# Presentation: 857231

## Twenty Years of Germplasm Management: Geneva, NY to the Forests of Central Asia, China, Russia, and Turkey

**Philip Forsline **
**April 5,  2004**

## Slide 2

## Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) located at Cornell University, Geneva, New York

**Cornell**
**Geneva**

**PGRU **
**facilities**
**expanding**

**New office**
**wing and**
**greenhouses **

**Greenhouse**
**& screen-**
**house for**
**clonal**
**collections  **

## History of facilities: Clonal repository at PGRU

**Campus Bldg 1985**

**Campus Bldg 1985**

**Equipment storage, 1984                          **

**Farm preparation, 1984**

**Tile drainage 1984**

## Farm development 1985 to present 

**1985 prior**
**to planting**

**2002 from**
**west to**
**east**
** **

**2002 from**
**east to**
**west**

**1990: addition of **
**farm for seed**
**section of**
**PGRU **

**Clonal collection with**
**developing plantings**

## History of significant events and personnel additions at PGRU, Geneva, NY

**1953 ****– Northeast Regional PI Station (NERPIS) established for vegetables and ornamental germplasm**
**1982**** ****– CSRS grant to Cornell; 50 acres purchased for Clonal Repository (CR)**
**1983**** – CR ****Farm Manager**** hired; ****1****st**** propagations of *****Malus *****and *****Vitis***
**1984**** ****– ****Curator**** hired;**** campus building started**
**1986 ****– CR building occupancy and dedication; ****1****st**** orchard and vineyard plantings****; merger with NERPIS**
**1987 ****– ****S. Kresovich**** hired as 1****st**** Research Leader for NERPIS and CR ****– new name: Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU)**
**1988 ****– ****J. McFerson**** hired as curator of seed group****; Cryopreservation project began; ****1****st**** **
**      ****of seven germplasm expeditions initiated**

**1989 ****– 40 acres purchased for seed group**
**1993**** ****– ****J. McFerson**** appointed RL for PGRU; ****PGRU scientists granted ‘Courtesy/Adjunct’ appointments with H.S. at NYSAES**
**1995**** ****– Sour cherry collection established at PGRU**
**1996**** – ****S. Hokanson**** hired as post doc**
**1998**** ****– ****W. Lamboy**** appointed RL****; USDA apple ****rootstock breeder**** hired at PGRU; ****L. Robertson**** hired as curator of seed group**
**1999**** – Grape genetics group of PGRU initiated with  hiring of ****grape rootstock breeder****; ****Molecular geneticist**** hired for seed group**
**2002**** – ****Grape scion breeder**** hired**
**2003**** ****– ****C. Simon**** hired as RL after serving 5 years as RL at Davis, CA Clonal Repository; ****Grape pathologist**** and ****computational biologist**** hired; **
**2004**** ****– ****Grape genomics specialist**** hired**
** **

## Vegetatively-propagated crops at PGRU

**Apple ****	****	****3909 accessions**
**Grape****	****	****1175 accessions**
**Sour Cherry*****	******    *****87 accessions**
**Total****	****	****5171 accessions**

## Major Seed-Propagated Crops Conserved at GenevaLarry Robertson: Curator/GeneticistJoanne Labate: Molecular Biologist

**Major Seed-Propagated Crops ****Conserved at Geneva****Larry Robertson****: Curator/Geneticist****Joanne Labate****: Molecular Biologist**

## USDA grapevine genetics -- Geneva

**1999 rootstock breeder/geneticist (****Peter Cousins****)**
**2002 molecular genetics/genomics of scion traits (****Chris Owens****)**
**2003 molecular plant-microbe interactions of fungal pathogens    (****Lance Cadle-Davidson****)**
**2003 Computational biologist – also working across Clonal and Seed projects of PGRU  (****Angela Baldo****)**
**2004 evolutionary genomics/population genetics (****Amanda Garris****)**

## The Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding ProgramGennaro Fazio, USDA/ARS, PGRU in cooperation with Cornell University

## Staff for clonal collections at PGRU

-  **SYs**			**FTE**
- 		**- P. Forsline****	****	****1.0**
**Horticulturist/Curator**
**- C. Simon****	****	****0.85**
**Research Geneticist / RL**
**- H. Schwaninger ****	****1.0**
**Molec. Biol. / Support Sci.**

**Technical**	        **FTE**
- 		**- W. Srmack****	****             1.0****	****Collections Manager / ****	****Supervisor****	**
**	****	****- D. Beckhorn****	****             1.0**
**              ****Field Assistant III**
**    ****	****	****- R. Vaughan****	****             1.0****	****Biol. Sci. Technician (field)**
**           ****	****- N. Lepak****	****             1.0**
**              ****Agri. Res. Sci. Technician ****	****(field)**
**	****	****- ****Vacant****	****             1.0**
**   ****	****	****Biol. Sci. Technician ****	****(molecular)**

-   **Database**
**- R. Nearpass                 0.40**
**Supervisory IT specialist**
**- D. Dellefave****	****	****  1.0**
**Germplasm Program Assistant**

## Current CRIS Project:Conservation and Utilization of the Genetic Resources of Apples, Grapes, and Tart Cherries

**Objective 1: ****Acquire**** **and** ****maintain** genetic resources and associated information of apples, cold-hardy grapes, and tart cherries and refine the collection based on morphological and molecular characterization and **distribute**** **germplasm to the user community.
**Objective 2:** Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of germplasm maintenance by applying genomic sequencing and molecular marker techniques to genetically characterize germplasm and determine phylogenies.
**Objective 3:**** **Enhance value and utilization of genetic resources of apples, cold-hardy grapes, and tart cherries by systematic **characterization **and **evaluation** for important morphological and horticultural traits.

## Acquisition and Maintenance 

**of Clonal Collection**

## Vitis collection at Plant Genetic Resources UnitGeneva, NY, U.S.A.

**1045 clones - all maintained as duplicate field plantings**
**	****- 650 hybrid; 395 (23 *****Vitis sp*****)**
**	****- cryogenic storage (?)**
**	****- 138 are part of a core collection**
**130 accessions of wild *****Vitis *****sp (seed lots and/or seedling populations) **
**	****- 420 seedlings under evaluation from 30 of these acc.**
_**A total of 1175 accessions at PGRU**_*****
**	***** ****	****Remainder of***** Vitis***** collection at Davis, CA**
**	****	****- 814 hybrids; 1838 (45 *****Vitis *****sp)**
**	***** ****	****3827 accessions of *****Vitis***** in NPGS**

