# Presentation: 697324

## Core Four Pest Management

- USDA-NRCS
-  Cropland Technology Team

## Slide 2

**Notes:**
From rootworm and borer scouting... 

## Slide 3

**Notes:**
To cultivation for weed control...

## Slide 4

**Notes:**
To the use of hooded sprayers and  certified seed...
Pest management is an integral part of overall crop management and it can be tremendously complex and diverse.

## Overview

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- Introduction to Core Four Pest Management
- Pest Management Policy
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- Environmental Risks of Pest Management
- Implementing the Pest Management Standard
- Using the Pest Management Jobsheet

## Other Pest Management Training

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- A comprehensive NEDC self-paced study course entitled “Nutrient and Pest Management Considerations in a Conservation Management System Plan”
- Extension and state agency training in pest management and pesticide applicator safety
- Certified Crop Advisor Program

**Notes:**
Core 4 Pest Management Training is not meant to stand alone. It serves as an introduction to the full blown NEDC Nutrient and Pest Management course which will come online later this year. Core 4 Pest Management Training can also serve as a foundation for more detailed  Extension, state agency and CCA training in pest management. 

## Introduction to Core Four Pest Management 

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- Introduction to Core Four Pest Management

- Pest Management is a critical component of conservation planning
- Pest Management must be used in conjunction with:
- crop residue management
- nutrient management
- conservation buffers
- other conservation practices

**Notes:**
Pest Management is not a stand alone practice. It MUST be part of the overall cropping system. 

## Core Four Pest Management Goals 

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- Core Four Pest Management Goals

- The pest management component of a conservation plan should enhance crop quality and quantity + minimize negative impacts to identified resource concerns
- IPM should be utilized where it’s available
- The conservation plan should be cooperatively developed with whoever makes pesticide recommendations

**Notes:**
Pest Management is very different from most NRCS conservation practices. Managing pests to enhance crop quality and quantity is obviously the primary goal of pest management from the producer’s point of view, but the primary NRCS goal is to accomplish this without negatively impacting the environment. Most conservation practices focus on maximizing positive benefits, but from an NRCS standpoint, the primary goal of this practice is to minimize negative impacts to natural resources while others (the producer, Extension, CCA’s and crop consultants) focus on maximizing crop quality and quantity. Effective conservation plans, therefore, MUST be cooperatively developed with whoever is making  pest management and pesticide use recommendations. IPM should be fully utilized where it’s available.

## NRCS Role In Core Four Pest Management

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- NRCS’s primary role in pest management is to help producers understand the environmental impacts associated with different pest control options, so they can fully incorporate environmental risk into their pest management decision-making process

**Notes:**
Economics and efficacy drive most pest management decisions, but environmental risks must be also be considered to  to protect our natural resources.

## Current Focus

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- Since pesticide impacts on water quality are a major concern, our emphasis is on:
- Management factors that reduce the potential for pesticide movement below the rootzone and beyond the edge of the field (including management of crop, residue/tillage, water and pesticide(s)
- Conservation Buffers that reduce pesticide movement beyond the edge of the field

## To get the job done, NRCS must:

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- Supplement recommendations made by others with environmental risk information
- Help producers understand how pest management interrelates with climateand soil, water and crop management, so they can implement strategies to minimize negative impacts on non-target plants, animals and humans

**Notes:**
NRCS does not make pesticide use recommendations. We do,  however, supplement  published pest management and pesticide use recommendations with environmental risk information and provide all of this information to the producer in the pest  management component of a conservation plan. 

## Stop

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## Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

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**Integrated Pest Management (IPM)**

- A ***pest*** is any organism (plant or animal) judged by people as undesirable
- Ecologically speaking, no organism is born a pest; it all depends on human perspective
- Pest problems do not arise as independent or isolated events
- Crops and pests are part of an agroecosystem

**Notes:**
See workbook text for additional information on IPM. The slides generally follow the workbook text.

## IPM

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- Attempts to control one pest species without regard for the overall agroecosystem, can disrupt checks and balances and increase the severity of subsequent pest infestations
- IPM depends on a detailed understanding of pest population dynamics

## Agricultural pests include:

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**Agricultural pests include:**

***Insects*** and related arthropods: invertebrates such as caterpillars, beetles and mites that cause injury by feeding on plants and animals and by transmitting pathogens
***Nematodes:*** microscopic, multicellular, unsegmented roundworms that parasitize animals and plants (Most nematodes that attack agricultural crops feed on roots)

