices", if you prefer) in the database. Since we 
started the line with "author=", the Retriever deduces that we would 
like to look at the Author Index. It therefore asks us to type the first 
few characters of an author's last name.

I'm still curious whether there are any Smiths in your database, so why 
don't you type "sm"? The Retriever will now show you the Author Index, 
starting at the "Sm..."s, if there are any. (Note that if you wait too 
long between the "s" and the "m", the Retriever will start at the 
"S..."s, and then jump to the "M..."s.)

You can move up and down in the Author Index by pressing the arrow keys, 
the PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, HOME, or END keys, or by moving your mouse, if 
you have one. If you type some letters, the Retriever will move to the 
corresponding point in the Index.

Pick one of the authors you see before you by moving the highlight to 
that name, and then pressing the ENTER key. (If you happen to recognize 
the name of a particularly prolific author, that would be a good choice 
for our present purposes.) You will now be back at the "Search for:" 
prompt, and the Retriever will have added your chosen author to the 
line:

            Search for: author="Smith,J"

That's as complicated as we're going to get for now. Press ENTER.

If your database includes Notecards, you will now be asked whether you 
want to search for references, Notecards, or both. For now, pick 
"References".

The Retriever now performs the search you have requested. As the search 
progresses, the Retriever displays an abbreviated version of each 
reference found. (If you were looking for one particular reference, you 
could stop the search as soon as the one you were waiting for appeared, 
by pressing the ESC key.)

Once the Retriever is done, it invites you to press:

       ESC to discard, "V" for View/Edit, "G" for Group options

Pressing ESC at this point would return us to the main menu. Since you 
already know what that looks like, I would suggest you instead type the 
letter "v".

We are now in the "View/Edit" screen. (Which looks a lot like the last 
screen, doesn't it?) I hope that you had picked an author with several 
references to his/her name, or else this next bit will be a little 
boring for you. (If you like, you can press the ESC key two times now to 
get back to the main menu, and then try Search again with a different 
author.)

In this screen, you can again use the arrow or PAGE UP etc keys, or the 
mouse, to move the highlight about. So move the highlight to one of the 
references on your screen that looks interesting. Now press the ENTER 
key, or the LEFT mouse button. (Pressing the RIGHT mouse button is 
always equivalent to pressing the ESC key.)

Voila: you now get to see the complete reference! If any keywords, 
comments, or abstracts were included these will also be displayed.

Pressing almost any key at this point will return you to the View/Edit 
screen. The exceptions are the arrow keys, which will display the 
previous or next reference, the HOME and END keys, which will display 
the first or final reference, and the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys, which 
in this case mimic the arrow keys. Also, pressing "r" tells the 
Retriever to "remove" the reference from the search results.

If you were satisfied with the results of this search, you could now 
press the ESC key twice to return to the main menu. But let me show you 
something else first. Press ENTER to return to the View/Edit screen.

Printing the Search Results
---------------------------

Viewing the results of the search on the screen has its uses, but 
sometimes you need a more permanent record. The Retriever allows you to 
save your results in a disk file, one that you can subsequently retrieve 
with your word processor. It also allows you to print your results. If 
there is a printer attached to your computer, let's give it a little 
exercise now.

Press the ESC key once. You will now be faced with a new menu:

                               Group Option
          ----------------------------------------------------
         |  View/Edit           Modify                        |
         |                                                    |
         |  Info                Search          Clear Group   |
         |                                                    |
         |  Format/Sort         List            sWitch Group  |
          ----------------------------------------------------
          ESC to exit                              F1 for help

Do you remember "Groups"? As I mentioned a few pages ago, a Group is 
simply a selection of references from your database. When we performed 
our simple search, we were actually creating a new Group.

The name of our Group is "SEARCH". As you see indicated at the bottom of 
the screen, we have actually created a file in the database directory 
with the name "SEARCH.GRP" ("GRP" stands for "Group"). This file does 
NOT contain the references themselves -- those remain safely ensconced 
within the database. The SEARCH.GRP file simply tells the Retriever 
where to look in the database to find the references that interest us 
right now. (This means that you would not want to try to open SEARCH.GRP 
itself with your word processor, since you would find a bunch of 
computer gibberish rather than the references you might have expected.)

To learn more about this Group we have created, press "i" for "Info". 
When you've read the info, press any key to return to the Group menu.

Typing "v" would return us to the View/Edit screen. Try it if you like, 
and then press ESC (or the right mouse button) to get back to this Group 
menu.

"Format/Sort" would allow us to sort our Group alphabetically, say, 
rather than by Reference Number as it currently is. Don't get into that 
right now, though.

"Modify" would let us add additional references to the Group, or remove 
particular references from it.

Choosing "Search" at this point would let us perform additional searches 
of the database, and then combine their results any way we liked.

"Clear Group" would empty our Group of its references. The Group would 
still exist (which is to say, the file SEARCH.GRP would still exist); it 
would just become very boring.

That leaves "List". As you will doubtless have guessed by now, we can 
type "l" to have the Retriever list out our Group to either a file or to 
the printer.

So type "l".

If your database includes Notecards, the Retriever will now ask:

            Also include each reference's notecards? N

In other words, after each reference gets printed shall we also print 
each of that reference's Notecards? For now, press "n" (for "no").

Next you will see something like this:

            [List: Format information]

            Format: STANDARD
            Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments: Y
            Truncate lengthy Keywords: Y

            Okay? Y

In PAPYRUS, a "Format" is a bibliographic output style. For example, 
most journals have their own very picky rules for formatting each 
reference in a bibliography. Then there are some standard styles, such 
as Chicago Manual, Turabian, MLA, Vancouver, APA, etc, that are used by 
many different publications.

The full PAPYRUS program comes with several dozen predefined Formats. In 
addition, PAPYRUS allows the user to create additional Formats at any 
time.

But you are not running the full PAPYRUS program. You are running the 
PAPYRUS Retriever. So the Formats available to you are whichever ones 
your database creator thought would be relevant. Let us hope that the 
creator was insightful and generous.

You are guaranteed to have two "built-in" Formats: STANDARD and BRIEF. 
The former displays references in a reasonably logical fashion, and 
includes all the information entered for each reference, including 
abstracts, comments and keywords. The BRIEF Format yields the one-line 
display that you have already seen in the View/Edit screen.

