\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

READ AND **REMOVE THIS PAGE** BEFORE PLACING

THE SPECIFICATION SECTION IN THE CONTRACT

\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

[DIVISION 2: SITE CONSTRUCTION]{.underline}

SECTION 02530 ‑ SANITARY SEWERAGE

USE: Furnishing and installing a gravity or pressure sewage system (from
a point 2 ft outside the building to existing municipal sewers or other
discharge system or method.)

**NOTES TO SPECIFIER:**

A. Options within paragraphs are identified by enclosure in brackets;
blank spaces enclosed by brackets \[\_\_\_\_\_\] provide for information
to be inserted, as appropriate, to individual projects.

B. **TO AVOID CONFLICTING REQUIREMENTS AND COSTLY MISTAKES,** the
specifier must edit (delete, substitute or add to the text). The
remaining paragraphs must be renumbered.

C. DELETE FOR FINAL COPY: Notes to the Specifier, located between lines
of asterisks; all \[brackets\], [underlining]{.underline}, **boldface**,
and *italics*, within the paragraphs; and this page. (Open Reveal Codes
\[alt F3\] to do this accurately.)

D. [To Edit "(Footer B)":]{.underline} (Corel 8). **ENTIRE FOOTER SHOULD
BE BOLDED.** Click in the footer and delete the "Project Name (ftr B)"
text and replace it with the **Name of the Project (upper and lower
case)**. Replace date with current MM/YY (WITHOUT BRACKETS).

E. The Guide Specifications are intended to be continuously reviewed and
revised. User's technical comments are appreciated. Also, other related
or similar specification that are written "from scratch" that could
benefit others, or other questions can be sent to NSTC A/E Group, ST
110, or call (303) 987-6868.

**DRAWING DATA REQUIRED:**

**REVISIONS OF THIS SECTION:**

CSI format, editorial changes 12/01

Metric: Not Applicable

Technical Update: unknown

**SECTION 02530**

**SANITARY SEWERAGE**

**[PART 1: GENERAL]{.underline}**

**1.1 SUMMARY**

**A. Section Includes: Furnishing and installing piping and appurtenant
structures for an exterior gravity or pressure sewer system from a point
2 ft outside the building to \[the\] \[an existing\] \[sewer\]
\[septic\] system.**

**1.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION**

**A. Sanitary Sewer Gravity Pipeline: Provide \[mains and laterals\]
\[\[\_\_\_\_\] inch (\[\_\_\_\_\] mm) lines of \[clay pipe\] \[concrete
pipe\] \[ductile‑iron pipe\] \[acrylonitrile‑butadiene‑styrene (ABS)
composite plastic pipe\] \[or\] \[polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic
pipe\] \[at the Contractor\'s option\]. **

**1. Provide building connections \[\[\_\_\_\_\] inch (\[\_\_\_\_\] mm
lines\] of \[cast iron soil pipe\] \[clay pipe\] \[concrete pipe\]
\[acrylonitrile‑butadiene‑styrene (ABS) solid‑wall plastic pipe\] \[or\]
\[polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe\] at the Contractor\'s
option.\]**

**2. \[Provide new and modify existing exterior sanitary gravity sewer
piping and appurtenances. Provide each system complete and ready for
operation. The exterior sanitary gravity sewer system includes
equipment, materials, installation, and workmanship as specified herein
more than 2 feet (600 mm) outside of building walls.\]**

**B. Sanitary Sewer Pressure Lines: Provide pressure lines of \[ductile
iron pressure pipe\] \[concrete pressure pipe\] \[or\] \[polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) plastic pressure pipe\] \[at the Contractor\'s
option\].**

**1.3 SUBMITTALS**

**A. General: Submittals shall be according to Section 01330 ‑ Submittal
Procedures.**

**B. Manufacturer\'s Literature: Submit 3 copies of the manufacturer\'s
descriptive data for the pipe and pipe accessories to be used on this
project, including joints, fittings, and couplings.**

**C. Installation Instructions: Submit 3 copies of the manufacturer\'s
installation instructions for the pipe and pipe accessories to be used
on this project.**

**D. Shop Drawings: Submit 3 copies of shop drawings indicating
dimensions, layout of piping, gradient of slope between corners and
intersections, locations and elevations of \[manholes\] \[and\]
\[cleanouts\]. Drawings shall be \[same\] \[larger\] scale as the full
size Contract Drawings.**

**E. Certificates:**

**1. Submit 3 copies of certificates of piping materials including
joints, fittings, and factory-applied linings.**

**2. Submit 3 copies of certificates of compliance stating the type of
cement used in manufacture of concrete pipe and fittings.**

**3. Submit 3 copies of certificates of compliance stating that the
fittings or gaskets used for waste drains or lines designated are oil
resistant.**

**1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE**

**A. Failure Criteria: Not limited to the following:**

**1. Evidence of leakage**

**2. Evidence of breakage of pipe**

**3. Malfunctioning valves**

**4. Blockage of piping**

**5. Pressure drop**

**1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING**

**A. Delivery and Storage: **

**1. Piping: Inspect materials delivered to site for damage; store with
minimum of handling. Store materials on site in enclosures or under
protective coverings. Store \[plastic piping and jointing materials
and\] rubber gaskets under cover out of direct sunlight. Do not store
materials directly on the ground. Keep inside of pipes and fittings free
of dirt and debris.**