## Vitis collection at PGRU

**Vineyard (1045 clones)**

**Early / Late leaf fall**

**Diversity among clones**

**Diversity**
**Among**
**clusters**

## Digital imaging of Vitis clones

**PI 181481**
**‘****Vignoles’**

**PI 588070**
**‘****Catawba’**

**PI 588058**
***‘******V. coignetiae’***

**PI 588054**
***‘******V. riparia’’***

## Prunus (tetraploid cherry) collection at Plant Genetic Resources UnitGeneva, NY, U.S.A.

**87 clones - all maintained as duplicate field plantings**
**	****- 57 *****Prunus cerasus***** (sour cherry)**
**	****- 12 *****P. fruticosa***** (wild progenitor of sour cherry)**
**	****-   7 interspecific hybrids**
**	****- 12 other (misc. *****Prunus***** sp)**
**	****- 52***** ****backed up in cryogenic storage at NCGRP**
**	****	********* 8 also in cryogenic storage on-site at PGRU**
**	**

## Cherry collection at PGRU

**Collection (87 acc.)**

***P. cerasus / P. fruticosa***

**Early / late bloom**

**spreading**

**upright**

## Cherry digital imaging

**Montmorency**

**Balaton**

**Danube**

**Schatten Morello**

## Malus collection at Plant Genetic Resources UnitGeneva, NY, U.S.A.

**2376 clones - all maintained as duplicate field plantings**
**	****- 1362 *****M.x domestica*****; 329 hybrid; 685 (54 *****M. sp*****)**
**	****- 2146 backed up in cryogenic storage at NCGRP, Ft Collins, CO**
**	****	***** 436 also in cryogenic storage on-site at PGRU**
**	****- ****195 are part of a core collection (multi-state plantings)**
**	****	***** 60 new additions to core in 2003**
**1533 accessions of wild *****M. *****spp. (stored as seed) from World centers of origin**** **
**	****- 3300 seedlings under evaluation from 340 of these acc.**
**897 of wild acc. are *****Malus sieversii*****  from Central Asia**** **
**A total of 3909 accessions**

## Diversity in Malus

**Bloom**

**Bloom**
***M. baccata***

**Dormant**
**“****Kansas 14”**

**Early **
**leaf fall**

**Late leaf fall**

**Fruit**

## Malus / seedling collection at PGRU

**Early stage after planting 1986**

**More advanced stage**

**Apples/seedling**

**vineyard**

**Tree removal after repropagation on EMLA 7**

## Malus / EMLA 9 collection at PGRU

**Initial plantings after**
**establishment in 1986**

**Established plantings**
**        ****summer**

**Established plantings at bloom**

-    **Tree removal for **
**conversion to EMLA 7**

## Digital imaging of Malus clones

**Gala**

**Belle de Boskoop**

**Geneva**

***Malus hupehensis***

## Malus core collection at PGRU

- Planting in 2000

**Apples/seedling**

**Apples/EMLA7**

- Extension orchard 02

**Core collection in bloom: 2001**

**Label system**
***M. transitoria***

**Success w/ core collection in**
**discovering new virus indicator**

**Core collection fruiting: 2001**

**clean**

**infected**

**infected**

## Malus / EMLA 7 collection at PGRU

**Planting in 2000**

**Establishment 2001**

**Apples/seedling**

**Apples/EMLA 7**

**Extension orchard, 2002**

## Fire blight challenges and control in the Malus collection at PGRU

**Heavy FB on**
**blossoms; 2000**

**Severe FB epidemic; 1996**
**      ****425 trees removed**

**‘****Apogee’ treatment**

- ‘**Apogee’**

**No ‘Apogee’**
**treatment**

## Codes for fire blight, shootY (natural) of apple

**Code****	****	****Definition****	****	****	****	****No. of**** ****Accessions**
**1****	****Very resistant****	****- no occurrence****	****	****	****	****596****	****	**
**2****	****Moderately resistant -**** ****only light rating****	****	****	****127**
**3****	****Intermediate - light to medium rating****	****	****	****174**
**4****	****Moderately susceptible - medium to heavy rating****	****363**
**5****	****Very susceptible - very heavy rating****	****	****           1091**
**	****	****	****	****	****	****	****        **** ****2351**
**Y****Cumulative records 1990 – 2003 for entire ‘clonal collection’**

## Measures being used to minimize fire blight in the PGRU apple collection

_**Cryogenic storage**_** of dormant buds; ****as a result, ~ 90 accessions that have died (fire blight**_**)**_** have been rescued by direct grafting of cryopreserved buds**
_**Repropagation**_** of collection to **_**EMLA 7**_** rootstock: ****Replacing collection previously held on seedling and EMLA 9 rootstock**
**Application of **_**‘Apogee’**_** post-bloom to control vegetative growth  reducing shoot blight**
_**Removal of all lesions**_** in dormant season; ****timely annual  copper spray****; and corrective pruning of infected shoots throughout the growing season **
**Continued use of **_**antibiotics **_**under defined protocols to minimize blossom blight**

## Cryopreservation of MalusA back up collection at $1/accession/yr!

**Processing 35 mm bud segments**

**Active collection (436 acc.)**
**at PGRU Geneva, NY**

**Recovery of accessions by **
**          ****bud grafting**

**Base collection (2146 acc.)**
**at NCGRP, Ft. Collins, CO**

**Hundreds of seedlings budded with**
**cryopreserved buds testing viability **

## Cryopreservation of Prunus

**Active collection (8 acc.)   **
**    ****at PGRU Geneva, NY**

**Injury to primary bud**
**following LN exposure**

**Typical recovery scenario**
**     ****from axillary bud**

**Base collection (52 acc.)**
**at NCGRP, Ft. Collins, CO**

## Pilot Project: Forsline, P.L., C. Stushnoff, L.E. Towill, J.W. Waddell, W.F. Lamboy and J. R. McFerson. 1998. Recovery and longevity of cryopreserved apple buds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:365-370. 

- 	**84 accessions were processed periodically over 4-yr period**
**12/12/1988 – 8   accessions**
**02/07/1989 – 8   accessions**
**12/12/1989 – 6   accessions**
**01/19/1990 – 9   accessions**

-  **12/14/1990 – 12 accessions**
**  ****01/15/1991– 13 accessions**
-   **12/18/1991– 13 accessions**
**  ****01/18/1992– 15 accessions**

## Pilot project to determine protocol for cryogenic storage of dormant buds: % bud recovery of 84 apple accessions (processed 1989-1992); tested after up to 8 years of storage in liquid nitrogen

**Treatment****	****	****	****	****	****	****   Recovery %**

**Desiccated Control****	****	****	****	****	****	****85.3 a****Z**
**Storage one month****	****	****	****	****	****	****63.0 b**
**Storage one year****	****	****	****	****	****	****64.2 b**
**Storage two years****	****	****	****	****	****	****66.5 b**
**Storage four years****	****	****	****	****	****	****68.6 b**
**Storage after eight****Y**** ****years****	****	****	****	****	****68.3 b**
**Z****Separation of grand means of 84 accessions at *****P***** **_**<**_**  0.01 by test for differences between two proportions (LSD = 7.2)****	**
**Y ****Fifteen year test**	**in process 2004 to 2007**

