# Presentation: 216420

## Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

- Zia Haq
- Energy Information Administration
- Dhaka, Bangladesh
- January 2004

## Potential for Capacity Growth in Bangladesh

- Natural gas – significant potential
- Coal – limited potential
- Renewables – significant potential
- Photovoltaics – Significant potential, Grameen Shakti rural electrification
- Wind – moderate potential in coastal areas
- Biogas – significant potential
- Industrial cogeneration – significant potential
- Hydroelectricity
- Large hydro - minimum room for expansion, uncertain environmental impacts
- Small hydro – significant potential
- Nuclear – low potential
- Petroleum – low potential

## Cost and Performance of Generating Technologies

| Technology | Unit size (MW) | Overnight cost (2001 $/kW) | Variable O&M (2001 mills/kW) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scrubbed coal new | 600 | 1,154 | 3.07 |
| Coal IGCC | 550 | 1,367 | 2.04 |
| Conventional natural gas/oil combined cycle | 250 | 536 | 2.04 |
| Advanced natural gas/oil combined cycle | 400 | 608 | 2.04 |
| Conventional combustion turbine | 160 | 409 | 4.09 |
| Advanced combustion turbine | 230 | 460 | 3.07 |
| Fuel cells | 10 | 2,137 | 20.43 |
| Advanced nuclear | 1,000 | 2,117 | 0.43 |
| Distributed generation – base | 2 | 804 | 6.13 |
| Distributed generation – peak | 1 | 965 | 6.13 |
| Biomass | 100 | 1,763 | 2.96 |
| Landfill gas | 30 | 1,460 | 0.01 |
| Wind | 50 | 1,003 | 0 |
| Solar thermal | 100 | 2,594 | 0 |
| Photovoltaics | 5 | 3,915 | 0 |

**Notes:**
Cost reflect market status and penetration as of 2002 in USA
Source:  EIA, OIAF, from analysis of reports and discussions with various resources from industry, government, DOE fuels offices, and national laboratories.  They are not based on any specific technology model, but rather, are meant to represent the cost and performance of typical plants under normal operating conditions for each plant type.
The distributed generation technologies are natural gas based technologies such as reciprocating engines, combustion turbines.

## Biomass Provides an Attractive Opportunity

- Biomass combustion (low efficiency, but widely available & requires high inputs of labor for productive applications)
- Charcoal is a key informal sector product (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia)
- Waste and agricultural/silvicultural products have a large potential
- Costs  can be low, and may be attractive for international support under Clean Development Mechanism & other programs
- Significant gender implications of expanded focus on biomass
- Key issue is feedstock availability – competing uses of feedstock

## Biomass Small Modular Power Systems

- Capacities of less than 5 MW
- 12.5 kW biomass gasifier would require 10 kg/hr of fuel (dry, ash free basis) for continuous 24 hr/day operation, 292 days/yr
- 5 to 25 kW gasifiers being developed could be operated on coconut shells, sugarcane bagasse, rice hulls
- Capital costs could range from $1,275/kW for 30 kW unit to $975/kW for 250 kW unit (for nth unit)
- Co-location at source of waste feedstock (rice mill, furniture manufacture, sugarcane processing plant) needs to be explored

## Biomass Opportunities for Income

**Mumias Sugar Company(Kenya) - 3,040 tons of bagasse per day**
- Currently burns its bagasse to generate 13 MW of electricity.  Factory demand is ~11MW.  Plant upgrades could generate > 20 MW.
- A local company has developed technology that can produce carbonized charcoal briquettes from bagasse, which can substitute for conventional charcoal, the most common urban household fuel.

## Biomass Waste Opportunities

**Chimanimani sawmill - 82000 m****3**** of woodwaste per year**
- Produces woodwaste sufficient to generate 2-3 MW of electricity.
- This waste material is currently burned in the open or dumped.
- This plant, and 4 or 5 others like it in the area, could be a major resource for low-carbon distributed generation linked to off-grid consumers.

## Wind and Micro-Hydro: Productive Today

-  _Water Pumping_: Key for Agricultural, livestock, potable water
-  Over 1 million wind-powered water pumps
-  Interest (and $) in solar water pumping on the rise
-  Household power (very small-scale wind)
-  _Micro-hydro_ powers businesses (small industries, tourism)
-  > 60,000 small industries
-  Farm applications (e.g. Latin America)

## Modern Small Wind Turbines

- Up to 100 kW
- 3 Moving Parts
- No Regular Maintenance Required
- Automatic Operation
- 30 Year Design Life
- Electrical Output, Many Applications
- Cost:  $1,000 - $3,000/kW
- Proven:  150,000 Installed, Over a Billion Operational Hours

- 10 kW Unit (USA)

