Title : QG AdminCover tip17 9-5-01gvp.qxd (Page 2)
 Description : 
 Keywords : 
 Author : 

-----------------------------------------------
Quick Guide
For Administrators
Based on TIP 17
Planning for Alcohol and
Other Drug Abuse Treatment
For Adults in the Criminal
Justice System

-----------------------------------------------
Contents
Why a Quick Guide?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What is a TIP?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Substance-Involved Offender  . . . . . . . . 7
The Criminal Justice Continuum   . . . . . . . . 14
Collaboration Between Systems  . . . . . . . . 16
Staff Issues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Confidentiality Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Glossary  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

-----------------------------------------------
Quick Guide
For Administrators



This Quick Guide is based almost entirely on information con
tained in TIP 17, published in 1995 and based on information
updated through approximately 1993. No additional research
has been conducted to update this topic since publication of
the original TIP.
Based on TIP 17
Planning for Alcohol and
Other Drug Abuse
Treatment for Adults 
In the Criminal Justice
System

-----------------------------------------------

2
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


WHY A QUICK GUIDE?

This Quick Guide was developed to accompany
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse
Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice
System, Number 17 in the Treatment
Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series published by
the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT),
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration. This Quick Guide is based entirely
on TIP 17 and is designed to meet the needs of
the administrator for concise, easily accessed
information.

The Guide is divided into seven sections (see
Contents). These sections will help readers quick
ly locate relevant material.

Some terms used in this quick guide and TIP 17
are listed on page 28 in the Glossary. These
terms are included to enable administrators to
talk knowledgeably with staff, clients and others. 

For more information on the topics in this Quick
Guide, readers are referred to TIP 17.

-----------------------------------------------
What is a TIP? 3

WHAT IS A TIP?

The TIP series has been in production since 1991.
This series provides the substance abuse treat
ment and related fields with consensus-based,
field-reviewed guidelines on substance abuse
treatment topics of vital current interest.

TIP 17, Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse
Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice
System

 Addresses concerns of a broad range of readers
including clinicians, social workers, medical per
sonnel, mental health workers, program admin
istrators, and policymakers
 Includes extensive research
 Is a comprehensive reference for administrators
on applying these methods in substance abuse
treatment.
See the inside back cover for information on how
to order TIPs and other related products.

-----------------------------------------------

4
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


INTRODUCTION

Research has shown that criminal offenders have
higher levels of substance use than nonoffenders.
In addition, they tend to have higher rates of drug
use before becoming involved in the criminal jus
tice system. Studies have also linked increased
substance abuse with a greater likelihood of com
mitting an offense.

Although there is increasing frustration with
efforts to curb drug-related crimes, evidence has
been consistent in demonstrating that alcohol and
drug abuse treatment not only reduces substance
abuse, but also reduces criminal activity.

Key Principles
While many view the end of one system's respon
sibility as the beginning of the other's, profession
als in both systems now have a better understand
ing of the repetitive, circular nature of the interac
tions among the justice system, the substance
abuse treatment system, and the community.

Substance abuse treatment for offenders helps
the criminal justice system reduce recidivism and
gives alternatives to incarceration (when appropri
ate). Treatment within prisons and jails may
improve inmate behavior problems. Neither sub
stance abuse treatment nor criminal justice

-----------------------------------------------
Introduction 5

efforts alone are sufficient to deal effectively with
substance-involved offenders.

Here are several key points to form a framework
for developing recommendations to promote the
reduction of substance abuse:

 Substance users are not a homogeneous group.
 Treatment works.
 A single treatment program or approach will not
be successful for all offenders.
 Incarceration alone usually does little to change
behavior.
 People without a stake in society may view anti
social behavior as a way to maintain a sense of
power.
 Long-term reduction of drug use is dependent
on changes in society's attitudes about both
drug use and the justice system's role in preven
tion.
System Differences
The criminal justice and substance abuse treat
ment systems work from different incentives, val
ues, training, and standards, but they share com
mon goals for the benefit of society: the reduction
of deviant behavior and the reduction of sub
stance use and associated criminal activity.

