# Presentation: 039437

## Civil Air Patrol - Arizona Wing

**Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM)**** **

**Sky Harbor Composite Squadron 301 AEO, 1LT Tom Lodge Revised June, 2002**

**Chapters ****18 - 27**

## Part 4 Air Environment

**Chap. 18-****	****The Atmosphere**
**Chap. 19-****	****Weather Elements**
**Chap. 20-****	****Aviation Weather**

## 18 The Atmosphere

_**Atmospheric Regions**_
**Troposphere - Region where we live.  “Tropo” means change “sphere” means layer.  Temperature decreases with altitude, region where weather occurs. **
**Stratosphere - Stable weather region, temperature increases with altitude**
**Mesosphere - Temperature increase then decrease to -130F**
**Thermosphere - 50 miles to 300 miles, temperature increases**

_**Water in Atmosphere**_
**Evaporation - liquid molecules turn to gas or vapor state.**
**Humidity - amount of water in air**
**Relative Humidity - indicates amount of water vapor that can still enter air mass before being saturated**
**Dew Point Temperature - Temperature at or below which water vapor will be saturated and condense.**

_**Methods of Heat Transfer**_
**Conduction - Heating by direct contact**
**Convection - Heating by vertical motion of fluid (thermals)**
**Advection - Heating by horizontal motion of fluid (wind)**
**Radiation - Method of heating without changing temperature of medium in between (sun)**
**Insolation - Rate Earth’s surface is heated by solar radiation**

_**Pressure Gradient**_
**Pressure gradient - slope of high-pressure mountain**
**Isobars - lines of constant pressure**
**Jet Stream - “River” of high speed air moving from West to East at speeds up to 450MPH**

## 19 Weather Elements

_**Air Masses & Fronts**_
**Cold Front - Pushes warm air upward and can create thunderstorms**
**Warm Front - Warm air covers cold air, usually high, thin wispy clouds develop**
**Stationary Front - When air masses lose their “punch” and do not replace each other**
**Occluded Front - Warm air mass, lying between two cold masses is lifted by cold mass behind**

_**Clouds**_
**Cumulus - Piled up**
**Stratus - Layered**
**Cirrus - High, thin appearance**

**Low - 300-6500 ft, stratus, cumulus, stratocumulus, cumulonimbus, nimbostratus**
**Medium - “Alto” high but not highest, 6500 - 20000 ft**
**High - Cirrus - wispy **

**Polar - Cold**
**Tropical - Hot**
**Maritime - Humid**
**Continental - Dry **

## 20 Aviation Weather

_**Weather Hazards**_
**Visual Flt Rules (VFR) - Cloud ceiling > 3000 ft and visibility > 3 miles**
**Instrument Flt Rules (IFR) - Cloud ceiling >500 and <1000 ft and visibility >1 mile and <3miles**
**Clouds, rain, snow, fog, haze, smoke, blowing dust, sand, snow**
**Icing - Carburetor, glaze, rime, frost**

_**Severe Weather**_
**Thunderstorms**
**Cumulus stage - updraft of warm moist air**
**Mature stage - Rain, strong downdrafts**
**Dissipating stage - Downdrafts produce heating, drying, ceasing rain**
**Tornadoes**
**Funnel cloud that touches ground - violent energy in small area**
**Occur most often in N. America & Australia**
**Hurricane**
**Strong tropical cyclone that occur around world**
**Eye of hurricane is calm low pressure core**
**Hail**
**Frozen rain pellets that circulate in thunderstorm**

## Part 5 Rockets

**Chap. 21-****	****Rocket Fundamentals**
**Chap. 22-****	****Chemical Propulsion**
**Chap. 23-****	****Orbits & Trajectories**

## 21 Rocket Fundamentals

_**History of Rocketry**_
**Rocketry is based on the propelling of a vehicle by a reactive force.**
**Chinese developed rockets in 1220 and were first to use in war.**
**1405 - German engineer Konrad Kyeser von Eichstadt devised rocket propelled by gunpowder**
**1800 - Britain’s William Congreve developed flight-stabilizing guide sticks and built first viable launching pad.**
**William Hale (English) developed spin stabilization with angled exhaust tubes.**
**WW I - rockets used as signal flares and to carry messages, not used as primary weapon.**
**Dr. Robert H. Goddard - Developed and launched first liquid propelled rocket.  Recognized as the “Father of Modern Rocketry”.**
**Germany developed liquid rocket as weapon in WW II know as the V-2.**

## 21 Rocket Fundamentals

_**Fundamental Physics**_

_**Gravitation-**_**Force of attraction between all matter within the universe**
_**Gravity**_**- Gravitation force with a body or mass on or near the Earth (Galileo)**
_**Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation**_**:**
_**Newton’s Three Law’s of Motion:**_
**1) Inertia**
**2) F=ma**
**3) Action=Reaction**

