# Presentation: 346376

## Superconductor Microelectronicsand Securityfor  Software Defined Radio

**Peter G. Cook**
**pgcook@hypres.com**
**HYPRES, Inc.**
**175 Clearbrook Road, Elmsford, NY 10523-1101 USA**
**914-592-1190**
**914-347-2239 (fax)**
**www.hypres.com**

## Overview (I)

**Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a widely recognized technology promoted by SDR Forum **
**Digital RF****TM**** is an unique technology using superconductor microelectronics to provide the dramatic improvements in performance necessary to realize full SDR potential**
**Topics for discussion**
**The Wireless Opportunity**
**HYPRES Digital RF Technology**
**System Security**

## Overview (II) Wireless System Technologies

**Software Defined Radio (SDR)**
**Signal processing takes place in digital rather than analog form, using programmable computing elements, providing operational flexibility**
**Digital RF****TM **
**Hypres unique superconductor technology that provides high-performance digital processing capability and incorporates innovative circuit elements to: **
**Fully enable SDR, to the level of pure Software Radio**
**Operate at clock rates over 100 GHz **
**Reduce cost with increased receiver sensitivity and precompensation for power amplifier characteristics **
**Facilitate incremental introduction of novel system architectures, features, and services**
**Security**
**Assurance that the system is performing as desired**
**A perspective involving multiple technologies**

## The Wireless Opportunity

## The Wireless Opportunity (I)

**Two parallel and interacting trends are changing the world marketplace**
**One trend is *****DIGITAL DATA***** as the basis for information exchange and interaction, replacing letters, phone calls, even face-to-face meetings**
**Data traffic exceeded voice on the PSTN for the first time in the year 2000**
**PCs, Mobile Phones, PDAs, and other information appliances have become ubiquitous**

## The Wireless Opportunity (II)

**The other trend is *****MOBILITY***
**Wireless technology permits individuals to remain connected, with their own personal infrastructure, wherever they are**
**A substantial revenue stream has emerged from user payment for services that provide Personal Capability Enhancement (PCE)**

**Digital Data*****  and *****Mobility***** are important aspects of our evolving economy and society, providing *****PCE**

## HYPRES Digital RFTM Technology

## HYPRES Digital RF Technology

**Based on Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Logic Family of Superconductor Circuits**
**Marshal individual quanta of magnetic flux (“fluxons”) to serve as binary digits**
**Logic stream and clock stream**
**In logic stream, for each fluxon in the clock stream, presence of a fluxon = 1, absence = 0**
**Substantially outperforms and semiconductor logic implementation**
**No power loss in superconductor logic circuits**
**i****2****r = 0  when r = 0**

## Digital RF Characteristics (I)

**Wideband high-fidelity receive **_**DIRECT**_** digitization**
**14-24 effective (true) bits, 100 – 160 dB Spur Free Dynamic Range, <100KHz to >2GHz bandwidth**
**Dynamic trade-off of sample rate and sample resolution**
**Digitize entire band, select desired channels digitally**
**Very sensitive front end, ~0K noise temperature,                    sensitivity -140 to -180 dBm, better than 10****-15**** bit error rate**

## Digital RF Characteristics (II)

**Spectrally-pure transmission characteristics**
**Inherently perfect Digital to Analog conversion**
**Clock speeds > 100GHz**
**Combine transmitted signals digitally to form composite**
**Near Real Time RF Digital Linearization Multi-Carrier           Power Amplifier (MCPA) **
**Ultra-linear & Very High Efficiency  HPA performance realized with lower-performance PA**
**Spectrally pure carriers derived from sub pico-second accurate multi-GHZ clocks **
**Extended digital processing capability**
**Tera-Ops DSP performance**
**Pico-second RAM/ROM**

## Digital RF Transceiver

**Digital RF Transceiver**

## Digital RF Benefits (PCS example)

**Lower cost per base station**
**Fewer PAs **
**Lower cost PAs**
**Fewer base stations**
**High receiver sensitivity permits wider spacing, lower noise floor**
**Lower Operating and Maintenance cost**
**Less power consumption**
**Fewer spans**
**Better revenues**
**More effective capacity**
**Fewer dropped calls**
**Customer satisfaction reduces churn **
**Improved service quality**
**Resolve multipath**
**Read through fading**

