APPENDIX A

FEDERAL AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH

FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION

The following material is taken from the publication, \"Catalog of
Federal Domestic Assistance,\" 1978 with 1979 update, prepared by the
Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President.
Further detail is provided in that publication.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

[Economics, Statistics, and Conservation Service]{.underline}

To conduct research and disseminate information on the economic factors
affecting commercial agriculture and rural community life.

[Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service]{.underline}

To enable farmers to perform emergency conservation measures to control
wind erosion on farmlands, or to rehabilitate farmlands damaged by
erosion, floods, hurricanes, or other natural disasters.

To conserve surface waters; preserve and improve migratory waterfowl
habitat and wildlife resources; and secure other environmental benefits
and agricultural production limitations.

[Farmers Home Administration]{.underline}

To assist farmers, ranchers and aquaculture operators with loans: to
cover losses resulting from major and/or natural disasters, for annual
farm operating expenses, and for other essentials required to restore
the disaster victims\' farming operation(s) to a financially sound basis
enabling them to return to local sources of credit as soon as possible.

To increase the income of farm families and other rural residents and to
readjust the use of land so that each acre is used for a purpose which
will better serve the community.

To assist public or private nonprofit organizations interested in
providing sites for housing, to acquire and develop land in rural areas
to be subdivided as adequate building sites and sold on a nonprofit
basis to families eligible for low- and moderate-income loans,
cooperatives, and broadly based nonprofit rural rental housing
applicants.

To provide loan assistance to local sponsoring agencies in authorized
areas where acceleration of program of resource conservation,
development, and utilization will increase economic opportunities for
local people.

To provide basic human amenities, alleviate health hazards, and promote
the orderly growth of the rural areas of the nation by meeting the need
for new and improved rural water and waste disposal systems.

To provide loan assistance to sponsoring local organizations in
authorized watershed areas for share of cost for works of improvement.

[Forest Service]{.underline}

To manage a large segment of designated public lands in all sections of
the country. Most of the lands are in upland watersheds where planned
land-use and management practices have a major impact on the flow of
streams during normal and flood periods.

[Soil Conservation Service]{.underline}

To assist local people in initiating and carrying out a long-range
program of resource conservation and development for purposes of
achieving a dynamic rural community with satisfactory level of income
and pleasing environment, and creating a favorable investment climate
attractive to private capital.

To plan and carry out a national soil and water conservation program,
and to provide leadership in conservation, development, and productive
use of the nation^1\ ^5 soil, water, and related resources.

To provide technical and financial assistance in planning and carrying
out works of improvement to protect, develop, and utilize the land and
water resources in small watersheds.

To assist states and other federal agencies preparing comprehensive
plans for the development of water and related land resources within
river basins or regions, giving full consideration to agricultural
program impacts on resource development and use. Flood hazard studies
are also performed to aid communities in making proper floodplain
management decisions.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

[Corps of Engineers]{.underline}

To control beach and shore erosion to public shores through projects not
specifically authorized by Congress.

To assist in the repair and restoration of flood control works damaged
by flood or federally authorized hurricane-flood and shore protection
works damaged by extraordinary wind, wave, or water action.

To provide emergency assistance as required to supplement local efforts
and capabilities in time of flood or coastal storm.

To promote appropriate recognition of flood hazards in land- and
water-use planning and development through the provision of needed
information, technical services, and guidance.

To reduce flood damages through projects not specifically authorized by
Congress.

To reduce flood damages.

To cooperate with any state in the preparation of comprehensive plans
for drainage basins located within the boundaries of such state.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]{.underline}

To provide forecasts of water levels of the nation's rivers as a direct
contribution to public safety and to management and conservation of
water resources.

To assist any coastal state in the development of a management program
for the land and water resources of its coastal zone.

To assist states in administering the Coastal Zone Management program
that has been approved by the Secretary of Commerce.

[Economic Development Administration]{.underline}

To assist in the construction of public facilities needed to initiate
and encourage long-term economic growth in designated geographic areas
where economic growth is lagging behind the rest of the nation.

