# Presentation: 2L5JFJNVCBULD4V5UFNMPUKWM3BYSSYC

## CDC’s Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health Step 4.  Gather Credible Evidence Using surveillance data in your evaluation

**Linda Leary**
**Field Services Evaluation Branch**
**Lori Armstrong**
**Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Outbreak Investigations Branch**
**Surveillance Team**

## Evaluation is an Essential Organizational Practice

**Program evaluation is not practiced consistently across program**
**areas, nor is it well-integrated into the day-to-day management of**
** ****most programs.**
**Program evaluation is necessary to fulfill CDC’s operating**
** ****principles for public health, which include:**
**Using science as a basis for decision-making and action;**
**Expanding the quest for social equity;**
**Performing effectively as a service agency;**
**Making efforts outcome-oriented; and**
**Being accountable**

## Framework for program evaluation in public health

| 
http://www.cdc.gov/eval/framework.htm
 |
| --- |

## Six Steps in Program Evaluation

**Engage stakeholders**
**Describe the program**
**Focus the evaluation design**
**Gather credible evidence**
**Justify conclusions**
**Ensure use and share lessons learned**
**   ****webinar site:**
**http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/Program_Evaluation/default.htm**

## Overview

**Define surveillance data and their use**
**Using surveillance data to determine evaluation focus and develop evaluation questions**
**Using surveillance data as a source of credible evidence**
**Issues and concerns on data quality and completeness, and what you can do about it**

## How can a local TB program use surveillance data to conduct evaluations?

**The national TB program requires each grantee to write an evaluation plan by Dec. 16, 2005.**
**Surveillance data can help ensure the right evaluation questions are identified, and**
**Surveillance data can be used to set meaningful benchmarks for progress.**

## How can a local TB program use surveillance data to conduct evaluations?

**TB surveillance data can also be used as one source of credible evidence to compare:**
**Local objectives against national objectives;**
**Local  area objectives within a state; and**
**Look at the trend of data over a period of time.**

## Surveillance Definition

**Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data.**
**For use in planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.**

## Uses of Surveillance Data

**Public health surveillance is an important part of the information**
**feedback loop that links the public, health care providers, and**
**health care agencies.  These data can be useful in posing**
**questions for your evaluation design, such as:**
**How to ****identify people and groups**** of people at risk for disease?**
**How to ****prioritize health needs**** in persons at higher risk for disease exposure or infection accompanied by a plan for follow-up?**
**How to incorporate surveillance data as a source of information for ****program planning and evaluation****?**
**How to use ****indicators**** to determine if a condition exists or certain results have been achieved?**

## Indicators

**Indicators are at the heart of a performance**
**monitoring system.**
**They provide a basis for collecting credible evidence that is valid and reliable for evaluation.**
**Describes progress in achieving its objectives.**
**Tells us what to measure to determine whether the objective has been achieved.**

## Slide 11

| National TB Program Objectives | National TB Program Indicators |
| --- | --- |
| Increase % of TB pts who    complete TB treatment within 12 mos.

Increase % of TB pts with initial positive cultures who also are tested and receive drug susceptibility results

Decrease the TB case rate in reporting areas

At least 90% of core RVCT data are complete. | Completion of therapy rates

Percent of cultured confirmed drug cases with susceptibility results

TB case rate 

Completeness of RVCT reporting |

## Slide 12

## Race/Ethnicity – Year 2002

|  |     State A |  |   State B |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|    | No. Cases  | Rate | No. Cases | Rate | US   Rate** |
|  Hispanic |    2 |   2 |   
16 | 23 | 10 |
|  Black, Non-Hispanic (NH) |    1 |   4 | 16 | 5 | 13 |
|  Asian, Pacific Islander, Native 
     Hawaiian, NH | 137 | 22 |   
14 | 39 | 28 |
|  White, NH |    6 |   2 | 100 |  3 |   2 |
|  Other |    2 |  |    0 |  |  |
|  Total | 148 |    11.9 | 146 |    3.6 |      5.2 |
|  * Rate per 100,000

 |  |  |  |  |  |

**Race/Ethnicity – Year 2002**

## How do you calculate the TB Case Rate?

**RVCT variable item #6 – month year counted**
**Data is obtained from the RVCT.**
**[The health department is responsible for:  counting TB case by month year, verifying the case as TB, and including it in the official case count.]**
**The national annual surveillance report publishes the total number of TB cases by state.**
**Population estimates from the US Census Bureau**
**http://www.census.gov/popest**

## Calculation of TB Case RateYear 2000 – State X

- Population of **State X**    = 554,817
- # of TB Cases for Year 2000 **State X**    = 42
**42 / 554,817 x 100,000 = 7.6 per 100,000**

