# Presentation: 321912

## Proton Plan 

- Eric Prebys, FNAL Accelerator Division

## Proton Plan Charge

- Develop a plan for a reasonable set of improvements and operational initiatives to  maximize proton delivery to NuMI and the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB)
- Estimate the budget and timeline for these improvements.
- Estimate proton delivery to both beam lines if the Plan proceeds on schedule.
- Note:
- This project precedes other work that must be done to support the NoVA program
- This project precedes a proton driver or other significant improvements to the complex that are under discussion.

## Staged Approach to Neutrino Program

- Stage 0 (now):
- Goal: deliver ~2.5E13 protons per 2-2.5 second MI cycle to NuMI (~2E20 p/yr), limited by MI RF system. (~250 kW)
- Deliver 1-2E20 protons per year to Booster Neutrino Beam (currently MiniBooNE)
- Stage 1 (~2007):
- A combination of Main Injector operational loading initiatives (and possibly RF improvements) will increase the NuMI intensity to 4-5E13 protons to NuMI per 2.2 second cycle or around 3.5E20 p/yr. (~400 kW)
- This will increase by ~20% as protons currently used for pbar production become available.
- It is hoped we can continue to operate BNB at the 2E20 p/yr level during this period.
- Stage 2 (post-collider, “SNuMI” Nova era):
- In this phase, we will consider using the Recycler as a preloader to the Main Injector to reduce the Main Injector cycle time.
- ~6.5E20 p/yr (700 kW)
- Stage 3 (proton driver or equiv.)
- Main Injector RF must accommodate 1.5E14 protons every 1.5 seconds
- NuMI beamline and target must also be compatible with these intensities.
- 10-20E20 p/yr (1-2 MW)

- This plan

## Limits to Proton Intensity

- Total proton rate from Proton Source (Linac+Booster):
- Booster batch size
- ~4-5E12 protons/batch
- Booster repetition rate
- 15 Hz instantaneous
- Prior to shutdown: 7.5Hz average (injection bump+RF)
- Beam loss
- Damage and/or activation of Booster components
- Above ground radiation
- Total protons accelerated in Main Injector:
- Maximum main injector load
- Six “slots” for booster batches (3E13)
- Up to ~11 with slip stacking (4.5-5.5E13)
- Possible RF stability limitations (under study)
- Cycle time:
- 1.4s + loading time (1/15s per booster batch)

- Historically our biggest worry

## Main Injector Loading

- Initial NuMI operation (“2+5”):
- Two batches slip stacked for antiproton production.
- Five more batches loaded for NuMI
- All will be accelerated together.
- This is the current standard operation.
- Ultimate NuMI operation (“2+9”):
- Five batches will be loaded into the Main Injector, leaving one empty slot.
- Six more batches will be loaded and slipped with the first to make two for antiproton production and 9 for NuMI.

## Proton Plan Developments Since Last Ops Review

- AD Review, July 2005
- Director’s Review, August 2005
- “Baseline”, September 2005
- Since baseline:
- Plan tracked with monthly PMG meetings
- Change control through formal change request (CR) procedure.
- So far, five complete CR’s with three more in process

## Slide 7

## Plan Strategy

- Increasing the proton delivery from the Booster to NuMI and MiniBooNE
- Increase maximum average Booster repetition rate.
- Increase acceptance by improving orbit control and beam quality.
- Increasing the beam intensity in the Main Injector for NuMI
- Main Injector multi-batch operation.
- Slip stacking in Main Injector (requires injection kicker improvement and possibly some RF improvements).
- Improving operational reliability and radiation limitations
- Linac pulsed quad supplies
- Booster RF upgrades, possibly significant
- Alleviate Low Energy Linac 200 MHz PA (“7835”) supply problem
- Organized along the Run II model
- “campaign” rather than “project”

