Rec# 10717. Wright, James D.; Rossi, Peter H.; Wright, Sonia R., and Weber-Burdin, Eleanor.
After the Cleanup: Long-Range Effects of Natural Disasters.  Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage
Publications; 1979. 192 pp.
Note: 2 copies.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
The long-term effects of floods, tornados, and hurricanes that struck the U.S. between 1960 and
1970 are estimated in two ways; by contrasting statistically counties that had been affected by a
disaster with counties that had not, holding constant other characteristics that may affect growth
trends; and by making similar contrasts within Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas.  The
1960 and 1970 Censuses were used as data sources.  Findings indicate that there were no
discernible effects on population and housing growth trends during the period studied.  It is
suggested that: 1) a national hazards archive should be established that is computerized,
centralized, and standardized; 2) policy shifts on all levels should be implemented that would
concentrate on dealing with the ordinary magnitude of disasters, leaving truly catastrophic events
to be met with extreme relief measures which can be better and more flexibly mobilized on an ad
hoc basis; and 3) using the criteria of the study, it was not possible to find that disasters had
effects that lasted more than a few months.
O00049.
recovery/ reconstruction/ flood/ tornado/ hurricane/ longitudinal study/ case study/ economic
impact/ social impact.

Rec# 3679. Wood, Charles A. and Kienle, Jurgen. Volcanoes of North America: United States
and Canada.  New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990. 354 pp.
Note: Each entry has references. OBSERVER 17, no. 5 (May 1993): 22.
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, Oregon, CA, ID, NV, WY, CO, UT, AZ, NM, HI, Canada.
This book describes 262 volcanoes and volcanic fields in Alaska, Hawaii, Canada and the
contiguous U.S. In addition to dimensional information about each volcano (latitude, longitude,
elevation, caldera diameter, etc.), it provides data about rock composition, eruptive history,
volcano type, and volcanic landforms. Each volcano is described in several narrative paragraphs
that are usually accompanied by a map, a photograph, two bibliographical references, and
wherever available, information about accessibility.
I00071.
volcano/ risk assessment/ geophysics/ seismology/ volcanology/ state planning/ geology.

Rec# 18066. Wood, Andrew; Palmer, Richard, and Petroff, Catherine. Comparison and
assessment of zero-rise floodplain ordinances. Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management. 1997; 123(4):239-245.
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 14 references.
FZ01509.
floodplain management/ legislation-regulation/ local planning/ structural design/ economic
analysis/ water quality/ toxic chemicals/ comparative analysis.

Rec# 16210.  Wolfe, Edward W. and Pierson, Thomas C. Volcanic-Hazard Zonation for Mount
St. Helens, Washington, 1995.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,
Cascades Volcano Observatory.  1995; Open-File Report No. 95-497. 12 pp.  One plate.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 18 references.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 8.
IZ00235.
volcano/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ local planning/ land use management.

Rec# 18012.  Wilson, Basil W and Torum, Alf. Tsunami of the Alaskan Earthquake, 1964:
Engineering Evaluation.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. 
1968; Technical Memorandum No. 25. 401 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, Canada, WA, Oregon, CA.
After an evaluation of the mechanism of tsunami generation based on field investigation and
previous literature, detailed studies of the main tsunami and local seismic waves are given for
damaged areas in Alaska, Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California, including engineering
evaluations for severely damaged areas.  Conclusions are presented for earthquake and tsunami
generation characteristics, tsunami propagation characteristics, features of tsunami damage, and
general design criteria for tsunami protection.
tsunami/ geophysics/ structural measures/ damage assessment/ seismology/ structural
engineering.

Rec# 3916. Whittemore, Hank. Families on the edge. Parade Magazine . (March 6, 1983); 17-20.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00074.
volcano/ riverine flood/ mudflow/ ashfall/ environmental impact/ recovery/ emergency response/
federal response/ social impact.

Rec# 15228. Weber Jr., Joseph T. Flood damage reduction audit program. : Association of State
Floodplain Managers. From the Mountains to the Sea--Developing Local Capability:
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Association of State Floodplain
Managers; 1995 May 22-1995 May 26; Portland, Maine. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1995;  Special Publication 31; 318-320, 486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00604.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ warning systems/ local planning/ emergency planning.

Rec# 4008.  Washington State University. Proceedings of Washington State University's
Conference on the Aftermath of Mount St. Helens, July 8-9, l980.  Pullman, Wash.: Washington
State University.  1980; 85 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Some references. Participant list.
Although federal agencies and Washington state universities and agencies were actively involved
in programs to assess and formulate plans for investigating the effects of the eruption, press
releases sometimes resulted in conflicting and frequently confusing reports with relatively little
technical content. A conference was convened in order to provide a forum for researchers and
administrators to begin the coordination necessary for the efficient use of forthcoming public
emergency funds. The results of the conference, in the form of extended abstracts and
observations, are presented in this publication. Contributions ranged over a variety of topics,
such as the effects of ashfall on the salmon industry, wildlife, soil, insects, animal husbandry,
and agriculture. Other presentations recapitulated social science studies planned and in process.
IZ00080.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ recovery/ ashfall/ social impact/ economic impact/ emergency
response/ federal response/ state response/ agricultural impact/ recovery.

Rec# 4709.  Washington State Dept. of Social and Health Services. Project Ashlift: A Mount
Saint Helens Disaster Assistance and Crisis Counseling Program.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington
State Dept. of Social and Health Services, Mental Health Division.  1981; 79 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Bibliography. 92 ref. and notes.
Project Ashlift was an emergency mental health program funded by federal agencies and
administered by the Washington State Mental Health Div. The program trained human service
workers in responding to victims' mental health needs, helped develop a mental health disaster
response plan, and provided outreach and counseling services to areas desiring such help. The
project provided counseling services to 138 victims, most of whom suffered from alcohol and
drug abuse, depression, anxiety and fear, and family strife. The threat of flooding, future
eruptions, and the omnipresent dreary task of contending with ash deposits contributed to a
number of other symptoms. Many people didn't want to get up in the morning or suffered from
psychosomatic illnesses, particularly headaches. Other stress factors resulted from having to
relocate, deal with frightened children, and live in crowded quarters. Some of the
recommendations from the project include 1) the grant application process should be streamlined
and simplified for disaster-related emergencies; 2) a civil service exempt status should be
allowed in order to expedite the hiring of key personnel; and 3) FEMA workers should be trained
to recognize the emotional problems that arise following a major disaster.
IZ00131.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ mental health services/ relocation/ family/ children/ case study/
federal funding/ emergency shelter/ psychological impact.

Rec# 19179.  Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources. Firestorm:  Five Years After -- 1996
Wildfire Prevention Campaign:  A "How-to" Guide.  Washington State Dept. of Natural
Resources.  1997; 58 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.  Manual.  Checklist.
In remembrance of the five-year anniversary of Firestorm '91, which destroyed 114 homes and
burned more than 35,000 acres near Spokane during the fall of 1991, this campaign was aimed at
encouraging landowners to educate themselves about wildfire hazard and to take action to reduce
their property's fire risk.  The campaign was based on the premise that because people start fires,
people can also prevent fires---nearly 90% of Washington's 1,100 annual wildfires are started by
humans.  The report overviews the "Firestorm: Five Years After" campaign, describes its
Wildfire Safety Kit, suggests way to put together a news media strategy, develops a paid
advertising/marketing strategy (including public safety announcements), suggests ways to
organize promotional events with non-media audiences, and indicates how to secure corporate
partners and financial sponsorship.  Checklists for campaign activities and tasks are provided,
and appendices include a list of news story ideas, news releases, examples of newspaper
campaign coverage, and an example of how direct mail and customer newsletters can be used in
wildfire prevention campaigns.
MZ00470.
wildfire/ awareness/ prevention/ local planning/ preparedness/ emergency planning.

Rec# 5168.  Washington State Dept. of Ecology. Comprehensive Planning for Flood Hazard
Management.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Dept. of Ecology.  1991; Publication No.
91-44. 110 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies. Checklist. Manual.
In recent years, Washington's state and local governments have increasingly focused attention on
flood hazard management. Severe flooding and rapid development have increased recognition of
the critical importance of flood damage protection, stormwater management, resource protection,
and comprehensive planning. At the same time, the state of Washington has enacted statutes
establishing programs to assist local governments in undertaking flood protection activities. The
Washington State Department of Ecology developed this guidebook to assist local governments
in preparing Comprehensive Flood Hazard Management Plans (CFHMPs) that comply with state
laws and enable local jurisdictions to receive state grants. The guidebook is divided into four
sections: 1) an introduction to the Washington state legislative framework for flood hazard
management planning, 2) a section on initiating a CFHMP, 3) a section on the contents and
elements of a CFHMP, and 4) recommendations for an effective process for preparing a CFHMP.
F00488.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ state planning/ local planning/ NFIP/
legislation-regulation/ structural measures/ nonstructural measures/ stormwater management/
coastal flood/ coastal zone management.

Rec# 16853.  Washington Dept. of Ecology. Washington State Coastal Zone Section 309
Assessment and Strategy.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington Dept. of Ecology, Shorelands and
Coastal Zone Management Program.  1991; 58 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 44 references. Also attached are 1) Subtitle C--Amendments to Coastal Zone Management
Act of 1972 (bill text for U.S. H.R.5835)--Legi-Slate Report), and 2) overview of Section 309
dated 5/10/91.
CZ00222.
coastal zone management/ legislation-regulation/ state planning/ public policy/ wetland
management/ geologic hazards/ sea level rise.

Rec# 2724.  Warrick, Richard A. and others. Four Communities Under Ash After Mount St.
Helens.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Program on Technology, Environment
and Man.  1981; Monograph No. 34. 143 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Mount St. Helens, WA.
A week after the ash fall from Mount St. Helens settled, three communities in Washington
(Ellenburg, Ritzville, Cheney) and Missoula, Montana were studied in order to ascertain the
range of immediate effects and actions precipitated by this rare but devastating event.  A
comparative examination of the four sites revealed a number of findings.  For example, the initial
warning about the ashfall issued by the Washington State Department of Emergency Services
had absolutely no utility at any of the community study sites.  The warning message was not
specific about the areas to be affected by ashfall, no precautionary actions were prescribed, and
the message lacked a sense of urgency.  Agriculture suffered variable impacts but the total
amount turned out to be much less than was initially anticipated. Had the mountain blown one
month later, however, the area's economic disruption would have occurred.  It was also found
that ash depth had little early impact on transportation, but it did exert considerable influence on
the amount of recovery time needed to get the system back in order.
I00044.
volcano/ case study/ agricultural economics/ lifelines/ recovery/ ashfall/ economic impact/
warning methods/ social impact.

Rec# 2555.  Warren, Gordon H.; Kaufman, David E., and Hammond, Kenneth A. Come Hell and
High Water: Mount St. Helens and the Federal Response on the Lower Cowlitz River. 
Ellensbur, Wash.: Central Washington University, Dept. of History and Dept. Sociology.  1982;
213 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Questionnaire.
A record of serious flooding attracted the federal government as an early date to assume
responsibility for channel maintenance and flood control along Washington's Cowlitz River. 
Twenty months after Mount St. Helens erupted a questionnaire was distributed to 192 property
owners in the lower Cowlitz River restorative program in an effort to ascertain flood frequency
and its effect on residents and land usage.  Special attention was paid to the flood and mudflow
associated with the eruption and efforts by various federal agencies to minimize damage. 
Responses for the questionnaire indicated that 60% of the property owners actually lived
elsewhere and that they believed they were the primary benefactors of the dredging operation. 
Residents were most concerned about the dredging spoils' infertility and the loss of recreation on
the river. Other conclusions include: 1) the mudflow and spoils have low agricultural potential;
2) some owners reaped windfall benefits from the dredging program; and 3) some form of
program to protect the area from future flooding will be demanded and will involve structural
solutions rather than social adjustments. The study offers considerable information on the flood's
local economic impact and contains an extensive list of references.
I00032.
volcano/ floodplain management/ riverine flood/ mudflow/ social impact/ economic impact/
channelization/ land use management/ case study.

Rec# 17317. Walder, Joseph S. and Driedger, Carolyn L. Rapid geomorphic change caused by
glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington,
U.S.A. Artic and Alpine Research. 1994; 26(4):319-327.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 21 references.
KZ00315.
geomorphology/ glacial flood/ debris flow/ environmental impact/ risk assessment/ local
planning.

Rec# 16212.  Waitt, Richard B.; Mastin, Larry G., and Beget, James E. Volcanic-Hazard
Zonation for Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory.  1995; Open-File Report No. 95-499. 9 pp. 
Two plates.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Glacier Peak.
Note: 16 references.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 8.
IZ00237.
volcano/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ lahar.

Rec# 18393.  : Universidad de Colima, comp. Colima Vocano:  Sixth International Meeting;
1998 Jan 26-1998 Jan 30Colima, Mexico: University of Colima; 1998; 131 pp.  
Geoarea: Mexico, Indonesia, Portugal, US, Armenia, Nicaragua, Chile, AK, Russia, Montserrat,
WA, Argentina, Central America, Japan, Costa Rica, Columbia, Greece, Italy.
I00095.
volcano/ volcanology/ risk assessment/ risk management/ foreign planning/ geology/
seismology/ prediction/ emergency management/ warning systems.

Rec# 9502.  U.S. Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Mount St.
Helens Impact.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.  1980; Hearing held June
13, 1980, 96th Congress, 2nd Session, Serial No. 96-108. 146 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00173.
volcano/ economic impact/ social impact/ damage assessment/ agricultural impact/
environmental impact/ emergency response/ federal response/ disaster assistance.

Rec# 4875.  U.S. Senate, Committee on Appropriations. Disaster Assistance Pacific
Northwest--Mount St. Helens Eruption.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 
1980; Hearing held June 10, 1980, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 241 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
Senator Warren Magnuson's opening statement offers the opinion that "The eruption...was the
most devastating and unique natural disaster in the history of our country...It has imposed
hardship and financial strain  on citizens and tremendous financial burdens upon local and state
governments...we do not know what the ultimate cost is going to be.  And the door is wide open
for further appropriations for needs that might occur later on."  Testimony about the fiscal impact
of the disaster was taken from the Governor of Washington, Dixie Lee Ray, and from
representatives of the 11 federal agencies which had direct responsibility for administering
programs impacted by the disaster.
IZ00172.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ recovery/ economic impact/ social impact/ reconstruction/ state
planning/ local planning/ damage assessment/ federal response.

Rec# 18261.  U.S. National Weather Service. Disastrous Floods from the Severe Winter Storms
in California, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.  Silver Spring, Maryland: U.S. Dept. of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. 
1997; Natural Disaster Survey Report. 103 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, NV, WA, Oregon, ID.
Note: 0 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 22, No. 4 (March 1998): 24.
A series of powerful Pacific Ocean disturbances of tropical origin, following an unusually wet
autumn, brought a deluge of severe winter weather, high winds, and associated flooding to a
widespread portion of the western U.S. over the Christmas/New Year's period of 1996-1997.  A
total of 84 counties in the five-state area were declared federal disaster areas.  Thirteen persons
lost their lives due to flooding and flood-related accidents/incidents, while an additional five
persons were killed when a small plane crashed in Idaho during evacuations, and one person was
killed due to an accident on icy roadways.  Storm damages were extensive to homes, businesses,
agriculture, and infrastructure, with damage estimates exceeding several billion dollars.  The
hardest hit areas were California with $2 billion in estimated damages and western Nevada with
over $1 billion in estimated damages.  This report summarizes hydrometeorological data
collected during the events, presents NWS office summaries, and reprints flood stage reports. 
Findings and recommendations from the office summaries include 1) a Boise emergency
manager was seriously concerned with the decentralization of responsibility resulting from the
NWS modernization program;  2) NWSFO Boise forecasters indicated that coordination calls
were often very time-consuming.  Most of the forecasters surveyed did not use the "BLAST-UP"
system and disliked multiple-office conference calls, feeling that input was not as candid as
person-to-person calls;  3) NWSFO Portland utilized a number of innovative methods in
disseminating its products, including cooperative efforts with the media and Internet Web site, in
an effort to reach more users and reduce the telephone workload in the office;  and 4) some NWS
offices were confused about which product header to use in a given situation.
F00646.
riverine flood/ meteorology/ warning systems/ federal response/ hydrology/ emergency
management/ forecasting/ damage assessment/ emergency response.

Rec# 17631.  U.S. National Park Service. Floods, Floodplains and Folks:  A Casebook for
Managing Rivers for Multiple Uses.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Rivers,
Trails and Conservation Assistance Program.  1996; 88 pp.  
Geoarea: US, IA, CO, IL, WA, IN, PA, MA, CA, NY, TX, FL, SD.
Note: 143 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 21.
This handbook contains 19 case studies of cities throughout the U.S. that successfully combined
flood hazard mitigation with other goals and uses of their floodplains, such as recreation,
streambank stabilization, hazardous waste removal, fisheries improvement, habitat improvement,
economic revitalization, and environmental education.  It also includes a detailed list of
references, numerous maps, contact information for officials who worked on each project and for
sources of further information.  Each of the case studies provides information about the particular
area's inherent problems, how the project got started, what was learned during the project's life,
its achievements, and the various agencies which participated in the project.
F00625.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ environmental studies/ local planning/
intergovernmental/ case study/ urban areas/ multiobjective/ wetland management.

Rec# 3043.  U.S. International Trade Commission. Economic Effects of the Eruptions of Mt. St.
Helens.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives.  1980; Report to the Committee on
Ways and Means on Investigation No. 332-110, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930. 83
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies.
Data compiled from twelve federal, state, and regional agencies give an estimated figure of
$1.213 billion in losses and repair/cleanup costs due to the eruptions of Mt. St. Helens. The
largest loss, $695 million, was associated with the timber industry, while the least outlay---at
least up to the document's publication date---was $44 million for dredging the Columbia River.
Although much of the report is concerned with long-and short-term effects of the disaster's
impact on agriculture, fishing, shipping, manufacturing, transportation, and the like, there is
some attention given to the effects on the physical/psychological health of local inhabitants, on
water and wildlife, and on the effects of airborne ash and volcanic gases. Numerous graphs and
tables reflect the statistical data collected by the investigating group.
IZ00013.
volcano/ damage assessment/ social impact/ economic impact/ ashfall/ psychological impact/
water pollution/ recovery/ reconstruction/ public health/ transportation/ tourism/ environmental
impact/ agricultural impact.

Rec# 10819.  U.S. House of Representatives. Recovery of Forest Resources from the Greater
Yellowstone Wildfires, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, and the Mount St. Helens Eruption. 
Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives.  1991; Hearing Before the Committee on
Agriculture, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy, 102nd Congress, 1st Session,
April 10, 1991, Serial No. 102-8. 99 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, AK, WY.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00175.
wildfire/ oil spill/ volcano/ recovery/ agriculture/ agricultural impact/ biology/ damage
assessment/ federal response/ environmental impact.

Rec# 16515.  U.S. Geological Survey. Preparing for the Next Eruption in the Cascades. 
Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano
Observatory.  1994;  USGS Open-File Report No. 94-585.  4 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, CA.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00218.
volcano/ emergency planning/ preparedness.

