BEE-spoke-data/govdocs1-by-extension huggingface dataset:
# Presentation: 677605

## Federal Tools for Financing Idle Reduction

- Federal Highway Administration
- National Resource Center
- Jennifer R. Mayer
- _[Jennifer.mayer@fhwa.dot.gov](mailto:Jennifer.mayer@fhwa.dot.gov)_
- (415)744-2634

## Innovative Financial Tools

- State-Based Tools
- CMAQ funds
- State Infrastructure Banks (SIBs)
- Section 129 Loans
- GARVEEs
- Federal-Based Tools
- Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA)

## Common Aspects of Tools

- Must be eligible for federal funds under Title 23 of the United States Code (typically CMAQ)
- Must follow federal requirements (although some flexibility for private projects)
- All roads usually lead to state DOTs except for TIFIA

## State Infrastructure Banks

- State DOTs often have these banks, which are a federally-capitalized fund source of low-cost financing for eligible projects
- Maximum loan term is 35 years; interest rate set by state
- Can make a large project affordable for a nonprofit or local community (I.e., $200,000 over 30 years at 5% interest = a mortgage payment).

## Flow of Funds – State Infrastructure Banks

**Federal Aid (80%)**

**Initial**
**Projects**

**Second Round**
**Projects**

*Capitalization*
*Grants*

*Loans*

*Loans*

*Repayments*

*Repayments*

**2**

*Initial*

*Second *
*Round*

**SIB**

-     Products Available:
- Direct Loans
- Credit Enhancements
- Other

**State funds (20%)**

## SECTION 129 LOAN EXAMPLE

- PROJECT
- SPONSOR

- STATE DOT

**$10 million**
**       ****loan**
**$  8 million**
**       ****Federal-aid**
**$  2 million**
**       ****match**

**Repayments**
**from any **
**dedicated**
**source         **

***Can use repayments **
**  ****for any Title 23 project**

## GARVEEs

- Permits states to borrow against future Federal-aid funding
- States pay debt payments with Federal aid
- Also spreads out cost of expensive projects over many years

## TIFIA (Direct Federal Credit)

- Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA)
- Currently limited to $100 million or greater size (proposed $50 million)
- CMAQ-eligible projects can apply (and have!)

## For More Information

- Contact your local FHWA Division Office (one in every state capital)
- For financial questions, contact Jennifer Mayer at the FHWA National Resource Center, (415)744-2634, jennifer.mayer@fhwa.dot.gov
# Presentation: 512607

## Application Requirements:Distributed Computing

- Ian Foster
- Argonne National Laboratory
- University of Chicago

## Application Requirements:Distributed Computing

- Distributed computing: applications that integrate remote (computational) resources
- To access capabilities that do not exist locally
- To create capabilities that do not exist anywhere
- “Computational grids” as rallying cry
- Virtualize “important” resources
- Focus is on end-systems, not network
- Nontraditional service and comm requirements

## ApplicationExamples 

- ApplicationExamples

- Desktop
- Problem
- Solving
- Environments

- High-Throughput Computing

- Online data
- reconstruction

- Distributed
- supercomputing

## Issues/Requirements

**Domain 2**

**Domain 1**

- Authenticate once
- Specify computation (code, resources, etc.)
- Locate resources
- Negotiate authorization, acceptable use, etc.
- Acquire resources
- Initiate computation
- Steer computation
- Access remote datasets
- Collaborate on results
- Account for usage

## Middleware Requirements

- Resource discovery
- N-way authentication
- Fast collective operations
- Policy negotiation
- High-speed protocols
- Distributed data access
- Data caching services
- Code distribution services
- End-to-end QoS
- Monitoring, instrumentation
- Application-level adaptivity
- Accounting
- etc., etc., etc.

- Rich set of resources: computers, databases, instruments
- Complex and unusual service requirements
- Services need to reach beyond network
- Non-traditional communication structures

## State of Technology

-                        A  p  p  l  i  c  a  t  i  o  n  s

- DCOM

- CORBA

- MPI

-        A d v a n c e d   N e t w o r k    F a b r i c

- New Service

- New
- Model

- New Service

- New Service

- New Service

- New
- Model

**. . .**

**. . .**

**. . .**

## What Should Middleware Look Like?

- Grid Fabric
- Layer
- (Underware)

- Grid Services
- Layer
- (Middleware)

- Application
- Adaptation Layer
- (Upperware)

- Applications

- ...

- _Dist. Computing_

- _Remote Instr._

- _Collaboration_

- Message passing
- Condor    DSM
- Network solvers
- etc.   etc.   etc.

- Shared state
- CAVERNsoft
- Group security

- Information services         Policy negotiation
- Co-reservation/co-allocation     Grid Security Infrastructure
- Accounting       Event model      Checkpointing
- Remote data access     Fault detection     Monitors
- (Real-time) CORBA     Scheduling       Agent technology

- IP       Multicast protocols    Name servers    HTTP
- Bandwidth broker      CPU schedulers   PKI    Site accounting
- Directory service     OS bypass

- Microscopy

- Astronomy

- Medical

- ..

