Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Harry Jenter

        Raymond Schaffranek (retired); Virginia Cater (retired); Jonathan K.
        Lee (deceased)
      Publication_Date: 1999-2003
      Title:
        Tides and Inflows in the Mangrove Ecotone (TIME) Model Development
        (Vegetative Resistance to Flow)
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tables
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/index.php?project_url=vege_resist/
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Surface-water flow models are needed to evaluate restoration and
      management alternatives for the south Florida ecosystem.  Model
      results are sensitive to expressions used to represent flow resistance
      due to vegetation.  The project seeks to develop methods for
      representing flow resistance due to vegetation types typically found
      in the Everglades.  The project also seeks an understanding of the
      effect of vegetation on surface-water flow and improved techniques for
      measuring flow velocities and water-surface slopes in wetlands.
    Purpose:
      Data fundamental to quantifying the effects that the highly variable
      vegetation of the Everglades has on shallow surface-water flows is
      lacking. Models presently being used to manage the ecosystem need to
      quantify the flow-resistance effects of vegetation in order to
      properly simulate flow. These management models have been forced to
      rely primarily on qualitative estimates and engineering judgments for
      the treatment and representation of vegetative flow resistance. The
      objectives of this project are: 1) to collect data to produce accurate
      values of flow-resistance coefficients for use in numerical simulation
      models, 2) to analyze these flow data to quantify the resistance
      effects of the submerged vegetation, 3) to investigate the  
      vegetation/flow-resistance correlation in controlled laboratory
      experiments and in the field, 4) to isolate the key vegetation
      properties to which the evaluation of resistance effects can best be
      correlated, and 5) to derive expressions that can be used to more
      creditably represent these effects in numerical models. These findings
      can be used to establish the validity of management models presently
      in use throughout the entire Everglades ecosystem as well as to
      provide improved expressions for representing the resistance effects
      of vegetation on flow for incorporation in newly developed models.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 199410
        Ending_Date: 200209
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Description_of_Geographic_Extent: mangove ecotone
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.201351
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -79.141576
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 27.141576
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.838753
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: biology
      Theme_Keyword: hydrology
      Theme_Keyword: flow
      Theme_Keyword: vegetation
      Theme_Keyword: Manning's n
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
      Theme_Keyword: biota
      Theme_Keyword: environment
      Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
      Theme_Keyword: 002
      Theme_Keyword: 007
      Theme_Keyword: 012
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of
        Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, 
        Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, DC,
        National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: United States
      Place_Keyword: US
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of
        the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the
        United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing
        Standard 5-2): Washington, DC, NIST
      Place_Keyword: Florida
      Place_Keyword: FL
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:
        Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of
        the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3,
        Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology
      Place_Keyword: Broward County
      Place_Keyword: Collier County
      Place_Keyword: Glades County
      Place_Keyword: Hendry county
      Place_Keyword: Martin County
      Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County
      Place_Keyword: Palm Beach County
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
      Place_Keyword: Shark River Slough
      Place_Keyword: Taylor Slough
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: Greater Lake Okeechobee
      Place_Keyword: South East Coast
      Place_Keyword: SW Big Cypress
      Place_Keyword: WCA2
      Place_Keyword: Water Conservation Area 2
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Harry Jenter
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 430 National Center
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 20192
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-5916
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-5484
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hjenter@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/01-102/fig1x.jpg
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
      map showing location of Taylor Slough vegetation sampling quadrats on
      the upper, middle, and lower transects
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-187/fig1.gif
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: map showing location of sites P33 and NESR3 in Shark River Slough
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF
  Data_Set_Credit: Project personnel include Kevin Kotun (ENP) and Cheryl Lee
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: html tables
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Carter, Virginia

        Rybicki, Nancy B.; Reel, Justin T.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Stewart, David
        W.; Jones, John W.
      Publication_Date: 199907
      Title:
        Classification of Vegetation for Surface-Water Flow Models in Taylor
        Slough, Everglades National Park
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Third International Symposium on Ecohydraulics
        Issue_Identification: Proceedings
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Salt Lake City, UT
        Publisher:
          International Association for Hydraulic Research Association for
          Hydraulic Research (IAHR)
      Online_Linkage: http://time.er.usgs.gov/sics/vegclass/vegclass.pdf
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Carter, Virginia

        Ruhl, Henry A.; Rybicki, Nancy B.; Reel, Justin T.; Gammon, Patricia
        T.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of
        Vegetation Sampling at Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough,
        April, 1996
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open File Report
        Issue_Identification: 99-187
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-187/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Carter, Virginia

        Reel, Justin T.; Rybicki, Nancy B.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Gammon, Patricia
        T.; Lee, Jonathan K.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of
        Vegetation Sampling ar Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough,
        November, 1996
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open File Report
        Issue_Identification: 99-218
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-218/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Rybicki, N. B.

