# Presentation: 177792

## Experiments at the Neutrinos at the Main Injector:MINOSMINERANOA

*Experiments at the* Neutrinos at the Main Injector:MINOSMINERANOA

*Sacha E. Kopp,*
*University of Texas – Austin*

##  Mixing Paradigm

- If you believe in flavor mixing, there must be a 33 unitary transformation to mass states:

- In the quarks, mixing matrix has phase  responsible for CP.

*c**ij*  cos*ij*

*s**ij*  sin*ij*

## Who Says It’s Oscillations, Anyway?

- “Neutrinos actually decay to lighter states”
- Barger et al., hep-ph/9907421

- “Neutrinos propagating             in Extra Dimensions”
- Barbieri et al., hep-ph/9907421

- “SuperK effect is combination of *m*2(solar) and *m*2(LSND)”
- Barenboim et al., hep-ph/0009247

- Many alternatives proposed to interpret Super-K data
- All of these models modify expected *L*/*E* shape.
- Other models will surely come along in coming years?
- MINOS can unambiguously demonstrate oscillatory energy dependence of  disappearance

## Two Detector  Experiment

- Near detector predicts  energy spectrum at far detector (in absence of oscillations)
- Multiply near spectrum by scaling factor to predict far.
- Must believe that beam at          two detectors is
-    (1) the same, or
-    (2) difference calculable.

- Near Detector:
- 980 tons

- Far Detector:
- 5400 tons

- Two Detector  Experiment

*Idea dates back to CERN, FNAL mid-1980’s*

*On an extreme size scale!*

- *m*2=0.005eV2

## Measurement of  Disappearance in MINOS

- Oscillated/unoscillated ratio of number  of CC events in far detector *vs* *E**observed*

- 90% and 99% CL allowed oscillation parameter space for the Super-K best fit point.

- For m2 = 0.0020 eV2, sin2 2 = 1.0

- Measurement of  Disappearance in MINOS

*Figures from MINOS 5yr plan submitted to Fermilab PAC 2003*

## Precision on Measurement of m232

- Precision *m*2 needed for
- 	reactor *e **e*,
- 	accelerator off-axis beams (JHF, NOA)
- At these low expected *m*2’s, MINOS requires *statistics*

- Protons on Target (1020)

- 0         4          8         12        16        20       24       28        32

- Precision on Measurement of *m*232

- 1.2
- 1.0
- 0.8
- 0.6
- 0.4
- 0.2
- 0

*JHF (2009+5yrs)*

**MINOS**

*Super-Kamiokande*

## Resolve Non-Maximal Mixing?

- Region where sin2 2 can be
- resolved as <1.0 at 90% CL.

- *m*2 (eV2)

- sin2(2)

- SK allowed (90%C.L.)

## Search for  e Appearance

- Beam e backgrounds

- For m2 = 0.0025 eV2, sin2 213= 0.067

- Osc. Max for
- this *m*2

- Search for * **e* Appearance

- Observed e CC

- 25x1020 POT

- With e oscillations

## Raison d’Être for a Northern MinnesotaExperiment!

**Austin***** American-Statesman***** Newspaper*****, *****Sunday, April 18, 2004**

## The NuMI Beam“Neutrinos at the Main Injector”

- The NuMI Beam“Neutrinos at the Main Injector”

**NuMI has 400kW **
**primary proton beam**
**   ****120 GeV**
**   ****8.67 ********sec spill**
**   ****1.9 sec rep rate**
**   ****5 Booster batches**
**       ****(2.5********10****13**** prot/spill)**

**Decay Pipe**

*p* beam

- Pion beam

## Protons for MINOS

- The lab has understood and educated us on the difficulties associated with the promised 4  1020 protons/year
- The MINOS collaboration has committed significant resources to accelerator improvement
- Booster Cogging – UTexas/Austin
- Booster RF Upgrade – UTexas/Austin, Caltech, Tufts, Indiana
- MI BPM’s – Caltech
- Barrier RF + Slip Stacking – Stanford, Caltech
- MI Beam Permit – South Carolina
- MI Dampers – Stanford, U.Coll.London
- The lab has begun to commit study time to MI multibatch running
- MINOS and the lab must work toward
- Fast turn-on to 2.5  1020 protons/year (begin Dec. ‘04!)
- (Modest?) upgrades toward (4-6)  1020 protons/year

## NuMI in Main Injector Tunnel

- Kicker Magnet

- Lambertsons installed ’03
- Kicker to be installed Fall ’04

- Magnetic shielding (Recycler) installed Feb.’04

## Extracted Proton Beam Line

- Carrier Tunnel

- Angling down

- Magnets installed during ’03 shutdown

- Pre-Target

- Foil Profile Monitor

## The “Magnetic Horns”

- Toroidal Magnet *B* ~ 1/*r*
*p**T* kick of *p**T****Bd**l **** r **** p****** E***

*i*

*i*

*i*

****

***B***

- 

- 

## Progress on Target Hall

- Target Hall after
- Contractor completion

- Horn Pulsed Power Supply Installed

- Target Hall shielding installation

*Decay pipe*

## Meson Decay Tunnel

- July 2001

## Monitors to Study  Beam

**********

**********

**********

*p*

**********

**********

**********

**********

**********

*Bypass Tunnel*

- Monitors to Study  Beam

- Beam
- Tests

*Expected **** profiles in *
*Alcove 1*
*Alcove 2*
*Alcove 3*

## MINOS Near Detector Construction

- MINOS Near Detector Construction

- 1. Down the shaft

- 2. Across the hall

- 3. Installed

**MINOS Far Detector**
**    ****magnetized Fe-scintillator calorimeter**
**    ****segmented scint for *****X*****, *****Y***** tracking**
**    ****485 planes, 8m diam, 5400 tons**

## MINOS Cosmic ’s

- Now have ~ 40 up ’s

- Upward candidate

- Downward candidate

## Contained  candidate

- MINOS cosmic ’s:  *finding a ****-dle in a stack of steel...*

- Reconstructed “vertices” for cosmic ray
- events which have a track that ends inside
- the detector. Most are clearly downgoing
- stopping muons.