- ..

- ..

- Remote control
- Online archive
- Online reconstr.
- etc.   etc.   etc.

- Simulation

- Param study

- Data analysis
# Presentation: 511938

## DM2K

- EPICS Collaboration Meeting
- SNS/ORNL
- 14-16 November, 2000
- Steve Lewis

## History

- Early spin-off from MEDM
- CERN/DESY/BESSY contributed
- Minor LBNL “adjustments” made
- SNS considering for standard...
- Front End group at LBNL built full screen reportoire for MEDM, then DM2K
- SNS concerned about its future

## DM2K vs. MEDM

- 2x faster generally; 5x faster for X-Y plot
- About 85% compatible at “.adl” level
- A few added run-time features very nice
- Uses non-commercial X-Y (JPT) where MEDM uses SciPlot
- Editing much more primitive and somewhat ***buggy***

## DM2K: dynamic features

- Simple, ***external*** “color rules”
- edit by hand
- min/max/color paradigm
- Simple, ***external*** “graphic rules”
- edit by hand
- min/max/element-from-file paradigm
- file is another .adl “library” built by DM2K

## ...dynamics

- Can add call-up to any composite
- but can’t edit components
- Has a sophisticated “face-plate” for structured tiling based on actual PVs
- Some widgets much improved
- bar has log, visible alarm level
- Others more primitive
- X-Y has little control

## ...dynamics

- Printing is ***very*** primitive
- Nice cursors for “no-write” and “active call-up” keep operator informed

## Editing

***NO UNDO!***
- Lacks flip, rotate, distribute, ...
- Does add nice touches here and there

## Future

- Essentially “open”...
- ...but somewhat of an orphan
- Shares “monolithic” aspects of code inherited from MEDM
- SNS needs immediate go/no-go decision
# Presentation: 742671

## Los Angeles

- Regional Terrorism Information and Integration System

## Presented By

- Lieutenant Scott Edson
- Los Angeles County
- Information Systems Advisory Body

## Los Angeles County

- 10 Million County Residents
- 88 Incorporated Cities
- 4,084 Square Miles
- 44 Independent Police Departments
- Over 92k Budgeted Employees
- 30% in Law and Justice

## L.A. County Sheriff

- Over 14,000 Personnel
- Services 2.7 Million Residents
- 40 Contract Cities
- Sheriff’s Data Network (SDN)
- Nearly 400 Points of Presence
- Connects All Local Agencies
- And State and Federal Agencies

## LASD DashBoard

## Information Sharing TODAY

## LA-RTIIS Purpose

- Need Central Source
- Need to Share System Data
- For Crime Analysis
- For Information-Led Policing
- For Strategic Decision-Making

## LA–RTIIS and GJXDM

- Will Make Use of the GJXDM
- Use Common GJXDM Information Exchange Packages
- Time and Material RFP Issued in May 2005
- Consultant to Develop and Document the Business Requirements From Participating Agencies
- N-DEx Compliant

## LA–RTIIS Concept

## LA-RTIIS and N-DEx

## LA–RTIIS Presentation

- Questions ?
- Contact Information-
- Lt. Scott Edson
- 562-345-4305
- edson@lasd.org
- edson@isab.co.la.ca.us
# Presentation: 526695

## Rip Currents--Killer Currents

**Rip Currents--*****Killer Currents***
**                      ****Jim Lushine**

## Outline of Presentation

**Outline of Presentation**

**Rip Current Fatalities**
**Data**
**Forecasting**
**Verification**
**NWS Products**
**Future Work**

##  Rip Current Fatalities

## Southeast Florida Rip Current Fatalities

## Florida Rip Current Fatalities

## Florida Weather-related Fatalities1989-2003

## United States Rip Current Fatalities

## Weather-related Formation Factors

**Weather-related Formation Factors**
**1. Local Gradient Wind**
**2. Swell**

##        Non-Weather-related Formation Factors

**       ****Non-Weather-related Formation Factors**

**Time of Low Tide*******
**Persistence**
**Tidal Currents**
**Deep Water Currents (e.g. Gulf Stream)**
**Seismological Factors**
***SE Florida Coast**

## Data

**Data**

## Florida Marine Observations

**Florida Marine Observations**

## Four Factors in Forecasting Rip Currents

**Four Factors in Forecasting Rip Currents**

## Wind Factor

**Wind Factor**

## Gradient Wind vs Rip Current Fatalities along SE Florida Coast

## Gradient Wind vs Non-Rip Current Fatalities along SE Florida Coast

##  Sea Breeze Effect

-  **Sea Breeze Effect**

## Convective Wind Initiation

**Convective Wind Initiation**

## Swell Factor

**Swell Factor**

## Swell Height* vs Rip Currents

**<2  Feet---No effect on rip currents**
**2-7 Feet---Mdt Risk of rip currents**
**>7  Feet---High Risk of rip currents**
***Swell Period also important**