## Agricultural pests include:

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**Agricultural pests include:**

***Pathogens:*** disease-causing bacteria, fungi, viruses and related organisms
***Vertebrates:*** any native or introduced species of vertebrate animal that is a health hazard, general nuisance, or destroys food, fiber, or natural resources

## Agricultural pests include:

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**Agricultural pests include:**

***Weeds:*** undesirable plants that reduce crop yield and quality by competing for space, water, and nutrients; weeds also may harbor crop-attacking insects and pathogens

## Integrated Pest Management Defined:

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**Integrated Pest Management Defined:**

***Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that combines biological, cultural and other alternatives to chemical control with the judicious use of pesticides.  The objective of IPM is to maintain pest levels below economically damaging levels while minimizing harmful effects of pest control on human health and environmental resources***

## IPM Theory

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**Notes:**
IPM theoretical goal: a balanced sustainable approach.

## IPM Today

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**Notes:**
Today’s IPM still relies heavily on pesticides, but only when needed based on scouting and thresholds.

## IPM 

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- IPM

***Integrated*** means that a broad interdisciplinary approach is taken using scientific principles of plant protection to bring together a variety of management tactics into an overall strategy
- IPM strives for maximum use of naturally occurring control forces including weather, pest diseases, predators, and parasites

## IPM

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- With IPM, the role for chemical pesticides is one of last resort if other alternatives fail to correct the problem
- Pesticides are not applied according to a preset schedule: they only are used if close inspection shows they are needed to prevent severe damage

## IPM

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**M*****anagement*** is the decision making process to reduce pest status in a planned, systematic way by keeping their numbers below economically acceptable levels
- The essence of IPM is decision-making: determining IF, WHEN, WHERE and WHAT mix of control methods are needed

## IPM

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- IPM attempts to satisfy economic, environmental and social objectives (which sometimes are in conflict with each other) to provide cost-effective pest control that minimizes adverse impacts on human health and the environment

## IPM Tomorrow

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**Notes:**
In the future, IPM will strive to increase the use of biorational controls and  reduce the use of traditional  pesticides.

## Pest Resistance

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***Pest Resistance***

- Organisms evolve to survive exposure to control measures that worked on earlier generations
- In theory, pests can develop resistance to any type of control
- In practice, resistance occurs most frequently in response to pesticide use (600 resistant insects, 100 resistant weeds)

## Pest Resistance

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***Pest Resistance***

- In the Midwest, farmers routinely rotate corn with soybeans to break the infestation cycle of the corn rootworm
- The corn rootworm has developed strains that overcome crop rotation by extending their overwintering resting stage in the soil from one winter to several winters, so they can attack corn the next time it is planted

## The Resistance Treadmill

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**Notes:**
Relying on a single pesticide to control a pest quickly leads to resistance and the need use a new pesticide which in turns quickly becomes ineffective due to resistance, etc. A more balanced approach (IPM) is needed  to avoid this treadmill.

## Basic IPM Principles

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***Basic IPM Principles***

***There is no silver bullet***
- Over-reliance on any single control measure can have undesirable effects including resistance, resurgence and replacement

## Basic IPM Principles

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***Basic IPM Principles***

***Tolerate, don't eradicate***
- Most crops tolerate low pest infestation levels
- IPM seeks to reduce pest populations below levels that are economically damaging rather than to totally eliminate infestations

## Basic IPM Principles

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***Basic IPM Principles***

***Treat the causes of pest outbreaks, not the symptoms***
- IPM requires a detailed understanding of pest biology and ecology so that the cropping system can be selectively manipulated to the pest's disadvantage

## Basic IPM Principles

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***Basic IPM Principles***

*** ******If you kill the natural enemies, you inherit their job***
- Naturally occurring predators, parasites, pathogens, antagonists and competitors help keep many pest populations in check
- IPM strives to enhance the impact of beneficials and other natural controls by conserving or augmenting those agents

## Basic IPM Principles

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***Basic IPM Principles***

***Pesticides are not a substitute for good farming***
- A vigorously growing plant can better defend itself against pests than a stressed plant
- IPM takes maximum advantage of farming practices that promote plant health and allow crops to escape or tolerate pest injury