**Momentum = m x V**
**Acceleration = rate of change of velocity**

_**Rocket Systems**_

_**Airframe-**_**Structure**
_**Propulsion**_
**Engines - Liquid Propellant**
**Motors- Solid Propellant**
_**Guidance Systems**_** - “Brain”, inertial platform, star tracking**
_**Control Systems**_** - “Steering”, thrust vector control, reaction control**

_***Specific Impulse (Isp)***_*** = lbs of thrust delivered by consuming 1 lb of propellant in 1 second***

## 22 Chemical Propulsion

_**Oxidizers & Reducers**_
**Oxidation - combination of oxygen with another substance.  Time it takes for this process determines if substance rusts, corrodes, burns, or explodes**
**Combustion - Rapid oxidation**
**Oxidizer - Chemical element of Oxygen used to facilitate oxidation**
**Reducers - Fuel used to combine with Oxygen to produce combustion.**
**Propellant - Common reference to both oxidizer and fuel**
**Bipropellant - Propellant with separate storage of oxidizer and fuel.**
**Monopropellant - Oxidizer and fuel stored in same container.**

_**Solid Motors-**_**Oxidizer and fuel are mixed together in solid state**
**Storable**
**No thrust control**
**Cannot stop or throttle**

_**Liquid Propellant**_
**Hard to store/handle**
**Can stop or throttle**

## 23 Orbits & Trajectories

_**Orbit **_**- Path described by one body in its revolution about another body.**

**Circular Orbit - Constant altitude above Earth’s surface**
**Elliptical Orbit - Not circular**
**Equatorial - West to East over Equator**
**Geostationary Orbit - Equatorial orbit of period of 24 hours**
**Polar Orbit - Crosses North and South poles**
**Sunsynchronous Orbit - Constant exposure to sunlight**
**Sounding Rocket - Straight up trajectory, never reaches orbit**

**Apogee**

**Perigee**

**Focal A**

**Focal B**

**Earth**

**Satellite**

## 23 Orbits & Trajectories

_**Velocity Requirements**_
**Burnout - Moment a rocket engine ceases to produce thrust.**
**Satellite in circular Earth orbit - 17,856 MPH**
**Minimum velocity to Moon - 24,409 MPH**
**Escape velocity of Earth - 25,560 MPH**
**Escape velocity of Solar System - 36,000 MPH**

_**Launch Vehicles**_
**Rocket - Power plant used to propel a payload.**
**Missile - Rocket propelled vehicle used to deliver a weapon.**
**Launch Vehicle - Rocket propelled vehicle use to deliver payload other than a weapon.**
**Expendable - Vehicles used only once and do not return to Earth.**
**Reusable - Space Shuttle is only reusable launch vehicle.**

## Part 6 Space

**Chap. 24-****	****Space Environment**
**Chap. 25-****	****Our Solar System**
**Chap. 26-****	****Unmanned Space Exploration**
**Chap. 27- ****	****Manned Spacecraft**

## 24 Space Environment

_**Space**_
**Definition - Altitude of 50 miles and beyond Earth’s surface.**
**Cislunar Space - Space between Earth & Moon.**
**Interplanetary Space - Center of Sun to outermost planet, Pluto.**
**Interstellar Space - Distance between solar systems.**

_**Sun**_
**Strongest gravitational force in the solar system.**
**864,000 Miles in diameter, surface is plasma, fusion process**
**Photosphere - Thin shell that gives light.**
**Chromosphere - Sphere of Color.**
**Corona - “Crown” outermost part of sun’s atmosphere**

_**Environmental Effects on Space Operations**_
**Communications - Magnetic storms, ionosphere, solar flares**
**Radiation, Electrostatic charging, vacuum**
**Weightlessness - Damaging physical effects on Human body.  Astronauts use NASA’s “Vomit Comet” to train for weightlessness or free fall.**

## 25 Our Solar System

_**Mercury**_
**Closest planet to Sun; 36 million miles**
**Temperature ranges from -350F to 750F**

_**Venus**_
**Second planet from Sun; 67 million miles**
**Nearest to Earth in size and distance**
**Only planet to rotate about its axis in a clockwise (east to west) direction**
**Hottest planet of 900F, 240 days to complete one rotation**

_**Mars**_
**Fourth planet, the Red Planet, slightly longer than 1 Earth day**
**Highest mountain in solar system:  400 miles wide 17 miles high**
**Pathfinder mission landed 1997.  Small rover called Sojourner analyzed rocks and soil.**

_**Jupiter**_
**Fifth planet, largest in solar system**
**Gas giant, hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia**
**11 times larger than Earth**
**Rotates every 10 hours**

