WHAT YOU CAN DO TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION


         United States Environmental Protection Agency
         EPA 450-K-92-002
         October 1992
         Air and Radiation (ANR-443)



This publication was prepared  by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency  to help people  discover ways they  can reduce
air  pollution.   If  you  would  like to  learn  more  about air
pollution in your state or  your local area--or about indoor  air
pollution--telephone  numbers are  provided  at the  back of  the
pamphlet  for  your  state's  environmental agency  and  the  EPA
regional office in your area.

In this booklet you will learn about:

-    Sources of outdoor air pollution

-    Health effects of air pollution

-    The federal effort--the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

-    How air pollution is being fought on all fronts

-    The difference YOU can make

-    Additional sources of information

Air pollution affects everyone

Air  pollution threatens  the health  of human  beings  and other
living things on  our planet.  While  often invisible, pollutants
in the air
create smog and acid rain,  cause cancer or other serious  health
effects, diminish the protective ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere,  and contribute  to the  potential for  world climate
change.

Smog  and other types of  air pollution can  lead to or aggravate
respiratory,  heart,  and other  health  problems.    It  can  be
particularly  harmful  to  people  with existing  lung  or  heart
disease,  the  elderly, and  the very  young.   Six of  every ten
Americans live in areas that fail to meet one or more federal air
quality standards during some portion of the  year.  However, not
everyone  who lives  in  such areas  will  have health  problems.
Level,  extent,  and   duration  of  exposure,  age,   individual
susceptibility,  and other  factors  play a  significant role  in


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determining    whether   or    not   someone    will   experience
pollution-related health  problems.  Since polluted  air can move
from  one area  or region  to another,  it has  the  potential to
affect virtually all of us.

Acid rain--caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combining
with  moisture in the air--limits the ability of lakes to support
aquatic life,  may damage trees  and plants, and  erodes building
surfaces  and national monuments.  Pollutants in the air can also
reduce  visibility, obscuring  the  majestic  vistas in  national
parks such as Grand Canyon and Shenandoah.

Other air pollutants--called "air toxics"--are known or suspected
to cause cancer or other serious heath effects, such as damage to
respiratory  or  nervous systems.    Air  toxics include  metals,
particles, and certain vapors from fuels and other sources.

Some chemicals used in refrigerators and air  conditioners last a
long  time  if  released  into  the  air,  rising  to  the  upper
atmosphere where  they destroy the  protective layer.   These and
other  air  pollutants (like  methane  and  carbon dioxide)  also
contribute  to the  suspected accelerated  warming of  the earth,
known as the "greenhouse effect."

Air  pollution has many sources.   Some sources are obvious--like
industrial smokestacks, chemical plants, automobiles, trucks, and
buses.    Others  are  not so  obvious--like  gasoline  stations;
dry-cleaners;   outboard  motors;   lawn,   garden,   farm,   and
construction  equipment  engines;  certain  paints;  and  various
household products.

Everyone  can  play  a  role  in  preventing  and   reducing  air
pollution.  This publication describes  efforts already underway,
provides  you  with some  basic  air  pollution information,  and
suggests ways that you can do your part in helping to prevent and
reduce air pollution.


Major Air  Pollutants--What They Are,  Where They Come  From, and
Their Potential Effects

For six  pollutants--ozone,  carbon monoxide,  nitrogen  dioxide,
particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and lead--EPA has established
air quality standards designed to  protect the health and welfare
of people, plants, and animals, as well  as buildings, monuments,
water  resources, etc.   These standards  are based  on currently
available scientific  data and health studies.  Levels of concern
vary from pollutant to pollutant.





                                2







 POLLUTANT                SOURCES                 EFFECTS
 Ozone.  A colorless      Ozone is formed in      Ozone causes significant
 gas that is the major    the lower atmosphere    health and environmental
 constituent of           as a result of          problems at the earth's
 photochemical smog at    chemical reactions      surface, where we live.  It
 the earth's surface.     between oxygen,         can irritate the
 In the upper             volatile organic        respiratory tract, produce
 atmosphere               compounds, and          impaired lung function such
 (stratosphere),          nitrogen oxides in      as inability to take a deep
 however, ozone is        the presence of         breath, and cause throat
 beneficial, protecting   sunlight especially     irritation, chest pain,
 us from the sun's        during hot weather.     cough, lung inflammation,
 harmful rays.            Sources of such         and possible susceptibility
                          harmful pollutants      to lung infection.  Smog
                          include vehicles,       components may aggravate
                          factories, landfills,   existing respiratory
                          industrial solvents,    conditions like asthma.  It
                          and numerous small      can also reduce yield of
                          sources such as gas     agricultural crops and
                          stations, farm and      injure forests and other
                          lawn equipment, etc.    vegetation.  Ozone is the
                                                  most injurious pollutant to
                                                  plant life.

 Carbon Monoxide.         Automobiles, buses,     Reduces the ability of
 Odorless and colorless   trucks, small           blood to deliver oxygen to
 gas emitted in the       engines, and some       vital tissues, affecting
 exhaust of motor         industrial processes.   primarily the
 vehicles and other       High concentrations     cardiovascular and nervous
 kinds of engines where   can be found in         systems.  Lower
 there is incomplete      confined spaces like    concentrations have been
 fossil fuel              parking garages,        shown to adversely affect
 combustion.              poorly ventilated       individuals with heart
                          tunnels, or along       disease (e.g., angina) and
                          roadsides during        to decrease maximal
                          periods of heavy        exercise performance in
                          traffic.                young, healthy men.  Higher
                                                  concentrations can cause
                                                  symptoms such as dizziness,
                                                  headaches, and fatigue.