## Small Wind Cost and Performance

- Cost declines with size
- 50 Watt - $8,000/kW
- 300 Watt - $1,500 to $2,000/kW
- 1.5 kW - $1,500/kW
- Reliability has improved significantly and today 5 year warranties are available
- Does not negate need for regular maintenance and visual inspections
- Intermittency – capacity factors for wind turbines 25% to 30% for older systems, 30% to 40% for newer systems
- For steadier AC power – build cluster/farm of turbines, or can build single turbine with battery energy storage, diesel backup, PV hybrid

## Small Wind System Optimal Locations

- 30 feet above any obstacles within 300 feet
- 250 Watt turbine can be installed on 30 to 50 feet towers
- 10 kW turbine may need an 80 to 120 feet tower
- Windiest sites may not be close to population or load centers
- Trade-off between good wind regime and high transmission cost
- Seasonal variation – best winds in winter and lowest winds in summer

## Small Wind Applications

**Hybrid Power Systems**

** ****Wind-Electric Pumping Systems**

**Grid-Intertie Systems**

## 10 kW Wind Water Pumping System Cost & Performance

**Costs**
- Turbine & Controller	$19,000
- Pump & Motor	1,300
- Tower (24 m)	6,000
- Wiring & Misc.	_1,300_
-    Equipment:	$27,600
- Shipping	$2,000
- Foundations	1,000
- Turbine Installation	1,500
- Misc. Piping	_1,000_
-     Installation:	$5,500
**    ****Total Cost:****	****$33,100**

**Typical Performance at 30 Meter **
**(100 ft) Total Dynamic Head:**
**180 m3 (48,000 gal.) per Day**

## 10 kW Case Study

**Community water supply: Niama, Morocco**
**Equipment:**  Two Sites: (2)10 kW wind turbines; 18 & 24 m towers; 15 & 26 stage submersible pumps
**Performance:** 70 m3 & 30m3 of water per day
**Cost:**  ~$100,000, Including tech. assist. and training
**Installation:**  February, 1990
**Results:**  Supplies 4,000 people with 220% more water than original diesel pumps.  Population decline has been reversed.
**Contact:**  A. Benhammou, Spolyten SA, Oujda;  Tel: 011-212-6-51-1606

## Wind Case Study - Afghanistan

**Notes:**
Project participants: Empower Consultants Ltd., New Zealand, Government of New Zealand, the Afghan Ministry of Rural Reconstruction and Development, and UNICEF
Villages in the districts of Parwan, Wardak, and Kapisa are home to thousands of refugees returning from Pakistan and Iran
One system also installed in high school in Kabul which is proving to be very popular

## Wind Case Study - Afghanistan

- Based on experience with ozone based water treatment in Nepal combined with wind and solar experience in Pakistan
- Parwan, Wardak, and Kapisa Districts of Afghanistan, 11 stand-alone wind-based water treatment systems have been installed
- Equipment: Bergey 1 kW turbine on 42-foot tower, 280 Watts of PV, battery bank, inverter
- Water treatment technology uses 160 watts to generate 2 grams/hr of ozone, communities treat 2,000 to 4,000 liters of drinking water/day
- Easy to ship, install, does not require special tools or concrete
- Cost: $5,900 to $6,500, 1.2 kW hybrid system can produce 3 to 5 kWh of electricity/day
- Similar installations in Bangladesh, China, Fiji, Indonesia

**Notes:**
Treatment is done on a batch basis and lots of 500 liters are treated and dispensed at a time
Ozone is very effective against water borne diseases, and uses minimal amounts of energy

## “Rules of Thumb” for Applying Wind-Electric Systems

- When m4 (Daily m3 required x pumping head in m) ranges from 200 - 10,000, and
- When average annual wind speed at 10 m is above 4 m/s, preferrably above 5 m/s, and
- Where diesel pumps have not been sustainable, or
- Where the grid is more than 2 km away

**Wind electric systems should be considered:**

- “Rules of Thumb” for Applying Wind-Electric Systems

## Micro-Hydroelectricity or Low-Head Hydro

- Sizes range from 50 Watts to 10 MW
- Requires less operations and maintenance than other renewables but some O&M must be done
- Well designed projects have very little impact on river ecosystem
- Poor design can disrupt ecosystems, lead to high maintenance cost, and make project uneconomic
- Dry season may need back-up generator, floods may need to be shut down
- Site survey needs to determine seasonal fluctuations in water flow
- Hybrid systems with other renewables possible – steadier output, more costly, complex integration issues