        Reel, J.; Ruhl, H. A.; Gammon, P. T.; Carter, V.; Lee, J. K.
      Publication_Date: 1999
      Title:
        Biomass and Vegetative Characteristics of Sawgrass Grown in a
        Tilting Flume as Part of a Study of Vegetative Resistance to Flow
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open File Report
        Issue_Identification: 99-230
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-230/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Rybicki, Nancy B.

        Reel, Justin T.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Gammon, Patricia T.; Carter,
        Virginia
      Publication_Date: 2001
      Title:
        Vegetative Resistance to Flow: Summary of Vegetation Sampling in
        Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, September 1997-July 1998
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: 01-102
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/01-102/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Rybicki, Nancy B.

        Reel, Justin T.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Gammon, Patricia T.; Carter,
        Virginia; Lee, Jonathan K.
      Publication_Date: 2000
      Title:
        Sawgrass density, biomass, and leaf area index: a flume study in
        support of research in wind sheltering effects in the Florida
        Everglades
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open File Report
        Issue_Identification: 00-172
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-172/
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Lee, J. K.

        Visser, H. M.; Jenter, H. L.; Duff, M. P.
      Publication_Date: 2000
      Title:
        Velocity and Stage Data Collected in a Laboratory Flume for Water
        Surface Slope Determination Using a Pipe Manometer
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report
        Issue_Identification: 00-393
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Reston, VA
        Publisher: U. S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-393/
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable
  Completeness_Report: not available
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Velocity-profile and vegetation data collected in the flume in FY
        1996 and FY 1997 were analyzed.  Water-surface-elevation and
        pipe-flow data collected in the flume in FY 1996 were analyzed and
        used to calibrate a unique pipe manometer used to obtain
        water-surface slopes in wetlands.   A 2.4-meter-long,
        7.6-centimeter-diameter plastic pipe with a short elbow at one end
        is positioned horizontally just below the water surface and parallel
        to the flow direction with the elbow at the upstream end and
        pointing down.  The velocity of water in the pipe is a function of
        the characteristics of the pipe and the difference in  water-surface
        elevation at the entrance and exit.  The centerline flow velocity in
        the pipe is measured by inserting an ADV that is equipped with a
        side-looking probe into the downstream end of the pipe.  The pipe
        was calibrated in the flume at the hydraulics laboratory at Stennis
        Space Center and has proven to be an efficient, accurate method for
        the local measurement of water-surface slopes for the low-velocity,
        small-gradient flows of the Everglades.

        Velocity-profile and vegetation data collected in the field in FY
        1996 and FY 1997 at sites P33 and NESRS3 in the Everglades National
        Park were analyzed.  Pipe-flow data collected at these sites in FY
        1997 were analyzed, and water-surface slopes were obtained from the
        pipe-flow data.  Field measurements were made in November 1997 in
        the Taylor Slough basin in the Everglades National Park to obtain
        information on the relation between flow and vegetation
        characteristics.  Measurement of flow depth, flow velocity, and
        water-surface slope was necessary to evaluate flow resistance. 
        Vegetation was sampled wherever hydraulic measurements were made. 
        Approximately 20 hydraulic and 20 vegetation measurements were made
        during this field trip.  An ADV was used to measure flow velocities,
        and the pipe manometer was used to obtain water-surface slopes.
      Process_Date: 1998
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Data collected in the USGS tilting flume at the Stennis Space
        Center, MS, were used to determine the flow resistance of uniform
        stands of sawgrass.  Experiments were conducted for five flow depths
        between 0.15 and 0.76 meters, for mean cross-sectional velocities
        between 0.15 and 5 cm/s, and for three plant densities.  Hydraulic
        measurements of the water-surface slope and flow velocities were
        made during each experiment using modified hook gages and acoustic
        Doppler velocity (ADV) meters. The vegetation in the flume was
        sampled and characterized during each experimental series (Rybicki,
        et. al., 1999), each consisting of 20 to 40 experiments.  The
        vegetation in the flume was sampled to determine, as a function of
        depth, the biomass per unit area, number of stems and leaves per
        unit area, leaf and stem widths, as well as other characteristics. 
        Concurrent flow and vegetation data  were also collected at numerous
        sites in Shark Valley Slough, Taylor Slough, WCA-2, and the ENR area
        for various types of plant communities including sawgrass, rush,
        cattail, and others, to supplement the laboratory experiments.

