APRIL, 1886. 90 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
- -- - --
this area of low pressure was central near, and to the we& of, Bismarck, Dakota, a t the time of the occurrence of thc tlestruc- tive tornadoes in Minnesota. Strong south to east winds were
reported in eastern Minneuota at 3 p. m. of that date, while in wester11 Minnesota the winds were from the south and blowing at the rate of from thirty to thirty-five miles por hour. This storm passed directly north from Dakota and diuappeared
on the 15th, the centre being located far to the north of Mani- toba at midnight of that date. V.-This area of low pressure is marked as mutral i u Colo- rado on the morning of the 22d, but the tri-daily report5 of t h e 19th, 20th, and 21st indicated that i t originated to the south of Arizona the depression moving first to the north over the ceu- tral plateau regions. It passed directly northeast from Colo-
rado and was central in eastern Dakota at the 10 p. m. report of that date. After reaching the latitude of N. Go the course chsuged to the east and it passed over the upper lake region
with decreasing energy, the pressure increasing withiu the en- closed area until it wa8 apparently replaced by the advance of a high area from the uorth. When this storm was pwing
over the Lake region a more marked depressiou appeared to the northward and passed over the lower Saint Lawrence valley. The area of high pressure which followed this last
named storm caused the area traced as number iii to disappear before reaching the Atlantic coast. Although this storm can-
not be traced to the eltstward by isobars drawn for each teuth of an inch of pressure, the severe local storms which occurred
in the middle Atlantic states on the 24th indicated that it passed off t h e middle Atlantic c o a t , moving slightly to the
south of east. VI.-The tri-daily reports of the ibd indicated the advatice of a low area from the Rio Grsnde Valley but this storm w a
not clearly defined m an area of low pressure until the after- noon of the 24th, when i t was ceutral in northeastern New Mexico. I t moved northeastward of Kansas, Nebraska, aud Minnesota during the 25th and 26th, attended by heavy raios
and severe local storms in tlie northwestern states, the die- turbance reaching its maximum force wheu central in north- western Wisconsin on the 26th. From northern Wisconsin it
moved directly north, passing over Lake Superior, and after apparently circling to the westward i t disappeared north of
Manitoba on t h e 27th. VII.-This low area formed over the middle dope on the
27th and moved slowly emtward over Kansas and Iowa during the 28th and 29th, the deprasion being trough.shaped and
extending southward to the Gulf coast. The northern portion of thiR low area apparently disappeared after passing to the
east of the upper Mississippi valley, although a slight disturb- ance may be traced to the sonth Atlantic coast during the 30th, as indicated by the storm track traced on chart i.
Severe local storms occurred in the Qulf States on the 28th, apparently due to a secondary depression which formed in the Routhwcqt and south. These storms were especially severe in the soutliern portion of the ea& Gulf States ou the 28th and
29th.
NORTH ATLANTIC STORMS DURING APRIL, 18S6.
[Pramre in i n c h a d miUimetres; windforce by Beuufort scale.]
The paths of the depressions that have appeared over the north Atlantic Oceau during the month are determined, approxi- mately, from international simultaneous observations furnished by captains of ocean steamships and sailing vessels ; abstracts of ships logs and other data collected by the Sigual Service agencies at the ports of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia; reports received through the co-operation of the i6 New York Herald Weather Service ;  abstracts of ships logs furnished by the proprietors of t h e New York Maritime Register, and from other miscellaneous data, received at this office u p
to May 21,1886. Of the thirteen depressions traced during tlic month only one, number 3, is a continuation of ti11 area of low pressure traced on the North American continent ; number 4 iri tracetl
. _ . . . . .-. . -
)u the coast of Ireland ; number 7 origiuated northemt of the Bahamu ; unmber 10 appeared in the Gulf of Saint Lawrouce ;
and number 13 developed near Uharleston, Sontli Carolina ;
the remaining depressions developed brer the ocean east of W.
jOo, from N. 37O to SOo.
The following preseuts tlie characteristic8 of the depressions traced for t h e present montlr, aa compared with those traced wer the north Atlautic iu April, 1885: In April, 1885, the Kenera1 course of the utorrns was northeasterly, and the tracks were locatd within :t narrow belt of a few degrees width; during April, 1886, the directions of movement exhibit the greatest diversity, and their positions extend from N. 37O to 550, in lougitude from W. 50 to the European coast. A third noticeable characteristic of the storms of the present month is
their exceedingly slow rate of progression. Iu three depreasions, viz., numbers 1, 4, and 11, pressurey below 29.00 (736.6) were reported; in the remainiugonly mod- erato or slight energg was displayed. East of W. 40O high
westerly winds prevailed from the 2d to the 11th; from the. 12th to t h e 16th the winds were generally l i g h t and variable; from the 16th to the 28th prevailing from the east, and the 29th and 30th from the south. The month opened with an area
of high pressure, 30.80 (774.6), central iu N. 35O, W. Go, and extending westward to the coast of the United States, where the pressure fell below 29.90 (759.4), in N. 4O0, due to a low area central over the Lake region. This extended high area remained central in mid-ocean, between N. 30 and 40, until
the l l t h , when i t moved nortlreastward and wa.9 central off the coast of the British Ides on the 16th, with pressure 30.50 (774.6); from t h i s date to the 18th, inclusive, it extended westward