## Photovoltaic Applications - Agriculture

## Photovoltaic Applications – Social Services

## Photovoltaic Applications – Cottage Industry

## Photovoltaic Applications – Commercial Services

## Combined Heat and Power

- Sequential generation of two different forms of energy from a single energy source – electrical, thermal
- Conventional electricity generation efficiency 33%, separate heat and power system 45%, CHP 85%
- Large and medium industrial CHP systems – “process industries” petroleum refining, pulp and paper, chemicals, capacities > 25 MW, steam generation rates measured in thousands of pounds of steam/hr
- Small industrial – boilers providing process steam to manufacturing plants, 50 kW to 25 MW, can repower existing boilers or install new systems
- Small commercial and institutional – reciprocating engines, small combustion turbines, building electrical and heating/cooling, starting at about 25 kW, restaurants, large commercial buildings

## CHP Technologies (Reciprocating Engine)

| Technology | Typical size | Sectors | Equipment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Reciprocating engine | 100 kW | Commercial | MAN 80 kW |
| Reciprocating engine | 300 kW | Commercial | Cummins QSK19G |
| Reciprocating engine | 1 MW | Commercial | Cummins QSV91G |
| Reciprocating engine | 3 MW | Commercial, industrial | Caterpillar G3616 LE |
| Reciprocating engine | 5 MW | Commercial, industrial | Wartsilla 18V34SG |

## Reciprocating Engine Based CHP Systems

- Low first cost, easy startup, proven reliability when properly maintained, good load-following characteristics
- Well-suited for packaged CHP in commercial and light industrial applications of 20 kW to 5+ MW
- Ability to produce steam is limited due to waste heat being rejected in jacket water at low temperatures
- Jacket water generally suitable for production of hot water
- Good for food and manufacturing industries that do not require high pressure steam but use large quantities of wash water and low pressure steam
- Other systems – high pressure boilers, steam turbines, combined cycle systems

## CHP Technologies (Gas Turbine)

| Technology | Typical size | Sectors | Equipment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gas turbine | 1 MW | Commercial | Solar Saturn 20 |
| Gas turbine | 5 MW | Commercial, industrial | Solar Taurus 60 |
| Gas turbine | 10 MW | Commercial, industrial | Solar Mars 100 |
| Gas turbine | 25 MW | Industrial | GE LM2500 |
| Gas turbine | 40 MW | Industrial | GE LM6000 |

## Gas Turbine or Combustion Turbine Based CHP Systems

- Produces high quality heat that can be used to generate steam for additional power (combined cycle) or on-site steam use
- Can burn natural gas, diesel, or be dual-fuel capable
- Low maintenance cost
- Good for > 5 MW applications
- Industrially sized CHP plant is a complex process with many inter-related subsystems
- Construction for larger sizes can take over 2 years

## Benefits of CHP Systems

- Lower fuel consumption and lower electricity costs leading to reduced operating costs
- Boilers, turbines and other components are available in the region Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Malaysia
- Increases reliability of industry reduces the impact of energy supply disruptions
- Small size, rural location, can reduce transmission and distribution system losses by 8-10%
- Financial burden can be shared by industry and utilities
- Can improve the quality of power supply for local utility
- Can delay the need for peak demand driven capacity expansion
- Diversification of energy supply
- Reduced dependence on imported sources of energy

## CHP Application Issues

- Industrial sector
- Most favorable application in pulp and paper, chemicals and petroleum refining industries
- Construction lead times for larger systems can be 2 years or more
- Cogeneration for fertilizer, process plants, refineries, tea industry
- Commercial sector
- Typical applications at: colleges/universities, government buildings, hospitals
- Disadvantages of commercial sector CHP applications
- On average commercial sites smaller than industrial sites, technologies for smaller applications more expensive and less efficient than larger systems
- Commercial establishments operate fewer hours per year and have lower load factors, providing fewer hours of operation in which to pay back their higher capital cost
- Unlike the majority of industrial sites that can absorb the entire thermal output of CHP systems on-site, many commercial sites have either an inadequate thermal load or a highly seasonal load such as space heating
- The best overall efficiency and economics come from a steady thermal load

## Success Stories in Meeting Rural Demand

- The entrepreneurial spirit of the private sector must be harnessed to provide electricity to rural areas
- The 1.5 person utility providing power in the bazaar
- The battery repairman – learning by reverse engineering
- Making money when the power goes out - growth of UPS, stand-by power, battery power, diesel generator-set markets
- The success of an electric cooperative - REB
- Renewable energy through micro-credit – Grameen Shakti
- Common themes: least cost operations, private initiative, collective responsibility
- But there must also be appropriate government oversight, regulations, and checks and balances

## Mini-Grids

- Community owned electricity distribution systems supplied by distributed generators
- India
- Sundarband Islands, West Bengal
- 53 islands with 4 million people, no electricity
- Rural Energy Cooperative Society providing grid quality electricity
- 50 to 100 kW generators serving 1 to 2 villages of 400 to 500 households
- Ownership structure very important to payment stability
- 11 islands covered with photovoltaics, 2,000 consumers
- Nepal
- Nepal Electricity Authority
- Reduced maintenance costs, reduction in power theft