1996 Inventory
            Endangered Species and Wildlife Resources
   US Army Kwajalein Atoll,  Republic of the Marshall Islands
                          Prepared For
U.S. Department of the Army
Space and Missile Defense Command
U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Prepared By
U.S. Department of the Interior                   U.S. Department of Commerce
Fish and Wildlife Service                         National Marine Fisheries Service
Pacific Islands Ecoregion                         Pacific Islands Area Office
Honolulu, Hawaii                             Honolulu, Hawaii
                          February 2000
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
     Terrestrial:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
     Marine: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
KWAJALEIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
ROI-NAMUR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
MECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
OMELEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ENNYLABEGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
LEGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ILLEGINNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
GAGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
               TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
GELLINAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ENIWETAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
ENNUGARRET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Figure 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
                          LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.  Seabirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species
          and wildlife resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 2.  Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996
          inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources48
Table 3.  Seabird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of
          endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 51
Table 4.  Waterfowl, Shorebird and Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during
          the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources52
Table 5.  Comparisons of Shorebird and Waterfowl counts on Kwajalein Islet during the
          1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources with those made
          in 1988 by R.B. Clapp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 6.  Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of
          endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 55
Table 7.  Marine Mollusk Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
          inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources58
Table 8.  Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of
                    endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 59BACKGROUND
The Compact of Free Association Between the United States of America and the Republic of the
Marshall Islands, 48 U.S.C. 1681 (Compact), which became effective on October 21, 1986,
established the framework for administering governmental, economic, security, and defense
relations between the United States Government and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI).
Title One, Article VI, of the Compact obligated the U.S. Government to develop environmental
standards and procedures and to apply them to its activities in the RMI.  In 1989, the U.S. Army
completed a Final Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Actions at U.S. Army Kwajalein
Atoll in the RMI.  This document and the subsequent Record of Decision emphasized the need
for the U.S. Government to develop the environmental standards and procedures required by the
Compact.   On December 4, 1995, the first edition of the Environmental Standards and
Procedures for United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Activities in the Republic of the
Marshall Islands (UES) was approved for implementation.
The UES established a level of environmental protection that is substantively equivalent to that
provided for by the U.S. environmental statutes that were in place in the Marshall Islands the day
before the effective date of the Compact.  With regard to biological resources, these statutes
include the Endangered Species Act (ESA), Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA),
Migratory Bird Conservation Act (MBCA), Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA),
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and others as agreed upon by
the U.S. Government and the RMI.  The UES also incorporate parts of the RMI wildlife
protection statutes for certain native species potentially susceptible to USAKA actions.
Applicable RMI laws include the RMI Endangered Species Act of 1975, Marine Resources
(Trochus) Act of 1983, Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1990, and Marine Resources Act.
Among other things, the UES protects species of concern (SOC) and significant habitats at
USAKA.  Lists of these species and habitats are included in the UES in Appendices 3-4A-G, and
the Appendix of this inventory report.  The UES  require that inventories of USAKA species and
habitats of special concern be conducted on a biennial basis to ascertain the status of these
resources at each of the USAKA islets leased from the RMI at the time of the investigation.
This report summarizes the results of the first UES inventory of endangered species and wildlife
resources at USAKA, which was conducted in 1996.  The 1996 inventory report is to be used
as the official record of species and habitats of concern at USAKA until the results of the next
inventory (1998) are reported and incorporated into the UES pursuant to the next applicable
annual review.
INTRODUCTION
The RMI is comprised of low coral atolls and islands located in the western tropical Pacific, and
Kwajalein Atoll, the largest atoll in the world, lies within the Ralik Chain of the RMI (Figure
1).  On Kwajalein Atoll, 11 islets are under the control of USAKA, and these include Kwajalein,
Meck, Eniwetak, Omelek, Gellinam, Gagan, Ennugarret, and Roi-Namur on the eastern side of
the atoll and Ennylabegan, Legan, and Illeginni on the western side of the atoll (Figure 2).
The primary objective of the inventory was to document the presence and general distribution
of terrestrial and marine SOCs and to record observations on the overall condition of their
habitats.  Terrestrial SOCs include certain migratory seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl.
Important terrestrial habitats include Pisonia, Pemphis, and mixed broadleaf forests; salt ponds;
and seabird and shorebird breeding and loafing sites.  Marine SOCs include certain marine
mammals, sea turtles, corals, sponges, and mollusks.  Important marine habitats include lagoon,
interislet, and seaward reef flats and slopes; reef passes; lagoon floors; seagrass beds; reef quarry
pits; and intertidal zones.
For this 1996 inventory, surveys of the 11 islets were conducted during the periods of September
22-30 and December 3-12, 1996.  Surveys of terrestrial species and habitats were performed by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists Dr. Elizabeth Flint and Christine Willis.  Surveys of
marine organisms and habitats were performed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists
Michael Molina and Kevin Foster and National Marine Fisheries Service biologists John
Naughton and Eugene Nitta.  Internal logistical arrangements were coordinated by Dr. Donald
Ott of the USAKA Environmental Office.  Access to all islets except Kwajalein and Roi-Namur
was by small boat or helicopter (Legan and Illeginni).  Boat transportation and dive safety
support for surveying many of the islets was provided by the Coastal International Security (CIS)
Marine Division under the lead of Lt. Eldon Haut.  This report was prepared by Kevin Foster,
Christine Willis, and Michael Molina.
METHODOLOGY
     Terrestrial:
With few exceptions, the terrestrial surveys were conducted between the hours of 0700 and 1700.
Night walks on Roi-Namur were done to search for nesting seabirds.  On each islet, a shoreline
and exposed-reef bird count was made during low tide.  The interior of the islets were surveyed
by counting birds within parallel strips in the larger forested areas.  Incidental observations of
other noteworthy species, wild chickens, vegetation, and bird habitats were also recorded.
Binoculars were sufficient for surveying most areas, but a Questar telescope was used for
viewing ducks and shorebirds at runway catchment areas and for photographing birds on
Kwajalein, Meck, and Roi-Namur.  Information on mammals was recorded on the basis of actual
sightings, indications of their presence (e.g. droppings), or reports from residents.
The following  accounts  describe the sites at each USAKA islet that were observed to harbor
birds listed as SOCs in the UES or appeared to have the potential to serve as breeding or
foraging habitat for these birds.  Bird distribution by islet is presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Population counts for seabirds and shorebirds are provided in Tables 3 and 4.  The results of the
1996 standard shorebird counts on Kwajalein islet are compared in Table 5 with those obtained
by other surveyors in 1988.  The 1996 survey results were compared with the results of previous
ornithological surveys of Kwajalein Atoll, such as those in reports published by Clapp (1990) and
Schipper (1985).
     Marine:
All marine surveys were conducted between the hours of 0700 and 1700, using a Rapid
Ecological Assessment (REA) technique.  Marine SOCs and habitats were surveyed on interislet,
lagoon and seaward fringing reef flats by either walking or snorkeling, depending on the water
depth at the time.  Deeper locations, such as lagoon slopes, pinnacles, and seaward reef slopes,
were surveyed by diving with scuba from a boat.
The reef surrounding each islet was divided into sections for data collection and reporting
purposes.  Each section was designated a station number and each station was surveyed by
traversing or swimming over the reef in a meandering fashion with a minimum amount of
backtracking.  Descriptions of benthic habitat are reported for each survey station. The presence
of SOCs and various other important species (e.g. fishes, corals, algae, mollusks) were recorded.
Emphasis was given to identifying conspicuous, diurnally active species.  As a result, small,
cryptic, and nocturnally active species are underrepresented in the data.  Observations of USAKA
marine SOCs are summarized in the following tables: Table 6 - Sponges, Table 7 - Mollusks, and
Table 8 - Corals. 
               Figure 1.      Location of Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
               Figure 2. The 11 islets (circled) leased by the U.S. Army at Kwajalein Atoll, Republic
                                                  of the Marshall Islands.                         KWAJALEIN
Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 9/27, 28, & 29/96, and 12/8/96)
The largest of the USAKA islets is 303-hectare (748-acre) Kwajalein.  It is inhabited by U.S.
personnel and highly developed with a wide range of infrastructure.  This islet has virtually no
natural vegetation left.  Despite this, the islet provides limited habitat for many birds, particularly
migrant shorebirds and waterfowl.  Shorebirds were observed foraging along the shoreline and
exposed reef flat during low tide as well as on mowed lawns and the large grassy areas of the golf
course (KI-A).  Whimbrels  (Numenius phaeopus) occurred in large numbers, 49, which is the
highest count ever recorded for this species on any USAKA islet.  The catchment areas adjacent to
the runway (KI-B) served as important sites for resident and migrant birds to get water and rest.
White terns (Gygis alba) were observed breeding in the trees near the chapel (KI-C) and cafeteria
and in an ironwood tree near the northeastern corner of the islet.  Black noddies (Anous minutus)
were observed foraging in the main harbor (KI-D).  Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) were
observed along the northern central coastline (KI-E).  A single brown booby (Sterna leucogaster)
was observed roosting on a harbor buoy (KI-E).  Several loose dogs and cats, which are usually
harmful to seabird and shorebirds on the ground, were seen on the islet, and they seemed to be
confined to the residential areas.
Marine Survey (Dates: 9/27, 28, & 29/96)
     Station KI-1:
Habitat:  This station is a single, large pinnacle located on the lagoon floor about 1000 meters (m)
west of the main harbor.  At the time, the "K7" harbor marker buoy was anchored to the top of this
pinnacle.  The pinnacle is located in a relatively low-energy environment.  The survey was
conducted in a clockwise direction around the pinnacle at depths between 13 and 20 m.  Coral
diversity ranged from moderate to high.  Massive coral colonies (Lobophyllia spp) surrounded the
pinnacle and mushroom corals (Fungia spp) were widely scattered across its top.  Sponges were
abundant.  Anchor damage to corals was evident on the southern and eastern slopes of the pinnacle.
Fish:  Large reef fish were uncommon at this station.  Both black-tip and white-tip reef sharks
(Carcharhinus melanopterus and Triaenodon obesus, respectively) were observed in the area.
Fusiliers (Pterocaisio marri) and emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus) were observed in schools
around the pinnacle.
Species of Concern:  Sponges:  purple encrusting thready sponges (Nara nematifera), white
encrusting sponges (Liosina sp), yellow branch sponges (Stylotella sp), purple/brown sponges
(Chelonaplysilla sp), and red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima).  Corals:  of the 38 coral species
observed within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pectinia,
Halomitra, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora,
Oxypora, Turbinaria, Acanthastrea, Herpolitha, Leptastrea,  Cyphastrea, Sandalolitha, Leptoseris,
Herplolitha, Goniastrea, and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-2:
Habitat:  This station is a single, large pinnacle located on the lagoon floor about 1,200 m northwest
of the main harbor, northeast of station KI-1.  At the time, the "November" harbor marker buoy was
anchored to the top of the pinnacle.  The pinnacle is located in  a low-energy environment.  The
survey was conducted in a clockwise direction around the pinnacle between depths of 3 and 23 m.
Coral diversity was high, and sponges were abundant.  Coral damage from anchoring was evident.
Fish:  Large reef fish were absent from this station, possibly a consequence of fishery-related
activities.  A huge anemone was seen with associated damselfishes (Amphiprion sp).  Reef fish
included schools of fusiliers (Pterocaesio trilineata) and wrasses (Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura).
Species of Concern:  Sponges:  green lumpy sponges  (unidentified), orange lumpy sponges
(Acanthella  sp), red encrusting sponges  (Clathria plinthina), orange encrusting sponges  (Stylinos
sp), purple/white tubular branch sponges (Cribrochalina olemda), and black branching sponges
(Axinyssa sp).  Corals : of the 26 coral species recorded at this station, 13 were SOCs from the
genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, and Millepora.  Other corals from the
genera Anacropora, Leptoseris, Acanthastrea, Oxypora, Montipora, Cyphastrea, and Porties were
also observed.
     Station KI-3:
Habitat:  This station is located in the lagoon adjacent to the north-central side of the islet and
extends between a beach west of the main harbor and a small revetted docking site farther west
along the shoreline.  The reef is protected by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment.
The station was surveyed from east to west.  Large patches of green algae (Halimeda sp) dominated
the bottom near shore, while extensive coral beds dominated further out near the lagoon drop-off.
Brown algae (Padina sp) was common within this station.  Marine algae and coral patches
comprised an estimated 40% of the benthic substrate.
Fish: Other than one large manta ray (Manta alfredi), large reef fish were noticeably absent at this
station.  An abandoned gill net that was tangled in coral indicated that recent fishing pressure had
been directed to this area.
Species of Concern:  Corals:  of the 24 coral species seen within this station, 17 were SOCs from
the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Lobophyllia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera
Montipora, Symphyllia, and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-4:
Habitat:  This station extends from the northeastern end of the islet to a point on the interislet atoll
reef approximately 500 m north.  The survey was conducted in a south to north direction over the
lagoon side of the reef at depths between 2 and 8 m.  The station lies in a moderate to high-energy
environment due to strong intermittent currents that sweep over the reef flat.  Reef substrate relief
was moderate to high.  Coral coverage was relatively low near the islet at the south end of the
station and nearly 100% on the interislet reef.  Overall, marine life was abundant and diverse
throughout the station.  A moderate amount of wreckage was scattered throughout the station,
including parts from at least one aircraft on the interislet reef.
Fish:  Reef fish were very abundant and included schools of snappers (Lutjanus gibbus and L.
monostigmus), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus, Gnathodentex aurolineatus, and large Lethrinus
xanthochilus), goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), groupers
(Variola louti and Cephalopholis argus), and a large pair of queen triggerfish (Ballistoides
viridescens).  Other fishes observed included an eagle ray (Aetobatis narinari), reef whitetip shark
(Triaenodon obesus), and a large nurse shark (Nebrius concolor).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima).  Sponges:  orange encrusting sponges (unidentified), white encrusting sponges (Liosina
paradoxa), orange bunchy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), grey sponges (Chelonaplysilla sp),
orange  sponges (unidentified), and red encrusting sponges (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 56 coral
species recorded within this station, 36 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora,
Lobophyllia, Fungia, Pavona, Millepora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora, Heliopora, and Favia.
Other corals from the genera Montipora, Oxypora, Hydnophora, Montastrea, Leptastrea, Goniopora,
Favities, Sypmphyllia, Turbinaria, Diploastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, and Porties were also
observed.
     Station KI-5:
Habitat:  This station extends along the seaward reef flat between the northeastern corner of the islet
and the "Japanese" quarry hole adjacent to the eastern end of the airfield.  This station lies in a
high-energy, windward environment.  The survey was conducted in a north to south direction.  Off
the northeastern end of the islet, coral coverage was an estimated 50%, and a variety of invertebrates
including extensive mats of zooanthids (Palythoa sp) were present.  Adjacent to the eastern side of
the islet, overall coral cover was less, but on the highly channelized and sea urchin-pitted outer reef
flat seaward of the "American"quarry holes, it was estimated to be about 80%.
Fish:  Few reef fish were observed on this reef flat.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima).  Sponges:  orange encrusting sponges (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 23 coral species
observed within this station, 13 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Favia, and
Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Leptastrea, Favites, Leptoria, Goniastrea, and
Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-6:
Habitat:  This station extends along the seaward reef flat between the "Japanese" quarry hole off
the eastern end of the airfield and the westernmost "Japanese" quarry hole, which is adjacent to the
south-central side of the islet.  This station lies within a fairly high-energy environment.  The survey
was conducted in a west to east direction.  The quarries are  irregularly shaped, shallow (reaching
depths of 2 to 3 m), and well-flushed.  Each has a central bottom area that is either scoured or sand-
covered.  The more protected areas of the quarry holes provided good habitat for abundant and
diverse corals, as well as sponges and algae.  Aside from corals, however, few invertebrates were
seen.