to the thirtieth meridian. On t h e 10th an area of high press- ure passed off the coast of t h e United States, and or~ the 11th the pressure was above 30.00 (762.2) over the whole Atlantic between N. 30 and 48O ; on the 12th the high area was central
uear N. 40, W. 60, where presriures ranging from 30.70 (779.7) to 30.80 (782.2) were reported, :i.nd on the 18th extended east- w5rd to the meridian of W. 500; on the 14th to W. 45O; on the 16th to W. 40; and on the 16th joined tlie high area above described off the British Isles, giving continuously high preRs- ores from America to Europe. On the 17th and 18th the de-
velopment of depressious numbers 6 and 7 broke this extensive
area of high pressure, which then rapidly disappeared. By the 20th low pressure had overspread the whole ocean, except off tlie coast of the United States, being lowest in the mid-At- lantic, where 29.60 (749.2) was reported. This generally ex- tended low area continued, with falling barometer, from %hi8 date to the close of the month, when the preseure at the centre of depression number 11 was reported below 29.00 (736.6). The following are brief descriptions of the depression8 charted :
l.-This storm was the most severe of any occurring during the month, the pressnre at t h e centre ranging froin 28.10 (713.7) to 28.75 (730.2). With no iudication of its formation on the moruing of March 31st, i t appewed suddenly near N. 470, W. 32O, during the afternoon of that date and blew with terrific violeuce. The hurricane moved northeastward, and at 12 uoon (Greenwich time) of the 2d i R charted off the northwe& coast
of tlie British Isles. The following special reports describe its formatioil aud
severity :
Capt. J. W. Jones, of t h e s. s. L L Chicago. in N. 46O 401, W. 32O, reports : At noon March 31st, every appearance of a Revere storm, the whole sky being of leaden hue, wind increasing to
8 hurricane, and barometer felling rapidly, reaching 29.28 (743.7) at 5 p. m.; the wind blew in severe gusts from wsw.; at 6 p. m. wind suddenly shifted to nw., blowing tremendously, and terrific sea running; moderated towards midnight, ba- rometer rising. The 8. s. b L Lord Olive, P. Uqnhart, com- manding, at 11.30 p. m. (Greenmich mean time) reports wind suddenly increased from an ordinary gale of force about 10 to a terrific hurricane from the nnw., with barometer at 28.20
(716.3), which commenced to rim i b t once. The hurricane lasted
APRIL, 1886.
Preasure.
...... -
I*cLsr.
19. I
19.81
3.64 19.25 18.01
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Ilemarkn.
. ........ __ -
Tlils barometer h a a correctlor1 of + 0.02 lncll Location i i t time of towent brrorncter, N. 470 4 i f , W. 1541.
91
about one and a halfhours, and siibsided into a gale. Position, nooil (Greenwich mean time) 31st, N. 48O 401, W. 29O 22. The 8. a. LHermann,7 H. Baur, commanding, in N. 48O, W. 22O 40 to 26O, from uoon (Greenwich mean time), March 31st,
to April lst, reports : ( 31st, 9.40 p. m. (Greenwich mean time), sky dark and gloomy; wind sets in from west with force 7, backs to me., increaaing to force 10, and blowing with this
force until 17 h. and 20 m., when i t veered to WRW. and wnw., and abated to force 6; at 18 11. i t suddenly blew a hurricane froin the nue. until 20 b. 10 m. ; water and air mere indistin-
guishable at 20.10, wind moderated to force 11, and a t 21.40 to 10, blowing with this force from the north and raising a terribly high sea, with heavy breaker8, until 6 h. April lst, then wind a n d
weather moderated gradually. The following bi-hourly barometer reedings, corrected for tem-
perature, are given :
i March 31 .............. j Do..... ............ Do .. ............. Do .................. Do, ............... !
Do -............... ! Do .1
.............. I Do ................. i
Do ................. Do ................. Aprll I _ ...............
I Do .................
I I . M.
5 30 7 30
9 30 X I 30
13 30
1.5 30
I7 30
19 30 ai 30
30
3 30
2; 30
28.jI
28.51
18.70
19.11
19.32
a944
19.51
. Capt. X. Fitt, of the s. 8.  Virginiau,j rel)orts: (6 March
31st, 8 p. m., wind southwith darkovercast weather and rain,
~
with averycoiifused sea; gl;w falliugrapidly ;* 10 p. m., w i r l t l
shifted to the west with heavy gust8 of wind and rain ; a t mid-
night the barometer had fallen to 28.BG (725.2). and a fierce nu;. wind blew with hurricane force, coutihuingkor six hoars ;
as soon 8s the wind veered from a. to nne. the pressure began
to rise rapidly; position at 12 noon, Greenwich time, April
l s t , N. 48 OW, W. 30 22/. R. Inkstel., mate of the 8 . a.
4 Queen, reports: ( March 31et. at 12 hours (midnight, Qreenwich mean time), barometer 28.70 (72%0), wind variable
and moderate. shiftiug from sw. to nw. with heavy rain; wind increased rapidly to a hurricane, reaching iB greatest force at 16 hours (Greenwicli mean time) ; position at noou (Green-
wich mean time), April lst, N. 47O 18, W. 260 28f.97
The following is furnished by Mr. J. H. Newman, of the R. a.
6 Denmark, E. 5. Rigby, commanding :
The centre 01 a violent hurricane, proceedingabout ne. by e., or cne., this vessel on A ril lst, iii N. 40 IO, W. 20 48. The weather hncf?::: roogh and uiisctged for several days previous, the wind ahifling hetween SW.
and nw., blowing stron with heavy confused sew, an@ barometer rnngiri frpm 29.50 (749.8) to 2 9 .0 (?69.4), nnd temperuturefroni 40 to 600 Fnhr. &nng
the whole night of h r c h 30th flashes of diRtnnt lightning were obnerved in the
BW. and western horizons, and the nky appeared very threatening. llie wind being then wnw.. blew a fresh gale, nccompanied by fierce squalls and hail,
with a hi h sea and rising barometer. At 1.80 (Greenwich menn time), Jlorch 8Ist, the%nrometer. stnilding then nt 29.86 (768.4), began to fnll and the wind moderated rapidly ; at 7.46 light virriable nim, fnlling bnrorneter, and rising
temperntiire ; from 10.15 to 13.16 the barometer fell at the rate of one-tenth
of an inch an hour, while the wind gradually backed from w. to s., and in-
creesed rapidly.
