# Presentation: 918239

## The U. S. Government Role in ComputingThe Future:  Augmenting Human Capacities 

- Joseph Bordogna
- National Science Foundation
- http:// www.eng.nsf.gov/
**Commemorative Technical and Historical Symposium**
**50th Anniversary of the Moore School Lectures**
**University of Pennsylvania**
**May 18, 1996**

## Innovations in Information Technology

**Word processors**
**Internet & electronic mail**
**Spreadsheets**
**“****Smalltalk” environment -- windows, icons, mouse**
**World Wide Web**

**Enabler:  Silicon integrated circuits**

## Federal Government-Sponsored Computing Research and Development, 1965-1994

**Timesharing**
**Graphics**
**Networking**
**CAD / CAE**
**Workstations**
**Windows**
**VLSI Design**
**Parallel Computing**

***From National Research Council report of study chaired by F. P. Brooks and I. E. Sutherland, “Evolving the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation’s Information Infrastructure,” National Academy Press, 1995.***

_**Became $1 billion business**_

**late 1970s**
**mid 1970s**
**early 1980s**
**ca. 1990**
**mid 1980s**
**mid 1980s**
**mid 1980s**
**mid 1990s**

_**First govt-sponsored research**_

**before 1965**
**before 1965**
**late 1960s**
**early 70s**
**mid 1970s**
**before 1965**
**mid 1970s**
**mid 1960s**

## Role of Federal Government:  Physical and Intellectual Infrastructure

**A healthy, educated public**
**Job creation, economic health and security**
**World leadership in science, engineering, mathematics and technology**
**Improved environmental quality and sustainable development**
**Harnessed information technology**
**Enhanced national security**

**Goals of Federal government investment:**

## The Federal Budget DollarWhere it goes....

**FY 1996 Budget:  $ 1.6 Trillion**
**U. S. Economy:  $ 6 Trillion**
**National Debt:  $ 5 Trillion**

**Other Federal**
**Operations**
**5%**

**Grants to States & **
**Localities**
**15%**

**Direct Benefit**
**Payments for**
**Individuals**
**48%**

**Net Interest**
**16%**

**National Defense**
**16%**

## Role of Industry:  Wealth Creation

**The interaction of technological innovation with the competitive marketplace is the fundamental driving force in capitalist industrial progress.**

***Joseph A. Schumpeter, 1942***

**Capitalism is a process of Creative Transformation**

## Innovation-Concurrent Integration

## Role of Academe:  Building Capacity for Learning and Innovation

** ****Education**
** ****Research**

**Resource**
**Investment**

**Continuous**
**Learning and**
**Innovation**

**Knowledge**
**Integration**

**Knowledge**
**Creation**

**Knowledge**
**Transfer**

## Education to Enable

**Past:****	****Curriculum in response to workforce needs for **
**	****a new technology**
**Future:****	****Technology needs change quickly -- education must**
**	****be more than a response**
**	****Expertise in a single discipline is no longer enough**
**	****Ability to contribute and thrive through change**
**	****Capacity for rewarded and rewarding careers**

## A 21st Century World

**Cognitive****Revolution**

**Diverse**
**Workforce**

**Defense **
**Reinvestment**

**Information**
**Explosion**

**Demographic****Shifts**

**Environmental****Sustainability**

**Finite****Resources**

**International****Competition**

**Global****Economy**

**Dual****Use**

**Shared****Wealth**

## Challenges for 21st Century Careers

**Increasing pace of technological innovation**
**Post-cold war international politics**
**New kinds of military conflicts and economic partnerships**
**Shift from defense development to commercial competition; merging of defense and commercial industrial base**
**Vastly improved global communications, intelligent information technology, and low-cost computing power**
**Increasing number and strength of U. S. trading partners **
**Changing demographics, expanding social infrastructure**
**Environmental concerns increasingly important**

## Challenges for 21st Century Academe

**See the world whole; sense the coupling among seemingly disparate fields of endeavor**
**Perform synthesis in balance with analysis **
**Build connections between the world of learning and the world beyond**

**Educate students to:**

## Meeting the Challenge

**Systems integration; synthesis**
**Scientific analysis**
**Problem formulation as well as problem solving**
**Ability to design and realize products**
**Facility with intelligent technology to enhance creative opportunity**
**Ability to manage complexity and uncertainty**
**Teamwork; sensitivity in interpersonal relationships**
**Language and multi-cultural understanding**
**Ability to advocate and influence**
**Entrepreneurship and decision making**
**Knowledge integration, education and mentoring**

**Next Generation Personal Skill Set**

## Meeting the Challenge

**Next Generation Career Paths**

**Sustainable development:  avoiding environmental harm; energy / materials efficiency**
**Life cycle / infrastructure creation and renewal**
**Micro / nanotechnology / microelectromechanical systems**
**Mega systems**
**Smart systems**
**Multimedia and computer-communications**
**Living systems engineering**
**Process quality / control**
**Management of technological innovation**
**Enterprise transformation**
**. . . ?**

## Integrating Research and EducationDefinition

- discovery, curiosity and inquiry
- the dynamics of the shared student-teacher experience
- a holistic faculty and student body and effective partnerships
- availability of information/cognitive resources