Rec# 2422.  U.S. General Accounting Office. Federal Involvement in the Mount St. Helens
Disaster: Past Expenditures and Future Needs.  Gaithersburg, Maryland: U.S. General
Accounting Office, Document Handling and Information Services Facility.  1982;
GAO/RCED-83-16. 133 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: GAO report to Congress.
The Congress appropriated over $900 million to 12 federal agencies in response to the May,
1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens.  A GAO review discovered that 6 of the 12 agencies had
overestimated their emergency fiscal needs by about $560 million and had used, or were
planning to use the excess funds for other purposes.  One agency, the Small Business
Administration, spent only $65.87 million of the $430 million appropriated to it.  Five of the
remaining agencies exhausted their disaster funds and had to reprogram funds, obtain additonal
appropriations, or suspend recovery activities. Significant recommendations offered by the GAO
include 1) future Congressional appropriations for major disaster recovery should utilize
statutory language that clearly spells out the intended use of the funds, the length of time the
funds are to be committed  for their intended use, and the disposition of any unused funds; and 2)
a lead agency should be designated to coordinate the use and, if necessary, the sharing of specific
disater funds allocated among federal agencies.  The GAO also found that the Corps of Engineers
overstated both the probable effects of future flooding around the volcano and the resulting
economic losses.  The document includes an agency-by-agency summary of funding
expenditures together wwith agency comments upon the GAO report.
I00023.
volcano/ mudflow/ economic impact/ disaster assistance/ recovery.

Rec# 4020.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Regional Interagency Nonstructural
Hazard Mitigation Task Force--Final Report.  Bothell, Wash.: U.S. Federal Emergency
Management Agency, Region X.  1982; 9 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00081.
volcano/ riverine flood/ recovery/ local planning/ nonstructural measures.

Rec# 9853.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mount St. Helens Technical
Information Network Bulletins.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal
Coordinating Office.  1980; 100 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies. Also found in Mount St. Helens Scientific Workshop, November
13-14, 1980 - Proceedings.  On shelf  as I00029 (2 copies).
Commencing June 1, 1980, a series of 33 technical bulletins were released covering the
eruption's impact on the environment and human activities.  Topics ranged from driving and
vehicle maintenance in heavy ash deposits to advice on what to do with poultry, bees and
livestock.
IZ00098.
volcano/ damage assessment/ emergency response/ lifelines/ transportation/ environmental
impact/ agricultural impact/ biology/ botany/ economic impact/ public health/ insurance/ water
pollution/ social impact/ air pollution.

Rec# 12611.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Mitigation of Flood and Erosion
Damage to Residential Buildings in Coastal Areas.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Mitigation Directorate, Federal Insurance Administration.  1994; FEMA publication
No. 257. 34 pp.  
Geoarea: US, MA, NC, SC, FL, LA, WA, MI, NY, NJ, OH, RI.
Note: 13 references. OBSERVER 19, no. 3 (January 1995): 21. Glossary. 2 copies.
This report documents the broad range of nonstructural mitigation activities undertaken
nationwide in communitites exposed to coastal flooding and erosion. FEMA's study revealed that
many owners in coastal areas have floodproofed their homes over the last several decades, and,
based upon current activity, this trend continues. Primary measures include elevation of homes in
place and relocation of homes to safer areas. Less frequently used alternatives include demolition
of structures or no action. The study also examines the impacts of wave action, scour and
shoreline retreat; the effectiveness of floodproofing assistance and education programs; and the
importance of local government zoning, permit, and inspection efforts. Floodproofing projects
are reviewed for Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Washington,
Michigan, and four other states. The report also found that although FEMA can play a role in
providing the regulatory framework for successful coastal programs, local communities
determine whether floodproofing programs succeed. The rate of compliance with NFIP standards
has been even more successful when the state becomes involved in floodplain management.
C00223.
floodplain management/ coastal flood/ coastal erosion/ federal planning/ local planning/
floodproofing/ coastal zone management/ state planning/ FEMA/ NFIP/ relocation.

Rec# 9628.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior  and Mount St. Helens Forest Land Research Cooperative.
Annotated Bibliography and List of Ongoing Research: Active Research Associated with Mount
St. Helens and the Volcanic Eruptions of 1980.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Geological Survey and the St. Helens Forest Land Research Cooperative.  1981; 150 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Many references to ongoing or recently completed research. Bibliography. Four informal
documents lumped together in 3-ring binder.
I00087.
volcano/ environmental impact/ geology/ agricultural impact/ public health/ social impact/
economic impact/ biology/ botany/ climatology.

Rec# 3993.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Mount St. Helens: After Six Months, Potential Hazards
Remain.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.  1980; 4 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Appended to back of IZ00078.
IZ00079.
volcano/ seismology/ ashfall/ lava/ mudflow/ environmental impact/ snowmelt flood.

Rec# 8904.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Living with Volcanoes: The U.S. Geological Survey's
Volcano Hazards Program.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1992; Circular 1073. 65 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, HI, WA, Oregon, CA.
Note: 63 pp. 2 copies. Glossary.
This report outlines the program goals and activities of the USGS's Volcano Hazards Program,
which was formed to prevent loss of life and property and minimize economic hardship and
social disruption due to volcanic eruptions. The U.S. has more than 70 potentially active
volcanoes--more than any nation except Indonesia and Japan. Most are in Alaska. The report
describes existing volcano observatories, how scientists study volcanoes, the history of Kilauea,
hazard-zone maps, eruption prediction, communication of research and hazards information,
global volcano hazards reduction, and the program's International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction activities. In addition, it contains a "photoglossary" of volcanic hazards that describes
eruption plumes, lava flows, volcanic gases, pyroclastic flows, volcanic landslides, debris
avalanches and flows, and calderas.
I00070.
volcano/ volcanology/ federal planning/ LDCs/ prediction/ risk assessment/ IDNDR/ historical
survey/ mapping/ debris flow.

Rec# 17480.  U.S. Dept. of Interior. Mount St. Helens Emergency Procedures.  U.S. Dept. of
Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 4 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00126.
volcano/ ashfall/ lava/ warning methods/ prediction/ emergency communications.

Rec# 2347.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Mount St. Helens Land Management Plan: Final
Environmental Impact Statement.  U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.  1981; 288 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Glossary. Manual. 2 copies.
In addition to discussing criteria relevant to future management of the impacted area, this
document provides an extensive survey of where and what kind of environmental damage
occurred.  Utilizing involvement, ten issues were identified that involved unique land and
resource management questions.  Among them were 1) how should the lands and resources of the
area be managed to protect geologic features? 2) what action is appropriate to aid the
rehabilitation of watersheds and reduce downstream flooding? 3) should the geothermal
resources of the area be managed and developed? 4) what action needs to be taken to prevent the
spread of insects, disease, and fire to adjacent National Forest, state, and private land?  Eight land
management alternatives are promulgated including a "no action" option.  The alternative
favored by the Forest Service provides for the establishment of an 84,710 acre Interpretive Area
to protect the significant geologic features in the impact area of the volcano for public education,
recreation, and for research.  During formulation of the statement, the most controversial and
frequently raised question referred to how much area should be protected in its natural state and
how much should be available for rehabilitation, timber salvage, and other resource uses that
would alter the natural character of the area.
I00018.
volcano/ land use management/ scenario/ education/ environmental studies/ damage assessment.

Rec# 2160.  Tilling, Robert I.; Topinka, Lyn, and Swanson, Donald A. Eruptions of Mount St.
Helens: Past, Present and Future. Revised ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Interior,
Geological Survey.  1990; 57 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 14 references. 2 copies. Copy 1 is dated 1984.
I00005.
volcano/ volcanology/ ashfall/ mudflow/ economic impact/ recovery/ environmental impact/
hydrology/ riverine flood.

Rec# 9082. Tilling, Robert I. Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: Progress and problems.
Reviews of Geophysics. 1989; 27(2):237-269.
Geoarea: US, WA, CA, Mexico, Colombia, Indonesia, Italy, Papua New Guinea.
Note: Bibliography. Approximately 260 references.
The 1980s were the most active period for volcanic disasters since the turn of the century, and
the science of volcanology consequently experienced significant growth. This article provides a
review of volcanic hazard mitigation techniques and indicates that significant advances have
been made in hazards assessment, volcano monitoring, and eruption prediction in recent years.
The author also draws comparisons between the four major volcanic disasters of the
1980s--Mount St. Helens in the U.S., El Chichon in Mexico, Galunggung in Indonesia, and
Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia--to illustrate the importance of predisaster geoscience studies,
volcanic hazards assessments, monitoring, contingency planning, and effective communication
between scientists and policy makers. He concludes that the most pressing problem in volcanic
hazard mitigation is that most dangerous volcanoes are in densely populated countries that lack
economic and scientific resources or the political will to study and monitor them. As a result, the
greatest mitigation advances are likely to be achieved by wider application of existing
technology, rather than by developing new technology.
IZ00139.
volcano/ prediction/ international planning/ federal planning/ foreign planning/ LDCs/ geology/
volcanology.

Rec# 10918. ---. Journal of Geophysical Research. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical
Union. 1988. ISSN N.
Geoarea: US, CA, HI, WA, Mount St. Helens, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, WY, Yellowstone, Long
Valley, Sicily, Italy, Central America.
Note: 45-60 papers with references. Volume not paginated. Papers selected from the Journal of
Geophysical Research, Volume 92, Number B13, December 10, 1987; Volume 93, Number B5,
May 10, 1988; Volume 93, Number B12, December 10, 1988. One paper on "Volcanic Hazards
and Public Response," Donald W. Peterson, pps. 4161-4170, 77 references. (How Volcanoes
Work).
I00076.
volcano/ volcanology/ seismology/ chemistry/ geophysics/ geology/ emergency planning.

Rec# 15218. Taylor, Lorna; Carlton, Dave, and Melone, A. M. Trials and tribulations of
two-dimensional modeling for the Nooksack River, Washington. : Association of State
Floodplain Managers. From the Mountains to the Sea--Developing Local Capability:
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Association of State Floodplain
Managers; 1995 May 22-1995 May 26; Portland, Maine. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1995;  Special Publication 31; 273-278, 486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 3 references.
F00604.
floodplain management/ mapping/ local planning/ modeling.

Rec# 3503. Tanaka, Janet Cullen. Volcano trial. Earth Science. (Summer 1986); 20-24.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
During the Fall of 1985, a landmark civil trial opened at Seattle's King County Superior
Court--the first wrongful-death lawsuit in U.S.  history stemming from a volcanic eruption.
Survivors of the eight     Weyerhaeuser employees and contractors killed in the May 18, 1980,
Mt. St. Helens eruption sued both the Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. and the State of Washington.
While the trial judge declared the State to have no liability, the plaintiffs pressed their case
against Weyerhaeuser for negligence, contending that the company had sufficient knowledge of
the volcano's past history and of the developing hazards to have closed down logging operations
in the hazardous areas. An observer of most of the trial, the author uses excerpts from the
testimony to relate the highlights and turning points of the case. The author contends that both
sides did their homework well and presented excellent cases, and that the real sticking point in all
the individual suits was the sole question: Was the eruption an Act of God that was unforeseeable
given the state of scientific knowledge at the time? No party can be held responsible for damages
due solely to an Act of God.
IZ00045.
volcano/ liability/ risk perception/ evacuation/ state response/ warning methods/ case study/
litigation.

Rec# 17672.  Tanaka, Janet Cullen. Volcanic Hazards Assessment for Mt. Rainier, Washington. 
Washington State Dept. of Emergency Services.  1983; 29. pp  .
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 2 copies.
In July, 1982, a meeting was held at the offices of the Division of Geology and Earth Resources
in Olympia for the purpose of gathering information on the status of volcanic hazard assessment
for Mt. Rainier.  A draft summary of the conference proceedings was prepared and distributed to
the participants for their review and comment.  This paper has been compiled from the draft as
corrected and amended by the reviewers.  The paper contains four parts: a summary of the
volcanic history of the volcano; the 1982 hazard assessment; a chart showing the possible types
of eruptive activity, together with the relative probability of each; and three scenarios portraying
the possible consequences of an eruption.  The report contends that the possible volcanic event
types and potential hazard areas described are estimates based on the best, most recent
information, but they should not be construed as constituting predictions or forecasts.  The
scenarios' purpose is to give emergency planners a set of guidelines to use in the formulation of
response plans for their respective agencies and jurisdictions.
IZ00107.
volcano/ risk assessment/ historical survey/ local planning/ preparedness/ emergency planning/
scenario.

Rec# 15520. Stypula, Jeanne M. Guidelines for bank stabilization projects in the riverine
environments of King County. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Cross Training:
Light the Torch; 1993 Mar 16-1993 Mar 18; Atlanta, Georgia. Boulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1993; Special Publication No. 29 ; 211-216, 244 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 3 references.
F00556.
floodplain management/ local planning/ riverine flood/ structural measures/ environmental
studies/ botany.

Rec# 2683.  Sorensen, John H. Emergency Response to Mount St. Helens' Eruption: March 20 to
April 10, 1980.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.  1981; Working Paper No. 43. 63 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: NHRAIC WP #46.
Before Mount St. Helen's big blow of May 18, earlier manifestations of activity precipitated a
rare opportunity to observe the actions of responsible officials who were confronted with the
possibility of a low-probability, high-risk natural disaster.    Data collection for the research
involved observing the functions of the Emergency Operation Center in Vancouver, Washington,
interviews with representatives from most of the key emergency response organizations,
questionnaires administered to people living or working close to the volcano, and newspaper
accounts from major urban dailies in the vicinity.  Key personnel and agencies in the response
effort are identified, information flow to the public is analyzed, and risk perception of a future
eruption is examined.  Conclusions indicate that 1) the U.S. Forest Service's strong response to
the impending eruption facilitated a coordinated response and reduced confusion; 2) much of the
communication process was one-directional 3) rumor was not a major problem; 4) most local and
state agencies and organizations were poorly prepared to respond to the eruption despite prior
USGS hazard studies; and 5) the experience gained in the non-disaster phase of the eruption was
instrumental in preparing officials and some of the public for the powerful May 18 explosion.
I00041.
volcano/ emergency management/ case study/ awareness/ preparedness/ local planning/ risk
perception/ emergency response/ emergency communications/ warning responses/ emergency
operations center.

Rec# 17339.  Shulters, Michael V. and Clifton, Daphne G. Mount St. Helens Volcanic--Ash Fall
in the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon, March--June 1980.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological
Survey.  1980; USGS Circular 850-A. 15 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Mount St. Helens, Portland.
Most of the ash fall emanating from Mount St. Helens' various eruptions fell to the east and north
of the volcano. On several occasions, however, ash was deposited far enough to the south to
cause concern about the water quality for some 600,000 users in the Portland, Oregon area. 
Water analyses performed by USGS employees included temperature, pH, specific conductance,
acidity, alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids, and selected major ions.  Comparison of the
new and historical data suggest that no significant changes have occurred in the stream water
quality.  Other topics to be published in this series will include: observations of the hydrologic
events occurring on May 18 in the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers; physical alterations of the Toutle
River system; the chemical and physical quality of precipitation, streams, and lakes affected by
volcano-ash fall, ash-leaching studies; and Mount St. Helens glaciers.
volcano/ ashfall/ water pollution/ environmental impact/ water quality.

Rec# 1253. Shore, James H. Disaster Stress Studies: New Methods and Findings.  Washington,
D.C.: American Psychiatric Press; 1986. 149 pp.
Note: Papers (7) have references.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Three Mile Island, Cambodia.
NZ00204.
psychological impact/ social impact/ psychology/ armed conflict/ volcano/ nuclear power/ mental
health services.

Rec# 2655. Sheets, Payson D. and Grayson, Donald. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology. 
New York: Academic Press; 1979. 672 pp.
Geoarea: US, AZ, AK, Mexico, Paricutin, WA.
The recent eruption of Mount St. Helens dramatically underscored the fact that even the United
States is subject to volcano hazard.  In  this volume, a multidisciplinary approach is taken in
order to explore the effects that volcanic activity has had on a wide variety of human cultures. 
After the basic geophysical and chemical phenomena associated with volcanoes is explained, the
remaining studies offer insights about how various eruptions around the world have impacted
human society.  Some of the chapter headings will indicate the scope of inquiry: "Volcano
Hazards in the Cascade Range"; "Volcanoes as Hazard: an Overview"; "Contemporary
Responses to Volcanos"; "Impact of Paricutin on Five Communities"; "Sunset Crater (Arizona)
and the Singua: a New Interpretation"; and "People and Pumice on the Alaska Peninsula." A few
of the major themes which emerge are:  volcanic eruptions can have beneficial as well as
deleterious social effects; short-term recovery can occur depending upon the type and magnitude
of the event; other volcanic events may precipitate the entire disappearance of a specific culture;
and the archaeological record, when judiciously integrated with the skills and methodology of
other disciplines, can produce valuable observations on how human societies respond to a
catastrophic events.
I00039.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact/ historical survey/ recovery/ reconstruction/
resettlement/ anthropology/ archeology/ demography/ case study.

Rec# 16211.  Scott, William E.; Iverson, Richard M.; Vallance, James W., and Hildreth, Wes.
Volcano Hazards in the Mount Adams Region, Washington.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory.  1995; Open-File Report No.
95-492. 11 pp.  Two plates.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Adams.
Note: 4 references.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 8.
Mount Adams, one of the largest volcanoes in the Cascade Range, will assuredly erupt again,
even though it has been relatively less active during the past few thousand years than
neighboring Mounts St. Helens, Rainier, and Hood.  Large landslides and lahars that need not be
related to eruptions probably pose the most destructive, far-reaching hazard from the volcano. 
The purpose of this report and its two accompanying maps is to 1) describe the kinds of
hazardous geologic events that will likely occur in the future at Mount Adams and at other
volcanoes in the area; 2) outline the areas that will most likely be affected by these events; and 3)
recommend actions that individuals and government agencies can take to protect lives and
property  .
IZ00236.
volcano/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ local planning/ land use management/ lahar/ landslide.

Rec# 5043.  Scott, Kevin M. and Vallance, James W. Debris Flow, Debris Avalanche, and Flood
Hazards at and Downstream from Mount Rainier, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Geological Survey.  1995; Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-729,  (Accompanying booklet 9
pp. & 2 plates).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 36 references. 2 copies.  OBSERVER 20, No. 2 (November 1995): 19.
Mount Rainier has produced many large debris flows and avalanches during the last 10,000
years.  These flows have periodically traveled more than 100 kilometers from the volcano to
inundate areas of the now-populated Puget Sound lowland.  Thus, Mount Rainier currently
presents the most severe flow risks of any volcano in the United States.  This atlas contains a
map that indicates historic flows and a map that depicts smaller events that have occurred in the
20th century.  The booklet explains flow types and the distribution of risk.
KZ00293.
debris flow/ riverine flood/ volcano/ risk assessment/ local planning/ mudflow/ paleohydrology/
historical survey/ frequency/ environmental impact/ lahar.

Rec# 17023. Scott, Kevin M.; Laenen, Antonius, and Kresch, David L. Hydrological hazards
downstream from Cascade Range volcanoes:  Techniques of risk analysis. : Association of State
Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun
8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1987; Special
Publication No. 18; 286-291, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 10 references.
F00241.
hydrology/ riverine flood/ volcano/ risk assessment/ debris flow.

Rec# 17622.  Scott, K. M.; Vallance, J. W., and Pringle, P. T. Sedimentology, Behavior, and
Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office.  1995; USGS Professional Paper 1547. 56 pp. plus 1 plate.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 126 references.
Mount Rainier is potentially the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range due to its great
height, frequent earthquakes, active hydrothermal system, and extensive glacier mantle.  Many
debris flows and their distal phases have inundated areas far from the volcano during postglacial
time.  The purpose of this report is to define the origins, magnitude, and frequency of debris
flows and other flow types associated with debris flows, with particular references to volcanic
hazards.  It addresses the hazards associated with flows of high magnitude and low frequency
(500 to 1,000 years) and for flows of low magnitude and high frequency (less than 100 years).  It
also provides three case histories suitable for risk planning considerations in 1) lowland areas,  2)
areas within Mount Rainier National Park, and 3) for the design of structures such as dams and
power plants in the vicinity of the volcano.
debris flow/ mass earth movements/ volcano/ risk assessment/ land use management/ local
planning.

Rec# 17029. Sayan, Doug. Political perspectives:  The delicate balance. : Association of State
Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun
8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1987; Special
Publication No. 18; 305-310, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ state planning/ politics/ legislation-regulation/ intergovernmental/
riverine flood.

