# Presentation: 513644

## Panel Forum
 Challenges of Hydrogen Pipeline Transmission
International Pipeline Conference and Exposition
Calgary, Alberta Canada
October 5, 2004 

Development of US-DOT Regulations for Hydrogen Transportation Systems

Gopala Krishna Vinjamuri
Research & Special Programs Administration
US Department of Transportation
Washington DC 20590

-  Challenges of Hydrogen Pipeline Transmission
- International Pipeline Conference and Exposition
- Calgary, Alberta Canada
- October 5, 2004
- Development of US-DOT Regulations for Hydrogen Transportation Systems
**Gopala Krishna Vinjamuri**
**Research & Special Programs Administration**
**US Department of Transportation**
**Washington DC 20590**

## US DOT MISSION 

- Strategic Transportation Goals
- Public Safety
- Security
- Mobility (people and commerce)
- Global Connectivity (economic growth)
- International Co-operation for Codes and Standards, economic development and reserach

**Notes:**
Ensure various modes of transportation operate safely (ONE DOT): 
Individually and 
As interlinked system 
Interagency Partnership For the Hydrogen Economy:
Infrastructure Development , Safety, and Federal Regulation
Vehicle Safety

## DOT Administrations

**All** have significant roles in hydrogen economy

**   ****Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)**
** ****Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)**
** ****Federal Motor Carrier Safety (FMCSA)**
** ****Federal Railroad Administration  (FRA)**
** ****Federal Transit Administration (FTA)**
** ****Maritime Administration (MARAD)**
** ****National Highway Traffic Safety**
** ****Administration (NHTSA)**
** ****Research & Special Programs Administration**
**	****(RSPA)    **
**   ****StLawrence Seaway Development Corporation**

## Hazardous Materials Transportation and Vehicle Safety  Regulations 

- Responsible Administrations
- Research & Special Programs Administration (RSPA)
- 	*Public Safety-Transportation in Commerce*
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
- 	*Design, Safety, CAFA’ Standards*
- Administer a comprehensive nationwide safety program to protect the Nation from the risks to life, health, property, and the environment inherent in the transportation of hazardous materials by all modes of transportation.

## Research & Special Programs Administration

** ****Core Responsibilities**
- Code of Federal Regulations Title 49
**Hazardous Materials Safety**
- Regulatory authority and responsibility for safe hazmat transportation/packaging/inspection
-   50,000 shippers/800,000 shipments/day- Over 4700 items come under RSPA regulations (40CFR§172.101)
- State programs for hazmat training to state regulators and public
**Pipeline Safety **
- Regulatory authority and responsibility for public safety for over 2 million miles of inter-state  pipelines for hazardous liquids, natural gas, and other flammable, corrosive and toxic gases.  Over 300,000 miles of pipelines transport a variety of compressed gases (49CFR Part 192).

**Notes:**
A Natural Fit in an Hydrogen Economy

## Hydrogen Transportation 

**As of To-day Hydrogen can be shipped in commerce under DOT regulations (US DOT 49 CFR) in a variety of containers and pipelines.**

## DOT Specification PackagingsCompressed Hydrogen

**Cylinders**

- DOT Specifications 3, 3A, 3AA (steel) and 3AL (aluminum): water capacity not over 1,000 Lbs.; *service pressure* typically 2,000 to 3,600 psig.
- DOT Specification 4B, 4BA and 4BW (steel): water capacity not over 1,000 Lbs.; *service pressure* 150 to 500 psig (typically 240 psig) (No Hydrogen)

## DOT Specification PackagingsCompressed Hydrogen

**Composites**

- Composite cylinders (steel and aluminum liners wrapped with fiberglass or carbon) manufactured under DOT exemptions: water capacity not over 200 Lbs; Design *service pressure* 900 to 5,000 psig (typically 2,000 to 4,500 psig).  DOT FRP-1, DOT-CFFC Standards

## DOT Specification PackagingsLiquid Hydrogen

**Cylinders**

- DOT Specification 4L (steel):
- water capacity not over 1,000 Lbs.
*service pressure *40 to 500 psig.