This is a good time to see what Formats you have in your database. So 
now let us tell the Retriever that no, the Format information displayed 
is NOT "okay". To do so, press "n" (for "no").

Now the prompt becomes something like:

            Format: STANDARD <

If we wished to stick with the displayed answer, we would just press 
ENTER now. Otherwise, if we had a particular Format in mind, we could 
simply type its name. (The little triangle at the end of the line tells 
us that as soon as we start typing, the current answer -- "STANDARD" -- 
will disappear.) Finally, in order to see a list of available Formats, 
we can press our friend F2.

Do press F2 now. Take a peek at the Formats available to you, and pick 
one of them by highlighting it and then pressing ENTER.

Now the Retriever may or may not ask these two questions:

            Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments? Y
            Truncate lengthy Keywords? Y

If the Format you have chosen does not include abstracts, comments, or 
keywords, then one or both of these questions will be suppressed. If one 
or both questions do show up, for now just press ENTER to accept the 
displayed answer ("Y").

Next comes:

            [List: Destination]
                        ---------
            On device: | Screen  |
                       | Printer |
                       | File    |
                        ---------

With the arrow keys or your mouse you can select the desired destination 
and then press ENTER. Alternatively, you can simply press the first 
letter of your choice. For the purposes of this exercise, choose 
"Printer".

Now you will be greeted with what we Graphic User Interface designers 
call a "dialog box". I will not attempt to reproduce it here. You can 
move from one question to the next with the TAB key, or move backwards 
with SHIFT-TAB. A mouse will also act fairly predictably here.

Most of the questions' meanings should be self-evident to you, so I will 
only explain a few of them right now.

The bibliography title can be anything you like. "References" and 
"Literature Cited" are two popular choices. The Retriever uses the 
notation "{b...}" to indicate that the enclosed text is to be boldfaced, 
so "{bREFERENCES}" would produce the word "REFERENCES" in boldface. 
However, if you answer the 'Convert "{...}"?' question with "N", then 
rather than interpreting "{b...}" to mean boldface, the Retriever will 
simply print these characters just as they appear on the screen. An ugly 
situation, and not usually what you would desire. The "Convert "{...}"?" 
question also applies to any boldfaces, underlines, italics, 
superscripts, or subscripts appearing within any of the references about 
to be printed, so you almost always want the answer to "Convert 
"{...}"?" to be "Y".

The "Single reference per page?" question is provided for those who wish 
to print out file cards or reprint request cards, one reference per 
card.

"Eject extra page at end?" is a matter for your experimentation. Some 
laser printers will not eject the final page of a reference list unless 
you answer "Y" to this question. Other printers will unnecessarily waste 
an extra page unless you choose "N".

At the bottom of the screen are four "buttons". You may "press" a button 
either by clicking on it with the mouse or by pressing the indicated key 
or keys.

In this dialog box, pressing ALT-H allows you to specify a "header" that 
will appear at the top of each page and a "footer" that will be printed 
at the bottom of each page. Try it now. If you include the character "@" 
in either the header or footer, it will be replaced with a page number; 
you can specify the starting page number down at the bottom of the 
"Header/Footer" dialog box. Pressing the ENTER key or clicking on the 
"Okay" button will return you to the main printer dialog box.

You may recall that the Retriever's main menu included a "Choose 
Printer" option. Since we have not yet used that option, we cannot be 
sure that the Retriever has reasonable expectations regarding the type 
of printer you actually own. So either click on the "Printer settings" 
button or press ALT-P now.

(IMPORTANT NOTE: I said "ALT-P", not "CTRL-P"! On many computers, 
pressing CTRL-P commands the computer to immediately print a copy of 
whatever is on the screen. If your printer is turned on, then 
accidentally pressing CTRL-P will usually be only a minor annoyance. But 
if your printer is not on, or if you don't have a printer at all, then 
you may end up crashing your computer. So NEVER press CTRL-P unless you 
mean it!)

You can now pick the appropriate printer type -- press SHIFT-TAB or 
click with the mouse to move to the "Printer Type" line of this dialog 
box. If you see a choice that matches your printer, or with which your 
printer is supposed to be compatible, pick it. If not, go with "Generic 
Dumb Printer" for now. Once you've highlighted your choice, press TAB. 
Then correct any problems you may see with any of the numbers displayed 
in the lower part of the dialog box. Press ENTER or click on the "Okay" 
button when you are satisfied.

Once everything appears correct in the main printer dialog box, press 
ENTER or click on the "Okay" button. Your printer should now furnish you 
with a listing of the references we found in our search.

When done, you can get from the Group menu back to the main menu by 
pressing ESC (or the right mouse button). Once there, press "q" to quit 
the Retriever.

======================== Part II: PAPYRUS Concepts =====================

Reference Types, Fields
-----------------------

Each bibliographic reference in a PAPYRUS database is classified by 
Reference Type. The possible types are:

      Article  -- an individual article appearing in a periodical 
                  publication, typically a journal, but also some annual
                  conference proceedings

      Book     -- a complete work, including not only books, but also
                  technical reports or dissertations published on
                  microfilm, etc

      Chapter  -- an individual article appearing within a larger work
                  that contains other articles by other authors; not
                  only chapters in a regular book, but also articles in
                  conference proceedings that have been edited, bound
                  and published

      Map      -- a map, as might be cited by a geologist or geographer

      Patent   -- a patent issued by a government for an invention

      Thesis   -- a thesis or dissertation submitted toward fulfillment
                  of an academic degree

      Quote    -- an obscure work "Quoted in" a more available work

      Other    -- anything that does not fit into one of the other
                  categories, such as an unpublished manuscript

Each reference consists of a number of "fields": Reference #, Authors, 
Year, Title, etc. If a reference is of type Article, then it will also 
have fields for Journal, Volume, Issue and so on. A reference of type 
Chapter, on the other hand, will have fields for Chapter Title, Chapter 
Number, Book Title, Editors, etc.

There are also three special fields: "Field A", "Field B", and "Field 
C". The creator of your PAPYRUS database had the opportunity to rename 
these and use them for whatever he/she wished.

Indexed fields
--------------

Many of the fields are "indexed". This means that when you search for, 
say, a particular author, the Retriever can look in its Author Index and 
go directly to the relevant references, without having to actually read 
through every reference in the entire database.