Fish:  Conspicuous fish observed at this station included species of rudderfish (Kyphosus sp),
needlefish (Strongylura sp), coronetfish (Fistularia commersonii), and schools of goatfishes
(Mulloides vanicolensis) and surgeonfishes  (Naso lituratus).  Sweepers (Pempheris sp) were seen
under ledges and wreckage in the easternmost quarry.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  yellow rubbery
sponges (Ircinia sp).  Corals:  of the 41 coral species identified within this station, 30 were SOCs
from the genera Acropora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Pocillopora, Millepora, and Favia.  Other corals
from the genera Montipora, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Hydnophora, Oulophyllia, Montastrea,
and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-7:
Habitat:  This station is comprised of the seaward fringing reef flat that extends between the west
edge of the westernmost "Japanese" quarry and the "Dump" at the southwest corner of the islet.
This station is in a moderately high-energy environment.  The survey was conducted in an east to
west direction.  The reef flat was mostly coralline algal pavement that supported small patches of
algae near the reef margin.  The middle reef flat was dominated by brown algae (Padina sp),  red
algae (Asperagopsus sp), and green algae (Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp).  Mats of zooanthids
(Palythoa sp) intermittently covered portions of the reef flat.
Fish:  Moray eels (Sideria picta) were common at this station.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
maculatus).  Corals:  of the 7 coral species seen within this station, 4 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora and Pocillopora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniastrea, and Porites were
also observed.
     Station KI-8:
Habitat:  This station includes the seaward atoll reef flat fronting the shoreline off the western end
of the islet and extending to the north.  This station is in a moderate to high-energy environment.
It was surveyed in a counterclockwise direction.  Coral diversity and abundance were moderately
high, and overall coral coverage was  estimated to be 40%.  Several small patches of algae were
seen on the reef beyond 50 m due west of the shoreline.  Green algae (Halimeda sp) dominated near
the shoreline, while red algae (Asparagopsis sp) was most abundant on the outer reef flat.
Fish:  Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus sp and Naso sp) and juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus sp) were
commonly observed.  A large school of round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus) was observed very
close to shore.  A moray eel (Sideria picta) was observed hunting rock crabs (Grapsus sp) along
the shoreline.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
maculatus).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima, C. plinthina, and Crella sp), yellow
branching sponges (Stylotella sp), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp).  Corals:  of the 21 coral
species recorded within this station, 17 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora,
Millepora, Pavona, Heliopora, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Hydnophora,
Goniastrea, Leptastrea, and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-9:
Habitat:  This station extends along a mostly vertical seaward reef slope between a point roughly
1,000 m north of the western end of the islet and a point approximately 500 m north of that.  The
station is in a moderately sheltered environment on the leeward side of the atoll.  It was surveyed
in a southeast to northwest direction while drifting with the current.  Coral species diversity was
relatively high and coral coverage was generally high on the wall and up to 100% on  shallower
portions of the station.
Fish:  Many large reef fish were present, including snappers (Lutjanus bohar, L. monostigmus, L.
gibbus, Macolor niger, and Aphareus furca), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus), groupers
(Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Epinephelus microdon, and Gracila albomarginata),
triggerfish (Ballistoides conspicillum), and schools of rabbitfish (Siganus argenteus).  A single large
white-tip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) was observed, as was a solitary dogtooth tuna
(Gymnosarda unicolor).  Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus) were commonly observed near the reef
margin.  Although close to heavily populated Kwajalein Islet, this station showed signs of no more
than minimal fishing pressure.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima and T. squamosa).  Sponges:  black sponges (Axinyssa sp), purple/grey sponges
(Chelonaplysilla sp), red sponges (Crella sp), yellow sponges (Stylissa flabelliformis), and orange
sponges (Dorypleres splendens).  Corals: of the 46 coral species observed within this station, 28
were SOCs from the genera Stylophora, Heliopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Millepora,
Acropora, and Pocillopora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Astreopora, Leptastrea,
Goniopora, Montastrea, Symphyllia, Stylocoeniella, Oxypora, Leptoria, Hydnophora, Herpolitha,
and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-10:
Habitat:  This station is located on the lagoon side of the interislet reef off the western end of the
islet, about 500 m south of Search and Rescue (SAR) Pass.  The reef substrate was a mix of sand
and rubble, scattered coral colonies, and coral-encrusted pinnacles in a moderate to high-energy
environment.  It was surveyed in a meandering fashion.  Coral coverage throughout the station was
an estimated 50%, with the greatest abundance of corals in the shallower areas and on the pinnacles.
Sponges were common underneath coral heads and under coral plates.  A single crown-of-thorns
starfish (Acanthaster planci) was observed feeding on a coral colony.
Fish:  Fish were abundant and included snappers (Lutjanus gibbus, Aprion virescens, and Aphareus
furca), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus and Gnathodentex aurolineatus), groupers (Epinephelus
microdon and Variola louti), and schools of fusiliers (Pterocaesio marri) and goatfishes (Mulloides
vanicolensis).  Several white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus) and a large stingray (Dasyatis sp)
were observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snail (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  blue/grey tube
sponges (Cribrochalina olemda), yellow rubbery sponges (Ircinia ramosa), ivory encrusting sponges
(Liosina paradoxa), red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima and Crella calypta), purple thready
sponges (Nara nematifera), and orange sponges (Dorypleres splendens).  Corals:  of the 49 coral
species recorded within this station, 25 were SOCs from the genera Fungia, Acropora, Lobophyllia,
Pocillopora, Pavona, Millepora, Heliopora, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora,
Turbinaria, Oxypora, Leptastrea, Astreopora, Symphyllia, Diploastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea,
Montastrea, Favites, Hydnophora,  Leptastrea, and Porties were also observed.
     Station KI-11:
Habitat:  This station is on the lagoon side of the interislet reef about 700 m northwest of the
western end of the islet.  The bottom substrate is mostly sand with several large coral-encrusted
pinnacles. This area is partially sheltered and in a moderately low-energy environment.  The station
was surveyed in a meandering direction with focus being directed at the pinnacles.  Coral coverage
was an estimated 60%, with the greatest abundance on the pinnacles.  Marine invertebrate life was
diverse and abundant.
Fish:  Fish were not abundant, but a school of snappers (Lutjanus gibbus) and several large
goatfishes (Parupeneus barberinus) were seen.  A single, adult male white-tip reef shark
(Triaenodon obesus) was observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges
(Clathria mima, C. mima, and Crella calypta), ivory encrusting sponges (Liosina paradoxa), orange
encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange sponges (Dorypleres splendens).  Corals:  of the 45 coral
species seen within this station, 30 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia,
Fungia, Pavona, Halomitra, Polyphyllia, Pectinia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera
Montipora, Oxypora, Herpolitha, Montastrea, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Symphyllia, Astreopora, and
Porties were also observed.
ROI-NAMUR
Terrestrial Survey ( Dates: 9/23 & 26/96)
Roi-Namur is a 161-hectare (398-acre), highly modified  islet on the northern tip of the atoll.  It is
inhabited by U.S. personnel and includes a runway, large mowed areas, residential areas with non-
native vegetation, and some forest and scrub on the east end of the islet.  There are sand beaches
on the southwest, south and southeast shores and predominantly rocky intertidal areas along the
remaining shores.  Great crested terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed foraging for small shoaling
fish in the shore break directly off the southwest sand beach (RN-A) and on the northeast reef flat.
The mowed areas adjacent to the runway and in the residential areas (RN-B) were attractive to
golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica), ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), and whimbrels
(Numenius phaeopus).  In the northern cove area, great crested terns were seen roosting on exposed
coral ridges (RN-C) at low tide and  foraging for small fish.  The reef platform and rocky intertidal
zone (RN-F) throughout the northern cove area was actively used for foraging by all the shorebirds
present.
A small wetland (RN-E) in the center of the islet is enclosed by thick scrub (Pemphis sp) and
connected to the sea at high tide.  This area was being used by shorebirds such as tattlers
(Heteroscelus spp), ruddy turnstones, and whimbrels.  The catchment areas near the air terminal
(RN-D) are important loafing areas, roosting sites, and sources of fresh water for migrant shorebirds
and waterfowl.  The only seabirds  showing any evidence of  breeding on the islet were white terns
(Gygis alba) found in the forest and scrub area on the eastern end (RN-G).  A Pacific reef heron
(Egretta sacra) was observed leaving a tree in the interior of this area.  The low numbers of
breeding seabirds on Roi-Namur may be due to the presence of domestic cats, some of which have
gone feral, and rats (species undetermined).  Of  5 cats observed, only 2 had collars.
Marine Survey (Dates: 9/23/96 & 9/26/96)
     Station RN-1:
Habitat:  This station extends west along the seaward reef flat from the north end of the airstrip to
a large white building on the shoreline near the northwestern corner of the islet.  In general, the
station is a shallow, high-energy, windward reef flat that is largely scoured by wave action,
especially at high tide.  It was surveyed from east to west and found to be relatively low in species
diversity.  Coral coverage was estimated to be 5%.  Corals and other invertebrates had colonized
the shallow depressions and channels in the reef.  Several large patches of marine algae were present
with green algae (Caulerpa racemosa) being dominant.
Fish:  Surge channels in the outer reef flat contained few fish, which were dominated by parrotfishes
(Scarus spp) and surgeonfishes (Acanthurus triostegus).  Eels (Sideria picta) were common in pools
on the shallow reef flat where they were observed hunting for common rock crabs (Grapsus sp).
A single flatfish (Bothus sp) was observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Sponges:  orange encrusting
sponges (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 10 coral species recorded within this station, 5 are SOCs
from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora.  Other corals included species from the
genera Montipora and Porites.
     Station RN-2:
Habitat:  This station abuts the western border of the previous station and extends to the
northwestern point of the islet.  It was surveyed in a northeast to southwest direction, starting from
the RN-1/RN-2 station border.  This station is a high-energy, windward reef flat with bottom habitat
that is basically the same as the previous station.
Fish:  Very few fish were observed within this station.  Several juvenile black-tip reef sharks
(Carcharhinus melanopterus ) and eels (Sideria picta) were observed hunting on the reef flat.  A
school of coronetfish (Fistularia commersonii) was seen in the trench for the sewer line at the
southwest border of the station, where pulses of raw sewage were seen exiting the diffuser
approximately every 20 minutes.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Corals:  of the 12 coral species recorded within this station, 6 were SOCs from the
genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora.  Other corals included species from the genera
Monitpora, Leptoria, Porties, and Leptastrea.
     Station RN-3:
Habitat:  This station extends from the northwestern corner of the islet to the south end of the
airstrip on the lagoon side of the islet.  The reef flat in this area is in a moderate-energy
environment largely as a result of being sheltered by the islet.  The outer reef flat was mostly
scoured, pitted pavement with sparse corals.  Microatolls of the coral Porites lutea and a diverse
mix of other corals were most abundant shoreward of the outer reef flat, where coral coverage was
an estimated 90%.  The dominant coral species was Montipora digitata, which formed extensive
beds among interconnecting sand channels, providing excellent habitat for reef fishes and other
organisms.
Fish:  Many small reef fishes, including juveniles, were observed in the Montipora coral beds.  This
branching coral habitat is important juvenile reef fish habitat.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus) and top
shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  orange sponge (unidentified).  Corals: of the 27 coral
species observed within this station, 16 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Tubipora,
Pocillopora, Favia, Fungia, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Psammocora, Goniastrea,
Leptastrea, Oulophyllia, Hydnophora, Porites, and Montipora were also observed.  Sea Turtles:
Although identified in previous surveys as potential sea turtle nesting habitat, much of the narrow
sandy shoreline within this station, which is backed by a debris-filled berm, is inundated at high
tide, rendering it unsuitable for successful nesting.  A short section of beach near the southern end
of this station is considered to be good potential sea turtle nesting habitat.
     Station RN-4:
Habitat:  This station extends from the southwest tip of the islet off the south end of the airstrip to
the primary fuel facility on the lagoon side of the islet.  The environment within this station is
typically low-energy in the east and moderate to high-energy in the west due to strong currents that
intermittently sweep south around the tip of the islet and into the lagoon.  The substrate was a
mixture of sand and rubble with outcropping coral colonies.  Marine algae appeared diverse and
moderately abundant in the vicinity of the old Japanese seaplane ramp.  A low-growing seagrass
(Halophila minor) was the most abundant marine plant observed in the nearshore environment.  At
approximately 300 m lagoonward of the seaplane ramp and toward the southwest tip of the islet,
these seagrass beds were replaced by mats of green algae (Caulerpa sertularioides).
Fish:  Few reef fish were observed, with the exception of goatfishes (Upeneus vittatus and a large
school of Mulloides vanicolensis).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Corals:  of the 15 coral species observed, 9 were SOCs from the genera Acropora,
Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites,
Symphyllia, and Leptoria were also observed.  Sea Turtles: The seagrass within this station  is a
species known to be an  important food item for green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and should be
protected by USAKA.  Prior to the actual survey, two juvenile green sea turtles were observed in
the vicinity of the seagrass beds.  During the survey, a single adult green sea turtle was observed.
On both occasions, the turtles appeared to be foraging.  The seagrass bed appeared extensive enough
to support a moderate to large number of sea turtles.
     Station RN-5:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon shoreline from the primary fuel facility to the
southeast corner of the islet.  The lagoon reef in this area is in a low-energy environment.  The
station was surveyed from east to west.  The substrate was primarily broad sand flats with patches
of hard reef with sparse to moderate coral coverage that provided habitat for fish and
macroinvertebrates.  Seagrass (Halophila minor) interspersed with green algae (Halimeda sp and
Caulerpa sp) covered large portions of the sand flats.
Fish:  Relatively few fish species were observed within this station except around the reef outcrops
and under the fuel pier.  Damselfishes (Stegastes sp) were commonly observed.  Schools of
goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis), several large pompano (Trachinotus bailloni), and snappers
(Lutjanus fulvus) were observed near the shipping wharf.
Species of Concern:  Sponges: orange (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 17 coral species recorded
within this station, 15 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Fungia,
Lobophyllia, and Pavona.  Other corals from the genera Euphyllia and Monitopora  were also seen.
Sea Turtles:  a juvenile green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed under the fuel facility pier.
Two more were observed at the surface about 70 m offshore from the sand beach in the vicinity of
the small boat marina.  The shoreline along the southeastern corner of the islet was considered to
be potential nesting habitat for green sea turtles.
     Station RN-6:
Habitat: This station extends from the southeastern corner to the eastern tip of the islet.  The station
is a current-swept, interislet reef flat with a wide variety of habitats.  The seaward side of the reef
flat is a low-relief platform in a windward, high-energy environment.  The lagoon side of the reef
is in a moderate-energy environment with a highly channelized substrate due to natural water-current
erosion.  The station was surveyed in a northeast to southwest direction with a midflat, low-tide
depth of about 1 m.  Coral and macroinvertebrate diversity was significantly higher on the lagoon
side off the southeast corner of the islet, especially within the channels, which provided excellent
habitat relief.  Coral coverage off the southeastern corner of the islet was 100% over substantial
areas.
Fish:  Reef fishes were abundant and a large number of juveniles were observed.  Several schools
of large parrotfish (Scarus microrhinus) were observed, as well as schools of rabbitfish (Siganus sp).
A single, large black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was observed swimming against
the strong current pouring across the reef flat into the lagoon.
Species of Concern:  Molluscs:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and T. squamosa).
Sponges:  orange sponges (unidentified), yellow sponges (Unidentified), and brown sponges
(Unidentified).  Corals:  of the 18 coral species recorded within this station, 15 were SOCs from the
genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Halomitra, Heliopora, Pavona, Stylophora,  and Millepora.
