# Presentation: 513331

## Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider R&D

***Muon Production, Capture and Acceleration R&D directed at Physics with Intense Muon Beams***
**The Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration**

## A Bit of History

**   ****Since 1995 the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration (a.k.a. Muon Collaboration) has pursued an active R&D program that has focused on muon production, capture and acceleration.  Initially the physics emphasis was on muon colliders (both a Higgs Factory and an energy frontier machine).  By 2000 the focus of the collaboration had shifted to studying the feasibility of a Neutrino Factory.  Recently new ideas in muon ionization cooling have reinvigorated the collaboration's efforts on the investigation of energy frontier muon colliders.  I will:**
**Review the physics motivation for our activities**
**Describe the Collaboration's program**
**Explore the synergy between Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider facilities both from the point of view of the physics program and the accelerator complex**** **

## NFMCC Mission

**Extensive experimental program to verify the theoretical and simulation predictions **

***To study and develop the theoretical tools, the software ***
***simulation tools, and to carry out R&D on the hardware ***
***that is unique to the design of Neutrino Factories and ***
***Muon Colliders ***

**NFMCC WEB site: http://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/**

## Current Organization

**Current Organization**

## Collaborating Institutions

**   **_**National Labs**_**	**
**Argonne**
**BNL**
**Fermilab**
**LBNL**
**Oak Ridge**
**Thomas Jefferson**

**    **_**Universities**_**	**
**Columbia**
**Cornell**
**IIT**
**Indiana**
**Michigan State**
**Mississippi**
**Northern Illinois**
**Princeton**
**UC-Berkeley**
**UC-Davis**
**UC-Los Angeles**
**UC-Riverside**
**University of Chicago**

**   **_**National Labs**_**	**
**Budker**
**DESY**
**INFN**
**JINR, Dubna**
**KEK**
**RAL**
**TRIUMF**

**   **_**Universities**_**	**
**Karlsruhe**
**Imperial College**
**Lancaster**
**Osaka**
**Oxford**
**Pohang**
**Tel Aviv**

**US**

**International**

**Corporate Partners**
**Muons Inc*******
**Tech-X Corporation**

- ***SBIR Funding**
**9 Phase I**
**6 Phase II**
**Currently 8 FT Ph.D.**

## Core Program

**Targetry R&D: Mercury Intense Target Experiment **
**	****	****	****	****(MERIT)**
**	****	****	****Co-Spokesperson: Kirk McDonald**
**	****	****	****Co-Spokesperson** **& PM: Harold Kirk**
**Ionization Cooling R&D: MuCool and MICE**
**	****	****	****MuCool Spokesperson: Alan Bross**
**	****	****	****MICE Deputy Spokesperson: Mike Zisman**
**	****	****	****US MICE Leader: Dan Kaplan**
**Simulations & Theory**
**	****	****	****Coordinator: Rick Fernow**
**Muon Collider Task Force*******
**	****	****	****       *********@ Fermilab**

## Physics Motivation

***Is Muon Production, Capture and Acceleration R&D worth the investment?***

## Evolution of a Physics Program

**Intense Low-energy muon physics**
****** ****e conversion experiment**
**Neutrino Factory**
**High Energy 10-20 GeV**
**Possible Low Energy 4 GeV option**
**Energy Frontier Muon Collider**
**1.5 - 4 TeV+**

**PRSTAB 2002**

## The VLHC is the largest machine to be seriously considered to date
Stage 1 – 40 TeV
> 2 TeV
Stage 2 – 200 TeV
> 10 TeV

**0.5 ******** ****1.0 TeV (?)**

**The VLHC is the largest machine to be seriously considered to date**
**Stage 1 – 40 TeV**
**> 2 TeV**
**Stage 2 – 200 TeV**
**> 10 TeV**

**Footprint and the Energy Frontier**

**73km**

**ILC**

**CLIC**

**CLIC**
**3 TeV**

** ****Muon Facilities**
**are **
**different**

## Compact Lepton Machine

**CLEM (2 TeV)**

## Low-Energy Muon Physics to e conversion - Mu2e

**Low-Energy Muon Physics******** to e conversion - *****Mu2e***

**Sensitive tests of Lepton Flavor Violation (LFV)**
**In SM occurs via ******** mixing**
**Rate well below what is experimentally accessible**
**Places stringent constraints on physics beyond SM**
**Supersymmetry**
**Predictions at 10****-15**
**Requirement – Intense low energy ******** beam**
**Cooling improves stopping efficiency in target of experiment**
**Might be an appropriate option for a Mu2e expert.**
**Time Scale is issue**
**Test bed for Muon Ionization Cooling for NF and MC with intense ******** beam**