-----------------------------------------------

6
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


 Criminal Justice Systemexists to protect pub
lic safety with a focus on laws, procedures, and
processes designed to incapacitate and punish
individuals who threaten the lives and well-
being of others.
 Substance Abuse Treatment Systemhas a
responsibility to address the great harm that
substance abuse and dependence exact on
individuals, their families and friends, and the
organizations and communities in which they
interact. It often provides support and under
standing to facilitate individual change.
For more detailed information, see TIP 17, 
pp. 13; 4041.

-----------------------------------------------
The Substance-Involved Offender 7

THE SUBSTANCE-INVOLVED OFFENDER

Program planners should recognize that sub
stance-involved offenders are not a homogeneous
group. Differences are found, even among those
people of the same age and gender who have the
same cultural, ethnic, social, and economic back
grounds. Differences include

 Personality 
 Patterns of substance abuse
 Health status
 Socialization
 Education
 Family
 Job training
 Urban and rural influences
 Mental functioning
Very often, their only shared characteristics
include involvement with alcohol and illicit drugs
and the criminal justice system.

Culture and Ethnicity
Many offenders are young male members of cul
tural and ethnic minority groups with low educa
tional attainment. While many of the reasons for
this disparity in racial incarceration rates are due

-----------------------------------------------

8
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


to factors outside the criminal justice system, evi
dence suggests that criminal justice practices and
policies contribute to the differences. Treatment
providers need to demonstrate cultural competen
cy skills in dealing with clients of various minority
groups.

Women
Women primarily enter the justice system when
apprehended for nonviolent criminal activity aris
ing from economic motives. These crimes include 

 Drug dealing
 Shoplifting
 Forgery
 Larceny
 Prostitution
Most women who are incarcerated are low-
income, single heads of households with depend
ent children. Most are unemployed prior to incar
ceration and a large portion come from families in
which there is a pattern of incarceration over gen
erations. 

Women in all stages of the criminal justice system
create a variety of special challenges. Many
women who enter prison have multiple medical
problems, including problems related to pregnan-

-----------------------------------------------
The Substance-Involved Offender 9



Treatment programs in the criminal justice system
should address the special needs of women by pro
viding comprehensive services. Linkages with social
service agencies and effective case management
are key elements in providing the needed array of
services. 
cy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted dis
eases, and TB. In about one third of cases, incar
ceration of women with children requires child
protective services and other social agencies to
become involved in out-of-home child placement
because there are no relatives to assume child-
care responsibilities.



Medical services for women are critical, since
rates of chronic disease are higher among women
entering the system than among men. Programs
must address issues of victimization directly and
provide women with access to shelters and legal
services to enable them to gain safety. Housing
and educational and vocational training are other
needs that must be addressed.

HIV/AIDS
HIV must be addressed at every point of contact
between the criminal justice and substance abuse
treatment systemsfrom arrest through incarcera
tion and paroleand across all age groups. A criti-

-----------------------------------------------

10
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


cal factor in the prevention of further HIV trans
mission in this population is HIV and risk factor
education and training of personnel in both the
criminal justice and substance abuse treatment
systems. Assistance to offenders should be com
prehensive, including 

 Prevention education
 Medical and social service support
 Grief counseling
 Other psychological services
In addition, continuing care should be provided
and include followup and hospice care.

Tuberculosis (TB)
Some guidelines for the prevention and control of
TB in correctional facilities address

 Surveillancescreening, diagnosis, case report
ing, and investigation of contacts
 Containmentisolation, treatment, and therapy
to prevent TB-infected individuals from develop
ing TB disease
 Assessmentrecordkeeping, case tracking, and
ongoing evaluation of compliance with proce
dures
It is more feasible to screen inmate populations
and to ensure that they complete a course of pre-

-----------------------------------------------
The Substance-Involved Offender 11

ventive therapy or treatment than it is to carry out
similar interventions in the community with high-
risk populations. Both inmates and staff should
receive education about TB and how to prevent it.

Co-Existing Mental Illness
A significant number of addicted offenders have
lifetime histories of depression, bipolar disorder,
atypical bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
Substance abusers with mental illness who also
are criminal offenders have special problems and
need access to coordinated mental health services. 

Transition From Institution to Community
It is important to recognize the need for offenders
to make a smooth transition into the community, a
process that involves identifying and addressing
special needs before the offender's release from
the institution. Treatment plans should be

 Biopsychosocial in nature
 Multidisciplinary in delivery
 Comprehensive in scope
 Driven by ongoing assessments
 Closely monitored
At the end of the period of incarceration, recom
mendations about community-based treatment
programs should be incorporated into parole

-----------------------------------------------

12
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


plans. Sanctions regarding the offender's perform
ance while in treatment also should be discussed
in detail with the offender, appropriate community
treatment program staff, and the parole officer.

For more information about the transition from
institution to community, see TIP 30, Continuity of
Offender Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
From Institution to Community.

Sexual Abuse and Violence
Many substance-involved offenders are perpetra
tors of violent behavior and many more are vic
tims, which can interfere with substance abuse
treatment. Counseling provided in substance
abuse treatment programs for offenders should
focus on issues related to violence, such as 

 Domestic violence
 Anger and impulse control
 History of physical and sexual abuse
Other considerations include the provision of spe
cialized substance abuse treatment and support
groups for sex offenders and assurance that confi
dentiality is protected. 

By understanding the variations among offenders,
the criminal justice and substance abuse treat
ment systems will be better prepared to address

-----------------------------------------------
The Substance-Involved Offender 13

the increasingly limited resources and the rising
number of individuals entering the justice system.

For more detailed information, see TIP 17, 
pp. 1723; 43.

-----------------------------------------------

14
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONTINUUM

To plan effective strategies for collaboration, sub
stance abuse treatment system planners, policy-
makers, and providers must have a detailed
understanding of the workings of the criminal jus
tice system. Although there are Federal, State,
and local differences, the criminal justice system
can be viewed as a continuum, the stages of
which involve personnel from various justice agen
cies. Major areas of criminal justice processing
are

 Arrest
 Arraignment
 Plea bargaining (negotiations leading to disposi
tion or trial)
 Diversion programs
 Trial
 Presentencing
 Sentencing
 Probation
 Intermediate sanctions
 Jails and prisons
 Parole or mandatory release

-----------------------------------------------
The Criminal Justice Continuum 15
Coerced Treatment: For and Against
Several studies indicate that clients who enter sub
stance abuse treatment because they are forced to
do so by the criminal justice system make as much
progress as those who enter treatment voluntarily.
However, some researchers are opposed to coerced
treatment on philosophical or constitutional
grounds, and there are clinicians who believe there
is little benefit to forced treatment.
Connections must be made between the treat
ment and criminal justice systems at the point of
arrest.

Several different categories of criminal justice sys
tem personnel can refer an individual into treat
ment. However, persons in the substance abuse
treatment system should recognize that the
source of the referral is important because it
determines whether the individual enters treat
ment voluntarily or is mandated into treatment.



For more detailed information, see TIP 17 
pp. 2526, and the Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment (CSAT) Criminal Justice Treatment
Planning Chart in TIP 17, Appendix B.

-----------------------------------------------

16
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


COLLABORATION BETWEEN SYSTEMS

The goals of effective collaboration should be
improving substance abuse treatment for offend
ers, reducing recidivism, and improving public
safety. The planning process should include repre
sentatives from a variety of stakeholder groups.