These fields are indexed:

      Reference #    Reference Type   Field A       Comments

      Author         Title            Editor        Abstract

      Year           Journal          Keywords

Fields that are not indexed can still be searched. But the Retriever 
will have to examine every reference in the database when searching on 
non-indexed fields. In such cases you can speed the search by adding an 
indexed field to your search specification.

For example, a search for

            general='new york'

will find all references in which "New York" appears in any field of the 
reference. (Actually, "general" looks at ALMOST all fields -- it does 
not check the Journal, Keywords, Comments or Abstract fields.) But the 
Retriever will have to look at every reference in the database to carry 
out this search, since many of the fields (such as City of Publication) 
are not indexed.

You could help the Retriever by restricting your search to, say, books 
or book chapters:

            general='new york' and (type='book' or type='chapter')

For this request, the Retriever will first use its Reference Type Index 
to locate all Books and Chapters, and then examine only these for "New 
York".

PAPYRUS skips over some parts of some fields when it creates its 
indexes. Specifically, for the Title, Comments, and Abstract indexes 
common words such as "the", "and", "for", or "with" are not indexed. 
(This applies also to these words' German and French equivalents.) No 
word of only one or two letters is indexed, nor are pure numbers. For 
example, if "1987" appeared in a Title it would not be indexed, although 
"5th" would.

For the Comments and Abstract indexes, your database creator had the 
option of picking a different size cutoff for words. For example, he/she 
might have instructed PAPYRUS not to index any Comments or Abstract word 
of fewer than 7 letters, rather than the default 2 letters. This would 
have eliminated a considerable number of entries in the index, and thus 
have saved considerable space on your hard disk. The trade-off is that 
to search for short words the Retriever would then have to examine every 
reference in the database.

Any time you specify a search that does not allow the Retriever to use 
at least one of it indexes, whether because you have chosen a non-
indexed field or because you have picked a word shorter than the cutoff 
for your database, the Retriever will reply:

          As you've defined this Search, I will have to examine EVERY
          reference in your database. It would be MUCH faster if I could
          use one or more of my index files.

          (See PAPYRUS Reference Manual for further explanation.)

       Can you modify this Search to include an indexed term? Y

You will usually be able find a way to so modify the search, as we did 
above.

Note that most of the indexes hold entire fields, but a few instead hold 
individual words from a field. For example, an entry in the Author Index 
is an entire author name, such as "Smith,JP", not just "Smith". An entry 
in the Keyword Index holds an entire keyword, whether the keyword is a 
single word ("HUMAN") or a phrase ("HOMO SAPIENS, FEMALE"). On the other 
hand, entries in the Title, Comments, or Abstracts Index hold individual 
words. So a search such as:

          title="sapiens"

would find references whose titles included the phrase "Homo sapiens". 
But:

          keyword="sapiens"

would NOT find a reference bearing the keyword "HOMO SAPIENS". On the 
other hand,

          keyword="* sapiens"

would find a reference with the keyword "HOMO SAPIENS". Finally, then,

          term="* sapiens"

would find all references whose title, comments, abstract, or keywords 
included the word "SAPIENS". (You'll recall that "term" stands for 
"Title OR Comments OR Abstract OR Keyword".)

There is one other implication of the way the PAPYRUS indexes work. If 
you specify:

          title="homo sapiens"

the Retriever cannot simply look this phrase up in its index, since only 
individual words appear in the Title Index. This search will therefore 
require examination of the entire database. You can help the Retriever 
by changing the search to:

          title="sapiens" and title="homo sapiens"

In this case the Retriever will use its Title Index to find all 
references with "sapiens" in their title, and then examine only these 
references for the phrase "homo sapiens".

Journals
--------

Each journal in your PAPYRUS database contains both its official name 
and its official abbreviation. (Assuming that your database creator took 
advantage of this capability.) When the Retriever lists out a collection 
of references, whether it uses the name or the abbreviation is dictated 
by the Format you choose.

The Retriever is quite intelligent when searching for a journal. If the 
"New England Journal of Medicine" is cited in your database, any of the 
following searches will find the citations:

      journal="new england journal of medicine"

      journal="new engl j med"

      journal="new eng"

      journal="nejm"

Keywords
--------

Each reference in your database can have up to 100 keywords assigned to 
it. Furthermore, your database creator may have chosen to designate some 
of these as "major" keywords. PAPYRUS indicates that a keyword is major 
for a given reference by displaying a "#" before it.

For example, the following reference has three keywords:

       123. Null,ZZ (1990): An article about nothing much at
            all. J. Irreprod. Res. 43, 32-37.
            [NOTHINGNESS; #USELESSNESS; VACUITY]

Your database's creator felt that NOTHINGNESS and VACUITY should be 
considered minor keywords for this reference, while #USELESSNESS seemed 
deserving of being a major keyword.

When you perform a search for a particular keyword, you can restrict the 
Retriever to report only those references for which the keyword is 
major. Thus, this search will find the above reference:

            Search for: keyword="#uselessness"

but this one will not:

            Search for: keyword="#vacuity"

If you omit the "#" in your search, then the Retriever will find all 
references citing the keyword, regardless of whether the keyword is 
cited as major or minor.

There is a special keyword: "INCOMPLETE". This keyword may appear on 
some of your references because they are lacking information that 
PAPYRUS expected. For example, a CHAPTER reference can be expected to 
have both a Chapter Title and a Book Title; if either of these is 
missing then the reference may be marked INCOMPLETE. On the other hand, 
your database's creator may have chosen to remove the INCOMPLETE 
keyword, even though some information is lacking.

If you do come across references whose first keyword is INCOMPLETE, 
simply remember that there may not be enough information listed to 
satisfy a persnickety editor or librarian.

Groups
------

You have already encountered PAPYRUS's concept of Group, but as it is a 
very important concept for Retriever users to understand, I would like 
to review it in a bit more depth now.

Picture your main PAPYRUS database as a large bookshelf. When you ask 
the Retriever to search for all books with an author of "Smith", one 
option would be for the Retriever to remove the relevant books from the 
bookshelf and put them into a small basket for you. When you were done 
reviewing these, you would have the Retriever return the books to the 
bookshelf, and you could then throw away the basket.