## Summary: Significant Elements of Plan

- Linac
- Stockpile two year supply of spare 200 MHz power amplifier tubes (7835’s), in the event of an interruption in supply
- Characterize and improve Low Energy Linac Low Level RF
- Booster:
- Replace and reconfigure injection bump (ORBUMP) system.
- Relocate 8 GeV dump from Booster tunnel to MI-8 transfer line
- Make Booster robust to 9 Hz, and understand requirements to go to 15 Hz
- Design, build, and install new corrector system
- Main Injector:
- Replace seven quadrupoles with increased aperture versions, to reduce injection and extraction losses.
- Operationally develop multi-batch and multi-batch slip stacked operation
- Design and install collimation system, both in the MI-8 line and in the MI ring
- Modify injection kicker to allow multi-batch slip stacked operation
- Characterize and perhaps make improvements to RF system, to support high intensity operation.

- Red = to be completed this shutdown

##  ORBMP/Injection

- New Booster Injection - ORBMP Girder & PS
- A simplified 3 Bump injection scheme
- Septum Magnet not required
- Better Lattice Match
- Alignment of Circulating beam with Injected beam
- New ORBMP ps and magnets that can run at 15 Hz
- Present system limited to 7.5 Hz due to heating

- Circulating Beam

- Circulating Beam

**Present Injection Girder**

**New Injection Girder**

- Septa

- Injected Beam

- Foil

- Foil

- Injected Beam

- Provided by Jim Lackey and Fernanda Garcia

## Injection Modifications

- Current Scheme

- New Scheme

- Booster

- New 400 MeV Injection Layout

- ORBMP Girder

- ORBMP MAGNETS

- Provided by Jim Lackey and Fernanda Garcia

## Booster Dump Relocation

- L13 Extraction Dump

- L3 Extraction to MI

- This extraction region is being relocated to the MI-8 transfer line

## MI-8 Collimator

- w/o marble (moving configuration)

- Fully clad

## Shutdown Schedule (partial)

## Critical Path Analysisto mid 2006

- <10 days on installation related tasks
- <30 days on fabrication related tasks

- Orbump

- WQB

- Booster
- Correctors

- Stands, Spool Pieces

- Booster Tformers

## Level 3 Breakdown with Budget

## Labor Profiles

**FY06**

**FY07**

**FY08**

**FY09**

**2006 Shutdown**

**2007 Shutdown**

**2008 Shutdown**

**Build Correctors**

## Major Accomplishments This Year

- Linac
- 10/12 strategic spare 7835’s delivered so far
- Design of pulsed quad supplies ongoing
- LEL LLRF studies well under way
- Booster
- Operationally supported slip stacking for pBar production, NuMI, and MiniBooNE
- Required operational cogging
- Logitudinal properties improved with the intervention of Rapid Response Team (RRT)
- Worked in preparation for this shutdown
- More about this shortly
- Finalized specifications and prototype design for new Booster corrector system.
- Main Injector
- Initiated routine full 2+5 operation
- Rate maximum until slip stacking begins after shutdown
- Did studies related to full slip stacking
- Demonstrated accelerated 2+9 operation at low intensity

## Booster Corrector Upgrade

- Goals
- Horizontal and Vertical Position Control through cycle
- Horizontal and Vertical Tune Control through cycle
- Horizontal and Vertical Chromaticity Control through cycle
- Hardware
- New combined function magnets
- Rewiring of power distribution
- New power supplies
- New correction package support girder
- Utilities – cooling water
- Controls – firmware and software
- Issues
- Gallery space – rack issues
- Schedule – A lot of complicated magnets to build and test!

- This is a major project.  Even without a Proton Plan, it would require significant management.

## Booster Corrector Design: 12 Pole Magnet

- Wound to give 6 discrete multipoles.

