**STS-81 Earth Observations Debrief Captions**

**Mary Fae McKay**

Cities

**[Slide ID]{.underline}[Caption]{.underline}**

<table>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-714-059</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Fushun (41.83° N, 123.90° E) [&amp; Shenyang (41.83° N,
123.43° E), capital of Liaoning Province], China—in snow and with smog,
but nevertheless a contribution to our data base of best photos of world
cities</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-716-065</strong></p></td>
<td><p>From Shenyang SW to Liaodong Bay (with sea ice), past Liaoyang,
Anshan, Haicheng, &amp; Ying Kou, and, on the other side of Yiwulu
Mountain, Fuxin (also smoggy) to Jinzhou</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-714-053</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Changchun (43.83° N, 125.33° E), capital of Jilin Province,
China—an improvement over an STS-47 Linhof photo</p></td>
<td><p><strong>[Blank]</strong></p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-719-099</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Tianjin (Tientsin) (39.13° N, 117.20° E) [&amp; Beijing (39.92°
N, 116.43° E], China—CVIS comparable to CIR STS056-157-047</p></td>
<td><p><strong>[Blank]</strong></p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-717-013</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Nürnberg (Nuremberg) (49.45° N, 11.08° E), Germany, at junction
of several rivers, augmented to form the Europa Canal, which eventually
flows into the Main—an addition to our world cities data base</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-747-007</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Orléans (47.90° N, 1.90° E), France, on the Loire River—another
addition</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-747-033</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Split (43.52° N, 16.47° E), Croatia</p></td>
<td><p><strong>[Blank]</strong></p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-715-004</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Volgograd (Stalingrad) (48.75° N, 44.50° E), Russia—with snow
outlining shelter belts, frozen reservoir, unfrozen Volga River,
agricultural bottomland covered with meanders</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-749-019</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Karachi (24.85° N, 67.03° E), Pakistan—not centered but best CVIS
yet, seen in conjunction with Indus Delta—comparable to CIR
STS030-95-116</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-738-023</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Cape Town (33.93° S, 18.47° E), South Africa—a very nice photo,
with sunglint highlighting the city's water resources and the wave
patterns on both coasts</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-726-096</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Porto Alegre (30.00° S, 51.20° W), Brazil—an improvement</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-720-056</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Very dramatic photo of Chicago (41.83° N, 87.75° W), underneath
Shuttle and Mir arrays</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-719-024</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Chicago (looking west), showing the snow lake effect—cold front
from west picks up moisture over the warmer Lake Michigan and dumps snow
on the eastern shore of the lake</p></td>
</tr>
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<td><p><strong>35-mm</strong><br />
<strong>STS081-376-001</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Chicago, at night, with glows from 4 states—Milwaukee (WI), thru
South Bend (IN), to Grand Rapids (MI)</p></td>
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</table>