Other corals included species from the genera Turbinaria, Goniastrea, and Montipora.  Sea Turtles:
approximately 100 m of beach at the southeastern corner of the islet was identified as good potential
nesting habitat for sea turtles.
     Station RN-7:
Habitat:  This station is the seaward reef flat that extends between the eastern and the northern tips
of Namur.  The reef flat is in a high-energy, windward environment, especially at high tide.  The
station was surveyed from a northwest to southeast direction.  The substrate was comprised of
scoured pavement, small pockets of rubble, and a few corals and reef fishes in a small depression
at the south end of the station near the east tip of the islet.  The dominant coral species observed
on the reef flat was Porites lutea.  Sponges were found underneath rubble.  A few giant clams
(Tridacna sp) were observed burrowed in the reef flat.
Fish:  This shallow, windward reef flat supports relatively few reef fish.  Most fish occur in the
deeper reef area at the south end of the station.  Several schools of surgeonfishes (Acanthurus
triostegus) and emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus) and a large individual damselfish (Abudefduf
sordidus) were seen.  Several moray eels (Sideria picta) and a small black-tip reef shark
(Carcharhinus melanopterus) were also observed.
Species of Concern:  Molluscs:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and  top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Sponges:  orange sponges (Unidentified), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), and yellow
encrusting sponges (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 9 coral species observed within this station,
mostly in the depression near the east tip, 6 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora.
Other corals included species from the genera Porites, Montipora, and Goniastria.
     Station RN-8:
Habitat:  This station is comprised of 2 adjacent quarry holes on the seaward reef flat near the north
end of the airstrip.  The holes are in a windward, high-energy environment.  The inside of the larger
quarry hole was surveyed in a clockwise direction.  Coral coverage on the walls of this quarry was
estimated to be 15%.  Corals were not abundant except for a few localized patches of Montipora
digitata observed near the center of the quarry.  The bottom of the hole was mixed sand and rubble
at a estimated maximum depth of 5 m.  The relatively smaller quarry hole was surveyed in a manner
similar to the larger one and the habitat in this quarry hole was similar.  Water in both holes was
warmer than water on top of the reef flat by an estimated 5 degrees Celsius.
Fish: Reef fish were observed along the walls of the quarry holes and included rudderfishes
(Kyphosus sp), snappers (Lutjanus fulvus), schools of goatfishes (Mulloides flavolineatus), and
several juvenile jacks (Caranx melampygus).  A pair of turkeyfish (Pterois volitans) were observed
under a ledge in the larger hole.
Species of Concern:  Corals: of the 10 coral species seen at this site, 6 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora and Porties were
also observed at this station.MECK
Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 12/4/96 & 12/5/96)
Meck is 22.2 hectares (55 acres) in area and highly developed.  Most of the shoreline is revetted
and not very useful as foraging habitat for shorebirds.  Nevertheless, shorebirds were observed
foraging along a portion of the eastern shoreline (MK-A) of the islet.  An adult black-naped tern
(Sterna sumatrana) was observed feeding its young on the eastern exposed inner reef flat.  Golden
plovers (Pluvialis dominica) were observed foraging on the lawns surrounding the structures (MK-
B).  Adult black-naped terns were observed foraging in the boat harbor (MK-C), and a colony of
black-naped terns was observed on the east side of the helicopter pad area (H).
Marine Survey (Date: 12/4/96)
     Station MK-1:
Habitat:  This station is on the seaward atoll reef flat in a windward, high-energy environment on
the east side of the islet where the northernmost four of six old "Japanese" quarry holes are present.
Depths of these quarry holes range from 1 to 4 m.  The station was surveyed in a south to north
direction.  The bottoms of the holes were comprised of sand and rubble with scattered coral-
encrusted outcrops and ridges.  The vertical features were about 1 m in height. The quarry holes
were biologically very diverse, and coral coverage on the quarry hole walls and outcrops was
estimated to be 70%.
Fish:  These old quarries provide excellent habitat for reef fish.  The primary reef fishes observed
were surgeonfishes (Acanthurus spp, Naso spp, and Ctenochaetus sp).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges: orange encrusting
sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals:  of the 30 coral species observed within this station, 19 were SOCs
from the genera  Acropora,  Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Millepora, Platygyra,
Stylophora, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Astreopora, Leptoria, Hydnophora,
Porties, Montastrea, and Leptastrea  were also observed.
     Station MK-2:
Habitat:  This station encompasses the shallow portion of the reef pass adjacent to the northern end
of the islet and bordered by Eniwetak Channel.  Wave energy within the station transitions from
high at the northeastern corner on the ocean side to low at the northwestern corner on the lagoon
side of the islet.  The station was surveyed from east to west while drifting past the north end of
the islet and into the lagoon.  Large arching ridges extend toward  the pass from the northeastern
corner to the northern point of the islet, and these features provide habitat for a variety of fish and
coral species.  Corals were abundant and diverse throughout most of the station, and coral coverage
was estimated to be 40%.
Fish:  Primary reef fish species noted in this station include parrotfishes (Scarus sp), snappers
(Lutjanus bohar), angelfishes (Pomacanthus imperator), jacks (Caranx sexfasciatus), and grey reef
sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) that reacted aggressively toward approaching divers.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa).  Sponges:  red
encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow encrusting sponges
(unidentified).  Corals:  of the 29 coral species recorded within this station, 18 were SOCs from the
genera  Acropora,  Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Millepora, Platygyra, and Favia.
Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptoseris, Montastrea, Leptasrea,
Disticophora, and Stylaster were also observed within this station.
     Station MK-3:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef flat from the northwest corner of the islet to a
point near the fence line that touches the shore in terrestrial station MK-B.  The station lies in a
relatively sheltered, low-energy environment.  A small sand beach within this station was considered
to be unsuitable for sea turtle nesting since it was awash at high tide.  The station was surveyed in
a north to south direction.  Coral coverage was patchy on the reef flat and estimated to be 30%.
The substrate was mostly mixed sand and rubble.
Fish:  The habitat in this station was fairly silty and the abundance and diversity of reef fish were
low.  Groupers (Plectropomus laevis) were seen within this station.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa) and top shell
snails (Trochus niloticus).  Corals:  of the 27 coral species recorded within this station, 19 were
SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina,
and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, and
Leptoseris were also observed.
     Station MK-4:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef flat from the fence line that touches the shore
in terrestrial station MK-B to the northern harbor jetty.  The station lies in a relatively low-energy
environment, and it was surveyed in a north to south direction.  The substrate was sand and rubble
with an estimated 40% coral cover.  Coral cover on the shoreline revetment was estimated to be 3%.
Fish: Reef fish species included rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus) and groupers (Plectropomus laevis).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
squamosa).  Sponges:  orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp) and red encrusting sponges (Crella
sp).  Corals:  of the 33 coral species recorded within this station, 20 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora,  Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, Halomitra, Millepora, and Favia.  Other corals from the
genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Symphyllia, Leptoseris, Herpolitha,
and Goniopora were also observed
     Station MK-5:
Habitat:  This station extends south from the northern harbor jetty to the southeastern corner of the
islet. It was surveyed from northwest to southeast, beginning at the boat harbor and continuing
around the southern side of the islet, ending at the southeastern corner of the islet.  Coral coverage
within the station was an estimated 15%, with the greatest abundance and diversity of coral species
occurring off the southwest corner of the islet.  Metal debris littered the shallow marine substrate
at the southwest corner of the islet.  Monitoring sediment and selected marine organisms for
contaminants in this area is recommended.
Fish: Reef fish species identified within this station included parrotfishes (Scarus sp), rabbitfishes
(Siganus sp), and jacks (Caranx sp).
Species of Concern:: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Sponges: orange encrusting
sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals: of the 23 coral species observed within this station, 14 were SOCs
from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the
genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Montastrea, Goniastrea, and
Leptoseris were also observed.
     Station MK-6:
Habitat: This station extends along the seaward, high-energy eastern reef flat and includes the two
southernmost of six old "Japanese" quarry holes that are present on this reef.  The station was
surveyed in a south to north direction.  Habitat in these quarry holes is similar to that on the holes
immediately north in station MK-1.  The quarry holes are shallow with ridges and outcrops that are
colonized by corals and which provide moderate relief for many organisms.  Coral coverage was
estimated to be 70%.  Marine life, in general, was abundant and diverse.
Fish:  Schools of snappers (Lutjanus sp) and mullets (Mugilidae) were observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  orange encrusting
sponges (Stylinos sp) were present but sparse.  Corals:  of the 29 coral species recorded within this
station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Millepora, and
Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, and Hydnophora
were also observed within this station.
OMELEK
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/7/96)
Omelek is 3.2 hectares (8 acres) in area and moderately developed.  A revetted shoreline and
exposed reef flat provided some habitat for foraging shorebirds.  Seabirds were observed foraging
for fish in the lagoon.  The coral rubble on the northern and southern tips of the islet may be used
by black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) as nesting areas (OM-A).  The helicopter pad (H) may
collect water during rainstorms and be a source of fresh water for all migratory birds.  Habitat for
tree nesting birds exists in several patches of the Pisonia forest (OM-B).  A white tern (Gygis alba),
suspected to be nesting, was observed in the northwestern forest patch (OM-B).  Black-naped terns
loafed on the revetment and jetties around the landing dock (OM-C).  An area east of the boat
harbor was thickly covered by beach morning glory (Ipomoea macrantha) and sandbur (Cenchrus
echinatus), which was approximately 0.5 m (1.5 feet) high making the area largely unsuitable for
shorebirds.  Large geckos were observed inside many of the abandoned buildings.  The forest areas
harbored a small black ant (unidentified), but not the long-legged ant (Anoplolepis sp).
Marine Survey (Date: 12/6/96)
     Station OM-1:
Habitat:  This station is the seaward reef flat on the windward side of the islet, which can be
characterized as a high-energy, wave-influenced environment.  The reef in the south and central
parts of the station is scoured and generally low-relief.  A large, irregularly shaped quarry hole is
on the reef at the other end of the station off the northeast portion of the islet.  The maximum depth
of the quarry hole is about 5 m.  The station was surveyed in a south to north direction from the
southeastern corner of the islet to the northern end of the quarry.  On the exposed reef flat, coral
coverage was estimated to be 5%.  Coral coverage on the quarry walls was estimated to be 65%,
and numerous coral SOCs were present.  The irregular shape of the quarry hole provided good
habitat for marine life, especially in the northernmost shallows.  In the hole near the surf zone, piles
of moving rubble had scoured the bottom, and few coral species were observed.  Overall, the bottom
substrate inside the hole was mostly rubble.
Fish: Reef fishes seen included large schools of rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), mullets (Mugilidae),
surgeonfishes (Acanthurus triostegus), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus), and groupers (Cephalopholis
urodeta).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna maxima, and T.
squamosa), black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera), and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).
Sponges:  orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black sponges (Axinyssa sp).  Corals:  of the 44
coral species observed within this station, 33 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Favia,
Lobophyllia, Fungia, Millepora, Pocillopora, Pavona, and Stylophora.  Other corals from the genera
Montipora, Favites, Goniastrea, Porites, Turbinaria, Herpolitha, Hydnophora, Leptoria, and
Leptoseris  were also observed.
     Station OM-2:
Habitat:  This station extends across the shallow atoll reef adjacent to the north end of the islet.
This reef is in a high-energy, windward environment and the currents just north of the islet get very
fast.  The station was surveyed from east to west to the edge of the reef in the lagoon.  Coral
coverage was an estimated 5%, with Acropora nasuta and Porites lutea being the primary species
observed.
Fish:  A nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus), 2m in length, was observed at this station.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus), giant clams (Tridacna
maxima), and the black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera).  Corals:  of the 13 coral species
seen within this station, 8 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Platygyra,
and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Porites, Montipora, and Leptastrea were also
observed.
     Station OM-3:
Habitat:  This station extends from the northwest corner of the islet along the lagoon reef flat to the
northern harbor jetty.  Near the northern end of the islet, the station is in a moderate to high-energy
environment due to currents that intermittently sweep across the reef into the lagoon.  The middle
portion of the station is sheltered by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment.  The
station was surveyed from north to south.  The least amount of coral cover was observed in the
northern portion of the station, where coral coverage was estimated to be 35%.  In contrast, coral
coverage was up to 100% over large areas in the southern portion of the station.  Beds of the
knobby coral (Goniopora columna) were extensive in the area near and fronting the northern harbor
jetty.
Fish: Reef fish were not observed to be abundant within this station.  One grey reef shark
(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) was seen.
Species of concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna squamosa, T. maxima, T. gigas, and
Hippopus hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Corals:  of the 40 coral species
recorded within this station, 26 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia,
Pocillopora, Pavona, Stylophora, Favia, Merulina, Tubipora, and Stylophora.  Other corals from
the genera Herpolitha, Anacropora, Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Porites, Leptoria,
Leptastrea, and Leptoseris  were also observed within this station.  Sea turtles: a sand beach,
stretching north and perpendicular to the harbor may be suitable for sea turtle nesting, however, no
evidence of nesting was found during the survey.
     Station OM-4:
Habitat:  This station extends from the southern harbor jetty to the southeastern corner of the islet.
The station lies in a moderate-energy environment with good windward flushing into the lagoon.
It was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction.  Good coral habitat with coverage estimated
to be 75% existed in the area south of the harbor entrance.  Coral coverage was an estimated 5%
on the reef flat southeast of the islet.  Numerous species of Acropora were among the primary corals
observed in the lagoon within this station.
Fish: Reef fishes were abundant with observations of parrotfishes (Scarus sp), snappers (Lutjanus
bohar, L. gibbus, L. monostigmus, and Aprion virescens), emperors (Macolor niger), and groupers
(Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Anyperodon leucogrammicus, and Cephalopholis argus).
In the harbor, several schools of coronetfishes (Fistularia commersonii) and goatfishes (Mulloides
vanicolensis) were observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus hippopus).  Corals:  of the 48 coral species observed within
this station, 31 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Halomitra, Lobophyllia,
Stylophora, Favia, Heliopora, Fungia, Merulina, Tubipora, Platygyra, and Millepora.  Other corals
from the genera Montipora, Symphyllia, Hydnophora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Alveopora,
Astreopora, Porites, Lepotoria, Herpolitha, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris  were also observed within
this station.
ENNYLABEGAN (Carlos)
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/11/96)
The survey was limited to the USAKA-leased area in the central portion of the 50-hectare (124-acre)
islet.  A survey of the eastern (lagoon) and western (ocean) shorelines indicated limited suitable
habitat was available for shorebirds.  Golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) and other shorebirds were
observed on the lawns, under the antennae arrays (EL-A), and at the edges of the forested areas.
White terns (Gygis alba) were observed above the Pandanus forest area of the islet (eastern section
of EL-A and EL-B).  Shorebirds were observed roosting on the helicopter pad (H). Any ponding
on the helicopter pad may attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds. Pigs and dogs roam freely
on Ennylabegan, which reduces the chance that seabirds could successfully breed on the islet.
Marine Survey (Date: 12/12/96)
     Station EL-1:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef from the harbor east to the USAKA property
line.  The station is in a windward, high-energy environment.  The station was surveyed in a
southwest to northeast direction.  Coral coverage along the fringing reef was an estimated 70%.
Many species of Acropora were among the primary corals present.  The substrate was covered by
a dense concentration of  green algae (Halimeda sp).  Several octopi (Octopus cyanea)were seen
in the open on the fringing reef.