## DOT Specification PackagingsCompressed Hydrogen

**Tube Trailers**_**[ ](http://www.fibacanning.com/photogallery/pf3271.jpg)**_

- DOT specifications 3AX and 3AAX (steel):
- water capacity greater than 1,000 Lbs. Typical
- design pressure 2,000 to 3,600 psig.

## DOT Specification PackagingsLiquid Hydrogen

**Cargo Tanks**

- DOT Specification MC-338 (steel):
- maximum allowable working pressure
- 100 to 500 psig.

## DOT Specification Packagings Liquid Hydrogen

**Tank Car Tanks**

- DOT Specification 113A (steel):
- Test pressure 175 psig

## DOT Specification PackagingsLiquid Hydrogen

**Portable Tanks****  **

- DOT Specification UN Portable Tanks & Exemption Portable Tanks based on DOT Specification MC-338 (steel):
- maximum allowable working pressure 100 to 500 psig.

## Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure

**Emergency Preparedness/Response**
- Higher risk of transport accidents
- Catastrophic potential
- Reflect first responder concerns
- Emergency Response Guidebook
-        Nearly 2,000,000 distributed
-      Coordinate hydrogen emergency
- 	    safety publications with RSPA’s Office of
- 		Hazardous Materials Safety

## Pipeline Safety

**Pipeline Safety**
**49 CFR parts 190-199.**
**Part 192 for Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems**

- Material Qualification
- 49CFR §192.53 Materials.
**Materials for pipe and components must be**
**(a) Able to maintain structural integrity of the pipeline...**
**(b) Chemically compatible with any gas that they transport..., and**
**(c) Qualified in accordance with the**
** ****	****applicable requirements of this subpart... **

- Design Requirements
- P = (2 S t / D) F E T
- P = Design Pressure
-     S= Specified Minimum Yield Stress
-     t = Nominal wall thickness
-     D= Nominal outside Diameter
-     F, E, T= Design, weld joint & 				temperature derating factors.

- Operation and Maintenance
- 		Corrosion Control
- 		Integrity management
- 		Operator Qualification
- 		Reporting Requirements

## So what is the issue ? 

- There is a definite need for alternate energy sources to meet the ever increasing demand for energy worldwide.
- Current conventional energy sources may not be adequate
- Increased use of oil and natural gas increases global pollution and global warming.
- Considering Hydrogen is a viable choice, issues related to production, transportation and delivery to end user pose  technological and economic and social issues.
- Current infrastructure is not adequate to handle the hydrogen transportation needs.
- Hydrogen properties are unique including flammability, and handling difficulties. Safety considerations need be addressed upfront.
- Codes and Standards and Government Regulations are key to safe and successful use of Hydrogen.

## World Pipeline Experience(Source:  Mohitpour et.el  ASME Paper ‘2004)

## Hydrogen Pipeline Infrastructure (United States)

- 900 miles of relatively low pressure and short intra-state hydrogen pipelines
- There are high pressure pipeline systems but these are for very specialized applications, very small diameters and using expensive steels.

## National Highway Traffic safety Administration (NHTSA)

- Core Responsibility
-  **Federal Motor Vehicle Safety **
**Standards (FMVSS) 49 CFR Part 571**
-  **FMVSS 100 Series-  Crash Avoidance**
** ****FMVSS  200 Series -Crashworthiness**
-  **FMVSS  300 Series - Post Crash Standards **

**Notes:**
STD 301 Fuel System Integrity;  STD 302 Flammability of Interior Materials:  STD 303 CNG System Integrity; 304 CNG Container Integrity; STD 305 Electric Vehicles 

## Requirements for NHTSA-FMVSS

-  Must meet a safety need
-  Performance Based Standards
-  Be practicable (technology & economics)
-  Objectively measurable compliance
-  Appropriate for each type motor vehicle

## Hydrogen Use

- Produce Ammonia
- Hydrogenation of fats & oils
- Convert low grade crude oils into transport fuels
- Rocket fuel
- Alternative fuel to hydrocarbon used for Aviation
- Fuel Cells/ Automobile & Energy

**Notes:**
Large quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for ammonia production and for the hydrogenation of fat and oils. 
It is used in large quantities to convert low grade crude oils into transport fuels like in methanol production, in hydro-de-alkylation, hydro-cracking (for heavy oil production), hydro-treating, and hydro-desulphurization. 