## Annual cryopreservation of Malus accessions at NCGRP following the 4-yr pilot project 1988-1992

| Year | M. x domestica | Hybrids | Other species | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | 86 | 8 | 5 | 99 |
| 1994 | 108 | 7 | 26 | 141 |
| 1995 | 167 | 25 | 50 | 242 |
| 1996 | 169 | 24 | 49 | 242 |
| 1997 | 223 | 71 | 70 | 364 |
| 1998 | 209 | 66 | 64 | 339 |
| 1999 | 120 | 55 | 71 | 246 |
| 2000 | 108 | 46 | 84 | 238 |
| 2003 | 52 | 6 | 56 | 114 |
| 2004 | 22 | 2 | 97 | 121 |
| Total | 1264 | 310 | 572 | 2146 |

## Successful cryopresevation for > 90% of accessions stored at NCGRP: those with < 30% viability will be reprocessed

**No. of accessions in storage**

**171 or 9% of total**
**were unsuccessful**

**1760 or 91% **
**were successful**** **

**     ****0-10       20-30    40-50     60-70    ****80-90    ****100**

## Successful cryopresevation for > 95% of accessions stored at PGRU: those with < 30% viability will be reprocessed

**No. of accessions in storage**

**18 or 4% of total**
**were unsuccessful**

**418 or 96% **
**were successful**** **

**   ****0-10       20-30      40-50       60-70     ****80-90        ****100**

## Distribution of Germplasm

## Annual distribution of germplasm from 1988 to 2004

**Apple total no. = 41,111**
**Apple total orders = 1514 (mean:89)**
**Apple orders/yr (range: 30-163****Z****)**

**mean = 2418**

**mean = 692**

**Grape total no. = 11,765**
**Grape total orders = 782 (mean:46)**
**Grape orders/yr (range = 14-72****Z ****)**

**Z**

**Z**

**Cherry distributions started **
**in 1998:  191 accessions to **
**21 orders **

**No. of accessions annually**

## Characterization and Evaluation

## Characterization of collections at Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Geneva, NY

***Malus *****Clones**
**	****- 1150 acc. with 33 descriptors**
**	****- 900 digital images**
***Malus *****species characterization at origin site**
**	****- 1088 with 25 descriptors plus other passport records**
***Malus***** species grow-out**
**	****- 465 seedlings with 33 descriptors**
**	****- 375 digital images**
***Vitis *****clones **
**	****- 850 acc. with 16 descriptors**
**	****- 414 digital images**
***Prunus***** clones**
**	****- 50 acc. with 8 descriptors & 50 digital images**

## Collaborative evaluation with Specific Cooperative Agreements (SCA) of clonal collections in process or recently completed

**NPGS-funded projects in *****Malus *****evaluation**
**Preservation of alleles  from wild collections: ****Volk, Walters, Richards**
**Antioxidants in *****Malus *****collection: ****Stushnoff**
**Evaluation of wild apple species for disease resistance: ****Aldwinckle**
**Evaluation of elite *****M. sieversii *****and some of its hybrids for apple scab resistance genes: ****Aldwinckle, Luby, Gardiner and Bus**
**Molecular characterization of seedling populations of 10 *****Malus *****species with 90 mapped microsatellite markers in relation to apple rootstocks: ****Fazio, Baldo**

**NPGS-funded projects in *****Vitis *****and *****Prunus *****evaluation**
**Evaluation of *****Vitis *****for susceptibility to crown gall: ****Burr**
**Evaluation of *****Vitis *****for resistance to *****Phomopsis viticola *****and powdery mildew: ****Wilcox and Reisch**
**Evaluation of Russian tetraploid cherry selections for cherry leaf spot resistance: ****Iezzoni**
**Evaluation and rescue of sour cherry germplasm for use as sweet cherry rootstocks: ****Iezzoni**

## Molecular studies on clonal germplasm at PGRU: past & present

- Apple core collection – Hokanson
- Wild apple germplasm – Benson and Dickson (PhD projects)
- Grape genotyping – Lamboy
- Grape phylogeny – Schwaninger
- Overall coordination presently – Simon (Research leader / molecular geneticist)

## New Acquisitions

## Slide 44

## The origin of the cultivated apple

**Dr. B. Juniper: **
**Theory on **_**early**_
**and **_**recent**_** **
**evolution of the**
**cultivated apple  **

**Ancient *****Malus *****species of**
**China: bird disseminated to Central Asia**

***M. sieversii***
**of Central**
**Asia**

**North America**
**became a**
**secondary **
**center of **
**origin: ‘Red**
**Delicious’,**
**‘****Golden **
**Delicious’, **
**etc.  **

**Johnny Appleseed**

**Mammal disseminated**

## Germplasm collections to add mostly wild Malus species to the PGRU collection

| Year | Country  | Species | Personnel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 –
1988 | Western U.S. & Canada
Eastern U.S. & Canada | Malus fusca, M. ioensis, M. coronaria & M. angustifolia | Weeden, Dickson |
| 1989 | Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan | Malus sieversii | Aldwinckle, Dickson, Sperling |
| 1993 | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan | Malus sieversii, Vitis vinifera, misc. | Forsline, Dickson, Mink, New Zealand scientist |
| 1995 | Kazakhstan | Malus sieversii, Vitis vinifera, misc. | Forsline, Dickson, Luby, S. African scientists |
| 1996 | Kazakhstan | Malus sieversii, Vitis vinifera, misc. | Forsline, Hokanson, Unruh, Pellett |
| 1997 | China (Sichuan) | Malus species (7 endemic to Sichuan) | Forsline, Aldwinckle. Benson |
| 1998 | Russia | Malus orientalis, Prunus cerasus and misc Prunus spp. | Forsline, Iezzoni, Karle, German scientist |
| 1999 | Turkey | Malus orientalis, selected local Malus cultivars | Forsline, Aldwinckle |