## 25 Our Solar System

_**Saturn**_
**2nd largest planet and sixth from Sun**
**Rotates every 10 hours**

_**Uranus**_
**3rd largest planet in solar system**
**Rotates on side every 18 hours.**
**2 billion miles from Sun, -340F on surface**

_**Neptune**_
**Outermost of gas planets, 4th largest in solar system**
**Rotates every 19 hours**
**Most windy planet, up to 1500 MPH**

_**Pluto**_
**About size of Mars**
**Rotates every 6.4 Earth days**
**Ranges from 2.9 to 4.6 billion miles from Sun**

## 25 Our Solar System

_**The Asteroids**_
**Rocky and metallic objects orbiting the Sun too small to be planets**
**Over 15,000 asteroids have been found**

_**Comets**_
**Small irregular shaped body with nucleus made of water, ice, rock, and frozen gas**
**Identified by a coma (diffuse material surrounding nucleus) with a long trailing tail**
**Highly elliptical orbit around the Sun**

_**Meteoroids**_
**Bits and clumps of matter that orbit the Sun and cross cislunar space**
**Meteor - meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere**
**Meteorite - meteor that collides with Earth’s surface**
**Most meteorites are size of basketball or smaller**

## 26 Unmanned Exploration

_**The Space Race Begins**_
**Former German scientists worked with V-2 rocket derivatives to explore rocket research for US and Russia.**
**Soviet Union launched first successful artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, 1957**
**Explorer I - US first satellite launched Jan 31, 1958.**
**October 1, 1958 - National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) developed.**

_**Space Treaties**_
**1967 Outer Space Treaty - Approved in UN General Assembly states that space is providence of all mankind and space exploration should benefit all countries.**
**AMB Treaty - 1972, Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems - agreement not to develop systems to defend against ballistic missiles.**
**Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA) - Single regulatory agency for commercial space in US.**

## 26 Unmanned Exploration

_**Satellites - Unmanned Spacecraft**_
**Communications Satellites - relay and amplify signals**
**Echo 1, Telstar, INTELSAT, TDRSS, Milstar**
**Navigation Satellites - Send positional data to specific receivers**
**Transit, NAVSTAR (GPS)**
**Observation Satellites - Look at Earth and relay information.**
**Weather (Tiros 1960), multi-spectrum imaging, reconnaissance**
**Scientific Satellites - Orbit for sole purpose of gaining information**
**Explorers - first of series to orbit Earth **
**Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO)**
**Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO)**
**Hubble Space Telescope**
**Probes**
**Rangers - first probes to investigate the Moon**
**Surveyors - landed on Moon’s surface**

## 26 Unmanned Exploration

**Probes**
**Mariners - flyby of Venus,  Mercury, and Mars**
**Pioneers - Outer planet probes, first look at Jupiter and Saturn**
**Vikings - Two probes that landed on Mars**
**Voyagers - explored Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune**
**Mars Pathfinder - 1997 landing of rover Sojourner**
**Galileo - Inserted probe into Jupiter**
**Cassini - To reach Saturn in 2004**

## 27 Manned Space Explorations

_**Project Mercury - First American Manned Space Program**_
**Determine if man can survive in space and effects on human body.**
**Original Seven:  Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Shepard, Slayton**
**1961-1963: 6 flights**
**May 5, 1961 - First American in space, Alan Shepard, suborbital flight**
**February 20, 1962 - First American to Orbit Earth, John Glenn**

_**Project Gemini**_
**Improve techniques needed for lunar mission:  2 people in space, rendezvous, and docking with another spacecraft, walk in space.**
**June 3, 1965 - Ed White first American to walk in space.**
**1965-1966: 10 flights**

## 27 Manned Space Explorations

_**Project Apollo - The Moon Missions**_
**1968-1972:  11 missions, 6 landed on Moon**
**Apollo 8 - December 24, 1968 - First Moon orbit**
**Apollo 11 - July 20, 1969 - First Moon landing.  Neil Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin**

_**Project Skylab - Our First Space Station**_
**1973-1974:  3 Missions, longest mission 84 days**

_**Space Shuttle**_
**April 12, 1981 - first flight with John Young & Bob Crippen, Columbia**
**Vehicles built:  Enterprise (atmospheric test vehicle), Columbia, Challenger (lost Jan 28, 1986), Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavour**
**June 18, 1983 - first American woman in space**

## 27 Manned Space Explorations

_**Soviet Manned Space Program**_
**April 12, 1961 - First human enter space and orbit Earth - Yuri Gagarin**
**June 1963 - First woman in space - Valentina Tereshkova**
**March 1965 - First human to walk in space - Alexei Leonov**
**July 1975 - Apollo-Soyuz Test Project - docking in space**
**Mir - 1986-2001**