INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF DATABASES
            RELEVANT FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
                        ON TERRORISM
  
  
  
  
  
    A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division,
                    Library of Congress
          under an Interagency Agreement with the
National Institute of Justice Violence and Victimization Division
  
  
                       November 2003
  
  
                              
  
  
  
                                     Authors:           Alice R. Buchalter
                                                        Glenn E. Curtis

                                     Project Manager:   David L. Osborne
  
  
                                     Federal Research Division
                                     Library of Congress
                                     Washington, D.C.  20540-4840
                                     Tel:       202-707-3900
                                     Fax:       202-707-3920
                                     E-Mail:    frds@loc.gov
                                     Homepage:  http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd/
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
                          PREFACE
  This report provides a description and assessment of Internet-accessible databases
  relevant for social science research on terrorism. The body of this report details those
  websites that provide actual data, e.g., names of terrorist organizations and incidents of
  terrorist activity; several have search capabilities. These websites are maintained
  primarily by U.S. government agencies, non-U.S. research centers, and international
  organizations. An appendix to this report provides an extensive list of additional
  resources that provide commentary and analysis of terrorism events and trends. These
  resources are derived from the U.S. government, libraries, international agencies,
  government and private non-U.S. agencies and institutes, and academic-based domestic
  organizations.
  
  No one definition of terrorism can be applied to all the databases referenced herein. As
  the National Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism states on its website: "There is no
  universally accepted definition of terrorism and even when people agree on a definition of
  terrorism, they sometimes disagree about whether or not the definition fits a particular
  incident." (<http://www.mipt.org/terrorismdefined.asp>)  In instances where a specific
  database has adopted a definition of terrorism, the report so notes.
  
  This report indicates the focus of each database, including whether or not it is   restricted to a particular region of the world, but it is not the role of the authors to     present any bias that may be reflected in the selection of data.
  
                                     
  
  
  
  
  
  
                     table of contents
  PREFACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
  
  U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT COUNTERTERRORISM OFFICE  . . . . . . . . . . . 1
  
  U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL 
  (EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR TERRORIST FINANCING AND FINANCIAL CRIME) . . . 3
  
  THE NEW CONSOLIDATED LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND ENTITIES BELONGING
  TO OR ASSOCIATED WITH THE TALIBAN AND AL-QAIDA ORGANISATION AS
  ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED BY THE 1267 COMMITTEE . . . . . . . . . . 4
  
  CENTER FOR DEFENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES
       TERRORISM PROGRAMME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
  
  INTERNATIONAL POLICY INSTITUTE FOR COUNTER-TERRORISM . . . . . . . . 7
  
  SOUTH ASIA TERRORISM PORTAL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
  
  CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION TERRORISM PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . 9
  
  FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS INTELLIGENCE RESOURCE
       PROGRAM LIST OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS, TERRORIST
       ORGANIZATIONS, SUBSTANCE CARTELS, AND OTHER PARA-STATE
       ENTITIES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
  
  OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL INSTITUTE FOR THE
       PREVENTION OF TERRORISM (MIPT)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
  
  APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
  
  
       
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Name:  U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT COUNTERTERRORISM OFFICE
  
  Address:  <http://www.state.gov/s/ct>
  
  Definition of Terrorism: In its report Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, the U.S. State
  Department states: "No one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. For
  the purposes of this report, we have chosen the definition in 22 USC 2656f (d): terrorism
  means premeditated, politically motivated violence against persons or property to
  intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
  furtherance of political or social objectives."
  
  Focus of Data:  International
  
  Database Contents:
  
