# Presentation: 376458

## Background

- Dr. Ray Orbach’s March 2005 visit to Fermilab
- DOE-Office of Science concerns over Electrical Incidents throughout the DOE complex
- Dr. Orbach’s Meeting with Mike Witherell asking Fermilab to find ways to locate underground utilities
- Mike Witherell Charge to Bob Kephart, Head Technical Division to study the technologies and make recommendations
- The Technical Division Presentation to Mike Witherll and Jed Brown on June 15, 2005
- Mike Witherell’s written response to Office of Science indicating the implementation of the GPR Technology in FY 2006.

- Ad-Hoc Committee Locate Vendors

- 7/11/2006

## Underground Location

- TD formed an Ad-Hoc committee to investigate the technologies available to locate buried utilities
- Committee: Romesh Sood, Kurt Kasules, Greg Kobliska, and Jim Garvey
- This group was later joined by Ted Beale, Les Peters, and John Zweibohmer

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- 6/15/2005

## Underground Location

- Test sites were chosen where corporate knowledge indicated that an obstruction or conduit was present below the concrete
- Some were locations at which a conduit had previously been severed

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- 6/15/2005

## Location Sites # 1 & 2

**ICB computer room doorway**

**ICB collaring press area**

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## Location Sites 3 & 4

**Suspected conduits from Magnetic field Detector**
**ICB cryostat assembly area**

**ICB conference Room**

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- 6/15/2005

## Technologies Considered

- Ferrous Metal Detectors
- Magnetic Field Detector ( currently used)
- Pulsed AC/DC superimposed on ac line signals or conduit (Tic-Tracer)
- Thermal Imaging Camera (Fire Dept.)
- Digital Thermal Imaging Heat Detector
- Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
- X-Ray Film Exposure

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- 6/15/2005

## Ferrous Metal Detector

- The Ferrous Metal Detector is able to penetrate only a few inches.
- The primary benefit of this instrument is to locate rebar buried close to the surface

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- 6/15/2005

## Magnetic Field Detector

- This has been preferred choice of TD for 20+ years
- Can find anomalies even in the presence of other buried metallic items
- Most often uses ground current as signal
- Trained ears are able to detect building ground current signals of < 1 amp

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- 6/15/2005

## Pulsed AC/DC “Tic-Tracer”

- Able to penetrate a very shallow distance of the order of a few inches
- Can be used in conjunction with the Magnet Field Detector	 to improve sensitivity
- But.... if the conduit contacts rebar, there is a resultant scatter of the signal which makes it nearly impossible to locate the anomaly accurately

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- 6/15/2005

## Infrared Imaging

- Infrared camera borrowed from Fire dept did not have any response to a 15 amp current flow in the conduit
- The Infrared Imaging camera was able to penetrate few inches of concrete
- ANL is attempting to improve this method with a 50-60 amp “growler”
- Induced heat may well be a problem for wires in conduits
- Assumes that you already _know_ a conduit passes through the area of interest and are able put in power through it to “heat” it up enough so one can locate it

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- 6/15/2005

## Ground Penetrating Radar

- Definite improvement over Field Detector
- Excels at non metallic piping (gas)
- Raw data is subject to operator’s interpretation
- 3D software is available that can  help eliminate confusion ( extra cost)
- Training & Repetition will be necessary for operators to insure accurate locates
- Three vendors investigated

- Ad-Hoc Committee Locate Vendors

- 6/15/2005

## GPR Vendors Contacted

- Geophysical Survey Systems Inc.
-     North Salem, N.H.  (Ben Cleary)
- Sensors & Software Inc.
-     Mississauga, Ontario (Troy De Souza)
- Mala Geoscience (USA)
-     Charleston, S.C. (Jim Cook)
*	**On site demonstrations from the three vendors*
- 	*(Inconclusive results from Mala)*

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- 6/15/2005

## X-ray Imaging

- Available from outside vendors
- Intense  x-ray sources  significant personnel hazards during process
- Required after hours work, posting guards, and clearing personnel from the area to be imaged
- Requires access to both surfaces to be imaged    (i.e. not useful for ground level floors)
- But... Very High resolution
- May be useful is some special instances i.e. post tension cable identification

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- 6/15/2005

## GPR Demonstrations

- Location #1 ICB Computer Room

- G   F   E   D   C   B   A

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## GPR Image Location #1 Computer Area

- Conduits as seen in raw data

- 3D View of Conduits

- Sensors & Software

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## Location #1 ICB Computer Area 

- 3.