**2. Metal Items: Check upon arrival; identify and segregate as to
types, functions, and sizes. Store off the ground in a manner affording
easy accessibility and not causing excessive rusting or coating with
grease or other objectionable materials.**

**3. Cement, Aggregate, and Reinforcement: As specified in Section
\[\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\].**

**B. Handling: Handle pipe, fittings, and other accessories in such
manner as to ensure delivery to the trench in sound undamaged condition.
\[Take special care not to damage linings of pipe and fittings; if
lining is damaged, make satisfactory repairs.\] Carry, do not drag, pipe
to trench.Items which are subject to deterioration by exposure to the
elements must be stored off the ground, in a well-drained location,
protected from the weather, and accessible for inspection.**

**[PART 2: PRODUCTS]{.underline}**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**DELETE PARAGRAPHS OF TYPES OF PIPE NOT USED.**

**[CAST IRON PIPE]{.underline} IS NORMALLY USED FOR DURABILITY,
LONGEVITY, RESISTANCE TO CORROSION, ACIDS, GASES AND RESISTANCE TO
INDUCED SUBSOIL LOADS. THE PIPE IS AVAILABLE IN 5 AND 10 FOOT LENGTHS
AND DIAMETERS RANGING FROM 2 TO 15 INCHES. PIPE ENDS ARE USUALLY BELL
AND SPIGOT, BUT CAN BE PLAIN END FOR MECHANICAL CLAMP AND GASKET JOINTS.
SPECIFY CLASS XH CAST IRON ONLY IF REQUIRED BY LOCAL CONDITIONS.**

**[VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE]{.underline} IS NORMALLY USED FOR ACIDIC OR
CORROSIVE WASTE SEWER SYSTEMS. SIZE VARIATIONS RANGE FROM 3 TO 42
INCHES. **

**[CONCRETE PIPE, UNREINFORCED]{.underline} IS NORMALLY USED IN
NONPRESSURE APPLICATIONS AND WHERE SUBSOIL BACKFILL WILL NOT INDUCE
LOADS THAT WILL FRACTURE THE PIPE. SIZE **

**VARIATIONS RANGE FROM 4 TO 36 INCHES. ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE MAY BE A
CONCERN IN USING THIS PIPE MATERIAL. **

**[REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE]{.underline} IS NORMALLY USED FOR LARGER
DIAMETER APPLICATIONS, FOR LOW PRESSURE APPLICATIONS, OR WHERE SUBSOIL
PRESSURE REQUIRES GREATER PIPE STRENGTH THAN UNREINFORCED CONCRETE TYPE.
SIZE VARIATIONS RANGE FROM 12 TO 108 INCHES (300 TO 2740 MM) DEPENDING
ON CLASS AND WALL TYPE. ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE MAY BE A CONCERN IN USING
THIS PIPE MATERIAL.**

**[PLASTIC PIPE]{.underline} IS NORMALLY USED FOR ACIDIC OR CORROSIVE
WASTE SEWER SYSTEMS BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO JOIN, REASONABLY FLEXIBLE IN
MOVING SUBSOILS, AND RELATIVELY IMPERVIOUS TO MOISTURE INFILTRATION OR
EXFILTRATION. ABS PIPE IS DESCRIBED IN ASTM D 2751. PVC PIPE IS COVERED
IN ASTM D 2729, D 3033, AND D 3034, EACH OFFERING VARIOUS QUALITIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**2.1 CAST IRON SOIL PIPING**

**A. Pipe: ASTM A 74, \[Class SV;\]\[Class XH;\] \[extra heavy\]
\[service\] type. Inside nominal diameter of \[[ ]{.underline}\] inches
\[bell and spigot\] \[plain\] end joints. Lines indicated as acid
resistant shall be Class XH and contain not less than 12 percent
silicon. \[When installed underground, pipe shall be encased with
\[\_\_\_\_\] mm (\[\_\_\_\_\] mil) thick polyethylene in accordance with
AWWA C 105.**

**B. Joint Device: \[ASTM C 564, compression-type rubber gasket joint
device.\] Packing material for caulked joints shall be twisted jute or
oakum, tarred type, or asphalt‑saturated cellulose‑fiber. Joints for
acid resisting cast iron soil pipe shall be made with acid resistant
non‑asbestos packing.**

**C. Fittings: ASTM A 74.**

**2.2 DUCTILE IRON PIPING**

**A. Pipe: AWWA C151, unless unusually severe loading conditions require
ductile iron fittings and specials conform to AWWA C110.**

**B. Joints:**

**1. Push‑on joints: AWWA C111.**

**2. Mechanical joints: AWWA C111 as modified by AWWA C151.**

**3. Flanged joints: AWWA C115.**

**C. Fittings:**

**1. Mechanical fittings: AWWA C110, rated for 1.03 MPa (150 psi).**

**2. Push‑on fittings: AWWA C110 and AWWA C111, rated for 10.3 MPa (150
psi).**

**2.3 CLAY PIPING**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**TABLES OF TRENCH LOADINGS, TRENCH BACKFILL LOADS, AND SUPPORTING
STRENGTHS OF CLAY PIPE ARE INCLUDED IN THE CLAY PIPE ENGINEERING MANUAL
(1982 EDITION) OF THE NATIONAL CLAY PIPE INSTITUTE. THE REQUIRED
STRENGTH OF CLAY PIPE CAN BE DERIVED FROM THESE TABLES WHEN DEPTH OF
TRENCH IS KNOWN.**