Obviously, this would not be a very good scheme. For one thing, you 
might accidentally throw away the basket while your books were still 
inside, thus losing them forever. Another problem is that you might wish 
to set the basket aside for a few hours or days while you do another 
search -- say, for all books with the word "coffee" in their titles. But 
what if John Smith wrote a great book about coffee? That book is 
currently sitting in a basket, and is not currently amongst those books 
on your bookshelf through which the Retriever is now searching.

Here is a better scheme. Instead of removing the actual books from the 
bookshelf and putting them into the basket, let us have the Retriever 
make a COPY of each relevant book, and put the COPIES into the basket. 
The original books remain on the bookshelf.

This is much better. When we are finished reviewing the results of the 
search, we throw away the basket, copies and all. In the meantime, the 
originals remain searchable on the bookshelf.

Still, making all of those copies is rather cumbersome. So here is one 
final scheme. Instead of making a copy of each book, the Retriever could 
simply jot the book's catalog number onto a file card, and place the 
file card into the basket. This will be a very quick operation compared 
with copying an entire book, and our basket will be much lighter.

Now for you to review the results of the search, you can pull a card out 
of your basket and the Retriever will display the original book for you, 
without having to remove it from the bookshelf.

As I hope you will have surmised, this "basket" is what the PAPYRUS 
Retriever calls a "Group". Each Group is represented by a file on your 
disk, with a name ending in ".GRP". A Group is like a stack of file 
cards, each bearing the "catalog number" of a reference from your 
PAPYRUS database. The cards can be sorted any way you like -- 
alphabetically by author, chronologically by year, etc. When you ask the 
Retriever to print out the contents of the Group, it displays not the 
cards themselves, but rather the references from the main database to 
which the cards refer. And when you "throw out" the stack of cards -- by 
deleting the .GRP file from your disk -- this has no effect on the 
actual references in your PAPYRUS database.

=========================== Part III: Reference ========================

Quit
----

Choosing this option from the main menu gets you out of the Retriever.

List
----

This option allows you to display the entire database or any part of it. 
It includes the following sub-options:

      Alphabetic    -- List any part of the database sorted
                       alphabetically by author. If there are multiple
                       references with identical authors, these will be
                       further sorted by year.

      Numeric       -- List any part of the database sorted by PAPYRUS
                       Reference #. Your database creator may have
                       assigned particular ranges of numbers to
                       particular types of references; if not, then you
                       will probably not have much use for this choice.

      Co-Author     -- List all references having a particular person as
                       one of the authors.

      Group         -- List a Group that you have previously created.

      Keyword Index -- List one or more keywords in alphabetical order.
                       After each keyword, list all of the references
                       that cite it, sorted alphabetically.

Each of these choices leads to one or two additional questions.

      Alphabetic
      ----------

           Start with: Beginning <
           Stop with: End <

      If you accept the Retriever's suggested answers, you'll get an
      alphabetical list of your entire database. You can narrow this a
      bit. For example,

           Start with: br
           Stop with: bz

      would list all references whose first author's lastname lies
      between "Br..." and "Bz...", inclusive.

      You can use the F2 key here to bring up the list of all authors
      in the database.

      Numeric
      -------

           Start at Ref#: Beginning <
           Stop at Ref#: End <

      Again, you can narrow this:

           Start at Ref#: 100
           Stop at Ref#: 200

      Co-Author
      ---------

           Co-Author:

      At this point you would enter the name of the author in whom you
      are interested. For example:

           Co-Author: smith,jp

      will yield a list of all references with author "Smith,JP", or any
      reasonable variant ("Smith,J", "Smith,JP,Jr.", "Smith,JPW,III",
      etc.; though NOT "Smith,K" or "Smith,JK")

      You can use the F2 key here to bring up the list of all authors
      in the database.

      You may also enter just a lastname:

           Co-Author: smith

      And you may also use an asterisk as a "wildcard":

           Co-Author: sm*th*

      This last will match "Smith,...", "Smythe,...", "Smithers,...",
      etc.

      Once you have indicated the co-author, the Retriever allows you to
      narrow the range of years, if you wish:

           From Year: Beginning <
           Thru Year: End <

      You can type, for example, "91" rather than "1991".

      Group
      -----

      You will be greeted with a dialog box allowing you to locate the
      Group you want to display. You indicate the disk and subdirectory
      in the "Path:" box, and the name of the Group in the "Look for:"
      box. "Path:" defaults to the directory where your PAPYRUS
      database files are located. "Look for:" defaults to simply an
      asterisk.

      You can specify as much of the Group name as you like. If you do
      not recall the name, leave "Look for:" with simply the asterisk.
      If you recall the first few letters of the Group's name, enter
      them, followed by the asterisk.

      If you would like to see the short Group Description displayed
      beside each Group name, then change the "Descriptions?" box from
      "N" to "Y".

      When you are satisfied with the answers to "Path:", "Look for:"
      and "Descriptions?" (as you will generally be as soon as the
      dialog box appears!), press the "Find" button with your mouse or
      press ENTER.

      The "File:" box will now fill with the names (and possibly the
      Descriptions) of all Groups meeting your criteria. With the arrow
      keys or mouse, move the highlight to the Group you want, and then
      either press the "Okay" button or press ENTER to confirm your
      selection.

      The Retriever will now display additional information about the
      Group you have chosen, to confirm that it is the correct one.

      Keyword Index
      -------------

           Start with Keyword: Beginning <
           Stop with Keyword: End <

      You can include all of the keywords in your database, or just an
      alphabetic subset.

      The F2 key will pop up the list of keywords.

           Major keywords only? N

      Answering "y" will limit the references displayed to only those
      that cite a given keyword as "major".

As we discussed early in this manual, your database's creator may have 
annotated each of the references with Notecards. If so, then you will 
now be asked:

      Also include each reference's notecards? N

Changing the default answer to "y" will cause the Retriever to list each 
reference's Notecards after the reference. You will also be asked 
whether the Notecards for each reference should be sorted by card Title 
or Passage.

Now that you have indicated which references are to be listed, and how 
they will be arranged, the Retriever asks:

      [List: Format information]

      Format: STANDARD
      Truncate lengthy Abstracts & Comments: Y
      Truncate lengthy Keywords: Y

      Okay? Y

(The default answers shown on your screen may be different from those 
shown above, if your database creator set them otherwise.)

As you will recall from the "Getting Started" part of this manual, the 
Format is the style used to display each reference in the list. Two are 
built into PAPYRUS: STANDARD and BRIEF. Your database creator may have 
also included other Formats for your use.