- 3.5 m

- 4.1 kT

## MINOS Calibration Detector

- Measure particle responses in Fe/scint
- Compare near, far electronics to 2%

**Muon**

**Electron**

**Pion**

**Proton**

**Plane**

**Strip**

- Test of electronics, calibrations
- Ran at CERN 2-10 GeV *e*, , , *p* beams 2001-2003

***CalDet modules in T7***

## MINOS Schedule

- Far Detector completed in 2003
- NuMI Tunnel
- Excavation complete in 2002
- Outfitting (electrical, air, water, *etc*) complete in fall 2003 and March 2004  (two phases)
- Primary beamline and target hall installation
- Begun in fall 2003
- Finish in November 2004
- Near detector installation to finish early fall ‘04
**READY FOR BEAM November, 2004**

## MINErVA:Main Injector Neutrino Experiment for V-A

- Stage I approval for  scattering experiment in near hall.
- Fine-grained scintillating bar detector with fiber readout *à** la* MINOS
- Already unusual nuclear effects inferred from MiniBooNE, K2K data.

- 

- *n*+ *p*

- 

- *n*+ 

*p*

- 

- *p*

- 

- 

*p*

*Figures courtesy K.McFarland*

## Impact of  Cross Section Measurements

- Future osc. exp'ts rely on paucity of bubble chamber data.

*Figure courtesy D.Harris*

- Understand xsec’s for
- Quasi-elastics
- *n****p*and  *N****X*
- Resonant states

- World results of  CC scattering

- NUGEN Monte Carlo

- NUGEN MC – no intranuclear scattering

- CC/*E* (10-38 cm2/GeV)

*E* (GeV)

*Measured oscillation dip shifts*

*Figure courtesy J.Morfin*

## Off-Axis Beam from NuMI

- NuMI facility will spray neutrinos all over the U.S./Canadian border
- Of virtue if you want to...
- Create a ‘narrow-band’ beam energy spectrum
- Deliberately force neutrinos to propagate through greater earth distance

- NuMI ME Beam

*figure courtesy M.Messier*

## e Appearance in Off-Axis  Beam

- For NuMI, assume a 20kt detector, 85% fid.vol, low-*Z* calorimeter
- NuMI makes up for lower proton power, longer baseline because of higher neutrino, pion, cross sections.

- NuMI Off-Axis,
- 5yrs @ 4E20 POT/yr
- 712 km baseline

- JHF Phase I,
- 5yrs @ 0.77MW
- 295 km baseline

- *m*2 = 3.0  10-3 eV2 sin22**13=0.1

- P(*e*) sin2213<0.18 at *m*2=2102 eV2 (CHOOZ)
- Narrow beam reduces backgrounds from other (NC) neutrino reactions

## CP in Neutrinos?

- Possible to measure different rates P(*e*) P(*e*) due to...
- CP violation
- Neutrinos propagating through matter
- P929 (NOA) to consider construction of off-axis experiment
- Antineutrino running requires proton intensity upgrade.

- NOA
- 712 km

- JHF-nu
- 295 km

- *m*2<0
- *m*2>0

- Probability (%)

- Baseline (km)

- *m*2>0

- *e*

- *e*

*vacuum*

*figures courtesy S.Parke*

## Summary

- Rich program of physics ahead
- Decisive results on osc. *vs* other new physics
- Precise measurement of oscillation parameters
- Possibility to observe rare osc. phenomena
- CP violation
- Mass Heirarchy
- NuMI is substantial investment in US HEP program
- Design is flexible to permit variations, upgrades
- Adjustable neutrino beam energy
- Large target hall cavern to permit new focusing elements
- Conservative design parameters permit intensity upgrades
- NuMI is ready for beam November ’04

*The light at the end of the tunnel*

## Extra Slides

## Role of NuMI/MINOS – I

- Within 3- mixing ‘orthodoxy’, there are several key questions that the MINOS experiment could hope to address:
- Are there sub-dominant oscillation modes at this *m*2?
- Precision measurement of *m*232?
- It’s a fundamental parameter
- Precision impacts precision on sin213 achievable at reactor disappearance experiment
- Its central value important in layout of long baseline  →*e*.
- Is  → mixing maximal?
- We are told  mixing just analogous to quarks, but...
- Quark CKM matrix is largely diagonal
- “Revolution of 1998” (*cf. A.Y.Smirnov)* SK showed large mixing
- If mixing matrices are ‘analogous’, ought their values to be as well?

## Role of NuMI/MINOS – II

- Most of community thinks that  looks like a pretty good explanation of the atmospheric  depletion *vs* zenith angle, but one must be open to other possibilities given
- The 3 *m*2 problem
- Naturalness of a *sterile* that appears in GUT models
- Due skepticism of jumping to conclusions in hard experiments

- Such considerations have spawned array of more sophisticated (busier) but quite serious theoretical scenarios
- MINOS can unambiguously demonstrate oscillatory energy dependence of  disappearance

*Super Kamiokande*
*hep-ex/0404034*

- Oscillations

-  Decay

-  Decoherence