          (1)    Counterterorism Office - brief biography of counterrorism coordinator and
          statement of U.S. counterterrorism policy; link to White House Progress
          Report on the Global War on Terrorism. Link to database on Foreign Terrorist
          Organizations (fact sheet on statutory authority, designation method and
          criteria, and list of FTOs, current as of May 23, 2003).
          (2)    Counterterrorism current events - summary of recent activity.
          (3)    Diplomacy and the Global Coalition Against Terrorism - link to department
          publication United Against Terrorism, related information from the White
          House, and legislation. Section on Terrorists and Terrorism has link to FTO
          list and Terrorist Exclusion List (see Counterterrorism and Finance, below).
          (4)    Patterns of Global Terrorism - link to full text of report Patterns of                Global      
	  Terrorism 2002, released April 2003, and earlier annual reports (report gives
          overviews of terrorism by geographic region; appendices include background
          information on FTOs and other terrorist groups; chronology of significant
          terrorist incidents, 2002; summary of the U.S. military counterterrorism
          campaign in 2002). This page also has a link to archives, which includes FTO
          designations for 1997 and 1999.
          (5)    International Programs - discussion of major initiatives with other U.S.
          agencies and foreign nations to improve preparation, deterrence, and response
          to terrorist attacks.
          (6)    Counterterrorism Finance and Designation Unit - Attorney General's
          statement on terrorist financing, and links to press statements on recent (early
          2003) designations of terrorist groups/organizations.  Links to the following
          databases:
                Foreign Terrorist Organizations, which "this Unit leads and
               coordinates with the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Department
               of Justice to designate." 
                Executive Order (EO) 13224 authorizes the U.S. government to
               designate and block the assets of foreign individuals and entities that
               commit, or pose a significant risk of committing, acts of terrorism.
               There is a link to the text of this EO, and a fact sheet, with a further
               link to the Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control list
               of persons/entities whose assets were blocked as of September 23,
               2001, current as of October 24, 2003, and updated continually.
                Terrorist Exclusion List - fact sheet on statutory authority; designation
               criteria; and list of designees, current as of February 18, 2003.
          (7)    Homeland Security Unit - paragraph on relationship between Department of
          State and Office of Homeland Security; link to Secretary's statement on
          passage of Homeland Security Act.
          (8)    Countering Terrorism - links to EO13224, White House statements,
          Congressional activity against terrorism, and chronologies of September
          through December 2001 events, 1963-1999 treaties, and 1961-2001 incidents.
          Link to table of international terrorism conventions and text of UN, NATO,
          European Union, OAS and Caribbean Community resolutions/declarations.
          (9)    Related Sites - government and non-government
  (10) Releases - text of remarks, reports, fact sheets, press releases
  
  
  Data Sources:  Primary government source.
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access charges:  Free.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  "External links to other Internet sites should not be construed
  as an endorsement of the views contained therein."
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  This website is a primary government source, and should be considered as an
  authoritative source for names of individuals and groups linked to terrorism. This
  information is provided in three separate lists: Designated Foreign Terrorist
  Organizations; Terrorist Exclusion List (used for immigration purposes); and list of
  organizations and individuals linked to terrorism, whose assets have been blocked
  pursuant to Executive Order (EO) 13224. The background information provided with
  each list enables the user to understand the basis upon which those named have been
  included.
  
  This website was initially confusing to the user because of multiple links to the
  abovementioned lists. Much has been done to consolidate the links, particularly regarding
  the list of persons and entities impacted by EO 13224, which can be found only on the
  Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control website. However, the
  Counterterrorism Finance and Designation Unit page still has two references to the EO,
  which the user might think links to two different types of information, but in fact both
  link to the OFAC page, which includes a fact sheet and list of designees.
  
  
  
  Name:  U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS
  CONTROL (EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR TERRORIST FINANCING AND
  FINANCIAL CRIME)
  
  Address:  <http://www.treasury.gov/offices/eotffc/ofac/index.html> 
  
  Definition of Terrorism: None given.
  
  Focus of Data: International
  
  Database Contents:
  
       (1)  Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (list of individuals and
       entities with which U.S. persons are precluded from dealing; those named are
       either associated with international narcotics or terrorism or are owned or
       controlled by, or acting on behalf of, the governments of countries deemed hostile
       to U.S. foreign policy or national security objectives).
       (2)  Country-by-country summary of sanctions in force.
       (3)  Text of Executive Order 13224 and list of persons whose assets have been
       blocked pursuant to that Order.
  
  Database Sources:  Primary government source.
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access Charges:  Free.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  Under a recent reorganization of the Treasury Department, the Office of Foreign Assets
  Control (OFAC) is no longer under a Division of Enforcement; it is now part of the
  newly created Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime. The OFAC
  website states the mission of the Office as follows: "Administers and enforces economic
  and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against
  targeted foreign countries, terrorists, international narcotics traffickers, and those engaged
  in activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction." OFAC "acts
  under the Presidential wartime and national emergency powers, as well as authority
  granted by specific legislation, to impose controls on transactions and freeze foreign
  assets under US jurisdiction."
  
  As noted above, Treasury's website has a link to the text of EO 13224 and to the list of
  persons affected by the sanctions it imposes; there is also a link to this information in
  several locations on the State Department website (see descriptions above).  
  
  The list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, which only appears on
  the OFAC website, is a 125-page detailed list of names, giving aliases and country
  affiliation, and where known, address, terrorist organization affiliation and passport
  number. The list is very current, and frequently updated.
  
  
  
  Name:  THE NEW CONSOLIDATED LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND ENTITIES
  BELONGING TO OR ASSOCIATED WITH THE TALIBAN AND AL-QAIDA
  ORGANISATION AS ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED BY THE 1267
  COMMITTEE
  
  Address:  <http://www.un.org/docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm>
  
  Definition of Terrorism: None given.
  
  Focus of Data: For Taliban associates, Afghanistan; for Al-Qaida associates,
  international.
  