## Slide 47

## Collection team for 1989 Central Asian expedition to Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan (site 3)

**Uzbekistan**

**Elizabeth Dickson**

**Herb Aldwinckle**

**‘****The late’ Calvin Sperling**

## Professor Djangaliev

**Geneva:**
**making **
**plans, 1992**

**Organizing **
**expedition: first **
**morning, Sept. 1993; ready to leave to board**
**helicopter**

**Collection admiration, 1995**

**One of frequent lectures; 1996**

**Local Kazak media highlighting**
**American & S. African invasion**

**1995**

## 1993 collection team: USA & New Zealand

**Preparation for departure**

**Transfer in Moscow – hotel and visit to  Red Square**

**Moscow to Alma Ata via ‘Aeroflot’**

**Team in Alma Ata with Kazakh hosts**

**Noiton**

**Mink**

**Dickson**

**Significant travel **
**by helicopter**

## 1995 USA and S. African collection team

**Dickson**
**Britz**
**Forsline**
**Luby**
**Human**

**Arrival at site 9**

**Meals in **
**yurt: site 5**

**Housing in sanitarium at HQ in Almaty**

**Gala dinner with hosts in Almaty: return  to USA**

**Seed extraction at hotel: site 9**

## 1996 USA collection team

**Hokanson**
**Unruh**
**Forsline**
**Pellett**

**Site 5**

**Site 9**

**Site 12**

**HQ in **
**Almaty**

## SITE INFORMATION RECORDED

**Latitude (GPS)**
**Longitude (GPS)**
**Elevation**
**Slope**
**Aspect**
**Light/Shade**

**Assoc. Tree spp.**
**Assoc. Shrub spp.**
**Assoc. Herb. spp.**
**Population Abun./Dis.**
**Climate**
**Soil**

## Slide 54

## Site descriptions in Central Asia

**Country/Region****	****	****Site       Lat ****o****N / Long ****o****E****	****	****Elevation (****m****)****	****Rainfall (****mm****)**
**Tajikistan / ---****	****	****  1****	****     39    /****	****68****	****	****       ---****	****	****   ---**
**Uzbekistan/ ---****	****	****  2****	****     41    /****	****69****	****	****       ---****	****	****   ---**
**Kazakstan/Zailisky****	****	****  3****	****     43    /****	****77****	****	****1170-1690****	****  700**
**Kazakstan/Djungarsky****	****  4****	****     45    /****	****80****	****	****1170-1760****	****  800**
**	****	****	****  ****5****	****     46    /****	****81****	****	****1190-1360****	****  850**
**Kazakstan/Karatau****	****  ****	****  6****	****     43    /****	****70****	****	****  600-910****	****	****  250**
**	****	****	****11****	****     42    /****	****70****	****	****  780-1230****	****  250**
**Kyrgyzstan/ ---****	****	****  7****	****     41    /****	****73****	****	****1300-1500****	****1300**
**Kazakstan/Tarbagatai****	****  9****	****     48    /****	****82****	****	****  870-1120****	**** 450**
**Kazakstan/ Ketmen****	****10****	****     44    /****	****80****	****	****1600-1700****	**** 650**
**Kazakstan/Talasky****	****	****12****	****     42    /****	****71****	****	****1000-1025****	**** 320**

## Kazakhstan site 3: ’89, ’93, ’95, ‘96

**Fruit from 30 randomly-collected trees**

**Depleted**
**by dachas**

**Habitat**
**   ****1940**

**Habitat**
**present**

**Studies by Professor**
**A. Djangaliev**

## Kazakhstan site 4, ’93, ’95, ‘96

**Scab infected tree**

## Kazakhstan site 5: ’93, ’95, ‘96

**Forestry camp at 1200 m**
**headquarters in ’93, ’95 & ‘96**

**300 yr old**
***M. sieversii***

**Bear scat w/ many apple seeds**

**Apple**
**forest:**
**1800 m**
**1100 m**

**First collection morning (Sept. 1993) starting out at 600 m with hike to 1800 m**

## Kazakhstan site 6: ’93 & ’95

**Camp at 600 m:**
**headquarters**

**Standing**** ****at**
**    ****900 m**

***M. sieversii***
**at 900 m**

**Fruit from 30**
**randomly-collected**
**trees at 900 m**

## Kyrgyzstan site 7: 1993

**Apple and  walnut**
**forests as seen from**
**helicopter**

**Heavy grazing in *****M. sieversii *****areas**

**Village in**
**Kyrgyzstan**
**near**
**collection**
**sites**

## Kazakhstan site 9: ’95 & ‘96

**Grazed areas – *****M. sieversii ***
***                          *****on slopes**

**Diverse, elite *****M. sieversii***

**Super-elite *****M. sieversii***

**Heavy grazing of habitat**

**Fruit from 30**
**randomly-collected**
***M. sieversii *****trees**

***M. sieversii***

## Kazakhstan site 10: 1996

**Fruit from 20 randomly-collected trees**

**Breakdowns; common occurrence**

**Uygur tribes tradition of bread baking**

***M. niedzwetzkyana***

## Kazakhstan site 11: 1996

**Elite ‘Yellow transparent’-type**
***M. sieversii***

## Kazakhstan site 12: 1996

**Canyon 400 m**
**deep w/ *****M. sieversii***
**on the N-facing wall**

**Fruit from**
**10 randomly-**
**collected**
***M. sieversii***
**trees**

**Bottom of**
**canyon;**
***M. sieversii***
**on this**
**side**

**Trail to bottom**

## ACCESSION INFORMATION RECORDED

**+**** Fruit Over Color/Intensity****	****	****+**** Fruit Size                             **
**+ ****Fruit Ground Color****	****	****	****+**** Fruit Texture**
**+**** Fruit Russet****	****	****	****	****+**** Fruit Flavor**
**+**** Fruit Shape****	****	****	****	****+ ****Harvest Season**
**+**** Stem Character****	****	****	****           ****+**** Tree Habit**
**                     ****+**** Diseases/Insects:Leaves/Fruit       **

## Variability of fruit size of Malus sieversii among sites in Central Asia

- 		        **No. collected        Mean size (****mm****)****	****       Size range (****mm****)**
** **
**Site / Yr(s) ****	****     ****   Elite **** ****Random****        ****Elite****   ****Random****              ****Elite****           ****Random**
**	****	****	****	****	**
**  ****12 / (‘96)****	****           ****2**** ****	****       ****10****	****	****65****	****42****    ****	****       ****60-74****	****32-50****	**
**  ***** ****5 / (‘96)****	****          ****14****	****       ****54****	****	****58**** ****	****35****	****       ****54-65****	****25-49****	**
**    ****9 / (‘95/’96)****  ****	****        ****  ****57****	**** ****    ****150****	****	****56**** ****	****43****	****       ****46-72****	****28-62**
**   ****11 / (‘96)****	****          ****13****	****       ****40****	****	****55****    ****	****42****	****       ****44-76****	****29-63**
**   ****10 / (‘96)****	****           **** ****2****	**** ****      ****20****	****	****49 ****         ****40****	****       ****47-51****	****29-51**
**  ***** ****5 / (‘95)****	****          ****14****	****       ****60****	****	****46****          ****36****	****       ****37-56****	****27-48**
**    ****3 / (‘95/’96)****	****          ****11****	**** ****      ****80****	****	****45  ****        ****34 ****	****       ****32-56****	****26-49**
**    ****4 / (‘95/’96)****	****          ****10****	****       ****87****	****	****44****          ****34****	****       ****32-55****	****28-44**
**    ****6 / (‘95)****	****         ****25   ****    ****64****	****	****42**** ****        ****41****	****       ****33-46****	****28-54**
**Totals****	****	****        ****148****	****     ****565 ****	****	****51****          ****38****	****       ****32-76****             ****25-63****  **
***  Note difference in fruit size observed in 1995 and 1996 at Site 5**