## Tidal Factor

**Tidal Factor**

## Faster Rip Current 

**Faster Rip Current **
**    ****near Low Tide                                                             **

## Tidal Variation of Fatalities

## Weaker Swimmers Can go Farther Offshore?

**Weaker Swimmers Can go Farther Offshore?**

## Persistence

**Persistence**
**Factor**

## Days Between Initiation of Rip Currents and the First Fatality

## Gradient Winds vs Residual Rip Current Fatalities in SE Florida

##   Beach Patrol Rescue Reports

**  ****Beach Patrol Rescue Reports**

## Daily Rip Current Risk

**Daily Rip Current Risk**

**1=Low**
**2=Moderate**
**3=High**

## Verification

## NWS Rip Current-Related Products

**Surf Forecast**
**Hazardous Weather Outlook**
**Marine Weather Statement**
**Zone Forecasts (Headlines)**

## Decision to Include in ZFP

**Weekday vs Weekend/Holiday**
**Improving Weather from yesterday**
**Change in surf conditions from yesterday**
**Low Tide in the afternoon**

## Future Work

**Future Work**

## Tidal Variation of Fatalities= Hourly Rip Current Risk?

## Beach Geomorphology 

**Renourishment**
**Type of Sand**
**Persistence of Rip Channels**

## Upcoming Rip Current Events

**Technical Workshop (April 6-7, 2004)**
**NWS Media Event (May 24, 2004)**
**FACVB meeting (June 10, 2004)**
**COMET Module (Summer 2004)**

## Florida’s Uniform Flag Warning System

**Florida’s Uniform Flag Warning System**

## The End

**The End**
# Presentation: 924107

## ENFORCEMENT ISSUES

- SGT. VINCE AURENTZ
- DALLAS POLICE DEPT.
- TRAFFIC SECTION
- ENFORCEMENT UNIT

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- The behavior must be definable, understandable, and detectable.
- By the motorist.
- By the Police.
- By the Courts.

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- The effectiveness of deterrence depends on the perceived risk of apprehension.
- For the risk to be credible , drivers must believe that they have a nontrivial chance of being apprehended.

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- Third, the effectiveness of deterrence depends on the swiftness certainty, and severity of punishment.

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- The behavior must be definable, understandable, and detectable.
- By the motorist.
- By the Police.
- By the Courts.

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- The effectiveness of deterrence depends on the perceived risk of apprehension.
- For the risk to be credible , drivers must believe that they have a nontrivial chance of being apprehended.

## GOOD OLD DAYS

## MOVABLE HOV LANES

## EXIT LANES

## For the risk to be credible , drivers must believe that they have a nontrivial chance of being apprehended.

## THE OUTER LIMITS

## Slide 12

## ELEMENTS OF THE DETERRENCE PROCESS

- Third, the effectiveness of deterrence depends on the swiftness certainty, and severity of punishment.

## WHAT’S THE SPEED LIMIT?

- What is the speed limit at that location
- How do you know the speed limit of that location?
- Were these signs clear and conspicuous to the passing public on the date this citation was issued?

## Slide 15

## Slide 16

## BASIC SPEED LAW STATE

- Do you have an opinion whether or not this speed is unreasonable and imprudent under the conditions then existing, having regard to the actual and potential hazards?
# Presentation: 408846

## FDA

- Anesthetic & Life Support Drugs Advisory Comm.
- Sep.9, 2003

- Art Van Zee, M.D.
- St. Charles Clinic
- St. Charles, Virginia

## 			Overview:

- ---the OxyContin problem
- ---Opioids in the treatment of
- 	chronic non-malignant pain
- 	--Risks:
- 		---diversion
- 		---addiction
- 	--Benefits

##       Opioids in the treatment of   	chronic non-malignant pain

- 	RISKS:
- 		--Diversion
- 		--Addiction

## OxyContin Prescriptions Per Capita:

- Highest and Lowest States for 2000

- IMS Health

## Slide 5

## Slide 6

## Slide 7

## Slide 8

## Slide 9

## Opioids in the treatment of chronic 	   non-malignant pain

- RISKS:
-                 --Addiction

## Addiction

| Acute |  | Cancer | Chronic non-ca |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Kouyanou(’97) |  | 12% |
| Jick | .03% | (many) | Fishbain (’92) |  | 3-18 |
|  |  |  | Savage (’93) |  | 5-6% |
| Perry | 0.0% |  | Chabal (’97) |  | 34% |
|  |  |  | Reid (2002) |  | 24-31 |
|  |  |  | Hoffman(’95)
Katz (’01)
Belgrade(’01) |  | 23%
29%
29% |