  Database Contents:
  (1) List of individuals and entities belonging to or associated with the Taliban
  (2) List of individuals and entities belonging to or associated with the Al-Qaida
  organization
  
  Data Sources:  Committee of the United Nations Security Council established pursuant
  to resolution 1267 to oversee the implementation of sanctions imposed by the Security
  Council on individuals and entities belonging or related to the Taliban, Usama bin Laden,
  and the Al-Qaida organization.
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access Charges:  Free
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  See "Data assessment," below.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  Security Council Resolution 1267 (1999), as amended by Security Council Resolutions
  1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002), requires all Member States to impose sanctions against
  "Usama bin Laden, members of the Al-Qaida organization and the Taliban and other
  individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with them." These sanctions are:
            Freeze without delay any funds and other financial assets or economic resources
            Prevent the entry into or the transit through their territories
            Prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale, and transfer of all arms and military
       equipment.
  
  These resolutions also establish a committee, consisting of all Members of the Security
  Council, mandated to seek from all Member States information regarding actions taken to
  implement the abovementioned sanctions. This committee is requested to "maintain an
  updated list, based on information provided by States and regional organizations, of the
  individuals and entities designated as being associated with Usama bin Laden, including
  those in the Al-Qaida organization." A September 2002 report of the Security Council
  Monitoring Group tasked to assess the implementation of UN sanctions found that "the
  United Nations consolidated list continues to be one of the key instruments available to
  States in their efforts to implement the provisions requested of them in Resolution 1390
  (2002)." The report states that this list "forms the basis for action by Governments" to
  freeze financial and economic assets; and impose a travel ban and arms embargo against
  those whose names appear on the list.
  
  The list posted on the United Nations website is current as of September 23, 2003.
  
  
  
  Name:  CENTER FOR DEFENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
  STUDIES TERRORISM PROGRAMME (Lancaster University, Lancaster, England)
  
  Address:  <http://www.cdiss.org/terror.htm>
  
  Definition of Terrorism: None given.
  Focus of Data: Political and international
  
  Database Contents:
  
       (1)  Topical issues - "a regularly changing selection of comment and analysis based on
       issues currently under active study by members of CDISS."
       (2)  The CDISS Database: Terrorist Incidents 1945 to 1998 - list of selected incidents
       that collectively "provide a snapshot of the wide-range of terrorist attacks and
       political violence experienced worldwide since World War II." Incidents are
       grouped by decade. For each incident, a brief description is provided giving place
       and number of casualties.
  
  Data Sources:  Internal database. Research material of the Centre is supplemented by
  University Library collection of government publications, professional service journals
  and bulletins, and academic and research institute periodicals and monographs.
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to database is available at clearly identified site.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  "The CDISS Terrorism Programme aims to identify
  major trends in international political violence. An area of particular interest is the
  increasing linkage between terrorist groups in different parts of the world."
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  The Centre for Defence and International Security Studies is an interdisciplinary research
  unit based in Lancaster University's Department of Politics and International Relations. It
  "exists to conduct research, raise awareness and stimulate debate on a wide range of
  defence and security issues relevant to both the United Kingdom and the International
  Community."
  
  This database provides one - to two - sentence summaries of major terrorist incidents that
  occurred between 1945 and 1998. All regions of the world are covered. Information for
  the period 1999 forward is being compiled, but not yet available. As such, it is a valuable
  historical tool, since most incident databases concentrate on recent years. However, the
  information is provided only in chronological order, and the database has no search
  engine to enable the user to locate an incident if the exact date is not known.
  
  
  
  Name:  INTERNATIONAL POLICY INSTITUTE FOR COUNTER-TERRORISM
  (Herzliya, Israel)
  
  Address:  <http://www.ict.org.il>
  
  Definition of terrorism: None given.
  
  Focus of Data: Political; predominantly, but not exclusively, Middle East.
  
  Database Contents:
  
       (1)  News updates.
       (2)  Articles and documents (over 240 articles, sorted by topic: Arab-Israeli conflict;
       counterterrorism; financing terrorism; international terrorism; non-conventional
       terrorism; state-sponsored terrorism; terrorism and criminal activity; and terrorist
       organizations) with full text link. Special coverage of Al-Qaida, the Kurdistan
       Worker's Party (PKK), and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process.
       (3)  Databases. This section is divided as follows:
                Terrorist Organization Profiles - List of over 50 names of organizations
            (worldwide), and affiliation; for each organization, there are links to more
            detailed information (history; ideology and strategy; terrorist activity;
            other articles and documents).
                Terror Attack Database - Searchable database that includes selected
            international terrorist and guerilla attacks for the years 1986 to the present.
            Search by organization name; method used; target type; location; date; and
            number of casualties.
                Arab-Israeli Conflict - Analysis of fatalities "on both sides of the current
            Palestinian/Israeli conflict." Searchable database of incidents and
            casualties that can be searched by type of incident; terrorist organization
            involved; method used; site targeted; location; and date.
       (4)  Counter-terrorism - Articles, documents, and updates on international activity,
       terrorism and law, and Israeli activity.
  