Rec# 2789. Saarinen, Thomas F. and Sell, James L. Warnings and Response to the Mount St.
Helens Eruption.  Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press; 1985. 240 pp.
Note: Questionnaire.  DES Warning message.  94 references.
Geoarea: US, WA.
The amount of warning for the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption was probably greater than for
any previous geologic hazard in U.S. history.  This book gives an overview of the information
provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, other public agencies, and the media as a response to
the heightened volcanic activity; describes in some detail the physical event, its social and
economic impacts; and concludes with a statement of the major benefits of the warning. 
One-hundred and thirty of the main participants in the warning process were surveyed by
questionnaire to determine what they did.  Findings from the study suggest that 1) the failure to
close state and federal lands in the hazard area led to the mistaken belief by the public that those
areas were safe; 2) the FEMA response to the disaster was an excellent example of a public
information operation in a hazard situation; 3) hazard monitoring, hazard assessment, and hazard
warning are equivalent functions; 4) the experience offers a wealth of material for improving
emergency service systems and their connections with scientific agencies; and 5) not enough can
be said about the importance of planning for disaster response.
I00049.
volcano/ warning methods/ warning responses/ media/ social impact/ economic impact/ survey/
emergency response.

Rec# 4272.  Saarinen, Thomas F. Reconnaisance Trip to Mount St. Helens, May 18-21, 1980. 
Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona, Dept. of Geography and Regional Development, New
Projects and Trends.  1980; NPT-18. 11 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00100.
volcano/ ashfall/ mudflow/ lava/ seismology/ emergency response.

Rec# 3558.  Rowley, Peter D. and others. The Role of the U.S. Geological Survey in Providing
Information to News Media about the 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens.  Denver, Colo.: U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1986; Open-File Report 86-509. 15 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 19 references.
The Mount St. Helens eruptive sequence involved the USGS in more news coverage than any
other event in its history. While the survey provided most of the scientific information about the
eruptions, other federal, state, and local agencies supplied information on non-geologic matters,
such as search and rescue, relief efforts, etc. The gathering and releasing of pertinent information
required a multilevel cooperative effort that would provide background information on a
complex story while limiting disruption to working scientists and minimizing danger to
reporters. Problems that arose included 1) delays in releasing stories that ultimately resulted in
"half-stories"; 2) controversy over access to the mountain; and 3) minor misunderstandings
between the USGS spokesmen and news representatives led to published errors or statements
taken out of context. Nonetheless, the problems at Mount St. Helens were minor compared to
those encountered at the 1975-1977 eruptions at La Soufriere, island of Guadeloupe. The
document recounts the media's coverage the the Mount St. Helens episode and discusses the
duties and the role played by the Survey's Information Scientist.
IZ00049.
volcano/ media/ education/ federal response/ intergovernmental.

Rec# 5600.  Richardson, Donald. Glacier outburst floods in the Pacific Northwest.  Professional
Paper 600-D: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1968; 7 pp (79-86).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 6 references.
KZ00280.
glacial flood/ mudflow/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ frequency/ historical survey.

Rec# 16814. Reiersgard, Gary. The density fringe designation in Snohomish County. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain
Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1987; Special Publication No. 18; 102-108, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Snohomish County.
Note: 6 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ local planning/ riverine flood/ risk assessment/ agriculture/ rural areas.

Rec# 15661. Ramsaur, Tim and Carlton, Dave. Puyallup River basin comprehensive flood
control management plan. : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Multi-Objective
Approaches to Floodplain Management; 1992 May 18-1992 May 22; Grand Rapids, Mich.
Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1992; Special Publication No. 26 ; 168-171, 340
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 0 references.
F00520.
floodplain management/ local planning/ hydrology/ nonstructural measures/ structural measures/
hydraulics.

Rec# 18561. Ramsaur, Tim. Land acquisition and other success stories. : Association of State
Floodplain Managers, comp. Floodplain Management in a Multi-Faceted World; 1997 Apr
28-1997 May 2; Little Rock, Ark. Boulder, Colo.: Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1997; Special Publication 34; 47-49, 360 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Pierce County.
Note: 0 references.
F00656.
floodplain management/ federal planning/ local planning/ intergovermental/ acquisition.

Rec# 3085.  Rainier National Bank. Economic Impact of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens. 
Seattle, Wash.: Rainier National Bank, Economics Dept.  1980; 4 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references. Part 6 of six-part analysis.
Six short reports were prepared by the bank evaluating the possibility of economic dislocations
caused by the eruption of Mount St. Helens.  Total costs may approach $1.5 billion if near-term
costs, such as the dredging of the Cowlitz River or repairing of municipal water and sewage
facilities are included.  Actual damage turned out to be not only far less than originally reported
by the media, but substantially less than that indicated by early official reports.  Major concerns
now include a degree of uncertainty on the part of investors and residents about further
disturbances from Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Range.  The attractive
features of the Pacific Northwest still exist regardless of the risk posed by area volcanoes.
IZ00016.
volcano/ economic impact/ banking/ lenders/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ recovery/
reconstruction.

Rec# 17554. Pulwarty, Roger S. and Redmond, Kelly T. Climate and salmon restoration in the
Columbia River Basin:  The role and usability of seasonal forecasts. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society. 1997; 78(3):381-397.
Geoarea: US, Oregon, WA.
Note: 61 references.
BZ00451.
agricultural impact/ climate impact assessment/ water resources management/ climatology/
forecasting/ structural measures/ floodplain management.

Rec# 3636. Preusser, Hubertus. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument:
Planungsprozesse auf unterschiedlichen behordlichen ebenen. Vechtaer Arbeiten Zur Geographie
Und Regionalwissenschaft. 1986; 2:155-168.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 42 references.
IZ00184.
volcano/ federal planning/ recovery/ environmental impact/ local planning/ state planning/
intergovernmental.

Rec# 3623. ---. Mount St. Helens: Anwendugnsbereiche von Fernerkundungsverfahren.
Bildmessung Und Luftbildwesen. 1984; 52(3):115-124.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 13 references.
IZ00183.
volcano/ remote sensing/ damage assessment/ environmental impact/ warning systems/ search
and rescue/ emergency planning/ recovery.

Rec# 3608.  Preusser, Hubertus. Der Ausbruch des Mount St. Helens 1980: Administrative
Reaktionen und ihre raumlichen Auswirkungen.  Saarbrucken, Germany: Universitat des
Saarlandes, Geographischen Institut, Sonderheft 5.  1985; 102 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 165 references.
IZ00182.
volcano/ economic impact/ social impact/ federal response/ emergency response/ recovery.

Rec# 19359.  Preusser, H. Mount St. Helens: Hazard und hazardminimierung nach der
katastrophe.  1990; 6 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 5 references.
IZ00185.
volcano/ environmental impact/ recovery/ damage assessment.

Rec# 7997.  Preuss, Jane and Hebenstreit, Gerald T. Integrated Hazard Assessment for a Coastal
Community: Grays Harbor, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1990;
Open-File Report 91-0441-M. 38 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Grays Harbor.
Note: 35 references.
EZ01162.
tsunami/ local planning/ risk assessment/ urban areas/ emergency planning/ multihazards/ coastal
flood.

Rec# 10003. Perry, Ronald W. and Nelson, Lisa S. Ethnicity and hazard information
dissemination. Environmental Management. 1991; 15(4):581-587.
Geoarea: US, TX, Abilene, WA, Mount Vernon.
Note: 12 references.
NZ00285.
evacuation/ decisionmaking/ ethnic groups/ warning responses/ risk perception/ warning
methods/ modeling/ transportation accident/ riverine flood/ toxic chemicals.

Rec# 2887.  Perry, Ronald W.; Lindell, Michael K., and Greene, Marjorie R. Volcano Hazard:
Citizen Information and Threat Perception.  Seattle, Wash.: Battelle Human Affairs Research
Centers.  1980; 11 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00001.
volcano/ awareness/ emergency response/ risk perception.

Rec# 4504.  Perry, Ronald W.; Lindell, Michael K., and Green, Marjorie. Evacuation
Decision-making and Emergency Planning: Report of Preliminary Findings.  Seattle, Wash.:
Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers.  1980; NSF Project No. ENV77-23697. 246 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
R00101.
emergency response/ awareness/ risk perception/ warning responses/ flood/ local planning/ risk
assessment.

Rec# 2587.  Perry, Ronald W. and Lindell, Michael K. Twentieth Century Volcanicity at Mount
St. Helens: The Routinization of Life Near an Active Volcano.  Arizona State University.  1986;
171 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 289 references.
This report describes a systematic attempt to study citizen adaptation to volcano hazard in the
communities of Toutle and Lexington, Washington. The type of information collected during the
research included threat awareness by perceived risk to personal safety and property, the threat
awareness of school-aged children, perceived vulnerability by the children in a household, the
reasons for various hazard adjustments, and the degree of disruption of household routine
attributed to the volcano's proximity.  Among the findings it is suggested that a higher level of
perceived risk exists when there is 1) less confidence in the efficacy of protective measures, and
2) a heightened feeling of the probability of future disaster impacts. Other findings indicate that
employment in a hazard-related occupation is associated with a greater level of threat knowledge,
and that the greater the proportion of protective information received from friends and relatives,
the greater the degree of hazard adjustment.
I00034.
volcano/ risk perception/ awareness/ children/ social impact/ psychological impact/ case study.

Rec# 10528. ---. Predicting long-term adjustment to volcano hazard. International Journal of
Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 1990; 8(2):117-136.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 30 references.
Serials.
volcano/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ psychology/ risk perception/ local planning.

Rec# 9940. ---. Living with Mount St. Helens: Human Adjustment to Volcano Hazards. 
Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press; 1990. 230 pp.
Note: Over 290 references. Bibliography.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Ten years after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, people living near the volcano
are still learning to cope with its ever-present danger. This book, written by researchers who were
studying the social impact of the volcano even before the major eruption, examines how
residents of Toutle and Lexington, Washington, have responded to the hazard during the past
decade. The authors used statistical surveys, personal interviews, and hazard management
literature to analyze and interpret residents' reactions during and after the eruption. The lessons
derived from this longitudinal study are intended for emergency managers who wish to inform,
educate, and protect the general public from quick-onset hazards. Some of the many findings
summarized in the volume include 1) the greater the proportion of protective information
received from relatives, the greater the degree of hazard adjustment; 2) demographic variables
(employment status, children in the household, income, and age) were not highly correlated with
the number of adjustments adopted; 3) relative to other hazards, survey respondents possessed a
reasonably extensive knowledge of threats associated with the volcano; and 4) respondents were
more concerned with potential damage to property rather than possible negative outcomes for
personal health and safety.
I00057.
risk assessment/ local planning/ local response/ risk perception/ volcano/ social impact/
longitudinal study/ emergency management.

Rec# 4925. ---. The effects of ethnicity on evacuation decisionmaking. International Journal of
Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 1991; 9(1):47-68.
Geoarea: US, TX, WA.
Note: 32 references.
Many gaps still remain in the empirical record of behavioral response to evacuation warnings,
particularly in the area of warning compliance among ethnic groups. This study employs a single
stage theoretical model to examine how three ethnic groups--blacks, whites, and
Mexican-Americans--respond to warnings, perceive risk, and view the credibility of warning
sources. Other independent variables evaluated in the model include warning content, warning
confirmation, income level, and whether the groups possess an adaptive plan for evacuating a
threatened area. While it is possible to conclude that ethnic variations do exist on variables
related to evacuation compliance, the model basically found that ethnicity and income had
statistically nonsignificant effects upon warning compliance. The study also indicated that the
best predictor of compliance in each of the data sets was the level of perceived risk. The model
was tested using data gathered from a flood in Abilene, Texas and a hazardous substance spill in
Mt. Vernon, Washington.
Serials.
evacuation/ decisionmaking/ ethnic groups/ warning responses/ risk perception/ warning
methods/ modeling/ transportation accident/ riverine flood/ toxic chemicals.

Rec# 16897. ---. Aged citizens in the warning phase of disasters:  Re-examining the evidence.
International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 1997; 44(4):257-267.
Geoarea: US, WA, CO.
Note: 43 references.
NZ00369.
warning responses/ elderly/ social impact/ riverine flood/ volcano/ toxic chemicals/ evacuation.

Rec# 1508. Perry, Ronald W. and Hirose, Hirotada. Volcanic eruptions and functional change:
Parallels in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and
Disasters. 1983; 1(2):231-253.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Japan, Mount Usu.
Note: 51 references.
Serials.
volcano/ social impact/ federal response/ foreign response/ tourism/ economic impact/ case
study/ comparative analysis/ emergency response/ risk perception.

Rec# 2642.  Perry, Ronald W. and Hirose, Hirotada. Social Responses to Volcanism in Japan and
the United States.  Tempe, Ariz.: Arizona State University, School of Public Affairs, Office of
Disaster Studies.  1985; 139 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Japan, Mount St. Helens, WA, Hokkaido, Mount Usu.
Note: 142 references. NTIS report number is PB85-223782.
The authors present a comparative analysis of the responses of citizens from two different
cultures to volcanic eruptions. Data were gathered from both the Mt. Usu (1977) and the Mount
St. Helens (1980) eruptions; effects were compared in broad areas of citizen response, including
warning receipt, evacuation behavior, and shelter utilization; and longer-range impacts including
changes in interpersonal relationships, community organization, and citizen perceptions of the
efficacy of preparedness planning. Although some differences were observed, the researchers
found striking similarities between the responses of the two cultures to the erup- tions, such as 1)
the general response to the imposition of access controls was the same. Local business people
allied to fight access controls, while emergency managers and public safety personnel opposed
lifting restrictions; 2) both communities had a high level of citizen compliance with evacuation
warnings; 3) the nature of problems in emergency sheltering were much the same regardless of
whether the shelter facilities were public or private; and 4) most of those surveyed felt that their
personal standard of living had not deteriorated due to the eruptions.
I00038.
volcano/ social impact/ comparative analysis/ foreign response/ cross-cultural study/ warning
methods/ evacuation/ perception/ preparedness/ emergency shelter/ local response.

Rec# 2571.  Perry, Ronald W.; Greene, Marjorie R., and Lindell, Michael K. Human Response to
Volcanic Eruption: Mt. St. Helens, May 18, 1980.  Seattle, Wash.: Battelle Human Affairs
Research Center.  1980; 147 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Two communities in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens were intensively explained for citizen
response to the great eruption of May 18.  Major areas of inquiry were directed toward
perception of the hazard; individual decision-making criteria with respect to belief in warnings
and personal risk; and the identification of emergency planning elements which could increase
citizen response to future eruption warnings.  Respondents from the Toutle/Silver Lake district
replied that  they placed most confidence in the Cowlitz County Sheriff's office as a source of
information; that most residents had been told about evacuation procedures; and that 86 percent
of the populace was aware of the Sheriff's Office warning plan prior to May 18.  The Woodland
sample showed that 65 percent of the residents had a specific emergency plan, and that they
placed most confidence in information received from the mass media.  Variables which need
further evaluation include the effect of the two-month "lead-term" warning on long-serious
preparedness efforts; the effect of a short-term warning on long-term planning awareness; and the
placement of findings from a very unique event into a comparative context.  The study, funded
by the National Science Foundation, is a follow-up to an earlier study on perceived risk
completed before the volcano's most powerful eruption.
I00033.
volcano/ warning responses/ perception/ evacuation/ media/ preparedness/ awareness/ risk
assessment/ disaster plan.

Rec# 6726. ---. Enhancing evacuation warning compliance: Suggestions for emergency planning.
Disasters. 1980; 4(4):433-449.
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 48 references.
Serials.
evacuation/ warning methods/ emergency response/ riverine flood/ warning responses/ ethnic
groups/ emergency shelter/ family/ social impact/ local response/ emergency planning.

Rec# 2437. Perry, Ronald W. and Greene, Marjorie R. Citizen Response to Volcanic Eruptions:
The Case of Mt. St. Helens.  New York: Irvington Publishers; 1983. 145 pp.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Two National Science Foundation grants enabled the researchers to study short-term citizen
response to Mount St. Helens eruptions from the first steam and ash eruption of March 17, 1980,
until several months after the May 18th blast.  Specifically, the research documented human
response patterns to volcanic eruptions, and identified important influences on individuals'
decisions to undertake specific protective actions when an eruption threatened.  Data allowed the
researchers to assess people's beliefs about the volcano prior to the May eruption, and to examine
protective strategies adopted to cope with the volcano during and after the May event.  Specific
topics investigated include indivdual hazard perception, citizen awareness, emergency
preparedness information, response to the May 18 eruption, the nature and types of protective
actions, belief in the warnings that were issued, the role of family emergency planning,
evacuation behavior, and emergency response policy issues.
I00024.
warning methods/ warning responses/ psychology/ risk perception/ perception/ risk
communication/ attitudes/ preparedness/ awareness/ evacuation.

Rec# 3534.  Perry, Ronald W. Citizen Evacuation in Response to Nuclear and Nonnuclear
Threats.  Seattle, Wash.: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center.  1981; BHARC-400/81/13. 90
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, PA, Three Mile Island.
Written as part of a research project in support of the idea of comprehensive emergency
management (CEM), this report focuses on the evacuation process.  Cross-hazard comparisons
are made among three disaster events: the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption; riverine flooding
in three communities; and the Three-Mile Island (TMI) nuclear reactor accident.  The issues
which are given particular emphasis are related to evacuation decision making and to the sources
of warnings together with perceived credibility of the warnings.  A simple model is proposed for
making comparisons of evacuation behavior in the hope that it will serve as a starting point for
more sophisticated models which can be integrated into a data bank for use by emergency
planners.  One of the observations resulting from the study contends that although a considerable
body of research information exists concerning evacuation behavior and the dissemination of
warning messages to the public, very little of this information was utilized in the management of
the TMI incident. A profitable field for further research involves examination of the process in
which research results are dispersed to planners and policy makers.
R00035.
evacuation/ warning methods/ warning responses/ case  study/ nuclear power/ volcano/ riverine
flood/ evacuation/ modeling/ information transfer/ multihazards.

Rec# 3098.  Perri, Karla. Mount St. Helens: An Assessment.  Washington, D.C.: Library of
Congress, Congressional Research Service, Major Issues System.  1980.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies. Issue brief number IB80066.
IZ00017.
volcano/ ashfall/ mudflow/ environmental impact/ federal response/ state response/ emergency
response.

Rec# 16082. Perkins, Susan J. Channel migration on the Tolt and Raging Rivers, King County,
Washington. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Inspiration: Come to the
Headwaters; 1991 Jun 10-1991 Jun 14; Denver Colo. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1992; Special Publication No. 24; 338-341, 400 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 0  references.
F00485.
floodplain management/ local planning/ riverine flood/ risk assessment/ geomorphology.

Rec# 17015. Pasteris, Phillip A. and Hartman, Robert K. The effect of volcanic devastation on
flood forecasting in the Cowlitz River system. : Association of State Floodplain Managers,
comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle,
Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1987; Special Publication No. 18; 280-285, 322
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ debris flow/ volcano/ forecasting/ environmental impact.

Rec# 3662. Pallister, John S.; Hoblitt, Richard P.; Crandell, Dwight R., and Mullineaux, Donal
R. Mount St. Helens a decade after the 1980 eruptions: Magmatic models, chemical cycles, and a
revised hazards assessment. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1992; 54:126-146.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 101 references.
IZ00188.
volcano/ risk assessment/ geology.

Rec# 4288. Novak, Terry and Novak, Richard. How to manage your ash. Public Management.
(January-February 1981); 12-15.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00101.
volcano/ ashfall/ emergency response/ local response/ state response/ economic impact/ warning
systems.

Rec# 4926.  Norris, Robert D. Cascade Volcanoes: Monitoring History and Current Land
Management.  Seattle, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1991; Open-File
Report 91-31. 68 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, CA, Oregon, Cascade Range.
Note: "This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S.G.S
editorial standards." 53 references.
I00073.
volcano/ land use management/ volcanology/ seismology/ historical survey/ risk assessment.