To develop multicounty district (and redevelopment area) planning
capability and thereby assure effective utilization of resources in
creating full-time permanent jobs for the unemployed and the
underemployed in redevelopment areas.

To develop the capability of state and local governments to undertake an
economic development planning process that is comprehensive in scope, is
coordinated with that of other state/sub-state planning activities, and
leads to the formulation of development goals and specific strategies to
achieve them, with particular emphasis on reducing unemployment and
increasing incomes.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]{.underline}

To insure that hydro-power structures licensed by the Commission have
properly designed features to pass anticipated flood flows and also to
require that emergency preparedness plans are in place.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

[Public Health Service]{.underline}

To provide assistance for the construction of urgently needed minimum
school facilities in school districts which have had substantial
increases in school membership as a result of new or increased federal
activities, or where reconstruction of facilities is necessary because
of natural disaster.

To provide major disaster assistance by replacing or repairing damaged
or destroyed supplies, equipment, or facilities.

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

[Community Planning and Development]{.underline}

To strengthen planning and decision making capabilities of chief
executives of state and local governments and area wide planning
organizations, and thereby promote more effective use of the nation\'s
physical, economic, and human resources.

To encourage the development of well-planned, diversified, and
economically sound new communities, including major additions to
existing communities.

To develop viable urban communities, including decent housing and a
suitable living environment, and expand economic opportunities,
principally for persons of low and moderate income.

[Federal Housing Administration]{.underline}

To help victims of a major disaster undertake home ownership on a sound
basis.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Bureau of Land Management]{.underline}

To manage large segments of public land primarily in the western states.
Land-use planning and management involve not only the multiple use
concept which recognizes the effects of these uses on streamflow but
also the dedication of certain lands as planned floodways.

[Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service]{.underline}

To use land and water conservation funds for grants to states to acquire
land including flood prone areas as parks or greenbelts.

[Geological Survey]{.underline}

To provide water information for economic development and best use of
water resources and to carry on research in hydrology.

[Fish and Wildlife Service]{.underline}

To acquire and manage wildlife areas. These refuges are frequently in
lowland-wetland areas which can serve as significant and strategic land
areas to be used in a floodplain management plan.

[Water and Power Resources Service]{.underline} (Bureau of Reclamation)

To provide fully reimbursable federal loans and possible grants to
public nonfederal organizations for rehabilitation and betterment of
construction of water resource development projects located in the 17
westernmost contiguous states and Hawaii.

[Office of Water Research and Technology]{.underline}

To support needed research into aspects of water problems related to the
mission of the Department of the Interior.

To provide financial support to Water Resources Research Institutes
located at designated state universities in each of the 50 states,
Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, to
work on one or more aspects of problem oriented water resources
research, to disseminate information on research results, and to train
scientists.

To provide matching funds, on a dollar-for-dollar basis, to Water
Resources Research Institutes located at a designated state university
in each of the 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, Guam
and the Virgin Islands, to train scientists and support work in various
aspects of water resources research.

To be responsive to technical and scientific information needs, and to
provide improved communication and coordination among all those engaged
in federally sponsored water resources research.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

[Coast Guard]{.underline}

To provide optimum utilization of specialized Coast Guard facilities in
any area where cooperative efforts may enhance the national marine
sciences effort.

[Federal Highway Administration]{.underline}

To assist state highway agencies in constructing and rehabilitating the
interstate highway system and for building or improving primary,
secondary, and urban systems roads and streets, and to provide aid for
their repair following disaster, to foster safe highway design; and to
replace unsafe bridges.

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY

To assist states in developing and improving plans, programs and
capabilities for disaster preparedness, response, and hazard mitigation.

To coordinate federal response to reduce human suffering and hardship in
Presidentially declared emergencies and disasters, and to provide from
this President\'s disaster fund, assistance to individuals, the public
sector, and certain nonprofit agencies.