*The weaving of knowledge creation, knowledge integration, and knowledge transfer into a robust whole that both defines and enables the process of continuous learning and the quest for new knowledge.*

- At all levels the learning process is enabled and enriched by:

## Distributed Intelligence

**Online services -- travel, real estate, investing, auto purchasing, . . . **
**Educational software for individual learners**
**Mass production         flexible & agile manufacturing**
**Customer control -- ATMs, salad bars, self-serve gas pumps**
**Total quality management**
**. . .**
**Creative transformation**

**Power, responsibility, information away from centralized control to the individual**

**Distributed Intelligence**
**from Vice President Al Gore**

## Intelligent Information Retrieval“Data Mining”

**Large, distributed knowledge base**
**Information generated at high rate **
**Many simultaneous multimedia sources**
**Enhanced communication, computing and storage systems to accommodate incoming data rate**
**Capability to filter, collate, merge, process, integrate, synthesize, interpret**

## Learning and Intelligent Systems

**Augment the capacity to learn and create through**

**Discovery of underlying principles of human intelligence and learning **
**Creation of intelligent machines with synthetic learning capability**
**Integration of knowledge about human learning processes with synthetic learning strategies**
**New technologies and systems to enable learners to harness distributed intelligence infrastructure**
**Design and implementation of seamless human-machine interfaces**

## Learning and Intelligent Systems

**Learning technologies**
**Insights into learning and cognitive functioning**
**Computational tools in learning**
**Collaborative learning across physical and virtual communities**
**Collaborative human-machine learning**
**Using digital libraries in learning**
**Knowledge-on-demand pedagogies**

## Institute for Research in Cognitive ScienceUniversity of Pennsylvania

**Creating computer models for how humans perceive, learn, reason, communicate and act**
**Models could be the basis for building machines that can do some of these things**
**Research focus areas**
**Language structure, processing, and acquisition **
**Perception and action**
**Logic and computation**
**New standards for performance in machine vision and manipulation**

## Infrastructure:  Distributed, Networked  Facilities

**Internet & World Wide Web**
**MOSIS**
**National Nanofabrication Users Network**
**U.S. - Japan Joint Optoelectronics Project**
**Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure **
**National Information Infrastructure:  high-end computing, networking**

## U.S.-Japan Joint Optoelectronics Project

**U.S.-Japan Joint Optoelectronics Project**

**Implementation Plan agreement signed in 1994**
- To stimulate both countries’ R&D in optoelectronics for computing
- To enable optical systems research by opening access to:
- Leading-edge optoelectronic fabrication facilities
- Novel prototype optoelectronic devices, circuits, and modules
**U.S. Joint Management Committee:  **NIST (Chair), NSF, DARPA, Depts. of Energy and State
**Broker Services in both U.S. and Japan supported by MITI**
- U.S.: Optoelectronics Industry Development Association (OIDA)
- Japan: OITDA
**OIDA holds competition three times per year for U.S. researchers; awards funded by DARPA, NSF**

**http://www.mcc.com/jop/**

## NSF National NanofabricationUsers Network (NNUN)

**•  ****Infrastructure Enhancement**
**•  ****Integration of Research and Education**
**•  ****Partnerships and Alliances**

**Stanford**** ****•**
** ****Nanofabrication**
** ****of silicon devices**
** ****CMOS, BiCMOS**

**•**** ****Cornell**
**  ****Nanofabrication**
**  ****of compound semi-**
**  ****conductor devices**

**UC Santa Barbara ****•**
** ****Quantum electronics**
** ****and nanoscale mat’ls**

**•****Penn State**
**  ****Advanced non-**
**  ****traditional mat’ls**

**•**** ****Howard**
**   ****Wide bandgap**
**   ****semiconductors**

***An integrated network of user facilities, providing researchers expertise to fabricate nanometer-scale structures, devices and circuits, aiding diverse disciplines from engineering to physics to biology***

**http://snf.stanford.edu/NNUN/**

## Distributed Intelligence Enables Human-Centered Systems

**Digital libraries -- large, broadly accessible knowledge base**
**Data mining -- filtering, integrating, interpreting**
**Convergence of computing and communications **
**High-confidence systems -- privacy, security, reliability**
**Machinery for predictability**
**Wireless, low-power, mobile systems**
**Simulation capability improvements**
**Biomedical informatics -- imaging, computational biology, computer-assisted decision making**
**Understanding of human cognition and learning processes**

_**Empowering the Individual**_** -- Making the built world sense and adjust to human needs**

## Future Innovations?

**Digital libraries -- large, distributed knowledge base**
**“****IP dialtone” -- residential access to high bandwidth      ****(R. W. Lucky, Bellcore) **
**Intelligent agents for “data mining”**
**“****Nomadicity” ****(L. Kleinrock, UCLA)**
**Wireless, mobile, long battery life**
**Interoperability --  automatic adjustment of computing / communications / storage functionality**
**Human interface technology**
**. . . ****??**

**Hardware -- Software -- ****Content**

## Enabling the Capacity to Perform

**“****Our knowledge is a torch of smoky pine**
**That lights the pathway but one step ahead.”**

**--  *****George Santayana***

**“****As for the future, your task is not to foresee it,**
**but to ****enable**** it.”**

**--  *****Antoine de Saint-Exupéry***