  Data Sources:  Internal database, as well as U.S. State Department Patterns of Global
  Terrorism; and Institute for Conflict Management (see South Asia Terrorism Portal).
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access Charges:  None. 
  
  Limitation on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  "ICT is a research institute and think tank dedicated to
  developing innovative public policy solutions to international terrorism."
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  This website, based in Israel, has the heaviest concentration of information on the
  Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The section on "Counter-terrorism" includes a subsection for
  "Israeli counter-terrorist activity" but none for any Arab country. This website is unique
  for its coverage of this region. No other website available to U.S. users appears to be
  dedicated to the issues and terrorist organizations involved in the Middle East conflict.
  
  The information provided on the 50+ terrorist organizations profiled is very detailed and
  is international in scope. The database of international terrorist and guerilla attacks "is not
  exhaustive, but is updated on a monthly basis." 
  
  
  Name:  SOUTH ASIA TERRORISM PORTAL
  
  Address:  <http://www.satp.org>
  
  Definition of Terrorism: None given.
  
  Focus of Data:  Political and religious, South Asia. 
  
  Database Contents:
  
  For Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Select States of India -
  Mizoram, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Punjab, and Tripura - the following
  subsections can be accessed:
  
       (1)  Assessment - Evaluation of political climate and terrorist activity
       (2)  Backgrounder - Sources of current conflict
       (3)  Bibliography
       (4)  Data Sheets - Fatalities, attacks and incidents of violence
       (5)  Documents - Acts and Ordinances; political addresses and statements
       (6)  Timelines - Arrests, incidents, and government statements; by day and month for
       current years, by year for historic information
       (7)  Terrorist Groups - Overview of major groups, or list; both with links to more
       detailed information.
  
  Data Sources:  Internal research; some background reports "constructed from media
  reports."
  
  Access Charges:  Free, with offer to subscribe to South Asia Intelligence Review.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  See "Data Assessment" below.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  This website is managed by the Institute for Conflict Management in New Delhi, India.
  The Institute was established in 1997 as a non-profit society "committed to the
  continuous evaluation and resolution of problems of internal security in South Asia." Its
  research projects cover a wide spectrum of topics.
  
  The information provided by this site, including the latest news for those countries
  covered, is frequently updated. It appears to be the only website on terrorism that is solely
  dedicated to this region.
  
  The format for the "Terrorist Groups" section varies. For some countries, like Pakistan,
  the database includes an overview with links, for each group named, to a lengthy review
  of the group's ideology, leadership strategies, activities, and terrorist incidents. For
  others, like Sri Lanka, a list of groups is given, with links to further information on some.
  The site has no "terrorist group" section for Bhutan, but both the "assessment" and
  "backgrounder" sections have links to discussions of individual groups.
  
  
  
  Name:  CENTER FOR DEFENSE INFORMATION TERRORISM PROJECT
  
  Address:  <http://www.cdi.org/terrorism>
  
  Definition of Terrorism:  Section on "Explaining Terrorism" addresses the difficulties
  involved in defining terrorism.
  
  Focus of Data: International.
  
  Database Contents:
  .
       (1)  Terrorist Networks section highlights a geographic cross-section of individual
       terrorist organizations. Each group includes a general discussion and history, and,
       in brief, the group's leader, base, size, cause, funding, and major attacks. This
       section also provides the link to the website's main database: CDI FACT SHEET:
       Current List of Foreign Terrorist Organizations and other Terrorist
       Organizations (as designated by the U.S. State Department). For each
       organization listed, a link is provided to the complete series of in-depth articles
       prepared by CDI on each of these groups. The list is followed by a short list of
       other primary sources that also provide the names of terrorists and terrorist
       organizations.
       (2)   What's New and Responding to Terrorism sections provide links to in-depth
       analysis of issues related to the war on terrorism, homeland security, and chemical
       and biological weapons.
       (3)  Explaining Terrorism section, started in July 2003, will present a series of papers
       examining the various aspects of terrorism. Currently on the website: paper
       entitled Terrorism: The Problems of Definition.
  
  Data Sources:  U.S. State Department.
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access Charges:  None.
  
  Limitation on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  "CDI's Terrorism Project is designed to provide
  insights, in-depth analysis and facts on the military, security and foreign policy
  challenges as the United States, and the world, faces terrorism. The project will look at all
  aspects of fighting terrorism, from near-term issues of response and defense, to long-term
  questions about how the United States should shape its future international security
  strategy."
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  The CDI's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) is drawn from the State
  Department list, and begins with a brief but helpful statement on its history and purpose.
  Although the list itself can be accessed from the State Department Counterterrorism
  Office web page, CDI's list is sometimes more current than State's. In addition, each
  organization named on the list provides a link to a full profile of the group, including its
  history, activities, and leadership. CDI also provides the names of other lists of terrorists
  and terrorist organizations, including the United Nations list of Taliban and Al-Q'aida
  members/associates, which is omitted from most websites' "additional resources" lists
  (for more detail on this list, see separate entry).
  