Telling the Retriever to "truncate" Abstracts, Comments or Keywords 
limits these to no more than one line each, so that you can see a bit of 
these fields but not waste a lot of paper on full abstracts or long 
keyword lists.

If you do not like the answers displayed, then answer "n". Then you will 
be asked each of the three questions individually, starting with:

      Format: STANDARD <

You'll recall, I hope, that the little triangle at the end of the line 
simply means that as soon as you start typing -- rather than just 
pressing the ENTER key to accept the displayed answer -- the displayed 
answer will be erased.

At this point you can type "STANDARD", "BRIEF", or any other Format your 
database creator included. If you know the name of the Format you 
desire, it is enough to just type the first couple letters of its name.

Pressing the F2 key here will yield a list of all available Formats.

Finally, you specify the destination of your list:

      [List: Destination]
                  ---------
      On device: | Screen  |
                 | Printer |
                 | File    |
                  ---------

You make your choice with the arrow keys or mouse, or by typing "s", 
"p", or "f".

Choosing "Screen" leads immediately to the appearance of your list on 
your computer screen. The Retriever will pause at the bottom of each 
screenful.

Choosing "Printer" leads to the large dialog box that we already 
discussed in the "Getting Started" part of this manual. About the only 
detail that I left out of that discussion are your formatting options 
for the bibliography title. Besides "{b...}" to mean boldface, you can 
also use "{u...}" for underline or "{i...}" for italic. (You can also 
combine these, as in "{b{i...}}", which means bold and italic.)

Choose "File" if you would like to save the list to your disk, where you 
can subsequently access it with a word processor. The Retriever can save 
this file in many file formats, so it will now ask:

                 ------------------------
                | Microsoft Word         |
                | WordPerfect            |
                | PC-Write               |
                | WordStar               |
                | WordStar 2000          |
      File type:| XyWrite / Signature    |
                | TeX                    |
                | ChiWriter              |
                | ASCII                  |
                | ASCII with line breaks |
                 ------------------------

(Your choices may look a little different from these, as we periodically 
add additional word processors to the list.)

If your routine word processor is one of those listed, then pick that 
one. Otherwise, "ASCII" is generally a safe choice. ("With line breaks" 
means that the Retriever will add extra hard returns to ensure that no 
line is over 80 characters wide.)

Next the Retriever will ask what you wish to name your new file:

      Filename: BIBLIO.LST

You can change this to anything you like. If you want, you can add a 
path, as well. For example:

      Filename: c:\wp51\biblio.doc

If you would like to see what file names are already in use, then press 
the F2 key. This will produce a dialog box that lets you examine your 
existing directories.

Search
------

As you know from the "Getting Started" section (and as you hopefully 
would have guessed in any case) this is the option you use to search 
your database for whatever criteria interest you at the moment. The 
results of the search go into an automatically created Group named 
SEARCH.GRP, and can be further manipulated with all the tools we will 
discuss below under the Group option.

The fields you may specify in your search are listed on your screen when 
you choose the Search option. The general form of a search element is:

      field="value"

You can use either single quotes ('...') or double quotes ("...") around 
the value.

Here are some examples:

      author="smith"

-- find references with an author named "Smith". This will include 
"Smith,J", "Smith,PQ,Jr.", etc, but not "Smithers,E".

      author="smith*"

-- find references with an author whose last name begins with the 
letters "smith". This will include all of the "Smith"s, plus the 
"Smithers", the "Smitherson"s, etc.

      author="smith*,jp"

-- same as the previous example, but restrict the matches to those 
"Smith..."s with initials "J.P." The Retriever is rather intelligent 
about this request; the authors "Smith, J", "Smith, John Paul, III" and 
so on will be considered matches.

      author="sm*th*"

-- find references with an author whose last name begins with the 
letters "sm", followed by zero or more letters, followed by "th", 
followed by zero or more letters. This will match all of the "Smith"s, 
"Smythe"s, "Smothers"s, and so forth.

      keyword="united states"

-- find all references with the keyword "UNITED STATES". Remember from 
the "PAPYRUS Concepts" section, above, that keywords are considered 
indivisible. By this I mean that a search for:

      keyword="states"

will NOT find a reference with the keyword "UNITED STATES". A keyword is 
a single object, regardless of whether it appears to us as a single word 
or as a series of words. However, once you understand this, you should 
also recall that you COULD specify:

      keyword="* states"

to stand for "all keywords ending in the word 'STATES'".

      title="unite"

-- find references whose title includes the word "unite". Recall that 
titles, unlike keywords, ARE divisible. In other words, the Title Index 
holds INDIVIDUAL title words, while the Keyword Index holds the ENTIRE 
keyword word or phrase.

      title="unit*"

-- find references whose title includes the word "unite", or "united", 
or "unity", etc.

      title="united states"

-- find references whose title includes the phrase "united states". 
Because this is a phrase, rather than a single word, recall that you can 
greatly speed the Retriever's work by changing this to:

      title="united states" and title="united"

In place of the "=", you can also use "<", "<=", ">=", or ">". For 
example,

      year>"1990"

will find all references published in or after 1991.

These basic types of search can be combined with "AND" or "OR". For 
example,

      author="smith" and year>"1990"

will find only those references meeting BOTH the criterion 
"author='smith'" AND the criterion "year>'1990'" -- in other words, 
those references by Smith published after 1990. Note that this is quite 
different from:

      author="smith" or year>"1990"

which would find all references meeting EITHER criteria -- all of the 
Smith references PLUS all references newer than 1990.

You can also use "NOT":

      not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE"

This will yield every reference that does NOT have "REVIEW ARTICLE" for 
a keyword. By itself this may not seem completely useful, but consider:

      author="smith" and year>"1990" and not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE"

This one finds all recent works by Smith, except for review articles.

Of course, you can get a little too complicated. Suppose you had entered 
the above as:

      not keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith" and year>"1990"

Now is this supposed to mean:

      (not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE")) and author="smith" and year>"1990"

-- recent Smith articles that are not reviews -- or:

      (not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith")) and year>"1990"

-- recent articles that are not Smith's reviews -- or:

      not(keyword="REVIEW ARTICLE" and author="smith" and year>"1990")

-- everything in the database except recent Smith reviews? In computer 
person terminology, what is the "scope" of the "NOT"? Although there are 
specific rules the Retriever follows to answer this question, you should 
not have to learn them. Instead, you should simply use enough 
parentheses in your search so that the Retriever will have no question 
about your intentions.

