# Presentation: 052718

## What Are They Doing at Fermilab Lately?

- Don Lincoln
- Fermilab

## What’s the Point?

- High Energy Particle Physics is a study of the smallest pieces of matter.
- It investigates (among other things) the nature of the universe immediately after the Big Bang.
- It also explores physics at temperatures not common for the past 15 billion years (or so).
- It’s a lot of fun.

## Periodic Table

## All particles have ‘anti-particles’, which have similar properties, but opposite electrical charge

Particles
u,c,t    +2/3
d,s,b   -1/3
e,,   -1

Anti-particles
u,c,t    -2/3
d,s,b   +1/3
e,,   +1

- Particles
- u,c,t    +2/3
- d,s,b   -1/3
- e,,   -1
- Anti-particles
- u,c,t    -2/3
- d,s,b   +1/3
- e,,   +1

- Anti-Matter

## Slide 5

## Now 
(15 billion years)

**Now **
**(15 billion years)**

**Stars form**
**(1 billion years)**

**Atoms form **
**(300,000 years)**

**Nuclei form **
**(180 seconds)**

**??? (Before that)**

**Nucleons form    **
**(10****-10**** seconds)**

**Quarks differentiate             (10****-34**** seconds?)**

## Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(a.k.a. Fermilab)

- Begun in 1968
- First beam 1972 (200, then 400 GeV)
- Upgrade 1983          (900 GeV)
- Upgrade 2001             (980 GeV)

- Jargon alert:  1 Giga Electron Volt
- (GeV) is 100,000 times more energy
- than the particle beam in your TV.
- If you made a beam the hard way,
- it would take 1,000,000,000 batteries

## Fermilab Facts

- Named after Enrico Fermi, the famous Italian physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project.
- Current Director: Pierre Odonne
- Fermilab encompasses 6800 acres, much of it used for prairie restoration and preserving open space in the western suburbs.
- Employees about 2000 people.
- Original cost $250,000,000.  Approximately the same amount in upgrades over the last 30 years.
- Electric bill between $10,000,000 and $20,000,000
- NO classified work is done here.

## Slide 9

## Slide 10

##   The Main Injector upgrade was completed in 1999.

**Increasing ‘Violence’ **
**of Collision **

**Expected**
**Number**
**of**
**Events**

**Run II**

**Run I**

**Increased reach **
**for discovery physics**
**at highest masses**

**Huge statistics **
**for precision physics**
**at low mass scales**

**Formerly rare processes**
**become high statistics**
**processes**

- 1

- 10

- 100

- 1000

****  The Main Injector upgrade was completed in 1999.
- 		 ****  The new accelerator increases the number of
-                       possible collisions per second by 10-20.
- 			     ****  DØ and CDF have undertaken massive
-                                        upgrades to utilize the increased
-                                              collision rate.
**	****	****	****	****                  ******  Run II began March 2001

## How Do You Detect Collisions?

- Use one of two large multi-purpose particle detectors at Fermilab (DØ and CDF).
- They’re designed to record collisions of protons colliding with antiprotons at nearly the speed of light.
- They’re basically cameras.
- They let us look back in                             time.

## Slide 13

## Slide 14

- Track through many
- detectors

- Detectors hit

## Showers:  Energy Detection

## How Different Particles Interact with a Detector

## Slide 18

## DØ Detector: Run II

- 30’

- 30’

- 50’

- Weighs 5000 tons
- Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second
- Will record 50 collisions/second
- Records approximately 10,000,000 bytes/second
- Will record 1015  (1,000,000,000,000,000) bytes in the next run (1 PetaByte).

## Remarkable Photos

- This collision is the most violent
- ever recorded.  It required that
- particles hit within 10-19 m or
- 1/10,000 the size of a proton

- In this collision, a top and
- anti-top quark were created,
- helping establish their existence

## In Run II (March 1, 2001), the Fermilab

- Tevatron will deliver 10-20 times as
- many collisions per second as Run I.
- The DØ detector required an overhaul
- in order to cope.

## DØ Fiber Tracker

- covered with
- scintillating fiber
- are read out with
-     a novel light
-     detector (VLPCs).

- VLPCs

## DØ Silicon Tracker

- 800,000 distinct detector                elements
- Very complex (fragile)
- Absolutely crucial for                    viewing the details of how particles behave near the collision.
- Particles that don’t come from                 the collision point serve as                       ‘flags’ of interesting physics.

## DØ Muon System

- DØ Muon System

- Muons                                                provide a                                                 signature of                                                 many interesting physics events.
- Muons penetrate dense material               for long distances.
- Thus muon detectors are outside              the large amount of metal that makes the rest of the detector.
- The muon system consists of many different detector technologies, and is the physically largest system.

## Run II:  What are we going to find?

*I don’t know!*

- Improve top quark mass and measure decay modes.
- Do Run I more accurately

- Supersymmetry, Higgs, Technicolor, particles smaller than quarks, something unexpected?

## www-d0.fnal.gov/~lucifer/PowerPoint/Kulak_Sep2005.ppt

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