**SPECIFY \"BELL‑AND‑SPIGOT PIPING ONLY\" IN AREAS WHERE CORROSION
PROBLEMS MAY BE ANTICIPATED WITH THE STAINLESS STEEL PARTS OF THE
COUPLINGS USED FOR PLAIN‑END PIPING.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**A. Pipe: ASTM C 700; \[extra\] \[standard\] strength, acid-resistant,
unperforated; inside nominal diameter of \[\_\_\_\] inches (\[\_\_\_\]
mm); \[bell and spigot\] \[plain\] end joints.**

**B. Joint Device: ASTM C 425, compression gasket joint.**

**C. Fittings: ASTM C 700 \[Extra strength.\] \[Acid resistant.\]**

**2.4 CONCRETE PIPING**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**REINFORCED CONCRETE MAY BE REQUIRED FOR DIAMETERS OF 12-24 INCHES
(300-600 MM) FOR EXCESSIVE DEPTH OR LIVE LOADS.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**A. Concrete Gravity Pipe and Fittings:**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**The D‑load (load per linear \[meter\] \[foot\] of diameter) must be
calculated on the basis of project conditions to determine the
applicable Class or strength of pipe. The Concrete Pipe Design
Manual(1980 edition) of the American Concrete Pipe Association contains
design information and methods by which the applicable Class or strength
of pipe can be determined when depth of trench is known.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*
**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**NOTE: It may be necessary to modify chemical requirements for cement
under certain conditions. Sulfate resistance is required for concrete
pipe when pipe is carrying sulfate‑bearing waters, or when pipe is
buried in soil containing sulfates. Specify Type II (moderate sulfate
resisting) cement**

**when water‑soluble sulfates (as S04) in the soil are in the range of
0.1 to 0.2 percent and, for water, are in the range of 150 to 1000 parts
per million. **

**Specify Type V (sulfate resisting) cement when soils contain in excess
of 0.2 percent water‑soluble sulfate and water samples contain in excess
of 1000**

**parts per million. In areas where reactive aggregates are known to
occur, specify low alkali cement.**

**
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

** Pipe shall be \[nonreinforced concrete pipe conforming to \\\^ASTM C
14M\^\\**

** \\\~ASTM C 14\~\\, Class \[\_\_\_\_\_\]\] \[reinforced concrete pipe
conforming to**

** \\\^ASTM C 76M\^\\ \\\~ASTM C 76\~\\, Class \[\_\_\_\_\_\]\].
Circular pipe with**

** elliptical reinforcement shall have a readily visible line at least
\\\^300**

** mm\^\\ \\\~12 inches\~\\ long painted or otherwise applied on the
inside and**

** outside of the pipe at each end so that when the pipe is laid in the
proper**

** position, the line will be at the center of the top of the pipe.
Fittings**

** and specials shall conform to the applicable requirements specified
for the**

** pipe and shall be of the same strength as the pipe. \[Cement used
in**

** manufacturing pipe and fittings shall be \[Type II\] \[Type V\] \[low
alkali**

** cement\] conforming to ASTM C 150.\]**

A. ab** Jointing Materials for Concrete Gravity Piping: Gaskets and pipe
ends for rubber gasket joint shall conform to \\\^ASTM C 443M\^\\
\\\~ASTM C 443\~\\. Gaskets shall be suitable for use with sewage.**

B. ab** Unreinforced: ASTM C 14, Class \[1\] \[2\] \[3\]; inside nominal
diameter of \[600 mm (24 inches)\]; \[bell and spigot\] \[plain\] end
joints.**

C. ab** Reinforced: ASTM C 76, Class \[I\] \[II\] \[III\] \[IV\] \[V\]
with wall type \[A\] \[B\] \[C\]; \[mesh\] \[bar\] reinforcement; inside
nominal diameter of \[[ ]{.underline}\] inches; \[bell and spigot\] \[[
]{.underline}\] end joints.**

D. ab** Concrete Pipe Joints and Gaskets: ASTM C 443, rubber compression
gasket joints.**

**E. Fittings: ASTM C 14 for pipe 600 mm (24 inches) (24 inches) or less
in diameter. ASTM C 76 for pipe greater than 600 mm (24 inches)
(24 inches) in diameter.**

2.5 PLASTIC PIPE

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**DO NOT SPECIFY PLASTIC PIPE WHEN IT WILL BE SUBJECT TO TEMPERATURES IN
EXCESS OF 43.3 DEGREE C (110 DEGREES F) OR TO INDUSTRIAL WASTE
CONTAINING ORGANIC SOLVENTS, STRONG DETERGENTS OR OTHER MATERIALS THAT
COULD ATTACK IT. UNLESS IT HAS BEEN PROVEN THAT THE PARTICULAR PLASTIC
PIPE WILL NOT BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE WASTE STREAM OR THE AMBIENT
ENVIRONMENT.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**A. Acrylonitrile‑butadiene‑styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe: ASTM D 2751,
SDR \[23.5,\] \[35,\] \[42,\] ABS material; inside nominal diameter of
\[200 mm (8 inches)\] \[380 mm (15 inches)\]; bell and spigot style
solvent sealed end joints.**