##    The risks of Addiction to opioids 

- 	During treatment for chronic
- 	     non-malignant pain:
- 		    NOT KNOWN

## Opioids in the treatment of chronic

-             non-malignant pain:
- 	          The Benefits

## Conclusions:

- Great harm from  the OxyContin abuse problem
- 2. High availability correlates with high abuse
- 3.  Many problems in a risk-benefit analysis of opioids in chronic non-malignant pain
# Presentation: 541762

**	****	****	****	****	****	**
**	****	****	****	****	****	**
**	****	****	****	****	****	****Version.5 (7/14/03)**
_**OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL AGENCY AUTHORITIES RELATED TO MONKEYPOX**_

| AGENCY | STATUTES | CITATION | TRIGGER | ACTIONS | SCOPE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), Dept. of Interior | Lacey Act Amendments of 1981

Lacey Act (1900)
(Listing in CFR w/ notice & comment)

Endangered Species Act (1973) | 16 USC 3371 et seq. 

18 USC 42
50 CFR Pt 16

16 USC 1538(d-f)
50 CFR Pt 14
 | Wildlife; Violation of federal, state,  tribal,  foreign laws

Wildlife injurious to humans, animals, plants (non-native)

Engage in business importing/exporting
wildlife | 
Enforcement

Destruction
Enforcement

Reporting, Licensing
Enforcement | Intrastate
Interstate Import/Export

Interstate
Import

Import
Export |
| Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),
USDA

 | Animal Health Protection Act (AHPA) (2002)
VETERINARY SERVICES

Animal Welfare Act (AWA) (1966)

ANIMAL CARE SERVICES

Animal Damage Control Act (ADCA) (1931)

WILDLIFE SERVICES | 7 USC 8301 et seq.

7 USC 2131

7 USC 426 & 426c | Pest or disease of livestock

Exhibitors/Dealers/Handlers of non-livestock animals

“Nuisance” animals and/or
Reservoir Zoonotic Disease | Surveillance/Inspection/
Detention/Quarantine/
Destruction/Remedial Measures

Recordkeeping; Licensing; Inspection

Surveillance
Destruction
Fee-for-Service Agreements | Intrastate in extraordinary emergency
Interstate
Export

Intrastate
Interstate

Intrastate
Interstate |
| CDC/FDA, HHS | Public Health Service Act (1942) | 42 USC 264;
21 CFR 1240;
42 CFR Pts 70 & 71 | Prevention of communicable
diseases affecting
human health | Public Health Surveillance; Inspection; Detention; Quarantine; Destruction;
Enforcement (FDA) | Intrastate
Interstate
Import (CDC) |

## Slide 2

| Customs & Border Protection (CBP), DHS

(Plant Protection
Quarantine Service – formerly USDA) | Tariff Act of 1930 | 19 USC 1499;
19 USC 1595a;
18 USC 545;
19 CFR Pt 151 | Import prohibited by law
 | Inspection;
Seizure; Destruction; Enforcement | Import |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DOT | Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law (1994) | 49 USC 5101 et seq.
49 CFR Pts 171-180 | Hazardous materials | Approval for transport of infected animals;
Enforcement | Intrastate
Interstate
Import
Export |
# Presentation: 203837

## Response Robot Evaluation Exercise

- RobotNameHere
- OrganizationNameHere
- WebsiteNameHere
- ContactNameHere
- Rotor span: 	xxx in (xxx cm)
- Length: 	xxx in (xxx cm)
- Weight: 	xxx lbs (xxx kg)
- Range: 	xxx ft (xxx m)
- Speed: 	xxx fps (xxx mps)
- Launch: 	vertical
- Recovery: 	vertical
- Propulsion: 	electric or fueltype, xxx cc, xxx hp,
- Altitude: 	xxx ft (xxx m)
- Endurance: 	xxx min
- Control: 	eyes-on, remote teleop, waypoins, other?
- Payload: 	xxx lb (xxx kg)
- Features: 	thermal sensors, chemical sensors, other?
- Customer:	military, law enforcement, hobby, other?
- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
- Radio Tx: 	xxx MHz (xxx mW)	xxx MHz (xxx mW)
- Radio Rx: 	xxx MHz (xxx mW)	xxx MHz (xxx mW)

**Response Robot Evaluation Exercise**
**MD-TF1 Training Facility**
**Rockville, MD**
**August 19-21, 2006**
- _[www.isd.mel.nist.gov/us&r_robot_standards](http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/us&r_robot_standards)_
**ROBOT DATA SHEET ****	****AERIAL/ROTARY WING**
# Presentation: 759020

## <date/time>

## Session 38

**Electronic Signatures in the Perkins Loan Program**

- Session 21-

## Overview

- Last year, the Perkins program had:
**Over $1.1B in loans issued**
**A federal contribution of around $160M **
**Over 695,000 students awarded**
**Total loans outstanding of over $7B**
**2,260 schools participating**
**An average loan was $1,681**

- Session 21-

## Status

- FSA has been committed to promoting the use of electronic signatures in the student aid process
- Standards were issued in 4/01; revised in 7/01
- FSA worked with the community to create a trusted 3rd party authentication service based on the FSA PIN.
- Electronic signatures are currently available for all Title IV programs
- Electronic signatures are in use for Direct Loans and FFELP promissory notes
*  **Now is the time for Perkins*...