To manage, through the Federal Insurance Administration, all aspects of
the National Flood Insurance Program, including technical assistance to
the states in relation to flood hazard mitigation efforts.

To coordinate activities to promote dam safety.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

To conduct research related to the use of satellite remote sensing data
as sources of information for mapping floodplain boundaries, surface
water, land cover and land-use classification, and improving snow melt
runoff predictions.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the principal Federal agency
for the support of basic research across all fields of science, it also
provides support for science education and engineering and applied
research, as well. There is no program in NSF that is specifically
devoted to flood hazard mitigation issues. However, two programs support
research quite relevant to flood hazard mitigation. There is the
societal response to natural hazard research supported by the Earthquake
Hazards Mitigation Program, as well as research supported by the Water
Resources and Environmental Engineering Program. Ecosystems research,
risk assessment research, and climate dynamics research are less
directly related to flood hazard mitigation issues but serve as useful
background.

SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

To assist business concerns suffering economic injury as a result of
certain Presidential, SBA, and Department of Agriculture disaster
designations.

To provide loans to restore, as nearly as possible, the victims of
physical type disasters to predisaster condition.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

To develop and operate the Tennessee River system for navigation, flood
control, and power, and for related benefits of industrial development,
water quality management, recreational development, and fish and
wildlife development for the social and economic benefit of the region
and in the national interest.

WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL

To provide grants for increased participation by the states in water and
related land resources planning, to develop guidelines, rules and
regulations for water resources planning.

APPENDIX B

SELECTED REFERENCES

IN

FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION

1 Army Corps of Engineers. June 1976. A perspective on flood plain
regulations for flood plain management.

2 Army Corps of Engineers. September 1979. Digest of water resources
policies and authorities.

3 Barton, Allen H. 1969. Communities in Disaster: A sociological
analysis of collective stress situations. New York: Doubleday and
Company.

4 Burton, Ivan, Robert W. Kates, and Gilbert F. White. 1978. The
environment as hazard. New York: Oxford University Press.

5 Cochrane, Harold C. 1975. Natural hazards and their distributive
efforts. Boulder: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science.

6 Committee on Water. 1969. Water and choice in the Colorado basin.
Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

7 Cressman, George P. 1978. Flash flood warnings - federal plus local
action. Natural Hazards Observer.

8 Drabek, Thomas E. et al. 1979. The flood breakers: Citizens band radio
use during the 1978 flood in the Grand Forks region. Boulder: University
of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science.

9 Dynes, Russell R. 1970. Organized behavior in disaster. Lexington,
Massachusetts: Heath and Company.

10 Federal Insurance Administration. June 1977. Coastal flood hazards
and the national flood insurance program.

11 Haas, J. Eugene, Robert W. Kates, and Martyne J. Bowden.
Reconstruction following disaster. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT
Press.

12 Hebert, Paul J., and Glenn Taylor. 1978. The deadliest, costliest,
and most intense United States hurricanes of this century (and other
frequently requested hurricane facts). Miami, Florida: National
Hurricane Center.

13 Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. 1979. Alternative
policies for protecting barrier islands along the Atlantic and Gulf
coasts of the United States and draft environmental statement.

14 Housing and Urban Development. October 1976. National flood insurance
programs. Federal Register.

15 Institute of Behavioral Science. 1979. Natural hazards data
resources - uses and needs. Boulder: University of Colorado.

16 Keen, P., and M. Scott-Morton. 1978. Decision support systems.
Reading, Massachusetts. Addison Wesley.

17 Kunreuther, Howard, et al. 1978. Disaster insurance protection. New
York: John Wiley.

18 Margerun, Terry. 1979. Will local governments be liable for
earthquake losses? Berkeley, California: Association of Bay Area
Governments.

19 Mileti, Dennis S., Thomas E. Drabek, and J. Eugene Haas. 1975. Human
behavior in extreme environments. Boulder: University of Colorado,
Institute of Behavioral Science.

