# Presentation: 017080

## Lessons Learned from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: A Perspective from Mobile County Public Schools in Alabama

**U.S. Department of Education**
**Office of Safe & Drug Free Schools**
**FY06 Emergency Response & Crisis Management**
**Initial Grantee Meeting**
*San Antonio, Texas*
*December 6-8, 2006*

## Rhonda Neal Waltman, Ed. D.Assistant Superintendent  (Retired)Division of Student Support ServicesMobile County Public SchoolsPost Office Box 66284Mobile, AL  36660(251) 454-2709waltmaninc@bellsouth.net

## Objectives

**Participants will learn:**
**The role of schools in disaster response and the critical infrastructure required for future preparedness;**
**The transformative role of a public health approach as a framework for disaster readiness and response;**
**The critical role of service provider partnerships as policy/practice; and**
**The role of a comprehensive student support component and related staff development of administrators, teachers and support staff.**

## Hurricane Katrina

- 	Began as a very low pressure weather system, which strengthened to become a tropical storm and eventually a hurricane as it moved west and neared the Florida coast on the evening of August 25, 2005. After crossing southern Florida,  it strengthened further before veering inland towards Louisiana, eventually making landfall at Grand Isle, approximately 55 miles south of New Orleans, at 10am local time on August 29th. At this point, Katrina's sustained wind speed was approximately 175 mph.** **

## Displaced Students in Alabama 

**128 school districts received displaced students**
**Almost 6,000 displaced students enrolled in 2005-06 **
**75% of the students are still enrolled in 2006-07**
**Mobile County serves 46% of all AL displaced students****	****	**

## Some Facts About Mobile County

**Located in the southwest corner of Alabama **
**Covers more than 1,644 square miles**
**Population of 400,000 +**
**Public school enrolls over 67,000 students who speak 34 different languages**
**7,000 public school employees **
**100 + public school buildings **
**School district budget $ 600 M +**

## Mobile Co. Schools Post Katrina

**$30 million in property damage **
**All buildings received wind, water and/or roof damage - one school completely destroyed**
**1900 MCPSS children left homeless**
**1200 + displaced "neighbors" from LA, MS**
**Many homeless and displaced school employees**
**In spite of devastation, students only missed 9 instructional days**

## Our Vision:A Short-Term Plan for Long-Term Recovery

**Restore a sense of normalcy **
**for children and families.**
***The community recovers when the schools recover . . .***

## Organizational Readiness and Approaches

**Management structures and leadership**
**Clear purpose and goals**
**Functionally defined roles**
**Team support**
**Stress management**

**Source:  Comprehensive Training Manual for Mental Health Workers in Major Disasters, 2nd edition**

## Mobile's Approach:Do What You Do Well . . .

**Stay focused on doing a few things well that make a difference. **
**Do not diminish the contributions that others (e.g., individuals, organizations, agencies) can and already are making on their own initiative.**
**Avoid providing redundant services or interfering with the legitimate efforts of others who are better equipped to respond to critical needs. **

## School District Response Goals

**Connect children and families with needed services in an efficient and effective manner**
**Promote academic success by removing barriers to learning for affected children**

## School DistrictGuiding Principles 

**Disaster Psychology Theory**
**Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**
**Student Support Component Institutionalized - Remove Barriers to Learning**
**Best Practice Model of Case Management**
**The 4 Magic Questions**

## What is a Disaster?

- 	**Hurricane****	****	****	****	****Tornado**
**	****Flood****	****	****	****	****	****Earthquake**
**	****Explosion****	****	****	****	****Fire**
**	****Hazardous Materials****	****	****War****	**
**	****  ****Accident****	****	****	****	****Famine**
**	****Transportation****	****	**** ****	****Epidemic  **
**      ****Accident****	****	****	****	****	****	****	**

**Source:  Comprehensive Training Manual for Mental Health Workers in Major Disasters, 2****nd**** edition**

## Disaster

**Natural or human-made event**
**Severe and large**
**Requires coordinated effort**
**Degree of personal impact**
**Probability of recurrence**

**Notes:**
Disasters vs. Traumas

Disasters exceed resources

Trauma needs are addressed locally.

## The Impact Pyramid

## The Long HaulAdapted from CDC Model: Phases of Disasterhttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/pdf/primer.pdf

- PREDISASTER

- HEROIC

- HONEYMOON
- (Community Cohesion)

- DISILLUSIONMENT

- RECONSTRUCTION

- Anniversaries and other
- trigger events

- 1 to 3 days

- 1 to 3 years

- DISASTER

## Developmental Reactions to Trauma

**Preschool**
**	****	****Sleep problems****	****	****Nightmares****	****	****Fearfulness**
**	****	****Separation anxiety****	****Regression****	****	****Clinging ****	****Repetitive play**
**School-Age**
**	****	****Sleep problems****	****	****Nightmares****	****	****Guilt**
**	****	****Fears about safety****	****Physical complaints****	****Depression****	**
**	****	****Preoccupation with disaster****	****	****	****Angry outbursts**
**	****	****Withdrawal from peers****	****School performance decline****	****  ****	****	**
**Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents**
**	****	****Sleep problems****	****	****Physical complaints****	****Depression**
**	****	****Guilt****	****	****	****Withdrawal****	****	****Isolation**
**	****	****Aggressive behavior****	****Decline at school****	**
**	****	****Risk-taking behavior**

