# Presentation: 078921

## Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas: CAADP Pillar 3 Early Action 

- USAID/East Africa
- USAID/Ethiopia
- USAID/Kenya

## Facts for Thought :  Pastoralist Population in Horn of African Countries

| Country | Population | Pastoralist Population |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ethiopia |  75,000,000 |   8,000,000 |  |
| Somalia |    8,000,000 |   5,000,000 |  |
| Kenya |  42,000,000 |   4,500,000 |  |
| Djibouti |       450,000 |         90,000 |  |
| Total | 125,450,000 | 17,590,000 |  |

**Notes:**
This is to demonstrate how large Ethiopia is (in relative and absolute terms) to many countries in Africa and how difficult it is to program for a national impact with a small amount of funding.  

We know that the /W folks might not appreciate when the field people talk about other countries funding allocations because they have additional criteria in fund allocations.  In so doing we are challenging them in their decisions.

## Pastoral systems are economically viable

**Pastoralism is the most economically viable production system** for the drylands of Kenya, and the most environmentally sustainable management system.
- The **root of drylands poverty and vulnerability** seems to be the adherence to the disproved myth that there is a modern alternative that can replace pastoralism.
- Mobile **pastoralist systems are 3 to 10 times more productive** than ranching systems in the drylands.
- In Kenya, over 60% of the national livestock herd is held by pastoralists: this **livestock herd produces 10% of GDP and 50% of agricultural GDP**.
- The pastoral herd has an **estimated value of $6 to 7 billion** dollars (Republic of Kenya, 2002).
**Forward and backward linkages**, with manufacturing, agro industries, distribution and other services, add to the value of its overall contribution to the national economy – a multiplier of 1.8 is sometimes used to estimate the real value of livestock production to the economy.

**Notes:**
Source: WISP “Global Economic Review of Pastoralism”

Root causes of the crisis, economic data to help inform this debate.
Off take rates from pastoralists’ herds are estimated at 6-14% for cattle, 1-3% for camels and 4-10% for sheep and goats. This translates into 220,130 – 513,630 head of cattle, 9,250 – 28,000 camels, 231,960 – 597,000 goats, and 156,600 – 391,500 removed from pastoral herds annually – at an estimated value of Kshs. 5 billion to 8 billion (Republic of Kenya, 2000). 

## Pastoral systems: economically viable - 2

- Most *dryland ecosystems are ecologically grazing-dependent*, and a reduction of mobility or exclusion of grazers results in a drastic drop in ecosystem health and stability.
- That there is poverty and vulnerability in the drylands is beyond doubt. But it is misguided to consider that this is due to the weakness of the pastoral production system.
*Alternatives to pastoralism*, far from making things better, can exacerbate poverty and vulnerability and degrade the natural resource base.
- Economic activities that are complementary to pastoralism – which enhance pastoral mobility, diversify the livelihood portfolio and offer exit strategies for those leaving the system – are greatly needed, as is significant investment directly into pastoralism itself.
- Unfortunately, little has ever been done to enhance the pastoral production system and most money has been spent on trying to substitute it.
- In various ways, this is a major root of pastoral poverty and vulnerability.

**Notes:**
The environmental services provided by pastoralist livestock are not adequately valued, but their importance for maintaining drylands environments is well documented. 
Overgrazing, where it genuinely exists, often stems from constraints to pastoral mobility. Where mobility and locally owned institutions for land management are maintained, the results are biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management. 
Land degradation may be evident around permanent settlements and water points, where livestock mobility is reduced, but it is much less evident in open rangelands where mobility is unrestricted.

## Why the livelihoods investments in the pastoral regions?

- “Mandera Triangle”: epicenter of most recent drought & flood emergencies in Horn of Africa
- The region characterized by low levels of household income and capital base
- Relies heavily on emergency assistance
- The region is highly marginalized and not integrated to the national economic  systems
- Population highly vulnerable to shocks like droughts and famine- epicenter of famine and drought
- Region wracked by conflicts - clan based, resources based, etc.

