# Presentation: 025980

## WATER CYCLEin Landscapes

- RATIONALE
- Water is the driving force to create, and alter landscapes and the soils on them; therefore we need concepts to communicate our ideas about water.
- OBJECTIVE
- The student will apply the fundamental soil-water and landscape-water concepts throughout the rest of the course as part of the basic principles.

- Module 11

## WILL ROGERS

- ALWAYS DRINK UPSTREAM FROM THE HERD!

**Notes:**
(Jimmie in his younger days, wearing field clothes of the time)

## 3

**Notes:**
Figure 1. Cross-sectional representation of a flat with a high water table (surface of the Zone of Saturation) with an open auger hole. Note that the capillary fringe is NOT fully saturated and that tensions increase from the water table to the soil surface through the Zone of Aeration (Vadose Zone).

## GRAVITY FLOW	a) On the soil	b) In & Above the Water Table	c) In & Below the Water Table 
MATRIC FLOW	Soil Water (surface area of soils) 
OSMOTIC FLOW	Salts and Fertilizers

**MATRIC FLOW****	****Soil Water (surface area of soils)**** **
**OSMOTIC FLOW****	****Salts and Fertilizers**

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**WATER FLOW**

## OSMOTIC WATER MOVEMENT TO ROOT CELLS

***Root Cell***
***High Salt***
***Content***

**NET WATER**
**MOVEMENT**

**Soil water with**
**a low salt content**

**OSMOTIC WATER MOVEMENT TO ROOT CELLS**

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## OSMOTIC WATER MOVEMENT FROM ROOT CELLS

***Root Cell***
***HIGH Salt***
***Content***

**NET WATER**
**MOVEMENT**

**Soil water with**
**a higher salt content**

**OSMOTIC WATER MOVEMENT FROM ROOT CELLS**

- NOT AT ALL WHAT IS WANTED!!!

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## EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

- Drier
- Wetter

- VADOSE ZONE
- MATRIC FLOW

- Tree Transpiration (T)

- Evaporation (E)

**Evaporite**
**Concentration**

- Evapotranspiration (ET)

- Interception &
- Evaporation (Ei)

- ZONE OF SATURATION

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**Notes:**
Figure 2.3.1. Evaporation, interception and evaporation,  transpiration, and evaportranspirtaion are all changes fro liquid water to vapor. Interception and evaporation the water never reaches the ground. Transpiration is loss from plants through their stomata.  Evaporation often occurs from bare soil. Evaportranspiration is a combined term for all consumptive soil loss through water vapor changes. 

## MATRIC FLOW - CAPILLARY RISE

**Capillary**

**Tube**

**hc**

**hc = 2T cos********  / rpg**

**-0-**

_**If **__****__** is 90 degrees, no rise occurs.**_

**WATER**

**UNSATURATED **

**FLOW**

**MATRIC FLOW - CAPILLARY RISE**

****

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## SALINE SEEPoperates only when really wet (matric flow limitation).

- Seep

- Aquifer
- Aquitard

- Recharge

- SALINE SEEPoperates only when really wet (matric flow limitation).

- WATER CAN ONLY BE RELEASED WHEN
- FINE TEXTURED RECHARGE AREA IS SATURATED.

- SiCL

- Sand

- Heavy Clay Loam

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## FROST HEAVE

**FREE WATER**

**PEA GRAVEL**

**INSULATION**

**VERY COLD**

**I**

**II**

**III**

**ICE LENSES**

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## FROST HEAVE

**Frost heave in soil columns insulated at 1’ depth.  Soil II is heaved by transferring water from the water table to frost lens.  **
**Freezing water increases matric**
**potential.   Ice lens form.**

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## SOIL HYDROLOGIC CYCLEPrecipitation

**Return Flow**

**C- Horizon**

**Infiltration**

**Throughflow**

**Deep Seepage**

**Runoff**

**Percolation**

**Evapotranspiration**

**Unsaturated flow**

**SOIL HYDROLOGIC CYCLE****Precipitation**

- Wetland

- I

- Ho

- Interception and return Ei

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**Notes:**
Fig. 5.1 Soil hydrology  includes precipitation, infiltration, surface vegetation interception and return to the atmosphere, overland flow, Throughflow, deep water percolation and ground water flow.  One form of overland flow from a saturated soils is called the return flow.

## HILLSLOPE HYDROLOGY

**Before a soil is saturated only Tu occurs.**** **
**Most water flows laterally with slope **** **
**Ei & ET are consumptive water losses.**** **
**Dp is minor except in some sands.**** **
**ET is related water amounts, plant types, wind, temperature, and relative humidity.**

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## LANDSCAPE WATER FLOW

**P**

**I**

**Ho**

**Ro**

**Tf**

**Dp**

**I**

**I =infiltration**
**P= precipitation**
**Ho=Runoff Ro=reflow**
**Tf=throughflow **
**Dp=deep water flow**

**Ro=Return Flow**

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## RECHARGE & DISCHARGE

- RECHARGE removes material from a horizon.
- DISCHARGE adds material to a horizon.
- RECHARGE water moves toward the ground water.
- DISCHARGE water moves from the ground water.

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## Climatic changes in Water Table

- Richardson et al. 1991

**Notes:**
. An examination of soils from Iowa (top figure) to North Dakota (middle) and Saskatchewan (bottom) found that the soils in the depressions varied such that the soils from Iowa indicated discharge, North Dakota had Recharge in the higher areas flowthrough and discharge lower. The Saskatchewan had a dominance of recharge wetlands with argillic horizons. (Richardson et al.1991) & now Wysocki et al.

## USE THE FOLLOWINGCONCEPTS

- Matric flow; osmotic flow
- Gravity flow creating a flowthrough condition
- Hortonian overland flow contrasted to reflow
- Recharge wetland and discharge wetland
- P=I+Ho+Ei   I=Tf+Dp+Ro+ET+SW