  
  
  Name:  FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS INTELLIGENCE
  RESOURCE PROGRAM LIST OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS, TERRORIST
  ORGANIZATIONS, SUBSTANCE CARTELS, AND OTHER PARA-STATE
  ENTITIES
  
  Address:  <http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/index.html>
  
  Definition of Terrorism: Scope note states: "Some para-states engage in terrorism,
  which is defined by the United States government in Title 22 of the United States Code,
  Section 2656f(d) as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against
  noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to
  influence an audience. For purposes of this definition, the term "noncombatant" is
  interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel who at the time of the
  incident are unarmed and/or not on duty. Acts of terrorism also include attacks on
  military installations or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities
  does not exist at the site, such as bombings against US bases in Europe, Saudi Arabia, or
  elsewhere."
  
  Focus of Data: International.
  
  Database Contents: List of over 350 para-state entities. For the majority of names, the
  database provides a link to a lengthy description of the group and its activities. Following
  that text, the database provides a list of "sources and resources," which in many instances
  includes reports prepared by the U.S. State Department.
  
  Data Sources:  Lengthy bibliography follows the list; the bibliography includes U.S.
  State Department reports and lists, and compilations compiled by private and non-U.S.
  sources.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of Study:  See "Data Assessment" below.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  The list of para-state entities links to a scope note that defines para-states as entities that
  "through various forms of direct action contest the legitimate monopoly states have on
  the use of violence within a specified geographical territory." It states that the scope of
  this list is "both current and retrospective, including both currently active and long
  defunct entities." The scope "generally follows that of the mandate of the U.S. National
  Security Council Special Assistant to the President for Transnational Threats, which
  addresses threats to U.S. security such as terrorism, cyber warfare and computer security,
  covert employment of weapons of mass destruction, narcotics trafficking, and
  international organized crime."
  
  FAS emphasizes that "this directory of para-states is not a list of terrorist organizations,
  and is not constructed to supplement or complement the list of terrorist organizations of
  the US Department of State." The guide intentionally casts a wide net, and "includes both
  the nasty and the nice."
  
  The list is valuable if used with the caveats provided above, especially the understanding
  that it is not meant to be a list of terrorist organizations. In most cases, the user is able to
  ascertain the source of the information provided, and can exercise judgment as to its
  merit.
  
  
  Name:  OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL INSTITUTE FOR THE
  PREVENTION OF TERRORISM (MIPT)
  
  Address:  <http://db.mipt.org/rand_68_97.cfm> (RAND Terrorism Chronology 1968-
  1997); <http://db.org/mipt_rand.cfm> (RAND-MIPT Terrorism Incident DB 1998-
  Present)
  
  Definition of Terrorism: Applies definition set forth in statute:
       The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence
       perpetrated against non-combatanti targets by sub-nationalii groups or clandestine
       agentsiii, usually intended to influence an audience. 
       The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the
       territory of more than one country. 
       The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant
       subgroups that practice, international terrorism. 
                                       22 U.S.C.  2656f(d)
  
  i The U.S. Government has interpreted "noncombatant" to include, in addition to civilians, military
  personnel who at the time of the incident are unarmed or not on duty. Similarly, the U.S. Government
  considers attacks on military installations or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities
  does not exist at the site to be terrorist attacks. 
  ii In this context, sub-national means a grouping not recognized as a nation-state. This includes groups like
  the Provisional Wing of the Irish Republican Army, HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) or Kahane
  Chai. 
  iii An example would be the attacks on dissidents carried out by secret agents of the Iranian government
  Focus of Data: Pre-1998, international; 1998 to present, domestic and international.
  Database Contents:  Two databases compiled by the RAND corporation can be accessed
  through the MIPT website.
  
  RAND Terrorism Chronology (1968-1997)
  
       (1)  Reports generated from database of terrorist incidents, which can be searched by
       tactic, region of the world, or target, with input of specific time frame.
       (2)  Charts of incidents trends; incidents by tactic; incidents by target; incidents by
       region; death trends and comparison between 1968 and 1997 (for the U.S., U.K.
       and world total); and comparison of injuries and deaths between 1968 and 1997.
       (3)  Searchable database providing graphical summary of the incidents, injuries, and
       fatalities that occurred in either a selected region or country, or by a specified
       tactic or target, within a specified time frame.
       (4)  Searchable database to "find detailed information about terrorist incidents
       between 1968 and 1997 according to the selected perpetrator, target, tactic and
       geographical location with a time frame."
       (5)  Searchable database of incidents using key word.
  