20 National Governor\'s Association. 1978. State comprehensive emergency
management. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

21 National Science Foundation. 1978. Anticipating the unexpected:

recommendation for public policies to mitigate the effects of natural
hazard exposures in the United States.

22 National Weather Service. 1979. Flood forecast and warning system
evaluation, Susquehanna River basin, New York, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland.

23 Quarantelli, E. L. 1978. Disasters: Theory and research. Beverly
Hills, California: Sage Publications.

24 Rowe, William D. 1977. An anatomy of risk. New York: Wiley
Interscience.

25 Platt, Rutherford H. 1979. Options to improve federal nonstructural
response. Washington, DC:

26 Stokey, E., and R. Zeckhauser. 1974. A primer for policy analysis.
New York: Norton.

27 Tennessee Valley Authority and Water Resources Research Center,
University of Tennessee. October 1976. Flood damage prevention -an
indexed bibliography.

28 Water Resources Council. 1977. Estimated flood damages: Appendix B,
Nationwide Analysis Report.

29 Water Resources Council. June 1977. A uniform technique for
determining flood flow frequencies, Bulletin 17A.

30 Water Resources Council. September 1979. Summary of emerging issues
in wetland/floodplain management.

31 Water Resources Council. October 1979. A unified national program for
floodplain management.

32 Water Resources Council. October 1979. Floodplain acquisition:

issues and options in strengthening federal policy.

33 Water Resources Council. January 1980. Progress report on
implementation of executive order 11988 floodplain management.

34 Water Research and Technology. November 1979. A planning manual -a
process for community floodplain management. Department of the Interior.

35 White, Gilbert F. 1969. Strategies of American water management. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan.

36 White, Gilbert F. 1975. Flood hazard in the United States: a research
assessment. Boulder: university of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral
Science.

37 White, Gilbert F. and J. Eugene Haas. 1975. Assessment of research on
natural hazards. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

38 Wood, Fergus. 1976. The strategic role of perigeon spring tides in
nautical history and North American coastal flooding, 1635-1975. NOAA,
National Ocean Survey.

APPENDIX C

MEMBERSHIP OF RESPONSIBLE COMMITTEES

NSF STUDY GROUP

[Area of Interest]{.underline} [NSF Program]{.underline}

[Chairwoman]{.underline}:

Lynn Preston Program Analysis Problem Analysis

[Study Leader]{.underline}

Edward H. Bryan Environmental Engineering Appropriate Technology

& Public Health

[Members]{.underline}

William A. Anderson Societal Response to Policy Research

Natural Hazards

William S. Butcher Water Resources Special Assistant to

DAD/EAS

Vincent T. Covello Sociology and Risk Technology Assessment

Analysis & Risk Analysis

Arthur A. Ezra Physical Processes Water RES. & Envir. Eng.

Michael P. Gaus Physical Processes Design Research

Richard R. Goulet Systems Analysis Problem Analysis

Herman Harvey Systems Analysis Science and Technology

to Aid the Handicapped

Arthur F. Konopka Legal Aspects Law & Public Policy

Frederick Krimgold Urban Planning/Floodplain Design Research

Management

James M. McCullough Budgetary Policy Planning & Resources

Management

Lynn A. Pollnow Economic Aspects Social & Behavioral

Sciences

Jack C. Jorgensen Interagency Coordination Consultant to NSF

EXTERNAL WORKING GROUP

[Chairman]{.underline}

William C. Ackermann Larry A. Larson

701 Hamilton Drive Wisconsin Dept. of Nat. Resources

Champaign, IL 61820 P.O. Box 7921

Madison, WI 53707

[Members]{.underline}

Patricia Bloomgren John C. Marlin

Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 307 W. Nevada Street

Division of Water, 3rd Floor Urbana, IL 61801

444 Lafayette

St. Paul, MN 55101

Henry Caulfield Clifford McConnell

Dept. of Political Science Deputy Secretary

Colorado State University Dept. of Environmental Resources

Fort Collins, CO 80523 P.O. Box 1467

Harrisburg, PA 17105

Thomas Drabek Gordon Meeks, Jr.