Fish: Reef fish species observed in this station included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus, Naso
unicornus, and N. lituratus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers (Plectropomus laevis), snappers
(Lutjanus bohar), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos and Cetoscarus bicolor), and eels (Sideria picta).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima and Hippopus hippopus).  Sponges:  black bunchy sponges (Hippospongia amata), orange
lumpy sponges and red lumpy sponges (both unidentified).  Corals:  of the 32 coral species observed
within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia,
Millepora, and Lobophyllia.  Other corals from the genera Astreopora, Hydnophora, Goniastrea,
Porites, Leptastrea, and Montipora were also observed within this station.  Sea Turtles: potential
sea turtle nesting habitat occurs along the beach within this station.
     Station EL-2:
Habitat:  This station extends northwest along the lagoon reef between the harbor and an abandoned
pipeline and revetment on the shoreline.  This station is in a high-energy, windward environment.
It was surveyed from southeast to northwest.  Coral coverage on the lagoon reef was estimated to
be 60% and many species of Acropora were observed.
Fish: Reef fish were low in abundance at this station but parrotfishes (Scarus rubroviolaceus and
Hipposcarus longiceps) and black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were seen.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima).  Sponges:  orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella sp) and black sponges (Hippospongia
amata).  Corals:  of the 43 coral species located within this station, 30 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Favia, Pavona, Halomitra, Fungia, and Millepora.  Other corals
from the genera Montipora, Hydnophora, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Herpolitha, Favities, Symphyllia,
Porites and Astreopora were also observed within this station.  Sea Turtles:  potential sea turtle
nesting habitat was observed at a small beach on the lagoon north of the harbor, however, no
evidence of nesting was observed.
     Station EL-3:
Habitat:  This station extends along the reef fronting the USAKA property on the seaward side of
the islet.  The area is in a low-energy environment on the islet's lee.  It was surveyed in a southeast
to northwest direction.  The benthic habitat on the outer reef was a well-developed system of coral-
encrusted ridges (spurs) and grooved sand channels.  The ridges supported coral coverage in excess
of 90%.  Coral diversity within this station was relatively high and many species of Acropora were
present.  Coral coverage on the shallow reef flat was estimated to be 20%.
Fish:  Reef fish were neither abundant nor diverse and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos)
triggerfishes (Ballistoides conspicullim), emperors (Lethrinus sp), groupers (Cephalopholis argus),
jacks (Caranx melampygus), snappers (Aprion virescens and Lutjanus gibbus), and surgeonfishes
(Acathurus lineatus and A. nigricans).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos
sp).  Corals:  of the 63 coral species recorded within this station, 39 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, Halomitra, Merulina, Platygyra, Favia, Heliopora,
Stylophora, Millepora, and Lobophyllia.  Other corals from the genera Favites, Symphyllia,
Psammocora, Goniastrea, Turbinaria, Leptoseris, Montastrea, Astreopora, Leptoria, Porites,
Herpolitha, Hydnophora, Alveopora, Leptastrea, and Montipora were also observed at this station.
Sea Turtles: small area potential sea turtle nesting habitat was observed, but no evidence of nesting
was found.
     Station EL-4:
Habitat:  This station extends across a section of the upper reef slope seaward of the spur and
groove system in marine station EL-3.  The station is in a relatively low-energy environment.  The
station was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction with a slight current.  The survey was
conducted at depths between 10 and 30 m, and coral coverage was estimated to be 60% over
substrate with moderate to high relief.
Fish: Fish species were abundant and included emperors (Lethrinus sp), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus,
L. monostigmus, L. fulvus, Macolor niger and Aphareus furca), groupers (Anyperodon
leucogrammicus), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus pyroferus and Naso hexacanthus), damselfishes
(Chromis analis), butterflyfishes (Hemitauricthys polylepis), silver-tip sharks (Carcharhinus
albimarginatus), and white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Corals:  of the 47 coral species
observed within this station, 28 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia,
Heliopora, Favia, Pavona, Halomitra, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina, Millepora, and Seriatopora.
Other corals from the genera Favites, Herpolitha, Leptorseris, Cyphastrea, Symphyllia, Montastrea,
Goniastrea, Astreopora, Porties, Montipora, Disticophora, Stylaster, and Cirrhipathes were also
observed within this station.  Cetaceans: a pod of an unknown number of small spinner dolphins
(Stenella longirostris) was observed traveling parallel to the reef margin about 100 m offshore.
LEGAN
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/10/96)
Legan is 7.3 hectares (18 acres) in area and can be distinguished from the other USAKA islets by
the two brackish ponds it supports.  Fish and birds using the brackish ponds were not observed.
Large orange algal mats growing in the water, indicative of  low circulation in the pond, were
observed.  Shorebirds were seen foraging along the western reef flat at low tide.  The helicopter pad
(H) on the islet, which forms an impervious surface that commonly collects water during heavy
rains, is expected to  attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds.  At the north end of the islet,
the forest was a thick mixture of Pisonia, Cocos, Tournefortia, and Pandanus (LG-A).  In this area,
we observed 29 black noddy (Anous minutus) nests, which supported 7 chicks.  Also, white terns
(Gygis alba) were observed nesting at three locations east of the brackish ponds.  In1988, Clapp
observed breeding brown noddies (Anous stolidus) and white terns.  Red-colored ants (unidentified)
were observed on the islet.  A broad bar and reef platform (LG-B) was located to the east of the
islet, and this feature provided roosting habitat for shorebirds and terns at low tide.
Marine Survey (Date: 12/10/96)
     Station LG-1:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef from the harbor to a point off the northeastern
corner of the islet.  This area is a windward, high-energy environment.  The station was surveyed
in a south to north direction.  The harbor bottom was primarily sand.  Coral coverage was an
estimated 10% along the northern wall of the harbor entrance.  The outer reef flat and slope north
of the harbor was excellent habitat, and coral coverage was estimated to be 95%.
Fish:  Reef fishes were abundant and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), surgeonfishes
(Naso lituratus), snappers (Aprion virescens), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), black-
tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus), false albacore (Euthynnus affinis), snappers (Lutjanus
bohar and Macolor niger), and triggerfishes (Balistoides conspicillum).  Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus
olivaceous and  A. lineatus) were observed in the surge zone near the mouth of the harbor.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus maculatus and T. niloticus) and giant
clams (Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus hippopus).  Sponges:  orange encrusting
sponges (Stylinos sp), and red encrusting sponges (Crella sp).  Corals:  of the 50 coral species
recorded within this station, 34 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Millepora,
Pocillopora, Pavona, Stylophora, Favia, Heliopora, Fungia, and Platygyra.  Other corals from the
genera Symphyllia, Favites, Montastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptoria,
Montipora, Psammacora, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris  were also observed.  Sea turtles:  marginally
potential sea turtle nesting habitat was observed approximately 100 m north of the helicopter pad
on the lagoon side of the islet, but the area may be too inundated during high tides to allow
successful egg incubation and no evidence of successful nesting was found.
     Station LG-2:
Habitat:  This station is the small abandoned quarry hole near the southeastern corner of the islet.
The station is a windward, wave-swept area with very little protection.  Coral diversity and
abundance in the quarry hole was low to moderate.  The bottom of the hole was scoured pavement,
with some sand and rubble.  The quarry hole walls had an estimated 15% coral cover.  A
nudibranch (Nembrotha kubaryana) was commonly observed in the hole.
Fish:  Reef fish abundance was low and the species observed included flagtails (Kuhlia mugil),
surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus and A. olivaceous), goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis),
parrotfishes (Scarus rubroviolaceus), and several groupers (Plectropomus sp).
Species of Concern:  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Crella sp).  Corals:  of the 28 coral species
observed within this station, 21 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona,
Heliopora, Favia, Stylophora, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Astreopora, Porites,
Leptoria, Leptastrea, Montipora, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station.
     Station LG-3:
Habitat:  This station is the seaward atoll reef surrounding the quarry hole (LG-2), which is in an
exposed, high-energy environment.  The station extends between the reef seaward of the quarry hole
and the southwest corner of the islet.  It was surveyed in an east to west direction.  The reef
seaward of the hole had high coral cover and diversity.  Some notably large, old colonies, including
a colony of bright yellow coral (Turbinaria reniformis) that was estimated to be 12 m both in
diameter and height, were present south of the islet near the reef pass.  Coral coverage on the reef
near the quarry hole was estimated to be 60% or more.  The inner reef habitat along the shoreline
was primarily shallow, scoured pavement, and coral coverage in that area was estimated to be 10%.
At the southwestern corner of the islet, the substrate was comprised of scattered boulders of various
sizes.
Fish: Reef fish were abundant and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), snappers (Lutjanus
gibbus, L. bohar, and Aprion virecens), emperors (Lethrinus xanthochilus and L. monostigmus) in
the lagoon.  On the oceanside of the islet were surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus), groupers
(Plectropomus areolatus), white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and black-tip reef sharks
(Carcharhinus melanopterus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Crella sp) and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos
sp).  Corals:  of the 38 coral species seen within this station, 24 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Favia, Pavona, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera
Favites, Alveopora, Astreopora, Diploastrea, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Porties, Leptoria,
Montipora, and Galaxea were also observed.
     Station LG-4:
Habitat:  This station extends between the southwestern and northwestern corners of the islet in a
leeward, low-energy environment.  It was surveyed in a south to north direction.  The reef flat was
comprised of scoured pavement and rubble.  Coral coverage on the inner reef was estimated to be
5% at the southwestern corner of the islet.  Coral coverage was estimated to be 70% over much of
the outer reef along the leeward shore.  Farther seaward, the reef is a well-developed system of
spurs and grooves with high coral diversity and cover (up to 100% on tops of spurs).  At the
northwestern end of the station, pinnacles were abundant, and coral coverage was an estimated
90%.
Fish: Reef fish were abundant and included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus), parrotfishes
(Hipposcarus longiceps), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus
laevis, jacks (Caranx ignobilis), white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and nurse sharks
(Nebrius ferrugineus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa) and top shell
snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black sponges
(Axinyssa sp).  Corals:  of the 51 coral species recorded within this station, 36 were SOCs from the
genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Heliopora,  Halomitra, Stylophora, Platygyra,
Fungia, Lobophyllia, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Favites, Hydnophora, Alveopora,
Astreopora, Monitpora, Herpolitha, Symphillia, Leptastrea, Porties, Leptoria, and Cyphastrea were
also observed.  Sea Turtles:  two adult green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) were observed along the
fringing reef west of the islet.
     Station LG-5:
Habitat:  This station extends across the atoll reef between the northwestern and northeastern corners
of the islet in a moderate to high-energy environment that is commonly current-swept.   It was
surveyed from west to east.  The shallow reef substrate was primarily scoured pavement with a fair
diversity of corals.  Overall coral coverage was estimated to be 10%.  Several bleached Acropora
colonies were seen within the station.
Fish: Reef fish were not abundant during the survey, however, observations included schools of
parrotfishes (Scarus spp) and round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Sponges:  black bunchy sponges
(Hippospongia sp), white/yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges
(Stylinos sp).  Corals: of the 31 coral species observed within this station, 25 were SOCs from the
genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Tubipora, Stylophora, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Millepora
and Stylophora.  Other corals from the genera Favites, Herpolitha, Montipora, and Porites, were
also observed.
ILLEGINNI
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/6/96)
Illeginni is 12.5 hectares (31 acres) in area.  The terrestrial habitat is a mixture of cleared land and
forest.  The western interior of the islet was primarily grassy lawns with low vegetation (IL-D).
These areas were commonly used by wintering shorebirds.  The helicopter pads (H) on this and
other islets form impervious surfaces that commonly collect water during heavy rains, and are
expected to  attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds.  White terns (Gygis alba) were observed
in patches of Pisonia trees at the western, central, and eastern portions of the islet (IL-A, IL-B, &
IL-C).  Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed
roosting near the revetment and shoreline at the harbor entrance.  Numerous black and brown noddy
terns (Anous minutus and A. stolidus, respectively) were observed nesting in Pisonia trees at the
southeastern corner of the islet (IL-B).  Black-naped terns were also observed nesting along the
western side of the islet.  Pacific reef herons (Egretta sacra)were seen in a coconut tree within the
central interior section of the islet.  It is possible that the two herons may have been nesting.  Two
rats, which may have been  young Rattus rattus or Rattus exulans, were observed. [The rats' tails
were longer than their bodies and their ventral areas were white.]  Long-legged ants (Anoplolepis
sp) were present.
Marine Survey (Date: 12/11/96)
     Station IL-1:
Habitat:  This station includes the western half of the harbor and extends along the lagoon reef
northwest of the harbor to a point across from the northwestern corner of the islet.  This station is
in a windward, high-energy environment.  The station was surveyed in an east to west direction.
Coral coverage along the harbor wall was estimated to be 20%, and coral coverage was estimated
to be 100% along the lagoon reef.  The high-relief habitat along this reef supported a complex
community of coral, fish, and invertebrate species, including many SOCs.  Other sensitive species
observed were bright yellow coral (Disticophora sp), several species of sea fans (Class Crinoidea),
and a crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).
Fish: Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus) were common in the harbor.  Along the reef margin,
common fish species included rainbow runners (Elagatis bipinnulatus), snappers (Aphareus furca,
Aprion virescens, Lutjanus bohar, L. monostigmus, L. gibbus, and Macolor niger), emperors
(Monotaxis grandoculus), rabbitfishes (Siganus vulpinus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers
(Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Cephalopholis argus, and Anyperodon leucogrammicus),
round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), black-tip
reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus), and white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridana maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus
hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Corals: of the 61 coral species recorded within
this station, 38 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Heliopora,
Halomitra, Lobophyllia, Stylophora, Millepora, Fungia, and Platygyra.  Other corals from the genera
Montastrea, Symphyllia, Montipora, Psammocora, Herpolitha, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Astreopora,
Leptastrea, Alveopora, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Oulophyllia, Leptoria, Porites, Disticophora, and
Cirrhipathes were observed.  Sea Turtles:  the western end of the islet provides viable sea turtle
nesting habitat, and nest pits were observed at this location.
     Station IL-2:
Habitat:  This station includes the eastern side of the harbor and the eastern and southern lagoon
fringing reef.  This station is in a windward, high-energy environment on the exposed lagoon side
of the islet.  It was surveyed from north to south.  Coral coverage was estimated to be 50% in the
harbor and 90 % along the lagoon reef.  Coral coverage was an estimated 30% at the southeastern
corner of the islet, probably due to previous dredging impacts (e.g., pipes laid across reef).  Many
corals of the genus Acropora and several other SOCs were present.
Fish:  Reef fish species observed within this station included schools of snappers (Lutjanus bohar
and L. gibbus), mixed schools of parrotfishes (Scarus sp) and rabbitfishes (Siganus vulpinus), large
groupers (Plectropomus laevis, Variola louti, and Cephalopholis argus), grey reef sharks
(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), and wrasses (Epibulus insidiator).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna gigas, and  T. maxima),
and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), white
encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), bright green turfy
encrusting sponges (unidentified).  Corals: of the 49 coral species seen within this station, 31 were
SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Favia, Fungia,
Halomitra, Stylophora, Millepora, and Platygyra.  Other corals from the genera Montastrea,
Symphyllia, Montipora, Psammocora, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Herpolitha, Sandalolitha,
Hydnophora, Leptoria,  Astreopora, Leptastrea, Alveopora, Porites, Disticophora, and Cirrhipathes
were also observed within this station.
     Station IL-3:
Habitat:  This station extends along the seaward reef between the southern and northwestern corners
of the islet.  Most of the station is sheltered by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy
environment.  It was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction.  Coral coverage was estimated
to be 55% and many species of Acropora were observed.  Farther seaward, large ridges alternated
with deep sand channels to form a well-developed spur and groove system.  Marine life was quite
abundant and diverse on the tops of the spurs.  A wide variety of debris littered the bottom in the
vicinity of the munitions disposal pit near the northwest end of the islet.  This  indicated that the
disposal is commonly incomplete and that the pit may be used to dispose of more than just
munitions.  Fishing line was wrapped around a Pocillopora eydouxi coral colony and several ridges
appear to have been impacted by anchors.