  RAND-MIPT Terrorism Incident DB (1998-Present)
  
       (1)  Searchable database generating the following reports, with user providing specific
       time frame:
                Death, injury, and incident counts, in each world region
                International, domestic, and total incident count, in each world region
                Number of incidents according to the type of weapon used, in each world
            region
                Number of attacks conducted by the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces
            of Colombia), Hamas, ETA (Basque Fatherland and Freedom), LTTE
            (Liberation Tigers Tamil Eelam), and ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group) against
            specific targets.
       (2)  Searchable database of statistical summaries of incidents, arranged by name of
       terrorist organization, region, country, target, weapon, casualty, attacks claimed
       by perpetrators, and attacks classified as international or domestic incidents, all
       within a selected time frame.
       (3)  Searchable database allowing researchers to "Find detailed information about
       incidents [that] occurred between 1998 and present according to the selected
       terrorist organization, target, weapon, and geographical location with a time
       frame."
       (4)  Searchable database of incidents using key word.
  
  Data Sources:  The MIPT Database System was created by a partnership of the MIPT
  and the University of Oklahoma. The two databases covered in this report are described
  as MIPT sponsored, but were compiled by the RAND Corporation. "All information was
  taken from open source materials, such as newspapers, and every effort was made to
  verify the accuracy of the information found in the reports."
  
  Database Access:  Full access from Internet Explorer and Netscape.
  
  Access Charges:  Free.
  
  Limitations on Data Use:  None.
  
  Tutorial Assistance:  None; access to all information is by simply arranged links, with
  full range of movement among database segments.
  
  Codebooks:  None.
  
  Original Purpose of the Study:  MIPT was "created to collect information on all types
  of terrorism, including explosives, CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
  Nuclear), agricultural and cyberterrorism." MIPT's goal is to make centralized
  information on terrorism public, "so that it might help policymakers, academics and local
  responders to better understand terrorism." The MIPT database serves to monitor all
  terrorism incidents worldwide, both domestic and international.
  
  References Related to Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Requirements for Using the Dataset:  None.
  
  Data Assessment:
  
  The terrorist incident information contained in this database, which dates back to 1968, is
  easy to access and very detailed. In the section covering 1968 to 1997, the user can search
  the database of incidents by (a) tactic, (b) region of the world, or (c) target. A table is then
  generated giving, for (a), the type of tactic, for (b), the country, and for (c), the type of
  target, and the number of incidents for each. A click on the number of incidents links to a
  detailed report on each incident (the name and nationality of the perpetrator, where
  known; and the date and full description of the incident).
  
  In the database covering 1998 to the present, the user can access tables in the same
  manner as described above, but the incident information is arranged by country, type of
  weapon used, and those attributed to five specific terrorist groups. (Note that if search
  option 3 in "database contents" above is selected, the user can search for incidents by any
  of a list of dozens of terrorist groups.) As in the database of the earlier time period, a click
  on the number of incidents links to a full report of each incident, including the published
  source of the information.
  
  The 1998-Present database (accessed in October 2003) contains data updated on March
  12, 2003.  The tabulations and descriptions of incidents for each category cover different
  time periods: for incidents arranged by region, from 12/26/97 to 3/08/03; for incidents
  arranged by type of weapon, from 12/26/97 to 3/8/03; and for incidents arranged by the
  five terrorist groups, from 1/3/98 to 3/6/03.
  
  A third database, the MIPT Indictment Database, is under development jointly by the
  University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of Oklahoma. It will "record
  terrorist cases that have taken place in the U.S. since 1978."
  
  Overall, the two databases described herein represent a very comprehensive and valuable
  resource of information on incidents of terrorism in the United States and abroad.
  
  
  
  
  
  .
  
                          APPENDIX
  
  
  TERRORISM DATABASES AND RESOURCES FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS
  
  UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
            CIA (www.cia.gov/terrorism/index.html
       <http://www.cia.gov/terrorism/index.html>) - War on Terrorism page has links to
       statements, testimony, and reports.
            Defense Department (www.defendamerica.mil <http://www.defendamerica.mil>)
       - General news.
            FBI (www.fbi.gov/terrorinfo/terrorism.htm
       <http://www.fbi.gov/terrorinfo/terrorism.htm>) - "Most Wanted" list; general
       news.
            FEMA (www.fema.gov/hazards/terrorism
       <http://www.fema.gov/hazards/terrorism>) - Background; fact sheet.
            General Accounting Office (www.gao.gov <http://www.gao.gov>) - Special
       Collections -Terrorism lists dozens of publications, dating back to 1980.
            Navy Department Library (www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/terrorism.htm
       <http://www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/terrorism.htm>) - Terrorism: A Navy
       Department Library Research Guide includes links to other resources,
       bibliographies, and chronologies.
            Naval Postgraduate School (<http://library.nps.mil/home/terrorism.htm>) Dudley
       Knox Library Terrorism page includes bibliographies and directives; links to
       reports, documents, fact sheets, other resources.
            State Department Counterterrorism Office (www.state.gov/s/ct
       <http://www.state.gov/s/ct>) - see full report.
            State Department Office of International Information Programs
       (<http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror>) - Response to Terrorism page
       provides summaries of, with link to full text of, most recent White House and
       State Department briefings, letters, and statements, with link to earlier documents;
       links to key documents, issue analysis, and other resources.
            Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (Executive Office for
       Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime)
       (www.treasury.gov/offices/eotffc/ofac/index.html
       <http://www.treasury.gov/offices/eotffc/ofac/index.html>)  - see full report. 
  
