# Presentation: 489251

## Wind and Water Distribution over Ocean

**Wind and Water Distribution over Ocean**
**W. Timothy Liu, Xiaosu Xie, and Wenqing Tang**
**Distribution of Wind Power over Ocean**
**Closure of Water Balance**
**Meso-scale Ocean-atmosphere Coupling**

## SMMR

**SMMR**

## Power density

**Power density**

**Using Weibull distribution**

**Scaling factor**

**Shape factor**

**ū is mean wind speed**
**σ**** is standard deviation of wind speed**
**Г**** is the gamma function**

## Generating electric power from wind energy at sea (floating wind farms)
Avoid hazard conditions in shipping
Ocean-atmosphere exchanges, in heat, water, and greenhouse gases

**Avoid hazard conditions in shipping**
**Ocean-atmosphere exchanges, in heat, water, and greenhouse gases**

**Distribution of Wind Speed**

## Slide 5

## Slide 6

## Center of cyclonic currents

## Center of cyclonic currents

## Center of cyclonic currents

## Center of cyclonic currents

## Center of cyclonic currents

## HYDROLOGIC BALANCE

**HYDROLOGIC BALANCE**

**Ue=f(Us)     Liu (1993)-polynomial **
**                     ****Liu & Tang (2005) - Neural Network**
**Ue = U****850mb****    Heta & Mitsuta (1993)**
**Both Us & U****850mb****   ****Xie et al. (2007) - SVR**

**HYDROLOGIC BALANCE**

## E-P

**E-P**

**Flux Divergence**

## Subtropical South Pacific

**E-P**

**Subtropical South Pacific**

**CC=0.856**

**CC=0.913**

## Equatorial western Pacific

**Equatorial western Pacific**

**CC=0.81**

**CC=0.764**

## Ocean Balance

**Ocean Balance**

**Land Balance**

**GRACE**

**Climatology**

## Global Water Balance - JASON

**Global Water Balance - JASON**

## Global Water Balance-GRACE

## Global Water Balance-GRACE

## Water Balance over Global Ocean

**Water Balance over Global Ocean**

## Ocean’s Influence on Water Balance of South America

**Ocean’s Influence on Water Balance of South America**

**The approximate balance of dM/dt with ∫********-R bolsters not only the credibity of the spacebased measurements, but supports the characterization of ocean’s influence on continental water balance.**

**Liu et al., GRL 2006**

## Meridional Heat Transport (MHT)

**Meridional Heat Transport (MHT)**

**H: Heat content**
**ζ****: Horizontal heat flux**
**SW: Short wave radiation**
**LW: Long wave radiation**
**LH: Latent heat**
**SH: Sensible heat**

## Slide 23

## AMSR measures the largest aggregate of water cycle parameters
The high resolution global coverage is conducive to study the coupling of mid-latitude ocean fronts with atmosphere
It provide the distribution of wind power density with unprecedented details
Need continuous and consistent time series
New opportunity for science synergism still lies ahead 

**The high resolution global coverage is conducive to study the coupling of mid-latitude ocean fronts with atmosphere**
**It provide the distribution of wind power density with unprecedented details**
**Need continuous and consistent time series**
**New opportunity for science synergism still lies ahead **

**Summary**

## Center of cyclonic currents

- Backup

## Our knowledge on stress was derived from winds before we have scatterometer
High-resolution AMSR data help to define mesoscale SST gradient where stress could not be derived from wind alone
Because the weak lapse rate, mid-latitude SST anomalies could not generate atmospheric response above boundary layer. 
Satellite data contradict such notion and challenge on dynamics and scaling for the modelling community.

**High-resolution AMSR data help to define mesoscale SST gradient where stress could not be derived from wind alone**
**Because the weak lapse rate, mid-latitude SST anomalies could not generate atmospheric response above boundary layer. **
**Satellite data contradict such notion and challenge on dynamics and scaling for the modelling community.**

**Mid-latitude Coupling over Ocean Front**

## Collocation of ENW magnitude with SST is inherent in the definition of ENW and turbulent mixing theory.

**Filtered ENW (color) and SST (contour)**

**Collocation of ENW magnitude with SST is inherent in the definition of ENW and turbulent mixing theory.**

## Precipitation is in quadrature with SST and in phase with surface wind convergence.

**Filtered precipitation (color) and SST (contour)**

**Precipitation is in quadrature with SST and in phase with surface wind convergence.**

## Slide 29