Fish: Reef fish species observed within the station included snappers (Lutjanus bohar), jacks
(Caranx ignobilis), groupers (Plectropomus obscurus), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos),
triggerfishes (Balistoides conspicillim), and surgeonfishes (Acanthurus nigricans and A. lineatus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Sponges:  red encrusting sponges (Crella sp) and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos
sp).  Corals:   of the 49 coral species observed within this station, 28 were SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Halomitra, Millepora, and Merulina.
Other corals from the genera Favites, Symphyllia, Herpolitha, Alveopora, Astreopora, Monitpora,
Hydnophora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Montastrea, and Disticophora were also observed.  Sea
Turtles: an adult green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed swimming along the top of a
seaward spur.
GAGAN
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 9/24/96)
Gagan (Map 8) is a 2.4-hectare (6-acre) islet southeast of Roi Namur.  The shoreline and exposed
reef at this islet provide foraging habitat for wintering migratory shorebirds.  The lawns surrounding
the structures (GA-D) were being used by golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica).  The helicopter pad
(H) may collect water during heavy rain and attract wintering shorebirds.  Some Pisonia trees, the
most attractive of all the native trees to white terns (Gygis alba) and black noddies (Anous minutus),
were present on the northern half of the islet, but no tern nests were observed in the grove (GA-B).
Large numbers of long-legged ants (Anoplolepis longipes) were seen in the vegetated areas, and this
may have contributed to the low number of observed tree-nesting birds.  A mixed grove of Pisonia
grandis and Tournefortia, located at the southern tip of the islet (GA-E) had recently been leveled
by earth-moving machinery.  Reportedly, this grove had supported nesting white terns.  Great
crested terns (Sterna bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were seen roosting on the
rock revetment and jetties (GA-C) and on the northern end of the islet (GA-A).
Marine Survey (Date: 9/24/96)
     Station GA-1:
Habitat:  This station includes the seaward reef flat between the western corner of the islet and an
abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole.  This windward, ocean-swept reef flat is in a high-energy
environment.  The station was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction.  Corals were sparse
except within depressions, and most of the substrate was algal-covered pavement.  Small colonies
of the coral (Porites lutea) were scattered along the inner reef flat.
Fish:  Few reef fish were observed within this station.  The most notable observation was a juvenile
black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus).
Species of Concern:  Corals:  of the 10 coral species identified within this station, 6 were SOCs
from the genera Acropora, Favia, Pocillopora, and Heliopora.  Others corals from the genera
Porites, Goniastrea, and Montipora were also seen.
     Station GA-2:
Habitat:  This station is the abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole on seaward reef off the southeastern
corner of the islet.  The reef is in a windward, high-energy environment.  The hole was surveyed
in a counterclockwise manner.  The quarry was home to a rich and diverse community of marine
organisms including corals, reef fishes, sponges, bivalve and mollusks.  Corals were very abundant
especially along the walls and in shallows.  Many species of Acropora and other SOCs were present.
Fish: A diverse community of reef fishes was observed including parrotfishes (Scarus sp),
rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus gutattus), schools of mullet (Mugilidae), and
goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis).  Striped bristletooth surgeonfishes (Ctenochaetus striatus) with
unusual yellow blotches was observed.  A single black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
was seen in the quarry.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima and T. gigas).  Sponge:  orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals:  of the 42 coral
species identified within this station, 29 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Favia,
Heliopora, Platygyra, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Pavona, and Millepora.  Others from the genera
Turbinaria,  Goniastrea, Cyphastrea, Montipora, Hydnophora, Leptoria, Astreopora, Leptastrea, and
Disticophora were also present.
     Station GA-3:
Habitat:  This station extends across the interislet reef from the quarry hole to the southern harbor
jetty at the southwestern corner of the islet.  The reef is in a windward, high-energy  environment.
It was surveyed in a north to south direction.  Immediately lagoonward of the quarry, the reef flat
is current-swept pavement.  Porites lutea coral colonies (micro-atolls) dot the bottom closer to the
lagoon.  Off the southeast corner of the islet is a deeper, more protected shelf with coral covered
outcrops and other high spots that had 100% coral coverage.
Fish:  Few reef fish were observed on the reef flat, but many fish were observed on the shelf off
the southwest corner of the islet.  The most common species observed included large parrotfishes
(Scarus sp), wrasses (Cheilinus undulatus), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), and groupers (Plectropomus
laevis).  Fish abundance and size at this station suggested that Gagan had been subjected to
relatively little fishing pressure.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Corals:  of the 30 coral species observed within this station, 18 were SOCs from the
genera Acropora, Stylophora, Pavona, Halomitra, Millepora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Favia, and
Fungia.  Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Porities, Astreopora, Turbinaria, Goniopora,
Symphyllia, Cyphastrea, Leptoria, and Monitpora were also observed.  Sea Turtles: potential nesting
habitat occurred at the southwest corner of the islet, but the area had recently been disturbed by
bulldozing/earthmoving activities, and no evidence of turtle nests were found.
     Station GA-4:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef between the north harbor jetty and the
northwestern corner of the islet.  The reef is sheltered by the islet and in a relatively low-energy
environment.  The station was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction.  The habitat was
largely sand flats with coral covered pinnacles dotting the bottom beyond the shallower lagoon reef.
Coral cover was 100% along the fringing reef.  Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) and bivalves were
particularly prolific within this station.
Fish:  The coral pinnacles supported a variety of reef fish including a number of juvenile groupers
(Epinephelus sp and Plectropomus sp).  The small harbor jetties supported an unusual black and
yellow form of striped bristle-tooth surgeonfishes (Ctenochaetus striatus).  Four spotted eagle rays
(Aetobatus narinari) were observed within the harbor.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
maxima, T. gigas and T. squamosa).  Sponges:  orange sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals:  of the 24
species of corals recorded within this station, 14 were SOCs from the genera Favia, Heliopora,
Halomitra, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Acropora, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Symphyllia,
Montipora, Porties, Turbinaria, Hydnophora, Herpolitha, Alveopora, and Cyphastrea were also
observed.
GELLINAM
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/5/96)
Gellinam is about 2 hectares (5 acres) in size and actively used by seabirds for nesting.  The
shoreline and exposed reef provide foraging habitat for wintering migratory shorebirds.  Seabirds
were observed foraging in the boat harbor (GL-E) and east of the islet (GL-D).  The lawns
surrounding structures (GL-B) and in the northern section of the islet (GL-A) supported various
shorebirds.  The helicopter pad (H) may collect water during heavy rain and attract wintering
shorebirds.  The rocky shoreline was used by shorebirds for feeding and by black-naped terns
(Sterna sumatrana) for roosting.  Surveys in 1988 indicated large numbers of black noddies  (Anous
minutus) nesting in this area, however, there was no evidence seen during the survey of recent
nesting.  Black noddies were observed nesting in six Pisonia trees adjacent to a building (GL-B).
We observed black-naped terns nesting in the coral rubble on both sides of the helicopter pad (GL-
C).  The beaches at the northern and southern ends of the islet (GL-F) were also used by black-
naped terns for nesting, and one nest with a single egg was found at the northern beach.
Marine Survey (Date: 12/5/96)
     Station GL-1:
Habitat:  This station is an abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole on the seaward reef flat east of the
islet.  The station is in a windward, high-energy environment.  It was surveyed in a southeast  to
northwest direction.  Many coral species have become well established to create excellent habitat
within the relatively shallow hole.  The quarry is irregularly shaped with many ridges and high spots
that afford suitable relief to support a community of coral and fish species that is both diverse and
abundant.  Coral coverage on the walls of the hole was estimated to be 80%.
Fish:  Reef fish species observed included emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus), snappers (Lutjanus
gibbus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), and several schools of parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams (Tridacna maxima).  Sponges:  orange encrusting
sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow rubbery tube sponges (unidentified).  Corals:  of the 35 coral species
recorded within this station, 24 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora,
Pavona, Platygyra, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptastrea,
Leptoria, Goniastrea, Hydnophora, Cyphastrea, Turbinaria, and Leptoseris were also observed
within this station.
     Station GL-2:
Habitat:  This station extends across the interislet reef between the northeastern end of the quarry
hole and the northwestern corner of the islet.  The reef is in a windward, high-energy environment,
and the benthic habitat can be characterized as scoured pavement, exposed to strong incoming
currents.  The station was surveyed in an east to west direction.  Coral coverage was estimated to
be 5%.  Off the northern point of the islet, rubble had formed a small berm.
Fish: Very few reef fish were observed within this station.
Species of Concern:  Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals:  of the 6 coral
species observed within this station, 3 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora and Pocillopora.
Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, and Goniastrea were also observed within this
station.  Sea Turtles: nesting habitat for sea turtles was observed behind the northern rubble berm
where 9 possible old turtle nest pits were found.  No evidence of recent nesting was observed.
     Station GL-3:
Habitat:  This station extends along the reef on the lagoon side of the islet from its northwest corner
to the northern harbor jetty.  The station is protected by the islet and in a relatively low-energy
environment.  It was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction.  Coral coverage was from an
estimated 5% near the northwest corner of the islet and an estimated 60% near the jetty.  A shallow
reef that is wave-swept at times occurs near the jetty.  Several species of Acropora were present.
A fouling filamentous algae was common throughout the shallow areas of this station.  The area
north of the jetty supported abundant top shell snails (Trochus sp).
Fish:  Many parrotfishes (Scarus sp) were observed throughout this station. Close to the
northernmost harbor jetty, several big schools of rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers (Plectropomus
areolatus), and one white-tip and one black-tip shark (Triaenodon obesus and Carcharhinus
melanopterus, respectively) were observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. gigas) and top shell snails
(Trochus niloticus).  Sponges: orange rubbery branch sponges (unidentified).  Corals: of the 34 coral
species observed at this site, 22 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona,
Lobophyllia, Heliopora, Fungia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Favites,
Symphyllia, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Turbinaria, and Leptoseris were also recorded at this
station.
     Station GL-4:
Habitat:  This station extends across the interislet reef flat between the southern end of the quarry
and the southern harbor jetty.  The reef is in a windward, high energy environment although the
lagoonward portion between the end of the islet and the jetty is somewhat protected.  The station
was surveyed in an east to west direction.  On the reef flat southeast of islet, coral coverage was
estimated to be 10%.  In contrast, coral coverage on the lagoon reef off the southwestern corner of
the islet was an estimated 90%.
Fish: Reef fish species observed included snappers (Lutjanus gibbus) and groupers (Variola louti
and Plectropomus sp).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna
squamosa, T. gigas, T. maxima, and Hippopus hippopus).  Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella
sp), orange rubbery tube sponges (unidentified).  Corals: of the 35 coral species recorded at this site,
21 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Millepora, Halomitra, Platygyra, Pocillopora, Pavona,
Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptoria,
Goniopora, Hydnophora, Stylocoeniella, Goniastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed.
     Station GL-5:
Habitat:  This station extends from a large pinnacle on the lagoon floor northwest of the islet to the
harbor channel off the southeastern corner of the islet.  The area is in a moderate-energy
environment being less sheltered by the islet and subject to strong tidal currents.  Coral coverage
on the large pinnacle was estimated to be 50%, and Acropora spp and other SOCs were abundant.
The bottom substrate between the pinnacle and the harbor was mostly low-relief sand and rubble
mixed with smaller outcrops of coral.
Fish:  Reef fishes observed were snappers (Lutjanus gibbus), groupers (Plectropomus laevis and
Variola louti), jacks (Caranx sexfasciatus), spotted eagle rays (Aetobatis narinari), grey reef sharks
(Carcharhinus amblyrynchos), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), surgeonfishes (Naso sp), snake eels
(Myrichthys maculosus) and garden eels (Heteroconger hassi).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas and T. maxima).  Sponges: brown
sponges with one siphon (Halisarch sp), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange rubbery sponges
(unidentified), and orange stalk sponges (Stylissa sp).  Corals: of the 46 coral species observed at
this site, 23 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Heliopora, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, Pavona,
Halomitra, Merulina, Stylophora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera
Goniastrea, Symphyllia, Astreopora, Herpolitha, Sandalolitha, Montastrea, Favites, Anacropora,
Stylocoeniella, Montipora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Turbinaria, Oulophyllia,  Leptoseris, and
Cirrhipathes were also observed within this station.  Sea turtles: one adult green sea turtle (Chelonia
mydas) was observed.
ENIWETAK
Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 12/4 & 5/96)
Eniwetak is approximately 6 hectares (15 acres) in area with vegetation mostly comprised of native
species.  Although small, this islet contained the largest number of nesting seabirds seen on the
USAKA islets during the survey.  The shoreline and exposed reef at low tide provide habitat for
foraging shorebirds.  The islet's vegetation was comprised mostly of mature stands of Pisonia,
Cocos, and Pandanus.  At the time of the survey, there were no mowed areas on Eniwetak.  The
helicopter pad (H) may collect water during heavy rain and may attract both seabirds and shorebirds.
Black noddies (Anous minutus) were the most common birds breeding in the Pisonia canopy (EK-
A), which was about 30 m in height.  Vegetation on the western and northern sections of the islet
was primarily comprised of Pisonia.  Scaevola and Cocos were observed above tidal influence on
the southern shore.  Mixed stands of and Pandanus occurred along the eastern shoreline.  A small
patch of Pandanus supported a few brown noddies (Anous stolidus), which appeared to be breeding.
White terns (Gygis alba) were observed on the eastern edge of the stand.  Although it was likely
that they were breeding, no chicks or eggs were located.  Great frigate birds (Fregata minor) were
not observed to be nesting, but they were spotted soaring above the islet.  Great crested terns (Sterna
bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed roosting on the harbor jettys (EK-
B).  Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) were the primary shorebird observed on the islet.
Marine Survey (Dates: 12/6/96 & 12/7/96)
     Station EK-1:
Habitat:  This station is a large pinnacle located northeast of Eniwetak on a lagoon floor ridge that
appears to extend between Eniwetak and Kwadack islets.  Although the pinnacle is on the windward
side of the atoll, it is in a moderate-energy environment since it receives some protection from the
atoll reef.  The periphery of the pinnacle was surveyed in a clockwise direction.  Corals on this
pinnacle were diverse and abundant, and coral cover on the sides of the pinnacle was estimated to
be nearly 90%.  Many coral species observed belonging to the genera Acropora were present.
Scallops (Pedum spondyloideum) were common on the pinnacle.
Fish:  Reef fish diversity and abundance at the pinnacle was low, possibly as a result of fishing
pressure.  Fish species recorded included snappers (Lutjanus bohar, Macolor niger, and Aprion
virescens, and several large schools of Lutjanus gibbus ), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), groupers
(Cephalopholis argus and Plectropomus sp), and snake eels (Myrichthys maculosus).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  giant clams  (Tridacna gigas, T. squamosa and T. maxima).
Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black bunchy sponges (Hippospongia amata),
black sponges (Axinyssa sp), yellow tube sponges with a single siphon (unidentified), red encrusting
sponges (Crella sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified).  Corals: of the 37 coral species
recorded within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Halomitra, Stylophora,
Merulina, Platygyra, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, and Favia.  Other corals from the
genera Goniastrea, Astreopora, Herpolitha, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Montipora, Porites, Leptastrea,
and Leptoseris were also observed at this station.
     Station EK-2:
Habitat:  This station extends along the northern side of the islet from its northeastern corner to the
northern harbor jetty on the western side of the islet.  Though well inside the lagoon, the area
around Eniwetak is influenced by currents that sweep into the lagoon through Eniwetak Channel.