        In order to collect the data needed to evaluate and develop
        flow-resistance expressions, a unique pipe-manometer method was
        devised to determine the local water-surface slope in wetlands.  The
        device is a 2.4-meter-long plastic pipe, 7.6 cm in diameter, with a
        90-degree elbow at one end.  The pipe was positioned in the water
        column parallel to the flow direction and an ADV meter equipped with
        a side-looking probe was used to measure the centerline flow
        velocity in the pipe.  Knowing the flow characteristics of the pipe,
        the difference in the water-surface elevation at the ends of the
        pipe is calculated from appropriate expressions using the measured
        centerline flow velocity in the pipe. The pipe manometer is
        currently calibrated, and appears to hold great potential as an
        efficient, accurate method for the local measurement of the shallow
        water-surface slopes typical of the low-velocity, small-gradient
        flows in the Everglades.

        The death of Dr. Jonathan Lee, the project chief, in December of
        1999 prompted the need for development of new approaches to
        accomplish the project objectives.  All project laboratory and field
        datasets collected over the four-year duration of the project
        (1996-1999) were organized and catalogued by project personnel
        during December of 1999 and January of 2000 and have been analyzed
        throughout the remainder of the year to yield velocity profiles,
        depth-averaged velocities and Mannings n values.  Data from the
        laboratory, Shark Slough, Taylor Slough and Water Conservation Area
        2A have been analyzed and tabulated.  Summary reports describing
        these data sets were prepared.

        In the spring of 2000, contracts were initiated with Dr. Vincent Lai
        to complete the pipe manometer theoretical analysis and calibration
        and Dr. Lisa Roig to complete the vegetative resistance calculations
        for both laboratory and field data.

        All data pertaining to the calibration of the pipe manometer were
        processed during January and February of 2000.  The data were turned
        over to Lai for evaluation in March 2000. In turn, Lai has provided
        the Project Chiefs with a draft report describing the theory of the
        pipe manometer, including definition of the limits of laminar,
        transitional and turbulent flow theory.

        At the end of March, Roig initiated a literature review on the
        subject of vegetative resistance to flow using Lees files and notes
        as one source of reference information.  This review is completed
        and serves as a precursor to her analysis of Lees laboratory and
        field data.  It also serves as a valuable reference resource for
        others contributing to this project.

        Major scientific outcomes for this project during FY 2000 included:

        1. The theoretical limits of applicability of Lees pipe manometer
        method for computing water-surface slopes have been determined and
        defined. This allows other researchers to identify situations in
        which the pipe manometer technique can be used to accurately measure
        the local water-surface slope.

        2. The pipe manometer calibration data show a distinct,
        nearly-linear variation between the pipe centerline velocity and the
        square root of the water surface slope.  For the pipe manometer
        geometry used on this project in both the field and laboratory, this
        implies that the developed calibration is applicable throughout the
        range of velocities typically observed in the Everglades
        (Calibration data collected in the laboratory span the range 0.3
        cm/s - 7.5 cm/s).
      Process_Date: 2000
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Harry Jenter
            Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing address
            Address: 430 National Center
            City: Reston
            State_or_Province: VA
            Postal_Code: 20192
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-5916
          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-5484
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hjenter@usgs.gov
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Table 1 shows the procedures used at each vegetation sampling and
      treatment between and during sampling dates

      Table 2 contains selected results of flume vegetation sampling for six
      months.  Parameters are Average total biomass, Class (medium
      sawgrass), Total number of leaves at 40-60 cm, Total number of leaves
      at 20-40 cm, Total number of culms at 0-20 cm, Total number of culms
      at 20-40 cm, and Total dead biomass at 9 months, 13 months, 17 months,
      21 months, 27 months, and 30 months.

      Table 3 shows the summary of uncorrected Leaf Area Indices (LAI) for
      six plant ages (9 months, 13 months, 17 months, 21 months, 27 months,
      and 30 months) for 60-90 cm, 40-60 cm, 24-40 cm, 0-20 cm and total.

      Table 4 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for
      September, 1995 (9 months)

      Table 5 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for January,
      1996 (13 months)

      Table 6 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for May, 1996
      (17 months)

      Table 7 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for October,
      1996 (21 months)

      Table 8 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for March,
      1997 (27 months)

      Table 9 shows data for the sawgrass biomass in the flume for June,
      1997 (30 months)
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS Open-File Report 99-230
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 600 Fourth St. South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov
  Resource_Description: Vegetative Resistance to Flow Data
  Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: PDF
        Format_Information_Content:
          tables showing procedures, selected results, and data collected
          for six sampling dates
        Transfer_Size: 2.8
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-230/tables.html
              Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-230/pdf.html
          Access_Instructions: The data may be downloaded from the SOFIA website
    Fees: none
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20081111
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Heather Henkel
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing and physical address
        Address: 600 Fourth Street South
        City: St. Petersburg
        State_or_Province: FL
        Postal_Code: 33701
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: none
  Metadata_Use_Constraints:
    This metadata record may have been copied from the SOFIA website and may
    not be the most recent version.  Please check
    http://sofia.usgs.gov/metadata to be sure you have the most recent
    version.