- 2.

- 1.

- Post Processing

- On Screen

- Conduits

- GSSI

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- 6/15/2005

## Location #1 ICB Computer Area (Field Issues)

- The Bright white dots are the targets in the concrete. This is a 2D side profile.

- 1.

- 2.

- 3.

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## Location #1ICB Computer Area (Field Issues)

- Pinpoint targets in the 2D Profile view while interactive cross-hairs are shown on the 3D Cube above.

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## Location #1ICB Computer Area (Field Issues)

- 2x2ft Structure Scan Optic Pad – Conduits in Yellow

- Note: The Mesh Depth Change

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## SENSORS AND SOFTWARE 2D SCAN ICB COLLARING PIT

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## Location # 2  ICB Collaring Press Saw Cut

- GSSI

- Conduits

- Post Processing

- On Screen

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## Location # 2  ICB Collaring Press Saw Cut

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- 6/15/2005

## Location # 3  ICB Cryostat Area

- SENSORS AND SOFTWARE 2D SCAN ICB CRYOSTAT AREA

- Location # 3  ICB Cryostat Area

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- 6/15/2005

## Location #3 IBC Cryostat Area (Side)

- Curling End of Wire 4” Wire Mesh

- New Roll of 4” Mesh

- SENSORS AND SOFTWARE ICB CRYOSTAT AREA
- 2D Manipulation of Data

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- 6/15/2005

## Location #3 IBC Cryostat Area (Side)

- End of Wire Mesh

- GSSI

- On Screen

- Post Processing

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## Location #3 IBC Cryostat Area (Side)

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## Location # 4 ICB Conference Room

- SENSORS AND SOFTWARE 3D SCAN ICB HQ. WE DO NOT BELIEVE THAT THIS IS CORRECT. THE FLOOR PAN RUNS PARALLEL WITH THE WALL. 2D SCAN NOT AVAILABLE

- Corrugated Pan

- Conduit

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## Bottom of ICB conf room 

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## Location # 4 ICB 2W Headquarters Conf Rm

- Conf Room Wall

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## Location # 4 ICB 2W Headquarters Conf Rm

- Target Under Conf Table

- Known Conduit – See User Mark

- GSSI

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## Location # 4 ICB 2W Headquarters Conf Rm

- Wire Mesh

- Pandeck

- Conduit

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## X-Ray Imaging  Test

- Location # 4 ICB Conference Room

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##        Summary

- Each method has advantages and disadvantages based upon the unique situation or condition.
- No one single method provides a “Silver Bullet” as a “solve all” for all applications.
- None of the vendors reviewed would give you a “guarantee” of not contacting a live line
- Once we accept the above, the only way to properly protect the worker is to
***Assume that you are going to contact a live circuit***
***Provide protective barriers to the worker to reduce/eliminate the suspected hazard***

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- 6/15/2005

##        Summary

- The GPR system, although superior in some aspects, is not a “solve all” system.
*There clearly will be instances where none of the systems tested can identify the buried utility.*
- Each GPR vendor readily admitted that the conduit would not been located in ICB conference room w/o being told of it’s existence.
- ANL had performed a GPR survey, when they bored and contacted a ***4160v line***.
- The industry has a “hit” ratio defined as the number of locates/number of contacts ~ 28-30 The TD “Hit” ratio since 2002 has been _79_   personnel training, experience with the area, and commitment all are important factors

- Ad-Hoc Committee Locate Vendors

- 6/15/2005

## TD Recommendations

- Stay informed about technology improvements
- Divide Locates into two categories
-  Indoor (concrete) and outdoor (buried cable)
- Limit TD participation to _indoor locates only_
- FESS or outside vendor for outside locates
_**GPR**_ does offer better identifications of buried utilities including **non metallic pipes**, etc.
- GSSI equipment is best available to date
- Invest _**~ $50k in GSSI**_ equipment & training
- Place known objects in next TD concrete pour to generate a training & calibration pad
- Take digital photos of all new construction on site

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- 6/15/2005

## Status Today

- GSSI equipment still best available
- Purchase Requisition On Hand
- Covers the cost of a GSSI electronic unit w/ several antennas
- Includes super 3D software package

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- 7/11/2006

## TD’s Recommendations Today

- Have _***all locates performed by FESS***_
- Requires highly skilled & trained individual for interpretation of data & plots
- TD has forms for calibration pad
- 	Including re-bar, piping, plastic pipe, etc. necessary to construct the pad.

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- 7/11/2006