**1. Fittings: ASTM D 2751 and ASTM D 2680.**

**2. Joints: ASTM D 2751, solvent weld or bell and spigot O‑ring joint,
size 300 mm (12 inches) or less in diameter, dimensions and tolerances
in accordance with Table 2 therein.**

**B. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe: \[PVC shall be certified by
the compounder as meeting the requirements of ASTM D 1784, cell Class
12454B. The pipe stiffness shall be greater than or equal to 735/D for
cohesionless material pipe trench backfills.\]**

**1. Gasketed Joints: ASTM S 3212.**

**\[ASTM D 3033, Type PSP; inside nominal diameter of \[\_\_\_\] inches;
bell and spigot style solvent sealed end joints.\]**

**\*\*\*\* or \*\*\*\***

**\[ASTM D 2729, inside nominal diameter of \[\_\_\_\] inches; bell and
spigot style solvent sealed end joints.\] **

**\*\*\*\* or \*\*\*\***

**\[ASTM D 3034, Type PSM with a maximum SDR of 35; inside nominal
diameter of \[\_\_\_\] inches; bell and spigot style solvent sealed end
joints.\]**

**1. Fittings: ASTM D 3034.**

**\*\*\*\* or \*\*\*\***

**\[ASTM F 949 for corrugated sewer pipes with a smooth interior.\]**

**1. Fittings: ASTM F 949.**

**\*\*\*\* or \*\*\*\***

**\[ASTM F 794, Series 46, for ribbed sewer pipe with smooth interior,
size \[200 mm (8 inch)\] \[1200 mm (48 inch)\] diameter.\]**

**1. Fittings: ASTM F 794.**

**C. High Density Polyethylene Pipe: ASTM F 894, Class 63, size \[450 mm
(18 inch) \[3000 mm (120 inch)\]. ASTM F 714, size \[100 mm (4 inch)\]
\[1200 mm (48 inch). The polyethylene shall be certified by the resin
producer as meeting the requirements of ASTM D 3350, cell Class 334433C.
The pipe stiffness shall be greater than or equal to 1170/D for
cohesionless material pipe trench backfills.**

**1. Fittings: ASTM F 894.**

**2. Gasketed Joints: \[ASTM D 3212\] \[ASTM C 443\].**

**D. Reinforced Plastic Mortar Pipe (RPMP): ASTM D 3262.**

**1. Fittings: ASTM D 3840.**

**2. Joints: Joints shall be bell and spigot type utilizing an
elastomeric gasket in accordance with ASTM F 477.**

**E. Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP): ASTM D 3262.**

**1. Filament Wound RTRP‑I: Shall conform to ASTM D 2996, except pipe
shall have an outside diameter equal to cast iron outside diameter or
standard weight steel pipe. The pipe shall be suitable for a normal
working pressure of 1.03 MPa (150 psi) at 22.8 degrees C (73 degrees F).
The inner surface of the pipe shall have a smooth uniform continuous
resin‑rich surface liner.**

**2. Centrifugally Cast RTRP‑II: ASTM D 2997. Pipe shall have an outside
diameter equal to standard weight steel pipe.**

**3. Fittings: ASTM D 3262.**

**4. Joints: Joints shall be bell and spigot type utilizing an
elastomeric gasket in accordance with ASTM F 477.**

**2.6 ACCESSORIES**

**? A. Pipe Joints: Mechanical clamp ring type, \[stainless steel\]
expanding and contracting sleeve, \[neoprene\] ribbed gasket for
positive seal.**

**B. Fittings: Shall be the same material as the pipe, molded or formed
to suit pipe size and end design, in required \"T\", bends, elbows,
cleanouts, reducers, traps, and other configurations required.**

**C. Primer and Solvent: Shall be as recommended by the pipe
manufacturer.**

**D. Branch connections: Branch connections shall be made by use of
regular fittings or solvent cemented saddles as approved. Saddles for
ABS and PVC composite pipe shall conform to Figure 2 of ASTM D 2680;
saddles for ABS pipe shall comply with Table 3 of ASTM D 2751; and
saddles for PVC pipe shall conform to Table 4 of ASTM D 3034.**

**2.7 FILL MATERIAL**

**A. \[Coarse\] \[Fine\] Aggregate: \[Type specified in Section \[[
]{.underline}\].**

**B. Bedding: Section 02321 - Trenching.**

**C. Cement mortar: Cement mortar shall conform to ASTM C 270, Type M
with Type II cement.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**TYPE II CEMENT IS NORMALLY SPECIFIED, BUT TYPE V CEMENT SHOULD BE
SPECIFIED WHEN THE SOILS CONTAIN IN EXCESS OF 0.2 PERCENT
WATER‑SOLUBLE**