**Corresponding benefits, unique to Digital RF,**
**arise in Civil and Military Applications**

## System Security

## System Security 

**Security is that system attribute that ensures the system accurately delivers content only to intended recipients with no interception or disruption**
**Performance levels achievable only with Digital RF enable security mechanisms commensurate with needs arising from current events**
**Security considerations include**
**Normal Operations**
**Infrastructure Reconfiguration (Download)**
**Spectrum Management**
**Alternate Operations**

## Digital RF – Normal Operations Security

**Control Access**
**Digital RF and SDR capabilities enable priority structure, controlled access denial for load shedding, shut down rogue terminals**
**Ensure Delivery**
**Receiver sensitivity and transmit signal quality unique to Digital RF enable lower power operation, high levels of QoS, better link reliability, dynamic antenna operation**
**Deny Interception**
** ****Digital RF provides compute power needed for robust encryption, reduced emitted power, geolocation controlled zone of reception**

## Digital RF –Reconfiguration Security

**Network Oriented Base Station**
**With Digital RF performance BS can assume functions formerly in core network – support multiple services, access multiple networks, interact with other BS, optimize performance over a group of BS**
**Software Download for BS**
**SDR enables download of bug fixes, new functions, reallocate channels in real time, insert whole new services**
**Software Download for Terminals**
**Provide configuration management services for terminals, update terminal SW, change operating modes, provide  extra bandwidth during download**

## Digital RF – Spectrum Mgmt. Security

**Dynamic Spectrum Management**
**Only Digital RF enables precision control of transmission quality to make spectrum sharing practical**
**Vastly improves the effective capacity of RF spectrum**** **
**Many services can safely and efficiently share pools of spectrum**
**Spectrum Monitoring**
**Digital RF unprecedented sensitivity enables infrastructure to serve as a reconnaissance platform,  monitor wide blocks of spectrum, identify non-conforming terminals, and record special signals of interest **
**Emitter Location**
**Digital RF data accuracy enables location of emitters of interest through triangulation and delta TOA **

## Digital RF – Security for Alternate Operations

**Priority Access**
**Digital RF provides a unique capability to alter operations in a secure way to support emergency needs**
**Traffic channel allocation on the basis of priority**
**Secure dynamic restructuring of channel allocations**
**Reconfigure BS to support emergency Services**
**Digital RF provides exceptional BS capacity to support additional operational capability**
**Situation awareness**
**Geolocation**
**Command and control**
**Secure voice communication**
**Data transfer**** **
**Repeater station bridge between protocols**
**Diverse organizations, arriving on-site with incompatible communications capability, can interoperate**

## Conclusions

**As digital information flow replaces analog voice, and moves on to support PCE applications, users expect connectivity anywhere**
**Demand for infrastructure performance and system security is increasing**
**SDR technology provides system flexibility and responsiveness**
**HYPRES Superconductor Digital RF technology uniquely enables true/pure SDR, enhances system performance, and facilitates new approaches to system architecture and security**

## Supplementary Slides

## Base Station Evolution

**Originally a one-way service (“Calling all cars!”) **
**Then a two-way half-duplex RF link **
**Awkward, because some mechanism (“over”) was needed to turn the circuit around **
**Cellular wireless service brought full-duplex **
**An extensive PCS infrastructure has been built, originally analog, now digital**
**Digital RF implementations of SDR for base stations benefit Commercial, Civil, & Military radio users**
**Only Digital RF combines better performance for existing services and performance levels needed for SDR and support for delivery of next-generation  applications for PCE tailored to individuals**

## Commercial Space

**Data traffic exceeded voice on the PSTN for the first time in the year 2000**** **
**Wireless technology permits individuals to operate with their own personal infrastructure even when they are away from their office or home, providing tailored PCE  **
**Many services are all digital, such as dispatch with data terminals in vehicles**
**Use of these services leads to  a growing demand for spectrum bandwidth **

## Civil Space

**A number of Federal, State and Local agencies operate their own networks**** **
**Use a single high-powered base station**** - ****“trunking” **
**Large numbers of users typically listen to each others’ traffic **
**Now cellular PCS & low-cost handheld terminals are available**
**cost differential for maintaining separate radio systems for civil applications is making their need less compelling**
** **

## Military Space

**Uses many incompatible radios that severely inhibit inter-service communications **
**Joint Tactical Radio Systems (JTRS) Joint Program Office (JPO) **
**Use SDR to overcome these incompatibilities**** **
**Unique requirements from civil & commercial**
**Networks need a flexible infrastructure**
**Net participants come and go as the battle evolves **
**Employ high levels of encryption**
**Deny access to information content (COMSEC)**
**Enhance transmission security (TRANSEC) to deter traffic analysis**** **