Actually, if your search specification is getting this complicated, you 
will be better off using the slightly more sophisticated search 
abilities found within the Group option, described below.

There are two shortcuts available to you when setting up a search. 
First, you do not need to spell out the entire name of the field. All of 
these are equivalent:

      keyword="review article"

      key="review article"

      k="review article"

You really should not get too carried away with this abbreviating, 
though. Consider:

      a="coal"

Does "a" mean "author" or "abstract"? The Retriever will choose one of 
these, but you don't know which. So I would recommend sticking to at 
least two letters for the name of each field.

The second shortcut is that you do not need the quotation marks when the 
value is simply a single word or number. So these are equivalent:

      author="smith"

      author=smith

But when a value contains more than a single word or number, leaving out 
the quotation marks will confuse the Retriever. For example, if you 
enter:

      keyword=review article

the Retriever will complain.

Finally, don't forget our friend the F2 key. If you enter, say,

      author=

and then press F2, you get a list of all authors in the database. And if 
you type:

      author=ro

before pressing F2, then the list will jump directly to the names 
starting with "Ro...".

F2 will work in this fashion for Author, Editor, Type, Keyword, Journal 
and Term.

Group
-----

Choosing this option brings up a special window that lets you pick an 
existing Group or create a new one.

To pick an existing Group, indicate the disk and subdirectory in the 
"Path:" box, and the name of the Group in the "Look for:" box. "Path:" 
defaults to the directory where your PAPYRUS database files are located. 
"Look for:" defaults to simply an asterisk.

You can specify as much of the Group name as you like. If you do not 
recall the name, leave "Look for:" with simply the asterisk. If you 
recall the first few letters of the Group's name, enter them, followed 
by the asterisk.

If you would like to see the short Group Description displayed beside 
each Group name, then change the "Descriptions?" box from "N" to "Y".

When you are satisfied with the answers to "Path:", "Look for:" and 
"Descriptions?" (as you will generally be as soon as the dialog box 
appears!), press the "Find" button with your mouse or press ENTER.

The "File:" box will now fill with the names (and possibly the 
Descriptions) of all Groups meeting your criteria.

If you wish to delete a Group from your disk, or rename a Group, then 
move the highlight to the correct Group using the arrow keys. Pressing 
the "Delete" button with your mouse or typing ALT-D will bring up a 
dialog box confirming that you wish to delete the Group. Alternatively, 
pressing the "Rename" button or typing ALT-R brings up a dialog box that 
allows you to change the name and/or description of the Group.

To work with an existing Group, use the arrow keys or mouse to move the 
highlight to the Group you want, and then either press the "Okay" button 
or the ENTER key to confirm your selection. The Retriever will present 
complete information about the Group and ask you to confirm that this is 
the Group you intended. Then you will be presented with the seven Group 
sub-options, discussed below.

To create a new Group, press the "New" button with the mouse or type 
ALT-N. A dialog box will appear where you enter the name and description 
of your new Group. You will then find yourself in the "Format/Sort" 
dialog described below, where you specify the way you wish the Group 
sorted and the Format to use when later outputing the Group.

The Group sub-option menu looks like this:

                               Group Option
          ----------------------------------------------------
         |  View/Edit           Modify                        |
         |                                                    |
         |  Info                Search          Clear Group   |
         |                                                    |
         |  Format/Sort         List            sWitch Group  |
          ----------------------------------------------------
          ESC to exit                              F1 for help

When you are done working with this Group, you either pick "sWitch 
Group" or press ESC. The former will return you to the pick-a-Group 
dialog box, while ESC (or the right mouse button) will send you back to 
the Retriever's main menu.

The other sub-options are as follows:

      View/Edit   -- Display all of the Group's references on the screen
                     in an abbreviated style. You can then examine any
                     individual reference in detail, add other
                     references to the Group, or remove individual
                     references from the Group.

      Info        -- Display complete information about the Group --
                     its name, description, sorting method, output
                     format, number of references, time and nature of
                     the last search performed, etc.

      Format/Sort -- Change the method used to sort the references
                     within the Group, and/or the Format to use when
                     outputing the Group.

      Modify      -- Add one or more references to the Group, or remove
                     one or more references from the Group.

      Search      -- Search the main database, adding the results to
                     this Group.

      List        -- Jump to the "List" feature of PAPYRUS, to output
                     this Group.

      Clear Group -- Remove all references from this Group. The Group
                     itself will still exist.

There is nothing more to say about "Info" or "Clear Group". Choosing 
"List" will bring you to exactly the same dialog we discussed above 
under the "List" option. I will now discuss the remaining choices.

Format/Sort
-----------

This sub-option begins by asking the name of the Format to use with this 
Group. The default is "STANDARD", and for most purposes this is fine. If 
you know that you will ultimately want to output this Group using a 
different Format you can indicate that one now. (As always, the F2 key 
will bring up the list of all the Formats your database creator has 
given you.)

Then you are asked:

      Sort manually? N

Answering "y" means that you will personally arrange the references in 
this Group according to your desires. Answering "n" means that you would 
like the Retriever to do the sorting for you.

When you choose "n", you next get a screenful of 45 numbered fields. The 
first few are:

      1 Reference #
      2 Authors
      3 Year
      4 Reference Type
      5 Title
      6 Pages
       ...

Then comes the question:

      Sort by:

So answering "1" means "sort by Reference #", while answering "2, 3, 5" 
means "sort by Authors, then by Year, and then by Title". Thus you can 
sort your Group by whatever combination of fields you wish.

Your database creator may or may not have given you the option of 
specifying your system of alphabetization. If so, you now have this 
choice:

                              ------------------
      Alphabetization system:| Central European |
                             | Nordic           |
                             | Spanish          |
                              ------------------

"Central European" includes the U.S., Great Britain, France, and 
Germany. "Nordic" covers Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland.

If your answer to the "Sort by" question included the Year, then you get 
one more choice:

                                                      --------------
      Sort the years in Ascending or Descending order:| Ascending  |
                                                      | Descending |
                                                      --------------

View/Edit
---------

This sub-option allows you both to adjust the contents of your Group and 
to view the entire Group on your screen.