## Neutrino Factories

**Preliminary Design From **
**the International Scoping Study**

**Why a Neutrino Factory?**
**Strong case for precision neutrino program**
**Very Rich Experimental Program**
**Want Very Intense ******** beam with well-understood systematics**

## Low-Energy NFNeutrino Factory Lite

**Low-Energy NF****Neutrino Factory Lite**

**4 GeV**

**25-50 GeV**

**ISS Preliminary Design**

**40% Cost**
**Reduction**

## 3  Mixing Model

***Is a Neutrino Factory needed in order to fill in the blanks?***

## Neutrino Factory- ISS

- (3m312=0.0022 eV2

***Best possible reach in ****************** for all performance indicators ************ Neutrino factory***

## Theoretical Indications That 13 may be small

- Projections of the allowed regions from the global oscillation data at 90%, 95%, 99%, and 3 C.L.

**Maltoni et. al. hep-ph/0405172 June 2006**

## sin213 Model Predictions

**Histogram of the number of models for each sin****2********13 ****bin.**

**Albright and Chen, hep-ph/0608137  August 2006**

## Neutrino Factory To Build or Not to Build

**Neutrino Factory *****To Build or Not to Build***

**We Don’t Know – **
***But***** **
**There is a Natural Decision Point**
****** ****2012**

**After NOvA and T2K**
**If********13**** not seen**
**or**
**seen at 3******
**Consider Major Upgrades or**
**New Facility**

**In order to make an informed**
**decision about a New Facility and if the NF plays a role –**
**Will need a RDR ready at this time (****IDS****)**
**This defines the R&D Program**

**Double Chooz/Daya Bay**

**FNAL ******** DUSEL**

## Muon Collider - Motivation

**Reach Multi-TeV Lepton-Lepton Collisions **
**at High Luminosity**

**Muon Colliders may have **
**special role for precision measurements.**
**Small ********E beam spread –**
**Precise energy scans**

**Small Footprint -**
**Could Fit on Existing Laboratory Site**

## Muon Collider at the Energy Frontier

**Comparisons with Energy Frontier e****+****e****- ****Collider**
**For many processes - Similar cross sections**
**Advantage in s-channel scalar production**** **
**Cross section enhancement of (m********/m****e****)****2**
** ******
**Beam polarization also possible**
**Polarization likely easier in e****+****e****-**** machine**
**More precise energy scan capability**
**Beam energy spread and Beamstrahlhung limits precision of energy frontier (3TeV) e****+****e****-**** machines**
**Muon decay backgrounds in MC do have detector implications, however**

**3 TeV COM **
**Visible E****cm**
**CLIC Simulation**

## MC Physics - Resolving degenerate Higgs

**For larger values of tan*********** *****there is a range of heavy Higgs boson masses (*****H*****0****, *****A*****0****) for which discovery at LHC or *****e*****+*****e*****- linear collider may not be possible due to suppression of coupling to gauge bosons**

**Precision Energy Scan**
**Capability**
**of Muon Collider**

- Davide Costanzo
- hep-ex/0105033v2

## Key Ingredients of the Facilities

## Needs Common to NF and MC Facility 

- Proton Driver
- primary beam on production target
- Target, Capture, and Decay
- create ’s; decay into ’s
- Phase Rotation
- reduce E of bunch
- Cooling
- reduce emittance of the muons
**Cost-effective for NF**
**Essential for MC**
- Acceleration
- Accelerate the Muons
- Storage Ring
- store for ~1000 turns

## But there are Key Differences

**  ****Neutrino Factory               Muon Collider**

**Cooling**
**Reduce transverse emittance**
**ε****┴**** ~ 7 mm**
**Acceleration**
**Accelerate to 20-40 GeV**
**May be as low as 5-7 GeV**
**Storage Ring**
**No intersecting beams**

**Bunch Merging**
**Cooling**
**Reduce 6D emittance**
**ε****┴****  ~****  3-25 ****μ****m**
**ε****L****  ~****  70 mm**
**Acceleration**
**Accelerate to 1-2 TeV**
**Storage Ring**
**Intersecting beams**

## Key R&D Issues

**High Power Targetry – NF & MC  *****(MERIT Experiment)***
**Initial Cooling – NF & MC *****(MICE (4D Cooling))***
**200 MHz RF - NF & MC *****(MuCool and Muon’s Inc)***
**Investigate operation of vacuum RF cavities in presence of high magnetic fields**
**Investigate Gas-Filled RF cavities**
**Operation in B field and Beam-Induced Effects**
**While obtaining high accelerating gradients (~16MV/m)**
**Intense 6D Cooling – MC**
**RFOFO  “Guggenheim”**
**Helical Channel Cooling**** *****(MANX Proposal)***
**Parametric Resonance Ionization Cooling**
**Bunch Recombination**
**Acceleration– A cost driver for both NF & MC, but in very different ways**
**FFAG’s –****  *****( Electron Model Muon Accelerator - EMMA Demonstration)***
**Multi-turn RLA’s**
**Storage Ring(s) – NF & MC**
**Theoretical Studies NF & MC**
**Analytic Calculations**
**Lattice Designs**
**Numeric Simulations**

