# Presentation: 835268

## Satellite Navigation as seen by NATO
CGSIC, 5 Dec. 2002, EUROCONTROL, Brussels

- CGSIC, 5 Dec. 2002, EUROCONTROL, Brussels

- Prepared by
- Jean-Philippe SAULAY
- NATO Head Quarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S)
- Navigation and Identification Section
- (Ext 4309)
- nav.ident@hq.nato.int

## OUTLINE

- Introduction / Outline
- NATO Structure/Missions
- Navigation in NATO
- Navigation Evolution
- Current Issues
- GPS
- PALS
- WRC 2003
- NAVWAR
- GALILEO
- Conclusion

## NATO Navigation Structure

**CNAD**

**NAFAG**

**ASCC**
**(AU,CA,NZ,UK,US)**

**WEAG**
**(WEU)**

**NON NATO**

**NAVSC**

**NAC**

**AG ****5**

**NATO**

**ALS JWG**

**AVS W****G**

**MC**

**NC3B**

**Air WG**

**JRCSC**

**NETMA**

**NATMC**

**     ****CNS**

**NATO Navigation Structure**

**Navwar**

## NATO Main Mission

- Alliance fundamental tasks:
- 	Security, Peace Preservation and Euro-Atlantic Security Reinforcement
- 3 main Military Missions:
- Article 5 collective defense
- Non-article 5 crisis response
- Consultation and co-operation

## Navigation Activities

- Support to NAC and Senior Committees (NC3B, CNAD...) for Navigation, Approach and Landing Systems, Time and Frequency standards
- Support to MC and Military Structure
- Missions
- Information exchange (equipment, development, R&D, testing, new technologies...)
- Plans and policies (transition/implementation plans...)
- Standardisation (STANAGs development, maintenance, ...)
- Collaborative efforts (international co-operation development and promotion, international test campaigns,...)

## Information Exchange

- Nations exchange information through Sub-Committees/Groups:
- on existing systems:
- technical information
- phase in/phase out data
- capabilities of systems and platforms
- on new developments:
- research
- testing
- development and production programs

- Cooperation efforts:
- Four nation programme (CA, NL, SP, UK) for the development and production of Low Cost Inertial Navigation System for Ships (SINS)
- Jointly funded studies on NAVSTAR GPS and its adequacy to NATO requirements
- Multinational testing of new GPS equipment  (PLGR, DAGR,...)
- Standardization: Integrity, GPS/INS testing, NAVWAR,Differential GPS...
- NIAG Studies (emerging technologies,...)

## Standardization 

- ANP-1: Master Navigation Document (STANAG 4373)
- ANP-2: Introduction to NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment
- 4184: Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)
- 4278: Method of Expressing Navigation Accuracy
- 4294 Part I: NAVSTAR GPS System Characteristics
- 4294 Part II: NAVSTAR GPS Summary of Performance Requirements
- 4392: A Data Interchange  Format for NAVSTAR GPS
- 4550: Differential GPS
- 4430: Precise Time and Frequency Interface and its Management for Military Electronic Systems
- 4564: Standard for WECDIS
- 4565: Standard on Multimode Receiver
- 4572: Open System Architecture Interface to Enable Simulator Laboratory Testing of Integrated GPS/INS Navigation Equipment
- 4580: Method of Expressing Navigation Integrity
- 4621: Navigation Warfare Definition

## Navigation systems

- - Doppler Navigator
- - GPS/NAVSTAR
- - Differential GPS
- - Inertial Navigation Systems
- - Loran-C ( including Eurofix)
- - MLS (including DME-P)
- - PAR
- - ILS

- - MIDS/JTIDS
- - Non Directional Beacons
- - Position Location Reporting Systems (PLRS)
- - SYLEDIS
- - TACAN
- - Terrain Reference Navigation
- - VOR/DME
- - Celestial Navigation

- NAVIGATION	Positioning
- 			Navigation
- 			Timing
- 			Approach and Landing Systems