Conditions for Effective Relationships
Across Systems
The following principles and examples apply to the
criminal justice and substance abuse systems:

 Members are concerned about their own
group's or system's effectiveness.
 Members have confidence in their own group or
system.
 Members believe in the interdependence of the
other system and their system.
 Members are willing to accept or develop a
superordinate goal to link the systems.
 Members are willing to interact with other
groups in other systems in coordinated joint
ventures.
The following presents basic principles that have
been used to effect change in a variety of organi
zations and systems:

 Primary leaders or their designees with system
power should be enrolled in a change effort.

-----------------------------------------------
Collaboration Between Systems 17



Plans for the expenditure of all State and local sub
stance abuse treatment funds should be examined
and compared with plans for substance abuse
treatment programs. Several issues should be con
sidered:

 Are substance abuse treatment funds being
focused consistently on the stated expenditure
plans?
 How can substance abuse treatment plans be
changed without decreasing their effectiveness?
 Where is the flexibility in the substance abuse
treatment system that can permit the channeling
of funds and resources to treatment in the crimi
nal justice system?
 The group should obtain formal endorsement
from both systems' leaders if endorsement is
not implicit.
 A unifying goal must be present.
 Objectives must be described.
 The group should conduct a stakeholder review.
 "Difficult" people must be included.
 Data must be collected.
 Data should be used for decisionmaking.
 System descriptions should always be made.

-----------------------------------------------

18



For programs treating offenders, it is crucial to
identify who will make certain decisions and what
kinds of information will be reported. For example, 

 Will the program or the criminal justice agency
decide when an offender's relapse into alcohol or
drug use will be handled as a violation of the
conditions of probation?
 How detailed are the program's reports to the
criminal justice agency?
Matters such as these should be resolved up front
between the program and criminal justice agency
to avoid problems later.
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


Memorandum of Understanding
When a substance abuse program and a criminal
justice agency attempt to establish an ongoing
relationship, it is best to have 

 A complete discussion about the objectives of
each partner
 The expectations each partner has about the
obligation of the other
 Communications between the program and the
criminal justice agency
A memorandum of understanding (MOU) or letter
of agreement should be drafted to set forth the

-----------------------------------------------
Collaboration Between Systems 19

responsibilities agreed upon by each system.

Ongoing Issues
The criminal justice system imposes sanctions for
a certain period of time, while the substance
abuse treatment system works with a client for an
indeterminate length of time. The challenge is to
look for creative ways to apply sanctions and pro
vide incentives for offenders to continue treat
ment after their involvement with the criminal jus
tice system.

Recommendations
Specific suggestions for State action plans include

 Identifying shared populations and determining
top priorities common to both systems.
Attainable goals should be articulated and a
jointly funded program should be established to
achieve the goals.
 Requiring cross-training for substance abuse
treatment, criminal justice, and public health
staff.
 Developing and refining management informa
tion systems relevant to all three systems.
 Developing a system of waived offender infor
mation available to all three systemssub
stance abuse treatment, criminal justice, and
public health. The information could be use to

-----------------------------------------------

20
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


improve substance abuse treatment, ideally
reducing the risk of recidivism. 
 Developing loose-leaf resource manuals so that
new material and changes that are relevant to
both substance abuse treatment and criminal
justice systems can easily be added. The manu
als should include descriptions of local services
and contact persons.
 Publicizing successful examples of improved
offender rehabilitation resulting from effective
linkages between the substance abuse treat
ment and the criminal justice systems. Such
information should be publicized on an annual
basis, and preferably more frequently.
 Involving the media in publicizing issues and
specific examples of substance abuse treat
ment and criminal justice linkages.
Collaboration with the media is crucial if sys
temic change is to occur.
 Encouraging linkages with State, local, and pri
vate resources to maximize efficiency and effec
tiveness in substance abuse treatment pro
gramming.
 Encouraging case management as an important
linkage activity. Combined case planning is
another important tool for fostering collabora
tion between systems.

-----------------------------------------------
Collaboration Between Systems 21

 Involving the community. Those involved in the
criminal justice and substance abuse treatment
systems should continually promote education
about possible solutions to problems. Schools,
churches, and community organizations should
be encouraged to become involved in fostering
public education and public participation.
 Investigating possibilities for federally funded
pilot projects that encourage and support the
criminal justice, substance abuse treatment,
and public health systems to work together col
laboratively. 


