# Presentation: 107120

## Unit 3 Review

- The “Killers”:
- Airway obstruction
- Excessive bleeding
- Shock
- All “immediates” receive airway control, bleeding control, and treatment for shock.

## Unit 3 Review

- Triage involves:
- Rapid assessment.
- Rapid treatment.

## Unit Introduction

- Topics:
- Public health concerns
- Organization of disaster medical operations
- Establishing treatment areas
- Conducting head-to-toe assessments
- Treating injuries

## Unit Objectives

- Take appropriate measures to protect public health.
- Perform head-to-toe patient assessments.
- Establish a treatment area.
- Apply splints to suspected fractures and sprains, and employ basic treatments for other wounds.

## Public Health Considerations

- Maintain proper hygiene.
- Maintain proper sanitation.
- Purify water (if necessary).

## Steps to Maintain Hygiene

- Wash hands frequently using soap and water.
- Wear latex gloves; change or disinfect after each patient.
- Wear a mask and goggles.
- Keep dressings sterile.
- Avoid contact with body fluids.

## Maintaining Sanitation

- Control disposal of bacterial sources.
- Put waste products in plastic bags, tie off, and mark as medical waste.
- Bury human waste.

## Functions of Disaster Medical Operations

- Triage
- Treatment
- Transport
- Morgue

## Establish Treatment Areas

- The site selected should be:
- In a safe area.
- Close to (but upwind and uphill from) the hazard.
- Accessible by transportation vehicles.
- Expandable.

## Establishing Treatment Areas

## Indicators of Injury

- Bruising
- Swelling
- Severe pain
- Disfigurement
- Provide _immediate_ treatment for life-threatening injuries!

## Conducting Victim Assessment

- A head-to-toe assessment:
- Determines the extent of injuries and treatment.
- Determines the type of treatment needed.
- Documents injuries.

## Head-to-Toe Assessment

- Head
- Neck
- Shoulders
- Chest
- Arms
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Legs
- Back

## Treating Burns

- Cool the burned area.
- Cover to reduce infection.

## Layers of Skin

- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer

## Classification of Burns

- First degree
- Second degree
- Third degree

## Wound Care

- Control bleeding
- Prevent secondary infection
- Clean wound—_don’t_ scrub
- Apply dressing and bandage

## Rules of Dressing

- In the absence of active bleeding, remove dressing and flush, check wound at least every 4-6 hours.
- If there is active bleeding, redress _over_ existing dressing and maintain pressure and elevation.

## Treating Amputations

- Control bleeding
- Treat for shock
- Save tissue parts, wrapped in clean cloth
- Keep tissue cool
- Keep tissue with the victim

## Treating Impaled Objects

- Impaled Objects:
- Immobilize.
- Don’t move or remove.
- Control bleeding.
- Clean and dress wound.
- Wrap.

## Treating Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains, and Strains

- Objective:  Immobilize the injury and joints above and below the injury.
- If questionable, treat as a fracture.

## Treating an Open Fracture

- Do not draw exposed bones back into tissue.
- Do not irrigate wound.

## Treating an Open Fracture

_**DO**_**:**
- Cover wound.
- Splint fracture without disturbing wound.
- Place a moist 4" x 4" dressing over bone end to prevent drying.

## Signs of Sprain

- Tenderness at injury site
- Swelling and/or bruising
- Restricted use or loss of use
- Immobilize and elevate.

## Guidelines for Splinting

- Support the injured area.
- Splint injury in the position that you find it.
- Don’t try to realign bones.
- Check for color, warmth, and sensation.
- Immobilize above and below the injury.

## Nasal Bleeding

- Causes:
- Blunt force
- Skull fracture
- Nontrauma-related conditions
- Blood loss can lead to shock.
- Victims may become nauseated and vomit if they swallow blood.

## Symptoms of Hypothermia

- Primary signs and symptoms:
- A body temperature of 95o Fahrenheit (37o Celsius) or less
- Redness or blueness of the skin
- Numbness accompanied by shivering

## Symptoms of Hypothermia

- At later stages, hypothermia will be accompanied by:
- Slurred speech.
- Unpredictable behavior.
- Listlessness.