# Presentation: 197220

## Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants

- Linda A. Benjamin, PhD
*Presented To*:
- Animal Feed Safety System
- Public Meeting
- Gaithersburg, Maryland
- May 22, 2007

## Exposure to Contaminants in Feeds and Feed Ingredients – Factors

- Levels in raw and processed feed ingredients
- 		 – *Karen Ekelman*
- Level changes during processing of feed ingredients
- 		– *Linda Benjamin*
- Levels in finished feeds
- 		– *Phares Okelo*
- Level changes during storage, transportation and feeding
- 		– *Phares Okelo*
- Amount consumed by swine
- 		– *Barry Hooberman*
- Amount consumed by humans
- 		– *Barry Hooberman*

## AFSS Big Picture

- Animal
- Health

- Human
- Health

*Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) is a program aimed at **protecting** human and animal health by ensuring that animal feed is safe *

## AFSS Big Picture

- Ingredient

- Animal
- Feed

- Animal
- Health

- Human
- Health

*Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) is a program aimed at **protecting** human and animal health by ensuring that animal feed is safe*

## AFSS Big Picture

- Ingredient

- Animal
- Feed

- Animal
- Health

- Human
- Health

- Chemical
- Contaminant

- Manufacturing
- Processes

- Safe Feed/
- Safe Food

## Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants

***Need to Know*****:**
**Contaminants **
**Manufacturing Processes**

## Chemical Contaminants

**Mycotoxin**
*Aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, vomitoxin*
**Pesticides**
*OP: Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl*
*OC: Methoxychlor*
**Heavy Metals, Elements**
*Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, nickel, antimony, selenium, copper, zinc, chromium, iron*
**Halogenated Organic Compounds**
*Dioxins, PCB’s*

**Notes:**
As you can see only those contaminants and toxins that represent a risk to animal and human health will be discussed.  Contaminants such as insect fragments and physical contaminants will not be addressed.

4-classes or categories of chemical contaminants: mycotoxins, pesticides, heavy metals (aka elements) and halogenated organic compounds.  You will note that this is by no way a comprehensive list of chemical contaminants but it is a starting point and for most of these contaminants we have data on their levels in feed and feed ingredients from our Feed Contaminants program.

Feed Contaminant Program
 Mycotoxins - routine surveillance for 5 mycotoxins (did not include deoxynivaleno)l 
Aflatoxin >20ppb; fumonisin >5ppb
 Pesticides - routine surveillance for pesticides in feed
 Elements (Heavy Metals) - limited data available
 Dioxins and PCB’s - Results reported as PPT TEQs for X Dioxins and 7 Furans; more recently, results also reported for 3 Dioxin-like PCBs. PRODUCT	SAMPLES		Grains				n = 93	0.00  -  0.034 ppt (limit = 0.75 ppt)
	Grain by-products	 n = 49	  0.00  -  0.074 ppt
	Forages			 n = 10	  0.00  -  0.046 ppt
	menhaden meal		 n = 22	  0.89 - 3.0 ppt (limit = 1.25 ppt)
	menhaden oil		 n = 7	   7.8 - 27 ppt (limit = 6 ppt)

Definition of a Heavy Metal "Heavy metals" are chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the specific gravity of water. The specific gravity of water is 1 at 4。C (39。F). Simply stated, specific gravity is a measure of density of a given amount of a solid substance when it is compared to an equal amount of water. Some well-known toxic metallic elements with a specific gravity that is 5 or more times that of water are arsenic, 5.7; cadmium, 8.65; iron, 7.9; lead, 11.34; and mercury, 13.546 (Lide 1992). Heavy metals become toxic when they are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissues. Heavy metals may enter the human body through food, water, air, or absorption through the skin when they come in contact with humans in agriculture and in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, industrial, or residential settings. Industrial exposure accounts for a common route of exposure for adults. Ingestion is the most common route of exposure in children.

## Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants

***Need to Know*****:**
**Contaminants **
**Manufacturing Processes**

## Slide 9

| Ingredient | Ingredient Origin | Manufacturing Process |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Corn, ground | Corn | Ground or Chopped (entire corn kernel) |
| Soybean meal,
solvent extracted | Soybean | Grinding the flakes which remain after removal of most of the oil from soybeans by solvent extraction |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Fish | Clean, dried, ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings.  May have part of oil extracted |
| Spray dried animal blood cells | Whole animal blood | Spray drying red and white blood cells |
| Dried whey | Milk | Drying – water removal from whey
(whey – fluid from separating the coagulum from milk, cream or skimmed milk.  A portion of the milk fat may have been removed) |
| Choice white grease | Animal, Pork | Rendering of pork tissues |
| Fat | Animal, Beef | Rendering or extraction of beef tissue |
| DDGs | Barley, cereal, corn, rye, sorghum, or wheat | Biomass obtained after grain exposed to yeast fermentation, distillation, drying and addition of solubles.
(solubles – product obtained after grain is exposed to yeast  fermentation, distillation, separation of thin stillage, condensing and drying of stillage) |

**Notes:**
3-diets we have 
8 ingredients
12+ processes

In order to make this manageable we classified the processes as follows:

## Manufacturing Processes

- Physical
- Cleaning, grinding, chopping, solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, mixing
- Thermal
- Drying, grinding, rendering, fermentation, distillation, pelleting
- Chemical
- Fermentation (acids, ammonia, urea, etc.)

**Notes:**
Note: 
a process could fall under 2-categories
Mycotoxin decomposition is affected by by the level of contamination, the food matrix, the moisture content and the presence of additives.  Decomposition is specific to the type of mycotoxin
Aflatoxins - relatively resistant to thermal inactivation and are only destroyed by processes ~250C
Zearalenone

## Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants

***Need to Know*****:**
**Contaminants **
**Manufacturing Processes**
**Scoring System**

## Scoring System

- Effect of a process on a contaminant
- Does a process increase (I), decrease (D) or have no-effect (NE) on contaminant?
- What is the magnitude of that effect?
- How certain are you in your estimation?
- Resources
- Literature, databases, personal knowledge, etc

**Notes:**
Syracuse Environmental Fate Database, EUCLID

## Scoring System

- Effect of a process on a contaminant
- Does a process increase (I), decrease (D) or have no-effect (NE) on contaminant?
- What is the magnitude of that effect?
- How certain are you in your estimation?
- Resources
- Literature, databases, personal knowledge, etc.

**Notes:**
Syracuse Environmental Fate Database, EUCLID

## Syracuse Environmental Fate Database

**DATALOG** is a bibliographic file containing 18 types of environmental fate data._[ ](http://www.syrres.com/esc/biolog.htm)_
**BIOLOG** or the Microbial Degradation/Toxicity File, provides sources of microbial toxicity and biodegradation data.
**CHEMFATE** is a data value file containing 25 categories of environmental fate and physical/chemical property information on commercially important chemical compounds._[ ](http://www.syrres.com/esc/biodeg.htm)_
**BIODEG** contains experimental values relating to biodegradation subjects.
**BIODEG SUMMARY** provides summary evaluation and reliability codes for different test methods, as well as summaries for biodegradability under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

**Notes:**
Hydrophobic insecticides and herbicides tend to be more active. On the other hand, hydrophobic agrochemicals in general have longer half lives and therefore display increased risk of adverse environmental impact. 

## CHEMFATE Search Parameters

## Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Chemical Contaminants

***Now We Know*****:**
**Contaminants **
**Manufacturing Processes**
**Scoring System**

## Chemical ContaminantsExpert Opinion Worksheet

## Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet

| Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooking/
Rendering |  | Drying |  | Distillation |  | Pelleting |  | Comments |
|  | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |  |
| Aflatoxins |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Malathion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cadmium |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Dioxins |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

- Process Effect Score (PES):  - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect
- Certainty: 1-Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain

**Notes:**
Decomposition, inactivation by thermal processes - 
	temp; time, pressure, MC (higher MC greater inactivation)_x0013_

## Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet

| Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooking/
Rendering |  | Drying |  | Distillation |  | Pelleting |  |
|  | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
| Aflatoxins | 40%  | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 | 10-20%   | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 |
| Malathion | 80%  | 4 | 0-10%  | 3 | 20-50%  | 3 | 10%  | 3 |
| Cadmium | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |
| Dioxins | NE | 3, 4 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |

- Process Effect Score (PES):  - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect
- Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Mycotoxins - destruction a function of time, temp, MC and initial contamination level

## Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet

| Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooking/
Rendering |  | Drying |  | Distillation |  | Pelleting |  |
|  | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
| Aflatoxins | 40%  | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 | 10-20%   | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 |
| Malathion | 80%  | 4 | 0-10%  | 3 | 20-50%  | 3 | 10%  | 3 |
| Cadmium | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |
| Dioxins | NE | 3, 4 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |

- Process Effect Score (PES):  - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect
- Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Mycotoxins - destruction a function of time, temp, MC and initial contamination level

## Chemical Contaminant Expert Opinion Worksheet

| Contaminant | Thermal Processes (T) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooking/
Rendering |  | Drying |  | Distillation |  | Pelleting |  |
|  | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty | PES | Certainty |
| Aflatoxins | 40%  | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 | 10-20%   | 3 | 0-10%  | 3 |
| Malathion | 80%  | 4 | 0-10%  | 3 | 20-50%  | 3 | 10%  | 3 |
| Cadmium | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |
| Dioxins | NE | 3, 4 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 | NE | 4, 5 |

- Process Effect Score (PES):  - Increase; - Decrease; NE - No Effect
- Certainty: 1–Very uncertain; 2-Uncertain; 3-Medium certainty; 4-Fairly certain; 5-Very certain

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Mycotoxins - destruction a function of time, temp, MC and initial contamination level

## D R A F T

| 

Swine Diet Ingredients | 

Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb |  | Malathion, ppm |  | Cadmium, ppm |  | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP 
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 |
| Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
| Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |  
30-70% | 0.56%
0.106 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.039 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.0167 | No
PES |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |  
10-50% | 0.93%
0.301 |  
10-50% | 50%
0.073 |  
10-20% | 100%
0.58 | No
PES |
| Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 | 
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
| Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |  
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 |  
0-10% | 86%
0.02 | 
0-10% |
| Choice white grease
&
Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |  
40-50% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
50-80% | 50%
0.073 | NE
 | 100%
0.3379 | NE
 |
| DDGs | Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |  
50-70% | 18.83%
0.516 |  
30-50% | 100%
0.039 |  
50-70% | 50%
0.0091 |  
50-70% |

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Regulatory limits:
Aflatoxins - 20 ppb
Malathion
Cadmium - 100% (n=2 for ingredients; n=9 for mixed feed)
Dioxin - (n=26, corn; n=10, soybean meal; n=55 choice white grease, fat)

## D R A F T

| 

Swine Diet Ingredients | 

Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb |  | Malathion, ppm |  | Cadmium, ppm |  | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP 
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 |
| Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
| Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |  
30-70% | 0.56%
0.106 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.039 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.0167 | No
PES |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |  
10-50% | 0.93%
0.301 |  
10-50% | 50%
0.073 |  
10-20% | 100%
0.58 | No
PES |
| Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 | 
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
| Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |  
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 |  
0-10% | 86%
0.02 | 
0-10% |
| Choice white grease
&
Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |  
40-50% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
50-80% | 50%
0.073 | NE
 | 100%
0.3379 | NE
 |
| DDGs | Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |  
50-70% | 18.83%
0.516 |  
30-50% | 100%
0.039 |  
50-70% | 50%
0.0091 |  
50-70% |

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Regulatory limits:
Aflatoxins - 20 ppb
Malathion
Cadmium - 100% (n=2 for ingredients; n=9 for mixed feed)
Dioxin - (n=26, corn; n=10, soybean meal; n=55 choice white grease, fat)