**SULFATE AS SO(4), OR THE WASTE WATER CONTAINS IN EXCESS OF 1000 PARTS
PER MILLION SULFATES. TYPE I CEMENT MAY BE PERMITTED WHEN IT CAN BE
ASSURED THAT**

**THE WATER SOLUBLE SULFATES IN THE SOIL WILL BE LESS THAN 0.1 PERCENT
AND THE WASTE WATER WILL CONTAIN LESS THAN 150 PARTS PER MILLION
SULFATES OVER THE**

**DESIGN LIFE OF THE PROJECT.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**1. Portland Cement: Portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 150, Type
\[II\] \[V\] for concrete used in concrete pipe, concrete pipe fittings,
and manholes and type optional with the Contractor for cement used in
concrete cradle, concrete encasement, and thrust blocking.
\[Air‑entraining admixture conforming to ASTM C 260 shall be used with
Type V cement.\] \[Where aggregates are alkali reactive, as determined
by Appendix XI of ASTM C 33, a cement containing less than 0.60 percent
alkalies shall be used.\]**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**WHEN READY‑MIX CONCRETE CONFORMING TO ASTM C 94 IS NOT ECONOMICALLY
AVAILABLE, REWRITE THIS PARAGRAPH TO PERMIT USE OF CONCRETE MIXED ON
SITE. **

**SPECIFY CONCRETE AGGREGATES CONFORMING TO ASTM C 33 AND CONCRETE
CONSISTING OF 1 PART PORTLAND CEMENT, 2‑1/2 PARTS SAND, AND 5 PARTS
GRAVEL, WITH JUST**

**ENOUGH WATER FOR WORKABLE CONSISTENCY.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**2. Portland Cement Concrete: Portland cement concrete shall conform to
ASTM C 94, compressive strength of 28 MPa (4000 psi) at 28 days, except
for concrete cradle and encasement or concrete blocks for manholes.
Concrete used for cradle and encasement shall have a compressive
strength of 17 MPa (2500 psi) minimum at 28 days. Concrete in place
shall be protected from freezing and moisture loss for 7 days.**

**2.8 SUPPLEMENTARY WORK**

**A. Frames and Covers: Frames and covers shall be cast iron, ductile
iron or reinforced concrete. Cast iron frames and covers shall be as
indicated or shall be of type as suitable for the application, circular,
without vent holes. The frames and covers shall have a combined weight
of not less than 181.4 kg (400 pounds). Reinforced concrete frames and
covers shall be as indicated or shall conform to ASTM C 478 or ASTM C
478M. The word \"Sewer\" shall be stamped or cast into covers so that it
is plainly visible.**

**B. Steel ladder: A steel ladder shall be provided where the depth of a
manhole exceeds 3.6 m (12 feet.) The ladder shall not be less than 406.4
mm (16 inches) in width, with 19.1 mm (3/4 inch) diameter rungs spaced
304.8 mm (12 inches) apart. The two stringers shall be a minimum 9.5 mm
(3/8 inch) thick and 50.8 mm (2 inch) wide. Ladders and inserts shall be
galvanized after fabrication in conformance with ASTM A 123.**

**[PART 3: EXECUTION]{.underline}**

**3.1 EXAMINATION**

**A. Verification of Conditions: Verify that necessary excavation is
completed, bedding is in place, tamped and ready to receive work.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**WHERE THE SEWER IS TO BE LAID NEAR THE ROUTE OF AN EXISTING WATER
PIPE, THE IN‑PLACE LOCATION OF THE WATER PIPE SHOULD BE CHECKED BEFORE
LAYING THE SEWER, AND SHOULD BE SHOWN ON THE CONTRACT DRAWINGS. THE
DESIGNER SHOULD EVALUATE THE CONDITIONS OF HAZARD FOR SEWER AND ADJACENT
FACILITIES TO DETERMINE SLEEVE REQUIREMENTS. WHEN THE OPTION FOR
FLEXIBLE MATERIAL FOR SEWER PIPE IS PERMITTED AND USE OF SUCH WOULD
REQUIRE ADDITIONAL PIPE SLEEVES, SUCH LOCATIONS SHALL ALSO BE NOTED IN
THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS. WHEN PIPELINE LOCATIONS WOULD SUBJECT THE
INSTALLED PIPE TO TEMPERATURES IN EXCESS OF 43.3 DEGREES C (110 DEGREES
F), THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS SHOULD ANNOTATE THAT THE USE OF PLASTIC PIPE
IN THESE LOCATIONS SHALL REQUIRE THE NEW PIPE TO BE INSULATED, UNLESS
THE PARTICULAR PLASTIC PIPE HAS BEEN PROVEN NOT TO BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED
BY THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**B. Adjacent Facilities:**

**1. Water Lines: Where the location of the sewer is not clearly defined
by dimensions on the drawings, the sewer shall not be closer
horizontally than 3 m (10 feet) to a water‑supply main or service line,
except that where the bottom of the water pipe will be at least 300 mm
(12 inches) above the top of the sewer pipe, the horizontal spacing may
be a minimum of 2 m. (6 feet.) Where gravity‑flow sewers cross above
water lines, the sewer pipe for a distance of 3 m (10 feet) on each side
of the crossing shall be fully encased in concrete or shall be
acceptable pressure pipe with no joint closer horizontally than 1 m (3
feet) to the crossing. The thickness of the concrete encasement
including that at the pipe joints shall be not less than 100 mm. (4
inches.)**