                                      3







 POLLUTANT                SOURCES                 EFFECTS
 Nitrogen Dioxide.        Result of burning       One of the major pollutants
 Light brown gas at       fuels in utilities,     that causes smog and acid
 lower concentrations;    industrial boilers,     rain.  Can harm humans and
 in higher                cars, and trucks.       vegetation when
 concentrations becomes                           concentrations are
 an important component                           sufficiently high.  In
 of unpleasant-looking                            children, may cause
 brown, urban haze.                               increased respiratory
                                                  illness such as chest colds
                                                  and coughing with phlegm. 
                                                  For asthmatics, can cause
                                                  increased breathing
                                                  difficulty.

 Particulate Matter.      Industrial processes,   These microscopic particles
 Solid matter or liquid   smelters,               can affect breathing and
 droplets from smoke,     automobiles, burning    respiratory symptoms,
 dust, fly ash and        industrial fuels,       causing increased
 condensing vapors that   woodsmoke, dust from    respiratory disease and
 can be suspended in      paved and unpaved       lung damage and possibly
 the air for long         roads, construction,    premature death.  Children,
 periods of time.         and agricultural        the elderly, and people
                          ground breaking.        suffering from heart or
                                                  lung disease (like asthma)
                                                  are especially at risk. 
                                                  Also damages paint, soils
                                                  clothing, and reduces
                                                  visibility.

 Sulfur Dioxide.          Emitted largely from    One of the major pollutants
 Colorless gas,           industrial,             that causes smog.  Can
 odorless at low          institutional,          also, at high
 concentrations but       utility and             concentrations, affect
 pungent at very high     apartment-house         human health, especially
 concentrations.          furnaces and boilers,   among asthmatics (who are
                          as well as petroleum    particularly sensitive to
                          refineries, smelters,   respiratory tract problems
                          paper mills, and        and breathing difficulties
                          chemical plants.        that SO2 can induce).  Can
                                                  also harm vegetation and
                                                  metals. The pollutants it
                                                  produces can impair
                                                  visibility and acidify
                                                  lakes and streams.







                                      4







 POLLUTANT                SOURCES                 EFFECTS
 Lead.  Lead and lead     Transportation          Elevated lead levels can
 compounds can            sources using lead in   adversely affect mental
 adversely affect human   their fuels, coal       development and
 health through either    combustion, smelters,   performance, kidney
 ingestion of             car battery plants,     function, and blood
 lead-contaminated        and combustion of       chemistry.  Young children
 soil, dust, paint,       garbage containing      are particularly at risk
 etc., or direct          lead products.          due to their greater chance
 inhalation.  This is                             of ingesting lead and the
 particularly a risk                              increased sensitivity of
 for young children,                              young tissues and organs to
 whose normal hand-to-                            lead.
 mouth activities can
 result in greater
 ingestion of
 lead-contaminated
 soils and dusts.

 Toxic Air Pollutants.    Chemical plants,        Known or suspected to cause
 Includes pollutants      industrial processes,   cancer, respiratory
 such as arsenic,         motor vehicle           effects, birth defects, and
 asbestos, and benzene.   emissions and fuels,    reproductive and other
                          and building            serious health effects. 
                          materials.              Some can cause death or
                                                  serious injury if
                                                  accidentally released in
                                                  large amounts.

 Stratospheric Ozone      Industrial household    Increased exposure to UV
 Depleters. Chemicals     refrigeration,          radiation could potentially
 such as                  cooling and cleaning    cause an increase in skin
 chlorofluorocarbons      processes, car and      cancer, increased cataract
 (CFCs), halons, carbon   home air                cases, suppression of the
 tetrachloride, and       conditioners, some      human immune response
 methyl chloroform that   fire extinguishers,     system, and environmental
 are used in              and plastic foam        damage.
 refrigerants and other   products.
 industrial processes. 
 These chemicals last a
 long time in the air,
 rising to the upper
 atmosphere where they
 destroy the protective
 ozone layer that
 screens out harmful
 ultraviolet (UV)
 radiation before it
 reaches the earth's
 surface.


                                      5







 POLLUTANT                SOURCES                 EFFECTS
 Greenhouse Gases.        The main man-made       The extent of the effects
 Gases that build up in   source of carbon        of climate change on human
 the atmosphere that      dioxide emissions is    health and the environment
 may induce global        fossil fuel             is still uncertain, but
 climate change or the    combustion for          could include increased
 "greenhouse effect."     energy-use and          global temperature,
 They include carbon      transportation.         increased severity and
 dioxide, methane, and    Methane comes from      frequency of storms and
 nitrous oxide.           landfills,              other "weather extremes,"
                          cud-chewing             melting of the polar ice
                          livestock, coal         cap, and sea-level rise.
                          mines, and rice
                          paddies.  Nitrous
                          oxide results from
                          industrial processes,
                          such as nylon
                          fabrication.


GOALS OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990

The overall goal of the Clean Air Act Amendments is to reduce the
pollutants in our air by 56 billion pounds a year--224 pounds for
every  man, woman, and child--when the law  is fully phased in by
the year 2005.  The new law builds on the strengths of the  Clean
Air  Acts of 1970 and 1977  and the environmental lessons learned
over the past twenty years.  As the provisions of the new law are
implemented, we will be breathing cleaner air every year.