## Summary of Central Asian M. sieversii collection, distribution and  storage

**   ****	**** ****	****Accessions**** ****	****   Seeds ****	****   Seeds****	****          Storage****	****   Storage**
**  ****Group ****	****    ****	****  Obtained****	**** Obtained****	****Distributed      at PGRU ****	****   at NSSL**

**1989 and 1993****	****      179****	****	****   33,000****	****   ****	****   9200****	****          13,900           10,900**
**Collections**
**1995 and 1996****	****      148****z****	****	****   67,000****	****	****16,000****	****           29,200****	****   21,800**
**Elites**
**1995 and 1996****	****      565****	****	****   30,000****	****   ****	****   4100****	****           19,100            6800****x**
**Random populations**
**Totals****	****	****      892                  130,000****	****	****28,300****Y****	****           62,200         39,500**
**z**** *****44 of best accessions  also obtained as clones***
**Y *****Distributed  to 24 evaluators***
**x *****Stored as 19 bulked populations *****(*****each population includes seeds from 10 to 60 trees with****** ******an***
-    ***average of ****** ******30 trees / population*****)**

## Seed storage at -200 C

**Seed storage at -20****0 ****C**

## Evaluation of New Material

## PGRU / Cornell cooperative evaluation of Malus sieversii

**Lab               ****	****   ****	****Evaluation Type               ****	****	****No. of Seedlings**
**H. Aldwinckle****	****	****Disease  resistance****	****	****           ****	****5124****Z**
**PGRU****	****	****	****Horticultural / Molecular****	****             ****	****  part of 5124**
** ****- P. Forsline**
** ****- S. Hokanson**
** ****- W. Lamboy**
** ****- G. Fazio**
** ****- L. Benson **
**N. Weeden****	****	****Isozyme / Molecular**
**S. Mehlenbacher****	****       ****	****“****	****  /      “**
**W. Reissig****	****	****Insect resistance****	****	****	****	**
**Aldwinckle / Korea****	*****Rosellinia *****/***** Helicobasidium******	****** ******	*****400**
**S. Brown****	****	****Genetic dwarf****	****	****         ****	****	****250**
** ****I. Merwin****	****	****Nematode resistance****	****	****	****200**
**Z**** *****2108 of this group of screened seedlings were sent  to OH, NJ, WA, MN and WI for ***
***further evaluation***

## PGRU / SAES cooperative evaluation of M. sieversii

**State**** / ****Lab ****               ****	****Evaluation type                  No. of seedlings**
**MN**** ****/**** ****Luby****	****	****Hort, Disease, Cold H.****	****	****	****1498****Y**
**NJ ****/ ****Goffreda****	****	****Hort, Disease, Molecular, Elite clones****	****1899****Y**
**CO**** ****/**** ****Stushnoff****	****	****Hort, Cold H., Antioxidants****	****	****  720**
**WA**** / ****Barritt****	****	****Hort, Sunburn, Cold H.****	****	****  ****	****  624****Y**
**OH****Z**** ****/**** ****Lynd, Miller****	****Hort, Disease, Late Bloom, Elite clones****	****  950****Y**
**WI**** / ****Smith****	****	****Hort, Disease, Cold H.****	****	****  ****	****  655****Y**
**AR ****/**** ****Rom****	****	****Hort, Disease, Late Bloom****	****	****~400**
**AK**** / ****McBeath****	****	****Hort, Disease, Cold H.****	****	****  ****	****  346**
**IL**** ****/**** ****Korban****	****	****Hort, Disease, Molecular****	****  ****	****	****~200**
**Z **** *****Seedlings planted at Dawes Arboretum, Newark, OH; c/o D. Miller***
**Y**** *****Some seedlings at @ of these sites  screened for apple scab, fire blight and ***
***cedar-apple rust  at Cornell, Geneva  by Dr. Aldwinckle***

## PGRU / International cooperative evaluation of Malus sieversii

**	****	****	****	****	****	****	****	****	****No. of ****	**
**Country ****/**** ****Lab****  ****                     ****	****           ****Evaluation type****	****	****	****seedlings**
**New Zealand**** / ****Bus, Noiton, Gardiner****	****Disease, Hort****	****	****	****4426**
**Germany**** ****/**** ****Buttner,**** ****Geibel,**** ****Höfer****	****    ****	****Disease, Hort                    ****	****	****1367**
**Norway ****/**** ****Roen****	****	****	****    ****	****Disease, Hort****	****	****  ****	****  692**
**N.S.,Canada**** /**** ****Deslauriers, Embree****	****Disease, Hort****	****	****	****1155**
**Man., Canada**** /**** Davidson****	****	****    ****	****Disease, Hort, Cold H.****	****  ****	****  169**
**B.C., Canada**** / ****Quamme, Hampson****	****Disease, Hort****	****	****  ****	****  325**
**N.B., Canada**** ****/**** ****Hunter****	****	****	****Hort****	****	****	****              ~120****	**
**Japan**** ****/**** ****Bessho****	****	****	****	****Disease, Hort****	****	****              ~100**
**UK, Reading**** /**** Farrel****	****	****	****Molecular****	****	****              ~300**
**UK, Oxford**** ****/**** ****Juniper****	****	****	****Molecular****	****	****              ~150**
**S. Africa**** ****/**** ****Human, Britz****	****	****	****Dis., Insect, Sunburn, Chilling****	****  ?****Z**
**Netherlands**** ****/**** ****Kemp****	****	****	****Elite clones****	****	****	****--**
**Italy ****/ ****Sansivini****	****	****	****	****Elite clones****	****	****	****--**
**Z**** *****Parallel collections were made in 1995 expedition in Kazakhstan*****                             **