fmsage of tlre soutlreaat quadrant of the liurricu~te.-At 18.20 Green- wich menn time) the gale blew ntrong about 6. by w., tlie sky was o 6 ecured
b dense, smokv lookin eloiids and n very henvy sea was running ; at 14.60 coume w& nlteref from w. 1 S. to wnw., which COUPB~ was kept until
18.22.; diiriiq this time the barometer fell at the rate of 0.1G inch er hour, ehowin a qulcker approach to the vortex ; the wind also increme$ accoin- panied%y heavy rniii and a dangerous southerly sea ; ut 18.22 the course WW
again altered to SEW., nfter which thc barometer fell dower (about. 10 inch per
hour) until 1.12 April let, when it reached ita lowest rending, 28.08 (713.2 . The wind hnd decrensed rapidly during the previous two hours ; the clouds broke, but still appeared threatexring, and a swell began to rise from the nw.;
at 1.30 it watl uearly culm, nnd the centre or vortex may have pawed abollt
this time. Paesage of the ~outhioevt quadrant of tire ?iuwicaite.-At 1.43 the wind
veered to w.; nt 2.08 from w. to nw. by w., nnd Rnddenly began to blow wit11 bonicane force : the sen COllfilR~d nnd very dangerous. cniising the vessel to
labor ver heavily and ship luge quantities of water; at 8.28 the barometer rose rapi& at the rate of .29 inch per liour; 6.28, the gale broke into terrific equallu, accompanied by hail, nfter which the bnronieter rose slowly and the squnlls became lesu frequent and severe ; 14.80, hospliorescent lights were
seen 011 ench masthead and foreynrd-arms, where t h y remained for some time. The wenther continued rough, with n tielivy confused sen, for severul dnys, with
a mean prennure of 29.62 (749.8).
The following table exhibits the rariatioiis in the pressure during the passage of the hurricane, togetlier with the wind- direction and temperature :
- -_ . - --
Dute. I Greeuwlcli I Buromc-
I mcnn t h o . ter.
I -
March 31 ........................................... uo.. ............................................... Do .................................................... Do. ......... :., ..................................... Do .................................................... Aprll I ..................................... :
~
Do .................................................... 1
D 0. .................................................... Do .................................................... Do ............... ................................. ... Do.. ....... t ....................................... I
..........
Wind. Tetuper-
: uture.
I ___
I 0
WILW. I 40
H. 46
8 . by w. -5 0
n. by w. 30 calm
IIW. by \Y.
nnw. 37 IIOW. 39
IlUH.. qa
a. 11). w. I +B
I
:%
nnw 44
- - - - .- - - * h t c begins at noou, Greonwiclr tluie.
The a. a. LbRliynland,7 J. 0. Jamison, coininnilding had
gale setting in from the SRW., and shifting between se. and sw. ;
moderated for half nu hour, then had a whole gale of hurricane violence from the nw. The barometer was lowe& i n N. 4 8 O
401, W . 20 B Y .
The following preessiires were observed :
! Preasrire.
! Uncorrected. I Corrcctod.
I,llra. ....... ..
 ~iiciira. 1 Iiichr - I-- -
BIsrcli 31 .................................................... 18.@ 28 76
........................................................ 28.66 Do :: I 18.79
........................................................ 28.59 a8 46
The 8 . s. 6 India, M. Kiilsen, commanding, ellcountered a
hurricane Imtiug from 10 p. m., March 318t, to 9 a. in., April Ist, blowing these eleven hour8 with a force of 12. Iu N. 470
GO, W. 24O 4Gf, t h e barometer fell to 28.26 (717.8), corrected reading, at 3 a. m., April 1st. The a. s. Palestine, W. Whiteway, commaudiug, reports: April lst, in N. 61 061, W. 23O 301, fresh se. breeze and heavy rain, wind shifted to ne.
and began strong gale at 6 a. m., with hail and snow and very high seas, then backed to n. at 8 a. m. and blew with hurricane force, accompanied by hail, AUOW, and violeut squalls; hove
ship to, with head to wind; 8 p. m. gale began to moderate; barometer 29.04 (737.6) et noon, after which it began to rise. The 8. R. (6 Milanem, Johu Trinick, commanding, in N. 6 0
441, W. 26O 511, April lst, reports gale continued from mid- night of March 31st, blowing with storm force, veered to wnw.
at 1 a. m.; barometer at noon April lst,.29.76 (766.9). The
8. a. Scythia, T. Roberts, commanding, in N. G l 0 131, W. 130
91, had lowest barometer, 29.27 (743.4), at 8 p. m. April 1st ; gale sot in from wsw. ou the 3l&, accompanied by lightning in the west; increased to wholegale on the lst, continuing with same
force on tlie 2d, with fierce hail squalls and heavy seaN. The
6.8. 6  City of Berlin, Frauci8 Land, commanding, reports : 9
a. m. (Qreenwich mean time) April lst, in N. SI0, W. 1 7 O , had
a severe gale from the south with a very high sea; lowest ba- rometer at 9 p. rn. (Qreenwich mean time) on the 2d, 28.74 (730.Q); wind veered from sw. to wnw. and blew with force 11
and 12, accompauied by violent squalls. Capt. A. E. Jadel,
of the 8. 8. C;mada, reports: From 1 a. m. to 4 a. m. on the 1st very stormy from south, followed by calm for an hour, after which a north-wind hurricane, force 12, set in with t h e heaviest 0ea I ever experienced. I n N. 48O 531, W. 2G0 261,
the barometer fell to 28.36 (720.2) at 4 H. in.
Tho following table gives ndditionul observations, from otlier
I I -- . . -
April I
- ~Qioonwlctr dntwand hours; date beglne nt noou.