Department of Sociology 821 Mathews Street

University of Denver Fort Collins, CO 80524

Denver, CO 80210

Peter R. Jutro Rutherford H. Platt

Graduate School of Business and Public Administration Dept. of Geology &
Geography

Malott Hall University of Massachusetts

Cornell University Amherst, MA 01003

Ithaca, NY 14853

Carl W. Kreitzberg Roy Popkin

Dept. of Physics & Atmospheric Disaster Services

Science American Red Cross

Drexel University 18th & E Streets, N.W.

Philadelphia, PA 19104 Washington, DC 20006

Howard Kunreuther Adam Z. Rose

Dept. of Decision Sciences Department of Economics Wharton School
University of California

University of Pennsylvania Riverside, CA 92521

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Ann L. Strong Frank Trelease

Chairman, Dept. of City and McGeorge School of Law

Regional Planning University of the Pacific

University of Pennsylvania Sacramento, CA 95817

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Scott Tucker Eugene W. Weber

Executive Director Consulting Civil Engineer

Urban Drainage & Flood Control District Water Resources

2480 West 26th Avenue 2700 Virginia Avenue, N.W.

Denver, CO 80211 Washington, DC 20037

Flora Mae Wellings, Director William Whipple

Epidemiology Research Center Research Professor

Dept. of Health & Rehabilitative Services Water Resources Research
Institute

4000 West Buffalo Avenue Rutgers University

Tampa, FL 33614 New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Eric F. Wood, Director

Water Resources Program

Department of Civil Engineering

Princeton University

Princeton, NJ 08544

[Acknowledgments]{.underline}

The External Working Group acknowledges with thanks the written
contributions of Willard Bascom, Director, Southern California Coastal
Water Research Project; Leo R. Beard, Director, Center for Research in
Water Resources at the University of Texas; Philip R. Pryde, Department
of Geography at San Diego State University; and Thomas E. Hirsch,
Community Development Coordinator, Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin.

Appreciation is also expressed to Joye M. Dutton and Alice I. Wallner
who typed the several drafts and final camera-ready copies of the
report; to John W. Brother, Jr., who prepared the graphic arts; and to
Joan L. Bonnett, the editor.

INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE

Harry H. Barnes, Jr. Truman Goins

Chief, Surface Water Branch Water Resources Coordinator

Water Resources Division Office of Environmental Quality

U.S. Geological Survey Department of Housing and Urban

Reston, VA 22092 Development- RM 7268

Washington, DC 20410

Bruce R. Barrett Harold F. Gravey

U.S. Department of Commerce PHS Emergency Coordinator

Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary [OR]{.underline} Robert J. Miranda,
Director

for Environmental Affairs Division of Organization and

Washington, DC 20230 Management Analysis

U.S. Public Health Serivce

5600 Fishers Lane

Rockville, MD 20855

Michael Calebrese David F. Gudgel

Resource Observation Division Water and Power Resources

NASA Headquarters 18^th^ and C Streets, NW

Washington, DC Washington, DC 20240

David G. Davis, Chief, 404 Section Gloria C. Jimenez

Office of Water Planning [OR]{.underline} Richard W. Krimm

and Standards FEMA

Criteria and Standards Division Federal Insurance Administration

USEPA - 401 M Street, SW - WH-585 451 7^th^ Street, SW RM 5270

Washington, DC Washington, DC 20250

Stanley R. Davis Richard L. Knox, Leader

Chief, Hydraulics Branch Technology Transfer Group

Federal Highway Administration Forest Service- Box 2417

Department of Transportation HNG-31 Washington, DC 20013

Washington, DC 20590

Robert Delk, Watershed Management Glen H. Loomis

[OR]{.underline} James Wolfe, Engineering Staff Associate Director

USDA, Forest Service Office of Environmental Quality

Box 2417, 810-RPE USDA RM 412A

Washington, DC 20013 Washington, DC 20250

Allen Flanders George Phippen

NOAA, National Weather Service (W2) [OR]{.underline} Jerome Peterson

8060 13th Street Office, Chief of Engineers

Silver Spring, MD 20910 HQDA (DAEN-CUP-F)