For more detailed information, see TIP 17, 
pp. 56; 6566.

-----------------------------------------------

22
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


STAFF ISSUES

Burnout
People who work with substance abusers in the
criminal justice system experience high levels of
stress, especially those who work directly with
clients. As a consequence of all of these issues,
staff should receive training focused on burnout
and handling stressful environments. Specific
topic areas might include

 Recognition of the signs of burnout in oneself
and others
 How burnout affects significant others
 The role of peer support in preventing and deal
ing with burnout
 The importance of institutional policy and
response to staff burnout
 Formation of groups within the institution to
address sequelae of violent incidents
 How to de-escalate or otherwise respond to
potentially violent situations
 Stress management strategies, including relax
ation techniques
For more detailed information, see TIP 17, p. 72.

-----------------------------------------------
Confidentiality Issues 23



Adherence to Federal regulations does not depend
on how a program labels its services. A program
that calls itself a "prevention program" or "assess
ment program" is not excused from adhering to the
confidentiality rules. It is the kind of services, not
the label, that determines whether the program
must comply with the Federal law.
CONFIDENTIALITY ISSUES

Two Federal laws and a set of regulations guaran
tee the strict confidentiality of information about
personsincluding offendersreceiving alcohol
and drug abuse prevention, assessment, and
treatment services.

The General Rule
Federal confidentiality laws and regulations pro
tect any information about an offender if the
offender has applied for or received any sub
stance abuse-related services from a program
that is covered by the law. The rule applies from
the time the offender makes an appointment with
the treatment program. It is for those mandated
into treatment, those who go on a voluntary basis,
and also former clients or patients.

-----------------------------------------------

24
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


Consent
Most disclosures are permissible if an offender
has signed a valid consent form that has not
expired or been revoked. Consent forms must be
signed voluntarily; the offender is free to choose
not to receive treatment. A proper consent form
must be in writing and must contain each of the
following:

 The name or general description of the pro
gram(s) making the disclosure
 The name or title of the individual or organiza
tion that will receive the disclosure
 The name of the patient who is the subject of
the disclosure
 The purpose or need for the disclosure
 How much and what kind of information will be
disclosed
 A statement that the patient may revoke the
consent at any time, except to the extent that
the program has already acted on it
 The date, event, or condition upon which the
consent expires, if not previously revoked
 The signature of the patient
 The date on which the consent is signed

-----------------------------------------------
Confidentiality Issues 25

Information protected by the Federal confidentiality
regulations may always be disclosed after the
offender has signed a proper consent form. The
most commonly used exception to the general rule
prohibiting disclosures is for a program to obtain
the offender's consent.



Special Rules About Consent Forms
Some special rules apply to consent forms when
an offender comes for assessment or treatment
as an official condition of probation, sentencing,
dismissal of charges, release from detention, or
other disposition of any criminal proceeding. The
regulations require the following factors be consid
ered in determining how long a criminal justice
system consent will remain in effect:

 The anticipated duration of treatment
 The type of criminal proceeding in which the
offender is involved
 The need for treatment information in dealing
with the proceeding
 When the final disposition will occur
 Other information the patient, program, or crimi
nal justice agency believes is relevant

-----------------------------------------------

26



The rule to follow: Disclose only what is necessary,
for only as long as is necessary, keeping in mind
the purpose of the communication.
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


These rules allow programs to continue to use a
traditional expiration condition for a consent form
when there is a substantial change in the
patient's justice system status.



If you didn't already know

The results of urine tests performed by substance
abuse programs are protected by Federal regula
tions. However, testing conducted by criminal jus
tice authorities or correctional facilities for the
purpose of uncovering illegal drug use or monitor
ing offenders' (or inmates') compliance with rules
against illegal drug use are not protected under
the Federal regulations.

and....