- Session 21-

## What Has FSA Done for Perkins?

- Partnerships with national organizations
- COHEAO and NACUBO
- Partnerships with schools
- Penn State, University of Minnesota, University of Illinois, and Iowa State University
- Partnerships with trusted 3rd party authentication service providers
- NCS and STAN

- Session 21-

## Perkins Note Evolution

***Perkins Note Evolution***

**Previous Perkins Forms**

**Current Perkins Forms**

**Possible Perkins eNote**

- Session 21-

## School Wish List

- FSA subsidizes STAN authentication costs for Perkins schools
- FSA helps schools to create downloadable eNote (HTML; JAVA; XML; Cold Fusion)
- FSA enables MPN for Perkins note
- FSA revises Standards to allow for school based PIN for Perkins
- Expanded use of FSA PIN for Federal aid (Title 7) and non-Federal aid (state grants)

- Session 21-

## What Does All of this Mean?

**SFA**

**SCHOOLS**

**Consent**

- Authentication

- Authentication

**Display**

- Format

- Format

**Integrity**

**Maintenance**

**Access**

**Certification**

**Identification/**
**Authentication**

**Attribution**

***What Does All of this Mean?***

**Electronic Signature Standards**

- Session 21-

## Schools “To Do” List

- Create an enterprise-wide team (technical, legal, and business) to determine how electronic signatures might fit into the school’s current processes
- Review Standards and determine compliance
- Flow chart current paper process
- Flow chart how an e-process might look like
- Perform a cost/benefit analysis
- Understand identification and authentication alternatives
- Understand encryption to be able to utilize STAN

- Session 21-

## FSA “To Do” List

- STAN Subsidy
- Finalize subsidy payment arrangements for authentication
- Facilitate a cheaper encryption solution
- eNote Development
- Develop format that is best suited for schools’ needs
- Future...???
- Enable MPN
- Revise Standards
- Expand FSA PIN

- Session 21-

## Next Steps For Perkins...

**Are you ready for **
**Electronic Signatures?**

- Session 21-

## Contact Information

- EID.SFA.ED.GOV

- Visit FSA’s Electronic Identification website at:

- Neil Sattler
- Federal Student Aid
-  (202) 377-3513
-     neil.sattler@ed.gov

- Session 21-

## <date/time>
# Presentation: 095794

## International Collaboration in Support of Polar Science using SAR

*Kenneth Jezek, Ohio State University*
*Waleed Abdalati, Goddard Space Flight Center*

## European Remote Sensing Satellites -1/2 

- Program for International Polar Oceans Research(PIPOR)
- ERS-1/2 coverage of the Arctic Ocean
- 	for sea ice  and polar ocean studies
- Collaboration established by NASA
- 	investment in ASF, conceived to extend
- 	the reach of ERS coverage to the
- 	north pole.
- Later extended to include coverage
- 	over Southern ocean via McMurdo
- 	Ground Station
- Tandem mission provided  interferometry
- 	data for ice sheet velocity measurements.

## Radarsat -1

- NASA and the CSA conducted negotiations in the early 1980’s for use of Radarsat-1
- Negotiations provided access to science data (e.g. ADRO, Arctic Snapshot), data to the Joint Ice Center and provision for two, complete mappings
- 	of Antarctica
- In exchange, NASA launched Radarsat-1
- Radarsat Geophysical Processor System:
- 	Arctic Snapshot obtained continuously
- 	since 1996.
- 3-day sampling of sea ice motion and
- 	deformation along with derived properties

## Radarsat-1

- •	1997, first Antarctic Mapping Mission (map and InSAR)
- 2000, modified InSAR mission to measure surface velocity
- 2004 InSAR
- 	acquisitions to acquire
- 	data over scientifically
- 	interesting areas.

## Project Lessons

- RAMP and RGPS showed that a formal agreement established early in a mission plan resulted in voluminous data acquisitions.
- RAMP and RGPS required extended and detailed interactions by the science community (PI) with the flight agencies to accomplish the goals.
- Role of commercial groups in the data path and unrestricted use of science data remains a discussion point.

-   Working relationships between PIPOR, ESA and NASA resulted in 8 minutes of SAR data per day becoming 30-40 minutes per day.   Mutual desire to use the satellite and the early limitation of direct downlink meant that NASA through ASF was well positioned to acquire vastly more data than were originally anticipated.