Rec# 4086. Nimmo, Dan and Combs, James E. Nightly Horrors: Crisis Coverage in Television
Network News.  Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; 1985. 230 pp.
Note: Tabular data. 115 references.
Geoarea: Guyana, Iran, US, PA, IL, WA.
This book is a study of how the 3 major U.S. television networks reported six major crises: the
Jonestown mass suicide, Three Mile Island, the crash of American Airlines Flight 191, the
eruption of Mt. St. Helens, the Tylenol poisonings, and the holding of American hostages in Iran.
The authors found that the networks offered different conceptions of the news that may strongly
influence how people view and cope with the world.  Particularly enlightening is the book's
introduction, which thoroughly reviews previous analytical studies of network news as well as
more theoretical and philosophical discussions of the media. In general terms, NBC's crisis
coverage presents any one disaster, however awful, as not the end of the world. Crises are
presented as potentially understandable and manageable, particularly if a person takes the time to
comprehend the basically simple causes. CBS takes a more complex view--crises generally do
not have simple causes, but there does exist a responsible, trustworthy elite that can relieve the
danger they pose. For ABC, the world is less reliable. Those in charge of the system can render it
helpless in the face of a catastrophe. The system can produce uncontrollable forces; life today is
always in crisis. The study deals with visual elements of coverage, news content, newsgathering
modes, and coverage styles by network, anchors, and correspondents.
R00073.
volcano/ terrorism/ nuclear power/ social violence/ transportation accident/ information transfer/
media/ psychological impact/ case study/ comparative analysis/ content analysis.

Rec# 4387.  Newhall, Christopher G. A Method for Estimating Intermediate and Long-term
Risks from Volcano Activity, with an Example from Mount St. Helens, Washington.  Denver,
Colo.: US Geological Survey.  1982; Open-file Report 82-396.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00108.
volcano/ risk assessment/ mathematics.

Rec# 17273. Newhall, C. G. and Punongbayan, R. S. The narrow margin of successful
volcanic-risk mitigation.  Scarpa, R. and Tilling, R. I., eds. Monitoring and Mitigation of
Volcano Hazards. Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag; 1996; pp. 807-838.
Geoarea: Pacific Basin, Philippines, Mount Pinatubo, US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 41 references.
I00093.
volcano/ risk perception/ prediction/ warning methods/ social impact/ federal planning/
emergency response/ local response/ warning responses/ lahar/ international planning/
evacuation.

Rec# 18903.  Newell, Reginald E. and Adarsh, Deepak. Workshop on Mount St. Helens : Its
Atmospheric Impact.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Preface only.
IZ00095.
volcano/ ashfall/ meteorology/ climate impact assessment.

Rec# 4302. Newell, R. C. The day the earth exploded. American Teacher. 1980 Jan-1980 Jan 31;
6-7; 22.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00102.
volcano/ ashfall/ emergency response/ local response/ schools.

Rec# 18731.  National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Initiative. Fire Storm '91 Case
Study.  Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association.  1991; 31 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.  2 copies.
On October 16, 1991, gale-force winds helped ignite and then spread 92 separate wildland fires
in northeastern Washington state.  One hundred and fourteen homes and numerous other
sructures were destroyed.  An analysis indicates that more than 90 percent of the fires started
when winds blew down power lines or when trees or limbs fell into power lines.  This scenario
caused numerous fires in a very short duration of time and all suppression resources were rapidly
committed.  Personnel experienced difficulty in assessing the magnitude of the fires due to the
poor visibility caused by the wind-swept fires and blowing dust.  The area had been experiencing
high population growth and development in its wildland interface areas.  Most of the home losses
occurred within the first 4 hours of these fires and before massive assistance from Washington
and neighboring states could be mobilized to supplement local forces.  This report describes the
pre-fire conditions and then chronicles the emergency response effort.  Three of the fires--those
responsible for the majority of homes lost or threatened--are analyzed in detail, with particular
attention given to the establishment of a unified command structure, response staging, public
information efforts, and firefighter stress.
MZ00468.
wildfire/ damage assessment/ emergency management/ emergency response/ local response/
local planning/ lifelines/ electric power.

Rec# 6043. National Academy of Sciences. Mount Rainier: Active Cascade Volcano. 
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1994. 114 pp.
Note: 129 references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 19, No. 1 (September 1994): 23.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Mount Rainier was selected as a "Decade Volcano" designated for focused study during the
IDNDR, for several reasons. It has an extensive but poorly studied geological and historical
record of activity, including lava flows, ash eruptions, avalanches, and mudflows, and thus is a
significant threat to surrounding areas, especially the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area. It poses
an additional threat because of its snow and ice cover, which could produce catastrophic floods
and mudflows. This volume is a working group's detailed plan of the research needed to
understand the development and behavior of the volcano, to monitor potential hazards, and to
coordinate resultant findings among social scientists, planners, and responsible authorities so that
the hazard can eventually be minimized. Recommendations are offered relating to
interdisciplinary and intergovernmental research needs, interagency coordination to minimize
duplicative or redundant research, and prioritizing research to accelerate the mitigative process.
With many of the region's 3.5 million residents unaware of the hazards posed by the volcano, it is
essential that communication networks be initiated which will raise the public's awareness of the
mountain's potential for disaster. An appendix reviews the State of Washington's Growth
Management Act of 1990, its requirements, how those requirements are to be implemented, and
how policies and regulations can control development in designated risk zones.
I00080.
volcano/ local planning/ risk assessment/ emergency planning/ lahar/ mudflow/ geophysics/
debris flow/ geology/ legislation-regulation.

Rec# 3415. Nania, James M. and Bruya, Timothy E. In the wake of Mount St. Helens. Annals of
Emergency Medicine. 1982; 11(4):184-191.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Mount St. Helens' major eruption dispersed volcanic ash through much of eastern Washington
and profoundly affected local air quality.  The long-term effects from exposure to volcanic ash
are unknown but the authors suggest the following short-term precautions: 1) emergency
departments should anticipate a large volume of telephone inquiries about health precautions and
should be prepared to respond to them; 2) concentrated efforts should be made to encourage
compliance with unified medical recommendations; 3) persons not involved in essential services
should remain indoors and those who must be exposed should wear suitable masks; 4) nasal
breathing should be encouraged to better filter particles by natural means; and 5) protective
eyewear, such as ski goggles, should be worn.  It is strongly recommended that forest crews,
agricultural workers, and persons involved with clean-up procedures in areas of heavy ash fall
should continue to wear NIOSH-approved masks, because these people incur the greatest risk of
developing silicosis.
IZ00039.
volcano/ public health/ epidemiology/ ashfall/ morbidity/ emergency medical services/
emergency planning/ emergency management.

Rec# 3874. Murphy, Shirley A. Stress levels and health status of victims of a natural disaster.
Research in Nursing and Health. 1984; 7:205-215.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00071.
volcano/ psychological impact/ public health.

Rec# 8161. ---. Stress, coping, and mental health outcomes following a natural disaster:
Bereaved family members and friends compared. Death Studies. 1986; 10(5):411-429.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 42 references.
The study utilized a longitudinal exploratory design to assess levels of stress, self-efficacy, social
support, health status, and recovery following a disaster. Thirty-one relatives and 18 friends of
victims of the Mount St. Helens eruption (1980) were surveyed in 1981 and again in 1983.
Instruments for the disaster study were selected from standardized measures having adequately
established levels of reliability and validity, but the measurement criteria for recovery were
developed by the investigator. Results from the study included 1) stress levels decreased
significantly between the two data collection periods for both relatives and friends; 2) only four
of the 49 participants reported full recovery three years after the disaster; and 3) coping with the
unexpected and unusual loss was difficult for those who experienced the deaths of multiple
family members, particularly for young persons who lost both parents.
NZ00042.
volcano/ psychological impact/ family/ mental health services/ longitudinal study.

Rec# 16421.  Murphy, Shirley A. Coping With Stress Following a Natural Disaster: The
Volcanic Eruption of Mt. St. Helens.  Portland, Oreg.: University of Oregon Health Sciences
Center, Dept. of Mental Health Nursing.  1981; 3 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The thesis addresses three research questions concerning the relationship between illness and 1)
the presumed or confirmed death of a close relative or friend, and the loss of one's permanent or
recreational residence; 2) the buffering of negative health stress effects due to loss by the means
of self-efficacy and social supports actions; and 3) the perceived effects of the media on coping
with loss following a disaster.  Findings show that the bereaved of confirmed dead suffered from
depression and somatization; that coping with presumed death bereavement was not more
difficult than coping with confirmed death bereavement; and that there were no significant
differences between pairs of loss groups on the four types of news media.
IZ00070.
volcano/ psychological impact/ mental health services/ media/ case study.

Rec# 2933. Murphy, Peter E. and Bayley, Robin. Tourism and disaster planning. Geographical
Review. 1989; 79(1):36-46.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, British Columbia.
Note: 2 copies. 20 notes.
The lure of tropical beaches can subject tourists to hurricane and tsunami hazards. High-risk
avalanche areas also attract downhill and cross-country skiers. Despite such spatial correlations,
both individuals and the tourism industry often are understandably unwilling to dwell on the risk
factors associated with travel and vacation holidays. This paper discusses how the tourism
industry should help increase awareness of the hazards that visitors may face when traveling in
potentially dangerous regions. Observations offered by the authors suggest that 1) tourism
facilities and activities should be considered at both the risk analysis and warning stages of
hazard assessment because of tourism's predilection for locating in scenically spectacular,
relatively high-risk zones; 2) tourism can help disaster recovery by dispersing factual information
internationally and by bringing visitors back to an affected area; and 3) incorporating tourism
into disaster planning should not necessitate major changes in current strategies and procedures.
Two disasters in areas frequented by tourists in the Pacific Northwest (Mount St. Helens
eruption--1980; East Kootenay fire--1985) serve to present generalizations and perspectives on
relevant planning issues.
QZ00185.
tourism/ wildfire/ volcano/ recovery/ local planning/ economic impact.

Rec# 3473.  Moulton, Charlotte; Auston, Ione, and Kenton, Charlotte, comp. Biomedical Effects
of Volcanoes, July 1980--138 selected citations.  Bethesda, Maryland: U.S. Dept. of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, National Library of
Medicine, Reference Services Division.  1980; 10 pp. (Specialized Bibliography Series; 1980-1).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Bibliography.
Mount St. Helens' recent activity has spurred interest in possible adverse health effects from
ashfall and related volcanic phenomena.  This bibliography, more comprehensive in scope than
the National Library of Medicine's Literature Searches, is not restricted to items found in the
Library's collection nor to the MEDLARS data base.  Due to  the desire to have the bibliography
available as soon as possible, the majority of the 138 selected citations were not verified with
respect to bibliographic contents.  Citation categories include air, soil, and water pollution, and
general health effects.  The period covered is basically the past ten years, although selected
entries date as far back as 1834.
IZ00043.
volcano/ public health/ ashfall/ morbidity/ water pollution/ air pollution/ environmental impact.

Rec# 3057.  Mosebar, Joan Cleminshaw, ed. Economic Impact of Mt. St. Helens.  Pacific
Northwest--ad hoc group of economists.  1980; 22 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Twenty-two economists from both the public and private sectors produced a white paper on the
long-term effects from the eruption of Mt. St. Helens.  They found that the rate of economic
growth in the region may be somewhat altered, but that a cessation of volcanic activity will
probalby have a positive economic impact.  The paper predicts that the intrinsic advantages of
the Pacific Northwest will outweigh the risk of an infrequent disaster and that there will be no
lessening in development and investment.
IZ00014.
volcano/ economic impact/ recovery/ reconstruction/ risk assessment/ lenders.

Rec# 16093. Miller, Sky. Snohomish County, Washington, Thanksgiving Day flood, 1990. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Inspiration: Come to the Headwaters; 1991 Jun
10-1991 Jun 14; Denver Colo. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1992; Special
Publication No. 24; 364-367, 400 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Snohomish County.
Note: 0  references.
F00485.
riverine flood/ floodplain management/ structural measures/ levees/ damage assessment/ local
planning.

Rec# 4911.  Meyer, William. Effects of Ground Water, Slope Stability, and Seismic Hazard on
the Stability of the Southfork Castle Creek Blockage in the Mount St. Helens Area, Washington. 
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1985; Professional Paper No.
1345. 42 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 24 references.
I00072.
volcano/ mass earth movements/ seismology/ geology/ debris flow/ groundwater depletion/ dam
safety.

Rec# 3390. Merchant, James A.; Baxter, Peter; Bernstein, Robert; McCawley, Mike; Falk,
Henry; Stein, Gary; Ing, Roy, and Attfield, Michael. Health implications of the Mount St.
Helens' eruption: Epidemiological considerations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1982; 26(1-4):911-919.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00037.
volcano/ ashfall/ epidemiology/ public health/ mortality/ environmental impact.

Rec# 4036. McLucas, Glennda B. Cleanup and disposal of Mount St. Helens ash in eastern
Washington. Washington Geologic Newsletter. (October 1980); 8(4):1-7.
Geoarea: US, WA.
IZ00082.
volcano/ ashfall/ recovery/ local response/ environmental impact/ water pollution/ economic
impact.

Rec# 12197. May, Peter J. Formulating disaster relief when needs are unknown. Journal of
Policy Analysis and Management. 1982; 2(1):39-54.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
OZ00077.
disaster assistance/ case study/ damage assessment/ federal response/ recovery/ emergency
response/ disaster studies/ politics/ volcano.

Rec# 2617.  Marts, Marion E. and others. Social Implications of Volcano Hazard: Case Studies
in the Washington Cascades and Hawaii.  Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Dept. of
Geography.  1978; 300 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, HI.
Note: Manual. Questionnaire. 2 copies.
This volume covers three subjects: 1) an investigation of responses to increased volcanic activity
at Mount Baker, 2) a predicted eruption of Mauna Loa, and 3) a scenario study of the impact of a
major mudflow from Mount Rainier on the Puyallup River Valley, Washington.  Although the
probability of volcanic eruptions in the Cascades is probably very low, the threat to life and
property is potentially great, particularly in the case of subsequent mudflows.  The Mount Baker
study includes a hazard perception study and a discussion of economic hardship brought about by
closure of a potential high hazard area.  The Hawaii study produced evidence of misperception of
the hazard potential.  Both the Mount Baker and Hawaii experiences suggest that people prefer
coping to government intervention, at least to the point of a clear and present danger.  In regard
to public response to the prediction of low probability, high risk events, it is obvious that further
attention needs to be given to the management of hazard prediction.
I00036.
volcano/ social impact/ case study/ prediction/ risk perception/ scenario/ mudflow.

Rec# 17126. Louthain, Jerry. Financial assistance for local flood control maintenance. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers. Strengthening Local Flood Protection Programs;
Pittsburg, Penn.; June 17-19, 1986. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of
Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1986;
Special Publication No. 15; 73-78, 308 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00240.
floodplain management/ local planning/ riverine flood/ state planning/ legislation-regulation/
state funding.

Rec# 16391. Loomis, John B. Measuring the economic benefits of removing dams and restoring
the Elwha River: Results of a contingent valuation survey. Water Resources Research. 1996;
32(2):441-447.
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 24 references.
FZ01451.
floodplain management/ dam removal/ economic analysis/ benefit-cost analysis/ local planning/
structural measures/ environmental impact.

Rec# 76. Lindell, Michael K. and Perry, Ronald W. Warning mechanisms in emergency response
systems. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters . 1987; 5(2):137-153.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 27 references.
Serials.
emergency response/ local response/ warning systems/ warning methods/ volcano/ case study.

Rec# 14760. Lindell, Michael K. Perceived characteristics of environmental hazards.
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 1994; 12(3):303-326.
Geoarea: US, WA, Longview.
Note: 41 references.
Serials.
risk perception/ volcano/ toxic chemicals/ air pollution/ nuclear radiation/ psychological impact/
comparative analysis/ emergency planning/ local planning/ nuclear power/ transportation
accident/ technological hazards.

Rec# 17016. Lewis, David E.; Comis, John G., and Prych, Edmund A. Flood protection in the
Puyallup River basin, Washington:  Past, present and future. : Association of State Floodplain
Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun
13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science,
Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1987; Special Publication No.
18; 299-304, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00241.
riverine flood/ structural measures/ channelization/ floodplain management/ environmental
impact.

Rec# 2394.  Lettenmaier, Dennis P. and Burges, Stephen J. Estimation of Flood Frequency
Changes in the Tontle and Cowlitz River Basins Following the Eruption of Mount St. Helens. 
Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Charles W. Harris
Hydraulics Laboratory.  1981; Technical Report No. 69. 73 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Glossary.
I00021.
volcano/ riverine flood/ mudflow/ frequency/ modeling/ simulation.

Rec# 2332.  Leik, Robert K.; Leik, Sheila A.; Ekker, Knut, and Gifford, Gregory A. Under the
Threat of Mt. St. Helens: A Study of Chronic Family Stress.  Minneapolis, Minn.: University of
Minnesota, Family Study Center.  1982; 179 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Although much social science research has been conducted on the Mt. St. Helens aftermath, little
of it has been directly concerned with the families threatened by continued eruptions.  The focus
of this report prepared for FEMA is on the family stresses resulting from the day-to-day
confrontation with the eruption threat, and the conflict it poses between such values as home and
job versus safety and health.  Telephone interviews and in-depth family interviews were
conducted involving husband, wife, and one teenager from each family.  After the family
interview, all three members participated in a computerized simulation experiment involving a
worsening scenario.  Considerable stress was indicated by the data, part of which is displayed by
a new technique called a "stress graph."  Findings from the study indicate that few families
evacuated the area and that the few who considered permanently leaving the vicinity came across
serious difficulties, primarily employment for the husband.  Recommendations include: 1) some
basis for residential relocations without loss of equity must be established where natural hazards
pose a threat to life; 2) local information centers are needed in the event of a widespread disaster;
and 3) the exploration of computerized simulations is warranted both as a research tool and as a
training basis for family disaster preparedness.
I00017.
volcano/ psychological impact/ social impact/ resettlement/ relocation/ preparedness/ simulation/
information transfer/ case study/ family/ social impact.

Rec# 18072. Lee, Joan M.; Nahajski, Anthony, and Miller, Sky. Riverbank stabilization
program. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 1997; 123(5):292-294.
Geoarea: US, WA, Snohomish County.
Note: 3 references.
JZ00334.
soil erosion/ riverine flood/ environmental sutdies/ local planning/ floodplain management/
structural measures.

Rec# 4681. Laue, Cindy and Farrell, Richard C. St. Helens: The quiet mountain that blew its top.
Journal of Insurance. 1980; 41(4):18-23.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
IZ00129.
volcano/ insurance/ economic impact/ recovery/ local response.

Rec# 15773. Lauber, Patricia. Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens.  New
York, N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1993. 60 pp.
Note: 0 references.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This popular book briefly describes the eruptive phase of the volcano, then concentrates 1) on its
ecological and environmental impacts, and 2) the return of flora and fauna to the devastated
areas.  Written primarily for adolescents, the book is illustrated with numerous color photos that
depict the many ways in which life forms are returning to regions which on the surface appear
desolate and impossible of sustaining life.
I00090.
volcano/ children/ educational materials/ environmental impact/ recovery/ biology/ botany.

Rec# 4998. Larson, Douglas. Recovery of Spirit Lake: A natural calamity provides scientists
with a rare opportunity to study the rejuvenation of a once-pristine lake. American Scientist.
(March-April 1993); 81:166-177.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 25 references.
IZ00198.
volcano/ environmental impact/ recovery/ biology/ water pollution.