- Note: Almost all R&D Issues
- for a NF are currently under
- theoretical and experimental study

## Muon Ionization Cooling

**Transverse**

**Longitudinal -**
**Emittance Exchange**

## NF, Muon Collider - Synergy

**NF, Muon Collider - Synergy**

**Neutrino Factory –ISS Preliminary**

**Muon Collider Schematic**

## Additional Technologies Needed for a Muon Collider

**Although a great deal of R&D has been done (or is ongoing) for a Neutrino Factory and is applicable to a MC, the Technological requirements for a Muon Collider are Much More Aggressive**
**Bunch Merging is required**
**MUCH more Cooling is required ****( MAKE OR BREAK FOR MC ! )**
**1000X in each transverse dimension, ******** 10X in longitudinal**
**Acceleration to much higher energy (20-40 GeV vs. 1.5-3 TeV)**
**Storage rings **
**Colliding beams**
**Energy loss in magnets from muon decay (electrons) is an issue**

_**Palmer et al**_**:**
**RFOFO Ring**
**Guggenheim**
**50-60T Solenoid Channel**

_**Muons Inc**_**.**
**High pressure gas-filled cavities**
**Helical Cooling Channel**
**Reverse Emittance Exchange**
**Parametric Resonance Induced Cooling**

## 6 Dimensional Cooling

**RFOFO Ring**

**Guggenheim “Ring”**

## Helical Cooling Channel

- • Magnetic field is solenoid B0+ dipole + quad + ...
- • System is filled with H2 gas, includes rf cavities
- • Cools 6-D (large E means longer path length)

- 6D-MANX Experiment
- To Test

## Extreme  Cooling -PIC & REMEX

**Parametric-Resonance Ionization Cooling **
- Drive a 1⁄2-integer parametric resonance
- Hyperbolic Motion
- xx’=constant
**Reverse Emittance Exchange**
- Increase longitudinal  in order to decrease transverse 

**Space-Charge Effects **
**Could be Critical**

## Low-Emittance Muon Collider (LEMC) Concept

***Parameter List:***
**E****cm**** = 1.5 TeV**
**Peak ****L**** ****= 7X10****34**
**#********’s/bunch = 10****11**
**Av Dipole B = 10T**
******p/p = 1%**
***********(cm) = 0.5 (!)**
**Proton driver:**
**E = 8 GeV**
**Power ******** ****1 MW**

**ILC Accelerating**
**Structure Envisioned**

## Scientific Program

**R&D Initiatives**
**Targetry, Muon Cooling, Theory and Simulation**

## MERIT

**Mercury Intense Target**

## MERIT –Mercury Intense Target

**Test of Hg-Jet target in magnetic field (15T)**
**Submitted to CERN April, 2004 (approved April 2005)**
**Located in TT2A tunnel to ISR, in nTOF beam line**
**Physics Data Run – Oct-Nov, 2007**
**Single pulse tests equivalent to********4 MW Power On Target**
**40 Hz @ 24 GeV**** **

## Movies of viewport #2, SMD camera, 0.1 ms/frame 

- nozzle A before reaming

- ORNL 2006 Nov 28 runs
- 10 m/s

- ORNL 2006 Nov 29 run, uprighted image
-                 Nozzle C   20 m/s

- _Movies of viewport #2, SMD camera, 0.1 ms/frame _

- nozzle A after reaming

**Magnet and Hg Jet system installed**
**in TT2A tunnel at CERN**

## MuCool

## Muon Cooling: MuCool Component R&D 

**MuCool**
**201 MHz RF Testing**

**50 cm ******** ****Be RF window**

**MuCool**
**LH****2**** Absorber**
**Body**

**MuCool**
**Component testing: RF, Absorbers, Solenoids**
**RF – High Gradient Operation in High B field**
**Uses Facility @Fermilab (MuCool Test Area –MTA)**
**Supports Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE)**

**MuCool Test Area**

## Phase I of RF Cavity Closed Cell Magnetic Field Studies (805 MHz)

**Phase I of RF Cavity Closed Cell Magnetic Field Studies (805 MHz)**

**Data seem to follow universal curve**
**Max stable gradient degrades quickly with B field**
**Sparking limits max gradient**
**Copper surfaces the problem**