When you pick "View/Edit" the Group will be displayed on your screen 
using the BRIEF format, one reference per line. At the bottom of the 
screen is a special line called the View/Edit "clipboard". The clipboard 
can hold a single reference, which is not actually a member of the 
Group. When you first enter View/Edit the clipboard is empty.

The first reference of the Group will be highlighted on the screen. You 
may move the highlight with your arrow keys or mouse. The HOME, END, 
PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys all do what you would expect.

Pressing the ESC key (or the right mouse button) gets you out of 
View/Edit and back to the "Group Option" menu.

The DELETE key will move the highlighted reference from the Group to the 
clipboard. The INSERT key does precisely the opposite. If your Group is 
sorted manually, then you can use these two keys to rearrange your 
references in any order you like, since INSERT will place the clipboard 
reference immediately prior to whatever reference is currently 
highlighted. (If the Group is not sorted manually, then INSERT will 
place the clipboard reference according to the sorting method you 
indicated with Format/Sort.)

If you press ENTER or the left mouse button, something special happens. 
The Group display slides out of the way, and the reference which had 
been highlighted will now be displayed in its entirety. Then you can 
press the up-arrow, down-arrow, HOME or END key to examine the 
preceding, following, first or last reference in the Group. Or you can 
press "r" to remove the reference from the Group. Finally, pressing any 
other key (including ENTER or ESC) will return you to the main View/Edit 
screen.

You can add a new reference to the Group by pressing "a". Doing so 
brings up:

      [Identify Reference:]
      Reference # / Author:

If you happen to know the reference's PAPYRUS Reference#, you would 
enter that number now. Alternatively, you can enter an author's name 
(asterisks are allowed), or press F2 to choose from all the authors in 
the database. The Retriever will then ask:

      Year: Any <

to let you specify the year, if you know it, of the reference you're 
looking for. The Retriever will now display any matching references. If 
more than one reference matches your request, you can now enter the 
Reference# of the displayed reference that interests you. When you've 
got it down to a single reference, the Retriever asks:

      Is this the Reference you intended?

If you pick a reference of type Book, Thesis or Other, a little dialog 
box pops up asking:

      Specific page(s) cited:

You can leave this blank if you want your Group to simply cite the 
entire reference. But entering something like "35-42" will add those 
specific pages to the citation when you List out the Group. This might 
be useful if you were putting this Group together as a bibliography for 
a paper you were writing.

You do not have to memorize all of the different keys that you can use 
in View/Edit. As indicated at the bottom of your screen, pressing F1 
will bring up a help screen listing the possibilities.

Modify
------

This sub-option adds references to the Group, or removes them from it, 
one at a time or in batches.

Modify uses the same method to pick references that View/Edit does. It 
simply asks:

      [Identify Reference:]
      Reference # / Author:

repeatedly. Pressing just ENTER or ESC gets you out of Modify.

Each time you pick a reference, the Retriever will ask either:

      Add to group?

or

      Remove from group?

depending, of course, on whether the reference is already in the Group.

If your Group is sorted manually, then when you add a reference you will 
also have to specify where it should appear:

      Before Ref#: END <

Accepting the suggested answer appends the new reference to the end of 
the Group. If you instead enter the Reference# of a reference already in 
the Group, the new reference will be placed immediately preceding that 
reference.

To add or remove a batch of sequential references, you can specify a 
range. For example:

      [Identify Reference:]
      Reference # / Author: 100-200

Search
------

If you have not yet performed a search with this Group, then this sub-
option begins with the same "Search for:" that we have discussed at 
great length above. Thereafter you will see something like this:

      [Group: Search]

      S1  author="smith"                                          (10)

                                 Search Option
         -----------------------------------------------------------
        |  New Search     re-run Old Search     Load Search Results |
         -----------------------------------------------------------
         ESC to exit                                      F1 for help

This means that your Group so far contains one search, named "S1", which 
found 10 references.

If you now choose "New Search", you get to specify a new search. (So 
what did you expect?) This will become search "S2".

The "re-run Old Search" choice can be useful if somebody has modified 
your main database and you want to see if there are any new "Smith" 
entries that weren't there before. This would apply if you just received 
an updated version of the database from the original creator. The other 
situation in which "re-run old Search" comes in handy is when you had 
interrupted a search before it was done, and later decide to re-run the 
search without interruption.

Unlike the Search option on the Retriever's main menu, which both 
performs a search and puts the results into a Group (namely SEARCH.GRP), 
the "New Search" or "re-run Old Search" option simply performs the 
search and reports the number of successful matches. You must then 
choose "Load Search Results" to actually load the references into your 
Group.

The advantage of separating searching from loading is that the former is 
usually much quicker than the latter, contrary to what you might have 
expected. Because of the many index files available to the Retriever, 
the act of searching often proceeds without ever having to bring each 
actual reference into the computer's memory. But loading references into 
the Group requires that each reference be brought into memory in order 
to obtain the necessary sorting information, and then entered into the 
appropriate place in the Group file. This requires a moderate amount of 
calculation and a large amount of time-consuming reading and writing of 
your hard disk.

Now, if the only difference between the main menu's "Search" and Group's 
"New Search" were that with the latter you need go through two separate 
steps simply to accomplish what the former did in one, then there would 
not have been much reason for us to make this so complicated for you. 
The advantage of this scheme is that you can rapidly perform complex 
searches in a stepwise fashion, refining them as you go.

Suppose that after the above display we chose "New Search", and then 
replied:

      Search for: year>"1990"

The Retriever will do a quick search of the database, and then bring us 
to: 

      [Group: Search]

      S1  author="smith"                                          (10)
      S2  year>"1990"                                            (200)

                                 Search Option
         -----------------------------------------------------------
        |  New Search     re-run Old Search     Load Search Results |
         -----------------------------------------------------------
         ESC to exit                                      F1 for help

Now we choose "New Search" again, and specify:

      Search for: s1 and s2

In other words, our third search will contain only those references 
which were found BOTH by search S1 AND by search S2:

      [Group: Search]

      S1  author="smith"                                          (10)
      S2  year>"1990"                                            (200)
      S3  s1 and s2                                                (7)

                                 Search Option
         -----------------------------------------------------------
        |  New Search     re-run Old Search     Load Search Results |
         -----------------------------------------------------------
         ESC to exit                                      F1 for help

We could achieve the same result like this:

      Search for: s1 and year>"1990"

Entering this as a new search now would yield:

      [Group: Search]

      S1  author="smith"                                          (10)
      S2  year>"1990"                                            (200)
      S3  s1 and s2                                                (7)
      S4  s1 and year>"1990"                                       (7)

                                 Search Option
         -----------------------------------------------------------
        |  New Search     re-run Old Search     Load Search Results |
         -----------------------------------------------------------
         ESC to exit                                      F1 for help

(In fact, doing searches S1, S2 and S3 would take a little longer than 
simply doing S1 and S4, so the latter would have been the more efficient 
way to have proceeded.)