Goal: Cut Acid Rain In Half

Acid rain  is caused in  large part by  power plant  emissions of
sulfur  dioxide and  nitrogen  oxides.   These pollutants,  which
combine with moisture  in the  atmosphere to  produce acid  rain,
will be dramatically reduced.   A two-phase cost-effective system
will  reduce sulfur dioxide  emissions from power  plants by more
than  half.  By  the year  2000, total  annual emissions  will be
reduced by 10 million tons from 1980 levels.

Goal: Reduce smog and other pollutants

Urban  smog or  ground-level ozone  pollution, produced  by motor
vehicles and other sources,  will be substantially reduced.   The
object is to reduce  volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides,
and   carbon  monoxide,   which   can   cause  health   problems.
Diesel-powered  buses in urban areas  will be regulated to reduce
their exhaust emissions by 95 percent by 1995.




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In cities  with more  severe  carbon monoxide  and ozone  levels,
states may have to initiate or upgrade inspection and maintenance
programs for  motor vehicles and  adopt new clean  fuel programs.
In areas where  safe levels of particulate matter in  the air are
not  being met,  states  may have  to  require use  of  emissions
control measures, limit the use of wood stoves and fireplaces, or
both.

Goal: Reduce air toxics

Chemical plants, steel mills,  and other businesses will need  to
reduce  their  emissions  of   an  additional  189  air  toxics--
pollutants  associated with  cancer,  birth  defects,  and  other
health risks--in addition to those already regulated.

Goal: Protect the ozone layer

Finally,  chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  and related  chemicals that
deplete the ozone  layer may be phased out of production as early
as the end of 1995.  CFC recycling, especially for automobile air
conditioners and residential, commercial, and  industrial cooling
and refrigeration  systems, will  be maximized to  reduce current
emissions.


AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: IT'S EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS


Government,  industry,  environmental  groups, and  citizens  are
working together  to clean up our air.  Here are some examples of
what they are achieving:

Denver comes out from under a cloud

Denver,  Colorado:  Denver was  once  so  renowned for  its  pure
mountain  air  that  tuberculosis   victims  traveled  there  for
treatment.   However, in 1985,  Denver was under  a "brown cloud"
much  of the time.  Pollutants from motor vehicles, industry, and
wood stoves clouded the skies and obscured the view of  the Rocky
Mountains  that  made  the   Mile  High  City  a   major  tourist
attraction.   The city violated federal  carbon monoxide exposure
limits 33 days during the winter of 1985.

The public, as well as businesses and community leaders, demanded
that  something be  done to  bring clean,  healthful air  back to
Denver.   Responding to these concerns,  the governor established
the  Denver Metro  Air Quality  Council.  With  technical support
from  EPA  and  the   Colorado  Health  Department,  the  Council
mobilized public and governmental action, worked with industries,
civic groups, and the news media to help remove the  area's brown
cloud and clean its air.  How did they do it?


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-    New legislation required use  of oxygenated fuels during the
     winter  months  to  reduce  cold  weather  carbon   monoxide
     emissions   from  gasoline  engines.     Automobile  owners'
     individual participation helped make this successful.

-    The Denver schools switched  from diesel fuels to compressed
     natural gas in new school buses.

-    The  state  avoided  legislation  that  would  have  delayed
     implementation of strict emission standards for wood stoves.

-    Wood burning in the area was limited.

-    The  local  electric  utility replaced  particulate-emitting
     coal fires  in  powerhouse boilers  with  a mix  of  "clean"
     natural gas and coal.   The public bus company  converted to
     low-sulfur  fuel during  the  high-pollution season,  tested
     methanol-fueled   buses,   and   implemented  an   emissions
     inspection and maintenance program for its vehicles.

-    The public, including employees  and shoppers, found ways to
     drive fewer miles.

What did it  all add  up to? Carbon  monoxide violations  dropped
from  thirty-three in 1985 to only three  in 1990.  Average daily
ozone   (smog)  levels   for   the  ten   highest  days   dropped
considerably.  In June  of 1990, the United States  Conference of
Mayors  called Denver  "the  most  liveable  city in  the  United
States."

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: IT'S EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS

Klamath Falls, Oregon: A woodsmoke success story

Among  the  highest  particulate  matter  (PM-10)  concentrations
recorded  anywhere in the nation  were those which  occurred in a
southern  Oregon community  of 37,500 called  Klamath Falls.   In
January of 1988, measurements  of PM-10 were recorded which  were
five  times the federal health  standard.  The  major problem was
smoke from residential  woodstoves and fireplaces in  conjunction
with  wintertime  inversions  that   trapped  the  air,   causing
woodsmoke  concentrations  to  build  to  very unhealthy  levels.
Despite some initial resistance,  Klamath County initiated strong
public awareness and voluntary woodburning curtailment programs.

These programs proved to be insufficient.  A 1989-90 health study
of school children showing  significant declines in lung function
during PM-10 episodes alerted the community to the seriousness of
the problem.  To further improve air quality, in 1991-92 over 325
woodstoves were replaced with  alternative heat sources purchased
with  federal and  local  funds.   In  1991, the  community  also
adopted  restrictions  on the  use  of  residential wood  burning

                                8






devices   when  inversions   threatened  to   cause  high   PM-10
concentrations.   As of the summer of 1992, these renewed efforts
appeared to have paid off--preliminary  data for the 1991-92 wood
heating  season suggested  that the  federal health  standard was
never  exceeded.   While  favorable weather  conditions may  have
contributed in part  to that winter's air quality,  Klamath Falls
has  made  significant  progress  in improving  air  quality  and
ultimately assuring long-term protection of public health.