## Putting IPM philosophy into practice: 

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- Putting IPM philosophy into practice:

- Use cultural methods, biological controls, pest-resistant varieties and other alternatives to pesticides
- Use scouting and economic thresholds to guide pesticide use decisions
- Match pesticides with site characteristics to minimize off-site environmental risks

## Cultural Pest Controls

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- Crop rotation
- Tillage operations that turn the soil and bury crop debris
- Altering planting and harvest dates
- Altering seeding rates and/or crop spacing
- Seedbed preparation, fertilizer application and irrigation that helps the crop to outgrow its pests

## Cultural Pest Controls

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- Sanitation practices such as cleaning tillage and harvesting equipment
- Certified seed that is free of pathogens and weed seed
- Cover crops
- Trap crops

## Pest-resistant Varieties

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**Pest-resistant Varieties**

- Tolerate pest injury without yield loss
- Kill pests by producing toxic chemicals
- Less attractive to pests

## Biological Controls

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**Biological Controls**

***Predators***
- Free-living animals that eat other animals
- Usually insects or arthropods, but birds, reptiles and mammals are also used

## Biological Controls

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**Biological Controls**

***Parasitoids***
- Insect parasites of other insects
- Usually tiny wasps and flies
- Parasitoids kill their host

## Biological Controls

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**Biological Controls**

***Pathogens***
- Disease causing microorganisms
- They include viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes

## Scouting & Pest Thresholds

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**Scouting & Pest Thresholds**

- A key principle of IPM is that pesticides should only be used when field examination or _***scouting***_ shows that infestations exceed _***economic thresholds***_
- These ***g***uidelines differentiate economically insignificant populations from intolerable infestations

## Pest Scouting: Both Random and Representative 

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- Pest Scouting: Both Random and Representative

**Notes:**
Representative scouting is is a key component of IPM. Pest populations can vary widely throughout a field over time.  

## IPM Decision Rules

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**IPM Decision Rules**

**Notes:**
Economic Thresholds are developed with field trials and refined over time for different conditions. Scouting and controlling only when the economic threshold is reached will save money and help protect the environment. 

These thresholds are not yet available for all crops and pests. Contact your local Cooperative Extension representative for more information.  

## Site-Specific Pesticide Selection

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**Site-Specific Pesticide Selection**

- The final component of IPM is selection of pesticides that pose the least risk of leaching through soil or being transported from fields in runoff water and sediment or drifting as spray particles on the wind

## USDA National IPM Initiative

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**USDA National IPM Initiative**

- USDA, EPA and FDA responded to the President s proposal for reduced pesticide risk by jointly calling for the ***voluntary goal of implementing IPM methods on 75% of U.S. cropland by the year 2000***
- To achieve the 75% adoption goal, the USDA announced on 14 December 1994 its National IPM Initiative

## The IPM Initiative is based on two simple premises: 

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- The IPM Initiative is based on two simple premises:

- Involving farmers and other pest control advisors in the development of IPM programs will increase subsequent adoption
- IPM benefits everyone: it can reduce environmental risk, improve food safety and increase farmer profitability

## Stop

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## Environmental Risks of Pest Management

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**Environmental Risks**** of Pest Management**

**Chemical control**
- Risk of pesticides leaving the Agricultural Management Zone (AMZ) in soil, water and air, and negatively impacting non-target plants, animals and humans[AMZ is the top of the crop canopy to the bottom of the rootzone]
- Risk of harming beneficial organisms
- Risk to personal safety

## Pesticides

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**Pesticides**

-  Pesticides are defined as "any substance used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest."

## Pesticide Classes and Target Pests

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- Pesticide Classes and Target Pests

- Acaracide - Mites
- Fungicide - Fungi
- Herbicide - Weeds
- Insecticide - Insects
- Larvicide - Larvae (usually mosquito)
- Miticide - Mites
-  Nematicide - Nematodes

## Pesticide Use Patterns

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- Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides represent over 93% of the pesticide active ingredient used worldwide
- Herbicides typically represent over 50% of pesticide use, followed by insecticides (23-35%), and fungicides (11-14%)

## Pesticide Classes and Functions

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**Pesticide Classes and Functions**