## M. sieversii seedling grow outs in Germany and New Zealand

**Dresden,**
**Germany**

**Vincent Bus; Havelock, **
**North, New Zealand**

## Disease Resistance Screening

## Screening young M. sieversii seedlings for apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)

## Codes used in rating apple scab resistanceH. S. Alwinckle and H. L. Gustafson

** ****1 = Pits, small pin-prick marks  (similar to V****m**** gene) -  *****RESISTANT***
** ****2 = Chlorotic lesions (similar to V****f **** ****gene) - *****RESISTANT***
** ****3 = Necrotic lesions ( brown) - *****RESISTANT***
** ****4 = Sporulation - *****SUSCEPTIBLE***
** ****5 = Nonsporulating - *****RESISTANT***
** ****6 = Abaxial sporulation - *****SUSCEPTIBLE***
** ****7 = No symptoms - *****RESISTANT***
** ****8 = Cupped or convoluted (similar to*** ***V****f **** gene) - *****RESISTANT***
** ****9 = Stellate (star shaped) necrotic (similar to V****r **** ****gene) - *****RESISTANT***
** ****A = Usually has some cupping and or chlorosis but may have little or no symptoms**
**[(Characteristic of V****f**** gene)**** ( numbers: ****2,5,7,& 8****)****] - *****RESISTANT***
** ****B = Stellate necrotic ****[(Characteristic of V****r**** ****gene)**** (number: ****9****)****] - *****RESISTANT***
** ****Other resistant reactions**
**	****- LN = Large necrotic lesions - *****RESISTANT***
**	****- N = Necrotic lesions - *****RESISTANT***
**	****- P = Pits ( number**** 1 ****) - *****RESISTANT***

##  H. Aldwinckle, P. Forsline, H. Gustafson and S. Hokanson 

** ****H. Aldwinckle, P. Forsline, H. Gustafson and S. Hokanson**** **

**         ****Site****	****	****No. Seedlings Inoculated****	****	****%  Resistant**
**     ****4****	****	****	****405                                               50**
**     ****6****	****	****	****705                                               37**
**     ****5****	****	****              1224****	****	****	****     29**
**     ****9****	****	****              1325****	****	****	****     28**
**     ****7****	****	****	****383                                               25**
**     ****2****	****	****	****101                                               24**
**   ****11****	****	****	****244                                               23**** **
**     ****3****	****	****	****460                                               17     **
**   ****12****	****	****	****133                                               14**
**   ****10****	****	****	****123                                                 6**
**     ****1****	****	****	****  21****	****                     ****	****       5**
**Totals****	****	****              5124                                               28**

## Wild Malus sieversii seedling plantings

- Early stage after planting 1986

- More advanced stage

**1993 collection**

**1995/96 collections **
**(1200 sdgs)**

***M. sieversii ***
**in bloom**

**1989 collection**

***M. niedzwetzkyana***
**form of*****  M. sieversii***

***M. sieversii  fruiting***

## Summary of scab resistance in grow-out of 1188

**Summary of scab resistance in grow-out of 1188**
***Malus sieversii s*****eedlings in Geneva, New York**

## Cedar apple rust resistance in M. sieversii seedlings from 8 different sites in Kazakhstan

**Total**

**9     ****  6       4      3      ****5 ****     11    10     12**** ****	****  **

**% of population resistant**

## Natural incidence of fire blight on shoots of the Malus sieversii grow-out in Geneva, New York

**Fire blight**

## Natural occurrence of fire blight in M. sieversii seedlings from 7 different sites in Kazakhstan

**Fire Blight Severity**

***% o*****f  trees in each category**

**Codes 1 & 2**

**Codes 4 & 5**

**6**

**6**

**9**

**9**

**6**

## Horticultural Evaluations

## Descriptors used to characterize M. sieversii at:  http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/crop.pl?115

**Date collected / Harvest season**
**Fruit bloom**
**Fruit flesh color**
**Fruit flesh firmness**
**Fruit flesh texture**
**Fruit flesh flavor**
**Fruit flesh oxidation**
**Fruit skin overcolor**
**Overcolor pattern**
**Overcolor intensity**
**Fruit ground color**
**Fruit juiciness (sp. gravity)**
**Fruit size (LxW in mm)**
**Fruit weight (g)**

**Fruit russet type**
**Fruit russet location**
**Fruit russet intensity**
**Fruit shape**
**Fruit shape uniformity**
**Fruit size uniformity**
**Fruit-top shape**
**Stem cavity**
**Stem thickness**
**Stem length**
**Calyx basin**
**Fruit tenacity to premature abscission**
**Soluble solids**
**Bloom date**
**Budbreak date**

## Wild Malus sieversii clones and seedlings in grow-out plantings

- More advanced stage

- vineyard

**PI 613972 clone                                       in bloom**

**PI 613975 clones fruiting**

**‘****Empire’**

**‘****Gala’**

**13 different *****M. sieversii clones***** **

**‘****Empire’**

**‘****Gala’**

**Fruit from half-sib seedlings of**
**some of the *****M. sieversii *****clones**

**PI  613978 &**

## Fruit size, flavor and red color of M. sieversii on-site in Kazakhstan, and as grow-outs in yrs 6 to 8 (2001 to 2003) in Geneva, New York

| Site | Category | No. of trees | Mean diam (mm /
fruit) | Diam range (mm / fruit) | Mean weight (g / fruit) | Weight range (g / fruit) | Accept-able flavor (%) | % of trees w/ red fruit | Red intensity mean (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | Trees in Kazakhstan | 29 | 51 | 34-66 | NA | NA | 89 | 93 | 45 |
| 9 | Progeny grow-out | 159 | 46 | 29-63 | 42 | 11-102 | 60 | 65 | 28 |
| 6 | Trees in Kazakhstan | 14 | 42 | 30-50 | NA | NA | 72 | 71 | 53 |
| 6 | Progeny grow-out | 138 | 43 | 29-60 | 32 | 15-78 | 39 | 54 | 27 |
| 9 | Elites in Kazakhstan | 11 | 56 | 43-64 | NA | NA | 91 | 100 | 55 |
| 9 | Elite 
grow-out | 11 | 68 | 58-72 | 120 | 74-180 | 91 | 100 | 47 |

## Harvest season and soluble solids of M. sieversii fruit from grow-outs in yrs 5 - 7 (2001 - 2003) in Geneva, New York: in addition the no. of trees to characterize in 2004 (yr 8 or 7)

| Site(s) | Category | No. of trees completed | Harvest season range | Soluble solid range | No. of trees to test in 2004 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | Elite clones | 11 | 10 Aug-13 Sep | 9.5-14.1 | 10 |
| 9 | Seedlings | 159 | 8 Aug-17 Sep | 8.0-17.9 | 78 |
| 6 | Seedlings | 138 | 8 Aug-3 Nov | 8.9-15.9 | 41 |
| 5 | Seedlings | 38 | 8 Aug-20 Sep | 6.8-21.0 | 98 |
| 11 | Seedlings | 37 | 8 Aug-30 Sep | 9.4-15.4 | 67 |
| 12 | Seedlings | 29 | 8 Aug-15 Oct | 8.5-14.8 | 52 |
| 3 | Seedlings | 5 | 14 Aug-10 Sep | 8.5-10.5 | 19 |
| 4 | Seedlings | 7 | 14 Aug-17 Sep | 9.0-12.1 | 80 |
| 10 | Seedlings | 20 | 8 Aug-23 Sep | 8.7-12.2 | 32 |
| 4,5,6,11,12 | Elite clones | 5 | 22 Aug-10 Oct | 9.8-15.3 | 11 |