92
storin: reported, a8 follows: bb21~t, 6 p. ni., strong wind, witli heavy squalls of rain and very lieary gusts, amounting to for% 10 in the gusts ; baromoter 29.46 (747.9); wiud backiug from west to southwest. 22d, 2 a. in., strong gale, with squalls of
rain and I~cavy gusts of wind, hacking to east; barometer 29.36 (745.0); G a. m., N. 3Y0 561, W. 4 3 O 24, more moderate; 110
squalls; barometer 29.45 (747.9); R very heavy sea from west to north ; barometer risiug. lteports lroin vessels to the west am1 nort11wec;t show strong north to west gales, rain, aud heavy squalls between N. 390 and 450, and W. 3 8 O and 50, from the 21st to the 24th. On the 2241 the s. R . 6 Sacrobo~co,~ R. S. Thompsou, commandiug, encountered in N. 41 301, W. 4 8 O 301, a west gale of 7 to 8, at 3p. m. (Grecnwich mean time); barometer29.07 (738.3). A t
9 a. m. (Greenwich mean time) of the 23d there liad been 110
change in wind-direction or force, the barometer standiug at 29.07 (738.3) firm. A t 7 a. in. of the 23d this low area had
inored to N. 39O, W. 2 9 O , with rising barometer and decreasing force. On the morning of the 24th it is charted N. 40, W. 230, with fresh westerly g a l a to the southward. From thence
it moved slightly south of east to N. 39O, W. 16O, from that point passing soutlieast beyond the limit of reports during the 25th and 36th. 7,-Thi~ deprcssion first appeared on the morning of the 18th in N. 26O, W. 72O, with a barometric pressnre of about 29.71 (764.5). During the 19th and 20th i t moved northeastward,
with dightly decreasing prel;sure, to N. 29O, W. 70, from thence iuoring eastward to N. %lo, W. 65O, on tlie fllst, beyond the liniits of reports. Capt. F. Stevens, commanding 6. 8. Man-
hattan, makes the following report relative to this storm : ( In N. 29O 561, W. 70 361, on the 19tl1, encountered a whole gale from tho enc., continuing, a t intervals, until Hie !!lst, with very heavy irregular seas; lowest barometer 30.07 (763.7), a t
6.42 a. m. of the 19th. &-At 7 a. m. of the 21st a depression with barometer
about 29.48 (748.7) appeared near N. 40, W. 1S0, moving slightly to the northeast during the ensuing twenty.four hour&, accompanied to the southward bj winds attaining the force of moderate gales. Op the inorning of the 23d the storm had
moved northward toN. 47O, W. 1 5 O , with decreasing pressure. It then pursued a uortliwesterly course to. N. 50, W. 19O 011
the 24th, and N. 6ij0, W. 2 6 O on the 26th, accompanied during
the 26th by rain to the east tind southeastward. 9.-This storm appeared ou the chart of tlic 22d in N. 47O, W. 44O, with a pressure of39.61 (762.0). It took a southeast-
erly course to N. 46O, W. 41 by 7 a. m. of the 23d and to N. 14O, W. 40 by the morning of the 24th, with pressure decreas- ing to 29.31 (744.4) and fresh to strong west to north gales to the westward. On the morning of the 25th it appeared at 3 . 140, W. 36O. Pursuing a northerly course the depression was
central on t h e morniug of the 26th at N. 46O, W. 36O, with slight barometric changes and brisk easterly gales and rain t o the northeastward. At 7 a. m. of the 27th i t had moved north
of east to N. 47O, W. 30, with rising barometer aud fresh gales centering to that point. During tho 27th i t passed north- eastward out of the line of reports. The reports at hand cito
no unusual features in connection with this storm. 10,-This depression appeared in the Gulf of Saint Lawrelice on the morning of t h e 24th, with R pressure of 29.47 (748.8) at Sydney. Pmsing rapidly southeastward the storm WHH ccutral
at 7 a. m. of the 26th at N. 44O. W. 60, with iI pressure of
MONTELY WEATHER ICEVIEW. APRIL: 1886.
vessels, of the lowest pressure observed during the passage o t h i s storm, with the position and time of observation :
Irraaiire Plrnn~nIii~i. Pwitioii. 1 Dnte. Hmir
..
Yoravia .................. Grecian Xonarch ..........