## NATO navigation policy, strategy and requirements:
“ANP-1 NATO Master Navigation Document”
“NATO Strategic Plan for Air Navigation and Landing Systems” 
National PALS Implementation Strategies (NPIS)
“Policy on Navigation Services for NATO Military Operations”
Common Fitting Standards for Air Communication, Navigation, Identification and Landing Systems for Joint NATO/PfP Operations
ALS NATO Staff Target
NATO Staff Requirements and Military Operational Requirements

Under development/approval
“NATO Strategic Plan for Joint Navigation and Landing Systems”
“Generic Operational Characteristics of Satellite Positioning, Navigation, Timing Services for NATO Military Operations”
Precision Approach and Landing System Transition Strategy

- “ANP-1 NATO Master Navigation Document”
- “NATO Strategic Plan for Air Navigation and Landing Systems”
- National PALS Implementation Strategies (NPIS)
- “Policy on Navigation Services for NATO Military Operations”
- Common Fitting Standards for Air Communication, Navigation, Identification and Landing Systems for Joint NATO/PfP Operations
- ALS NATO Staff Target
- NATO Staff Requirements and Military Operational Requirements
- _Under development/approval_
- “NATO Strategic Plan for Joint Navigation and Landing Systems”
- “Generic Operational Characteristics of Satellite Positioning, Navigation, Timing Services for NATO Military Operations”
- Precision Approach and Landing System Transition Strategy

- Navigation Policy

## Navigation Systems Evolution

- Emergence of satellite technology
- Evolution of of the global navigation environment
- Emergence of Satellite Navigation (GNSS, RNSS)
- Traditional ground-based systems/back-up systems
- 3 Existing or underdevelopment Systems
- GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO
- NATO uses US GPS System
- Only Available System Meeting NATO Military Requirements
- NAVSTAR GPS MOU IV and Addendum
- STANAGs
- Permanent exchange of information among NATO Nations

##  WHY 	Satellite Navigation or GPS use

NATO depends on smaller, more maneuverable forces
		(now and for the future)
GPS on all platforms (Soldiers to AWACS through UAVs or PGMs...)
Total Battlespace Awareness
Huge Capability Multiplier 
Interoperability
DGPS, SRDGPS, Tactical Landing
NAVWAR implementation

- NATO depends on smaller, more maneuverable forces
- 		(now and for the future)
- GPS on all platforms (Soldiers to AWACS through UAVs or PGMs...)
- Total Battlespace Awareness
- Huge Capability Multiplier
- Interoperability
- DGPS, SRDGPS, Tactical Landing
- NAVWAR implementation

- Navigation Systems Evolution

## Current Issues

- GPS
- GPS Modernization program
- GPS implementation, management and improvement (GPS evolutions)
- SAASM, Jamming/Anti-jamming activities
- PPS Certification
- Precision Approach and Landing System Transition Strategy
- WRC-2003/Spectrum Management
- Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR)
- GALILEO

## GPS Modernization

-  Block II-M
-  Block IIF
-  Future Satellites

*System Level*
* **Cryptography*
* **Electronic Keys*
* **Tactical Prevention*
*Policy/Plans*
*Strategies*
*GPS III*

- More Power
- More Signals
- More Flexibility

-     Signal-in-Space
-  BOC(10,5)
-  Ranging Code
-  Acquisition Codes
-  Data Modulation

-    User Segment
- Anti-Tamper
- A-J Technology
- SAASM
- INS Coupling
- Secure Acquisition
- Integrity Monitoring
- Digital Signal Processing

-     Control Segment
- Open Architecture
- Tactical Management
- Back-Up & Alternate Facilities

## GPS Modernization

**  ****M-code Technical Characteristics**
**  ****Spectrally separates civil signals from military signals.**
**  ****Critical capability to allow Navwar prevention operations (security management, jamming)**

## PALS Transition Strategy

- New PALS :  MLS  or  D-GNSS

**GPS Based Approach and Landing Activities**
- STANAGs 4392 and 4550 upgrades
- Standardization Activity on SRGPS (Shipboard Relative GPS)
- Standardization Activity on Tactical Landing
- Anti-jamming Requirements