The eastern end of the station is in a wave-swept, high-energy environment and the western end is
somewhat more protected.  Coral coverage was estimated to be 5% close to shore and 50% farther
out on a gently sloping shelf.  Within this station, overall benthic habitat complexity was greatest
in the area north of the jetty.
Fish:  Reef fish species observed at this station included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus and
Naso lituratus), groupers (Variola louti), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), and mixed schools of
parrotfishes (Scarus spp).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus).  Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp),
black sponges (Axinyssa sp), orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), and yellow lumpy
sponges (Hippospongia metachomma).  Corals: of the 38 coral species observed within this station,
24 were SOCs from the genera  Acropora, Tubipora, Platygyra, Lobophylla, Heliopora, Pocillopora,
Millepora, Pavona, and Favia.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea,
Astreopora, Montastrea, Hydnophora, Alveopora, Porites, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris  were also
observed within this station.
     Station EK-3:
Habitat:  This station extends along the southern shoreline from the eastern corner of the islet to the
southern harbor jetty.  The reef flat is exposed to strong currents associated with  Eniwetak Channel,
and this station is in a high-energy environment.  In general, the reef flat is slightly more protected
and deeper near the southwestern corner of the islet.  Coral coverage within this area was greater.
The station was surveyed in a roughly east to west direction.  Coral coverage on the reef flat was
estimated to be less than 20 % except for along the reef margin where it was estimated to be 90%.
It appeared that trenching for cables extending across the reef flat and down the reef slope had
caused a high degree of localized impact to the coral community at this location.
Fish: Reef fish species included aggregations of parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), groupers (Variola
louti and Plectropomus laevis), emperors (Lethrinus sp), and white-tip, black-tip, and grey reef
sharks (Triaenodon obesus, Carcharhinus melanopterus, and C. amblyrhynchos, respectively).  On
the leeward side of islet, near the harbor, schools of surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus and A.
lineatus), and rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp) were observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus). Sponges: orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), black sponges (Axinyssa sp),
yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), red encrusting
sponges (Crella sp), and yellow lumpy sponges (Hippospongia metachroma).  Corals: of the 47
coral species recorded at this site, 33 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia,
Platygyra, Millepora, Stylophora, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, and Favia.  Other corals from
the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Alveopora, Leptastrea, Montastrea, Symphyllia,
Herpolitha, Oulophyllia, Porites, Turbinaria, Hydnophora, and Leptoseris  were also observed at
this station.  Sea turtles: adjacent to the harbor boat ramp near the helicopter pad, a turtle nest pit
was found in an area of weedy vegetation above the beach.  A turtle egg shell was recovered from
the site.  Several more turtle nest pits were found within the same area fronting the harbor.
     Station EK-4:
Habitat: This station extends along the southern upper reef slope from the eastern end to the western
end of the islet.  Strong currents flow from east to west through the station.  The station was
surveyed in an east to west direction.  The survey was conducted at depths between 16 and 26 m.
Coral coverage within this station was estimated to be 90% and was comprised of many SOCs.
Other macro-invertebrates included several species of sea feathers (Comanthus spp) and a crown-of-
thorns-starfish (Acanthaster planci).
Fish:  Reef fish were abundant and included snappers (Lutjanus bohar, L. gibbus, and Macolor
niger), mixed aggregations of parrotfishes (Scarus spp), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus pyroferus),
groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus laevis), large triggerfishes (Balistoides sp), white-tip reef
sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and manta rays (Manta birostris).
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa).  Sponges: orange
encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified),  pink branching sponges
(unidentified), purple encrusting sponges (Clathria sp), red encrusting sponges (Clathria sp and
Crella sp), blue sponges (unidentified), black sponges (Axinyssa sp), and orange rubbery branching
sponges (unidentified).  Corals: of the 45 coral species observed within this station, 26 were SOCs
from the genera  Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina, Favia, Millepora, Heliopora,
Pocillopora, Pavona, and Seriatopora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora,
Galaxea, Favites, Psammocora, Cyphastrea, Alveopora, Porites, Turbinaria, Astreopora,
Scaphophyllia, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station.
ENNUGARRET
Terrestrial Survey (Date: 9/25/96)
Ennugarret is a heavily forested 9.7-hectare (24-acre) islet immediately southeast of Roi-Namur.
The shoreline and exposed reef provide foraging habitat for wintering shorebirds.  The forest (ET-A)
was a mixture of Pandanus sp, Pisonia, and other coastal trees that are all valuable for tree-nesting
seabirds.  Historical information indicates that a cleared area was present at one time; but at the time
of the survey, the forest cover was almost continuous over the islet.  Bird density was low and only
noddies (Anous spp) and white terns (Gygis alba) were seen in the interior. The habitat and the
behavior of the few seabirds seen suggested that the islet was used for breeding, but no nests were
located.  The sand spit at the southwestern corner of the islet was being used by black-naped terns
for roosting.  A new landbird record for the entire atoll was a single Long-tailed Cuckoo
(Eudynamis taitensis), which was observed in the forest interior.  This species breeds in New
Zealand and migrates to Pacific Island and atolls during its non-breeding season.  A large,
unidentified brown rat was observed under a tree.
Marine Survey (Dates: 9/24 & 25/96)
     Station ET-1:
Habitat:  This station extends along the lagoon reef between the southwestern and northwestern
corners of the islet.  This station is sheltered by the islet and in a relatively low-energy environment.
It was surveyed in a south to north direction.  The reef substrate is sand with large thickets of
branching Acropora corals and clusters of reef outcrops that are nearly 100% covered with corals.
In general, coral cover is greatest within the southern portion of the station.  Corals on several of
these outcrops appeared to have been damaged by anchors.  On the beach near the northwestern
corner of the islet, a pile of giant clam shells (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus
niloticus) were observed, indicating recent harvesting.
Fish: Surprisingly few large reef fish were seen.  Two large triggerfishes (Balistoides viridescens)
were observed defending their territory.  The several areas of damaged coral indicated recent
anchoring, which may explain the lack of fish due to fishing pressure.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and Hippopus hippopus)
and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges:  orange sponges (Unidentified) and yellow
encrusting sponges (Unidentified).  Corals: of the 38 species of corals recorded within this station,
24 were SOC's from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Favia, Fungia, Lobophyllia,
Pavona, and Millepora.  Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Porties, Leptoseris,
Turbinaria, Leptoria, Hydnophora, and Leptastrea were also seen.  Sea Turtles: good potential sea
turtle nesting habitat occurred on shore at the northern end of the station.
     Station ET-2:
Habitat:  This station extends across the interislet atoll reef between the northwestern and
northeastern corners of the islet.  The shallow reef flat is current-swept, partially exposed during low
tides, and in a moderate to high-energy environment.  Coral abundance and diversity on the reef flat
was low with Porites lutea being dominant.  On the outer reef flat and in deeper water toward the
lagoon, corals were slightly more abundant.  Thickets of branching Acropora sp corals were
observed at the lagoon-ward end of the station.
Fish:  Several schools of juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus sp) and a small black-tip reef shark
(Carcharhinus melanopterus) were seen.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Hippopus hippopus and Tridacna maxima) and top
shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges: orange sponges (unidentified) and red encrusting sponges
(Crella sp).  Corals: of the 8 coral species identified within this station, 5 are SOCs from the genera
Acropora, Pocillopora, and Heliopora.  Other corals from the genera Monitpora, Porties, and
Goniastrea were also seen.  Sea Turtles: good potential sea turtle nesting habitat occurred on shore
at the western end of the station.
     Station ET-3:
This station extends along the seaward reef flat roughly between the northeastern and southeastern
corners of the islet.  This windward station is current-swept and in a high-energy environment.  The
station was surveyed in a north to south direction.  Coral abundance and diversity on the reef flat
was low to moderate, with Porites lutea and Montipora digitata being dominant.  Patches of
zooanthids (Palythoa sp) were extensive on the outer reef flat.
Fish: Relatively few reef fish were seen within this shallow, exposed station.  One juvenile black-tip
reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks:  top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Corals:  of the 8 species
recorded within this station, 4 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora.  Other corals
from the genera Goniastrea, Porties, Montipora, and Leptoria were also seen.
     Station ET-4:
Habitat:  This station extends along the interislet atoll reef roughly between the islet's southeastern
and southwestern corners.  The shallow reef flat is current-swept with low coral diversity.  The
station was surveyed in an east to west direction.  Coral diversity and abundance was generally low
with  Porites lutea being dominant.  However, off the southwestern corner of the islet on the lagoon
side, coral diversity and abundance was dramatically higher.  At this location, coral coverage was
an estimated 60%.
Fish: Very few fish were observed within this station.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and T.  squamosa) and
top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges: orange sponges (Stylinos sp).  Corals: of the 9 species
of corals identified at this station, 5 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Heliopora, and
Pocillopora.  Other corals from the genera Leptoria, Goniastrea, Montipora, and Porties were also
seen.
     Station ET-5:
Habitat:  This deeper station is on the lagoon reef slope, approximately 500 m from the west side
of the islet.  The station is protected by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment.  It
was surveyed in a south to north direction between depths of 7 and 15 m.  Large reef outcrops on
the sand terrace supported many corals, and thickets of Acropora were present  at shallower depths.
In some areas coral coverage was estimated to be 90%.  A crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster
planci) was seen feeding on a coral colony.  A current line moving through this station contained
much plastic debris, some of which was entangling corals.
Fish:  Larger reef fish were observed on the large outcrops.  The primary fish species included
several groupers (Anyperdon leucogrammicus, Epinephelus cyanopodus, and Plectropomus
areolatus).  Also common in this area were snappers (Lutjanus monostigmus) and schools of
parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos).  A single large adult black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus
melanopterus)was observed.
Species of Concern:  Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas).  Corals: of the 17 species of coral
identified within this station, 13 are SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia,
Fungia, Pectinia, Seriatopora, and Pavona.  Other corals from the genera Herpolitha, Montipora,
and Porites were also seen.
     Station ET-6:
Habitat:  This station is a pinnacle on the lagoon floor that is marked with a red buoy and located
approximately 1000 m west of the islet where it is in a moderate-energy environment.  It was
surveyed in a clockwise direction at an average depth of 18 m.  Coral diversity was high and coral
coverage was estimated to be 90% around the periphery of the pinnacle.  Evidence of coral
destruction, presumably as a result of anchor placement on the pinnacle was seen in three different
places.
Fish:  Reef fish species were diverse, and the most conspicuous species included snappers (Lutjanus
gibbus, L. fulvus, L. monostigmus, Macolor niger, and Aprion virescens) and groupers (Plectropomus
laevis and P. areolatus).  An adult male white-tip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) was seen.
Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas), black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada
margaritifera), and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus).  Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp),
orange lumpy sponges (unidentified), brown sponges (Axinyssa sp), and yellow encrusting sponges
(unidentified).  Corals: of the 37 coral species recorded within this station, 26 were SOCs from the
genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Halomitra, Pavona, Seriatophora, Merulina,
Stylophora, and Pectinia.  Other corals from the genera Leptoseris, Favites, Montipora, Porties,
Goniopora, Leptastrea, Acrhelia, and Pachyseris were also seen.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The avian communities of the Marshall Islands are made up predominantly of breeding seabirds,
resident either seasonally or year-round, and migratory shorebirds either passing through or spending
their entire non-breeding season on the low atolls and coral islands of the country.  Seabirds do all
their foraging at sea, coming to land only to lay eggs and raise chicks and for some species to loaf
and rest.  Their habitat requirements on land, therefore, are very simple.  The correct substrate for
nesting at a site is one that is free from the predators and disturbance that would preclude successful
breeding.  Migrant shorebirds, waterfowl, the reef heron, and the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis
taitensis) on the other hand do require both roosting sites that are safe from predators and acceptable
foraging habitat.
Great-crested terns (Sterna bergii) are not on the Migratory Bird Treaty List but are one of the most
common and widespread seabird species on the USAKA islets.  They should be included on lists
of birds considered as protected at Kwajalein.  Likewise the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis
taitensis) should be added because it is a winter migrant using forest habitat on the atoll.
The very small islets such as Gellinam and  Gagan could be very easily cleared of rats which would
enhance seabird breeding success at those sites.
All Black-naped tern colonies should be marked off and all traffic should be excluded from entering
these colonies.  Their preference for open sites induces them to nest in dangerous places near the
helicopter pads and on beach areas with the potential for disturbance by those that do not notice
their cryptic nests.  This is a problem at Meck Islet where there is a high degree of human activity.
 The white chain fence that was placed around the bird colony on Meck has fallen down and it
should be repaired.  Similar fences should be placed around colonies on Omelek and Gellinam.
Abandoned buildings create a hazard to seabirds that may be attracted to ponding water and then
are unable to escape. Seabirds need a large area to take off and even the lowest walls can prevent
the birds from being able to escape. Uncovered tanks such as the one on Illeginni may be trapping
seabirds and should be either covered or removed. Antennae also cause a hazard to seabirds, since
the seabirds often are unable to see guy-wires and will accidentally fly into them. Therefore, any
antennae that are no longer needed should be removed. Buildings that are no longer in use on
Eniwetak, Omelek, and Gellinam may be encouraging camping, increasing the likelihood of
harvesting of reef species, adult birds, and bird eggs.  On Gagan, batteries were found in the forest
on the northern end of the islet , and these should be removed.
The relationship between seabird nesting success and the presence or absence of the long-legged ants
should be examined.  An attempt to control or eradicate this introduced ant on selected islets should
be considered.
The seagrass beds on Roi-Namur likely support moderate to large numbers green sea turtles.  These
beds should be protected through the establishment of a conservation zone that would restrict the
disturbance of the seagrass beds.
RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued)
We recommend analysis of  sediments and selected marine organisms for contaminants (e.g. PCBs
and Metals) at the southern corner of Meck Islet.  This recommendation is based on observations
of debris in the marine environment at this location that may contain such contaminants as PCBs
and  metals.  An assessment of potential impacts of the debris on marine organisms should be
conducted.
Herpolitha limax and Sandolitha robusta (Family FUNGIIDAE) were two species of unattached
corals that occurred on the upper reef slopes of several USAKA islets.  These species are
particularly vulnerable to environmental variations (e.g. typhoons which alter coastal sand transport
and result in smothering corals) and anthropogenic impacts (e.g. harvesting for aquarium trade or
personal collection).  Therefore, we recommend that these species be added to the Species of
Concern list of Corals (Coelenterates).
Two species of cone shells (Lambis truncata and L. scorpius) occur in shallow waters of several
USAKA islets and are particularly vulnerable to shell collecting activities.  Therefore, we
recommend that these species be added to the Species of Concern list of Mollusks.
Although coconut crabs (Birgus latro) occur throughout the USAKA islets, none were observed
during the inventory surveys.  Coconut crabs are vulnerable to human harvest activities and should
be protected when possible.  Therefore, we recommend that the coconut crab be added to the
Species of Concern list of Crustaceans.
Biologists observed a wide variety of debris littering the shallow marine environment in the vicinity
of the munitions disposal pit near the northwest end of the Illeginni islet.  Some of the small caliber
munitions were unexploded.  The future release of chemicals within these unexploded ordinance
may impact marine organisms.  We recommend that future burns be conducted in a manner that
completely detonates both large and small caliber ordinance.  Furthermore, the recommend that
small caliber ordinance observed in the near shore marine environment be collected and properly
disposed.REFERENCES
Clapp, R.B. 1990.  Notes on the birds of the Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research
     Bulletin No. 342.  Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Colin, C.L. 1995.  Tropical Pacific Invertebrates - A Field Guide to the Marine Invertebrates
     Occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds, and Mangroves.  Beverly Hills,
     California: Coral Reef Press.  296 p.
