# Presentation: 867676

## BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

*http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes.html*

***National Nanotechnology Initiative:******From Vision to Commercialization***
***April 29 – May 1, 2002***
***Patricia M. Dehmer***
***Associate Director of Science for***
***Basic Energy Sciences***

***Nanoscience Activities in******DOE’s Office of Science***

***BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- ******Serving the Present, Shaping the Future***

## DOE Missions and Nanoscience/Nanotechnology Activities

**Fossil energy**
***Materials that perform well under the extreme conditions of temperature and pressure in energy production***
***Nanostructured catalysts for cheaper, cleaner, more environmentally friendly petroleum refining and product manufacturing***
**Energy efficiency**
***Strong, tough, ductile, lightweight, and low-failure-rate materials for improved fuel efficiency in ground and air transportation***
***Low-loss, high-performance magnets for more efficient motors***
***Self-assembling nanostructures for near-net-shape materials forming***
***Surface tailoring for reduced friction and improved wear***
***Hardened alloys and ceramics for cutting tools***
***Nanofluids with increased thermal efficiency for improved heat exchangers***
***Layered structures for highly efficient, low-power light sources and photovoltaic cells***
***Smart materials such as paints that change color with temperature and windows that respond to thermal inputs***
***Nanostructured catalysts for fuel cells and batteries***
**Renewable energy**
***Light harvesting and energy storage systems***
***Nanostructured materials for hydrogen storage***
**Nuclear energy**
***Radiation tolerant materials***
***Nanostructures that selectively bind and concentrate radionucleotides, thereby lowering waste disposal costs***

***DOE Missions and Nanoscience/Nanotechnology Activities***

## Materials for Improved Energy Efficiency and Performance 

**Lighter, stronger magnets**
**More efficient motors**

**Superior strength**
**Hard thin layers**
**Greatly reduced friction & wear**

**2-nm Al****2****O****3**
**particles**

**Exchange-Spring Magnets****SmCo/Fe**

**Ion-Implantation Metallurgy****Al+O Implanted Ni**

***Materials for Improved Energy Efficiency and Performance ***

## DOE Missions and Nanoscience/Nanotechnology Activities

**Electronic and photonic materials**
**Sensors and actuators**
**Micromechanics, nanotribology**
**Tailored nanostructures**
**Homeland defense**
**Sensors for detection at the nanoscale, including single-molecule detection of explosives and chemical agents, specific viruses, or other biological agents;  laboratories on a chip; portable and sensitive radiological detectors.**
**Catalysts for decontamination, membranes for separations, and nanostructured materials as absorbers and reactive filters.  **
**Cleanup**
**Molecular sieves and filters for improved separations**
**Nanostructured materials for selective sequestration of specific contaminants**

***DOE Missions and Nanoscience/Nanotechnology Activities***

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***NNI FY 2003 Funding Requests******DOE is one of the three lead agencies***

**+ up to $15M in FY 02 **

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## Nanoscale Science and Technology ...... in the Bush Administration

***Science Based Science Policy***** **
**Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science**** ****John Marburger**** ****February 15, 2002**
***(Excerpts)***
**The quantum technologies of the chemistry and physics of atoms, molecules, and materials developed rapidly through several generations during the Cold War.  By 1991, when the Soviet Union finally dissolved, scientists were beginning to wield instruments that permitted the visualization of relatively large-scale functional structures in terms of their constituent atoms. The importance of this development cannot be over-stated.  ... The result is an unprecedented ability to design and construct new materials with properties that are not found in nature. **
**The revolution I am describing is one in which the notion that everything is made of atoms finally becomes operational. **

***Nanoscale Science and Technology ...******... in the Bush Administration***

## The picture of science I have portrayed ... has immediate implications and challenges for science policy. 

**The picture of science I have portrayed ... has immediate implications and challenges for science policy.**** **
**First, there is the need to fund the enabling machinery for exploring the frontier of complexity. Some of this machinery is expensive, such as the great x-ray sources operated by the Department of Energy, or the Spallation Neutron Source. Even the computing power required at the frontier is expensive and not yet widely available to investigators****.**
**Second is the desirability of funding research in the fields that benefit from the atomic level visualization and control of functional matter. They fall into the two categories of organic and inorganic.  We call them biotechnology and nanotechnology. ...**
**Third, there is the need ... for wise allocation of resources to seize the most advantage for society from our leadership in these fields. **