  
  U.S. LIBRARIES
            Library of Congress (Portals to the World - Selected Internet Resources:
       Terrorism) (www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/terrorism/terrorism.html
       <http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/terrorism/terrorism.html>)  - links
       to online sources on bioterrorism; U.S., U.K., and international law; terrorism in
       specific countries; and specific terrorists and Al Qaida.
            Library of Congress (Guide to Law Online: Terrorism Law)
       (www.loc.gov/law/guide <http://www.loc.gov/law/guide>) - links to sites of
       executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government; international
       organizations; legal guides; general and media resources.
            Joyner Library, East Carolina University (www.lib.ecu.edu/govdoc/terrorism.html
       <http://www.lib.ecu.edu/govdoc/terrorism.html>) - Attack on America page
       provides links to research and background sources on Osama bin Laden and al-
       Qa'ida, as well as general, government, and research sources on terrorism
       generally.
            University of Michigan Documents Center
       (www.lib.umich.edu/gov/docs/usterror.html
       <http://www.lib.umich.edu/gov/docs/usterror.html>) - America's War Against
       Terrorism page provides links to very extensive list of resources on September 11
       attack and counter-terrorism.
            University of Buffalo Libraries
       (<http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/units/lml/govdocsubj/terrorism.html>) - news
       accounts of World Trade Center; background on domestic and international
       terrorism.
  
  
  INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
            Council of Europe
       (www.coe.int/T/E/communication_and_Research/Press/Theme_files/Terrorism
       <http://www.coe.int/T/E/communication_and_Research/Press/Theme_files/Terror
       ism>) - documents on combating terrorism, conference activities and conventions,
       links to additional resources.
            European Union (<http://europa.eu.int/news/110901>) - updates on actions taken
       by the EU in response to the September 11 attacks.
            Interpol (www.interpol.int/Public/Terrorism/default.asp
       <http://www.interpol.int/Public/Terrorism/default.asp>) - links to press releases
       and fact sheets on terrorist attacks; resolutions on terrorism.
            NATO (www.nato.int/terrorism/index.htm
       <http://www.nato.int/terrorism/index.htm>) - press releases, statements,speeches
       by Secretary General.
                 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
            (www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism.html
            <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism.html>) -    "Global Programme
            against Terrorism" page includes link to full text of UN's 12 universal
            conventions and protocols on terrorism.
            United Nations (Dag Hammarskjold Library Resource Page)
       (www.un.org/depts/dhl/resources/terrorism
       <http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resources/terrorism>) - includes legal agreements
       and UN actions against terrorism, and other conventions.
       (www.un.org/depts/dhl/resources/terrorism/elinks.htm
       <http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resources/terrorism/elinks.htm>) - links to other
       websites, international documents, and chronologies of incidents and attacks.
            United Nations Security Council
       (www.un.org/docs/sc/committees/1267/1050E02.pdf
       <http://www.un.org/docs/sc/committees/1267/1050E02.pdf>) - second report of
       Monitoring Group on implementation of sanctions provides extensive information
       regarding al-Qa'idah activities, particularly terrorist-related financial transactions.
            United Nations list of Taliban and Al-Qaida members
       (www.un.org/docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm
       <http://www.un.org/docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm>) - see full
       report.
  
  
  NON-U.S. SOURCES (GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE)
            Centre for Defence and International Security Studies - Lancaster, England
       (www.cdiss.org/terror.htm <http://www.cdiss.org/terror.htm>) - see full report.
            Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence - University of St.
       Andrews, Scotland (www.st-
       andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv/research.html <http://www.st-
       andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv/research.html>) - describes
       International and Domestic Database Project, with contact information "for
       academic, media and general inquiries."
            International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism - Herzliya, Israel
       (www.ict.org.il <http://www.ict.org.il>) - see full report.
            National Security Australia (Attorney General's Department)
       (www.nationalsecurity.ag.gov.au <http://www.nationalsecurity.ag.gov.au>) -
       provides "single access point for national security information from the Australian
       Government."
            Parliament of Australia - Department of the Parliamentary Library
       (www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad.terror.htm
       <http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad.terror.htm>) - Library research
       papers on terrorism and counter-terrorism; links to other sites.
            South Asia Terrorism Portal (www.satp.org <http://www.satp.org>) - see full
       report.
            University of Adelaide, Australia - Terrorism: A Guide to Library Resources for
       Anthropology (www.library.adelaide.edu/au/guide/soc/anthro/subj/terror.html
       <http://www.library.adelaide.edu/au/guide/soc/anthro/subj/terror.html>) -
       references to encyclopedias, handbooks and directories.
  