Getting the lead out

By the  1970s, high levels of  lead in our nation's  air became a
major  health concern.  Beginning  in 1974, EPA  launched a major
new program to  introduce emission control equipment  on new cars
and phase-out lead in  the nation's gasoline.  As  a result, lead
emissions have dropped  by 97 percent from 1970 levels.  By 1992,
about 95  percent of all gasoline  sold in the United  States was
lead-free.  Over the next few years, the remainder will be phased
out entirely.

Green Lights: Shedding new light on emission reductions

Green Lights  is an  EPA program  aimed at  cleaning the  air and
saving energy by reducing emissions from power plants.  About one
quarter of the electricity sold in the United States is  used for
lighting.   EPA is  encouraging organizations and  individuals to
voluntarily switch  to energy-efficient lighting.   In 1992, over
600 companies, state governments  and others had enrolled  in the
Green  Lights program and were using  50 percent less electricity
while saving money on their electricity bills.

The  current  square footage  in the  program  equals all  of the
commercial real estate of  Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit,
and  New York combined.  When all the profitable lighting changes
are in place, the reductions  will likely add up to thousands  of
tons of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide and 202 million metric
tons of  carbon dioxide every  year.  This  is the equivalent  of
removing 44 million cars from the  road, a third of the  vehicles
in  use,  simply  by  making  profitable  investments  in  modern
lighting.   Over  the next  five years,  actions of  Green Lights
participants are expected to prevent over 8.4 million metric tons
of air emissions and be a mainstay of the United States' strategy
to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions.

Three weeks in 1984: An Olympic-sized story

Prior to the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles,  there was
considerable concern  that the region's  heavily polluted  summer
air would adversely affect Olympic competitors.  The regional air

                                9






quality agency, city and county officials, transit companies, and
area employers  developed a plan for staggered working hours that
resulted in  fewer cars and buses  on the road.   The driving and
riding public cooperated.   The result was a twelve  percent drop
in ground-level ozone (smog) levels during that period!

A New Clean Air Act: Scrubbing our skies

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments set new goals for improving our
nation's air quality and offered new approaches to achieve  these
goals (see  pages 5 and 6).   By 1992, EPA  had already proposed,
issued, or begun implementing new rules designed to achieve about
85  percent  of the  56 billion  pounds  of annual  air pollution
reductions to be phased in by 2005.

WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP REDUCE AIR POLLUTION

We have described some examples of how  government, industry, and
private citizens  are working  successfully to reduce  or prevent
air pollution.  Everyone in the  country has an important part to
play in  achieving clean air.  Here are a few suggested ways that
you can make a difference in your own community.

How you drive and care for your car lS important

Since automobiles are  a major  source of air  pollution in  most
areas,  your driving habits  and your car  maintenance can either
add to the problem or help to solve it.

Driving tips

-    Plan  ahead.  Organize your trips.  Driving fewer miles will
     help reduce air pollution.  Combine several errands into one
     trip.    Avoid  driving  during peak  traffic  periods  when
     stop-and-go traffic is  at its  worst.  This  will not  only
     save you  gas but will also reduce the wear and tear on your
     car.  Try walking or bicycling for short errands and leisure
     activities.

-    Ride share.   Carpools and public  transportation reduce the
     number of cars on the road and miles driven.   If you own or
     manage   a  business,   create  incentives   that  encourage
     employees to carpool.   As an employee, form a  carpool with
     others at  work or  in your  neighborhood.   Consider taking
     public transportation as an alternative to driving.

-    Use an energy-conserving grade  of motor oil.  Look  for the
     EC grade on the container and be sure to use multigrade.  An
     EC multigrade can  improve your  mileage by as  much as  1.5
     percent. An  EC  II-rated  oil  can provide  a  2.7  percent
     mileage boost over single grades.


                                10






-    Use  clean fuels.    Reformulated or  "clean" gasolines  are
     becoming more widely available.  Use them when possible.

-    Drive at a medium speed.  In normal traffic conditions, most
     cars operate  most efficiently between  35 and 45  miles per
     hour; lower or  higher speeds  are less efficient.   If  you
     drive 55 miles per hour rather than 65 miles per hour on the
     highway, you can  increase your gas mileage by as much as 15
     percent, depending on your car.

-    Drive at a steady speed.  It is more fuel efficient to drive
     at an  even speed than it is to keep speeding up and slowing
     down.  This is true in heavy traffic as well as on  the open
     road.

-    Stop  and start  evenly.   Gently  accelerating reduces  gas
     consumption.   Coasting to a  stop lets the  car's momentum,
     not its fuel, get you where you want to go.

-    Don't idle  the engine  unnecessarily.  Contrary  to popular
     belief,  turning  off  and  starting  an  engine  uses  less
     gasoline  than letting the engine idle for 30 seconds.  Stop
     the engine  if  it is  idling  at a  drive-up  window or  in
     traffic jams.  Limit engine warm-ups in winter.