## D R A F T

| 

Swine Diet Ingredients | 

Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb |  | Malathion, ppm |  | Cadmium, ppm |  | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP 
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 |
| Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
| Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |  
30-70% | 0.56%
0.106 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.039 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.0167 | No
PES |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |  
10-50% | 0.93%
0.301 |  
10-50% | 50%
0.073 |  
10-20% | 100%
0.58 | No
PES |
| Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 | 
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
| Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |  
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 |  
0-10% | 86%
0.02 | 
0-10% |
| Choice white grease
&
Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |  
40-50% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
50-80% | 50%
0.073 | NE
 | 100%
0.3379 | NE
 |
| DDGs | Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |  
50-70% | 18.83%
0.516 |  
30-50% | 100%
0.039 |  
50-70% | 50%
0.0091 |  
50-70% |

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Regulatory limits:
Aflatoxins - 20 ppb
Malathion
Cadmium - 100% (n=2 for ingredients; n=9 for mixed feed)
Dioxin - (n=26, corn; n=10, soybean meal; n=55 choice white grease, fat)

## D R A F T

| 

Swine Diet Ingredients | 

Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb |  | Malathion, ppm |  | Cadmium, ppm |  | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP 
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 |
| Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
| Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |  
30-70% | 0.56%
0.106 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.039 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.0167 | No
PES |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |  
10-50% | 0.93%
0.301 |  
10-50% | 50%
0.073 |  
10-20% | 100%
0.58 | No
PES |
| Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 | 
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
| Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |  
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 |  
0-10% | 86%
0.02 | 
0-10% |
| Choice white grease
&
Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |  
40-50% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
50-80% | 50%
0.073 | NE
 | 100%
0.3379 | NE
 |
| DDGs | Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |  
50-70% | 18.83%
0.516 |  
30-50% | 100%
0.039 |  
50-70% | 50%
0.0091 |  
50-70% |

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Regulatory limits:
Aflatoxins - 20 ppb
Malathion
Cadmium - 100% (n=2 for ingredients; n=9 for mixed feed)
Dioxin - (n=26, corn; n=10, soybean meal; n=55 choice white grease, fat)

## D R A F T

| 

Swine Diet Ingredients | 

Processes | Aflatoxins, ppb |  | Malathion, ppm |  | Cadmium, ppm |  | Dioxins, ppt TEQ |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES) | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 | FCP 
% pos, mean | EOW
(PES)
 |
| Corn, ground | Grind or chop | 19.44%
47.15 | NE | 18.83%
0.516 | No
PES | 100%
0.039 | NE | 50%
0.0091 | No
PES |
| Soybean Meal,
solvent extracted | Solvent extraction, grind | 4.09%
8.219 |  
30-70% | 0.56%
0.106 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.039 |  
30-70% | 100%
0.0167 | No
PES |
| Fish Meal,
select menhaden | Clean, dry, ground, mechanical extraction | 1.85%
110 |  
10-50% | 0.93%
0.301 |  
10-50% | 50%
0.073 |  
10-20% | 100%
0.58 | No
PES |
| Spray dried blood cells | Spray dry | 1.85%
110 | 
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 | NE | 100%
0.338 | NE |
| Dried whey | Coagulate, separation,
dry | 1.85%
110 |  
0-10% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
0-10% | 50%
0.073 |  
0-10% | 86%
0.02 | 
0-10% |
| Choice white grease
&
Fat | Render | 1.85%
110 |  
40-50% | 0.93% 0.301 |  
50-80% | 50%
0.073 | NE
 | 100%
0.3379 | NE
 |
| DDGs | Grind, ferment, distill, dry | 19.44%
47.15 |  
50-70% | 18.83%
0.516 |  
30-50% | 100%
0.039 |  
50-70% | 50%
0.0091 |  
50-70% |

*D R A F T*

**Notes:**
Regulatory limits:
Aflatoxins - 20 ppb
Malathion
Cadmium - 100% (n=2 for ingredients; n=9 for mixed feed)
Dioxin - (n=26, corn; n=10, soybean meal; n=55 choice white grease, fat)

## Questions ?