It is used as rocket fuel, as an alternative fuel to hydrocarbons for aviation and other uses (Reynolds and Slage 1974), for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid and for the reduction of metallic ores. 

It is used as an energy source for power generation and transportation. 

Ammonia and urea production consume more hydrogen than any other applications. The first time use of hydrogen for such productions was in 1911. 

World consumption of hydrogen is 50 million tones per year and is growing at the rate of 10% per annum (IAEA, 2003). 

## Hydrogen Storage

- The three basic methods are:
- Compressed gas in pressure vessels / pipelines
- Liquid hydrogen stored in insulated tanks and dewers
-  hydrogen stored in a solid compound (metal and ceramic hydrides)

**Notes:**
Above methods basically show the methods for storing hydrogen, additional research required to determine the safest and economical methods.  Hydrogen is safe address:

DOE consultants have suggested that for H2 storage for automobile storage emphasis in research should be placed inresearch of metal and ceramic hydrides.  Research in this area. – not included. 

To transport equal amount of energy, the volume of hydrogen transported will be three times more than natural gas. However as hydrogen density is lower than natural gas, its comparative volumetric efficiency is higher. Detonation required to ignite hydrogen is a fraction of that required to detonate natural gas or gasoline. Very little is required to detonate hydrogen, and therefore explosive force is much lower. A hydrogen flame burns quickly and emits very little heat (10% in comparison to hydrocarbons). This means that a hydrogen explosion and fire will do less damage to the immediate surrounding than natural gas or gasoline fire, while consequently creating less damaging gases caused by the burning of secondary material. 

It is almost impossible to detonate hydrogen gas in open air making it a very safe fuel compared to other alternatives, (Kruse B et al. 2002). Hydrogen is 14.4 times lighter than air and rises at a speed of 20 m/s. Ventilation and other security systems are therefore necessary in enclosed spaces where hydrogen gas exists (Mohitpour et. al. 1988).

## Hydrogen Economy Infrastructure Options

**Notes:**
These are transmission methods for present and intermediate term demands.
Local compressors can provide hydrogen at higher pressures depending upon the end user. For example an automobile refill station may need a compressor to fill automobiles to 34400 kPa (5000 PSI) pressure. 
Future methods may include high pressure hydrogen lines?
However, within the hydrogen economy regime, the pipeline operational requirements (e.g. pressures exceeding 20000 kPa (3000 PSI)) are likely to be more severe than those the pipeline industry is used to in natural gas transmission.

## Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

- Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

## Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

- Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

## Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

- Hydrogen Economy InfrastructureOptions

##  Exmptions, Waivers & Rulemaking	For HAZMAT Safety Regulations Exemption from regulations is a path to introduce new materials and technologies	Waivers from Pipeline Safety regulations generally involve new design criteria and operations (Risk analysis, corrosion monitoring periodic inspection)	Rulemaking is initiated because of Congressional statute, immediate safety concerns, petition for rule making by individuals

## Relevant Codes and standards 

**    **
**	****Active participation in development of National and international standards:**
- ASME, API, ASTM, NACE, NFPA, CGA , SAE Committees
- UN Committee and Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
- US Interagency committees
- UN-ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel
- IMO Dangerous Goods, Solid Cargoes and Containers Sub-Committee and its editorial and technical group.
- ISO Technical Committees for Hazmat Transportation Pckagings design and manufacturing
- UNECE WP-29/ Working Group for Hydrogen Vehicle Standards.

## International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy(IPHE)

-    An international partnership with currently 16 member countries to leverage R&D efforts and funds by commitment to advance all aspects of Hydrogen Economy.
-   IPHE Website:  www.usea.org/IPHE.htm

-   DOT Hydrogen Web-Site
- _[http](http://www.rspa.dot.gov/dra/hydrogen/index.html)__[://](http://www.rspa.dot.gov/dra/hydrogen/index.html)__[www.rspa.dot.gov/dra/hydrogen/index.html](http://www.rspa.dot.gov/dra/hydrogen/index.html)_
- contact e-mail:
- gopala.vinjamuri@rspa.dot.gov
-  _[stanley.staniszewski@rspa.dot.gov](mailto:stanley.staniszewski@rspa.dot.gov)_
- William.chernicoff @rspa.dot.gov