Hooper, J.N.A. and F.  Wiedenmayer. 1994.  Zoological Catalogue of Australia Volume 12 Porifera,
     Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.  624 p.
Myers, R.F. 1991.   Micronesian Reef Fishes - A Practical Guide to the Identification of the coral
     Reef Fishes of the Tropical Central and Western Pacific (2nd ed.).  Agana, Guam:
     Coral Graphics. 298 p.
Schipper, W.L. 1985.  Observations of Birds on Kwajalein Atoll 1978-1983.  Elepaio 46:27-32.
Veron, J.E.N. 1993.  Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific.  Honolulu, Hawaii: University of
     Hawaii Press.  644 p.
Table 1.  Seabirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.  Islet Key:
          RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK= Meck,
          KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern.
          B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=Dead.  *= nest not found but behavior suggests active breeding.
                                       USAKA Islets
Bird Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Short-tailed Shearwater
(Puffinus tenuirostris)	-	-	-	D	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Brown Booby
(Sula leucogaster)	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	O	-	O	-
Red-footed Booby
(Sula sula)	O	O	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Great Frigatebird
(Fregata minor)	O	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-	-	-
Great Crested Tern
(Sterna bergii)	P
O	-	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
O	P	P
Black-naped Tern
(Sterna sumatrana)	P
O	-	P	B	B*
O	P	B	P	P
O	-	B*
White Tern
(Gygis alba)	B*
O	B*
O	-	B*	P	B*	-	B*	B*	B	B*
Black Noddy
(Anous minutus)	O	O	O	B	O	B	P	P
O	P	B	B
Brown Noddy
(Anous stolidus)	O	B*
O	O	-	-	B*	O	O	P	P	P
Table 2.  Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and
          wildlife resources.  Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek,
          EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  Bold indicates current USAKA
          Species of Concern. B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=Dead.  *= nest not found but behavior suggests
          active breeding.
                                       USAKA Islets
Bird Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Pacific Golden Plover
(Pluvialis dominica)	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
Ringed or
 Semipalmated Plover
(Charadrius semipalmatus)	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Black Bellied Plover
(Pluvialis squatarola)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Wandering Tattler
(Heteroscelus incanus)	P	P	P	P	P	-	P	P	P	P	P
Grey-tailed Tattler
(Heteroscelus brevipes)	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	P	-
Whimbrel
(Numenius phaeopus)	P	P	P	-	P	P	P	P	P	P	-
Bristle-thighed
 Curlew
 (Numenius tahitiensis)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	P
Bar-tailed Godwit
(Limosa lapponica)	-	-	-		-	-	-	P	-	-	-	                                      USAKA Islets
Bird Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Hudsonian Godwit
(Limosa haemastica)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Godwit sp.
(Limosa sp. )	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-	-
Ruddy Turnstone
(Arenaria interpres)	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
Japanese Snipe
(Gallinago hardwickii)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-
Sanderling
(Calidris alba)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-
Sharp-tailed
 Sandpiper
(Calidris acuminata)	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-
Pacific Reef-Heron
(Egretta sacra)	B*	P	P	-	P	P	P	P	P	P	B*
Mallard
(Anas platyrhyncos)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-	-
Northern Pintail
(Anas acuta)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Table 2(Continued). Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered
                    species and wildlife resources.  Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam,
                    OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  Bold
                    indicates current USAKA Species of Concern.  B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=found
                    dead.  *=Nest not found but behavior suggests active breeding.
                                      USAKA Islets
Bird Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Long-tailed Cuckoo
(Eudynamis taitensis)	-	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
(Passer montanus)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	B	-	-	-
Domestic Ducks
(Anati sp. )	B	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Chickens
(Gallus gallus)	B	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	P	-	-

USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Table 3.  Seabird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
          Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck,
          KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern.
          Note: Black noddy count for large colonies = number of active nests x 2.  This number is likely to be an
          underestimate since the highest nests could not be seen.
                                      USAKA Islets
Bird Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK	KI	EL	LG	IL
Brown
 Booby
(Sula Leucogaster)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	-
Great
 Frigatebird
(Fregata minor)	1	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-
Great Crested Tern
(Sterna bergii)	27	-	4	7	1	6	2	9	2	4	4
Black-naped Tern
(Sterna sumatrana)	-	-	4	29	7	-	33	3	2	-	13
Black-naped
eggs/chicks
(Sterna sumatrana)	-	-	-	-	-	-	6/3	-	-	-	-
White Tern
(Gygis alba)	10	2	-	5	1	8	1	2	7	24	6
Black Noddy Adults
(Anous minutus)	-	-	-	9	1	656	8	7	47	40	184
Brown
 Noddy
(Anous stolidus)	1	18	2	-	-	1	1	4	1	2	1
USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Table 4.  Waterfowl, Shorebird, and Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during
          the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.  Islet Key:
          RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek,
          EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan,
          IL=Illeginni.  Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern.
                         USAKA Islets
Common Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Pacific Reef-Heron
(Egretta sacra)	6	6	2	-	1	1	1	6	5	1	6
Mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-
Northern Pintail
(Anas acuta)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11	-	-	-
American Wigeon
(Anas americana)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pacific Golden Plover
(Pluvialis dominica)	92	16	10	1	2	12	45	406	41	14	31
Ringed or Semipalmated
Plover (Charadrius hiaticula
or C.  semipalmatus)	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Black Bellied Plover
(Pluvialis dominica)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Wandering Tattler
(Heteroscelus incanus)	6	1	3	-	1	-	3	18	13	7	10
Grey-tailed Tattler
(Heteroscelus brevipes)	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	-
Whimbrel
(Numenius phaeopus)	3	1	2	-	5	10	4	49	6	1	10
Bristle-thighed Curlew
(Numenius tahitiensis)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1
Bar-tailed Godwit
(Limosa lapponica)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Hudsonian Godwit
(Limosa haemastica)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Table 4 (Continued).
     Waterfowl, Shorebird, Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996
     inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.  Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur,
     ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck,
     KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  Bold indicates current
     USAKA Species of Concern.
                           USAKA Islets
Bird  Name	RN 	ET	GA	GL	OM	EK 	MK 	KI	EL	LG	IL
Godwit sp
(Limosa sp)	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	1	-	-	-
Ruddy Turnstone
(Arenaria interpres)	96	5	5	6	9	-	12	379	13	2	42
Japanese Snipe
(Gallinago hardwickii)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-
Sanderling
(Calidris alba)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
(Calidris acuminata)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-	-
Long-tailed Cuckoo
(Eudynamis taitensis)	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
(Passer montanus)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-
USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY
Table 5.  Comparisons of Shorebird and Waterfowl counts on Kwajalein Islet during the
          1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources with those made in
          1988 by R.B. Clapp.  Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan,
          GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein,
          EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni.  All birds observed were USAKA
          Species of Concern.
	                             1988 	1996
SURVEY DATE	3/24	3/25	3/28	3/28	3/29	9/27	9/28	12/8
START TIME	17:00	16:27	07:13	15:20	08:30	15:40	15:20	15:20
STOP TIME	18:32	18:08	08:46	16:39	09:57	17:15	17:00	17:00
Pacific Golden
Plover	184	151	158	93	149	207	266	165
Wandering
Tattler	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
Whimbrel	4	3	5	5	3	26	21	19
Bar-tailed
Godwit	-	-	1	-	1	-	-	1
Hudsonian
Godwit 	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Ruddy
Turnstone	323	372	213	337	289	176	209	126
Sanderling	-	-	-	-	-	2	2	-
Sharp-tailed
 Sandpiper	7	6	13	1	4	6	2	1
Curlew
Sandpiper	-	1	-	-	1	-	-	-
Northern
Pintail	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11
Mallard	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1

Table 6.  Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of
          endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY         (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                    (IL)
Species        Kwajalein      Meck            Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
Illeginni
                                                               Namur     labagan
_____________________________________________________________________________
APLYSILLIDAE       x
Chelonaplysilla sp
AXINELLIDAE
Acanthella cavernosa         x               x                                  x
Stylissa flabelliformis      x
Stylissa sp                               x
ANCORINIDAE
Dorypleres splendens         x
CHALINIDAE
Nara nematifera         x      x
CRELLIDAE
Crella calypta       x         x                  x            x    x    x
DESMACIDIDAE
Liosina paradoxa         x
HALICHONDRIIDAE
Stylinos sp          x   x     x    x         x   x                      x
Stylotella sp        x
Axinyssa sp          x       x   x                x       x    x
HALISARCIDAE
Harlisarch sp                        x
IRDINIIDAE
Ircinia sp           x
Table 6 (Continued). Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
                     inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                    Namur     labagan
______________________________________________________________________________
MICROCIONIDAE
Clathria plintina         x
Clathria mima         x      x
NIPHATIDAE
Cribochalina olemda   x
SPONGIIDAE
Hippospongia amata            x
THORECTIDAE
Hippospongia
    metachroma                x
     Table 6 (Continued).    Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                             Namur     labagan
_____________________________________________________________________________
Unidentified Sponges
Orange Sponge                       x                               x     x
Orange Encrusting
  Sponge                   x
Orange Lumpy
  Sponge                                          x    x
Orange Stalk
   Sponge                        x            x
Orange Tube
   Sponge                                     x
Yellow   Sponge                                        x
Yellow Encrusting
  Sponge                  x                           x    x        x    x
Yellow Tube
  Sponge                               x      x
Brown Sponge                                                    x
Gray Lumpy
  Sponge                                                   x
Pink Branch
   Sponge                        x
Bright Green Encrusting
    Sponge                                                           x
Red Lumpy Sponge                                          x
Table 7.    Marine Mollusk Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory
            of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                            Namur     labagan
_____________________________________________________________________________
TRIDACNIDAE (Giant Clams)
Tridacna maxima      x      x     x  x            x   x   x      x   x   x    x
T. gigas                      x     x             x   x   x      x            x
T. squamosa     x       x     x     x                 x          x       x    x
Hippopus hippopus    x           x                x     x  x   x    x
TROCHIDAE (Top Shell Snails)
Trochus niloticus        x      x     x       x           x    x    x      x   x   x    x
T. maculatus         x
T. intextus                                                    x
PTERIIDAE (Black-lip Pearl Oyster)
Pinctada margaritifera              x                     x
Table 8.    Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of
            endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                            Namur     labagan
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata  x      x    x   x        x           x
A. aspera            x       x   x            x   x    x
A. austera           x      x    x   x        x           x     x   x    x    x
A. aculeus           x       x   x   x        x           x    x
A. clathrata             x       x   x                              x    x    x
A. cytherea          x      x    x            x       x   x         x    x    x
A. cerealis          x      x    x   x        x       x   x         x    x    x
A. cuneata                                             x
A. danai                     x       x                    x    x    x
A. digitifera            x      x             x       x        x    x     x
A. florida           x       x       x            x       x    x    x
A. formosa           x      x    x   x        x       x   x              x
A. gemmifera         x      x    x   x        x       x         x   x    x    x
A. glauca            x
A. grandis                           x                         x    x
A. granulosa             x                                x         x
A. horrida           x      x                                            x    x
A. humilis           x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
A. hyacinthus        x      x    x   x        x       x             x    x    x
A. meandrina         x
A. monitculosa       x      x    x   x        x           x         x    x    x
A. microphthalma         x       x   x                x   x     x   x    x    x
A. millepora             x                                          x    x
A. nasuta            x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
A. nobilis                           x            x    x       x    x
A. palifera          x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
A. palmerae                      x
A. paniculata        x
A. polystoma             x
A. robusta           x      x    x   x        x       x   x         x    x    x
A. secale            x       x                            x    x    x
A. tenuis                    x                            x    x
A. valida            x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
A. vaughani                 x    x   x                x             x    x    x
A. sp                                                               x
Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
                     inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                            Namur     labagan
______________________________________________________________________________
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona cactus        x                            x    x       x
P. clavus            x      x    x   x        x                     x    x    x
P. decussata                                          x
P. duerdeni                                       x
P. maldivensis                                            x
P. minuta            x      x    x   x        x                     x    x    x
P. varians           x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
P. venosa            x                        x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida        x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
F. favus             x      x    x   x        x       x             x    x    x
F. abdita                        x   x
F. matthaii          x               x                    x         x
F. speciosa          x       x   x   x                    x    x    x
F. stelligera            x      x    x        x       x        x    x         x    x
F. rotundata             x
P latygyra daedalea          x   x   x        x       x             x    x
                                                                              x
P. pini                                                   x
P. sp                       x
Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
                     inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                            Namur     labagan
______________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna      x       x   x   x        x        x  x
F. danai             x                        x   x    x  x         x
F. fungites          x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x         x
F. horrida                                                x
F. paumotensis                                                      x
F. scutaria          x      x    x   x        x       x   x         x    x    x
F. repanda           x           x                        x    x    x
F. echinata                                       x
Polyphyllia
     talpina             x
Halomitra pileus         x      x             x       x        x    x     x   x         x
H. sp                        x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea       x       x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa         x      x    x        x       x        x          x   x    x    x
M. platyphylla              x    x                    x             x    x    x
M. tenella           x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata             x     x         x                     x         x         x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia
  corymbosa          x           x                        x         x
L. hemprichii        x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x         x
PECTINIIDAE
Pectinia paeonia         x                                x
Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996
                     inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY          (KI)  (MK)   (EK)  (OM)  (GL)   (GA)  (ET)   (RN)  (EL)  (LG)
                     (IL)
Species         Kwajalein      Meck         Enewitak    Omelek     Gellinam      Gagan      Ennugarret      Roi-        Enny-      Legan
                  Illeginni
                                                                                            Namur     labagan
______________________________________________________________________________
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora danae        x      x                                   x
P. damicornis        x      x        x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
P. eydouxi           x      x    x   x        x       x   x     x   x    x    x
P. meandrina         x      x    x            x       x   x     x   x    x
P. verrucosa             x      x    x        x       x        x    x     x   x
                                                                                   x    x
Seriatopora hystrix      x       x            x           x         x
Stylophora pistillata    x      x    x        x       x        x    x    x    x    x    x
TUBIPORIDAE
Tubipora musica                  x                        x
                                                      Table 8(a).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996 inventory
                of endangered species and wildlife resources.