- Attractants - attract insects
- Chemosterilants - sterilize pests
- Defoliants - remove leaves
- Desiccants - speed drying of plants
- Growth regulators - stimulate or retard pests
- Pheromones - attract insects or vertebrates
- Repellents - repel insects, mites, ticks and vertebrates

**Notes:**
There are many different  pesticide classes and functions.

## Pesticide Formulation Types

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- WP - wettable powder
- S - solutions
- F - flowable
- G - granules or granular
- D - dusts
- SP - soluble powder
- EC - emulsifiable concentrate

**Notes:**
There are many different pesticide formulation types.

## Adjuvants

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- Adjuvants are chemicals that are added to a pesticide formulation or spray mixture to improve performance and/or safety
- Most pesticide formulations contain one or more adjuvants:
- Wetting agents
- Emulsifiers
- Spreaders

**Notes:**
There are many different adjuvants.

## Adjuvants

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- Stickers
- Penetrants
- Foaming agents
- Thickeners
- Safeners
- Compatibility agents
- Buffers
- Antifoaming agents

## Pesticides in the Environment

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**Pesticides in the Environment**

- Over 1.2 billion pounds of pesticide active ingredients are used annually in the USA
-  The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is the primary legislation regulating pesticides in the USA
- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for the administration of FIFRA

## Pesticides in the Environment

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**Pesticides in the Environment**

- FIFRA was amended by the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
- EPA must now:
- consider all non-occupational exposure pathways when establishing tolerances (drinking water exposure + exposure to pesticide residues in food)
- screen pesticides for endocrine disruption
- consider cumulative risks of pesticides that have common mechanisms of toxicity

## Pesticides in the Environment

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**Pesticides in the Environment**

- Under FQPA EPA must also:
- consider risks to infants and children when setting tolerances
- expedite approval of "reduced risk" pesticides
- report annually to Congress on progress of the pesticide re-registration program

## Pesticide Risk Assessment

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**Pesticide Risk Assessment**

- Consider the potential for _***exposure***_ to the pesticide
- Consider the _***toxicological hazard***_ posed by the pesticide
- Characterize _***risk***_ by combining pesticide _***exposure***_ and _***toxicity***_

## Point Source Pesticide Exposure

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- Mixing/loading
- Accidental spills
- Container disposal

## Non-Point Source Pesticide Exposure

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- Field Leaching
- Field Runoff
- Field Erosion

## Environmental Fate

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**Environmental Fate**

**Understanding Pesticide Persistence and Mobility in Soil**
- Many factors govern the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater or surface water
- These factors include soil properties, pesticide properties, hydraulic loading on the soil, and crop management practices

**Notes:**
Pesticides may degrade and/or move away from the point of application.

**Notes:**
Pesticide environmental fate is determined by many factors.

## Pesticide Environmental Fate Properties and NRCS Soil/Pesticide Interaction Screening Procedure (SPISP) Pesticide Ratings

**Notes:**
Field half-life, Koc and Solubility are used in the SPISP ratings. Vapor pressure  will be discussed in the next slide.

## Pesticides volatilization is determined by vapor pressure

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**Pesticides volatilization is determined by vapor pressure**

**Notes:**
Go back one slide and  rate  pesticide potential for volatile loss. 

## Sensitivity / Vulnerability of Ground and Surface Water

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**Sensitivity / Vulnerability of Ground and Surface Water**

- Sensitivity refers to intrinsic physical and biological characteristics of a particular site that make it more or less susceptible to ground or surface water contamination
- Sensitivity parameters include:
- climate
- soil characteristics
- distance to water bodies

## Vulnerability refers to extrinsic management factors that could make a sensitive site more or less susceptible to ground or surface water contamination
Vulnerability parameters include:
pest management practices (including pesticide use practices)
cropping, tillage and irrigation practices

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- Vulnerability refers to extrinsic management factors that could make a sensitive site more or less susceptible to ground or surface water contamination
- Vulnerability parameters include:
- pest management practices (including pesticide use practices)
- cropping, tillage and irrigation practices

**Sensitivity / Vulnerability of Ground and Surface Water**

## Pesticide Environmental Risk Analysis

- National assessments can be used to identify potential problem areas and set national workload priorities
- Watershed level analysis can identify an appropriate set of management solutions
- Field level analysis can appropriately apportion management solutions on a field by field basis