-    Travel  light.  The more  weight your car  carries, the less
     fuel-efficient it  becomes.   Take unnecessary items  out of
     the trunk.

-    Follow your owner's  manual.  The owner's  manual that comes
     with your car will recommend which grade of gasoline to use,
     how to shift gears, and other ways  you can keep your engine
     running at maximum environmental and economic efficiency.

Maintain your car

-    Don't  remove  or  tamper  with  pollution  controls.    The
     pollution  control   equipment  on  cars  helps   limit  the
     pollutant emissions at the  tailpipe.  Removing or tampering
     with these controls puts more pollution into the air.

-    Don't overfill  or "top off" your  car's gas tank.   Even if
     you don't spill gasoline, fumes can escape.  They react with
     nitrogen oxides and sunlight and create smog.

-    Avoid releasing gas vapors.  Gas vapors can harm your health
     as  well as  the  environment.   Many  service stations  are
     installing vapor controls on their  pumps to help reduce air
     pollution.  While  many of  the new nozzles  have what  look
     like elephant trunks, others look more conventional.



                                11






-    Get  regular engine  tune-ups  and  car maintenance  checks.
     Tune-ups improve  your gas mileage and car performance.  The
     spark plugs  are especially important, because  a worn spark
     plug will cause  poor starting, rough  idling, and poor  gas
     mileage.

-    Make  sure your tires are  properly inflated and your wheels
     aligned.  Doing this can  prevent excessive drag and improve
     fuel economy up to one mile per gallon.

-    Keep car  filters and catalytic converters clean.  Dirty air
     filters increase fuel consumption; and  your car's pollution
     control  devices  need to  be in  good  working order  to be
     effective.  Follow the car manufacturer's guidelines.

-    Use  your car air conditioner wisely.  Air conditioning is a
     drag on your car's  engine, reducing gas mileage by  as much
     as 20 percent.   On not-so-hot days or while  in stop-and-go
     traffic,  roll down your window instead.  Have leaks in your
     car air  conditioner fixed  by a certified  technician using
     required CFC recycling equipment.

-    Consider buying fuel efficient cars.  When buying a car--new
     or  used--check its posted fuel efficiency and seek the most
     fuel-efficient, "clean" car in  the size category that meets
     your needs.

REDUCING POLLUTION AND CONSERVING RESOURCES AT HOME AND AT WORK

-    Conserve electricity.  Electricity generation can be a major
     source  of  air pollution.    New home  and  office oriented
     technology  can  help.    At  home  or  work  you  can  save
     electricity  by  using  energy-efficient  lighting  wherever
     possible.   Replacing a common incandescent  light bulb with
     an energy-efficient compact fluorescent bulb saves  45 watts
     and  157  kilowatt  hours.    Make  sure   that  lights  and
     appliances are turned off when not in use.  In addition, you
     should raise the temperature level on your air conditioner a
     few degrees in summer, and turn down your heat a few degrees
     in winter.  Purchasing energy-efficient appliances will also
     aid  in  conserving  energy  use.    Conserving  electricity
     reduces air pollution caused by power plants.

-    Participate  in  your  local utility's  energy  conservation
     programs.  Ask your local utility about  its customer energy
     conservation program.  If they  have one, join up.   If they
     don't, encourage them to start one.

-    Buy fuel-efficient motorized equipment.  If you are buying a
     power mower or other motorized garden tools, construction or
     farm  equipment, or outboard motors, seek out those that are


                                12






     designed  to minimize  emissions  and  reduce spillage  when
     being refueled.

-    Avoid spilling gas.   Take special care to avoid  spills and
     the   release  of   fumes  into   the  air   when  refueling
     gasoline-powered   lawn,   garden,  farm   and  construction
     equipment, and boats.

-    Properly   dispose  of   household  paints,   solvents,  and
     pesticides.   Do  not pour these  chemicals down  the drain,
     into the  ground, or put  them into the garbage.   Call your
     local   environmental  agency  for   information  on  proper
     disposal of these products.

-    Seal  containers  tightly.   Make  sure  that containers  of
     household  cleaners,  workshop chemicals  and  solvents, and
     garden  chemicals are  tightly  sealed  to prevent  volatile
     chemicals  from  evaporating  into  the air.    Don't  leave
     containers standing open when not in use.

-    Reduce  waste.   When  you  make  purchases, consider  using
     products that are durable,  reusable, or use less packaging.
     Repair broken  items rather than  buying new ones.   Recycle
     and  compost potential wastes before they become part of the
     waste stream.   Such actions help reduce the pollutants that
     might  reach the  air  during the  manufacturing process  or
     during  the   collection  and   processing  of  wastes   for
     incineration  or landfill  disposal.  If  there is  no local
     recycling program in your community, start one with the help
     of your neighbors and the local trash collection company.

-    Use wood stoves and fireplaces wisely and sparingly.  If you
     have  a wood  stove,  learn how  to  burn cleanly  and  more
     efficiently.  Remember to  burn dry, well-seasoned wood, and
     build efficient fires that  burn hot and clean.   Check your
     stack,  clean  your  chimney,   and  inspect  your  catalyst
     annually. A well maintained and operated stove produces less
     pollution and  is better  for the  environment.   Adhere  to
     local or state  regulations about when and  where wood stove
     use is permitted.