**Sue Runco and Don Frank**

Oceans and Atmosphere

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  **STS081-709-070**   new ice on Lake Michigan (Jan 16, 1997)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                              **STS081-750-003**   Sunset   **STS081-713-004**   Gravity wave over Aral Sea         **STS081-709-018**   Low pressure system   **STS081-746-057**   A strong low pressure system in the central north Atlantic. Colder winds and strong winds are located where there are less clouds in the center of the photo. (nadir: 51.4N 36.5W)         **STS081-721-054**   Collapsing thunderstorm over Zaire, Africa. Arc clouds are forming outside the thunderstorm cell from the downdrafts and clouds are dissipating around the center as the system collapses. 250 mm. (nadir: 4.7N 28.4E)   **STS081-723-082**   Collapsing thunderstorm over Zaire, Africa. Arc clouds are forming outside the thunderstorm cell from the downdrafts and clouds are dissipating around the center as the system collapses. 100 mm. (nadir: 4.7N 28.4E)         **STS081-711-067**   Southern Chile Coast. This is a broad area view from the coast to central Argentina. Isla de Chiloe is surrounded by sunglint in the Gulf de Corcovado and the Atlantic. Currents and eddies are seen in the Atlantic along the coast. (Center of Photo: 43.0S 72.0W)   **STS081-724-081**   Isla de Chiloe, Chile and Golfo de Corcovado         **STS081-711-079 **   Plankton Bloom outside the Golfo de San Jorge, Argentina. (Center of Photo: 46.0S 63.0W)         **STS081-722-056**   Trichodesmium plankton bloom along the Northwest coast of Australia. Includes Barrow Island   **STS081-736-064**   Trichodesmium plankton bloom along the Northwest coast of Australia. The city of Dampier can be seen. Trichodesmium plankton blooms are not as apparent as the bright blue of the coccolithophor blooms but have been documented just as often. Extensive filaments of this type of plankton bloom have been photographed off the Western, Northern and Eastern coasts of Australia. This phenomena has not been easily detectable with other sensors such as the color zone coastal scanner (CZCS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). First using Shuttle photography to detect Trichodesmium erythraeum phytoplankto blooms, Ajit Subramaniam , Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York Stony Brook, was then able to extract data from specific areas from the CZCS data to build an algorithm to detect these plankton blooms in other regions of the world from the CZCS data. Since plankton use carbon, this type of information adds to the understanding of the processes and quantity of carbon which the oceans can absorb.         **STS081-713-091**   Large plankton bloom about 8 degrees east south east of Tasmania associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the subantarctic front zone. 100 mm (Nadir: 45.1S 154.5E, respectively)   **STS081-715-074 **   Large plankton bloom about 8 degrees east south east of Tasmania associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the subantarctic front zone. 250 mm (Nadir: 45.5S 155.5E)         **STS081-718-015**   Plankton Bloom off the SE New Zealand Coast. (Nadir:46,1S 173.7E)
  **STS081-728-071**   Plankton Bloom 16 degrees west of Peru in the southern Pacific. (Nadir: 14.1S 93.3W)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
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**Justin Wilkinson **

Geomorphology and Dust

<table>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-722-098</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-722-099</strong></p></td>
<td><p>English Channel with smog</p>
<p>Normandy beaches with smog</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-746-062</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-746-063</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Smog gyre off N coast of Spain, Gijón region</p>
<p>Smog gyre off N coast of Spain, Gijón region</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-746-067</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Gijón City, N Spain, NV</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-713-050</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Bangkok</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-747-016</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-717-0063</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-747-026</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Jungfrau peak, Swiss Alps</p>
<p>Alps, including Matterhorn</p>
<p>Mouth of the Po River, Italy</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-749-064</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-747-058</strong></p></td>
<td><p>White dust clouds rising off Bodélé, Chad</p>
<p>Dust storm rising off Nile cotton agric, Sudan</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-748-024</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-748-025</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Coast of West Africa</p>
<p>Coast of West Africa</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-738-019</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Natal coast, South Africa, with Durban</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-728-012</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-728-007</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Amazon-Tapajos confluence (color)</p>
<p>Amazon-Tapajos confluence (glint)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-740-057</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-740-058</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Upper Orinoco basin</p>
<p>Upper Orinoco basin</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-713-014</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-722-042</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Oblique SW view across Kashmir, the Indus valley to the Kirthar
Ranges that mark the Asian-Indian Plate boundary north of Karachi,
Pakistan.</p>
<p>Indus basin</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-722-039</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-722-037</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Fantastic sequence looking south to southeast along the Chaman
fault (the Asian-Indian Plate boundary) and across the 'drapes' of the
Suleiman Ranges folds. These folds are being crumpled over the edge of
the Indian Plate by a 'chip' between the Chaman fault and the Indian
Plate. (These views are the first ever taken in this orientation- they
really emphasize the fault! Great!)</p></td>
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</table>