Rec# 635.  Lander, James F.; Lockridge, Patricia A., and Kozuch, Michael J. Tsunamis Affecting
the West Coast of the United States, 1806-1992.  Boulder, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service, National Geophysical Data Center.  1993; NGDC Key to Geophysical
Records Documentation No. 29. 242 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Oregon, WA.
Note: Approximately 215 references. 2 copies. Bibliography. OBSERVER 18, no. 5 (May 1994):
13.
Building upon information presented in an earlier publication, United States Tsunamis,
1690-1988, the authors substantially add to the data, number of observed events, and
observations about the events' impacts. The volume begins with general information about
tsunamis (definitions, characteristics, etc.) and then describes and evaluates locally generated and
long distance tsunamis that have been recorded along the California, Oregon, and Washington
coasts. The information includes details of the source event (primarily earthquakes), maximum
observed amplitude and runup height, periodicity, arrival time, and damage and fatalities
attributed to a given tsunami. Also included in the volume are marigrams for West Coast
tsunamis, tsunami travel time charts, a place name index, and 15 pages of references. The
documents describes landslide-caused tsunamis that affected the Franklin D. Roosevelt reservoir
in Washington state during the years 1944-1953.
E00961.
tsunami/ seismology/ oceanography/ damage assessment/ state planning/ historical survey/ risk
assessment/ landslide.

Rec# 8005. LaBelle, Donald J. Dealing with a disaster. American Public Works Association
(APWA) Reporter. (April 1987); 54(4):14-15.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 0 references.
FZ00853.
riverine flood/ emergency response/ local response/ lifelines/ recovery.

Rec# 8145.  Kusler, Jon A. and Brooks, Gail, eds. Improving the Effectiveness of Floodplain
Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions.  Madison, Wis.: Association of State Floodplain
Managers (ASFPM).  1987; 202 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, CO, UT, NV, WA, Oregon.
Note: Proceedings. Some refs.
Held in Las Vegas during March 24-26, 1986, the Western State High Risk Flood Areas
Symposium was the first attempt to examine flood hazard dynamics and to identify workable
mitigation strategies for the 30% of U.S. lands that can be characterized as being arid or
semi-arid. This proceedings volume contains 55 papers on issues in the broad categories of
alluvial fans, flash floods, mudflows and mudfloods, meandering streams, closed basin lakes,
precipitation analysis, legal issues, greenbelts, financing mitigation techniques, and research
needs. Participants identified eight flood-related matters in arid and semi-arid regions:  1) the
development of new approaches to coping with flood problems; 2) increased efforts to map and
regulate the areas; 3) treatment of the interrelated problems of flooding, erosion, and
sedimentation; 4) tests of hydrologic flow models and the production of new ones; 5) the need to
base all plans and models on dynamic rather than static conditions; 6) placement of the burden on
developers to undertake hydraulic, hydrologic, and engineering studies that demonstrate no
resultant increase in hazards; 7) more frequent use of multi-objective resource planning and
management techniques; and 8) coordinated research and information dissemination, achieved
through a consortium of public agencies and private groups.
F00207.
alluvial fan flood/ flash flood/ lake flood/ hydrology/ arid region/ floodplain management/
mudflow/ mapping/ warning methods/ local planning/ local funding/ legislation-regulation/
liability/ case study.

Rec# 2131. Koenninger, Tom. Mount St. Helens Holocaust.  Lubbock, Tex.: C.F. Boone
Publishers, Inc., Barron Publications Inc.; 1980. 64 pp.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
I00003.
volcano/ social impact/ ashfall/ mudflow/ volcanology/ federal response.

Rec# 3835.  Kilijanek, Thomas S. To the Rescue: The Search and Rescue Community in the
State of Washington.  Denver, Colo.: University of Denver, Dept. of Sociology.  1981; Technical
Report No. 6. 154 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
R00056.
emergency management/ search and rescue/ volunteers/ local response/ federal response/
recreation/ volcano.

Rec# 2817.  Kilijanek, Thomas S. There She Blows: The Search and Rescue Response to the
Mount St. Helens Volcano.  Denver, Colo.: University of Denver, Dept. of Sociology, SAR
Research Project.  1981; SAR Technical Report No. 11. 137 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: App. 90 ref.
Logistics of the SAR effort are impressive. At least four emergency operation centers and five
different base camps were a part of the 14-day SAR operation. Over 600 square miles were
searched eight to nine times over, involving 2,000 personnel from a multitude of organizations.
At least 100 people were saved and 34 bodies recovered. Primarily using interviews and
questionnaires to establish a base for qualitative and quantitative data, this study determined that
difficulties with the SAR response were encountered mostly at the organizational and
interorganizational levels. These   difficulties included: 1) ambiguous authority structure; 2) role
conflict; 3) the media/SAR system interface; 4) legal authority in body recovery; and 5) multiple
missing persons lists. The problems were uncovered and satisfactorily overcome by the end of
the operation's sixth day. Policy recommendations for predictable future disasters include: 1)
emergency response managers must adopt an open systems perspective in both disaster planning
and response; 2) the uncertainty associated with a disaster prediction must be recognized, and
where possible, planned for; 3) a set of procedures concerning the interaction between the media
and the multiorganizational SAR system must be developed; and 4) the political nature of
planning based upon a disaster prediction must be recognized.
I00051.
volcano/ survival/ search and rescue/ forensic medicine/ media/ preparedness/ emergency
planning/ politics/ legislation-regulation/ emergency management.

Rec# 3671. Kerr, Richard A. The mountain is behaving itself-for now. Science. (June 1981);
212:1258-1259.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00057.
volcano/ lava/ mudflow/ seismology/ environmental impact/ ashfall/ volcanology.

Rec# 2514.  Kerr, James W., ed. Mount St. Helens Scientific Workshop, November 13-14, 1980:
Proceedings.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency.  1980;
NSF/RA-800552. 235 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 15 references.  Questionnaire. 2 copies.  33 Mount St. Helens Technical Information
Network bulletins are reprinted.
Six months after the major Mount St. Helens eruption, a special workshop was convened to
examine the post-disaster science/technology programs which had been initiated following the
blast.  Seven federal agency programs are described and evaluated, and workshop reports are
presented that cover a wide range of topics.  All 33 of the bulletins released under the auspices of
the Mount St. Helens Technical Information Network are incorporated into the publication as an
appendix.  There also is a short discussion by Carl Nyman of Washington State University
concerning the socioeconomic research accomplished or proposed since the eruption occurred. 
Problems which were identified in this context included the access to public officials by research
groups, the need for equipment sharing, and a quick identification of overlapping research
projects.  Criteria involving low-risk, high-consequence phenomena is implicit throughout the
research discussions.
I00029.
volcano/ recovery/ economic impact/ disaster assistance/ reconstruction/ information transfer/
social impact/ recovery/ environmental impact/ damage assessment/ federal response/ emergency
response.

Rec# 2363. Keller, S. A. C. Mount St. Helens: One Year Later.  Cheney, Wash.: Eastern
Washington University Press; 1982. 243 pp.
Note: Proceedings.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The volume consists of 34 papers delivered at a symposium held in Cheney on May 17-18, 1981. 
Twenty-two papers deal with topics concerning effects on the physical environment, such as
natural revegetation, the remnant magnetization of ash, the acoustics of the eruption, and the
effects of ash fallout on fish and birds.  The remaining twelve contributions deal with the
response and impact of the eruption on the human enviornment. Subjects in this section explore
the economic consequences of the event; housing-related damage and cleanup as reported by
residents in eastern Washington; communication behavior; and the value of preparing a
meteorological and hydrological contingency plan for a low probability event like a volcanic
eruption.  An appendix contains abstracts of an additional 30 papers about the eruption's effects.
I00019.
volcano/ intergovernmental planning/ economic impact/ recovery/ reconstruction/ social impact.

Rec# 2378.  : Keller, S. A. C., ed. Mount St. Helens: Five Years LaterCheney, Wash.: Eastern
Washington University Press; 1986; 441 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Mexico, El Chichon, WA, CA.
Note: Papers have references. Proceedings.
The volume contains 47 papers addressing a variety of topics associated with the ongoing
monitoring of the environmental and social consequences of the volcano's eruptions.
Approximately 15 studies investigate geologic, seismologic, and geomorphological phenomena,
21 studies deal with the recovery of the biosphere, and the remaining papers examine social
aspects of the disaster. These papers treat subjects such as governmental tort liability, volcano
hazard management, California's use of the Mount St. Helens' experience, the broadcast media's
role during the eruption period, the impact on agriculture, and the mental health consequences of
the disaster. Other papers of interest: a comparison of the Mount St. Helens and El Chichon
eruptions, mesoscale climatic changes due to ashfall from St. Helens, and a five-year perspective
on progress in volcanological research due to studies prompted by the volcano's eruptions.
I00020.
volcano/ biology/ geology/ geomorphology/ seismology/ climate impact assessment/ liability/
state planning/ media/ agricultural economics/ psychological impact/ public health/ recovery.

Rec# 2529.  Kartez, Jack D. and Kelley, William J. Emergency Planning and the Adaptive Local
Response to the Mount St. Helens Eruption.  Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University,
Program in Environmental Science and Regional Planning, Environmental Research Center. 
1980; 99 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The focus of this study was the operational experiences of local government in grappling with
ash fallout problems during the emergency response period.  Survey respondents consisted of
local officials from 26 jurisdictions who had executive level responsibilities.  Findings from the
survey indicated that communications and resource location were central to the response effort. 
In addition, much of the local emergency operations seemed to be the result of ad hoc adaption of
existing organization rather than the implementation of pre-existing formalized plans.  Many
jurisdictions, however, used the countywide emergency office to coordinate the use of our side
emergency aid.  Local and non-local radio stations were the most frequently used information
sources, but a major impediment to their effectiveness was the overlapping of messages from
remote jurisdictions which contradicted messages specifically designed to apply to local
conditions. Private contractors were the leading source for emergency equipment.  Problems
encountered here included refusal of equipment use to one-quarter of the jurisdictions surveyed,
and the negotiation process for a standard rate among many separate contractors.  From an
institutional viewpoint, the study indicates that emergency planning programs would benefit
from more direct relationships with local government rather than through county coordination
systems.
I00030.
volcano/ emergency response/ local planning/ ashfall/ information transfer/ media/ case study.

Rec# 2696.  Kartez, Jack D. Emergency Planning Implications of Local Governments' Responses
to Mount St. Helens.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science,
Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.  1982; Working Paper No.46. 26
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This research analyzed the operational experience of local governments responding to the
emergency created by the ash fallout from  Mount St. Helen's eruptions.  Information was
collected on the actual strategies local governments adopted to organize their resources, seek
outside assistance, and work with their citizens.  Three objectives were formulated: 1) to collect
information on the direct operational experience of local governments responding to the ashfall;
2) to assess the potential usefulness of the concept of adaptive, behavior-based strategies
suggested by social scientists; and 3) to identify the institutional and situational constraints faced
by local officials.  Observations from the study suggest that current intergovernmental funding of
preparedness planning is encouraging a two-tiered system of plans consisting of the federally
mandated nuclear response plans embodied in the countywide coordination model, and a second
tier of local procedures which develop out of adaptation to each jurisdiction's experience,
potentials, and constraints.  In addition, social scientists need to look beyond what they think
should work for local officials in an emergency to what the officials themselves think will work
within their own functional setting.
I00042.
volcano/ emergency response/ intergovernmental planning/ preparedness/ public policy.

Rec# 5156.  Jennings, M. E.; Schneider, V. R., and Smith, P. E. Emergency Assessment of
Mount St. Helens Post-Eruption Flood Hazards, Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers, Washington. 
Alexandria, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; Circular 850-1. 7 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 5 references.
IZ00209.
volcano/ emergency response/ modeling/ mudflow/ dam failure flood/ debris flow/ risk
assessment/ hydrology/ geology/ environmental impact.

Rec# 4890.  Hyde, Jack H. and Crandell, Dwight R. Postglacial Volcanic Deposits at Mount
Baker, Washington, and Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1978; USGS Professional Paper 1022-C. 17 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Baker.
Note: 27 references.
Mount Baker, about 18 miles from Bellingham, Washington, is a potential geologic hazard
should rock-debris avalanches from the slopes of the volcano and other mass earth movements
flow downvalley either as avalanches or as mudflows. Such movements could originate without
warning and without any associated volcanic activity, although an eruption would greatly
increase the probability of this type of event.
IZ00179.
volcano/ mass earth movements/ mudslide/ debris flow/ landslide/ avalanche/ risk assessment.

Rec# 16209.  Hoblitt, R. P.; Walder, J. S.; Driedger, C. L.; Scott, K. M.; Pringle, P. T., and
Vallance, J. W. Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory.  1995; Open-File
Report No. 95-273. 10 pp.  One plate.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 10 references.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 8.
Mount Rainier, the highest peak in the Cascade Range, is a dormant volcano whose load of
glacier ice exceeds that of any other mountain in the conterminous U.S.  This mass of rock and
ice, in combination with great topographic relief, poses a variety of geologic hazards, both during
inevitable future eruptions and during the intervening periods of repose.  This report 1) explains
the various types of hazardous geologic phenomena that could occur at the volcano; 2) shows
areas that are most likely to be affected by the different phenomena; 3) estimates the likelihood
that the areas will be affected; and 4) recommends actions that can be taken to protect lives and
property.  Types of volcanic activity examined include pyroclastic flows, lava flows, debris
flows, lateral blasts, and glacial outburst floods.
IZ00234.
volcano/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ local planning/ land use management.

Rec# 2988.  Hinkle, R. E.; Eav, B. B.; Prill, J. C.; Johnson, T. E., and Dillman, R. D. Mount St.
Helens Quick Response Damage Assessment Final Report.  Houston, Tex.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Nationwide Forestry Applications Program.  1980; NFAP-208. 32
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Available from NTIS: PB82-164476. 2 copies.
The Nationwide Forestry Applications Program's quick response charter enable a research team
to conduct a study which would help determine the types of information required by planners and
managers involved in assessing the damage caused by the eruption and in developing recovery
plans.  The interpretation of high-altitude photography provided the foundations for the
construction of map-registered overlays depicting the damage to timber resources, the
transportation network, and the hydrology system.  Camera systems utilized during the study are
capable of providing results with effective ground resolution of one to three feet.
IZ00008.
volcano/ damage assessment/ preparedness/ intergovernmental planning/ recovery/ remote
sensing.

Rec# 16519. Henriksen, Cynthia A. 1996 Willamette and Columbia River flood. : Eve Gruntfest,
comp. Twenty Years Later: What We Have Learned Since the Big Thompson Flood; 1996 Jul
13-1996 Jul 15; Fort Collins, Colo. Boulder, Colo.: Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1997; Special Publication No. 33; 50-54, 205 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00631.
flash flood/ hydrology/ emergency response/ federal response/ dam safety/ forecasting/
emergency management.

Rec# 16443.  Heiken, Grant; Murphy, Mark; Hackett, William, and Scott, William. Volcanic
Hazards and Energy Infrastructure--United States.  Los Alamo, N. Mex.: U.S. Dept. of Energy,
Office of Risk Analysis and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory.  1995; LA-UR
95-1087. 45  pp. (2 plates).  
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, Oregon, CA, NV, AZ, NM, UT, WY, ID, MT, CO, HI, Mount St.
Helens.
Note: 52 references. Bibliography. OBSERVER 20, No. 1 (September 1995): 22. 2 copies.
This map identifies U.S. Dept. of Energy sites and commercial energy utilities vulnerable to
volcanic hazards.  It is based on existing data on volcanic activity, volcanic history, and the
western major power transmission lines.  The map and accompanying text are intended for
engineers and planners responsible for emergency management and mitigation of future
eruptions.  The text describes the effects of volcanic ash on electrical generating and supply
systems, the physical and chemical properties of ash, problems encountered during the eruptions
of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes, flooding and increased sedimentation in streams due to
eruptions, and lightning accompanying eruptions.  The map provides information for Alaska,
Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho,
Montana, Colorado, and Hawaii.
IZ00214.
volcano/ electric power/ lifelines/ emergency planning/ lightning/ riverine flood/ risk assessment.

Rec# 2847.  Harris, Stephen L. Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake
Volcanoes.  Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press Publishing Co.  1988; 380 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Oregon, WA, British Columbia, Mount St. Helens, Mount Shasta.
Note: Bibliography. Glossary. 45 pp. of references.
Primarily because of the dramatic eruptions of Mount St. Helens, a great deal of new information
has emerged about the hazards posed by the volcanoes of the Pacific Northwest during the 12
years since the predecessor to this book was published under the title, "Fire and Ice." Written in a
nontechnical style, this new volume discusses the origins and types of volcanic activity, provides
a detailed historical biography of each of the Cascade volcanoes, and presents an overview of the
potential hazards that would accompany future eruptions. The book also contains a chapter on
California's Mono Lakes volcanic complex, and presents a scenario for a major eruption of
Mount Shasta. It contains a glossary and an extensive bibliography arranged so that all references
to a specific peak can be identified quickly and easily. This well-illustrated volume is probably
the best introduction available concerning the geology, history, and hazards of each of the West's
potentially eruptive volcanoes.
I00053.
volcano/ geology/ historical survey/ local planning/ scenario/ mudflow.

Rec# 2902.  Harnly, Caroline D. and Tyckoson, David A. Mount St. Helens, the 1980
Eruptions--A Bibliography.  Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies.  1981; 42 pp. (Public
Administration Series; Bibliography No. P-786).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Bibliography.
This bibliography contains over 500 citations related to the Mount St. Helens eruptions which
have been culled from such diverse sources as graduate theses, popular newsmagazines,
scientific journals, government publications and serials, and trade journals.  The contents have
been arranged under subject headings, and entries with somewhat cryptic titles are clarified by a
short annotation.  A sampling of citations with socioeconomic implications includes: "Taverns
Full, Soft Drink Sales Down Near Volcano," by D. Alaimo.  Beverage Industry 69 (August 22,
1980), no. 16:17-18; "Volcanic Ash Snarled Many Automated Teller Machines in Northwest,"
from the American Banking Association Journal 72 (September 1980), p. 144; "Volcanic Ash
Seen Threat to Computer Discs and Tape." Data Channels 7 (July 1980), no. 7:4; and "Mt. St.
Helens Effects on Washington's Treatment Plants." Water Pollution Control Federation Journal
52 (September 1980), no. 9: 2310-2313.
IZ00002.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact/ ashfall.

Rec# 2861. ---. Mount St. Helens: An Annotated Bibliography.  Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow
Press; 1984. 249 pp.
Note: Bibliography.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This book grew out of an interest in a rare historical and scientific event--the eruption of an
active volcano in the continental U.S.  It attempts to document the event in both scientific and
cultural terms and to record the reactions of a people and a nation to the eruptions. The
bibliography can be used to study how science, government, and industry reacted to the eruptions
both initially and over a period of time. Books, journals, government publications, technical
reports, and conference proceedings are included in the 1738 citations that are listed.  Media
items are excluded, as are general newspaper articles, but printed reports concerning media
materials are presented, together with articles from various trade papers. A list of subject
categories (and the number of citations in the category) follows: "Mount St. Helens Before
March 20, 1980" (131); "General Mount St. Helens Information" (306); "Geological Studies"
(407); "Atmospheric and Climatic Studies" (113); "Chemical and Physical Studies" (104);
"Effects on Agriculture" (62); "Biological and Environmental Effects" (119); "Medical and
Health Effects" (99); "Business, Commercial, and Economic Implications" (92); "Industrial and
Engineering Aspects" (171); "Social and Cultural Aspects" (81); "Special Maps" (10);
"Dissertations" (7); and "Books" (36).
I00054.
volcano/ ashfall/ lava/ geology/ climatology/ environmental studies/ agriculture/ public health/
business/ economic impact/ social impact/ case study/ biology/ private sector.