-    Properly  dispose  of  refrigeration  and  air  conditioning
     equipment.  The Clean Air Act prohibits the release into the
     atmosphere  of   refrigerants  from  automobiles   and  home
     appliances during  the disposal of this  equipment.  Contact
     your local government  or trash pickup  service to find  out
     what procedures are being implemented in your area to ensure
     the  safe disposal  of cars  and home  appliances.   In some
     areas,  municipalities arrange for  periodic pickups of home
     appliances  that  contain refrigerant.    In  others, it  is
     required that  homeowners have the refrigerant  removed by a


                                13






     qualified  service technician  before the  appliance can  be
     picked up.

-    Recycle refrigerant.   As of July  1, 1992, individuals  are
     prohibited  from  knowingly  venting  refrigerant  into  the
     atmosphere  while  maintaining,  servicing,   repairing,  or
     disposing  of air  conditioning or  refrigeration equipment.
     Make  sure that  the  technician who  services, repairs,  or
     maintains your refrigerator or air conditioner has  recovery
     equipment to  capture any refrigerant that  may be released.
     This  refrigerant  can  later   be  recycled.    Also,  when
     possible,  don't  just  refill  leaky  air  conditioning  or
     refrigeration systems--repair them.

GET INVOLVED IN LOCAL EFFORTS TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION

-    Let people know you care.  One of the driving  forces behind
     reducing  air pollution  is citizen concern  and involvement
     (as in  Denver, for  example).   As an  individual  or as  a
     representative of  a concerned  group, speak up  at hearings
     and  let your local public officials know how you feel about
     air pollution problems  in your community.   Your state  and
     local environmental agencies can  tell you when hearings are
     held and what agency is responsible for clean air.

-    Learn  about local efforts and  issues.  Talk  to your state
     environmental  agency to find out  what it is  doing in your
     area.

-    Work with  a local  group.  Join  a community group  that is
     working to improve air quality.

-    Report  problems.   If you  think you  see an  air pollution
     problem,  advise  your local  or  state agency,  or  the EPA
     regional office near you.

YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE

When environmental scientists talk about air pollution, they talk
in terms of millions  of tons of pollutants.   It is not easy  to
relate such figures to the smoke  that comes out of your  chimney
or  the exhaust  coming out  of your  car.   However, even  small
sources  of pollution,  when added  to hundreds  or  thousands of
other small sources, do harm the environment and are dangerous to
your health.

If we all do our share to reduce air pollution, the benefits will
be tremendous:

-    If 190,000 car owners started to get regular  tune-ups, they
     will  keep some 90 million  pounds of carbon  dioxide out of
     the atmosphere.

                                14






-    If  each commuter  car carries  one more  passenger, 600,000
     gallons of gasoline will  be saved and 12 million  pounds of
     carbon dioxide will be kept out of the air.

-    If consumers set their  air conditioners six degrees higher,
     it will save 190,000 barrels of oil a day--and eliminate all
     those  pollutants that come from  burning the oil to produce
     the electricity involved.


SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT AIR POLLUTION IN YOUR COMMUNITY

You  don't have to rely solely on  your own perception of what is
happening  to the air around you.   There are official sources of
information--your   state  and   county  health   department  and
environmental  agencies and  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency.   Your  state and  local agencies  will have  information
about local problems and the  State Implementation Plan that  has
been 
developed to  deal with them.   The  EPA has available  an annual
National Air  Quality and  Emissions Trends Report  that includes
specific  information about  air quality  standards for  specific
pollutants and  air pollution levels in  hundreds of metropolitan
areas.    Your state  or  local  environmental  agency or  health
department  usually  has information  about  specific areas,  and
local weather reports on television, radio, and in the newspapers
frequently include a daily air quality statement.  The news media
also report air quality concerns expressed by community groups or
public agencies.

For more information  about how you can help keep  our air clean,
contact the appropriate EPA regional office or your  state agency
responsible for  air quality.   These numbers  are listed  below.
You may also contact the Department of Energy or your local power
company for publications on energy conservation.

                    STATE AIR QUALITY AGENCIES

 Department of                   Department of Environmental Conservation
 Environmental Management        Air Quality Management Section
 Air Division                    P.O. Box 0
 1751 Cong. W.L.Dickerson Dr.    Juneau, AK 99811-1800
 Montgomery, AL 36130            Tel: (907)465-5100
 Tel: (205)271-7861              Fax: (907)465-5098
 Fax: (205)271-7950                or (907)465-5274








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 Department of Environmental     Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
 Quality                         Air Division
 Office of Air Quality           8001 National Dr., P.O. Box 9583
 P.O. Box 600                    Little Rock, AR 72209
 Phoenix, AZ 85001-0600          Tel: (501)562-7444
 Tel: (602)257-2308              Fax: (501)562-4632
 Fax: (602)528-5945

 Air Resources Board             Department of Health
 P.O. Box 2815                   Air Pollution Control Division
 Sacramento, CA 95812            4210 East 11th Avenue
 Tel: (916)445-4383              Denver, CO 80220
 Fax: (916)322-6003              Tel: (303)331-8500
                                 Fax: (303)320-4079
 Department of Environmental     Department of Natural Resources and
 Protection                      Environmental Control
 Bureau of Air Management        Div. of Air and Waste Management
 165 Capitol Avenue              Air Resources Section
 Hartford, CT 06106              89 Kings Hwy., P.O. Box 1401
 Tel: (203)566-2506              Dover, DE 19903
 Fax: (203)566-6144              Tel: (302)739-4791
 Section                         Fax: (302)739-5060

