# Presentation: 660639

## Players in Coastal Hazard Management

**Players in Coastal Hazard Management**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-  Government
-  Federal
-  State
-  Local
-  Regional
-  Private Landowners and Investors
-  Non-Government Organizations

**Slide 26.1**

## Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Rights
-  Privileges
-  Restrictions
-  Duties

**Slide 26.2**

**Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks**

## Rights of Ownership

**Rights of Ownership**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   The right of possession
-  The right to control
-  The right of enjoyment
- The right of disposition

**Slide 26.3**

## Limits on Ownership

**Limits on Ownership**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Common law restrictions on property uses
-  The police power
-  Eminent domain
-  Property taxation

**Slide 26.4**

## Factors in Coastal Development Decisions

**Factors in Coastal Development Decisions**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-  Demand
-  Risk
-  Hazards
-  Regulation
-  Infrastructure
-  Time Value of Money

**Slide 26.5**

## Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions

**Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Public information programs
-  Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas
-  Policies that require hazard mitigation
-  Impact fees for services in hazardous areas
-  Density bonuses for projects outside
-  Low-cost loans for mitigation
-  Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas
-  Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas
-  Differential loan rates for hazard areas

**Slide 26.6**

## Non-Governmental Organizations

**Non-Governmental Organizations**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Natural Resources Defense Council
-  Sierra Club
-  Center for Marine Conservation
-  other environmental and public interest groups

**Slide 26.7**

## Non-Governmental Organizations:

**Non-Governmental Organizations:**
**Land Trusts**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   The Nature Conservancy
-  Local groups

**Slide 26.8**

## Non-Governmental Organizations:

**Non-Governmental Organizations:**
**Private Interest Groups**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Investment organizations
-  Energy organizations
-  Development organizations

**Slide 26.9**

## Non-Governmental Organizations: 

**Non-Governmental Organizations: **
**Professional Associations**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   floodplain managers
-  emergency managers
-  planners/architects
-  engineers
-  builders
-  bankers/insurers
-  landscapers

**Slide 26.10**

## Government Coalitions

**Government Coalitions**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   chambers of commerce
-  leagues of municipalities
-  county government leagues
-  regional councils of government

**Slide 26.11**

## Third Sector Capabilities

**Third Sector Capabilities**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   mobilize public and political support
-  shape public opinion
-  attract diverse funding
-  leverage scarce resources

**Slide 26.12**

## Approaches to Government Regulation 

**Approaches to Government Regulation **
**of Coastal Development**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Withhold government subsidies for development
-  Land use planning
-  Restrict/prohibit structures

**Slide 26.13**

## Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters

**Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812
-  Chicago Fire of 1873
-  Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889
-  Galveston Hurricane of 1900
-  San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906
- Miami Hurricane of 1926
- Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927
- New England Hurricane of 1938

**Slide 26.14**

## Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s

**Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Disaster loans made available for public facilities
-  Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
- Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas

**Slide 26.15**

## Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s

**Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk
-  More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters
-  Hurricane Hazel, 1954
-  Hurricane Diana, 1955
-  Hurricane Audrey, 1957

**Slide 26.16**

## Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s

**Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961
-  Natural Disasters:
- Ash Wednesday Storm
- Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami
- Hurricane Betsy
- Hurricane Camille
- National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968

**Slide 26.17**

## Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s

**Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters
-  Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979

**Slide 26.18**

## Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s 

**Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s **
** ****and 1990s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question.
-  The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters:
- Hurricane Hugo, 1989
- Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989
- Hurricane Andrew, 1992
- Hurricane Iniki, 1992

**Slide 26.19**

## A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery

**A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA
-  FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993
-   Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain

**Slide 26.20**

## Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s

**Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level
-  FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation
-  FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities

**Slide 26.21**

## Post September 11th

**Post September 11th**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

-   Department of Homeland Security created
-  FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate

**Slide 26.22**

## Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard?

**Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard?**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

- The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards.

**Slide 26.23**

## State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas

**State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.24**

-  Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas
-  Coastal setbacks
-  Limit public provision of infrastructure
-  Mandatory building codes
-  Mandate local planning

## Local Land Use Management Tools

**Local Land Use Management Tools**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.25**

-  comprehensive land use plans
-  zoning/subdivision ordinances
-  capital improvement programs
-  historic district regulations
-  land acquisition programs
-  targeted taxation assessments
-  impact fees
-  annexation programs

## Disaster Resilient Local Communities

**Disaster Resilient Local Communities**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.26**

-  Property tax base located in safe areas
-  Property built to withstand natural hazards
-  Economically secure
-  Financially stable
-  Sustainable

## Issues of Regional Concern

**Issues of Regional Concern**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.27**

-  public policy
-  administration
-  resource management
-  pollution control
-  economic development
-  other social, political, or environmental concerns

## Forms of Regional Governance

**Forms of Regional Governance**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.28**

-  regulatory (with or without enforcement powers)
-  administrative
-  advisory
-  voluntary councils/federations

## Elements of Success in Regional Governance

**Elements of Success in Regional Governance**

**Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management**
**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Slide 26.29**

-  authority for implementation
-  fiscal autonomy
-  legal flexibility in interpreting mandates
-  professionalism among staff
-  clear goals
-  proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions