# Presentation: 188849

## Application of Satellite Imagery for Nonproliferation and Safeguards

- UPSP-IAEA Workshop “Advanced Sensors for Safeguards”
- 2007/04/23-2007/04/27 at Santa Fe
- Yu Hashimoto
-              Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
-           Naoto Matsuura, Takeo Tadono
-                             Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

- Application of Satellite Imagery for Nonproliferation and Safeguards

## 
     JAXA and JAEA are proceeding on joint research to improve verification methods by satellite imagery using JAEA sites, information about buildings, and their operation and construction declared to the IAEA and comparing data acquired by ALOS “DAICHI”

(1) Investigation of domestic and foreign trends regarding satellite imagery utilization for nonproliferation/safeguards

(2) Comparison between information of buildings on-site and satellite imagery data

(3) Research for verification of nuclear facilities’ operation and construction,  combined with operational information, remote monitoring data, etc., and imagery data

(4) Application of satellite imagery to nonproliferation, e.g., application to CTBT verification

-      JAXA and JAEA are proceeding on joint research to improve verification methods by satellite imagery using JAEA sites, information about buildings, and their operation and construction declared to the IAEA and comparing data acquired by ALOS “DAICHI”
- (1) Investigation of domestic and foreign trends regarding satellite imagery utilization for nonproliferation/safeguards
- (2) Comparison between information of buildings on-site and satellite imagery data
- (3) Research for verification of nuclear facilities’ operation and construction,  combined with operational information, remote monitoring data, etc., and imagery data
- (4) Application of satellite imagery to nonproliferation, e.g., application to CTBT verification

- Research Plan

**Notes:**
(1) 衛星画像の核不拡散・保障措置への利用に関する国内外動向の調査
   衛星画像の核不拡散・保障措置への利用状況、技術開発情況などについて、
   国内外動向調査、現状及び今後の技術課題抽出

(2) サイト内建物情報との比較・検証方法の検討
   IAEA申告JAEAサイト内建物情報と衛星画像情報との比較。
   画像データから申告データを検証するための技術開発要素の抽出・課題の検討

(3) 施設運転・施設建設状況の検証方法の検討
   JAEAサイト内施設の運転・施設建設状況について、運転情報、モニタリング情報等と画像解析データを組み合わせて解析・検証する技術開発要素の抽出・課題の検討

(4) 核不拡散関連技術への応用検討
   衛星画像解析技術のCTBT検証技術への応用可能性検討
   従来の地震波、水中音響、核分裂生成物検知・分析等の技術に加えて、その検証能力向上手段としての可能性を検討

(5) まとめ
   検討・解析結果のまとめ

## Objectives

**Objectives**
-                1. To Evaluate Satellite Imagery’s abilities for
-                    Verification of Information about Nuclear Sites
-                2. To improve the correctness and completeness of
-                    declared information
-                3. To improve verification technology for safeguards,
-                    especially detection of undeclared activities and
-                    facilities

## Acquisition of satellite imagery data, data processing, analysis (JAXA)

- Acquisition of information about the sites, investigation of methods for analysis and evaluation

- Development of Verification Technology for Nonproliferation/Safeguards

- Improvement of the IAEA’s verification abilities

## JAXA/JAEA Joint Research 

- JAXA/JAEA Joint Research

- _Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)_
-   Earth Observation & Research Center (EORC)
-  Tsukuba Space Center, Tsukuba city
- _Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)_
-  Nuclear Nonproliferation
-    Science & Technology Center
-         (NPSTC)
-  Tokai-mura

## Research of Nonproliferation Information Analysis/Evaluation

- New research started in 2006
- Concept:
-   Information Evaluation acquired by satellite imagery, environmental monitoring, and remote monitoring of nuclear facilities with comparison between facilities’ characteristics and operational information

- Remote Monitoring

- Monitoring Post

- Satellite Information

- Information about Facilities, Operation, etc.
- Facilities’ Characteristics

- Environmental Radiation Monitoring

- Nonproliferation Information Analysis/Evaluation

- Information Acquisition/Data base

**Nonproliferation Technology**

## R&D Centers of JAEA

_**Horonobe**_
**High-level rad-waste research**

_**Tsuruga**_
**Prototype fast breeder Monju,**
**Decommissioning of Advanced Thermal Reactor Fugen**

_**Naka**_
**Fusion R&D, ITER support**

_**Takasaki**_
**Radiation application**

_**Mutsu**_
**Decommissioning **
**of nuclear ship**

_**Ningyotoge**_
**Decommissioning of uranium enrichment plants**

_**Tono**_
**High-level rad-waste research**

_**Tokai**_
**Basic research, Safety studies, Neutron Science, Nuclear fuel-cycle technologies, Rad-waste management and disposal, etc.**

**Oarai**
**Experimental reactors Joyo, HTTR and JMTR; Advanced reactor R&D including FBR cycle commercialization**

_**Kansai**_
**Photon & Synchrotron Radiation Science**

**R&D Centers of JAEA**

**Notes:**
○This figure shows various locations of JAEA Research and Development Centers. 

○ As you may know, Tokai Research and Development Center consists of 2 Institutes, namely Nuclear Science and Research Institute (former JAERI Tokai), where you are now, and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Research Institute (former JNC Tokai). 