- Core Four

**Notes:**
This map illustrates  relative pesticide leaching risk workload on a national basis. Threshold Exceedence Units are based on risk acres per watershed, so larger watersheds with higher risk ratings have the most TEU’s. (For more information contact Robert Kellogg at NHQ)

**Notes:**
This map illustrates  relative pesticide runoff risk workload on a national basis. Threshold Exceedence Units are based on risk acres per watershed, so larger watersheds with higher risk ratings have the most TEU’s. (For more information contact Robert Kellogg at NHQ)

## Slide 72

**Notes:**
This map illustrates  relative pesticide runoff risk on a watershed basis. It’s based on National Agricultural Pesticide Risk Analysis (NAPRA) at representative Natural Resource Inventory points with National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropping Practices Survey data. Management practices are an integral part of this analysis. Changes in risk with alternative  management strategies can be evaluated and compared to the baseline scenario. Threshold Exceedence Units are based on risk acres per watershed,  so larger watersheds with higher risk ratings have the most TEU’s. (For more information contact Robert Kellogg at NHQ)

## Pesticide Environmental Risk Analysis

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- Field scale tools can be used to address identified resource concerns in targeted areas
- The Windows Pesticide Screening Tool (WIN-PST) evaluates the potential for off-site pesticide movement on a field by field basis

## Pesticide Environmental Risk Analysis

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- WIN-PST is based on the NRCS Soil/Pesticide Interaction Screening Procedure (SPISP II) and National Agricultural Pesticide Risk Analysis (NAPRA) generic scenario results
- WIN-PST can be downloaded fromftp.ma.nrcs.usda.gov\outgoing\WIN_PST

## Slide 75

**Notes:**
WIN-PST Soil Selection Screen with soil properties and ratings (Illinois)

STSSAID -- State soil survey area ID.
MUSYM -- Soil map unit symbol.
%Comp -- MUSYM component %.
COMP_NAME -- Component name.
TEXTURE -- Soil texture.
HYD -- The soil hydrologic group. HYD is a character from A-D. A represents highest infiltration. D represents lowest infiltration. Soils that are artificially drained have a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, C/D). HYD distinguishes the drained soil (A,B and C) from the undrained soil (D). 
KFACT -- USLE erodability factor. 
OM(1) -- Percent organic matter in the first soil horizon.
DEPTH(1) -- Depth of the first soil horizon (inches).
SLP -- Soil Leaching Potential
SSLP* -- Soil Surface Loss Potential
(*This will change to SSRP -- Soil Solution Runoff Potential)
SARP -- Soil Adsorbed Runoff Potential

## Slide 76

**Notes:**
WIN-PST Pesticide Selection Screen 

AI_Name-- Active Ingredient Common Name. 
PH --  pH at which the pesticide properties are valid. If PH is blank, then the physical properties are valid at all  pH's.
G/E --Guess/Estimated value.
HL -- Half-life in the soil in days.
KOC -- Sorption coefficient in mL/g.
SOL -- Solubility in water, in mg/L ( ppm).
Human Tox -- Chronic human toxicity in parts per billion (ppb). The * symbol next to a toxicity type indicates that value is calculated.  For Example -- HA* represents a calculated health advisory. MCL is Maximum Contaminant Level.
Fish Tox -- Lowest threshold chronic fish toxicity in parts per billion (ppb). All of the values listed in this report are calculated MATC's (Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration).
PLP  -- Pesticide Leaching Potential
PSLP* -- Pesticide Surface Loss Potential
(*This will change to PSRP - Pesticide Solution Runoff Potential)
PARP -- Pesticide Adsorbed Runoff Potential

## Slide 77

**Notes:**
WIN-PST Soil/Pesticide Interaction Rating Report

PC_CODE -- EPA Active Ingredient Product Code
Loss Pntl -- Soil/Pesticide Interaction Loss Potential
H -- HIGH         Hu -- HIGH Unadjusted
I -- INTERMEDIATE
L -- LOW          Lu -- LOW Unadjusted
V -- VERY LOW     Vu -- VERY LOW Unadjusted

Conditions that affect ratings:                        Effect on ratings:
r    -- High Residue/CT.                             -1 PSLP, -1 PARP

ILP  -- Interaction Leaching Potential
ISLP* -- Interaction Surface Loss Potential
(This will change to ISRP -- Interaction Solution Runoff Potential) 
IARP -- Interaction Adsorbed Runoff Potential
W/Human Tox. --  Interaction Ratings modified with the Human Tox Rating.
W/Fish Tox. -- Interaction Ratings modified with the Fish Tox Rating.