Washington, DC 20314

Sid Galler James M. Wright

Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary Floodplain Management Services

for Environmental Affairs Branch

U.S. Department of Commerce Tennessee Valley Authority

Washington, DC 20230 100 Liberty Building

Knoxville, TN 37902

Frank H. Thomas, Director Arthur Zeizel

Policy Analysis Division Office of Mitigation and Research

[OR]{.underline} Timothy Maywalt FEMA

Water Resources Council 1725 I Street, NW

2120 L Street, NW - Suite 800 Washington, DC 20472

Washington, DC 20037

Demetres A. Viatas, Team Leader

[OR]{.underline} George Mangan

Water Resources Technology Development

Office of Water Research & Technology

Main Interior BLDG - RM 4221

Washington, DC 20240

Don Von Wolffradt

Soil Conservation Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington, DC 20250

APPENDIX D

GLOSSARY

CATCHMENT \-- See WATERSHED

CHANNEL \-- A natural or artificial watercourse of perceptible extent,
with definite bed and banks to confine and conduct continuously or
periodically flowing water. The top of the banks form the dividing lines
between the channel and the floodplain.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT \-- Flood hazard mitigation programs aimed at
reducing hazards from coastal flooding caused by winds, seismic
disturbances at sea, and localized stormwater flooding.

CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS \-- Loss which occurs if a property has been
flooded three times in the last five years, is 25 percent or more
damaged, and is located in a designated flood risk area.

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS \-- A systematic economic comparison of
alternative ways to achieve an objective, based on the value of
resources to be allocated relative to the value of the advantage(s) to
be demonstrated.

DESIGN FLOOD \-- The selected flood against which protection is
provided, or eventually will be provided, by means of flood protective
or control works. It is the basis for design and operation of a
particular project after full consideration of flood characteristics,
frequencies and potentials, economic and other practical concerns.

ENCROACHMENT \-- Man\'s occupancy of areas subject to flooding,
especially where such occupancy includes landfills and buildings.

ENCROACHMENT LINES \-- Lateral limits or lines beyond which, in the
direction of the stream or body of water, no structure or fill may be
added without permission from the regulatory agency that established
them. Their purpose is to preserve the flood carrying capacity of the
stream or body of water and its floodplain. Their location should be
such that the design floodway between them, including the channel, will
handle a designated flood flow or condition.

FLOOD \-- An overflow of lands not normally covered by water and used or
usable by man. Floods have two essential characteristics: the inundation
of land is temporary; and the land is adjacent to and inundated by
overflow from a river or stream or an ocean, lake, or other body of
standing water.

FLASH FLOOD \-- A flood that follows the causative event (this might be
excessive rains, a dam failure, etc.) within a few hours. The rise in
runoff and stream levels is spectacular and produces hydrograph traces
that reflect an extreme jump in discharge volume.

100-YEAR FLOOD \-- For a particular river or stream, a flood having an
average frequency of occurrence in the order of once in 100 years
although the flood may occur in any year. It is based on statistical
analyses of streamflow records available for the watershed and analyses
of rainfall and runoff characteristics in the general region of the
watershed. This term is used in the National Flood Insurance Program to
indicate the minimum level of flooding to be used by a community in its
floodplain management regulations.

FLOOD CONTROL \-- See STRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT METHODS and
NONSTRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT METHODS.

FLOOD CREST \-- The maximum stage or elevation reached by the waters of
a flood at a given location.

FLOOD DAMAGE STAGE \-- The stage or elevation in a stream or body of
water at which damage becomes significant in the reach or area in which
the elevation is measured. It is generally comparable to \"flood stage\"
and has been commonly referred to as \"flood stage\" by the National
Weather Service and others.