○ Nuclear safety research, nuclear energy basic engineering research, research on neutron utilization and education and training on nuclear technologies are carried on in the Nuclear Science and Research Institute, while research and development on high level radioactive waste management, fuel fabrication for FBR and reprocessing technologies for thermal reactors are proceeding in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Research Institute. 

## Information Analysis for Additional Protocol

- Expanded Declaration Pursuant to Additional Protocol
- ・ Nuclear Fuel Cycle-related R&D activities,
- ・ A general description of each building on each site
-            (Site Map, Size, Activity)
- ・ Information regarding Uranium mines, concentration
-        plants, and source material, etc.
- Information from open sources

## The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) “Daichi” 

|  |
| --- |

**The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) “Daichi” **
**Overview**

-  ALOS used for cartography, regional observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveying.
-  Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (_[PRISM](http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/about/prism.htm)__) for digital elevation mapping, _
-  Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (_[AVNIR-2](http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/about/avnir2.htm)__) for precise land coverage observation_
-  Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (_[PALSAR](http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/about/palsar.htm)__) for day-and-night and all-weather land observation _

## Slide 10

| ALOS Characteristics |  |
| --- | --- |
| Launch Date | Jan. 24, 2006 |
| Launch Vehicle | H-IIA |
| Launch Site | Tanegashima Space Center |
| Spacecraft Mass | Approx. 4 tons |
| Generated Power | Approx. 7 kW (at End of Life) |
| Design Life | 3 -5 years |
| Orbit | Sun-Synchronous Sub-Recurrent |
|  | Repeat Cycle: 46 daysSub Cycle: 2 days |
|  | Altitude: 691.65 km (at Equator) |
|  | Inclination: 98.16 deg. |
| Attitude Determination Accuracy | 2.0 x 10-4degree (with GCP) |
| Position Determination Accuracy | 1m (off-line) |
| Data Rate | 240Mbps (via Data Relay Technology Satellite)120Mbps (Direct Transmission) |
| Onboard Data Recorder | Solid-state data recorder (90Gbytes) |

## The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) “Daichi” 

- Provide maps for Japan and other countries including      those in the Asian-Pacific region (_Cartography_)

- Develop technology necessary for future Earth observing satellite (_Technology Development_)

- Perform regional observation for "sustainable development", harmonization between Earth environment and development (_Regional Observation_)

- Survey natural resources (_Resources Surveying_)

- Conduct disaster monitoring around the world
-      (_Disaster Monitoring_)

**The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) “Daichi” **
**          ****Objectives**

## PRISMPanchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping 

**PRISM**Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping
- A panchromatic radiometer with 2.5m spatial resolution at nadir
-  --- provide a highly accurate digital surface model (DSM) Three independent optical systems for viewing _nadir_, _forward_ and _backward_
-  --- produce a stereoscopic image along the satellite's track
- PRISM's wide field of view (FOV) provides three, fully-overlapped stereo (triplet) images of a 35km width without mechanical scanning or yaw steering of the satellite

| PRISM Characteristics |  |
| --- | --- |
| Number of Bands | 1 (Panchromatic) |
| Wavelength | 0.52 to 0.77 micrometers |
| Number of Optics | 3 (Nadir; Forward; Backward) |
| Base-to-Height ratio | 1.0 (between Forward and Backward view) |
| Spatial Resolution | 2.5m (at Nadir) |
| Swath Width | 70km (Nadir only) / 35km (Triplet mode) |
| S/N | >70 |
| MTF | >0.2 |
| Number of Detectors | 28000 / band (Swath Width 70km)14000 / band (Swath Width 35km) |
| Pointing Angle | -1.5 to +1.5 degrees(Triplet Mode, Cross-track direction) |
| Bit Length | 8 bits |

## AVNIR-2Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 

**AVNIR-2**Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2
- A visible and near-infrared radiometer for observing land and coastal zones
-  --- provides better spatial land-coverage maps and land-use classification
-      maps for monitoring regional environments
-  --- provides 10m spatial resolution images
-       (7,000 pixels per CCD and electronics enable this higher resolution )
- A cross-track pointing function for prompt observation of disaster areas is another improvement

| AVNIR-2 Characteristics |  |
| --- | --- |
| Number of Bands | 4 |
| Wavelength | Band 1 : 0.42 to 0.50 micrometers
Band 2 : 0.52 to 0.60 micrometers
Band 3 : 0.61 to 0.69 micrometers
Band 4 : 0.76 to 0.89 micrometers |
| Spatial Resolution | 10m (at Nadir) |
| Swath Width | 70km (at Nadir) |
| S/N | >200 |
| MTF | Band 1 through 3 : >0.25Band 4 : >0.20 |
| Number of Detectors | 7000/band |
| Pointing Angle | - 44 to + 44 degree |
| Bit Length | 8 bits |

## PALSARPhased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 

**PALSAR**Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar
- An active microwave sensor using L-band frequency to achieve cloud-free and day-and-night land observation
-  --- provides higher performance than SAR
-  --- ScanSAR, which will enable us to acquire a 250 to 350km width of
-      SAR images at the expense of spatial resolution
-  --- three to five times wider than conventional SAR images
-       (a joint project between JAXA and the Japan Resources Observation
-         System Organization (JAROS))

## Slide 15

| PALSAR Characteristic |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mode | Fine |  | ScanSAR | Polarimetric(Experimental mode) |
| Center Frequency | 1270 MHz(L-band) |  |  |  |
| Chirp Bandwidth | 28MHz | 14MHz | 14MHz,28MHz | 14MHz |
| Polarization | HH or VV | HH+HV or VV+VH | HH or VV | HH+HV+VH+VV |
| Incident angle | 8 to 60deg. | 8 to 60deg. | 18 to 43deg. | 8 to 30deg. |
| Range Resolution | 7 to 44m | 14 to 88m | 100m(multi look) | 24 to 89m |
| Observation Swath | 40 to 70km | 40 to 70km | 250 to 350km | 20 to 65km |
| Bit Length | 5 bits | 5 bits | 5 bits | 3 or 5bits |
| Data rate | 240Mbps | 240Mbps | 120Mbps,240Mbps | 240Mbps |
| NE sigma zero | < -23dB (Swath Width 70km)
< -25dB (Swath Width 60km) |  | < -25dB | < -29dB |
| S/A | > 16dB (Swath Width 70km)
> 21dB (Swath Width 60km) |  | > 21dB | > 19dB |
| Radiometric accuracy | scene: 1dB / orbit: 1.5 dB |  |  |  |

## Land Changes Due to Earthquake (March 25, 2007)

**[Figure 1]**
**Diastrophism around the Noto Peninsula**Color changes are more obvious near the epicenter. Measured a maximum of 45 centimeters in the rise of the land. One cycle of colors indicates 11.8 centimeters of change.

**[Figure 2] **
**The Noto Peninsula Observed **
**by the PALSAR on April 10**

- http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/04/20070412_daichi_e.html

## Horonobe Area

- Acquisition date: 2006/07/02

- Horonobe, Hokkaido
- AVNIR-2/PRISM
- Pan-sharpened image

- Underground Research Center
- Research for the deep geological environment
-  Engineering technology for safe and practical construction, and  operation of a deep repository
-  The long-term stability of the geological environment
- Activities/Works
- Boring, excavation for shafts/drifts/underground laboratory, research of geosciences
- Expected Information from satellite imagery
- Construction/Installation of facilities/equipment on the ground, progress of underground excavation supposed by amount of earth dug out of a construction site

## Tokai Area (North)

- Acquisition date: 2007/02/12

- Tokai-mura, Ibaraki
- AVNIR-2/PRISM
- Pan-sharpened image

- Activities/Works
- Research Reactors
- J-PARC: Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex  - Linac, 3GeV/50GeV  synchrotron                                  - Accelerator-driven transmutation, Muon/Neutron utilization for materials and life science experiments
- R&D related nuclear fuel cycle   - reprocessing, MOX conversion, MOX fuel fabrication, waste management
- Expected Information from satellite imagery
- Construction/Operation of facilities,
- Verification of design Information, declaration on buildings of the site

- QuickBird

## J-PARC: 

**J-PARC: **
**Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex**
- - Linac, 3GeV/50GeV  synchrotron                                  - Accelerator-driven transmutation, Muon/Neutron utilization for materials and life science experiments
**Expected Information from satellite imagery**
- Construction/Operation of facilities,
- Verification of design Information, declaration on buildings of the site

## Oarai Area

- Ortho rectified image

- Oarai-machi, Ibaraki
- PALSAR
- 2006/9/30

- QuickBird

- Reactors for Irradiation/Experiment
-  JMTR, HHTR, JOYO
- PIE of Fuel/Material
-  JMTR-Labo, AGF, MMF
- Hydrogen production by nuclear process heat
- Feasibility Study of FBR Cycle
- Expected Information from satellite imagery Construction/Operation of facilities,
- Verification of design Information, declaration on buildings of the site