## WIN-PST Soil/Pesticide Interactions Ratings

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**WIN-PST Soil/Pesticide Interactions Ratings**

- Soil/Pesticide interaction ratings for all applicable soils and pesticides provide a means to evaluate the potential environmental risks associated with all recommended alternatives
- Appropriate mitigation strategies should be matched with alternatives that have substantial environmental risk

## Pesticide Trapping with Conservation Buffers

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**Pesticide Trapping with Conservation Buffers**

- Pesticides vary in how tightly they are adsorbed to soil particles
- Pesticide Koc values greater than 1000 indicate very strong adsorption to soil
- Eroded soil carries the majority of this kind of chemical leaving fields in runoff
- Conservation buffers that are effective in trapping sediment will trap these  pesticides

## Pesticides with lower Koc values (less than 300 to 500) tend to move more with water than adsorbed on sediment
To be effective in trapping this type of pesticide, buffers need to increase water infiltration or maximize contact of runoff with vegetation that may adsorb pesticide

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- Pesticides with lower Koc values (less than 300 to 500) tend to move more with water than adsorbed on sediment
- To be effective in trapping this type of pesticide, buffers need to increase water infiltration or maximize contact of runoff with vegetation that may adsorb pesticide

**Pesticide Trapping with Conservation Buffers**

## Pesticide Toxicity: “The Dose Makes the Poison”

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**Notes:**
Practical perspective on PPM and PPB.

## Toxicity Measurements

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- RfD - reference dose (no effect dose)
- LD50 - lethal dose for 50%
- LC50 - lethal concentration for 50%
- HA - Health Advisory (Human Lifetime)
- MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level (Human Lifetime)
- MATC - Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (Fish Lifetime)

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**Notes:**
LD 50 is only one point on a chemical’s Dose/Response curve. Chemicals with similar LD 50’s may be very different toxicologically when the slope of their Dose/Response curves are dissimilar. 

## Average Annual Pesticide Runoff

**Notes:**
Pesticide losses can vary greatly from year to year due to climatic variation.
Losses below appropriate toxicity thresholds (such as an HA: EPA Health Advisory) are deemed “acceptable’.
Losses above appropriate toxicity thresholds can cause off-site risk.
The overall risk of a particular alternative can be characterized as the sum of its risk over  many years (The red area in the graph).
This  risk can then be used to compare different alternatives on a relative basis.

- Solution Runoff: Human Risk

**Notes:**
Relative risk comparisons can be made for different pesticides and  for different management practices. They can both  be very sensitive environmental  risk  parameters. 

## Other Environmental Risks of Pest Control

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**Biological control:**
- Risk of introducing species without any natural predators
- Risk of organism resistance to other forms of pest control
- Risk of wide swings in pest population with poorly matched predator life cycles

## Cultural control:
Risk of fugitive dust with tillage used to control pests
Risk of air emissions with equipment operation
Risk of increased runoff and erosion with tillage
Risk of crop damage and beneficial organism disruption with mechanical control devices

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**Cultural control:**
- Risk of fugitive dust with tillage used to control pests
- Risk of air emissions with equipment operation
- Risk of increased runoff and erosion with tillage
- Risk of crop damage and beneficial organism disruption with mechanical control devices

- Other Environmental Risks of Pest Control

## Stop

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## Core Four Pest Management Goals

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- The pest management component of a conservation plan should enhance crop quality and quantity + minimize negative impacts to identified resource concerns
- IPM should be utilized where it’s available
- The conservation plan should be cooperatively developed with whoever makes pesticide recommendations

## To get the job done, NRCS must:

- <footer>

- Supplement recommendations made by others with environmental risk information
- Help producers understand how pest management interrelates with climate, water management, crop management and soil management, so they can implement strategies to minimize potential impacts on non-target plants, animals and humans

## Core 4 and so much more... We’re here to help! 

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- Core 4 and so much more... We’re here to help!

- Aid in the development of State or local standards
- Aid in the development of State or local Jobsheets
- Assist State Trainers
- Maintain and develop pesticide property, toxicity and EPA registration data
- Train WIN-PST and NAPRA users
- Perform NAPRA analysis in priority areas