 Department of Consumer and      Department of Environmental Regulation
 Regulatory Affairs              Air Resources Management
 Environmental Control Division  2600 Blair Stone Road
 Air Quality Control and         Twin Towers Office Building
 Monitoring Branch               Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
 2100 M. Luther King Ave., SE    Tel: (904)488-1344
 Washington, DC 20020            Fax: (904)487-4938
 Tel: (202)404-1120
 Fax: (202)404-1188

 Dept. of Natural Resources      State Dept. of Health
 Environmental Protection        Laboratories Division
 Division                        Air Surveillance and Analysis Branch
 205 Butler St., SE, Rm 1162     1270 Queen Emma St., Suite 900
 Atlanta, GA 30334               Honolulu, HI 96813
 Tel: (404)656-6900              Tel: (808)586-4019
 Fax: (404)651-9425              Fax: (808)586-3983
 Division of Environmental       Environmental Protection Agency
 Quality                         Div. of Air Pollution Control
 Air Quality Bureau              2200 Churchill Rd., P.O. Box 19276
 1410 N. Hilton, 3rd Floor       Springfield, IL 62794-9276
 Boise, ID 83706                 Tel: (217)782-7326
 Tel: (208)334-5898              Fax: (217)782-2465
 Fax: (208)334-0417






                                      16






 Dept. of Environmental          Dept. of Natural Resources
 Management                      Air Quality Section
 Office of Air Management        Henry Wallace Bldg., 900 East Grand
 105 S. Meridian St., P.O. Box   Des Moines, IA 50319
 6015                            Tel: (515)281-8852
 Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015     Fax: (515)281-8895
 Tel: (317)232-8384
 Fax: (317)232-5539

 Dept. of Health and             Dept. for Environmental Protection
 Environment                     Div. for Air Quality
 Bureau of Air and Waste         316 St. Clair Mall
 Management                      Frankfort, KY 40601
 Forbes Field, Building 740      Tel: (502)564-3382
 Topeka, KS 66620                Fax: (502)564-3787
 Tel: (913)296-1593
 Fax: (913)296-6247
 Dept. of Environmental Quality  Dept. of Environmental Protection
 Office of Air Quality and       Bureau of Air Quality Control
 Radiation Protection            State House, Station 17
 Air Quality Division            Augusta, ME 04333
 P.O. Box 82135                  Tel: (207)289-2437
 Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2135      Fax: (207)289-7641
 Tel: (504)765-0110
 Fax: (504)765-0222

 Dept. of the Environment        Dept. of Environmental Protection
 Air Management Administration   Div. of Air Quality Control
 2500 Broening Highway           One Winter Street, 8th Floor
 Baltimore, MD 21224             Boston, MA 02108
 Tel: (301)631-3255              Tel: (617)292-5630
 Fax: (301)631-3202              Fax: (617)556-1049

 Dept. of Natural Resources      Pollution Control Agency
 Air Quality Div.                Air Quality Division
 P.O. Box 30028                  520 Lafayette Road North
 Lansing, MI 48909               St. Paul, MN 55155
 Tel: (517)373-7023              Tel: (612)296-7331
 Fax: (517)373-1265              Fax: (612)297-1456
 Dept. of Environmental Quality  Dept. of Natural Resources
 Office of Pollution Control     Div. of Environmental Quality
 Air Division                    Air Pollution Control Program
 P.O. Box 10385                  P.O. Box 176
 Jackson, MS 39289               Jefferson City, MO 65102
 Tel: (601)961-5171              Tel: (314)751-4817
 Fax: (601)961-5190              Fax: (314)751-2706







                                      17






 Dept. of Health and             Dept. of Environmental Control
 Environmental Sciences          Air Quality Control
 Air Quality Bureau              301 Centennial Mall South, Box 98922
 Cogswell Building, Rm. A116     Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
 Helena, MT 59620                Tel: (402)471-2189
 Tel: (406)444-3454              Fax: (402)471-2909
 Fax: (406)444-1374

 Div. of Environmental           Air Resources Division
 Protection                      64 N. Main St., Caller Box 2033
 Bureau of Air Quality           Concord, NH 03301
 123 West Nye Lane               Tel: (603)271-1370
 Carson City, NV 89710           Fax: (603)271-1381
 Tel: (702)687-5065
 Fax: (702)885-0868
 Dept. of Environmental          New Mexico Environment Dept.
 Protection and Energy           Environmental Protection Div.
 Div. of Environmental Quality   Air Quality Div.
 Air Program                     Rm. S2100, P.O. Box 26110
 401 East State St., 2nd Floor   Harold Runnels Building
 Trenton, NJ 08625               Santa Fe, NM 87502
 Tel: (609)292-6710              Tel: (505)827-0070
 Fax: (609)633-6198              Fax: (505)827-0045

 New York State Dept. of         Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural
 Environmental Conservation      Resources
 Div. of Air Resources           Air Quality Section
 50 Wolf Road                    P.O. Box 27687
 Albany, NY 12233-3250           Raleigh, NC 27611
 Tel: (518)457-7230              Tel: (919)733-3340
 Fax: (518)457-0794              Fax: (919)733-5317