Waldetiaian .................................... S .~4 3 ,\%.2 6 a Aim. I 4 n .0 1 .......... 29.35 Biclinioiid Iiiil ............................... N . p 4, W. 15 6 Ap. I 4.30 11. nl..... 28.29
Lepanto ................................... i N.44 49,W.a6 a Apr. r 4 a .m ....... .... 29.35
,
%.-This stoim appearctl on the 6th near N. 50, W. 30, itnc
w;is apparently drawn e;istw;irtl aiid ;tbsorbctl by the cxten sire storm-area which ap1)Paretl off tlie coast of Ireland on t h t
8th. The s. s. b b Devoliia, i i i N. 52O, W. 28O 301, hat1 prcssurt
29.30 (744.1), a t 6 p. ni. of the Gth, with wind blowing a mliolt gale from the s. to e. At 7 a. m. of the G t h vessels to tlie sour1
of tlie storm-centre had pressure rauging from 29.79 (756.6) t(
39.97 (7f;l.l), with moderate westerly winds, while to the east ward the wind WWH southerly, with rain. 3.-Tliis depressiou is a contiuuatiori of low area uiimber i
described i i i this XEVIEW. It reached the New Jersey mas1
on the 7th, and was appreciable off the middle Atlantic coasi on the 6th, where fresh to strong soiitliorly galm and rain wert reported. During the 7th the depression moved eastward ofl the New Jersey coast and at 7 a. m. of the 8th was central N
41, W. Go, with a barometric pressure of 29.70 (764.3), raiu and moderatc winds centering to this point. During the nexl twenty-four hours it moved north of east toN. 44O, W. 54O, wit11 a slight increase in pressare. Vessels to the soutliward and eastward reported southerly winds arid fair weather. By the morning of the 10th i t had moved to N. 45O, W. 49O, with rain and fresh westerly winds to tlie southward, and moderate south west gales to the southeast. At 7 a. m. of the 11th the de pression had moved northerustward to N. 53O, W. 3 3 O . The pressure had fallen sliglitly to about 29.70 (754.3). and mod. erate southwest gales and fair weather were reported to t h e southeastward. The storm thereafter pursued a northeast wardly course beyond the region of observation. 4,-This storm appeared 011 the southern coast of Irelaud on the morning of the Sth, hariug apparently advanced from the northmest, aut1 domiuatcd the wind-direction ;le fhr as W. 36O. The pressure ranged to 29.16 (740.6) and increased rap-
idly to the westward. Strong west to nortliwcst gales were reported to W. 31, continoirig during tl~e 9th and 10th, :iud amomptinied by heavy rain, hail, and snow squalls o r the
south and southeast coasts of Ireland. The 8. s. bbCatalouia,7> Capt. Alex. McKay, commanding, encountered a strong west- erly gale, April Sth, in N. Cilo 201, W. loo OO, barometer, 29.26 (742.9) at 4 a.m. b b The storm continued during the 8th
and 9th accompanied by hard hail squalls ; blowing heaviest on the 9th from the northwest, with rising barometer. Capt. E. Parry, of s. a. b(Bulgarian, reported as follows: April
9th, in N. 61O 481, W. io 011, strong breeze, northwest, with mow squalls; fresh breeze, northwest, with heavy hail squalls a t midnight. April loth, in N. 6l0 111, W. 12O 311, moderate
gale, nw. iu a. m., veering to north and increasing to fresh gale, with heavy squalls and high seas, moderating at midnigl~t.~ The area of lowest pressure moved eastward beyond the region of observation during the Sth, but strong westerly gales con- tinued during the 9th, loth, and 11th to N. 44O. &-This storm appeared on the 12th in N. 42O, W. 40, with
a prcasure of about 29.88 (759.0). During that date frmh to strong northerly gales and rain were reported by vessels to the
northward and uorthwestwarcl. On the morning of the 13th the storm-ceutre had moved due east one degree and the press-
ure had diminiehed to about 29.67 (763.6). Fresh to brisk gales, centering to the low area, accompanied by rain, were reported by vessels between N. 40 and 49O, and W. 30O and
40. From t h i s point the depression assumed a uortheasterly course, being central at 7 a. m. of the 14th near N. 46O, W. 3 7 O .
Fresh to strong gales, with clearing weather, were reported by
A PBIL, 1586. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 93
29.55 (750.6), after whioli tlitte it disappeared, without develop-
ing noteworthy features. U,-This storm, followiug a uortliwesterly course, first ap- pearson the 27th, i n N. 41, W. 49O, with 8 barometric pressure of 29.28 (i43.6), accompanied by fresh and brisk gales and rain.
0 1 1 the morning of the 28th it 1i;itl moved to N. 440, W. 510,
with iricreasing pressure and tlirninisliing wind force. Froin
t l l i n point it inoved slighlly east of north to N. eo, W. 50 on the morning of the 29th ; passing out of the region of reports
OH that date. Beyond the ~)reralence of fresh ant1 brisk g ~l e s rain attending its course, no ~~iiusnal features are reported haviug been uohd ill WUiieCtiOU with this storm. 12,-A slight barometric depression appeared on the 27th in N. 600, W. 17O, from which point it moved south o f e ;~t to N.
~0 , W. 70 by the morning of tlie 28th, with a slight decrease
in l)ressnre, passing eastward of the region covered by mari- tiine reports on this date. The R ~O ~I U was not of ;i violent
nature. 13,-This depression itp1mretl off the soutli At1:uitic comt
011 the morning of the 20th, with a prossureof 29.50 (749.4),
taking u northeasterly course to N. 37O, W. 700 by 7 a. rn. of the 3Otl1, with moderate norlheast gales to tlie northward.
OCEAN ICE.
011 chart i are dso exliibitetl the easterii aud southern liin-
its of the region mithiii wliicli icebergs and field ice liave been observed duriug April, 1886. These limits have been deter-
1nined from reports furuishetl by shipmwters, and from trust- worthy data Imblislied in the ( New York Maritime Registor 
During thiH moil t11 t!ie easternmost
iceberg was observed i n N. 47 43/, W. 30 111, by the ship
6 Ruby, E. E. Robbins, coinmending; from that point west- ward to about W. 45O, but two isolatutl bergs were observed.
Proin N. 42O toN. 43O, between W. 49O ;ind W. 500, icebergs were \cry uuineroi~s, together with ruucli thick field ice ; tho
bergs, as it rule, were small. Tlie sontliernmost iceberg \vas reported in N. 40 511, W. 46 BO.
A comparisou with the chart for the procotling molltli (March,
1886) shows a very extensive and u~~usudly repid movement of ice to tlie eastward R I I ~ so~~thwiird; the e;istern h i t for
April being about fourteen degrees further c?;W than that of the precedingrnontli. Tho soutliern l i m i t is itboiit four degrees eouth ofthe southern limit for March. As compnrud with April, 1885, the eastern limit is itbout Uine degrees further east, and
i8 the casteriimost limit evcr ICpOrted to this offlce for April. The following table s1iows tbo Comparison hetweeu April, 1886, and the same inoiitli of tlie three precediiig yeam:
other newxpapers.
15nnturii l i i i i i t
-. . I
Soiitllsrii limit.
Moiitli.
__ . .- . ... .
Ieboigrc :ind fiekl ice ~Verc rephlted~~during April, 188G, as
folloms :
April llt,Ii.-S. 8.  State of Nebraska, iu N. 45O 001, W. 470 531, passed :m iceberg and a sinall floe at (3.50 1). m.