## Fruit shape in M. sieversii seedling populations  from 6 sites in Kazakhstan

**% of seedlings in each category**

## Digital imaging of Malus sieversii seedlings

**From site 5 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 6 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 9 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 11 in Kazakhstan**

## Digital imaging of Malus sieversii clones

**From site 5 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 6 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 12 in Kazakhstan**

**From site 9 in Kazakhstan**

## Elite clone (PI 613971) and progeny (3 half-sibs)

**Clone**

**Seedling .a**

**Seedling .b**

**Seedling .h**

## Elite clone (PI 613976) and progeny (3 half-sibs)

**Clone**

**Seedling .a**

**Seedling .k**

**Seedling .n**

## Seed bulk-up from flowering M. sieversii seedlings to save additional genetic diversity

**In spring 2004 we will make controlled pollinations on seedlings from sites 6 and 9 in order to bulk up seeds for long term storage to supplement original seed collected in 1995**
**In spring 2005 the same project will be accomplished with seedlings from sites 4, 5, 10, 11, and 12**

## Other Recent Collections

## 1997 Sichuan collection team

**Geneva, 11/96: Prof. Li; plans**

**Hotel in Chengdu; Prof. Li & wife; **
**H & B Aldwinckle**

**Crew collecting minutes before **
**monkey thievery  **

**Crew at 3500 m pass in mountains**

**Post expedition conference with Yunnan **
**and Guizhou researchers in Chonqing**

**Laura Benson**

**monkey**

## Malus sp. collections in Sichuan, China

***M. hupehensis***

***M. toringoides***

***M. prattii***

***Malus***
***kansuensis***

## 1997 collections of Malus spp. in Sichuan, ChinaPhil Forsline, Laura Benson and Herb Aldwinckle

_**Species**_**                            **_**Site(s)**_**     **_**No. of accessions**_**           **_**No. of seeds**_
***Malus prattii******	******	*****01, 05, 06****	****22****	****	****	****1475   **
***Malus transitoria*****	****02****	****	****  9****	****	****	****  650**
***Malus hupehensis******Z*****	****03, 04, 07****	****23****	****	****	****1100**
***Malus toringoides*****	****03, 04****	****	****16****	****	****	****  900**
***Malus kansuensis******	*****03****	****	****13****	****	****	****  800**
***Malus sieboldii******Z*****	****05****	****	****  7****	****	****	****  375**
_***Malus zhaojiaoensis***__***	***__**06**__**	**__**	**__**11**__***	***__***	***__***	***__**1900**_
**Total****	****	****	****--****	****           101****	****	****	****7200**
**Z**** ****Likely to be apomictic**

## Chinese Malus spp. screened for fire blight in greenhouse and field: replanted for horticultural evaluation

**Greenhouse**
**fire blight **
**screen**

**Temporary field **
**location for grad**
**student  L. Benson**
**and field f.b. screen **

**Digging sdgs**
**following grad**
**student project**
**and f.b. screen  **

**‘****Permanent’ field**
**location for **
**Horticultural**
**evaluation**

**Many of these sdgs distributed**
**to 10 arboreta for preservation**

## Screening 7 Malus species from Sichuan, China for fire blight, apple scab and cedar apple rust 

**These seedlings were also screened for:**
**Apple scab** – 385 seedlings were screened and **98%** of them were resistant
*M*. *hupehensis *(03&04), *M. toringoides* (04), *M. kansuensis*, *M. zhaojioensis*, and *M. sieboldii* were mostly** ****‘A-type’ resistance**
*M. hupehensis* (07), *M. transitoria*, *M. toringoides* (03) and* M*. *yunnanensis *were a mix of** ****‘A-type and P- type’ resistance**
*M. sieboldii* (**91%** resistant) was the only species with some susceptible seedlings
**Cedar apple rust** – 370 sdgs were screened and **93%** of them were resistant.
*M. sieboldii* (**55%** resistant) was the only species with some susceptible seedlings

**% of seedlings***** *****resistant**

## Variability of fire blight resistance in M. hupehensis and M. toringoides collected from different sites in Sichuan, China

**% of sdgs fire blight resistant**

***% *****of sdgs fire blight resistant**

**3**

**4**

**7**

**4**

**3**

***M. hupehensis***

***M. toringoides***

## Apple scab resistance in 5 Malus species collected in Sichuan, China in 2002 by M. Geibel 

**Fire blight and cedar apple rust **
**screen is in process**

**% of seedlings scab resistant**

***hupehensis***

***kansuensis***

***sieboldii***

***toringoides***

***transitoria***

## Malus orientalis in Russian Caucasus

**Vavilov Inst. St. Petersburg**

## Malus orientalis screening for apple scab, cedar apple rust, and fire blight

**Seedlings germinated**

**Seedlings**
**screened **
**for apple **
**scab**

**Seedlings screened for fire blight**

**Seedlings in high density orchard**
**for horticultural evaluation **

## Malus orientalis in Turkey

**Local type**
**‘****Seker Elmasii’**
**Sugar apple**

**Q 42413**

**Forsline, Aldwinckle & 6 Turks**

## Screening populations of M. orientalis from Russian Caucsus, Turkey and Armenia for fire blight, apple scab and cedar apple rust

**A, B, P-type;  3:1:2 ratio**

***A*****/B 2:1**

**Mostly A-type**

**% of seedlings resistant**

**                 ****No. of sdgs screened**
**           **
**             **_** **__**Russia**_**  **_**Turkey**_**   **_**Armenia**_
**Scab      238       786         191**
**F.B.        206       565           77**
**C.A.R.    129       191        TBD**

**27 populations**

**62 populations**

**7 populations**

## Screening 5 populations of European wild crabapple (M. sylvestris) received from gene bank in Dresden, Germany

**% of seedlings resistant**

## Expedition to Russia to exchange sour cherry and cherry rootstock for crop improvement, July 10-30, 1998A. Iezzoni, R. Karle, P. Forsline and M. Fischer

**Breakdown Orel **

**Michurinsk**

**Krymsk *****Prunus *****nursery**

**G. & V. Eremin; M. Fischer**

**Cherry accession in Orel**

**A. Iezzoni**

**Cherries in St.  Petersburg**

**Prof. Yushev*** *

**M. Fischer**
**R. Karle**

## Expedition to Russia to Exchange sour cherry, cherry rootstock, and Malus germplasm for crop improvementJuly 10-30, 1998A. Iezzoni, R. Karle, P. Forsline and M. Fischer