## National Nanotechnology Initiative Focus Areas

***(**** *** *****BES activities)***

**Long-term, fundamental nanoscience and engineering research**
***FY 2001:  BES awarded $26.5M in new NNI funds based on peer review --  ******76 university grants ($16.1M) and 12 laboratory awards ($10.4M)***
***FY 2002:  BES may award up to $15M based on peer review***
**Centers and networks of excellence**
***BES Nanoscale Science Research Centers – the DOE “flagship” NNI activity***
**Research infrastructure**
***BES supports the synchrotron light sources, neutron scattering facilities, and other specialized facilities in support of nanoscale science***
**Grand challenge areas**
***Nanostructured materials “by design” – stronger, lighter, tougher, harder, self-repairing, and safer***
***Efficient energy conversion and storage***
***Nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and magnetics***
***National security***
***Chemical/biological/radiological/explosive (CBRE)detection/protection***
***Nanoscale processes for environmental improvement***
***Economical and safe transportation***
***Advanced healthcare, therapeutics, and diagnostics***
***Microcraft space exploration and industrialization***
**Ethical, legal, societal implications and workforce education and training**
***Graduate and postdoc training supported via university grants and lab awards***

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## Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs)

***Research facilities for synthesis, processing, and fabrication of nanoscale materials***
***Co-located with existing user facilities (synchrotron radiation light sources, neutron scattering facilities, other specialized facilities) to provide characterization and analysis capabilities***
***Operated as user facilities; available to all researchers; access determined by peer review of proposals***
***Provide specialized equipment and support staff not readily available to the research community***
***Conceived with broad input from university and industry user communities to define equipment scop*****e**
**NSRCs have been extensively reviewed by external peers and by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee**

***Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs)***

## BES X-ray and Neutron Scattering Facilities

**Light Source**

***BES X-ray and Neutron Scattering Facilities***

**Advanced Photon Source**

**Advanced Light Source**

**High-Flux**
**Isotope Reactor**

**Spallation Neutron Source**

**Intense Pulsed Neutron Source**

**Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center**

## NSRCs (       ) and the BES User Facilities

*** ******4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources ***
*** ******Linac Coherent Light Source (CD0 approved)***
*** ******4 High-Flux Neutron Sources (SNS under construction)***
*** ******4 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers***
*** ******4 Special Purpose Centers***
*** ******5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers***

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***Under construction***
***In design/engineering***
***In design/engineering***

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**Advanced Light Source**

**Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab**

**National Synchrotron Light Source**

**Advanced Photon Source**

**National Center for Electron Microscopy**

**Shared Research Equipment Program**

**Center for Microanalysis of Materials**

**Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research**

**High-Flux Isotope Reactor**

**Intense Pulsed Neutron Source**

**Combustion Research Facility**

**James R. MacDonald Lab**

**Pulse Radiolysis Facility**

**Materials Preparation Center**

**Los Alamos Neutron Science Center**

**Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences**

**Spallation Neutron Source**

**Linac Coherent Light Source**

**Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies**

**Molecular**
**Foundry **

**NSRCs under review **

## The Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National Laboratory

***The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences******Oak Ridge National Laboratory***

**Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences**

**HFIR**

**SNS**

**Unique tools and capabilities:**
**World’s absolute best neutron scattering capabilities are provided by the Spallation Neutron Source and the newly upgraded High-Flux Isotope Reactor**
**Scientific focus areas:**
**Nanoscale materials related to polymers, macromolecular systems, exotic crystals, complex oxides, and other nanostructured materials**
**Scientific theory/modeling/simulation, building on the outstanding ORNL materials sciences program**

## The Molecular FoundryLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

***The Molecular Foundry******Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory***

**Unique tools and capabilities:**
**Advanced Light Source**
**National Center for Electron Microscopy**
**National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center**
**Nationally unique facilities, such as the****e-beam nanowriter – nanofabrication facility**
**Outstanding faculty and students in multidisciplinary research, including materials science • physics • chemistry • biochemistry • biomolecular materials • engineering**
**Scientific focus areas:**
**Combination of “soft” and “hard” materials/building units**
**Multicomponent functional assemblies**

## The Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesSandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque) and Los Alamos National Laboratory

***The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies******Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque) and Los Alamos National Laboratory***

**Unique tools and capabilities:**
**Compound Semiconductor Laboratory**** (SNL)**
**Microelectronics Development Laboratory**** (SNL)**
**Nano lithography, imaging, and characterization; MEMS (SNL)**
**Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANL)**
**National High Magnetic Field Lab (LANL)**
**Computing/theory (LANL)**
**Scientific focus areas:**
**Nanophotonics and nanoelectronics**
**Electronic, magnetic, and optical phenomena at nanoscale**
**Nanomechanics**
**Mechanisms and limits of mechanical deformation**
**Unique mechanical properties occurring at the nanoscale**
**Nano-micro interfaces**
**Bridging functional nanoassemblies to micro (and larger) world**

## “Beyond Nano”

***“******Beyond Nano”***

**Complex**
**Systems**

**Science**
**for the**
**21****st**** Century**

## The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More

- Things Natural

- Things Manmade

**MicroElectroMechanical devices**
- 10 -100 m wide

- Red blood cells

- Pollen grain

**Atoms of silicon**
- spacing ~tenths of nm

**Zone plate x-ray “lens”**Outermost ring spacing ~35 nm

- Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- Office of Science, U.S. DOE
- Version 03-05-02