**2. Roads, Railroads, and Airfields: Water pipe shall be encased in a
sleeve of rigid conduit for the lengths shown. Sleeves under railroads
shall be in accordance with \[the \[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\] railroad company
requirements\]. Where sleeves are required, \[in all other cases,\] the
pipe sleeve shall be as specified for storm drains in Section 02630 -
Storm Drainage. A minimum clearance of at least 50 mm (2 inches) between
the inner wall of the sleeve and the maximum outside diameter of the
sleeved pipe and joints shall be provided. Sand bedding shall be
provided for the water pipe through the sleeve. Sleeves of ferrous
material shall be provided with the corrosion protection as required for
the conditions encountered at the site of installation.**

**3. Structures: Where sewer pipe is to be installed within 1 m (3 feet)
of an existing or proposed building or structural foundation such as a
retaining wall, control tower footing, water tank footing, or any
similar structure, the sewer pipe shall be sleeved as specified above.
Care shall be exercised and proper precautions taken during installation
of the sewer pipe and sleeve to assure that there will be no damage to
such structures and no settlement or movement of foundations or
footing.**

**3.2 PREPARATION**

**A. Clearing and Grubbing: \[Section 02231 ‑ Clearing and Grubbing.\]
\[Section 02310 ‑ Grading.\]**

**B. Excavation, Backfill and Compaction: Shall be according to Section
02321 ‑ Trenching. Hand trim excavations to required elevations. Correct
over excavation with fill material of \[fine\] \[coarse\] \[aggregate.\]
\[lean concrete.\] \[bedding material.\] Remove large stones or other
hard matter which could damage or impede consistent backfilling or
compaction.**

**3.3 INSTALLATION**

**A. General: Install pipe, fittings, and accessories according to
\[ASTM C 12\] \[ASTM D 2321\] \[ASTM D 2774\] \[and manufacturer\'s
instructions\]. Seal joints watertight.**

**B. Pipe Bedding: Place pipe on minimum \[[ ]{.underline}\] inch \[deep
bed of\] \[coarse\] \[fine\] \[tamped bedding material\]. **

**C. Pipe Gradient: Lay pipe to slope gradient noted on \[shop
drawings\] \[drawings\] with maximum variation from true slope of \[[
]{.underline}\] inch \[[ ]{.underline}\] feet.**

**E. Connections: Connect to \[building sewer outlet.\] \[and\]
\[municipal sewer system.\] \[septic system.\] \[through installed
sleeves.\]**

**F. Manholes and Cleanouts: Shall be installed according to Section
02609 ‑ Manholes and Cleanouts.**

**G. Drainage Fields: Shall be installed according to \[Section 02741 -
Drainage Fields.\] \[Section 02747 - Septic Tanks and Drainfields.\]**

**H. Septic Tanks: Shall be installed according to \[Section 02745 -
Septic Tanks.\] \[Section 02747 - Septic Tanks and Drainfields.\]**

**I. Thrust Blocks: Provide concrete thrust blocks \[at changes in
direction of the piping\], \[and\] \[other accessories\] \[as shown on
the drawings\] with the bearing surface against undisturbed soil normal
to the direction of the thrust.**

**J. Concrete Cradle and Encasement: The pipe shall be supported on a
concrete cradle, or encased in concrete where indicated or directed.**

**K. Wye branches: Wye branches shall be installed where sewer
connections are indicated or where directed. Cutting into piping for
connections shall not be done except in special approved cases. When the
connecting pipe cannot be adequately supported on undisturbed earth or
tamped backfill, the pipe shall be encased in concrete backfill or
supported on a concrete cradle as directed. Concrete required because of
conditions resulting from faulty construction methods or negligence by
the Contractor shall be installed at no additional cost to the
Government. The installation of wye branches in an existing sewer shall
be made by a method which does not damage the integrity of the existing
sewer. One acceptable method consists of removing one pipe section,
breaking off the upper half of the bell of the next lower section and
half of the running bell of wye section. After placing the new section,
it shall be rotated so that the broken half of the bell will be at the
bottom. The two joints shall then be made with joint packing and cement
mortar.**

**L. Marking Tape: Shall be according to Section 02650 ‑ Utility Line
Marking.**

**M. Trenches: Trenches shall be kept free of water and as dry as
possible during bedding, laying, and jointing and for as long a period
as required. When work is not in progress, open ends of pipe and
fittings shall be satisfactorily closed so that no trench water or other
material will enter the pipe or fittings.**

**1. Details: Shall be according to the drawings.**

**2. Width of Trench: If the maximum width of the trench at the top of
the pipe, as specified in Section 02321 - Trenching, is exceeded for any
reason other than by direction, the Contractor shall install at no
additional cost to the Government such concrete cradling, pipe
encasement, or other bedding required to support the added load of the
backfill.**

**N. Pipe Laying: Protect pipe during handling against impact shocks and
free fall. The pipe interior shall be free of extraneous material. Pipe
laying shall proceed upgrade with the spigot ends of bell‑and‑spigot
pipe and tongue ends of tongue‑and‑groove pipe pointing in the direction
of the flow. Each pipe shall be laid accurately to the line and grade
shown on the drawings. Pipe shall be laid and centered so that the sewer
has a uniform invert. As the work progresses, the interior of the sewer
shall be cleared of all superfluous materials.**