**Source:  Comprehensive Training Manual for Mental Health Workers in Major Disasters, 2nd edition**

## Recovery Psychological Tasks 

**Acceptance of disaster and losses**
**Identification, labeling and expression of emotions**
**Regaining sense of mastery and control**
**Resumption of age-appropriate roles and activities****	****	**

**Source:  Comprehensive Training Manual for Mental Health Workers in Major Disasters, 2nd edition**

## What Does Research Say About Removing Barriers to Learning?

**What Does Research Say About Removing Barriers to Learning?**

**Instruction**

**Enabling**
**(Supporting)**

**Management**

**Student**

**School**

**Family**

**Community**

- Source:  UCLA Center for Mental Health in Schools

## Framework for a 

**Student Support Component**

- Ensure Academic Success and Promote Healthy Development
- 	Increase protective factors
- 	Decrease risk factors
-  Address External and Internal Barriers to Student  Learning
- 	Address common educational/psychological problems
- 	Counter external stressors-home, basic needs, violence
- 	Accommodate disorders/disabilities
-  Provide Social/Emotional Support for Families
- Screen/assess/triage
- Provide direct services and instruction
- Connect to community resources
- 				Source:  UCLA Center for Mental Health in Schools

## Mobile's Post KatrinaEnabling Component 

**Intensive Case Management model using existing partners and resources to identify and remove barriers to service utilization**
**Improve service delivery through training for professionals and staff****	****	**

## The Four Magic Questions

**Is this a GOOD IDEA? If so, **
**Is this something we SHOULD DO? **
**	****If not, refer to appropriate agency. If so,**
**Is this something we CAN DO? **
**	****If not, refer; if so, **
**Is this something we CAN DO WELL? **
**	****If not, refer; if so, take action.**

- Source:  Dean Richard Hayes, University of South Alabama, College of Education

## Agency Questions

**What can we do well and who can do it best? **
**What are the identified needs? **
**What needs do we anticipate? **
**How can we develop a coordinated plan for integrated service delivery based on the best mix of needs and resources?**
**How can we develop a plan for triage, referral, and case management of students with identified needs?**
**What are the identified training needs?**
**What are the identified community needs?**
**Feed forward: What do we need to do right now to get things right?**

- Source:  Dean Richard Hayes, University of South Alabama, College of Education

## Levels of Intervention Needs

**Level 1: Need immediate assistance**
**	****(1 to 3 days)**
**Level 2:  Intense assistance needed **
**	****(3 days to 1 month)**
**Level 3: Moderate assistance **
**    ****(Solutions and their impacts can be long-term)**

**Source:  Baker, Craven, Albin & Wieseloer, 2002**

## Level 1:  Immediate AssistanceInitial Responses

**Met with existing partners to identify assets**
**Developed and shared vision through meeting and training staff, principals, work groups      **
**Assessed needs**

## Level 1:  Immediate AssistanceInitial Responses

**Identified and removed barriers to service**
**Implemented, duplicated and expanded case management model**
**Developed plan of action**
**Took action!**

## Existing Partners

**Mobile County **
**Public School System**

**University of **
**South Alabama****	**                 College of Education

**Child Advocacy Center **

**Helping Families Initiative**

**Mobile Mental Health Center**

- MMHC

- rw/jc

## The Partnerships at Work

**The Partnerships at Work**

- Child
- Advocacy
-  Center

- VOAD
- Long Term Recovery

- Academic
- Institutions &
- Resources

- Faith
- Community

- DHR

- FEMA

- rw/jc

## Level 1: Immediate Assistance Initial  Responses

**Provided an immediate disaster training opportunity for student teachers entering schools**
**Established conduit for free-flowing resources (book bag donations, textbooks) including sharing donations**
**Conducted disaster training workshop for 300 school counselors (AL & MS), principals, student teachers, school nurses, attendance officers, social workers**

- rw/jc

## Level 1: Immediate Assistance Initial Responses

**Provided training in Building and Facilities Disaster Planning for superintendents from Mississippi**
**MCPSS ESL translators employed after school hours by FEMA's Project Rebound **
**Redeployment of HFI staff to increase pool of case managers**

- rw/jc

## Level 2: Intense AssistanceExtended Responses

**Identified emerging needs and responded**
**Graduating seniors' issues**
**Academic concerns**
**Widened scope while sharpening focus**
**Emerging unidentified students**
**Higher level needs**

- rw/jc

## 
The Red Folder Project
Expanded range of partners, reformed working groups as needs changed
Continued to evaluate effectiveness of actions and re-assess needs