- Prototype in progress

## Proton Projections

- Phases of Operation
- Phase I (prior to shutdown)
- Booster lattice distortions ameliorated
- Booster limited to 7.5Hz total repetition rate
- Main Injector limited to ~4E13 protons (2+5 operation)
- Phase II
- After present shutdown
- Injection bump (ORBUMP) replaced
- Drift tube cooling in Booster RF cooling finished
- Booster capable of 8-9Hz operation
- Begin to implement 2+9 full NuMI slip stack operation.
- Phase III
- Full NuMI 2+9 slip stack operation.
- Might require some MI RF modifications (under study)

## Procedure for estimating Proton Delivery

- Assume traditional operational priority:
- Protons for pBar production
- Limited by ability to slip stack
- Limited by max cooling rate
- Protons for NuMI
- Limited by max Booster batch size
- Limited by max MI cycle rate
- Limited by max MI proton capacity
- (will be) limited by ability to slip stack NuMI protons in MI
- Protons for BNB (currently MiniBooNE)
- Determined by difference between Booster capacity and maximum MI loading.
- Currently limited by Booster losses, and will continue to be for some time.
- Ultimately limited by Booster rep. rate.
*Extremely* sensitive to fluctuations in total Booster output

## Evaluate Effect of Booster Improvements

- Calculate effect of various improvements based on increased acceptance:
- Use:

- Effective aperture reduction

- “Design” projection: 50% of calculated benefit after 1 year
- “Baseline” projection: 25% of calculated benefit after 1 year

## Long Term Projections

- These projections do not take in to account effects of collider turning off or possible improvements thereafter.

## FY06 Proton to MiniBooNE

## Operational Summary for MiniBooNE

- We continued to deliver protons to the MiniBooNE experiment as NuMI ramped up through the year.
- This was still considered problematic as little as six months before the NuMI turn on
- It reflects a significant achievement by both the Proton Source personnel and Operations.
- MiniBooNE benefited from periodic NuMI downtimes.
- There were no significant operational issues for the MiniBooNE experiment since the last Ops review.

## Protons to NuMI

## NuMI Operational Issues*

- March 2005:
-  Project completion,
-  beam-line commissioning

- Infant mortality
-  of target water line,
-   do “patch” on target system

- Clear horn
-  ground fault
-   (foot shook loose)

- Install system to collect
-  tritiated water from
-   target pile air cooling

-               Integrated
-            1.4 x 1020 POT
-   (equivalent to 1MW-month
-     of continuous beam)

- *slide courtesy Jim Hylen

## Problem Detail: Target Leak

- Shortly after the experiment started up (3/05), target scans revealed water in the target chamber:
- The target was removed to the hot cell and the leak vanished.
- The target was returned with a Helium backpressure system to prevent cooling water from leaking into the (previously evacuated) volume.
- Shortly thereafter, Helium was found in the return water line.
- There is no evidence of water in the target chamber.
- -> The solution appears to be working.

## Problem Detail: Ground Fault

- In ~10/05, the second NuMI horn developed a hard ground fault.
- The horn was removed to the hot cell.
- The problem was eventually tracked down to a foot, which had vibrated loose and was contacting a grounded base plate.
- This problem was repaired, but in the process, it was discovered that the Nickel plating on the power supply strip lines housing is significantly flaking.
- This has been blamed for a number of subsequent ground faults, all of which have eventually cleared.

## Present Horn Status

- The NuMI second horn has developed a leak in the water return line.
- The horn was removed to the hot cell to study this.
- It is believed the problem is a cracked ceramic standoff.
- Unfortunately, this is on the horn side of the quick disconnect.
- Optimistic problem can be repaired.
- Running w/o a second horn would mean a ~50% in neutrino flux
- The second horn will probably be ready in “October or November”

## The Year in Review

- Things which went well
- Operationally continuing to run MiniBooNE with NuMI
- Uptime better than anticipated
- Less access needed for ECool than planned
- Understanding the MI RF needs led to a drastically reduced scope of proposed MI RF work
- Things which fell a bit short
- Peak Booster intensity has not risen as fast as expected
- Projected peaks of 1E17 pph by this time.
- In fact peaks of ~9E16 pph have been observed.
- Assorted problems with NuMI beam line

## Summary

- In the last year, the Proton Plan has gone from a concept to an official project, with monthly oversight and change control
- We are successfully ramping up NuMI operation while continuing to deliver beam to MiniBooNE
- There have been some unfortunate incidents involving the NuMI beamline, but we feel that they are under control.