                      
  
  
  OTHER
            Anti-Defamation League (www.adl.org/main_terrorism.asp
       <http://www.adl.org/main_terrorism.asp>) - reports on terrorist activities and
       groups; emphasis on Middle East.
            Anser Institute for Homeland Security (www.homelandsecurity.org
       <http://www.homelandsecurity.org>) - includes link to current and past issues of
       monthly "Homeland Security Newsletter."
            Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies
       (www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/terrorism
       <http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/terrorism>) - provides commentary and
       analysis; links to other resources.
       www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/fp/projects/homeland/homeland.htm
       <http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/fp/projects/homeland/homeland.htm>
       provides links to chapters of Brookings' Assessing the Department of Homeland
       Security; links to other resources.
            Center for Defense Information (www.cdi.org/terrorism
       <http://www.cdi.org/terrorism>) - see full report. 
            Emergency Response and Research Institute (ERRI) Counter-Terrorism Archive
       (www.emergency.com/cntrterr.htm <http://www.emergency.com/cntrterr.htm>) -
       news reports and links to articles, 1989 to present.
            Federation of American Scientists (www.fas.org/terrorism/index.html
       <http://www.fas.org/terrorism/index.html>) - America's War on Terrorism page
       provides information and analysis on counter-terrorism, information security, and
       weapons of mass destruction. Intelligence Resource Program (www.fas.org.irp
       <http://www.fas.org.irp>) has section on Terrorism (background and threat
       assessments) that provides dozens of links to reports, documents, fact sheets, and
       government sources. Links to resource materials for the Taleban are provided at
       www.fas.org/irp/world/para/taleban.htm
       <http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/taleban.htm>.  See full report for description
       of directory of para-state entities. (www.fas.org/irp/world/para/index.html
       <http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/index.html>)  
            FindLaw (<http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/us/terrorism>) Special Coverage:
       War on Terrorism has subsections for news articles, commentary, court cases,
       documents, and laws. Documents section includes an extensive list of documents
       specific to the September 11 terrorist attacks; and under subtopic "Terrorism"
       (<http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/us/terrorism/documents/terr.html>) there are
       dozens of links to reports of U.S. government agencies, the Congressional
       Research Service, academic institutions, and think tanks.
            George Washington University - The National Security Archive
       (www.gwu.edu/~nsarciv <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarciv>) - includes text of 6-
       volume work, The September 11 Source Books (Volume I - Terrorism and U.S.
       Policy).
            Jurist (<http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/terrorism/terrorism.htm>) - Terrorism Law and
       Policy subsection Terrorism and Terrorists includes links to government
       advisories and reports on terrorist groups and threat assessments.
            Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
       (www.mipt.org <http://www.mipt.org>) - links to subsection Terrorism Incidents
       and Significant Dates, which is a searchable database.
            Rand Terrorism Chronology (<http://db.mipt.org/rand_68_97.cfm>) - see
            full report.
            Rand - MIPT Terrorism Incident DB (<http://db.mipt.org/mipt_rand.cfm>)
            - see full report.
            Monterey Institute of International Studies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies -
       CNS Subjects: Terrorism (<http://cns.miis.edu/research/terror.htm>) - links to
       articles and testimony on agroterrorism, terrorist group profiles, U.S. response to
       terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. The Chemical and Biological
       Weapons Nonproliferation Program at CNS maintains a terrorism database,
       available on a subscription basis.  CNS Subjects: Chemical and Biological
       Weapons (<http://cns.miis.edu/research/CBW>) - links to resources on the
       Americas, Middle East/Africa, Newly Independent States, and East Asia.
            PolitInfo (www.politinfo.com/issues/Terrorism/terrorism.html
       <http://www.politinfo.com/issues/Terrorism/terrorism.html>) - links to general
       resources, think tanks and research centers, publications.
            RAND Institution Research Area: Terrorism (www.rand.org/terrorism_area
       <http://www.rand.org/terrorism_area>) - highlights of recent work and ongoing
       research; news and commentary. Similar coverage for National Security
       (www.rand.org/natsec_area <http://www.rand.org/natsec_area>). National
       Security research website (www.rand.org/nsrd <http://www.rand.org/nsrd>) has
       link to page on Gilmore Commission (Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic
       Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction),
       including text of four annual reports.
            Henry L. Stimson Center (www.stimson.org <http://www.stimson.org>) -
       research on reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction; building regional
       security; strengthening institutions of international peace; and linking trade,
       technology, and security.
            Terrorism Research Center (www.terrorism.com/index.shtml
       <http://www.terrorism.com/index.shtml>) - analysis, essays, profiles of counter-
       terrorism groups and terrorist organizations, descriptions of terrorist attacks, and
       "Terrorism Bookshelf"(extensive bibliography, with summaries, of works on
       terrorism and homeland security).