Rec# 13265.  Gruntfest, Eve C. Flash Flood-Dam Failure Warning System Survey.  Denver,
Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.  1987; 74 pp.  
Geoarea: US, NJ, NC, Oregon, PA, SC, TN, TX, WA, AZ, CO, CA, IA, GA.
Note: 2 copies. Questionnaire. 57 references.
This report was prepared as part of an investigation into the efficacy of early warning systems in
reducing the threat to communities due to potential dam failures. The study surveyed the design
and operation of 18 warning systems established in 13 states throughout the U.S. to provide
protection from flash floods or dam failures. Section I describes site selection criteria, system
variables evaluated, and survey methods. Section II presents a matrix for comparing the 18
systems and case studies, while detailing their workings. Section III presents findings from the
study and recommendations for future activities. The locations cover a variety of local conditions
and represent almost all major geographical regions of the nation. Among the study's findings is
the perennial caveat that a warning system should be one part of a comprehensive flood hazards
mitigation program. Also, a warning system helps to reduce loss of life and property in the
immediate future, but it does not necessarily promote long-term hazard mitigation. The most
cost-effective opportunities for significant mitigation activities occur either before development
or before reconstruction begins after a flood.
FZ00128.
flash flood/ dam failure flood/ warning equipment/ case study/ comparative analysis/ emergency
planning.

Rec# 2832.  Greene, Marjorie R.; Perry, Ronald W., and Lindell, Michael K. March 1980
Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens: Citizen Perceptions of Volcano Hazard.  Seattle, Wash.: Battelle
Human Affairs Research Center.  1980; 52 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 63 refs. Questionnaire.
During April 5-7, 1980, a short questionnaire relating to perception of volcano threat was
administered by telephone to 174 respondents living within a 40-mile radius of Mt. St. Helens.
The interviews took place about two weeks after the initial seismic activity and small/ash steam
eruptions were detected, and about six weeks before the cataclysmic eruption of May 18. The
questionnaire was designed to focus upon citizen perception of volcano risk and the willingness
to evacuate the hazard area. Four sources of potential damage or injury were dealt with in the
survey instrument: floods or mudflows, ash fall, lava flow, and explosive eruption. Prior to the
March activity, most respondents claimed that the volcano posed no threat to their personal
safety. After the initial activity, local residents became sensitized to their proximity to a possible
eruption. Even at this time, however, 31 per cent of the total sample said they didn't know
specifically what kind of a hazard would threaten their safety. Findings also indicate that the
mass media played major role in providing information to the respondents. Television was a
particularly effective awareness-enhancing tool, but measures need to be taken to insure the
public's retention of accurate information. The public needs to be educated about volcano hazard
and appropriate mitigation measures long before eruption precursors begin.
I00052.
volcano/ risk perception/ awareness/ evacuation/ mudflow/ media/ education/ preparedness/ risk
assessment/ ashfall/ information transfer/ lava/ case study.

Rec# 6990. Greene, M.; Perry, Ronald W., and Lindell, Michael K. The March 1980 eruptions of
Mt. St. Helens: Citizen perceptions of volcano threat. Disasters. 1981; 5(1):49-66.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 62 references.
Serials.
volcano/ risk perception/ local response/ state response/ evacuation/ social impact.

Rec# 2483.  Goodisman, Leonard D. and May, Peter J. Problems in Formulating Disaster Relief. 
Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington, Graduate School of Public Affairs.  1982; 138 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Although considerable federal resources were committed to disaster assistance stemming from
the Mount St. Helens eruptions, many Washington state officials believe the state is entitled to
greater amounts of federal aid.  Eighteen months after the May 18 eruption, federal agencies had
obligated $430 million for diaster assistance, a sum less than half than the $951.1 million
appropriation rushed through Congress shortly after the mountain exploded.  The study identifies
and addresses three problem areas: the budgeting and control or relief approprations, the
estimation of relief needs, and the relations between federal and state authorities.  Findings
indicate that the effect of any portion of disaster relief response must be evaluated as part of the
total political, budgetary, and regulatory context. In particular, budgeting for disaster relief needs
to be understood in historical terms, as well as in terms of current disaster theory.  Furthermore,
the early estimates for relief assistance were considerably higher than actual short-term needs, a
situation which influenced the Congressional appropriations and fueled the ensuing federal-state
dispute over an appropriate level of relief funding.  Basically an abstract analysis of
political-organizational influences on the formulation of disaster relief, the study suggests that
much more attention needs to be given to the way in which federal agencies "negotiate" details of
disaster relief packages.
I00027.
volcano/ disaster assistance/ economic impact/ recovery/ historical survey/ federal planning/
federal funding/ state funding/ intergovernmental.

Rec# 17264. Gerstel, Wendy J.; Brunengo, Matthew J.; Lingley Jr., William S.; Logan, Robert
L.; Shipman, Hugh, and Walsh, Timothy J. Puget Sound Bluffs:  The where, why, and when of
landslides following the holiday 1996/97 storms. Washington Geology. 1997; 25(1):17-31.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 22 references.
KZ00313.
winter storm/ coastal flood/ landslide/ damage assessment/ environmental impact/ debris flow.

Rec# 16213.  Gardner, Cynthia A.; Scott, Kevin M.; Miller, C. Dan; Myers, Bobbie; Hildreth,
Wes, and Pringle, Patrick T. Potential Volcanic Hazards from Future Activity of Mount Baker,
Washington.  Vancouver, Wash.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Cascades
Volcano Observatory.  1995; Open-File Report No. 95-498. 16 pp.  One plate.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Baker.
Note: 10 references.  Glossary.  OBSERVER 21, No. 4 (March 1997): 8.
Mount Baker is an active volcano.  Its most recent activity was in the mid-1800s at a time when
permanent populations around its base were few and modern infrastructures were nonexistent. 
While most of the area adjacent to the volcano is still largely unpopulated, population patterns
and infrastructure are much different now, and each year greater and greater numbers of people
live and play in areas that could be affected by future volcanic activity.  The primary purpose of
this document is to provide planners, emergency management personnel, and federal and state
agencies with information regarding eruptive and other hazardous geologic processes that will
likely occur at Mount Baker in the future. A hazard zonation map accompanies the report and
designates areas that will most likely be affected by such processes.  The main hazards are from
debris flows and debris avalanches.  Of special concern is a debris flow or pyroclastic flow
entering Baker Lake and displacing enough water to either overtop Upper Baker Dam or cause
failure of the dam.
IZ00238.
volcano/ debris flow/ risk assessment/ landslide.

Rec# 17582.  Fuste, Luis A. Effects of the Mount St. Helens Eruption on the Benthic Fauna of
the Toutle River, Muddy River, and Pine Creek Drainage Basins, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; Circular No. 850-H. 13 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The creation of new habitats resulting from the scouring action of mudflows has left the potential
for the recolonization of stream benthos relatively high.  Mosquito larvae were the only
organisms found in Spirit Lake.
volcano/ riverine flood/ mudflow flood/ hydrology/ environmental impact.

Rec# 2452.  Foxworthy, Bruce L. and Hill, Mary. Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St.
Helens: The First 100 Days.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1982; USGS
Professional Paper No. 1249. 125 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
Although the USGS has prepared this report basically for the nontechnical reader, the account
can serve as a background for more technically written scientific reports on the volcanic activity
at Mount St. Helens and the geologic and hydrologic effects of its eruptions.  After a brief
introduction to the volcanic history of the Cascade Range, and of Mount St. Helens in particular,
the volcano's recent eruptive sequence is chronicled on a day-by-day basis from March 20 to
June 27, 1980.  The report summarizes the conditions existing in the affected area as of the latter
date, and hypothesizes about what the future holds in store for the region.  Information
concerning the issuance of warnings, socioeconomic effects of the blasts and agency response are
interspersed throughout the text.  A glossary, the general use of English measuring units, and
many excellent diagrams and photographs make the document readily accessible to the
nonscientist.
I00025.
volcano/ warning methods/ economic impact/ geology/ geophysics/ hydrology/ historical survey/
recovery/ social impact.

Rec# 17005. Flanagan, Robert P. Mount St. Helens, Washington, Corps of Engineers Activities. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain
Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1987; Special Publication No. 18; 277-279, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 0 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ debris flow/ federal planning/ recovery/ environmental
impact/ channelization/ volcano.

Rec# 2100. Findley, Rowe. Mount St. Helens. National Geographic. (January 1981);
159(1):3-65.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 3 related articles.
This three-part article is largely an anecdotal account of the May 18 eruption.  Part III, "The Day
the Sky Fell," discusses a few of the impacts the eruption inflicted upon the surroundintg area. 
Many of the photographs, inlcuding some not published before, provide a stunning depiction of
the explosion and its effect on the environment.
I00001.
volcano/ social impact/ economic impact.

Rec# 16486.  : Eve Gruntfest, comp. Twenty Years Later: What We Have Learned Since the Big
Thompson Flood; 1996 Jul 13-1996 Jul 15; Fort Collins, Colo. Boulder, Colo.: Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1997; Special Publication No. 33205 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CO, CA, Denver, Mexico, Australia, Oregon, WA.
Note: Papers have references.  OBSERVER 22, No. 1 (September 1997).
In 1986, ten years after the devastating and tragic Big Thompson flood, a group of scientists,
hazards specialists, and emergency managers gathered in Colorado to evaluate the ways in which
floodplain management had evolved over the interim to help mitigate the effects of future flash
floods.  Ten years after the first symposium, a second meeting was held in Fort Collins,
Colorado, to assess developments in flash flood and riverine flood mitigation during the years
1986-1996.  The twenty-one papers in "Twenty Years Later" examine a variety of topics
associated with flash floods and floodplain management and are gathered under the following
categories: 1) Federal Perspectives; 2) Dam Safety; 3) Human Dimensions of Disaster; 4)
Meteorological Capabilities and Climatological Issues; 5) Warning Systems; 6) International
Experiences; 7) Paleohydrological Methods.
F00631.
flash flood/ riverine flood/ paleohydrology/ dam safety/ emergency planning/ emergency
management/ warning systems/ religion/ disaster assistance/ self-help/ emergency
communications/ historical survey/ NWS/ forecasting/ climatology/ risk assessment/ training/
foreign planning/ local planning/ paleoflood/ frequency/ voluntary agencies/ federal planning.

Rec# 16240. Engel, John P. and Miller, Sky D. Use of an unsteady flood routing model to
manage the levee system for the Snohomish River. : Association of State Floodplain Managers.
Challenges Ahead: Flood Loss Reduction Strategies for the '90sBoulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1991; Special Publication No. 23; 243-246, 278 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Snohomish.
Note: 2 references.
F00466.
floodplain management/ local planning/ riverine flood/ hydraulics.

Rec# 3347. Eisele, John W.; O'Halloran, Ronald L.; Reay, Donald T.; Lindholm, George R.;
Lewman, Larry V., and Brady, William J. Deaths during the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St.
Helens. The New England Journal of Medicine. (October 15, 1981); 305(16):931-936.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The study is based upon autopsies conducted on 25 bodies recovered during the first month
following the eruption.  The victims were categorized by the immediate cause of death, the
location where the body was found, and miscellaneous findings relevant to the cause of death. 
The authors contend that the first autopsies were a step into the unknown.  They were unable to
find previous references to this type of death in the medical literature and had little idea of what
to expect.  When incisions were made, the ash dulled scalpel blades within the first few inches. 
Decompositional changes were present, but not to the degree expected for the known
post-mortem interval.  Observations made from the study include 1) the use of disposable dust
masks or more sophisticated respirators might have prevented the immediate deaths from
asphxia; 2) many survivors had thermal burns, a condition which led to two delayed deaths; 3)
the  two deaths from physical injuries could have been prevented by adequate shelter; and 4) no
reasonable protective measures can be imagined which would have saved those caught at the
base of the volcano.
IZ00034.
volcano/ emergency medical services/ forensic medicine/ mortality/ case study.

Rec# 2630.  Dueker, Kenneth J. Impacts of Volcanic Ashfall on Travel Behavior.  Portland,
Oreg.: Portland State University, The Center for Urban Studies, School of Urban Affairs.  1980;
78 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
This report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, analyzes how individuals and
communities respond to a sudden curtailment of their mobility.  Following Mount St. Helens'
massive eruption in May, l980, three Washington cities were studied for changes in the mode of
transportation, the frequency of trips, and the length of time allotted for various trip purposes. 
The cities--Yakima, Spokane, and Vancouver--are each examined with respect to short-and
long-term travel impacts on households, business, and the public sector.  Vehicle operating
problems and telephone usage are also briefly looked at.  The primary adjustment to the ashfall
was a drastic but temporary diminishing of travel, with local conditions varying due to the type
of ash, the amount of warning, and  the prevailing weather conditions.  Other findings indicate
that prior to the May 18 eruption, few individuals in an official capacity did any planning to deal
with potential problems, and that in Yakima/Spokane, there was little or no warning of the
ashfall even though the eruption had occurred hours earlier.  Results of the analysis suggest that
the problems caused by volcanic ashfall are similar to those encountered during a major
snowstorm.
I00037.
volcano/ ashfall/ transportation/ emergency communications/ warning methods/ local planning/
social impact/ economic impact.

Rec# 17026.  Driedger, Carolyn and Kennard, Paul. Ice Volumes on Cascade Volcanoes: Mount
Rainier, Mount Hood, and Mount Shasta.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1984;
USGS Open-File Report 84-581. 66 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, CA.
Devastating mudflows and floods were caused when the Mount St. Helens eruption melted an
estimated 4.6 billion cubic feet of snow and glacier ice on the mountain.  Lahars (mudflows and
volcanic debris flows) probably will pose a similar threat to people and property should other
major peaks in the Cascade Range erupt.  This report is the result of a USGS study
commissioned in 1981 to determine potential flooding hazards associated with four Cascade
volcanoes.  Following an aerial photographic survey to map areas covered by each volcano's
snow and ice fields, a portable radar unit was used on the ground to measure the thickness of ice
at representative locations in order to estimate ice volumes.  An accurate estimate of snow and
ice melt should aid planners in predicting potential flood and mudflow hazard zones.
snowmelt flood/ glacial flood/ mudflow/ volcano/ land use management/ forecasting.

Rec# 5522.  Driedger, Carolyn L. and Walder, Joseph S. Recent Debris Flows at Mount Rainier. 
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1991; Open-File Report 91-242. 2 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 5 references.
KZ00275.
debris flow/ volcano/ glacial flood/ rockfall/ mass earth movements.

Rec# 16984.  Dion, N. P. and Embrey, S. S. Effects of Mount St. Helens Eruption on Selected
Lakes in Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; Circular No. 850-G.
25 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Four lakes near the volcano blast zone are surveyed for changes in physical, chemical, and
bilogical characteristics.  The biological productivity of Spirit Lake, the closest to the explosion,
is high, buth thus far has been limited to bacteria.  Lakes outside the blast zone appear to have
been unaffected by the eruption, despite the deposition of up to 3 inches of ash in some lakes.
volcano/ environmental impact/ biology.

Rec# 16846. Dinicola, Richard S. Development of a regional rainfall runoff simulation model for
the Puget Sound area of Washington. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp.
Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash.
Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1987; Special Publication No. 18; 125-131, 322
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 9 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ local planning/ regional planning/ land use management/
hydrology.

Rec# 4586.  Dillman, Don A. After Mount St. Helens: Seven Gray Days in a Row.  Pullman,
Wash.: Washington State University, Dept. of Sociology.  1980; 35 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 copies.
IZ00122.
volcano/ ashfall/ meteorology/ media/ emergency response/ social impact/ local response/
emergency communications.

Rec# 15536. DeWolfe, Deborah J. Bridging the gap: Psychology's role in flood recovery. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers. Multi-Objective Approaches to Floodplain
Management; 1992 May 18-1992 May 22; Grand Rapids, Mich. Boulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1992; Special Publication No. 26 ; 7-10, 340 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 3 references.
F00520.
floodplain management/ psychology/ psychological impact/ mental health services/ federal
planning.

Rec# 3931. del Moral, Roger. Life returns to Mount St. Helens. (May 1981); 90(5):37-46.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Couldn't find journal title.
IZ00075.
volcano/ mudflow/ lava/ ashfall/ environmental impact/ recovery/ biological/ environmental
studies.

Rec# 2409.  Deepak, Adarsh, ed. Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980
Eruptions of Mount St. Helens.  U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  1982;
NASA Conference Publication No. 2240. 303 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Proceedings.
This volume presents the technical proceedings of a symposium held in Washington, DC,
November 18-19, 1980.  The meeting was sponsored by NASA Headquarters, Office of Space
and Terrestrial Applications, on behalf of the U.S. National Climate Program, and was organized
by the Institute for Atmospheric Optics and Remote Sensing.  Over 120 scientists from six
nations participated in the symposium, contributing 36 papers, 28 of which are presented in the
proceedings.  Sessions were held on the nature and impact of volcanic eruptions; in situ
measurements of effluents; remote sensing measurements; the transport and dispersion of the
effluents; the chemistry of effluents; and the potential impact on weather and climate. 
Approximately one-fourth of the papers, all of which are technical in nature, deal with topics of
general interest to researchers involved in observing or measuring climate change.
I00022.
volcano/ climate impact assessment/ economic impact/ climatology/ meteorology/ social impact.

Rec# 17004. Deatherage, Sarah. Floodplain management in Cowlitz County, Washington:  The
Mount St. Helens experience. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic
Approaches to Better Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder,
Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center; 1987; Special Publication No. 18; 271-276, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 1 reference.
F00241.
floodplain management/ local planning/ nonstructural measures/ structural measures/
environmental impact/ volcano.

Rec# 7687. Dale, Virginia H. Revegetation of Mount St. Helens debris avalanche 10 years post
eruption. Research & Exploration. 1991; 7(3):328-341.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 19 references. Two other papers appear as separate records.
I00062.
volcano/ damage assessment/ recovery/ environmental impact/ biology/ ashfall.

Rec# 16468. D'Acci, Tim. Using the hazard mitigation process to identify interactive hazard
locations in base floodplains. : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Floodplain
HarmonyBoulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1989;  Special Publication No. 19;
144-148, 378 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Lewis County.
Note: 0 references.
F00435.
riverine flood/ emergency response/ local response/ toxic chemicals/ environmental impact/ risk
assessment/ local planning.

Rec# 4948.  Cummans, John. Mudflows Resulting from the May 18, 1980, Eruption of Mount
St. Helens, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; Circular No. 850-B.
16 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 2 references.
The report describes the location and chronology of the mudflows and provides estimates of
velocities which occurred in the major rivers nearest to the blast.
IZ00210.
volcano/ debris flow/ mudflow/ hydrology/ damage assessment/ environmental impact.

Rec# 2145. Cullen-Tanaka, Janet M. Fire Mountain.  New York: Kensington Publishing Co,
Zebra Books; 1980. 352 pp.
Note: Novel.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
I00004.
volcano/ social impact/ politics.

Rec# 2973.  Cullen, Janet M. Impact of a Major Eruption of Mount Rainier on Public Service
Delivery Systems in the Puyallup Valley, Washington.  Seattle, Wash.: University of
Washington. Dept. of Geography and Dept. of Urban Planning.  1978; 203 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
IZ00007.
volcano/ emergency response/ mudflow/ lava/ disaster studies/ flood/ federal response.

Rec# 17128. Crandell, Dwight R and Waldron, Howard H. Volcanic hazards in the Cascade
Range. : Olson, Robert A. and Wallace, Mildred M., eds. Geologic Hazards and Public
Problems: Conference ProceedingsSanta Rosa, Calif.: Office of Emergency Preparedness,
Region Seven; 1969;  5-18.
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, CA.
Discusses lava flows, volcanic ash eruption, avalanches of ash and rock debris, floods, and
mudflows and their potential danger from several dormant volcanoes in the Cascade Range. 
Concludes with suggestions for reducing volcanic hazard.
volcano/ mudflow/ ashfall/ geologic hazards.