Using this technique, you can gradually refine a complex search by a 
series of quick simple searches. Then when you have found a combination 
that has yielded a reasonable number of matches, you choose "Load Search 
Results". The current contents of the Group will be discarded, to be 
replaced by the results of whichever search you pick. You can then use 
View/Edit to look at the actual references found by the search.

Preferences
-----------

Although there are a large number of preferences to be chosen by a user 
of the full PAPYRUS program, the Retriever offers only two.

First comes:

      Set screen colors? Y

This proceeds in a self-explanatory fashion. Next:

         If your computer has a particularly obnoxious BEEP,
         you might like me to suppress my usual warning beeps,
         and replace them with a visual signal, like this...

      Shall I suppress all warning BEEPS?

The visual signal is a flashing of the current line on the screen.

Because the Retriever is not allowed to make any changes to the PAPYRUS 
database files, your preferences will not be remembered after you leave 
the Retriever. If your database creator left you with colors or beeps 
you don't like, you will have to visit the Preferences option each time 
you start the Retriever.

Choose Printer
--------------

One of the PAPYRUS database files, namely PRINT.BIB, contains 
information on a number of types of computer printers. The "Choose 
Printer" option allows to specify which of these you are using. If your 
printer is not among the available choices, you can add it as an 
additional printer type.

Picking "Choose Printer" will yield a list of the printer types already 
defined, plus an indication of the current default printer type, the 
current default printer port (LPT1, LPT2, COM1, COM2, etc), and the 
current page size (eg, 8.5" x 11.0"). Then comes this question:

      Edit one of these printers? N

If you think that the information provided for one of the existing 
printer types is incorrect, you would enter "y", and then indicate which 
of the printer types you wished to modify. Then would come a series of 
questions and answers that define the printer type.

Next:

      Add a new printer type? N

If you answer "y", then you will be asked to name your new printer type, 
and proceed to the same series of questions about escape sequences, 
characters per inch, lines per inch, etc.

Then comes:

      Change default printer port? N

If your printer is not attached to the port indicated as the current 
default (LPT1, unless your database creator has changed it), you can now 
pick the correct port.

The penultimate question is:

      Change default printer type? N

If you answer "y" you then enter the number of the printer type you want 
as your default.

And last, but certainly not least:

      Change paper size? N

This lets you specify a different width and height than the indicated 
default. Europeans using A4 paper, for example, will find this helpful.

Because PRINT.BIB is logically completely separate from the other *.BIB 
files that constitute your PAPYRUS database, the Retriever IS allowed to 
make permanent changes to it. So unlike your Preferences settings, your 
printer settings WILL be remembered the next time you start the 
Retriever.

There is one potential problem with this. Only one Retriever user can 
have the PRINT.BIB file open at a time. So if there are several of you 
using the Retriever over a network, all working with the same database, 
then while one of you is accessing PRINT.BIB the others' Retrievers will 
act as if the file PRINT.BIB does not exist. So if you ever get funny 
error messages about PRINT.BIB being absent, simply wait a minute or two 
and try again.

Notecards
---------

As I explained early in this manual, there is a small chance that your 
database creator may have included Notecards for some or all of the 
references in your PAPYRUS database. If so, then the "Notecards" option 
will be available on your main menu.

You work with the Notecards of one reference at a time. So the first 
question the Notecards option asks is:

      [Identify Reference:]
      Reference # / Author:

This method of picking a reference has been discussed above. You can 
enter the Reference# if you happen to know it, or the name of one of the 
reference's authors. You can include asterisks in the name as wildcards, 
and you can also press the F2 key for a list of all authors in the 
database.

If you give a name, then you get to specify a year, if you know it:

      Year: Any <

The Retriever will now display any matching references. If more than one 
reference matches your request, you can now enter the Reference# of the 
displayed reference that interests you. When you've narrowed the field 
to a single reference, the Retriever asks:

      Is this the Reference you intended?

If the reference you've picked has no Notecards, you will be so 
notified. Otherwise you will find yourself in a screen that closely 
resembles Group's View/Edit screen. Each Notecard is shown in an 
abbreviated one-line form. You move the highlight from card to card with 
the arrow keys, the mouse, or HOME, END, PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN. Pressing 
ESC (or the right mouse button) gets you out of this screen.

Pressing ENTER, or the left mouse button, causes this screen to slide to 
the side and the highlighted Notecard to be displayed in full. From here 
you can press the up-arrow, down-arrow, HOME or END key to examine the 
preceding, following, first or last Notecard. Any other key press will 
return you to the previous screen.

You can have the Notecards sorted according either to card Title or 
Passage by pressing "t" or "p", respectively.

As with View/Edit, pressing the F1 key will bring up a help screen to 
remind you which keys do what.

================================ Afterword =============================

We at Research Software Design hope that the PAPYRUS Retriever and the 
PAPYRUS database you have obtained will be of great use to you. We are 
always interested in improving our programs. If you have any 
suggestions, please write us at:

            Research Software Design
            2718 SW Kelly Street, Suite 181
            Portland, OR 97201
            U.S.A.

You can also contact us via e-mail at:

            RSD@applelink.apple.com

On the other hand, if you have questions about using the Retriever with 
your particular PAPYRUS database, please do not contact us directly. 
Instead, get in touch with the person or organization from whom you 
obtained the database. Also, if you are concerned that the Retriever is 
not functioning correctly, then that person or organization is again the 
appropriate one for you to contact. If he/she/they confirm your 
observations, then they/she/he can discuss the problem with Research 
Software Design and convey our response back to you.

If you would like more information about the full PAPYRUS program, 
please contact Research Software Design at one of the above addresses.

             Copyright (c) 1992 Research Software Design (TM)
                          All Rights Reserved