**Gradient in MV/m**

**Peak Magnetic Field in T at the Window**

## Next 805 MHz study - Buttons

**Button test**
**Evaluate various materials and coatings**
**Quick Change over**

**Tantalum **
**Tungsten **
**Molybdenum-zirconium alloy**
**Niobium**
**Niobium-titanium alloy**
**Stainless steel **

## RF R&D – 201 MHz Cavity Design

**The 201 MHz Cavity is now operating tested to design gradient**** ****-**** ****16MV/m**** ****at B=0**** ****and at B= a few hundred Gauss**

**Did Not Condition!**

**Note: This cavity was assembled at**
**TJNL using techniques/procedures**
**used for SCRF**

## Future Tests of 201 MHz Cavity Operation in Magnetic Field

**Future Tests of 201 MHz Cavity Operation in Magnetic Field**

**Need Coupling Coil (2.5T) MICE design**
**Shown in green schematically**
**THIS IS A CRUCIAL TEST FOR MICE AND FOR NF & MC in general**
**High Gradient RF operation in a magnetic field**

## High Pressure H2 Filled Cavity WorkMuon’s Inc

**High Pressure Test Cell**
**Study breakdown properties of materials in H****2 ****gas**
**Operation in B field**
**No degradation in M.S.O.G. up to ******** 3.5T**

**No Difference**
**B=0 & B=3T**

## Absorber  R&D

**Absorber  R&D**

**Two LH****2**** absorber designs are being studied **
** ****Handle the power load differently **
**Also considering LiH (solid) for NF Cooling**

**Forced-Convection-cooled. Has internal heat**
**exchanger (LHe) and heater – KEK System**
**Tested @MTA to 25W ******** ****100W**

**Forced-Flow with external cooling loop**
***Muon Collider***

## MICE

## Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE)

**MICE**
**Measurement of Muon Cooling**
**Emittance Measurement @ 10****-3**
**First Beam January 2008**

**Beam line**
**commissioning **
**starts Jan 08**

**Winter 2008**
**Spring 2008**

**Neutrino Factory Decision Point**
****** ****2012**

## Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment MICE

- Beam Diffuser

## US MICE

**Tracker Module**
**Solenoids**
**Fiber ribbons**
**VLPC System**
**VLPCs, Cryostats and cryo-support equipment, AFEIIt (front-end readout board), VME memory modules, power supplies, cables, etc**
**Absorber Focus Coil Module**
**LH****2**** and vacuum safety windows**
**Fabrication and QC**
**RF Module**
**Coupling Coils (with ICST of Harbin University, China)**
**RF Cavities**
**Particle ID**
**Cerenkov**

## Design and Simulation

## Key Simulation Studies

**Muon Capture and Bunch Rotation**
**Uses “standard” cooling components**
**Keeps both ********+ ****and ********-**
**Performance of Open Cell RF lattice**
**Might mitigate problems with high-gradient RF in B field if not solved in RF R&D program**
**Full optimization of acceleration scheme for NF**
**Past year spent on International Scoping Study ******** ****International Design Study for a NF**
**Arrive at Reference Design Report**
**Full simulation and performance evaluation of PIC and REMEX**
**Complete baseline cooling scheme for a Muon Collider**
**Acceleration scheme for a Muon Collider**
**Design of low-beta collider ring**

**Acceleration**

## NFMCC 5 Year Budget Plan

- Including Base: About $3.6M per year plus supplemental ($400k in FY06)

**Base Program funds: remain as in FY06: BNL ($0.9M); Fermilab ($0.6M); LBNL ($0.3M) **

## Conclusions

**Neutrino Factory**
**Compelling case for a precision neutrino program exists**
**With present assumptions Neutrino Factory out-performs other options.  However, more is needed before concluding this is the right path**
**What the on-going Neutrino Physics program tells us (********13****)**
**Cost and schedule considerations**
**The collaboration is making excellent progress on R&D on the major sub-systems**
**Targetry – MERIT**
**Muon Cooling – MuCool and MICE**
**Acceleration Design Studies**
**FFAG**
**Also participating in the EMMA experiment in the UK**
**RLA**
**Strong Participation in the recently completed International Scoping Study**
**Move on to the International Design Study**
**Goal is to deliver a RDR by 2012**

## Conclusions II

**Muon Collider**
**New concepts in muon cooling improve the prospects for a multi-TeV Muon Collider**
**Many new ideas emerging**
**Front-end is the same or similar as that for a Neutrino Factory**
**Definite Synergies with NF R&D**
**First end-to-end muon cooling scenario for a Muon Collider has been developed**
**Much more to do**
**Detailed simulation and analysis of cooling designs**
**Space charge and loading effects particularly important in final stages**
**6D Cooling experiment(s)**
**Converge on a preferred cooling scheme**
**Acceleration**
**Collider ring**
**The NFMCC will work closely with the Fermilab MCTF**
**Muon Collider Coordination Group **
**Kirk, Bross, Zisman, Shiltsev, Geer**