Rec# 17499. Crandell, Dwight R. and Mullineaux. Donald R. Technique and rationale of
volcanic-hazards appraisals in the Cascade Range, Northwestern United States. Environmental
Geology. 1975; 1:23-32.
Geoarea: US, WA.
The authors hope that their appraisals "will help responsible officials and planning agencies, as
well as individuals, make informed decisions concerning the future use of land near volcanoes".
volcano/ risk assessment/ land use management/ prediction.

Rec# 4934.  Crandell, Dwight R. and Mullineaux, Donal R. Volcanic Hazards at Mount Rainier,
Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1967; USGS Bulletin 1238. 26 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount Rainier.
Note: 15 references.
This document describes the geologic record as it pertains to Mount Rainier's eruptive history
and relates that information to potential hazards in the vicinity. There is evidence of pyroclastic
eruptions at various times over the past 10,000 years but lava flows probably are older than
25,000 years. However, there is an extensive record of mudflows, debris flows, and avalanches
which may or may not be associated with volcanic activity. Some 500 years ago, the Electron
Mudflow moved 40 miles down the Puyallup River Valley, burying the site of a contemporary
settlement under 15 feet of rock debris and mud. Even a relatively small lava or pyroclastic
eruption from the summit cone could cause a major flood disaster should a rapid melting of snow
and ice occur. It is believed that debris flows are by far the greatest hazard to man. Should an
event like the 5,000 year-old Osceola Mudflow take place today, an enormous amount of death
and destruction would inevitably ensue. A chart is presented which lists the types of eruptions
that have occurred in postglacial time, the anticipated effects and estimated frequency of similar
eruptions in the future, and possible warning signs of an impending eruption.
IZ00187.
volcano/ local planning/ debris flow/ riverine flood/ mudflow/ historical survey/ geologic
hazards/ geology.

Rec# 4859.  Crandell, Dwight R. and Mullineaux, Donal R. Potential Hazards from Future
Eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Geological Survey.  1978; Bulletin 1383-C. 26 pp (2 plates).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 15 references. 2 copies.
Mount St. Helens has been more active and has exhibited more explosive history than any
volcano in the conterminous United States. A future violent eruption could affect human life and
health, property, agriculture, and general economic welfare over a large region. The Swift Dam
and Reservoir present serious potential hazards should a fast-moving mud-flow avalanche raise
the water level in the reservoir faster than it could be safely discharged.
IZ00171.
volcano/ geologic hazards/ avalanche/ mudflow/ social impact/ economic impact/ risk
assessment.

Rec# 4489. Crandell, Dwight R. and Hoblitt, Richard P. Lateral blasts at Mount St. Helens and
hazard zonation. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1986; 48:27-37.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00115.
volcano/ ashfall/ lava/ mudflow/ risk assessment/ mapping.

Rec# 3376. Craighead, John E.; Adler, Kenneth B.; Butler, Gregory B.; Emerson, Robert J.;
Mossman, Brooke T., and Woodworth, Craig D. Biology of disease: Health effects of Mount St.
Helens volcanic dust. Laboratory Investigation. 1983; 48(1):5-12.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 35 references.
The article is concerned with long-term respiratory effects of tephra deposited by the Mount St.
Helens eruptions of 1980 both in the immediate vicinity of the volcano and in areas where
substantial ash deposits accumulated on vegetation and on bare soil. The eruptions stimulate
measurements. Those conducted in Yakima, Washington, found that the  concentration of total
suspended particles five days after the initial eruption was far in excess of the level classified as
"significant harm" by the Environmental Protection Agency. Completed chemical and physical
analyses of the ash and gases indicate that 90% of the individual particulates were within the
respirable range, even though they made up only 10% or less of the ejected mass. Conclusions
drawn from the investigations suggest that 1) the health hazard from the ash is probably of
limited long-term significance for the general population of the affected region; 2) it is
reasonable to assume that the risk of silicosis is minimal in the areas of heavy fallout, particularly
if simple respiratory protection devices are used; and 3) transient, although mild, injurious effects
on the respiratory tracts of humans may be expected from ejecta similar to that of Mount St.
Helens.
IZ00036.
volcano/ public health/ epidemiology/ morbidity/ ashfall/ case study.

Rec# 3947. Coplen, Larry E. The aftermath at Longview. Water Engineering and Management.
1981; 128(5):68-71.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00076.
volcano/ ashfall/ water pollution/ recovery/ water resources management.

Rec# 3070. Chrysler, K. M. A pleasant surprise at Mount St. Helens. U.S. News and World
Report. (March 30, 1981); 57-58.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00015.
volcano/ ashfall/ economic impact/ mudflow/ federal response/ environmental impact.

Rec# 17030. Chesneau, Lee S. The use of storm surge forecast models in improved flood
management. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better
Floodplain Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1987; Special Publication No. 18; 311-316, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 6 references.
F00241.
coastal flood/ storm surge flood/ warning systems/ forecasting/ federal planning.

Rec# 12010.  Casadevall, Thomas J. Volcanic ash and aviation safety: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept of
the Interior, Geological Survey.  1994; Bulletin 2047. 450 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, Costa Rica, Canada, USSR, Kamchatka, WA, Indonesia,  Australia, Japan,
Italy, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Chapters have references. OBSERVER 19, no. 3 (January 1995): 22. 2 copies. Participant
list.
The eruptions of Redoubt volcano in Alaska from 1989 to 1990 damaged five passenger aircraft
and resulted in millions of dollars in repairs. These events also increased interest among
members of the aviation community in mitigating volcanic hazards. The symposium summarized
in this volume resulted from the efforts of the Federal Aviation Administration, the USGS, the
Air Line Pilots Association, the Flight Safety Foundation, and the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics. The proceedings contain papers on volcanoes and ash clouds,
damage and impacts, communications and emergency procedures, meteorology and ash-cloud
monitoring, and detection and tracking. The seriousness of the problem is underscored by the
editor when he points out that "In the past 15 years, more than 80 jet airplanes have been
damaged owing to unplanned encounters with drifting clouds of volcanic ash in air routes and at
airports. Seven of these encounters caused in-flight loss of jet engine power, which nearly
resulted in the crash of the airplane." The symposium attracted more than 200 participants from
28 nations.
I00084.
volcano/ volcanology/ meteorology/ damage assessment/ transportation accident/ federal
planning/ emergency management/ risk assessment/ remote sensing/ warning systems/
legislation-regulation/ emergency communications/ emergency planning.

Rec# 9626.  Casadevall, Thomas J. Volcanic Ash and Airports: Discussions and
Recommendations from the Workshop on Impacts of Volcanic Ash on Airport Facilities, Seattle,
Washington, April 26-28, 1993.  Denver, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1993; Open-File Report 93-518. 57 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, Philippines, Manila.
Note: 31 references. 2 copies. Manual. Checklist.
Volcanic ash consists of fine particles of rock, minerals, and aerosol droplets produced by
explosive volcanic eruptions. Drifting ash can contaminate large volumes of airspace and
threaten the safety of aircraft in flight. Ashfall on aerodrome facilities will affect airport runways,
taxiways and aprons, buildings, grounds, services, electrical utilities, aircraft on the ground, and
communications facilities. Returning to normal service following an ashfall can be difficult. The
workshop covered in this volume was convened to exchange information about proper removal
and containment of ash. The meeting included technical presentations covering experiences with
cleanup at airport facilities and discussions in four working groups that addressed surfaces,
electronics and communications systems, emergency services, and airplanes and support
vehicles.
IZ00211.
volcano/ ashfall/ emergency response/ recovery/ transportation/ lifelines/ case study/ emergency
planning/ disaster plan/ environmental impact.

Rec# 7236.  Casadevall, Thomas J., ed. First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and
Aviation Safety: Program and Abstracts.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological
Survey.  1991; Circular 1065. 47 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, WA, Mount St. Helens, Redoubt, Costa Rica, Indonesia.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies.
Near disastrous consequences have resulted after the engines of commercial jet aircraft
accidentally ingested airborne ash from volcano eruptions. In 1982, for example, two incidents
occurred within 3 weeks of each other when Boeing 747-200 passenger aircraft encountered ash
from two separate eruptions of Galunggung Volcano in Java. In both cases, the ash caused thrust
loss in all four engines. After powerless descent of nearly 25,000 feet, the pilots were able to
restart the engines and land safely. Closer to home, volcanic ash produced by the 1989-90
eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in Alaska widely affected the safety of commercial and military
air operations in the vicinity of Anchorage. Held July 8-12 in Seattle, Washington, this
symposium focused on two broad topics: to encourage improvements in the detection, tracking,
and warning of volcanic ash hazard so that aircraft may avoid ash clouds; and to review the
effects of volcanic ash on aircraft so that pilots who encounter ash can respond appropriately.
Over 85 abstracts are included in this publication that deal with such diverse topics as the
cleanup of a major airport after Mount St. Helens erupted, the effects of ash on jet engines, and
new technologies for forecasting the movement of volcanic plumes.
I00060.
volcano/ ashfall/ air pollution/ meteorology/ transportation accident/ risk assessment/ forecasting/
economic impact/ warning systems/ damage assessment/ modeling/ emergency planning/
emergency response.

Rec# 4421. Carson, Rob. Mount St. Helens: The Eruption and Recovery of a Volcano.  Seattle,
Wash.: Sasquatch Books; 1990. 160 pp.
Note: Glossary. 0 references.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Ten years after Mount St. Helens erupted, life has returned to the area devastated by the
pyroclastic blast of May 18, 1980. Utilizing a set of stunning photos, this book describes the
eruptive sequence and the damage it caused, and then chronicles recovery processes slowly being
achieved by plants, animals, and human society. Other  topics addressed in the book include the
many concurrent scientific research projects being conducted at this unique field laboratory, the
growing conflict between scientists and recreationalists, and the numerous ways humans have
already altered the post-eruptive ecology. Facts stated about the recovery include 1) one bridge
on a new $145 million recreation highway cost $12.7 million--more than the entire public
contribution for biological and geological research on the mountain; 2) beginning in September
1980, Weyerhaeuser recovered 850 million board feet of lumber from its lands in just two
years--most of which was shipped to Japan; and 3) snowmobiles can cause irrevocable damage to
the recovering terrain.
I00055.
volcano/ federal funding/ recovery/ local planning/ biology/ economic impact/ COE/
volcanology/ environmental impact/ risk assessment/ recreation.

Rec# 16396. Carlton, David K.; Barker, Bruce; Nelson, Ralph, and Stypula, Jeanne. Effect of lost
floodplain storage on flood peaks. : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Partnerships:
Effective Flood Hazard Management; 1989 May 22-1989 May 27; Scottsdale, Ariz. Boulder,
Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center; 1990; Special Publication No. 22 ; 237-240, 295 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 6 references.  Contribution of urbanization to downstream flood levels.
F00455.
floodplain management/ hydrology/ riverine flood/ stormwater management/ risk assessment/
case study.

Rec# 15479. Carlton, David K. Washington state's flood control assistance account program. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Cross Training: Light the Torch; 1993 Mar
16-1993 Mar 18; Atlanta, Georgia. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of
Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1993;
Special Publication No. 29 ; 161-166, 244 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 2 references.
F00556.
floodplain management/ state planning/ intergovernmental/ local planning.

Rec# 15374. Carlton, Dave and Ritland, Kerry. Two-dimensional modeling: A case study. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Nania--"All Together": Comprehensive
Watershed Management; 1994 May 8-1994 May 13; Tulsa, Okla. Boulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1994; Special Publication No. 30; 259-264, 454 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
F00579.
riverine flood/ hydrology/ modeling/ case study/ mapping/ floodplain management/
decisionmaking.

Rec# 5142. Burkhart, Ford N. Media, Emergency Warnings, and Citizen Response.  Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press; 1991. 162 pp.
Note: 158 references. Lessons learned. Questionnaire.
Geoarea: US, TX, Abilene, WA, Mount Vernon.
The author suggests that three types of warning channels--mass media, public officials, and
social networks--play different roles in a community's response to the threat of disaster. The
study examines how the source of warnings affects behavior in both a natural and a technological
emergency. Also explored are the factors associated with the credibility of warning sources. The
media--particularly television--and social networks are primary channels for preparedness
information, yet citizens prefer to turn to public officials when searching for details concerning
community emergency plans. The author discusses the roles of officials, the mass media, and
social networks in the preparedness and response phases of disaster management and identifies
potential partnership roles between disaster managers and the media. Findings from the study
include: 1) citizens tend to use social networks to relay and receive warnings in a chemical
emergency; 2) citizens make use of the mass media when attempting to manage information
about hazards with long lead-times; 3) emergency managers should avoid generic approaches to
using the media--different hazard agents and different disaster settings require custom-made
warnings from the media; and 4) as confirmation sources, the media played a less important role
than did social networks or officials.
R00158.
riverine flood/ transportation accident/ toxic chemicals/ warning systems/ media/ emergency
management/ evacuation/ warning methods/ warning responses/ local planning/ preparedness.

Rec# 16221. Burian, John G. Identification and restudy of high-hazard areas along the coasts of
San Francisco Bay, California, and Puget Sound, Washington. : Association of State Floodplain
Managers. Challenges Ahead: Flood Loss Reduction Strategies for the '90sBoulder, Colo.:
University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center; 1991; Special Publication No. 23; 209-212, 278 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, San Francisco, Puget Sound.
Note: 0 references.
F00466.
coastal zone management/ risk assessment/ coastal flood/ coastal erosion.

Rec# 3430. Buist, A. Sonia and Bernstein, Robert S. Health Effects of Volcanoes: An Approach
to Evaluating the Health Effects of an Environmental Hazard. American Journal of Public
Health. (March 1986); 76(Special Supplement):(90 pp).
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Nearly 400 references. 2 copies.
This monograph provides a case study of the responses of North American communities, public
health agencies, and research scientists to the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The
publication includes chapters on the epidemiological effects of explosive volcanism; aspects of
volcanism of which health professionals should be aware; immediate public health concerns in
volcanic eruptions; the development of a plan for evaluating the long-term health effects of the
eruptions; identification of the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic hezards; the
effects of the disaster on mental health; and preventive health measures that can be taken during
volcanic eruptions. The editors think that the approach described in this supplement can be
generalized to the evaluation of other environmental hazards. Ten authored papers appear in the
supplement.
IZ00040.
volcano/ emergency medical services/ epidemiology/ chemistry/ mental health services/
morbidity/ mortality/ public health/ case study.

Rec# 17378.  Brugman, Melinda M. and Post, Austin. Effect of Volcanism on the Glaciers of
Mount St. Helens.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; USGS Circular No.
850-D. 11 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
The study mentions that the melting and recrystallization of snow and ice remaining on the
volcano could case and lubricate mudflows and generate outburst floods.
volcano/ glacial flood/ mudflow flood/ risk assessment.

Rec# 2836. Brown, John H. Radio hams fill a data gap. NOAA. (Spring 1982); 12(2):24-25.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
RZ00021.
emergency communications/ emergency response/ volcano/ weather forecasting/ NWS/ data
management.

Rec# 16254.  : Brown, James K.; Mutch, Robert W.; Spoon, Charles W., and Wakimoto, Ronald
H., tech. coords. Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management; 1993
Mar 30-1993 Apr 1; Missoula, Montana. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station; 1995; General Technical Report INT-GTR-320283 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Canada, CA, MT, NM, Yellowstone, Glacier National Park, WA, AZ, AK, CO,
WY.
Note: Most papers have references.  NTIS number is PB96-111281GAR.
This volume contains 75 papers dealing with wildfire in wilderness and park management.  The
general themes are attaining wilderness management goals, addressing management constraints ,
and implementing programs.  Topics addressed include National Park Service wildfire policy and
programs, prescribed fires in wilderness areas, political and media issues, air quality and the
Federal Clean Air Act, policy options and alternatives, and postfire vegetation regeneration.
M00099.
wildfire/ botany/ environmental impact/ federal planning/ legislation-regulation/ public policy/
emergency management/ risk management/ politics/ foreign planning/ air pollution/ geographic
information systems.

Rec# 5520.  : Brennan, Ann M. and Lander, James F., eds. Second UJNR Tsunami Workshop:
ProceedingsBoulder, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National
Geophysical Data Center; 1991; NGDC Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 24260
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Peru, Japan.
Note: Papers have references. Participant list.
The second UJNR (United States-Japan Natural Resources Development Program) Tsunami
Workshop, held in Hawaii in November 1990, addressed three main topics: predictions and
observations of tsunami behavior in coastal waters and on land, applications of numerical
modeling techniques, and protective measures in the U.S. and Japan with regard to the use of
numerical models and the design tsunami concept. While most of the papers are distinctly
technical, several contributions address subjects of interest to disaster planners. These include 1)
an analysis of criteria for identifying tsunami events likely to produce far-field damage; 2 an
evaluation of Project THRUST (Tsunami Hazards Reduction Utilizing Systems Technology);
and 3) a study of urban planning for tsunamis in Grays Harbor, Washington and Lima, Peru.
Technical papers deal with subjects such as the simulation of runup distances, tsunami 
propagation, and the development of warning criteria.
E00772.
tsunami/ coastal flood/ prediction/ warning systems/ local planning/ foreign planning/
seismology/ risk assessment/ simulation/ urban areas/ land use management/ modeling.

Rec# 5668.  Beschta, R. L.; Blinn, T.; Grant, G. E.; Ice, G. G., and Swanson, F. J., eds. Erosion
and Sedimentation in the Pacific Rim.  Wallingford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: IAHS Press:
International Association of Hydrological Sciences.  1987; IAHA Publication No. 165. 510 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Peru, Japan, WA, Oregon, CA, AK.
Note: Proceedings. Most papers have references.
This volume consists of the proceedings of an international conference held at Oregon State
University during August 3-7, 1987. Eighty-eight papers or abstracts are grouped under eight
categories: "Cultural Perspectives on Erosion and Sedimentation Issues"; "Geomorphic and
Hydrologic Dynamics of Zero-Order Basins"; "Landslides and Other Mass-Movement
Processes"; "Debris Flow Dynamics and Processes"; "Infiltration and Surface Erosion in Natural
and Managed Systems"; "Effects of Fire on Geomorphic Processes and Features"; "Sediment
Transport and Channel Morphology"; and "Drainage Basin Response to Natural and
Anthropogenic Disturbance." Although many papers deal with technical hydrologic and
hydraulic themes, a substantial number of   the contributions contain material useful to disaster
and hazard mitigation.
S00002.
debris flow/ mass earth movements/ landslide/ soil erosion/ wildfire/ hydrology.

Rec# 7911.  Bernard, E. N., ed. International Tsunami Symposium Proceedings: 1987.  Seattle,
Wash.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.  1988; Contribution No. 1041. 340 pp.  
Geoarea: U.S., USSR, China, Japan, Mexico, WA, AK, Italy, Greece, Black Sea.
Note: Questionnaire. Papers have references.
Twenty-eight research reports and 7 abstracts are reprinted in this proceedings volume from the
thirteenth symposium of the Tsunami Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics. The volume is organized into three broad categories of tsunami research:
"Observations," "Physical Processes," and "Hazard Mitigation." Items of interest to hazard
managers include a questionnaire for rapid tsunami damage assessment, an account of historical
tsunamis affecting the U.S. and its territories, a paper on the structure of a tsunami early warning
system, and a discussion of the effectiveness of tsunami warnings and related communication
processes during the Nihon-Kai Chubu (Japan) earthquake of 1983. In addition to national
tsunami research status reports from the U.S. and Japan (each with an extensive set of
references), the volume presents analyses of the risks due to tsunamis for the west coast of
Mexico, the Black Sea, China, parts of the Mediterranean region, and Washington State/British
Columbia. The meeting was held   August 17-18, 1987, in Vancouver, British Columbia.
E00622.
tsunami/ warning systems/ warning responses/ damage assessment/ seismology/ historical
survey/ remote sensing/ risk assessment.