12th-S. S . Sritish Crown, i l l N. 44O 681, W. 47O 671,
passed :in iceberg :It 2.30 1). m. 13th.-S. S.  Inc1i:tna,7 in X. 40 51, W. 46O ,591, passed ;I
large iceberg. 16th.-S. 9.  Jaii Broydel, passed two icebergs, each a.bout sixty feet high, iu N. 44O 24/, W. 48O 281.
18th.-S. 5. bbWnrwicl~, iu N. 44O OW, W. 48O 001, a t 9 p.
m., passed a large quantity of thick field ice, exteutling for a
number of miles. Tho 8. s. ( Elizabeth Allen, in N. 47O 001,
W. 470 201, p;i.seed tlirougli large quantities of ice.
19th.-S. S.  Z;i;indani,77 in N. 42O 47, W. 49O 241, passed four
small iceberg6 :It 10 1). i n . Tlie S . s.  Critic, i n N. 430 561, IV.
. .- . . -. . . . ._ . . . .-.
4 8 O 381, from noon to 3 p. in., p;issed through :I unniber of ice- bergs arid a quantity of thick field ice, extending a great dis- tance in all directions. The R . s. IFennnnu, in N. 42O 451,
W. 49O 4W, passed three detiwhed pieces of floating ice, one piece being qnite large, but not it berg. The s. s. L b City of Ohicngo, in N. 42O 521, W. 4!P 20, passed tlirongli teri mile8 of field ice. Tlie R. s. Azdea, i n N. 42O 501, W. 49O 50, passed through
;1 great quantity of field ice. The s. Y. 4 Etn;i, in N. 43O 64/,
W. 49O 00/, passed through ;I smitll qiiautity of field ice. The
s. s. Hammonin, in N. 43O 361, W. 49O 20 mssed several
sina,lI ice-fields. Tile 8.s. Itiiby, i n N. 470 2 1 , W. 300 111,
passed a large iceberg. The s. s.  Faedrelaudet,77 in X. 47O
111, W. 47O 891, itt 2 1). in., 1);~serl large quantities of field ice. 20tli.-S. S. 6 Faedrelaudut, i n N. 44O 491, W. 48O 871, at 8
a. m., passed a large iceberg. The s. s. co stock holm City, iu
N. 44O 60/, W. 47O lo1, at 5 a. in., passod two medium-sized ice- bergs, bearing se. and nw., and at 3.30 p. m. passed large qu;tu- tities of drift ice, and at 6 p. in., in N. 44O 12, W. BO0 36 passed
;t large iceberg, bearing w. by II., niid npparentlg groiuided; at 8 1). m. less drift ice in vicinity of ship, teinperatnre of air being 32O and water 37O. The s. R. ( Gertrude, i n N. 43O 361,
W. 46O, passed lnrge quantities of drift ice, and one very large
iceberg. 22tl.-S. 5. 6  Peruviau, i n N. 42O 551, W. 5 3 O 3!V, from 8.30
to 11.30 tt. in., 1)ilRsed patches of sinall field ice aud several ice-
bergs. Tlie s. s.  Toronto, i n N. 44O 201, W. 4i0 30/, toward evening prtssed R small pritch of field ice. The ship  John T.
Berry, in N. 41O, W. 5 2 O , passetl eighteen iceborgs of various sizm ;tntl two fields of ice, one of which \vas iibont six miles long, could not see :tcross i t from :tloft; tliu other about four niilcs long. The s. s. ( Prussian, iu N. 42O 401, W. 49O 301,
;it 9 a. ni., IN IN NO^ two small icebergs, :iud et 9.40 ;I. m., in N.
420 401, W. 50 201, passed large quantities of detached and
field ice, oxteiidiiig about thirty miles, :L U ~ at 11.20 a. in.,
piisxed one luge iceberg; clear of all ice ilt 110011. The S. s.
6 Cirtzwsiii,)) i n N. 43O 36 to 42O, W. 48O 50 to 5O0, froni 10.15
ti. in. to 4 p. in., passed a nuniber of icebergs, oue rery large, and R large quantity of tield ice. The A. s. dPolaria,9 in N. 42O 301, W. 50 4O1, passed u medium-sized iceberg. Tho
s. s. A. McDougall, i n N. 4 2 O 401, W. 49O 341, pmsed two sinall iceburgs ; in N. 42O 41, YV . BOo O!Y, passed a large iceberg ;
betwooil these two positions was a 1:trge quantity of detached nnd field ice,. exteiitling westw;ird about twenty-seven miles. 23d.-S. S. 6 Jersey City, in N. 4G0, W. 4G0, passet1 three large icebergs. The bark biMitliassel, in N. 43O, W. 49O,
passed tlirougli a quiiiititg of enormous icebergs. The sliip
6  I t ~b g ,~~ in N. 4 3 O , W. 48O to 60, passed nine large bergs and
a coiisider;ible quantity of drift ice. 24tli.-S. S. 6 State of Iudii%na, in N. 42O 401, W. 4 9 O 501,
to N. 42O 18, W. 61 68, froin 7 n. in. to 3.30 1). in., passed twelve icebergs, some of t h i n very large, and D quantity of thick field ice. The 8. 8. iiNevnda,77 in N. 42O 551, W. 50 20,
passed two large icebergs. The s. s. Coluinbia, from 8 a.
in. to 2 p. m.,.in W. 42O 201, W. 49O 301, and N. 42O 201, W. 490
571, and N. 4 2 O 2O1, W. GOo ll, and N. 42O 14, W. 5l0 011, passed several icebergs iiud some thick field ice. The R. 8.