FAMILY                                                        SURVEY STATIONS
Species                            1      2   3       4        5    6             7          8    9    10   11
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata            x     x
A. aspera                           x
A. austera                   x   x   x            x       x         x    x
A. aculeus                          x         x                                    x    x
A. clathrata                                                   x         x
A. cytherea                  x   x   x            x       x    x    x    x
A. cerealis                  x x     x            x            x         x
A. digitifera                                 x   x
A. florida                                x                         x         x       x
A. formosa                   x   x   x            x                          x
A. gemmifera                                              x    x
A. glauca                                                                                    x
A. granulosa                                                             x    x
A. horrida                                                x
A. humilis                   x   x   x        x   x   x   x    x    x
A. hyacinthus                x       x            x            x    x    x
A. monitculosa                      x                          x
A. microphthalma          x  x                x       x
A. millepora                                              x
A. nasuta                                 x       x   x   x    x    x    x    x
A. palifera                               x           x             x
A. paniculata                                     x
A. polystoma                     x
A. robusta                           x            x            x
A. secale                        x   x
A. valida                    x x x   x        x   x            x
A. sp
        x
Table 8(a)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
FAMILY                                                        SURVEY STATIONS
Species         1    2   3     4    5         6   7   8   9    10   11
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona cactus        x   x
P. clavus                                     x                x              x
P. minuta                                         x                 x              x    x        x
P. varians               x          x                 x        x    x    x        x
P. venosa                                             x        x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida                             x       x            x    x
F. favus                            x         x                x                   x    x
F. matthaii                                           x
F. speciosa                                                    x         x
F. stelligera                        x                x        x    x    x    x
F. rotundata                                                        x    x
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                  x                                       x
F. danai                 x   x x    x                               x         x
F. fungites              x   x x                               x         x
F. scutaria              x   x      x                               x    x
F. repanda                                                     x
            x
Polyphyllia talpina                                            x
Halomitra pileus         x                                               x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea             x                      x   x    x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa         x   x      x         x       x        x    x    x
M. tenella               x   x      x                 x        x    x    x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia
   corymbosa              x  x x    x                                    x    x
                                                      L. hemprichii            x   x x    x                 x             x    x    xTable 8(a)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
FAMILY                                                        SURVEY STATIONS
Species                          1  2     3       4       5         6    7    8    9    10   11
PECTINIIDAE
Pectinia paeonia         x                                               x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora danae         x       x                            x    x    x
P. damicornis             x   x  x       x        x       x         x         x    x
P. eydouxi                 x   x    x         x       x        x    x    x    x
P. meandrina                  x           x       x       x    x    x    x         x
P. verrucosa              x   x  x   x        x       x   x    x    x    x
Seriatopora hystrix            x
Stylophora pistillata            x                        x
Table 8(b).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Roi-Namur Island (RN) during the 1996
                                                                                                  inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species         1    2   3     4    5         6   7   8
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
A. aspera                 x    x    x         x   x
A. austera                     x
A. cytherea                         x
A. cuneata                x               x
A. digitifera            x   x x                      x   x
A. humilis                x         x         x   x
A. gemmifera              x         x                 x
A. microphthalma                     x
A. nasuta            x   x   x   x   x        x   x
A. palifera                         x         x   x
A. valida                 x    x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona cactus                       x
P. varians                          x         x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida             x    x
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                     x
F. danai                  x    x          x
F. fungites               x
Halomitra pileus                              x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea                        x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa         x   x                    x       x
M. tenella                x               x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii           x   x
Table 8(b)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Roi-Namur Islet (RN)  during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species         1    2   3     4    5         6   7   8
______________________________________________________________________________
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis       x   x   x        x   x   x
P. eydouxi               x   x   x   x        x       x
P. meandrina         x   x   x
P. verrucosa             x   x x          x       x       x
Stylophora pistillata                x        x
TUBIPORIDAE
                          Tubipora musica           xTable 8(c).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Meck Islet (MK) during the 1996          inventory of
                                                                                             endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                SURVEY STATIONS
Species         1    2   3     4    5     6
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata       x  x   x        x
A. austera           x   x   x   x   x    x
A. cytherea              x   x   x   x    x
A. cerealis              x   x   x   x    x
A. digitifera            x                    x
A. formosa                x    x
A. gemmifera                        x
A. horrida           x         x
A. humilis           x   x   x   x   x    x
A. hyacinthus            x   x
A. monitculosa           x                x
A. nasuta            x   x   x       x    x
A. palifera                          x
A. robusta           x               x
A. valida                      x
A. vaughani              x   x            x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus            x   x   x        x
P. minuta                            x
P. varians           x    x    x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida        x   x   x   x        x
F. favus                       x    x     x
F. stelligera                        x
Platygyra daedalea       x   x x
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia fungites           x    x    x
F. scutaria          x   x   x   x   x
Halomitra pileus                 x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa         x   x                x
M. platyphylla       x
M. tenella           x         x     x
Table 8(c)(Continued).    Coral Species of Concern observed at Meck Islet (MK) during the 1996
                          inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5   6
______________________________________________________________________________
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata              x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii    x  x   x            x   x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora danae                             x
P. damicornis            x       x   x        x   x
P. eydouxi               x   x   x   x        x   x
P. meandrina             x   x       x            x
P. verrucosa             x   x   x   x        x   x
                          Stylophora pistillata     xTable 8(d).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Omelek Islet (OM) during the 1996 inventory
                of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                      SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata          x                x
A. aspera                 x         x
A. austera                x         x         x
A. aculeus                x
A. clathrata                         x        x
A. cerealis               x         x         x
A. digitifera             x    x
A. formosa                x         x         x
A. humilis                x    x    x         x
A. hyacinthus             x         x         x
A. gemmifera              x
A. monitculosa                            x
A. microphthalma             x       x        x
A. nasuta                 x    x          x
A. palifera               x               x
A. palmerae              x
A. robusta                x         x         x
A. tenuis                           x
A. valida                 x               x
A. vaughani              x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus                       x         x
P. minuta                 x               x
P. varians                x         x         x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida             x    x    x         x
F. favus                  x               x
F. abdita                 x
F. speciosa                         x
F. stelligera             x         x         x
Platygyra daedalea             x          x
Table 8(d)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Omelek Islet (OM) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
_____________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna           x
F. fungites                         x
F. scutaria               x         x         x
F. repanda                x         x         x
Halomitra pileus                              x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea                        x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa             x   x          x
M. tenella                x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata                   x         x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia corymbosa                x        x
L. hemprichii             x         x         x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis       x   x   x
P. eydouxi                x    x    x         x
P. verrucosa              x         x
Stylophora pistillata        x       x        x
TUBIPORIDAE
                                              Tubipora musica                     x         xTable 8(e). Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennylabegan Islet (EL) during the 1996 inventory of
            endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                       SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora austera             x   x   x
A. aculeus                          x         x
A. clathrata                     x   x
A. cytherea               x    x    x         x
A. cerealis               x    x    x
A. danai                       x    x
A. florida                                x
A. humilis                x    x
A. hyacinthus             x    x    x
A. gemmifera                   x    x
A. granulosa                              x
A. monitculosa            x         x
A. microphthalma                     x        x
A. millepora                   x
A. nasuta                 x         x
A. palifera               x    x    x         x
A. robusta                x         x
A. secale                 x    x    x         x
A. tenuis                      x
A. valida                 x    x    x
A. vaughani              x     x    x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus             x    x    x         x
P. maldivensis                            x
P. minuta                 x         x
P. varians                x         x         x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida                  x    x         x
F. favus                       x    x         x
F. matthaii                         x         x
F. speciosa                    x    x         x
Platygyra daedalea                  x         x
Table 8(e)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennylabegan Islet (EL) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                       SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
______________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                           x
F. danai                       x          x
F. fungites               x         x
F. horrida                     x
F. scutaria               x    x    x
F. repanda                     x    x         x
Halomitra pileus                 x   x        x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea                  x         x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa                 x   x        x
M. platyphylla               x       x        x
M. tenella                x    x    x         x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata                   x         x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia corymbosa            x   x        x
L. hemprichii             x    x    x         x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis           x
P. eydouxi                x    x    x         x
P. meandrina              x               x
P. verrucosa              x    x    x
Seriatopora hystrix                       x
                                     Stylophora pistillata                xTable 8(f).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Legan Islet (LG) during the 1996        inventory of
                                                                                             endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                 SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata                 x
A. austera               x   x   x   x
A. aculeus               x   x                x
A. clathrata                     x            x
A. cytherea              x   x       x        x
A. cerealis              x   x   x   x        x
A. danai                            x
A. formosa               x           x
A. grandis                   x   x   x
A. horrida               x           x
A. humilis               x   x   x            x
A. hyacinthus            x       x   x        x
A. gemmifera             x       x   x
A. monitculosa            x    x    x         x
A. microphthalma          x
A. millepora             x                    x
A. nasuta                x   x   x   x        x
A. palifera              x       x   x        x
A. robusta               x   x   x   x
A. tenuis                x           x        x
A. valida                 x         x         x
A. vaughani          x   x     x    x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus            x   x   x   x        x
P. minuta                x   x   x   x        x
P. varians               x   x   x   x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida            x   x   x   x        x
F. favus                 x   x       x        x
F. speciosa              x       x   x
F. stelligera            x       x
Platygyra pini                      x
P. daedalea              x
Table 8(f)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Legan Islet (LG) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                 SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5
______________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                     x
F. fungites              x           x
F. horrida                          x
F. scutaria                         x         x
F. repanda                                x
Halomitra pileus                             x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea       x   x   x   x        x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa          x  x   x   x        x
M. platyphylla           x       x   x
M. tenella               x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia corymbosa                x
L. hemprichii            x           x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis    x
P. eydouxi               x   x   x   x        x
P. meandrina                   x
P. verrucosa             x   x   x   x        x
Stylophora pistillata     x  x       x        x
TUBIPORIDAE
                                          Tubipora musica                           xTable 8(g).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Illeginni Islet (IL) during the 1996 inventory of
                endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                 SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora austera             x   x
A. clathrata                 x       x
A. cytherea               x    x    x
A. cerealis               x         x
A. danai                  x
A. florida                x    x
A. grandis                x    x
A. horrida                          x
A. humilis                x    x    x
A. hyacinthus             x    x
A. gemmifera              x    x    x
A. monitculosa                      x
A. microphthalma                     x
A. nasuta                 x    x    x
A. nobilis                x
A. palifera               x    x    x
A. robusta                x    x
A. secale                 x         x
A. valida                 x    x    x
A. vaughani              x     x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus             x    x    x
P. minuta                 x    x    x
P. varians                x    x    x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida             x    x    x
F. favus                  x    x    x
F. matthaii               x
F. speciosa               x    x    x
Platygyra daedalea        x    x
Table 8(g)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Illeginni Islet (IL) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                  SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3
______________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia danai                   x
F. fungites               x         x
F. paumotensis                      x
F. scutaria               x    x
F. repanda                x    x
Halomitra pileus             x   x   x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea        x    x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa             x   x   x
M. platyphylla               x   x
M. tenella                x    x    x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata                   x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia corymbosa                x
L. hemprichii             x    x    x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis       x
P. eydouxi                x    x    x
P. verrucosa              x    x    x
                                 Stylophora pistillata        x   xTable 8(h).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Gagan Islet (GA) during the 1996 inventory of
                endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                      SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
A. aspera                      x    x
A. austera                                x
A. aculeus                     x
A. cytherea                    x    x
A. cerealis                    x    x
A. digitifera             x    x
A. formosa                          x         x
A. humilis                x    x    x
A. hyacinthus                  x
A. gemmifera                   x
A. microphthalma                     x
A. nasuta                 x
A. palifera                    x
A. robusta                     x
A. valida                      x    x         x
A. vaughani                  x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona varians                 x    x         x
P. venosa                      x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida                  x    x         x
F. favus                       x
F. stelligera             x    x    x
Platygyra sp                     x
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                x
F. danai                            x         x
F. fungites                         x         x
F. scutaria                    x          x
Halomitra pileus                     x        x
Table 8(h)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Gagan Islet (GA) during the 1996
                                                                                                       inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
_____________________________________________________________________________
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea        x    x          x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa                 x   x        x
M. platyphylla                   x            x
M. tenella                     x          x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii           x   x        x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis           x   x
P. eydouxi                     x
P. meandrina                   x
P. verrucosa              x    x    x
                                     Stylophora pistillata                xTable 8(i).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Gellinam Islet (GL) during the 1996
                inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                 SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata            x    x         x
A. austera               x       x   x        x
A. aculeus                          x         x
A. clathrata                     x
A. cytherea              x       x   x
A. cerealis              x       x   x        x
A. danai                 x
A. digitifera            x
A. formosa               x       x            x
A. grandis                                x
A. humilis               x       x   x
A. hyacinthus            x       x            x
A. gemmifera             x       x
A. monitculosa           x
A. nasuta                x
A. nobilis                          x
A. palifera              x       x   x        x
A. robusta               x       x
A. valida                 x    x    x         x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus                  x
P. minuta                x           x        x
P. varians                     x    x         x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida            x       x   x        x
F. favus                 x
F. matthaii                               x
F. speciosa                         x
F. stelligera            x           x
Platygyra daedalea       x
P.  lamellina                       x
Table 8(i)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Gellinam Islet (GL) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                 SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5
______________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna                           x
F. fungites                    x    x         x
F. scutaria                    x    x         x
Halomitra pileus                     x        x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea             x          x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa          x          x
M. tenella               x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata                             x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii           x   x        x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora damicornis    x  x                x
P. eydouxi               x       x   x        x
P. meandrina             x       x   x
P. verrucosa             x   x   x
                                              Stylophora pistillata                         xTable 8(j). Coral Species of Concern observed at Eniwetak Islet (EK) during the 1996 inventory of
            endangered species and wildlife resources.
______________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata                 x         x
A. aspera                      x
A. austera                x    x    x         x
A. aculeus                x         x         x
A. clathrata                     x   x
A. cytherea               x    x    x
A. cerealis               x    x    x         x
A. danai                       x    x         x
A. florida                     x    x
A. formosa                     x    x
A. gemmifera                        x
A. humilis                x    x    x         x
A. hyacinthus             x    x    x         x
A. monitculosa                      x
A. microphthalma                              x
A. nasuta                 x    x    x         x
A. palifera               x    x    x         x
A. robusta                x    x    x
A. secale                 x
A. tenuis                           x
A. valida                 x         x         x
A. vaughani                  x   x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona clavus             x    x    x         x
P. minuta                 x         x
P. varians                                x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida             x    x    x
F. favus                       x    x         x
F. speciosa                               x
F. stelligera                  x    x
Platygyra daedalea        x    x    x         x
Table 8(j)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Eniwetak Islet (EK) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species                  1     2    3         4
_____________________________________________________________________________
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia concinna           x               x
F. fungites               x         x
F. scutaria               x
Halomitra pileus             x
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea        x    x    x         x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora exaesa                     x        x
M. platyphylla                   x
M. tenella                          x         x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata         x            x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii           x   x        x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora eydouxi       x    x    x         x
P. meandrina                              x
P. verrucosa                        x         x
Seriatopora hystrix                       x
Stylophora pistillata        x       x
TUBIPORIDAE
                                 Tubipora musica                x Table 8(k).     Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennugarret Islet (ET) during the 1996        inventory
                                                                                                  of endangered species and wildlife resources.
____________________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                   SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5   6
______________________________________________________________________________
ACROPORIDAE
Acropora accuminata                           x
A. aspera                x   x
A. austera               x                        x
A. cytherea              x                        x
A. cerealis              x                        x
A. digitifera             x    x
A. florida                                    x
A. formosa               x                    x
A. humilis               x   x   x   x            x
A. granulosa                                  x   x
A. monitculosa           x
A. microphthalma                              x
A. nasuta                x       x   x
A. nobilis                                    x   x
A. palifera              x                        x
A. robusta                                    x
A. valida                x                        x
AGARICIIDAE
Pavona cactus                                 x   x
P. decussata                                  x
P. duerdeni              x
P. varians               x                   x    x
FAVIIDAE
Favia pallida            x
FUNGIIDAE
Fungia danai             x                   x    x
F. fungites              x                        x
F. scutaria                                   x
F. stelligera            x
F. echinata                                   x
Halomitra pileus                                  x
Table 8(k)(Continued).   Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennugarret Islet (ET) during the 1996
                         inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources.
_____________________________________________________________________________
FAMILY                      SURVEY STATIONS
Species              1   2     3    4         5   6
______________________________________________________________________________
HELIOPORIDAE
Heliopora coerulea       x           x        x
MILLEPORIDAE
Millepora tenella         x
MERULINIDAE
Merulina ampliata                             x
MUSSIDAE
Lobophyllia hemprichii    x                   x   x
PECTINIIDAE
Pectinia paeonia                              x   x
POCILLOPORIDAE
Pocillopora danae        x
P. damicornis            x   x       x       x    x
P. eydouxi               x                    x
P. meandrina             x                        x
P. verrucosa             x       x   x            x
Seriatopora hystrix                           x   x
Stylophora pistillata                             x