FLOOD DURATION \-- Generally, the total length of time the stream is
above \"flood stage\".

FLOOD FREQUENCY \-- The average interval of time, based on the period of
record, between floods equal to or greater than a specified discharge or
stage. It is generally expressed in years.

FLOOD HAZARD ADJUSTMENT \-- see STRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT and
NON-STRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT.

FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION \-- All measures aimed at reducing the hazards
or risks associated with floods, including management of floodplains,
coastal zones, and stormwaters.

FLOOD HYDROGRAPH \-- A graph or curve representing stage or discharge at
a particular location on a stream, plotted against time during a flood.
Stage is usually expressed as elevation in feet above an arbitrary gauge
datum or above mean sea level; discharge as rate of flow in cubic feet
per second; and time in hours or days.

FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM) \-- An official map of a community on
which The Federal Insurance Administration has delineated both the
special hazards area and the risk premium zones applicable to the
community.

FLOOD - MAXIMUM KNOWN \-- The largest flood that has occurred within the
history of a region whether it is an historical flood or flood of
record. If this flood can be documented, it is synonymous with Flood of
Record.

Flood of Record \-- Maximum flood for which there is a gauge record or
other systematic or reliable documentation useful for technical
analysis.

FLOOD - MAXIMUM PROBABLE \-- The most severe flood with respect to flood
peak that may be expected from a combination of the most critical
meteorological and hydrological conditions that are reasonably possible
on the drainage basin. The basis for estimating the discharge of such a
flood is generally Hydrometeorological Report No. 33 of the U. S.
Weather Bureau.

FLOOD PEAK \-- The maximum instantaneous discharge of a flood at a given
1ocation. It usually occurs at or near the time of the flood crest.

FLOODPLAIN \-- An area adjoining a river, stream, arroyo, or other
watercourse, ocean or lake, or other body of standing water that has
been or may be covered by floodwater. It includes, at a minimum, that
area subject to a 1 percent or greater chance of flooding in any given
year.

FLOODWAY \-- The channel of a river of other watercourse, and the
adjacent land areas, required to carry and discharge a flood of a given
magnitude without increasing the water surface elevation at any point
more than a specified amount and without producing hazardous velocities.
The floodway component of a flood insurance study indicates the portions
of a floodplain that, unobstructed, can carry the 100-year flood
with-out increasing the water surface elevation more than 1 foot at any
point.

FLOOD PROFILE \-- A graph showing the relationship of water surface
elevation to location, the latter generally expressed as distance above
the mouth for a stream of water flowing in an open channel. It is
usually drawn to show surface elevation for the crest of a specific
flood but may be prepared for conditions at a given time or stage.

FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT \-- See NONSTRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT and
STRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT.

FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS \-- Codes, ordinances, and other controls
relating to land-use and development within channel and floodplain
areas. Included are zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building
and housing codes, encroachment line statutes, open-area regulations,
and other control methods.

FLOOD PROBABILITY \-- The percentage chance of a flood equal to or
greater than a specified discharge or height occurring during any one
year.

FLOODPROOFING \-- A combination of structural changes and adjustments to
properties subject to flooding primarily to reduce flood damages.

FLOOD STAGE \-- The stage or elevation at which overflow of the natural
banks of a stream or body of water begins in the reach or area in which
the elevation is measured.

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM \-- The program by federal Act, under
which communities may be eligible for federally subsidized flood
insurance on the condition that the communities enact satisfactory
floodplain management regulations.

EMERGENCY PROGRAM \-- The program is implemented on an emergency basis
in accordance with section 1336 of the Act. It is intended to provide a
first layer amount of insurance on all insurable structures before the
effective date of the initial flood insurance rate map (FIRM).