## Strategic Lessons

- NASA and the science community have devised strategies for acquiring very large volumes of SAR data through international partners
- Successful arrangements required that NASA enter into negotiations with partner flight agencies early in the project
- Previous arrangements for access to the international constellation of satellites have proven scientifically valuable.
- Future opportunities could/should be investigated (Envisat, Radarsat-2, ALOS, TerraSAR).  Options could include exchange of services in the past or direct purchase of data
- Science community must be intimately involved in all aspects of the planning and execution of large campaigns
- The role of the commercial sector is still being defined
# Presentation: 486185

## Regional Planning Activities

- _DOE Congestion Study_
- SSG-WI finishing up Reference case
- CDEAC to analyze 4 scenarios with ABB
- High Efficiency
- High Renewables
- Clean Fossil
- Combination alternative(?)
- WCAT to run other identified studies and complete DOE study

## Regional Planning Activities

***2006***

***Jan***

***Feb***

***Mar***

***Apr***

***May***

***Jun***

***Jul***

***Aug***

***Sep***

***Oct***

***Nov***

***Dec***

***WECC Board Meeting***

***Congestion Study due to DOE***

***Congestion Study due to Congress***

***WECC Transmission ***
***Expansion ***
***Workshop***
# Presentation: 293978

## 2000 to 2004

**American Community Survey Data**
**Using the**
**Web Data Server**

- Presented By:
- 	Barbara A. LaFleur
- 	Washington, DC
- 	301 – 752 - 1305

## What is the Web Data Server?

- Web Data Server (WDS) Overview
- American Community Survey data dissemination tool
-  WDS features a user friendly interface that allows users to quickly access, visualize, manipulate, and understand data
- Analytical capabilities

## Highlights of the WDS

- WDS is  a point and click, and drag and drop application, which allow users to easily manipulate the data to get the exact view that makes sense to them
- WDS has hierarchical navigation features that help users get to data with fewer mouse clicks

## Highlights of the WDS

- Users can download selected views of data to XLS and CSV formats for further processing and analysis
- Users can save and organize reports in a flexible, familiar folder structure that includes a searching facility

## Slide 5

## Slide 6

## Slide 7

## Slide 8

## Slide 9

## Old  Table Numbers

**Old  Table Numbers**
**To New Table Numbers**

## Slide 11

## WDS – Example Question

- _[WDS Demonstration Examples](http://dadso01acs.dads.census.gov/)_
- _[http://dadso02acs.dads.census.gov/](http://dadso02acs.dads.census.gov/)_

## Example One

**In 2004, how many people currently **
**living in Bronx County, NY lived in the **
**same residence 1 year ago?**

## Example Two

**What three places in 2004 have the highest **
**median household income?**

## Example Three

**How does that compare to 2000?**

**How many occupied housing units are lacking plumbing **
**facilities in the, District of Columbia, in 2004?**

## Contact Information On Web Data Server

- Ken Kowalk
- Email: _[kenneth.c.kowalk@census.gov](mailto:kenneth.c.kowalk@census.gov)_
- Phone: 301-763-5850

## Presenter

- Barbara A. LaFleur
- Email: _barbara.a.lafleur__[@census.gov](mailto:k@census.gov)_
- Phone: 301-763-1305
# Presentation: 330199

## Over the past decade, the profitability of the FRS companies' U.S.refining/marketing operations has been volatile and, in the 1990's thus far, below  that of their other businesses generally

## The poor financial performance of the majors' U.S. refining/marketing operations was echoed by the corporate profitability of smaller, specialized refiners

## Although U.S. refining/marketing profitability has been low in the 1990's, the FRS companies noticeably increased their capital expenditures for their U.S. refining operations

## The share of total U.S. refining capital expenditures for pollution abatement increased from slightly over 10 percent shortly before the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to over 40 percent in recent years

## Since the relationship between refining/marketing profitability and the net refinedproduct margin is strong, some of the effects of pollution abatement standards onprofitability can be assessed by examining the net refined product margin

## Pollution abatement operating costs have been and continue to be a small part ofoverall operating costs

## The main factor affecting the net margin from 1988 on has been a near continual    decline in the spread between refined product prices and raw material input costs

## The decline in the price spread between crude oils of differing qualities contributed to the overall deterioration in the gross margin

## Lower refined product prices also contributed to the decline in gross margins in the1990's 

## The additional capital expenditures stemming from heightened pollution abatement requirements for the U.S. refining operations of the FRS companies have added to the capital intensity of U.S. refining in the 1990's

## Although pollution abatement requirements clearly reduced the rate of return to refining/marketing assets, these requirements appear to account for only a small part of the steep decline in the rate of return to U.S. refining/marketing operations in the 1990's
# Presentation: 442304

## Solid State Oxide FluoridesKenneth R. Poeppelmeier, Northwestern University, DMR-0312136

- The Ag4V2O6F2 structure incorporates high amounts of silver per formula unit (compared to the current industry standard), which makes it a potentially superior cathode material for primary Li-batteries.
- Octahedral [VO2O2/2F2]3- and tetrahedral [VO2O2/2]- units connect to form infinite chains.  Ag+ cations are located between the chains.
- Electrochemical testing of Ag4V2O6F2 in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has led to a US Patent Disclosure.