## Oarai Area

- Oarai-machi, Ibaraki

- QuickBird

## Potential Abilities of Analysis of Satellite Imagery

- Panchromatic image  Location, Size, and Height of Buildings
- 3D image  Rough Change of Ground Height
- Multi-spectrum, Pan Sharpen Image
-                 Change of Vegetation, Ground (Soil)
- PALSAR  Detection of Ground/Building covered Vegetation
-                       Structure buried under Ground
-          Cloud-free and Day-and-Night Land Observation
-          Detection of precise change of Ground Height
-                         (Interferometric SAR)
- Thermal IR Image
-               Detection of Dump Heat/Water
-                          – Operational Conditions of Facility
-                Difference of Temperature between Summer and Winter
-                          - Change of Ground, Detection of Building

**Potential Abilities of Analysis of Satellite Imagery**

## Summary of Planned Research for Nonproliferation and Safeguards using Satellite Imagery 

**Summary of Planned Research for Nonproliferation and Safeguards using Satellite Imagery**
- ・ Comparison between actual activities at facilities/sites
-            and satellite imagery data analysis
- ・ Data Acquisition by “DAICHI”
- ・ Investigation/Demonstration of techniques
-           to accomplish analysis purposes
- ・ Utilization of Commercial Satellite Images
-    ・ High Resolution Image: QuickBird, IKONOS
-    ・ Higher Resolution Image: Next Generation commercial satellite
- ・ Support Programme for the IAEA
-  ・ 06/IIS-002 Signatures of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Related Processes
-             (Satellite Imagery/Space-Born Remote Sensing Data)

## Thank you !

**Thank you !**

## Slide 25

## Slide 26

## Additional Information

## Slide 28

## JNC-1(Tokai)

**JNC-1(Tokai)**

- TRP (Tokai Reprocessing Plant)
- PCDF (Plutonium Conversion Development Facility)
- PPFF (Plutonium Center Plutonium Fuel Facility)
- PFPF (Plutonium Fuel Fabrication Facility)
- JNC Tokai R&D

## JAER1(Tokai)

**JAER1(Tokai)**

- JRR-2 (closed)
- JRR-3
- JRR-4
- SCF (NUCEF)
- TCA (Tank-type Critical Assembly)
- FCA (Fast Critical Assembly)

- NSRR
- 	(Nuclear Safety Research Reactor)
- VHTRC (closed)
- 	(Very High Temperature Reactor Critical Assembly)
- JAERI Tokai R&D

## JAER3, JNC-2(Oarai)

**JAER3, JNC-2****(Oarai)**

- JMTR
- 	(Japan Material Testing Reactor)
- JMTRC (closed)
- 	(Japan Material Testing Reactor Critical Assembly)
- HTTR
- 	(High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor)
- JAERI Oarai R&D

- Joyo
- DCA (closed)
- 	(Deuterium Criticality Assembly)
- IRAF
- 	(Irradiation Rig Assembling Facility)
- FMF
- 	(Fuels Monitoring Facility)
- JNC Oarai R&D

## Contents of Expanded Declaration

**Contents of Expanded Declaration**

*Site Map*

*Initial Declaration*
*Full list*

*Annual Declaration*
*Comparison table*

- Site location, point of contact, working hour and holidays
- Site Map
- Description of each building
- Size
- Activities

## Expanded Declaration Description of Buildings

**Expanded Declaration ****Description of Buildings**

- MAIN PLANT (Six-story building with three basements, 21793m2)To develop technology for receipt, storage, shearing and dissolution of spent fuel, separation, purification, uranium denitration, plutonium product storage, treatments of off-gas, high and medium active liquid wastes, high active liquid waste storage, and remote maintenance of enriched uranium dissolver.
- 2ND ANNEX STACK (Hight:90m, Outside diameter of top:2.8m, Outside diameter of bottom:6.4m)To ventilate from TOKAI VITRIFICATION FACILITY.
- ADMINISTRATION BUILDING (PCDF) (Five-story, 1341m2)Offices for research and development, and security room for entering control to PCDF.Managed access should be implemented at the security room on the fourth floor to meet physical protection requirements.

## Complementary AccessOpening Meeting

- Explanation of the purpose of the activity by IAEA and identification of the building
- Explanation of the building by operator
- Preparation of papers (Pamphlets, layout, etc.)
- Explanation (Activities, history, etc.)
- Questions & Answers
- 	Usually 30 minutes to 1 hour

## Complementary AccessAccess

**Complementary Access****Access**

- Explanation of Safety Rules
- Explanation of building, instruments and equipments
- Questions & Answers
- IAEA Activities
- Use of Global Positioning System
- Taking Photographs
- Measurement of Radiation
- Environmental Sampling