REGULAR PROGRAM \-- The program authorized by the Act under which risk
premium rates are required for the first half of available coverage
(also known as \"first layer\" coverage) for all-new construction and
substantial improvements started on or after the effective date of the
FIRM, or after December 31, 1974, for FIRM\'s effective on or before
that date. All buildings, the construction of which started before the
effective date of the FIRM, or before January 1, 1975, for FIRMS\'s
effective before that date, are eligible for first layer coverage at
either subsidized rates or risk premiums rates, whichever are lower.
Regardless of date of construction, risk premium rates are always
required for the second layer coverage and such coverage is offered only
after the Administrator has completed a risk study for the community.

NONPOINT POLLUTION \-- Pollution loads associated with storm runoff. The
pollution usually impacts a receiving water body at several points or
over a length of the water body.

NONSTRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT MEASURES \-- Measures other than the
construction of levees, dams, channelization, etc., employed to modify
the exposure of people to floods, e.g., land-use planning, warning
schemes, insurance, floodproofing, evacuation, relocation.

RISK \-- The probability or chance of loss or damage that would occur
should a particular event occur.

RIVERINE \-- Relating to, formed by, or resembling a river, including
tributaries, streams, or brooks.

SEICHE \-- A standing wave oscillation of an enclosed water body that
continues, pendulum fashion, after the cessation of the originating
force, which may have been either seismic or atmospheric. Tides are now
considered to be seiches induced primarily by the periodic forces caused
by the sun and moon. In the Great Lakes area, any sudden rise in the
water of a harbor or a lake, whether or not it is oscillatory, is a
seiche.

STORM RUNOFF \-- That portion of a rainfall event that directly
discharges over the land surface into sewers or surface water bodies
such as streams or lakes.

STORM SURGE \-- A super elevation of water surface by storm pressure or
wind as in a hurricane, i.e., the height above the expected level in the
absence of storm conditions.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT \-- Flood hazard mitigation programs in headwater
streams and urban drainage watersheds, outside the floodplain, which are
aimed to reduce flood hazards either at site or downstream.

STRUCTURAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT MEASURES \-- Those physical or
engineering measures employed to modify flood behavior, e.g., dams,
dikes, levees, channel enlargements and diversions.

STAGE DISCHARGE CURVE \-- A graph or curve showing the relation between
the gauge height (stage) and the amount of water flowing in a channel,
expressed as volume per unit of time. This is also commonly termed
\"rating curve.

STANDARD PROJECT FLOOD \-- The flood that may be expected from the most
severe combination of meteorological and hydrological conditions
considered reasonably characteristic of the geographical area in which
the drainage basin is located, excluding extremely rare combinations.
Peak discharges for these floods are generally about 40 percent to 60
percent of the Maximum Probable Floods for the same basins. Such floods
used by the Corps of Engineers are intended as practicable expressions
of the degree of protection that should be sought in the design of flood
control works, the failure of which might be disastrous.

TELEMETERING GAUGE \-- A device used for precipitation or stream stage
measurement that can send its reading to a central processor by either
telephone lines or radio signal.

TSUNAMI \-- A great sea wave or a system of free-surface gravity waves
generated by a submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption. Although the
term seismic sea wave\" adequately describes such an event, the Japanese
word \"tsunami\" is now almost universally accepted in the scientific
community. Its literal translation is \"harbor (^1^tsun\') wave
(\'nami\').\"

URBANIZATION \-- The process of land-use change in which sparsely
populated areas are extensively developed.

VELOCITY ZONE \-- The portion of a coastal floodplain having special
flood hazards and subject to high velocity waters, especially waves,
from hurricanes, tsunamis, and extra-tropical storms.

WATERSHED \-- All the area contributing runoff to the flow of a river or
draining into a body of water. Also, sometimes, the margins of this
area. Often referred to as the catchment.

WETLANDS \-- Those areas inundated by surface or ground water often
enough to support, and under normal circumstances does or would support,
a prevalence of vegetative or aquatic life requiring saturated or
seasonally saturated soil conditions for growth and reproduction.
Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, sloughs, potholes, wet meadows,
river overflows, mud flats, and natural ponds.