 North Dakota State Dept. of     Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
 Health                          Div. of Air Pollution Control
 Div. of Environmental           1800 Watermark Drive
 Engineering                     Columbus, OH 43266-0149
 1200 Missouri Avenue            Tel: (614)644-2270
 Rm 304, P.O. Box 5520           Fax: (614)644-2329
 Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
 Tel: (701)221-5188
 Fax: (701)221-5200
 Oklahoma State Dept. of Health  Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality
 Air Quality Service             Air Quality Control Div.
 1000 NE 10th St., P.O. Box      811 SW 6th Avenue
 53551                           Portland, OR 97204
 Oklahoma City, OK 73152         Tel: (503)229-5287
 Tel: (405)271-5220              Fax: (503)229-6124
 Fax: (405)271-7339





                                      18






 Pennsylvania Dept. of           Dept. of Environmental Management
 Environmental Resources         Div. of Air and Hazardous Materials
 Bureau of Air Quality Control   291 Promenade Street
 101 South 2nd Street            Providence, RI 02908-5767
 Executive House, Room 116       Tel: (401)277-2808
 Harrisburg, PA 17105            Fax: (401)277-2017
 Tel: (717)787-9702
 Fax: (717)772-2303

 South Carolina Dept. of Health  Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
 and Environmental Control       Point Source Control Program
 Bureau of Air Quality Control   523 E. Capitol Ave., Joe Foss Bldg.
 2600 Bull Street                Pierre, SD 57501
 Columbia, SC 29201              Tel: (605)773-3351
 Tel: (803)734-4750              Fax: (605)773-6035
 Fax: (803)734-4556
 Tennessee Dept. of Environment  Texas Air Control Board
 and Conservation                12124 Park 35 Circle
 Div. of Air Pollution Control   Austin, TX 78753
 Customs House, 4th Floor        Tel: (512)908-1000
 701 Broadway                    Fax: (512)908-1212
 Nashville, TN 37243-1531
 Tel: (615)741-3931
 Fax: (615)741-4666

 Dept. of Environmental Quality  Agency of Natural Resources
 Div. of Air Quality             Air Pollution Control Div.
 1950 West North Temple          103 S. Main St., Bldg. 3 South
 Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4820   Waterbury, VT 05676
 Tel: (801)536-4000              Tel: (802)244-8731
 Fax: (801)538-4099              Fax: (802)244-5141

 Dept. of Air Pollution Control  Washington State Dept. of Ecology
 P.O. Box 10089                  Air Program
 Richmond, VA 23240              P.O. Box 47600
 Tel: (804)786-2378              Olympia, WA 98504-7600
 Fax: (804)225-3933              Tel: (206)459-6632
                                 Fax: (206)438-7484
 Air Pollution Control           Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
 Commission                      Bureau of Air Management (AM/10)
 1558 Washington St., East       P.O. Box 7921
 Charleston, WV 25311            Madison, WI 53707
 Tel: (304)348-2275              Tel: (608)266-7718
 Fax: (304)348-3287              Fax: (608)267-0560









                                      19






 Wyoming Air Quality Div.        Dept. of Planning and Natural Resources
 122 West 25th Street            Div. of Environmental Protection
 Cheyenne, WY 82002              Watergut Homes 1118
 Tel: (307)777-7391              Christiansted, St. Croix
 Fax: (307)777-5973              US VI 00820-5065
                                 Tel: (809)773-0565
                                 Fax: (809)773-3343 or
                                       (809)773-9310

 Puerto Rico Environmental       Environmental Quality Commission
 Quality Board                   Governor's Office
 Air and Water Div.              Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
 Del Parque St., #204            Tel: 011(684)633-4116
 Corner Pumarada Street
 Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910
 Tel: (809)767-8071
 Guam Environmental Protection
 Agency
 Complex Unit D-107
 130 Rojas Street
 Harmon, Guam 96911
 Tel: 011(671)646-8863































                                      20






                             EPA REGIONAL OFFICES


 U.S. EPA - Region 1                    U.S. EPA - Region 2
 John F. Kennedy Federal Building       Jacob K. Javitz Federal Building
 One Congress Street                    26 Federal Plaza
 Boston, MA 02203                       New York, NY 10278
 (617)565-3420                          (212)264-2301
 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,    (New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
 New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont)  Virgin Islands)
 U.S. EPA - Region 3                    U.S. EPA - Region 4
 841 Chestnut Building                  345 Courtland Street, NE
 Philadelphia, PA 19107                 Atlanta, GA 30365
 (215)597-9800                          (404)347-4727
 (Delaware, District of Columbia,       (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
 Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,      Mississippi, North Carolina, South
 West Virginia)                         Carolina, Tennessee)

 U.S. EPA - Region 5                    U.S. EPA - Region 6
 77 West Jackson Boulevard              First Interstate Bank Tower at
 Chicago, IL 60604                      Fountain Place
 (312)353-2000                          1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite
 (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,          1200
 Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)            Dallas, TX 75202-2733
                                        (214)655-6444
                                        (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
                                        Oklahoma, Texas)

 U.S. EPA - Region 7                    U.S. EPA - Region 8
 726 Minnesota Avenue                   999 18th Street, Suite 500
 Kansas City, KS 66101                  Denver, CO 80202-2405
 (913)551-7000                          (303)293-1603
 (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska)     (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
                                        South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming)
 U.S. EPA - Region 9                    U.S. EPA - Region 10
 75 Hawthorne Street                    1200 Sixth Avenue
 San Francisco, CA 94105                Seattle, WA 98101
 (415)744-1305                          (206)553-4973
 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,  (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington)
 American Samoa, Guam)













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