**Notes:**
The new material, Ag4V2O6F2 which we have discovered, has more accessible 
silver content above 3 V compared to SVO. According to the formula of
SVO, Ag2V4O11, the maximum capacity available from silver reduction is 90 
mAh/g; Ag4V2O6F2 has an available maximum capacity of 160 mAh/g.  Remarkably,
even with a relatively fast discharge, Ag4V2O6F2 maintains voltage above 3 V
and achieves a capacity of 150 mAh/g.

## Solid State Oxide FluoridesKenneth R. Poeppelmeier, Northwestern University, DMR-0312136

**Graduate Students:**  *Paulette Guillory* (PhD 2004, Illinois Minority Graduate Incentive Program), *Heather Izumi* (PhD 2004), *Amy Kopf* (PhD 2004), *Mike Marvel* (PhD 2007).
**Post Doctorals:**  *Dr. Janet Kirsch*, PhD University of Wyoming, *Dr. Paul Maggard*, PhD Iowa State, Assistant Professor of Chemistry North Carolina State University 2002; *Dr. Sylvie Malo*, PhD Université de Caen, Maitre de Conferences, or Assistant Professor, Université de Caen/Basse Normandie 2001.
**International Exchange:**  *Professor Makoto Sasaki*, Materials Science and Engineering Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan, *Dr. Keitaro Tezuka*, PhD Hokkaido University, *Dr. Masaaki Isobe*, Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan; *Dr. Ha Kyun Jung*, Advanced Materials Division, Korean Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Tacjon, Korea; *Professor Tor Grande*, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
**Collaborators:**  *Erin Sorensen *(PhD 2005), ONR MURI Grant N00014-01-1-0810, *Dr. John Vaughey*, Argonne National Laboratory, *Professor Shiv Halasyamani*, University of Texas-Houston.

- The NSF Division of Materials Research award supports a comprehensive and interdisciplinary educational program in inorganic solid state chemistry.

## Solid State Oxide FluoridesKenneth R. Poeppelmeier, Northwestern University, DMR-0312136

- The new material, Ag4V2O6F2 which we have discovered, has more accessible
- silver content above 3 V compared to SVO. According to the formula of
- SVO, Ag2V4O11, the maximum capacity available from silver reduction is 90
- mAh/g; Ag4V2O6F2 has an available maximum capacity of 160 mAh/g.  Remarkably,
- even with a relatively fast discharge, Ag4V2O6F2 maintains voltage above 3 V
- and achieves a capacity of 150 mAh/g.
# Presentation: 470707

## European Academy for Standardization: EURAS’ future with ICES? 

- www.euras.org
**Tineke Egyedi**** **
*President of EURAS*
*(Delft University of Technology)*

## 	 What is EURAS

- Registered non-profit society
- Members: academia, industry, standards bodies
- Multi-disciplinary
- All areas of standardization
- Voluntary initiatives

## 	 EURAS Board

**President:** Dr. Tineke Egyedi, Delft University of Technology
**Vice-president:** Prof. dr. Wilfried Hesser, Helmut-Schmidt-University
**Vice-president:** Dr. Kai Jakobs, Aachen University
**Vice-president:** Jürgen Wehnert, Urbane Ressourcen
**Managing director:** Heide Coenen, University of Hamburg
**Treasurer:** Jörg Gröndahl, University of Hamburg
**Managing Editor EYS:** Prof. dr. Manfred J. Holler, University of Hamburg

## 	Objectives

- Promote
- research on standardization
- education on standardization
- European cooperation (open)

## 	Focus of Activities

- Promoting a critical evaluation of standardization research in the interest of scientific education
- Improving opportunities to publish research results
- Supporting the development and professionalization of standards education

## 	How? European projects

- For example:
- Asia-Link: Development of a Curriculum for Standardization in Companies and Markets
- NO-REST: Networked Organisations - REsearch into STandards and Standardization Project
- COPRAS: Cooperation Platform for Research & Standards
- INTEREST: INTEgrating REsearch and Standardization
- Study on the specific policy needs for EU ICT standardization

## 	How? and by...

- Annual EURAS workshops (since 1996)
- Workshop proceedings
- EURAS Yearbook of Standardization
- Website www.euras.org
- Mailing list

## 	How? EURAS Working Groups

**Chairs:**
**Education:** Prof. dr. W. Hesser
**Standardization & Conflict Resolution: **Prof. dr. M.J. Holler
**History of standards:** Prof. dr. P. Mazumdar
**Industry Requirements:** F. Bousquet & D. Langmann
**Standards, Law & Economics:** Prof. dr. H.-B. Schäfer

## 	Liaison / Cooperation	

- European Commission
- Balkan Committee on Standardization and Related Activities (Dr. A. Zachariadis)
- ICES: International Committee for Education about Standardization