## WRC-2003/Spectrum Management

- - Development of a NATO Military Position for WRC-03 to be
- approved by the NAC in March 2003
- - Co-operation with the European Conference Preparatory  Group (CEPG) and the Inter-American Telecommunication
- Commission (CITEL)
- - WRC 2003 Navigation Issues are mainly in 4 Agenda Items:
- item 1.4: 5091-5150 MHz Band, use of the band by fixed-satellite service, impact on MLS
- item 1.15: 960-1215 MHz, 1260-1300 MHz and 5010-5030 MHz Bands, Resolutions 604, 605 and 606 (MLS, PfD limits)
- item 1.17: 2900-3400 MHz Band, Radiolocation allocation upgrade (impact on Radars)
- item 1.28: 108-117.975 MHz Band (DGPS corrections)

## NAVWAR (1)

- _NATO NAVWAR definition_
- “NAVWAR is defined as preventing the hostile use of Positioning, Navigation and Timing information while protecting the unimpeded use of the information by NATO forces and preserving peaceful use of this information outside the area of operations”
- _NAVWAR AHWG_
- “NATO must develop and implement a NAVWAR strategy that ensures availability of this information (PNT) to friendly forces and denies access to potential adversaries.”
- _NAVWAR ANP_
- “Provide an overall NAVWAR framework and concepts in support of NATO military operations...”

## NAVWAR (2)

- Supports critical and time sensitive military operations
- Denial of PNT services through security management (encryption, user equipment proliferation awareness and control...)
- Denial of PNT services through selectable spectrum/modulation techniques
- In the case of GPS
***Achieving spectrally separation of military services from civil services is a fundamental part of GPS Modernization and facilitates denial of non-military PNT at the scale of the local area of operations.***

**NAVWAR (2)**

## NAVWAR (3)

**Spectral separation of civil signals from military signals to allow  the jamming of these civil signals while protecting the military signals**
**New  military signal M-Code  with capability to deny the hostile use of civil signals****	**

**P(Y)**

**C/A**

**P(Y)**

**L2C**

**M-code**

**M-code**

**L2**
**1227.6MHz**

**L1**
**1575.42MHz**

**By jamming the new  civil L2C signal**

**By jamming the civil L1 C/A signal**

_**while using military M-code signal on either side of each frequency**_

**NAVWAR (3)**

## GALILEO (1)

- European satellite Navigation System (GNSS)
- “Must be an open, global system fully compatible with GPS”
- 4 + 1 services
- Open Service
- Commercial Service
- Safety of Life Service
- “SAR Service”
- Public Regulated Service
- robust (interference)
- encrypted
- resistant to jamming
- limited and well-defined number of government-authorized users

**Civil/**
**military ?**

## GALILEO (2)

- GPS/GALILEO Interrelation-ship
- interoperability
- compatibility
- GALILEO Users
- GALILEO services/signals definition and security management
- frequency allocation in respect with the Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) concept
- GPS M-Code Overlay
- GALILEO Flexible BOC modulation

## M-code/PRS overlay

**PRS: ****	****BOC(n,m) on L1 & E6**
**	****partial/full overlay**

**M-code/PRS overlay**

## GALILEO (3)

- NATO is not a “first line player” on GPS/GALILEO
- no “NATO position” on GALILEO
- GPS is US controlled/managed
- GALILEO is EU controlled/managed
**BUT**
- 	- GPS is a crucial capability for NATO
- 	- NATO needs to protect its Military Capabilities
- 	- NATO needs to protect its Forces
- 	- GALILEO impacts NATO

## SUMMARY

- Navigation Information (or PNT) Dominance crucial for Military Operations
- Satellite Navigation importance/predominance
- Navigation Warfare to maintain military advantage during operations
- GALILEO impacts
- can be negative
- can be positive
- highly dependent on US/EU cooperation and EU technical
- choices

## More information ?

- http://www.nato.int
- On NAFAG and ALS systems
- http://www.nato.int/nafag
- On Navigation
- nav.ident@hq.nato.int