## USAID programs in Horn of Africa pastoral areas

- Ethiopia Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative (PLI)
- Ethiopia Livestock Sector programs
- Kenya: Northeastern Pastoral Development Program (NEPDP)
- East Africa Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas (RELPA) Program
- Somalia water development activities (& K & U)
- Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance programs
- Food for Peace Programs at bilateral and WFP levels

## Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative of USAID/Ethiopia (Oct. 2005 start)

- OBJECTIVES
- Build Long Term Livelihoods of Pastoralists Through Livestock Support And Marketing
- Improve Emergency Response Mechanisms – Save Livelihoods As Well As Lives
- Achieve Policy Change To Improve Pastoralist Livelihoods And Access To Livestock Markets

## PLI COST BENEFIT/IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS

| 

Interventions | Estimated total $ benefit Conservative
Estimate | Direct Costs (approx)  | Total Cost Max. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| De- Stocking Commercial  | US $1,140,000  | $19,521  |   |
| De-Stocking Slaughter  | $25,021 (cash) 
$4,132 (meat) | 39,020 |   |
| Vaccination and treatment  | $15,315,000  | $154,000  |   |
| Breeding Herd Maintenance  |  $419,600  | 80,000  |   |
| TOTAL  | $16,903,752 | $292,541  | $1,098,000  |
| Cost Benefit |   | 1:57.78  | 1:15.4 |

## Kenya Northeastern Pastoral Development Program (NEPDP) of USAID/Kenya

- A three-year program in northeastern province (Mandera, Wajir, Garissa, Ijara & Tana River) and implemented by AU-IBAR, KLMC & LTMS-K, begun February 2006
_**Focus**_: improve the livelihoods of pastoralists dependent on livestock production and trade
_**Strategy**_: private sector led livestock marketing and animal health care delivery system
_**Target groups**_:  MoLFD,KLMC, LTMS-K & their members,DLMC,CAHWs, other stakeholders
_**Program areas**_: institutional strengthening, policy improvement, improved animal health delivery, private-public sector collaboration in market access and service delivery, financial and non-financial services including conflict management

## Kenya NEPDP  cont’d

- Progress to date:
- Livestock value chain study:  _[www.bdsknowledge.org](http://www.bdsknowledge.org/)_
- Business plans – KLMC, LTMS-K
- Disease surveillance – mobile labs and screening
- Market rehabilitation – Kotile Market
- Consultative meetings (service providers and regulators) & Policy workshops
- Preparation for export market promotion to the Middle East underway

## Regional Enhanced Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas (RELPA) Program - USAID/East Africa

- OBJECTIVES:
- Increase household incomes and economic resiliency of the population living in the pastoral regions,
- Reduce these populations’ requirements for emergency assistance,
- Set the conditions by which the pastoral areas of the Horn of Africa can participate in a broader process of social and economic development, and
- Support COMESA in managing a policy process and investment frameworks in the region, with emphasis upon vulnerable pastoral areas via CAADP Pillar Three
- align national, donor, and private resources around common policies and programs that promote the diversification and sustainability of pastoral area peoples’ livelihoods.

## Focus of RELPA efforts in target area (2006-)

- Bridging the gap between emergency relief and development assistance,
- Establish viable pastoralist and alternative livelihoods*,
- Enhancement of livelihoods options to reduce vulnerability and destitution in pastoral regions,
- Improving livestock production and marketing,
- Improving natural resource management,
- Strengthening civil governance and conflict mitigation,
- Promoting local, national, regional and international policies beneficial to pastoral areas

**Notes:**
* In considerations regarding alternative sources of income a distinction should be made between alternative livelihoods strategies (e.g., exit), complementary livelihood strategies (e.g., charcoal production, handicrafts)  and enhanced (livestock-centered) livelihood strategies (i.e. market integration, dairy products). 
Above all, he highlights the importance to look beyond the alternatives 

## RELPA Program Activity Areas

- Financial Assets

- Physical Assets

## RELPA seeks to synergize & complement:

- Investments of national governments, and the Regional Economic Commissions, esp. COMESA & CAADP;
- Programs funded by other USAID units and by bilateral donors;
- Programs supported by multilateral donors such as ALRMP and ASAL programs in Kenya, and Ethiopia and Somalia equivalents;
- Pertinent IGAD initiatives, e.g., CEWARN, Pro-poor Livestock Policy Program (DfID funded, FAO implemented);
- Programs of the many NGOs, PVOs;
- Other regional initiatives, e.g., UNOCHA Pastoral Communications Initiative, World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism, FAO ALIVE/LEAD;
- FEWSNet, FSAU, CEWARN, ECHO, etc.;
- Private entrepreneurs, traders;
- microfinance and microenterprise initiatives; and
- ICT telecommunications initiatives in the region.

## Opportunity:Regional Roll-out of IntegratedPhase Classification (IPC):HumanitarianAssistance &Early Response

## Opportunity:Harmonizing Livelihoods Zone Classificationacross borders