6 Crystal, in N. 46O 20, W. 4 8 O 301, at 6 a. m., passed through
;I quantity of brokeii ice, apparently a collapsed iceberg. The
8. 8. M a i ~,~, i n N. 43O 28, W. 49O 191, pa8sed tliree sniall ice-
bergs. The s. s.  Wyoming, in N. 43O, W. 50, passed a
nuinbor of immense icebergs. 25tli.-S. 5. Helvetia, in N. 42O 271, W. 49O 431, passod a
large iceberg and several large pieces of ice. The s. 8. Thing- valla, in N. 44O 6 /, W. 49O 61, pawed two small icebergs; R .
s. Germanic, at 2 p. m., in N. 4 2 O 331, W. 80 341, passed a
large iceberg, and at 3 p. In., in W. 4 2 O 371, W. 50 16, passed
n large iceberg, aiid at 4 1). m., in N. 42O 311, W. 49O 49, passed
a large iceberg; ship Priiice Victor  in N. 47O, 147. -, passed through niucli field ice; steered one liiindred and fifty iniles to the soutliward to c1e:tr it. 2Btli.-Sliip ( New City, i n N. 43O, W. 48O, passed one very 1:uge ;nid tliree inedi inn-sized icebergs.
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. APRIL, 1886. 94
-. - ...
Above nornial.
..... -. .. - -
0
3nint Vlnrriit, Mlnrienuta .................... g 4 ktount Wabiiingtou, #on Ilampaliirc ... 7:7
~
Noorhead Minnenotu _ ........................ 7.2 Pitteburg Pennayivania ................ 5.5 Ln Crosuo: \viaconain .......................... 5.4 Albany, how York .............................. 5.2
Iliainarck, Dnkota ................................ 4.6
Buffnlo, New York .............................. 5. I .
. .... . ....... - -. .-
- . -_ -- -- . I
......
27th.--5. S. 1 6 Furnesia, iu N. 4!2O 371 to 42O 391, W. 6 2 O 271,
passed two icebergs; 8. s. LbCaliforuia,7J a t 7.30 a. m., iu N. 420 161, W. 5l0 361, passed two icebergs; 8.8. L L Durham City, passed two very large icebergs, each about one hundred feet high; one at 9.45 a. m., N. 43O 26/, W. 49O 301; the other at
5.30 p. m.. in N. 43O 51, W. 5l0 551; s. s. L L Westphalia, in N. 420 501, W. 50O 401, at 8 a. in., passed a small iceberg ; tem-
perature of water, 28O; air, 3H0; another, thirty-six feet high, in N. 42O 401, W. 51 201, a t 10.35 a. m.; temperature of water,
300; air, 390, aud in N. 4 2 O 351, W. 52O 041, two from forty to eiglitj feet high; temperatiire of water, 42O; air, 42O; s. s. Citj of Montreal, pmsecl icebergs, from 1 tQ 7 p. m., between N. 42O 411, W. 49O 501, aud N. 42O 351, W. 5 2 O 14/.
28th.-S. S. City of Montreal, paswed icebergs at 12 m., in N. 420 181, W. 56O 301; b. s. L g Rhaetia, iu X. 47O 261, W. 400 431 ; passed a small piece of ice twelve feet in length ; 8.
s . in N. 42O 221, W. 50O 14/ passed a small ice- berg; temperature of water, 3G0; air, 39O; passed another ice-
berg, seventx feet high aud three hiindred feet long, in N. 42O
191, W . 51.O 421. 29th.-S. 8. 1 6 Umbria, between N. 42O 631, W. BOo 101, and N. 420 141, VI. 52O 121, from 12.40 p. m. to 6.10 p. m., passed
several iceberg; s. A. 1LAustralia,77 in N. 42O 191, W. 5 7 O 421,
passed an iceberg about seventy feet high. 30th.--5. 9. Venetian, in N. 43O 271, W. 4 9 O 251 at 9.10 a.
m., passed an iceberg six hundred feet long, one hundred aud lefty feet wide and one hundred and twenty feet high; 8 . s
(6 Bracadrtile,? between N. 45O 4 3 1 , W. 51 451 and N. Go 3.31,
W. 55O 10, from 2.35 p. m. to 3.30 a. m., pawed a large iceberg, then parsed through small scattering ones aud finally passed
a very large one; ship Thos. Hilyard, in N. 42O 201, W. 5O0
301, passed an iceberg; A. s. b b Norwegian, passed an iceberg a t 10 a. m., in N. 42 191, W. 49O 531, and at 3.30 p. m., in N. 42O 151, W. 5L0 041, passed an iceberg and two small pieces of ice.
STCINAL SERVTCE AGENCIES.
Signal Service agencies have been established in the Mari- time Exchange buildings at New York City and Philadelphia, and in the Cuetom-House, Boston, where the necessary blanks and other iuformation will be furnished to ship-masters.
In pursuance of the arrangements made with t h e Meteoro. logical Office of London, England, there were cabled to that office from New York during April, 1886, foiir.reporta mu- ceniing storms enconntered by vessels in the Atlantic west 01
the forty-lifth meridian ; one message w w sent from Boston.
TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR.
[Expressed in degrees, Fahrenlieit.]
The distribution of mean temperature over the United States
and Canada for April, 1886, iu exhibited 011 chart ii by the dotted isothermal lines; and in t h e tables of miscellaneous data are given the monthly mean temperatures, with the departure$
from the normal, for the various stations ofthe Signal Service, On chart iv the departures from the normal temperature arc
illustrated by lines connecting statioiis of normal or equal ab uormal values. Over the northern districts, east of the Rocky Mouutaim
the mean temperatures for April, 1886, are above the normal
011 the Pacific coaat, in the middle slope, middle plateau, and
over all southern districts they are below t h e normal. Tht most marked departurex above the normal occurred in northerr Minnesota, where, a t Saiut Vinceut and Moorhead, the)
amouut to 9O.4 and 7 O .2 , respectively. In the upper Mimi6 sippi and upper Ohio valleys and over portions of the lowei lake region, New England, and the middle Atlantic states thc temperatures generally range from 4 O to 6 O above the normal Over the country where the temperatures are below the nor mal, departures are generally slight; they nowhere exceed 6 O
and for the most part are less than 2O. The departures belov the normal are greatest in Florida and along the Gull coast
The following are some of the most marked departures fron
the normal temperature at Signal Service stations :
.- .... .- - .