## How do you calculate the TB Case Rate?

**RVCT variable item #6 – month year counted**
**Data is obtained from the RVCT.**
**[The health department is responsible for:  counting TB case by month year, verifying the case as TB, and including it in the official case count.]**
**The national annual surveillance report publishes the total number of TB cases by state.**
**Population estimates from the US Census Bureau**
**http://www.census.gov/popest**

## Guidance documents in measuring  outcomes

**Using the RVCT as an Evaluation Tool**
**Exercises from the Program Manager’s Course.**
**Request copies of draft documents:  ****lsl1@cdc.gov**

## Who is OTIS?

## The Online TB Information System(OTIS)

**A query-based public use data set of national TB surveillance data from 1993 through 2003**
**It includes the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico**
**Maintains confidentiality by de-identifying, aggregating, or suppressing data**
**Performs queries and *****ad hoc***** cross-tabulations on 22 variables from the RVCT**
**Supplements annual surveillance report**
**“****Housed” on WONDER server**
**http://wonder.cdc.gov/tb**

## OTIS: current status

**Each state signed a data release agreement form to accept or refuse participation in OTIS. **
**States reviewed OTIS for several months**
**Data were checked and changes made based on your suggestions**
**Release date:  November 2005**
**Anticipate 2004 data will be available March 2006**

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## Issues of Data Completeness and Quality 

## Data Completeness

**TIMS data are evaluated for overall completeness each month**
**The goal for percent completeness of each RVCT (TIMS) variable is based on GPRA goals or on tradition**
**Each RVCT variable has a completeness goal, usually 95% to 99%**
**Missing and Unknown Reports (MUNK)**
**MUNK Reports provide information on RVCT (TIMS) variables that are below the completeness goal**
**MUNK reports are sent to each TB program or recording area 1 to 3 times/year and to the FSEB Consultant for that area.**

## Missing and Unknown Variables

| RVCT Variable | Completeness
Goal (%) | Average % completeness among all reporting areas (%) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TB skin test | 95 | 93.1 |
| Year of previous TB | 99 | 98 |
| Month/year arrived in US (FB) | 95 | 86.3 |
| Excess alcohol use | 99 | 96.6 |
| injecting drug use | 99 | 96.5 |
| non-injecting drug use | 99 | 96.1 |
|  |  |  |

**Missing and Unknown Variables**
**2004 RVCT Data**

## Data Quality

**High quality RVCT data are essential for proper interpretation of data for TB control programs**
**Inconsistent or inaccurate data can lead to inappropriate associations and unrecognized biases in research**
**Examples of miscoded information**
**People from India were coded as American Indian - ****(reclassified to Native American/Alaskan Native in 2003)**
**Young children were coded as alcoholics or IDUs -  ****(Children born to IDUs and alcoholics are not drug abusers or alcoholics)**
**People born in the Philippines or Japan were coded as “Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander”                                  **

## Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderMiscoded information

** ****In preparation for the 2005 World TB Day MMWR**
** ****article, we found 37 foreign-born TB cases who**
** ****were incorrectly coded as “Native Hawaiian and Other**
** ****Pacific Islander”**
**Incorrect NH/OPI cases were coded in TIMS as foreign**
**born and from other countries such as Philippines,**
** ****Japan, Laos, Vietnam, India, Somalia, Iran, Ecuador,**
** ****Brazil**

## TB cases by Asian, NH/OPI race, United States, 2004 (provisional data)

|  | Uncorrected |  | Corrected* |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race | N | Rate/100,000 | N | Rate/100,000 |
| Asian | 3,222 | 26.7 | 3,235 | 26.9 |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 103 | 25.9 | 66 | 16.6 |

**TB cases by Asian, NH/OPI race, United States, 2004 (provisional data)**

**Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander rate was not reported in the World TB Day MMWR.  The count was included in the category “Other/Unknown”****  **

## Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander:  Correct Definition

- First introduced as a race code in 2003
- TIMS Race and Ethnicity Classification (9/4/2002) lists all the islands classified as Other Pacific Islands and countries that are considered Asian.
- Examples
**NH/OPI**: Carolinian, Chamorro, Fijian, Guamanian, Kiribati, Papua New Guinean, Polynesian, Saipanese, Samoan, Solomon Islander, Hawaiian Islands
**Asian**: Filipino, Bhutanese, Asian Indian, Singaporean, Taiwanese, Okinawan, Nepalese, Hmong, Iwo Jiman

## Summary 

**Follow the six steps in the CDC Framework in conducting your evaluation. **
**Use surveillance data as one source of credible evidence to use in evaluation.  Also, consider using OTIS as another source of gathering information.**
**Strive for data quality.  Quality refers to the appropriateness and integrity of information used**. **Good decisions are based on accurate data.**

## Contacts

**Linda Leary****	****	****404.639.8342****	****lsl1@cdc.gov**
**Lori Armstrong****	****404.639.8860****	****lra0@cdc.gov**

## QUESTIONS

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