Addressed need for stress management among staff

**The Red Folder Project**
**Expanded range of partners, reformed working groups as needs changed**
**Continued to evaluate effectiveness of actions and re-assess needs**
**Addressed need for stress management among staff**

**Level 2: Intense Assistance****Extended Responses**

- rw/jc

## Level 2: Intense AssistanceExtended Responses

**Developed responsive materials**
**Included a broad range of what is normal**
**Accounted for age-related reactions to disaster**
**Included disaster-related lesson plans**
**Encouraged health and physical education **
**Produced video clips of hurricane-related lesson plans and enrichment activities; available on demand, although necessarily incomplete**
**Prepared and distributed hundreds of disaster-related handouts for students and faculty **
**symptoms of stress,**
**handouts for teachers, administrators, parents**

- rw/jc

## Level 3: Moderate Assistance Required

**Persistent Problems:**
**Dwindling resources**
**Continuing grief reactions**
**Rising anger and disappointment**

- rw/jc

## Level 3: Moderate AssistanceMobile's Responses

- Solutions
- Nurtured relationships with partners
- Trained the "trainers"
- Provided outreach to affected "neighbors"
- Expanded capacity by reassigning assets
- Evaluated effectiveness of actions and re-assessed needs.

## Things We Did Well in Mobile

**Student Support - Removing Barriers theory was already institutionalized among staff, principals**
**Response infrastructure was in place quickly**
**Materials **
**Curriculum (training for adults, **
**   ****learning tools for children)**
**Human resources and distribution of resources**
**Evaluation was ongoing and routine**

- rw/jc

## Things We Did Well in Mobile

**Health Services component was prominently included**
**Having In-place Partnerships**
**Integrating Services**
**Identify "hidden" populations**
**Accurately identifying needs**
**Not trying to do it all alone**

- rw/jc

## Things We Did Well in Mobile

**Staggering resources for long term utilization**
**Had Pre-disaster planning in place, especially for facilities**
**Created space for creative responses**
**"Eye of the Storm"**
**"Kid to Kid"**
**Nickelodeon Play Day**

- rw/jc

## Things We Could Have Done Better

**Ask the 4 Magic Questions more consistently**
**Care for employees **
**Whether they want it or not**
**Good opportunity for using outside help**
**Triage - First things first**
**Create more reasonable expectations among the staff about the level of chaos**

- rw/jc

## Next Steps

**Community preparedness**
**Family night at schools to prepare shoe boxes (see Red Cross)**
**Re-Identify new enrollees by asking the right questions**
**Infuse mental health component into the curriculum**

- rw/jc

## Displaced Students and State Assessments

**Displaced students were administered quarterly criterion referenced tests and state assessments just like their peers.**
**Displaced students' scores in reading and math were more often at or above their peers in elementary school.**
**In middle school 8****th**** grade displaced students outscored their peers.**
**High school displaced students scored less than their peers, although many took their own state's exit exams instead of AL. **

- rw/jc

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## Additional Resources

**American Red Cross - Talking Points for Educators:  In the Aftermath of a Hurricane:  **_[www.redcross.org/disaster/masters/HurricaneKatrina.html](http://www.redcross.org/disaster/masters/HurricaneKatrina.html)_
**Georgetown University:  **_[www.gucchd.georgetown.edu/index.html](http://www.gucchd.georgetown.edu/index.html)_
**National Association of School Psychologists:  Information for Parents and Educators on Response to Hurricane Katrina:  **_**www.nasponline.org/neat/katrina.html**_
**National Center for Disaster Preparedness:  **_[www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu /index.html](http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/index.html)_
**National School Safety and Security Services:  **_[www.schoolsecurity.org](http://www.schoolsecurity.org/)__ /katrina.html_
**Operation Rebound - Helping Children Who Experience Psychological Trauma:  **
**	**_**www.adph.org/ALPHTN/Default.asp?DeptId=143&TemplateId=3939&TemplateNbr=3**_

## Additional Resources

**SAMHSA:  **_[www.samhsa.gov](http://www.samhsa.gov/)_
**The Educational Rights of Students in Homeless Situations:  What Service Providers Should Know:  **_[www.nlchp.org/FA_Education/EdRightsService.pdf](http://www.nlchp.org/FA_Education/EdRightsService.pdf)_
**The National Child Traumatic Stress Network: Hurricane katrina Tools and Links:  **_[www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=typ_nd_hurr_resource](http://www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=typ_nd_hurr_resource)_
**Training Manual for Mental Health and Human Services Workers in Major Disasters: **_[www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/ADM90-538/Default.asp](http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/ADM90-538/Default.asp)_
**Transcending Trauma After a Disaster:  A Guide for Schools:  **_[www.southalabama.edu/coe/katrina/mainmenu.htm](http://www.southalabama.edu/coe/katrina/mainmenu.htm)_
**UCLA School Mental Health Project:  Center for Mental Health in Schools:  **_[www.smhp.psych.ucla.edu](http://www.smhp.psych.ucla.edu/)_

## Thanks for your attention!

- rw/jc