**1. All surfaces of the portions of pipe to be joined shall be clean
and dry immediately before applying primers and adhesives. Lubricants,
primers, and adhesives shall be used as recommended by the pipe
manufacturer. The joints shall then be placed, fitted, joined, and
adjusted to obtain the degree of water tightness required.**

**2. ABS composite pipe ends with exposed truss and filler material
shall be coated with solvent weld material before making the joint to
prevent water or air passage at the joint between the inner and outer
wall of the pipe.**

**3. Installations of solvent weld joint pipe, using ABS or PVC pipe and
fittings shall be in accordance with ASTM F 402. All required
precautions shall be taken to assure adequate trench ventilation and
protection for workers installing the pipe.**

**4. Caulked Joints: The packing material shall be well packed into the
annular space to prevent the entrance of lead into the pipe. The
remainder of the space shall be filled with molten lead that is hot
enough to show a rapid change in color when stirred. Scum shall be
removed before pouring. The lead shall be caulked to form a tight joint
without overstraining the bell and shall have a minimum depth of 25 mm
(1 inch) after caulking.**

**O. Backfill: As soon as possible after the joint is made, sufficient
backfill material shall be placed along the pipe to prevent pipe
movement off line or grade. Plastic pipe shall be completely covered to
prevent damage from ultraviolet light.**

**1. Compaction: Shall be according to Section \[\_\_\_\_\_\_.\] Do not
displace or damage pipe when compacting.**

**3.4 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL**

**A. Testing: As each section or unit of the sanitary sewage system is
completed, it shall be tested by the Contractor according to Section
02651 ‑ Testing of Piping Systems.**

**1. Leakage Tests: Lines shall be tested for leakage by low pressure
air testing, infiltration tests or exfiltration tests, as appropriate.
Low pressure air testing for vitrified clay pipes shall be as prescribed
in ASTM C 828. Low pressure air testing for concrete pipes shall be as
prescribed in ASTM C 828. Low pressure air testing for PVC pipe shall be
as prescribed in UBPPA UNI‑B‑6. Low pressure air testing procedures for
other pipe materials shall use the pressures and testing times
prescribed in ASTM C 828 and ASTM C 924, after consultation with the
pipe manufacturer. Prior to infiltration or exfiltration tests the
trench shall be backfilled up to at least the lower half of the pipe. If
required, sufficient additional backfill shall be placed to prevent pipe
movement during testing, leaving the joints uncovered to permit
inspection. Visible leaks encountered shall be corrected regardless of
leakage test results. When the water table is 600 mm (2 feet) or more
above the top of the pipe at the upper end of the pipeline section to be
tested, infiltration shall be measured using a suitable weir or other
device acceptable to the Contracting Officer. When the Contracting
Officer determines that infiltration cannot be properly tested, an
exfiltration test shall be made by filling the line to be tested with
water so that a head of at least 600 mm (2 feet) is provided above both
the water table and the top of the pipe at the upper end of the pipeline
to be tested. The filled line shall be allowed to stand until the pipe
has reached its maximum absorption, but not less than 4 hours. After
absorption, the head shall be re‑established. The amount of water
required to maintain this water level during a 2‑hour test period shall
be measured. Leakage as measured by either the infiltration test or
exfiltration test shall not exceed \[600 liters per 10 mm diameter per
kilometer (250 gallons per inch diameter per mile) of pipeline per day\]
\[50 mL per 5 mm diameter per 100 meters (0.2 gallons per inch diameter
per 100 feet) of pipeline per hour\]. When leakage exceeds the maximum
amount specified, satisfactory correction shall be made and retesting
accomplished. Testing, correction, and retesting shall be made at no
additional cost to the Government.**

**2. Test for Deflection: When flexible pipe is used, a deflection test
shall be made on the entire length of the installed pipeline not less
than 30 days after the completion of all work including the leakage
test, backfill, and placement of any fill, grading, paving, concrete, or
superimposed loads. Deflection shall be determined by use of a
deflection device or by use of a spherical, spheroidal, or elliptical
ball, a cylinder, or circular sections fused to a common shaft. The
ball, cylinder, or circular sections shall have a diameter, or minor
diameter as applicable, of 92.5 percent of the inside diameter of the
pipe, but 95 percent for RPMP and RTRP. A tolerance of plus 0.5 percent
will be permitted. The ball, cylinder, or circular sections shall be of
a homogeneous material throughout, shall have a density greater than 1.0
as related to water at 4.0 degrees C (39.2 degrees F), (39.2 degrees F,)
and shall have a surface brinell hardness of not less than 150. It shall
be center bored and through bolted with a 6.4 mm (1/4 inch) (1/4 inch)
minimum diameter steel shaft having a yield strength of 480 MPa (70,000
psi) (70,000 psi) or more, with eyes at each end for attaching pulling
cables. The eye shall be suitably backed with flange or heavy washer
such that a pull exerted on the opposite end of the shaft shall produce
compression throughout the remote end of the ball, cylinder or circular
section. Circular sections shall be so spaced that the distance from the
external faces of the front and back sections shall equal or exceed the
diameter of the circular section. Failure of the ball, cylinder, or
circular section to pass freely through a pipe run, either by being
pulled through or by being flushed through with water, shall be cause
for rejection of that run. When a deflection device is used for the test
in lieu of the ball, cylinder, or circular sections described, such
device shall be approved prior to use. The device shall be sensitive to
1.0 percent of the diameter of the pipe being measured and shall be
accurate to 1.0 percent of the indicated dimension. Installed pipe
showing deflections greater than 7.5 percent of the normal diameter of
the pipe, or 5 percent for RTRP and RPMP, shall be retested by a run
from the opposite direction. If the retest also fails, the suspect pipe
shall be replaced at no cost to the Government.**