* ***Goals of expedition**
**tart cherry elite germplasm at two sites (Orel, and Michurinsk)**
**broad spectrum *****Prunus *****spp (Krymsk)**
**Germplasm in 1 & 2 with resistance to ‘cherry leaf spot’ (*****Blumeriella jaapii*****) and ‘twig brown rot’ (*****Monilinia laxa*****)**
**wild apple collections (Maikop) **
**Trip participants**
**Amy Iezzoni and Renate Karle, Michigan State University**
**Philip Forsline, USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit**
**Manfred Fischer, Genebank OBST, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany**
** ****Material collected**
**Orel – 25 accessions**
**Michurinsk – 12 accessions**
**Krymsk – 24 accessions**
**Maikop area – 28 seed lots (6500 seeds) of wild *****M. orientalis***** **

## Vitis collections in Kazakhstan in 1993, 1995 and 1996 in sites 6 and 11

**Accessions collected**
**1993 – 17 populations: 8324 seeds**
**  ****and 10 local cultivars (cuttings)**
**1995 – 33 populations: 5723 seeds**
**1996 – 1 population: 318 seeds**

## Germplasm Utilization and Enhancement

**Presence / absence of RAPD markers for 4 scab-resistance genes in elite clones of *****Malus sieversii***
**S. Mehlenbacher and N. Weeden**
**	****	****	****	****Scab-resistance Genes**** ****/ RAPD Markers****	**
**	**
**	****	****	****	**** ****V****r****	****	**** ****V****m****	****	****   V****f****	****	****  V****b**
**Accession No.****	****   ****P415B  UBC562                   OPB12****	****                  CS5 ****	****            UBC220**
**  ****GMAL 4326****	****	****YES****	****	****YES****	****	****  NO****	****	****  NO**
**  ****GMAL 4327*********	****	****YES****	****	****YES****	****	****YES****	****	****YES**
**  ****GMAL 4331*********	****	****YES****	****	****YES****	****	****  NO****	****	****  NO**
**  ****GMAL 4333*********	****	****YES****	****	****  NO****	****	****  NO****	****	****  NO**
**  ****GMAL 4334*********	****	****YES****	****	****YES****	****	****  NO****	****	****  NO   **
**  **
**	***** These have been used as pollen parents X ‘Gala”  ****(see next slide)****	**

## Germplasm enhancement to studygenetics of apple scab resistance

**Gala X *****M. sieversii *****(GMAL 4335*)**** – 67% of  230 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii *****(GMAL 4448*)**** – 57% of  209 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii *****(GMAL 4455*)**** – 52% of  209 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii****** *****(GMAL 4331****Z****)**** ****– 29% of    90 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii****** *****(GMAL 4334****Z****)**** ****– 24% of  206 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii****** *****(GMAL 4333****Z****)**** ****– 11% of  136 sdgs resistant**
**Gala X *****M. sieversii****** *****(GMAL 4327****Z****)**** ****–   9% of  209 sdgs resistant**
**	****Total ****	****	****	****        – 38% of 1289 sdgs resistant**

***These clones are **_**scab resistant**_**; ****A-type vs. B-type resistance of sdgs from **
**these crosses in  ~ 1:1 ratio**

**Z**** >50% of progeny from these clones are **_**scab resistant**_**: clones themselves                              are not; ****Sdgs from crosses are all A-type resistance**

## Selected publications (1 & 2)  and media (3 & 4):       The origin of apples

**Horticultural Reviews, vol. 29. 2003. **_**“Wild Apple and  Fruit Trees of Central Asia”.**_** Wiley, New York.  J. Janick, P. Forsline, E. Dickson, R. Way and M.  Thompson (eds.). **
** ****Chapter 1 – **_**“Collection, Maintenance, Characterization and Utilization of Wild Apples of Central Asia”,**_** p. 1-62.*** ***P.L. Forsline,  H.S. Aldwinckle, E.E. Dickson, J. J. Luby, and S.C. Hokanson. 2003. **
** ****Chapter  2 - Translation from Russian: **_**“The Wild Apple Tree of Kazakhstan”,**_** p. 63-304. A.D. Djangaliev**
** ****Chapter 3 – Translation from Russian: **_**“The Wild Fruit and Nut Plants of Kazakhstan”,**_** p. 305-371. A.D. Djangaliev and T.N. Salova**

**3**

**4**

**1**

**2**

## Conclusions and Future Directions

**Apple**
**Gene pool greatly increased with collection of wild species with passport data .....Make selections of seedlings w/ unique traits**
**Planning additional collections of wild species in Southwest China**
**Evaluate 7 populations (1300 seedlings of Gala X *****M. sieversii *****crosses)**
**Grape**
**Need to make additional collections in China and North America**
**Grow out and evaluate collections made in Kazakhstan**
**Expand cryopreservation research w/ NCGRP**
**Sour Cherry**
**Gradually building collection based on evaluations of Dr. A. Iezzoni of Michigan State University**
**Activities**
**Continue morphological characterization on current as well as additional descriptors**
**Continue digital imaging of fruit samples for all accessions and begin digital imaging of leaves, flower and tree**
**Molecular characterization – in house and collaboration **

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

**Professor Aimak Djangaliev****, Kazakstan Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakstan; Host for Expeditions**
**USA and international scientists who provided data on evaluation progress**** **
**NPGS Plant Exploration Office that provided funding for expeditions:                 ****C. Sperling, K. Williams, N. Garvey**
**NPGS administrative leadership:         ****H. Shands, A. Stoner, P. Bretting**
**NPGS GRIN program personnel**
**USDA- ARS International Programs: **
**      ****R. Soper, R. Bennnet, E. Rosenquist**
**USDA- ARS National Center for Germplasm Resources Preservation: **
**	****S. Eberhart, L. Wiesner, H. Shands, G. Volk, L. Towill, C. Stushnoff, C. Walters**
**Apple, Grape and Prunus Crop Germplasm Committees (CGC)**

**All plant exploration team members**
**PGRU administrative leadership:             ****S. Kresovich, J. McFerson, W. Lamboy, C. Simon**
**PGRU administrative assistants:             ****D. Emerson, T. Fisk, S. Walburn**
**Staff assigned to Clonal Repository of PGRU**
**Former CR technicians who completed cryo & virus indexing: ****Sheffer & Holleran**
**Cornell staff responsible for disease screening: ****H. Aldwinckle, H. Gustafson, T. Momol**
**Cornell and other SAES scientists with SCAs to evaluate germplasm**
**PGRU  Grape Genetics Staff**
**Horticulture Sciences staff at  NYSAES for early oversight of the CR establishment and continuing activities**