Rec# 4818.  : Berg, Neil H., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fire and Watershed
Management; 1988 Oct 26-1988 Oct 28; Sacramento, California.  Berkeley, Calif.: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1989;
General Technical Report PSW-109164 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, Oregon.
Note: Most papers have references.
This volume contains 26 papers and 15 poster papers dealing with management options to make
watersheds less susceptible to wildfire and to manage and restore burned areas after a fire. The
articles examine topics such as prescribed burning, fuel management, watershed impacts, soil
erosion, wildfire risk, and resource restoration. Case studies are presented of fire and watershed
management experiences in California, Washington, and Oregon. Also included in the volume
are two contributions that utilize demographic analysis as a tool to better understand problems
involving the wildland-urban interface.
M00063.
wildfire/ soil erosion/ water resources management/ recovery/ state response/ state planning/
hydrology/ case study/ demography/ land use management/ archeology.

Rec# 8664.  Bentley, Forrest G., comp. Mitigation of Ashfall Damage to Public Facilities:
Lessons Learned from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington.  Bothell, Wash.:
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region X.  1984; 70 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: 24 references.
IZ00217.
volcano/ ashfall/ damage assessment/ emergency planning/ emergency management.

Rec# 15262. Bennett, Katherine. A look at the effect of floodplain management regulations on
development patterns in 10 Northwest communities. : Association of State Floodplain Managers.
From the Mountains to the Sea--Developing Local Capability: Proceedings of the Nineteenth
Annual Conference of the Association of State Floodplain Managers; 1995 May 22-1995 May
26; Portland, Maine. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science,
Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1995;  Special Publication 31;
448-455, 486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, WA.
Note: 4 references.
F00604.
floodplain management/ federal planning/ NFIP/ local planning/ legislation-regulation/ land use
management.

Rec# 4402. Beget, J. E. Glacier Peak, Washington: A potentially hazardous cascade volcano.
Environmental Geology. 1983; 5(2):83-92.
Geoarea: US, WA, Glacier Peak.
Note: We have only two pages of article.
IZ00109.
volcano/ lava/ mudflow/ ashfall/ environmental impact.

Rec# 15751. Bean, Thomas C. Flood hazard regulations in King County, Washington's sensitive
areas ordinance. : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Inspiration: Come to the
Headwaters; 1991 Jun 10-1991 Jun 14; Denver Colo. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1992; Special Publication No. 24; 30-33, 400 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 8 references.
F00485.
floodplain management/ local planning/ legislation-regulation/ riverine flood/ hydrology.

Rec# 2219. Baxter, Peter J. Medical effects of volcanic eruptions. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1990;
52:532-544.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Martinique, Papua New Guinea, Italy, St. Vincent,
Philippines, HI, Colombia.
Note: 2 copies. 67 references.
This article summarizes the literature on volcano-caused morbidity and mortality. The trauma
analysis is performed by eruptive phenomena (pyroclastic flows/surges and lahars) and by
examining the impacts of past eruptions (Mount St. Helens, Mount Pelee, La Soufriere, Mount
Lamington, Nevado del Ruiz, etc.). Findings include 1) nuees ardentes may cause almost as
many thermal injuries as asphyxia-caused deaths; 2) evacuation is by far the best preventive
measure for avoiding trauma caused by lahars; 3) the most prevalent delayed cause of death from
lahars is from infected wounds and crush injury; 4) the ratio of dead to injured is significantly
greater in volcano disasters than any other natural disaster; and 5) emergency planners should
focus on providing protective measures at the edge of a nuee where the feasibility of surviving an
eruption is enhanced by various types of shelter.
IZ00161.
volcano/ morbidity/ mortality/ emergency planning/ emergency medical services/ emergency
response/ lahar.

Rec# 17022. Bates, Ken. Fisheries perspectives on gravel removal from river channels. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Realistic Approaches to Better Floodplain
Management; 1987 Jun 8-1987 Jun 13; Seattle, Wash. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1987; Special Publication No. 18; 292-298, 322 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 9 references.
F00241.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ channelization/ environmental impact/ biology.

Rec# 15410. Basich, Lawrence. Forest practices and their effects on floodplain analysis. :
Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Nania--"All Together": Comprehensive
Watershed Management; 1994 May 8-1994 May 13; Tulsa, Okla. Boulder, Colo.: University of
Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center; 1994; Special Publication No. 30; 371-373, 454 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 0 references.
F00579.
floodplain management/ deforestation/ water quality/ hydrology/ local planning.

Rec# 16698.  Barlow, D. P. Tsunami Hazards:  A Background to Regulation.  Victoria, British
Columbia: BC Environment, Water Management, Floodplain Management Branch.  1993;
C93-092380-4. 48 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, CA, HI, Japan, WA, Oregon, Canada, British Columbia.
Note: 201 references. Bibliography.
As a background towards development of tsunami flood damage reduction policy and
development controls for the British Columbia coast, this document summarizes information on
Pacific Coast tsunami and the means of limiting damage, including measures taken in the United
States in general and in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Oregon and Washington.  It describes
tsunami waves, their generation and character, the prediction of wave height, and defensive
works in Japan and the U.S.
EZ01683.
tsunami/ legislation-regulation/ emergency planning/ foreign planning/ risk assessment/ local
planning/ coastal zone management/ warning systems/ structural measures.

Rec# 4764. Balocki, James B. and Burges, Stephen J. Relationships between n-day flood
volumes for infrequent large floods. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.
1994; 120(6):794-818.
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon.
Note: 27 references.
FZ01289.
riverine flood/ frequency/ hydrology/ risk assessment.

Rec# 8586.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Strengthening Local Flood Protection
ProgramsBoulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1986; Special Publication No. 15308 pp. 

Geoarea: US, UT, TN NC, CA, Canada, LA, NV, Oregon, WA, CO, KS, KY, PA, IL, NJ.
Note: Some papers have references.
The volume consists of 45 papers describing the state-of-the-art in flood hazard mitigation. It
comprises the proceedings of the tenth annual conference of the ASFPM held in Pittsburgh, June
17-19, 1986. Following three plenary addresses reprinted as Part I, the second part contains 18
papers describing actual flood hazard mitigation procedures being used in various locations
around the U.S. The papers in Part III address the unique problems posed by coastal flooding,
whereas the presentations in Part IV describe federal programs for flood mitigation, analyzing
both current usage and prospects for change in the future. Part V deals with procedures and
analytical tools that can be used by most agencies to improve both flood hazard analysis and
mitigation. The concluding papers discuss the future of floodplain management and its
professional managerial elite. It is thought that innovative funding stratagems and cooperative
efforts will become the rule, and that the influence and responsibility of local governments and
community planners will grow.
F00240.
floodplain management/ local planning/ historical survey/ mudslide/ private sector/
floodproofing/ local funding/ self-help/ coastal flood/ riverine flood/ legislation-regulation/
forecasting/ computer modeling/ water conservation/ warning responses/ water resources
management/ structural measures.

Rec# 8598.  Association of State Floodplain Managers. Realistic Approaches to Better
Floodplain Management.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center.  1987; Special
Publication No. 18. 325 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Australia, IL, LA, AZ, CO, Denver, Boulder, UT, WA, IN.
Note: Most papers have references.
This volume comprises the proceedings of the 11th annual meeting of the ASFPM, held June
8-13, 1987, in Seattle, Washington. It contains 53 papers that describe most known methods to
improve flood hazard mitigation and decrease loss from floods. The first part of the book
presents two plenary addresses, as well as descriptions of state floodplain management
organizations in Arizona, Illinois, and Louisiana. Part Two contains papers that address the
pressing problems of actually reducing damage, managing stormwater, and regulating floodplain
development. Papers in Part Three discuss types of management tools: public awareness
campaigns, various technical tools, floodproofing, data bases and manuals, and flood warning
systems. Part Four deals with comprehensive planning stratagems, such as interjurisdictional
approaches, multiobjective programs, and problems associated with alluvial fan management.
Part Five presents nine papers dealing with coastal and riverine flood problems peculiar to the
state of Washington, such as storm surge, tsunamis, and rivers that have, or will have to transport
sediments from volcanic ash deposits.
F00241.
riverine flood/ tsunami/ floodplain management/ awareness/ stormwater management/
hydrology/ risk management/ state planning/ NFIP/ insurance/ realtors/ floodproofing/ computer
modeling/ warning equipment/ wetlands/ regional planning/ mapping/ alluvial fans/ volcano/
COE/ politics/ recovery.

Rec# 714.  Association of State Floodplain Managers. Need for Teamwork in Managing Flood
Hazards.  Sacramento, Calif.: Association of State Floodplain Managers.  1983; 31 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, LA, IN, WA.
Note: 0 references. 2 copies.
This packet summarizes the program and presentations at the Association of State Floodplain
Managers annual meeting, which was held in Sacramento, California, during April 26-29, 1983.
The conference was structured around four technical sessions dealing with the following topics:
public teamwork--involving and informing the public; approaches to treatment of unique
hazards; nonstructural considerations and developments; and agency teamwork--approaches to
teamwork in hazard mitigation. Over 20 presentations are summarized in the packet. Topics
discussed included the public approach to solving flooding problems in Pullman, Washington;
the role of lending institutions in floodplain management; mud flood mapping and regulations
for Los Angeles County; benefit-cost aspects of floodplain protection; the reduction of flood
hazards through cost-effective local flood warning systems; and multi-level teamwork in
reducing flood hazards.
FZ00233.
public administration/ public participation/ public policy/ mapping/ floodplain management/
warning methods/ intergovernmental/ nonstructural measures/ riverine flood/ lenders/ mudflow/
cost-benefit analysis/ warning systems/ interorganizational/ state planning/ local planning/
floodproofing/ landslide/ hydrology/ icejam flood/ alluvial fans.

Rec# 10019.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Multi-Objective Approaches to
Floodplain Management; 1992 May 18-1992 May 22; Grand Rapids, Mich.  Boulder, Colo.:
University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center; 1992; Special Publication No. 26 340 pp.  
Geoarea: US, IL, Chicago, WI, CA, Great Lakes, FL, AZ, WA, KY, TX, CO, ID.
Note: Most papers have references.
This volume contains 69 papers that summarize speeches, presentations, and round table
discussions that occurred at the May 1992 meeting in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The 16th annual
conference covered a wide range of flood topics, including the national assessment of floodplain
management in the U.S., flood hazard mitigation, dams, mitigation funding, hydrology and
hydraulics, watershed management, multiobjective planning, geographic information systems
and software applications, ice jam research, river conservation, water quality issues, and the
community rating system.
F00520.
floodplain management/ federal planning/ dam safety/ hydrology/ hydraulics/ geographic
information systems/ computer application/ water quality/ community rating system/ local
planning/ NWS/ psychological impact/ mental health services/ floodproofing/ channelization/
relocation/ acquisition/ evacuation/ stormwater management/ frequency/ insurance/ FEMA/
alluvial fan flood/ riverine flood/ data sources/ mapping/ icejam flood/ wetland management/
water pollution/ legislation-regulation.

Rec# 2824.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers, comp. Inspiration: Come to the
Headwaters; 1991 Jun 10-1991 Jun 14; Denver, Colo.  Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center;
1992; Special Publication No. 24400 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CO, OH, WA, Oregon, VA, NJ, AZ, CA, ND, TN, Italy, United Kingdom,
Australia, Taiwan.
Note: Most papers have references.
This volume represents the proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the ASFPM. It
contains 80 papers, which summarize speeches and presentations given at the June 1991
Colorado meeting. The conference examined virtually all aspects of floodplain management,
including multiobjective planning, federal programs, hazard mitigation, hydrology and
hydraulics, local flood warning, stormwater management, arid region issues, software
applications, geographic information systems and flood hazard mapping, ice jam control, and
lessons learned from recent floods. The papers draw from flood experiences in numerous parts of
the U.S., as well as from Australia, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan.
F00485.
floodplain management/ riverine flood/ local planning/ federal planning/ state planning/ foreign
planning/ warning systems/ legislation-regulation/ training/ emergency management/ acquisition/
risk assessment/ insurance/ data sources/ hydrology/ hydraulics/ urban areas/ modeling/ computer
application/ frequency/ dam safety/ stormwater management/ politics/ water quality/ arid region/
alluvial fans/ icejam flood/ floodproofing/ mapping/ geographic information systems/ case study/
coastal flood.

Rec# 14098.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers. From the Mountains to the
Sea--Developing Local Capability: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the
Association of State Floodplain Managers, May 22-26, 1995.; 1995 May 22-1995 May 26;
Portland, Maine. Boulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural
Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1995;  Special Publication 31486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, TX, IL, NV, VT, CO, Boulder, IA, OK, Tulsa, ME, SD, MO, AZ, CA, NH, KY,
WA, SC, NY, MA, GA, Japan, Canada.
Note: References following most papers. OBSERVER 20, No. 5 (May 1996): 5. Multiobjective
planning. 1993 Midwest flood.
This publication contains 85 papers on nearly all aspects of floodplain management. Sections
address local and regional efforts, building local capability, public involvement and education,
acquisition and relocation of flood-prone structures, multiobjective floodplain management,
watershed management, natural and cultural resources and environmental compliance, mapping,
modeling and new technology, flood-proofing, flood warnings, coastal hazards management,
national programs and international perspectives.
F00604.
Riverine flood/ floodplain management/ local planning/ damage assessment/ wildfire/
floodproofing/ relocation/ recovery/ icejam flood/ case study/ education/ FEMA/ acquisition/
social impact/ public participation/ regional planning/ stormwater management/ economic
analysis/ enforcement/ historical survey/ cultural preservation/ environmental impact/ federal
planning/ state planning/ legislation-regulation/ wetland management/ environmental studies/
mapping/ data sources/ land use management/ insurance/ geographic information systems/
hydrology/ modeling/ cost-benefit analysis/ warning systems/ COE/ forecasting/ coastal zone
management/ coastal erosion/ NFIP/ biology/ structural measures/ foreign planning/ water
resources management/ SBA/ disaster assistance/ civil engineering/ zoning/ Community Rating
System.

Rec# 10197.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers, ed. Cross Training: Light the
TorchBoulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center; 1993; Special Publication No. 29 244 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, NJ, TX, Trinity River Basin, GA, FL, HI, WI, CT.
Note: Papers have references. Hurricane Iniki.
Every year for the past 17 years, the ASFPM has met to discuss pressing floodplain management
issues, share ideas, and support fellow members in their quest to reduce deaths and damages
from floods and to improve the quality of America's floodplains. This is the proceedings volume
from the meeting held March 16-18, 1993 in Atlanta, Georgia. It contains papers that address
damages and reconstruction following Hurricane Andrew; the study of FEMA operations
conducted by the National Academy of Public Administration; flood hazard mitigation;
multiobjective floodplain management, geographic information systems and other digital tools;
stormwater management; codes, construction standards, and building performance; project
engineering; floodplain management program administration; and erosion.
F00556.
floodplain management/ coastal flood/ riverine flood/ geographic information systems/ building
codes/ hurricane/ computer application/ emergency management/ damage assessment/
nonstructural measures/ warning systems/ loss estimation/ local planning/ federal planning/
wetland management/ regional planning/ stormwater management/ coastal zone management/
state planning/ recovery/ FEMA/ reconstruction/ disaster assistance/ dam safety/ alluvial fan
flood/ soil erosion/ legislation-regulation/ dam failure flood/ schools/ hydrology.

Rec# 633.  : Association of State Floodplain Managers. Challenges Ahead: Flood Loss
Reduction Strategies for the '90sBoulder, Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center; 1991; Special
Publication No. 23278 pp.  
Geoarea: US, IL, OK, NC, MD, TX, LA, SC, WA, CA.
Note: Most papers have references.
This book contains 63 papers summarizing speeches and presentations given at the ASFPM
meeting held June 11-15, 1990 in Asheville, North Carolina. The papers are grouped under nine
categories: plenary addresses; flood hazard reduction strategies; stormwater management;
floodproofing; warning and preparedness; multiobjective management and natural values; coastal
floodplain management; improving floodplain maps; and assessing current computer models.
Papers of special interest explore the following topics: awareness of flood hazard in rural areas;
induced damage from groundwater floods; how to distinguish floodplains from wetlands; and the
automation of flood risk assessments for the NFIP.
F00466.
floodplain management/ coastal flood/ riverine flood/ risk assessment/ NFIP/ insurance/
mapping/ warning systems/ preparedness/ computer modeling/ training/ rural areas/ awareness/
legislation-regulation/ groundwater flood/ stormwater management/ local planning/ state
planning/ federal planning/ floodproofing/ recreation/ wetlands/ coastal erosion/ construction/
hurricane/ alluvial fans/ hydrology/ historical survey/ frequency.

Rec# 3533. Anderson, Jeremy. Learning from Mount St. Helens: Catastrophic event as
educational opportunities. Journal of Geography. (September-October 1987); 229-233.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
LZ00121.
volcano/ ashfall/ education/ psychological impact/ emergency planning/ risk perception.

Rec# 11634. Ahlquist, H. Maurice. Opening Remarks. . Flood Plains Management Conference;
1966 Aug 18; Olympia, Wash.  1966.
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 0 references.
FZ01023.
floodplain management/ state planning.

Rec# 3887. Adams, Paul R. and Adams, Gerald R. Mount St. Helens' ashfall: Evidence for a
disaster stress reaction. American Psychologist. (March 1984); 39(3):252-260.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Data for this study was compiled from the residents of Othello, Washington, on agricultural
community of approximately 5,000 inhabitants.  Previous research has identified numerous
possible psychological symptoms caused by disaster-related stress, with most of the studies
assessing these effects by the exclusive use of self-report data.  This investigation relied
exclusively on community-based statistical information, the assumption being that stress-related
problems would be manifested in the observable and recorded behavior of disaster victims.  The
data base extended from June 1 through December 31, 1980, while the control base was the same
seven-month period during 1979.  Nine illness-related indices were assessed in the study.  A
partial list of findings includes 1) patient admissions to the local hospital showed a decrease
(-7.2%), while emergency room visits showed a marked increase (21%); 2) general increases
were observed in stress-aggravated illnesses (198.2% increase), psychosomatic (218.8%
increase), and mental illness (235.8% increase) diagnoses in the local mental health clinic; and 3)
psychiatric commitment investigations (+33.8%), mental health appointments (+21.9%), and
crisis line calls (+79.2%) showed substantial increases in the seven-month postdisaster period. In
essence, the study revealed that the ash fallout disaster resulted in an extensive stress-reaction
effect on the community and its surrounding area.
IZ00072.
ashfall/ volcano/ psychological impact/ data analysis/ psychology/ mental health services.

Rec# 7316. Research & Exploration. National Geographic Society. Vol. 7, (Summer 1991).
ISSN Y.
Geoarea: Indonesia, Krakatau, US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Japan.
Note: Articles have references.
This issue of the journal offers three articles on volcanic eruptions and their effects. The first, by
Richard J. Arculus, et al, reports on the geochemical composition of Mounts Fuji and Hakone
and its implications for the eruptive behavior of the volcanoes. The second, "Krakatau," by
Haraldur Sigurdsson, et al, presents the results of an investigation into submarine pyroclastic
flows formed by the volcano's huge 1883 eruption. The first study to examine these deposits
since the eruption, its results provide critical new information about the volcanic processes that
took place and the origin of the ensuing devastating tsunamis. Virginia H. Dale's article on the
revegetation of Mount St. Helens debris avalanche presents findings about the relative success or
failure of natural and human-introduced seeding. The paper overviews past revegetation studies
and comments on the continuing increase in species diversity and the apparent adverse effect of
introduced species on native plant recovery. One of the paper's reviewers comments that
introduced plant species may provide yet another example of human intervention that provokes
unforeseen consequences; it may demonstrate a clear case for not introducing exotic species to
areas for which they are not ecologically suited. An extraordinary photograph on page 323 shows
a six-meter high tsunami bore head-on. The wave was generated by a pyroclastic flow from the
1981 eruption of Arak Krakatau.
I00062.
volcano/ geology/ geochemistry/ ashfall/ tsunami/ environmental impact/ biology/ recovery.