**Dave Amsbury**

<table>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-711-042</strong></p></td>
<td><p>View north up Baja to San Andreas displacement. A first! NW
across Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, the Islas Marias, to the south</p>
<p>end of Baja California. The distance from the north end of the Islas
Marias</p>
<p>to the tip of Baja is the displacement along the San Andreas fault,
which</p>
<p>has opened the Gulf of California. (Frames 23 to 47 are an
exceptional</p>
<p>north-looking sequence down the length of the Baja
peninsula.)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-713-045</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Oblique north view to the Irrawaddy River delta, near Rangoon.
Eastern edge</p>
<p>of Ganges delta in upper left. Fold ranges along the Indian-Asian
Plate</p>
<p>boundary extend north of Rangoon along right side of the
photo.</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-747-034</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Fine detail of the karst landscape of Yugoslavia. Variations in
diameter and depth of the sinkholes and other solution-collapse features
appear to reflect differences in composition of the various, dominantly
limestone layers.</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-742-023</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Nicaragua. Good view of Managua, Lake Managua and Nicaragua, and
volcanoes.</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-742-104</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Burma? Color infrared film highlights vegetation differences
related to bedrock geology and variations in the alluvial plain of the
Irrawady? River.</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-720-044</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Lake Chad. An oblique view showing ancient deltas of the Chari
River, and adjustments made by humans to the changing lake level over
the past three decades.</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-726-097</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Brazil. Oblique view of the Lagoa Dos Patos.</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-720-098</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Tibesti Massif. Volcanoes, relict stream networks, and sand
grooves.</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-721-045</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Tibesti Massif. An excellent view of relict stream networks that
take the form of incised, meandering canyons</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>STS081-723-069</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Tibesti Massif. A view eastward down the length of the whole
volcanic pile, including the recent basalt flows of Pic Tousside in the
foreground.</p></td>
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**Kim Willis**

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---+---+
| **STS08     | Aorounga    |             |             |   |   |
| 1-720-101** | impact      |             |             |   |   |
|             | crater has  |             |             |   |   |
|             | a diameter  |             |             |   |   |
|             | of 12.6-km  |             |             |   |   |
|             | and is less |             |             |   |   |
|             | than 345    |             |             |   |   |
|             | million     |             |             |   |   |
|             | years old.  |             |             |   |   |
|             | The         |             |             |   |   |
|             | partially   |             |             |   |   |
|             | eroded      |             |             |   |   |
|             | crater is   |             |             |   |   |
|             | located to  |             |             |   |   |
|             | the         |             |             |   |   |
|             | southeast   |             |             |   |   |
|             | of Emi      |             |             |   |   |
|             | Koussi in   |             |             |   |   |
|             | the Tibesti |             |             |   |   |
|             | Massif in   |             |             |   |   |
|             | Chad.       |             |             |   |   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---+---+
|             |             | **STS08     | Acraman     |   |   |
|             |             | 1-720-019** | impact      |   |   |
|             |             |             | crater,     |   |   |
|             |             | **STS08     | South       |   |   |
|             |             | 1-708-029** | Australia.  |   |   |
|             |             |             | This impact |   |   |
|             |             |             | crater has  |   |   |
|             |             |             | a diameter  |   |   |
|             |             |             | of about    |   |   |
|             |             |             | 90-km, and  |   |   |
|             |             |             | an age of   |   |   |
|             |             |             | 600 million |   |   |
|             |             |             | years       |   |   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---+---+
| **STS08     | Panorama of |             |             |   |   |
| 1-723-010** | the Nile    |             |             |   |   |
|             | delta.      |             |             |   |   |
| **STS08     |             |             |             |   |   |
| 1-717-096** | Cairo and   |             |             |   |   |
|             | the         |             |             |   |   |
| **STS08     | Pyramids of |             |             |   |   |
| 1-717-083** | Egypt.      |             |             |   |   |
|             |             |             |             |   |   |
| **STS08     | These       |             |             |   |   |
| 1-717-084** | series of   |             |             |   |   |
|             | photographs |             |             |   |   |
| **STS08     | highlight   |             |             |   |   |
| 1-717-087** | the         |             |             |   |   |
|             | continuing  |             |             |   |   |
| **STS08     | problems of |             |             |   |   |
| 1-717-089** | subsidence  |             |             |   |   |
|             | in the Nile |             |             |   |   |
|             | delta. The  |             |             |   |   |
|             | Aswan High  |             |             |   |   |
|             | Dam now     |             |             |   |   |
|             | captures    |             |             |   |   |
|             | 98% of the  |             |             |   |   |
|             | Nile's      |             |             |   |   |
|             | sediment    |             |             |   |   |
|             | and the     |             |             |   |   |
|             | effect has  |             |             |   |   |
|             | been        |             |             |   |   |
|             | increased   |             |             |   |   |
|             | subsidence. |             |             |   |   |
|             | Time series |             |             |   |   |
|             | Shuttle     |             |             |   |   |
|             | photography |             |             |   |   |
|             | reveals     |             |             |   |   |
|             | increased   |             |             |   |   |
|             | agriculture |             |             |   |   |
|             | on the      |             |             |   |   |
|             | eastern and |             |             |   |   |
|             | western     |             |             |   |   |
|             | edges of    |             |             |   |   |
|             | the delta.  |             |             |   |   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---+---+