Only offenders who have "applied for or received"
services from a program are protected. If an
offender has not yet been assessed or counseled
by a program and has not himself sought help
from the program, the program is free to discuss
the offender's drug or alcohol problems with oth
ers. But from the time the offender applies for
services, or the program first conducts an assess-

-----------------------------------------------
Confidentiality Issues 27

ment or begins to counsel the offender, Federal
regulations govern.

For more detailed information, see TIP 17, 
pp. 7375; 78; 88; and Quick Guides 7 and 12.

-----------------------------------------------

28
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System


GLOSSARY
Assessment: Evaluation or appraisal of a candi
date's suitability for substance abuse treatment
and placement in a specific treatment setting.

Community reintegration planning: Preparation
and strategy for each individual prisoner's release
from custody.

Developmental interagency coordination:
Collaboration among criminal justice personnel,
treatment personnel, and public health personnel
to form expert justice/treatment/public health
systems.

Drug testing: Technical examination of urine sam
ples to determine the presence or absence of
specified drugs or their metabolized traces.

Intermediate sanctions: Community-based pro
gram providing increased surveillance, tighter con
trols on movement, more intense treatment for a
wider assortment of maladies or deficiencies,
increased offender accountability, and greater
emphasis on payments to victims and/or correc
tions authorities.

Pre-release assessment: Infectious diseases risk
assessment recommended for all potential
parolees.

-----------------------------------------------
Glossary 29

Pre-sentence hearing: Event at which the prose
cutor, defense attorney, and judge meet prior to a
trial to establish parameters for the trial.

Pre-trial hearing: Appearance in court before a
magistrate at which bond is set or a determination
is made to retain in jail or release.

Relapse prevention: Strategy to train substance
abusers to cope more effectively and to overcome
the stressors/triggers in their environments that
may lead them back into drug use.

Treatment: Any intervention that may change
behavior.

Trial: Court hearing at which a prosecutor pres
ents a case against the defendant to show that he
or she is guilty of a crime; the judge or jury
decides the verdict.

Unbroken contact: Early, thorough, and substan
tial substance abuse treatment delivered in an
unbroken manner throughout the entire criminal
case-handling process, from arrest through the
completion of the sentence.

For more detailed information, see TIP 17,
Appendix B.

-----------------------------------------------

30
Planning for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Treatment for Adults
In the Criminal Justice System

-----------------------------------------------
Ordering Information
TIP 17 Planning for Alcohol and
Other Drug Abuse Treatment 
For Adults in the Criminal 
Justice System



TIP 17-Related Products
KAP Keys for Clinicians
based on TIP 17
Quick Guide for Clinicians
based on TIP 17

Do not reproduce or distribute this publication for a fee without spe
cific, written authorization from the Office of Communications,
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services.



Easy Ways to Obtain Free Copies 
of All TIP Products
1. Call SAMHSAs National Clearinghouse for Alcohol
and Drug Information (NCADI) at 800-729-6686, 
TDD (hearing impaired) 800-487-4889
2. Visit CSTAs Web site at www.csat.samhsa.gov

-----------------------------------------------
Other Treatment Improvement
Protocols (TIPs) that are relevant to
this Quick Guide:



See the inside back cover for ordering information for all
TIPs and related products.


DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3569
Printed 2001
TIP 7, Screening and Assessment for Alcohol and
Other Drug Abuse Among Adults in the Criminal
Justice System (1994) BKD 138
TIP 12, Combining Substance Abuse Treatment
With Intermediate Sanctions for Adults in the
Criminal Justice System (1994) BKD144
TIP 21, Combining Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse
Treatment With Diversion for Juveniles in the
Justice System (1995) BKD169
TIP 23, Treatment Drug Courts: Integrating
Substance Abuse Treatment With Legal Case
Processing (1996) BKD205
TIP 30, Continuity of Offender Treatment for
Substance Use Disorders (1998) BKD304