**B. Inspection: The pipe will be inspected by the Contracting Officer
prior to \[and immediately after\] placing cover over the pipe.**

**3.5 PROTECTION**

**A. Requirements: Protect pipe and bedding from damage or displacement
until backfilling is completed.**

**3.6 TRAINING OF GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL**

**A. Requirements: Shall be according to Section 01700 - Contract
Closeout.**

**[PART 4: MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT]{.underline}**

**4.1 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**WHEN A \"LUMP SUM\" CONTRACT IS USED, DELETE THE TITLE PART 4:
MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT, AND BOTH ARTICLES FROM THIS SPECIFICATION
SECTION. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT WILL BE ADDRESSED IN PART 4 OF SECTION
01010.**

**WHEN NOT A \"LUMP SUM\" CONTRACT, SELECT APPLICABLE PHRASES; USE THE
\"NO MEASUREMENT\" PHRASE WHEN NONE OF THE PAY ITEMS IN THIS SECTION ARE
INCLUDED IN THE BID SCHEDULE.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**A. Units: The work described in this Section will \[not be measured
for payment.\] \[be measured and paid for\] \[on a lump sum basis.\]
\[by the number of linear feet of pipeline measured along the centerline
and on the ground surface over the completed types, sizes and pressure
ratings.\] \[Water for testing will not be measured for payment.\]
\[Thrust blocks will be measured and paid for by the number of cubic
yards of concrete used in the construction of the blocks.\]**

**4.2 BASIS OF PAYMENT**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**WHEN NOT A \"LUMP SUM\" CONTRACT, SELECT APPLICABLE PHRASES; USE THE
\"NO DIRECT PAYMENT\" PHRASE WHEN NONE OF THE PAY ITEMS IN THIS SECTION
ARE INCLUDED IN THE BID SCHEDULE.**

**WHEN NOT A \"LUMP SUM\" CONTRACT AND PAYMENT IS TO BE MADE UNDER THIS
SECTION, SELECT APPLICABLE PAY ITEMS. DO NOT CHANGE PAY ITEM NUMBER.
WHEN MORE THAN ONE DIAMETER OR GAUGE IS SPECIFIED FOR ANY PAY ITEM,
LETTER SUFFIXES WILL BE ADDED AFTER THE PARENTHESIS OF THE ITEM NUMBER.
WHEN GOVERNMENT-FURNISHED PROPERTY IS SPECIFIED FOR PAY ITEMS, THE
LETTER SUFFIX GF WILL BE ADDED AFTER THE PARENTHESIS OF THE ITEM
NUMBER.**

**\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\***

**A. Payment: \[No direct payment for the work described under this
section will be made. Consideration for this item shall be included in
the bid price for other items of the Contract.\] \[Prices and payment
will be full compensation for the work described in this section.
Payment will be made under:\]**

**[ ]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[Pay Item]{.underline} [ ]{.underline}[
]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[
]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[ ]{.underline}[Pay
Unit]{.underline}**

**02530(01) Sanitary Sewerage Lump Sum**

**02530(10) Cast Iron Pipe, Type [ ]{.underline}, Inch Dia Linear Foot**

**02530(20) Vitrified Clay Pipe, Type [ ]{.underline}, Inch Dia Linear
Foot**

**02530(30) Concrete Pipe, Unreinforced, Type [ ]{.underline}, Inch Dia
Linear Foot**

**02530(31) Concrete Pipe, Reinforced, Type [ ]{.underline}, Inch Dia
Linear Foot**

**02530(40) Plastic Pipe, (ABS) DR [ ]{.underline}, Inch Dia Linear
Foot**

**02530(41) Plastic Pipe (PVC) Type PSP, Inch Dia Linear Foot**

**02530(50) PVC Pipe, PVC Inch Dia Linear Foot**

**02530(51) PVC Pipe, PVC Type PSM, Inch Dia Linear Foot**

**02530(60) Thrust Blocks, Concrete Cubic Yard**

**END OF SECTION**

**DATA WORKSHEET**

**for**

**SECTION 02530 ‑ SANITARY SEWAGE SYSTEMS**

**1. Trenching method:**

**2. Trench type:**

**3. Pipeline depth of bury (min): [ ]{.underline} inches**

**Note: When several sewage system projects are included, the tabular
format may be more appropriate. (07/16/90)**

**Lean Concrete: \[Portland cement, sand, and water mixed lean.\]**