**Cindy Evans**

Volcanoes

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  **STS081-711-051**   Mexican volcanic belt \-- a wide, three dimensional view                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
  **STS081-724-034**   Popocateptl and Mexico City                                **STS081-736-005**   Popocateptl and smoke (1/19/96)         **STS081-708-070**   Manam volcano, 1/18/97   **STS080-749-017**   Manam plume, 12/1/96         **STS081-727-035**   Montserrat and plume   **STS081-716-051**   Hawaii and volcanic haze         **STS081-714-069**   Mt. Fuji   **STS081-708-005**   Aso, Japan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
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**Joe Caruana**

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  **STS081-711-008**   High oblique of Cuba                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
  **STS081-742-118**   CIR of Central Cuba          **STS081-713-087**   Another first! The entire island of Tasmania in one frame- cloud free! Hobart is in reentrant on south coast. Distance from south coast to coast between the NE and NW-projecting \'wings\' of the island is 175 miles. Tasmania was rifted from Australia leaving large subsea graben systems, some of which are major oil basins.   **STS081-720-024**   Murray River, South Yorke Peninsula         **STS081-727-089**   Abu Zabi   **51J-50-056**   Comparison view         **STS081-748-020**   Wide view of inland delta of the Niger River   **STS081-749-087**   Inland delta of the Niger River
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
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**Kam Lulla**

<table>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>STS081-751-044</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Wide view toward Tibet (looking NE) and front ange of
Himalaya</p></td>
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</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>STS081-718-007</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Wide view from Tibet down into smog-filled Ganges plain</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-740-002</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Mouth of Indus River</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-749-023</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Rann of Kutch/G. of Cambay</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-749-022</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Rann of Kutch</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-749-026</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Rann of Kutch</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-750-021</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-741-012</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Ganges River mouth (detail)</p>
<p>Deccan Plateau to Ganges Mouth</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-747-045</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Gaza: agriculture detail, NV</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>STS081-747-043</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Gaza strip</p></td>
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</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-723-080</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Sahel fire season start-up (9N, 25E)</p></td>
<td><p><strong>STS081-749-071</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Mt Kenya forest reserve boundary</p></td>
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</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>STS081-727-0074</strong></p>
<p><strong>STS081-715-066</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Forest preserves, Australia</p>
<p>Australian agricultural patterns (Kangaroo I., 36.5S,
138.9E)</p></td>
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</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**General scenes**

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  **STS081-717-074**   Rome                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  **STS081-746-002**   N. France and Paris                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                             **STS081-750-049**   Singapore                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
  **STS081-728-057**   San Salvador                                           **STS081-726-088**   Puerto Rico   **STS081-738-057**   Orlando, Florida         **STS081-740-037**   wide view, St. Louis and floodplains   **STS081-738-033**   St. Louis and snow on floodplains         **STS081-728-039**   Canyon in Arizona (?)   **STS081-728-038**   Canyon in Arizona (?)         **STS081-719-092**   Yellowstone region, wide view of Wind River Mountains   **STS081-719-072**   Wind River Range         **STS081-708-089**   Annapurna   **STS081-718-027**   Elbrus volcano in Caucasus         **STS081-727-010**   Susquehanna and snowy Appalachains   **STS081-719-081**   wide view down Rio grande to Albuquerque         **STS081-719-080**   wide view down Rio grande, Taos   **STS081-711-005**   wide view down Rio grande to Albuquerque
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
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**Bill Muelbereger**

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  **STS081-711-005**   One of a stereopair of the Taos Plateau, New Mexico. Snow enhances structural details. Of particular note is Cerro de la Oja, a large round dome west of the irregularly-shaped 600\'+ high obsidian flow at the west edge of the Rio Grande Gorge (first stop along the northern part of the gorge on the astronaut geological training trip). The Cerro appears to have NNE-trending faults cutting across it. In the many years that I have been working in that region I have never been aware that it might be faulted!
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