I
Uelow nornial.
...... __ ... ._ . - ..... - - .. . --
0
Ilrownavillo, Texun ............................. 3.1
Gnlvealou, Texue ................................ 3.0 Btobile, Alnblrniu I
.............................. 3.1
.. . - -
.?a
SZL 2 m  z
c -
Stntiwi. (ulln ty .
f ic ,z __ -- .... __ __
Arkuaras.
Cdifuraaiu.
Conllecliclll.
0
~,e n J H i l l .............................. Boune .......................... 60.9
Incranieiito ........................... Yncrau~enti~ ................. 59.3
........ 3IlddlOMeX ................... 45.4
........ New ihven ................. 46.8
......... Wlndlram .................... 44.2
........ Day.. ..........................
inna .................................... Unioii _ ........................ Huttoon ................................. Colon .......................... Peorla ................................ Peorla ......................... ILlloy ......................... % ...... .... Mclienry .................... lycnmum .............................. De Kelb ...................... hrdiuno.
Lufsyet(e ............................. Tlppecanoe .................. Loganaport ............................ . C u a .:.. ....................... Bplceland ............................... Henry ........................ Vevay ................................... Ywltr.erland ............... IOIOU.
3intou ................................. Clinton ........................ Cresco ................................... Howard ....................... hlon t Icollo ............................. Jonea ............ .............. KllMas.
Indopwncleiice _ ..................... Honrgoluery ............... Wellington ........................... : 8unlner ....................... Yatem Centre ........................... Woodson .....................
l l l i i i n i c 43.2
57.7
53.0 51.9
44. 45.6
49.9
53.0
49.9 54.8
48.8
4 9
56.9
55.3 53.6
41: I
0
4 60.0
20 58.4
28 49.6
100 48.3
30  48.7
3 49.5
1; 9.1
57.0 30 57.7 15  47.4 4 48.3
7 53.9 3 51.7
55.9
51.3 10 48.1
33 50.9
 5  55.3
53.7
g 53.3
; 54.3
Nainc.
.............................. ........................ Ilelfaal* \vHldO 41.1 i 17 45.0 Uzidgeton 4 .................... : ...... Cuuiherlnnd.. ............... 41.5 . X I 4 3 Corniali ................................. York .......................... 40.41 2 9 , 42:1
Failaton ................................ Starford ...................... 49.6 1 xs 9.1
Amherat .............................. Harnyaliire ................... 45.1 Cambridge ......................... ?dlcldlesox .................... 44.3
FltchLorg * .......................... Worcreler ..................... 41.5
L o ~e l l ............................... Niddlenex .................... 45.0 New Bodford ...................... Uriatol ........................ 44.5 Sonierset Brialol 45.4 Taunton s ............................. Briatol ........................ 46.5 Bprlngnold 0 ......................... Uuni~den .................... 46.0 Williu~natriwn ..................... Ilerknhiro ................_.. 43.4 Worceeter* ........................... Worccator .................... 44.7
Gardiner .............................. Keenebac .................... 41.4 I 50 44.5 Orono * ................................. Penobacut ................... 40.0 : 18 . 43.6
n l n r y l n d .
>lmiachurel(s.
............................... ........................
hecada.
Caraon City ........................... Orinnby.. .................... 47.7
Xc; Unciulcick.
hcio Ilaaiphirc. Sniut John * ......................... Saint John .................. 37.4
Concord ............................. Merriniac .................... 46.8 18 . 50.4
Henovor ............................. Orafton ....................... 41.3 i 25 . 46.7
16 Eaaex .......................... 48.4 51.4
Oawego ....................... Oawego ...................... Clinton ......................
41.3 41.3 40.7 ,
47.a 46.4 45.3
49 51.3 64 49.0
30 47.7 IO 50.6
74 46.9 16 50.2
16 49.1
33 48.2
7 47.5
26 I 39.1
19 51.7
47 48.2
.Yein Jcruy.
South Orange ........................ New Pork.
North Vulnoy ........................ 19
Pnlernio 33
Pentuyluaniu, . ..
................................ Ilatteburg Bnrracka .............. 17 Ohin.
Wauseon .............................. Fulton ........................ 4 6 .1 : 16 50.8
Wellalioroiigli ........................ Tioga .......................... 43.9 I 15 5a.a &sUb Ckwcrotiica.
StnWburx _ ........................... Gulilpter ..................... 6 1 .1  6 61.6 - Terns.
Ve~ilroilf.
Vilginia.
New Ulni .............................. Auntin ........................ a .3 j x 4 66.6
:: :$:: ............................. ......................... 37.9
~
Dale Enterprlwo ...................... Rockingham ...............  g::) 6 . 59.1
I ......................... .......................... Lainenburg* Eenex Strafford s Orange
Blrde Nest ........................... Xortliamptoli ..............
Varioty Milla ........................ Nubon ....................... 54.0 9 54.8 Wythrvllln.. ....................... Wytha ........................ ,V.I I ai 54.c
Ilelretln ............. : ................. Ilandulph .................... 48.1 . 10 51 .:
41.1
1s 51.9
l l  d iirgitiiu.
......
Froin tho I Bulletin of the New England Meteorologieul Boulety.
i
- - i a
8 . ._
0
- 0.9
- 0.9
[ g
t 6.3
1 3!i 1.7 3.2
f i;i
g
a;; - 1.6
- 1 .0
+. 0.1
3.6
1- 1.5
6. I
4.7
5.2
5.6 1.4 4.8 r.6
5.7 4.8
i
3.4
- 0.2
f 1.7
$: a:: + 3.0
5 + 4.7
f 8.1
+ 0.5
- 1.7
I
i i;i
1.9
+ 3.3