## Backup Slides

## Review: Main Injector Loading

- The Main Injector has six usable “slots”, into which Booster batches may be placed.

- More batches may be loaded, using “slip stacking”, in which an initial batch in the Main Injector is accelerated such that a subsequent batch will be at a slightly different energy.
- The two will then drift together and can be captured as a single batch (with at least twice the longitudinal emittance).

## Linac Elements

- Linac (1.1)
- (1.1.1) Linac PA vulnerability
- Placed large order for 12 7835’s (10 delivered)
- Investigating Thales 628 replacement option
- (1.1.2) Pulsed quad power supply
- Replacing control cards
- 1/8 designed and out for bids
- (1.1.4) LEL LLRF (Improve phase and amplitude stability)
- Working with RF group to characterize current system
- Developing improved design

## Booster Elements

- (1.2) Booster
- (1.2.1) Determine Rep. Rate Limit
- Identify obstacles to reaching 9Hz (being addressed under 1.2.2, 1.2.7, 1.2.13)
- Determine necessary steps to go to 15 Hz (almost complete; not addressed under this plan)
- (1.2.2) ORBUMP System/400 MeV Line
- Replace injection bump system with new system capable of 15 Hz operation with improved injection characteristics.
- Rearrange 400 MeV injection line to accommodate
- Will be completed this shutdown
- (1.2.3) New Corrector System
- Replace 48 corrector packages with improved versions
- 2 dipole+ 2quad + 2 sextupoles
- Half in 2007, Half in 2008
- Currently in prototype phase
- Biggest single project in plan!!!

## Booster Elements (cont’d)

- (1.2.4) 30 Hz Harmonic
- Scheme to modify Booster acceleration ramp by adding 30 Hz component to resonant circuit.
- After detailed studies, terminated at review (2/24/06)
- (1.2.5) Gamma-t System
- Investigate and integrate Booster gamma-t jump system to preserve longitudinal properties at high intensity.
- Initial studies and models look promising
- Must modify existing system to accommodate new corrector system.
- (1.2.7) Booster RF cavity drift tube cooling
- Install cooling on drift tubes of RF cavities
- Tiny project, but vital to rates > 7.5 Hz
- Will be completed this shutdown.
- (1.2.9) Booster solid state RF upgrade
- Replace outdated Booster RF distributed amplifier drivers with solid state versions (like Main Injector)
- Potentially large part of plan
- Awaiting cost-benefit justification and CR.

## Booster Elements (cont’d)

- (1.2.11) Booster Dump Relocation
- Eliminate original extraction region of Booster (Long 13)
- Install dump in MI-8 line to take it’s place
- Major project, will be done this shutdown
- (1.2.12) Booster Chopper
- Design chopper to create cleaner Booster extraction notch
- In design
- (1.2.13) Booster RF Improvements
- Catch all task to cover generic improvements to improve reliability at high rates
- Current largest project is dual 13.8 transformer replacement being done this shutdown.

## Main Injector Elements

- Main Injector (1.3)
- (1.3.1) Large Aperture Quads
- Install seven large aperture quads to eliminate aperture restrictions at injection and extraction regions
- Will be completed this shutdown.
- (1.3.2) MI Collimation Systems
- Install collimation system in MI-8 line this shutdown
- Continue studies to design optimum collimation system for ring in future shutdown, if necessary
- (1.3.3) MI Multibatch Operation
- Operational initiatives for multi-batch operation
- Routine 2+5 operation
- Demonstrated 2+9 at low intensity
- Improvements to MI-10 injection kicker to allow rates necessary for full 2+9 operation
- Will be done this shutdown
- (1.3.4) MI RF Upgrade
- Leftover from what was once a large RF upgrade, deemed unnecessary
- Now a placeholder for whatever RF improvements may be needed for high intensity operation.

## Studies

- (1.5) Post collider studies
- Investigate option of retasking Recycler as a Main Injector preloader
- Report turned into AD Division Head
- Task will move into SNuMI project.