## 	EURAS support for ICES	

**ICES Workshop 2007 in Delft:** Dr. T.M. Egyedi & Dr. H.J. de Vries
**ICES website:** J. Spirco
**Active role in Geneva Group on strategy document:** Dr. T.M. Egyedi & Dr. H.J. de Vries

## 	EURAS’ future with ICES

- Help develop and use ICES as platform for
- Close cooperation and exchange with other regions
- Individually and on institutional level on
- Standardization education content, tools, and policy
**Full liaison EURAS - ICES**

## 	 Questions?

- Thank you for your attention.
# Presentation: 259502

## Recruiting Cost-Share Partners:Private FundingAgreements

**U.S. Geological Survey**

**Recruiting Cost-Share Partners:****Private Funding****Agreements**

**Mark E. Smith, USGS Central Region**
**Interagency Water Resource Meeting**
**Southwestern Division**
**Fort Worth, TX**
**March 27-28, 2007**

## Private Funding Agreements (PFA)

**USGS can cooperate with private entities**
**Document for Collaborative Agreement in place**
**Agreements established in MT, ND**** **
**Designed for Data Program Activities**
**Guidelines for PFA in internal review – final guidelines will be made available to Stakeholders**
**USGS cooperators can refer potential private funding partners to USGS**

## Private Funding Agreements (PFA)

**USGS can cooperate with private entities**** **
**General guidelines for PFA**
- USGS _**CANNOT**_ match private-entity funds. We can enter into multi-cooperators agreements that include private entities – just can’t match that part of the funding
- Ideally, existing gaging station with some historic record
- Real-time data available on NWISWeb desirable
- Public access to any data collected; retain unbiased status of the data

## USGS Committee on Streamgaging

**Recommendations to enhance Federal funding and other offsets to streamgaging costs**** **
**Coop Program Allocations and Federal Interest**
- Develop a prioritization tool for Federal Matching Funds that builds on current NSIP approach to identify Federal interest
- Push for increases in NSIP funding that support broader range of cooperative gaging priorities
**Develop and promote and stronger identity for the National Streamgage Network**
**Develop a marketing strategy based on value and successes of the streamgage network to generate funding sources**

## Recruiting Cost-Share Partners

**Discussion**
# Presentation: 861562

## North American Scintillator-Based Muon DetectorAs in St. Malo (April, 2002)

- H.E.Fisk  (Fermilab)

## Scintillator Based Muon SystemFermilab/NIU

- Proposed Parameters
- 	-  16 – 5cm gaps between 10cm thick Fe plates.
- 	-  Module sizes: 940(L)X(174 to 252)(W)X1.5 cm3.
- 	-  4.1 cm X 1 cm extruded scintillator: 8u & 8v planes.
- 	-  Light output from both ends: 11(n) + 6(f) p.e.s.
- 	-  Multianode PM; 94K fibers X 2 clear fibers.
- 	-  Expect ~ 1/√E for calorimetry.

## Fe Cross Section

- 4.45m

- 6.55m

**Fe Thickness = 10 cm**
**         ****Gap  =  5 cm**

**1.5 cm**

- 

**5 cm**

## Scintillator Layout and Strips

- Scintillator:  4.1 X 1 cm2
- co-extruded strips with
- 1 mm dia. WLS fiber and
- outer reflector of TiO2.

- U/V strips with wls shifted light exiting
- both ends.  Add left/right signals from
- clear fibers with optical SUM to provide
- one signal per strip.

## MINOS Scintillator

- Number of observed photoelectrons

- Distance along the module (m)

- Near
- 11±3 p.e.

- Far (3.6 m for the proposed layout)
- 6±2 p.e.

- Measured light
- output using the complete MINOS optical system:
- Connectors, clear
- fibers, multi-anode
- PMT’s

## Left/Right Summed Output

## PM, Channel Count

- Clear Fibers

- 16 channel
- multi-anode PM

- 30mm

- Hamamatsu H6568

- MUX by optical sum of output from 4 strips/anode.  =>  1468 PM’s.

## Some Selected Costs

-   Extruded scintillator:  ~ $13/kg =>  $1.5M
-   WLS fiber: $1 - $3/m                =>  $2.5M
-   Clear fibers:  $1 - $3/m             =>     ?
-   Multi-anode PM $600 ea. (16 anodes)
-              1600 PM’s * $600/PM     =>  $1.0M
-   1500 channels of signal processing  ...
-   Calibration system .........
-  Looks possible, but too early to quote real costs!

## Further Muon/Special Detector Studies/R&D

- Hadron ID – Cerenkov detector: Is it needed?
-      Very important in BaBar, but the physics case has
-       not been made for the LC.  It could be important
-       for flavor dependent physics – low energy.  Physics
-       groups need to study/comment.  Other omissions?
- Essentially no work has been done for a Z-pole muon
-      detector.  Are there unique features for a Giga-Z
-      muon detector?  e.g.  Hadron identification?
- Integration of the muon detector design and analysis
-      with the calorimeters:  punch-through, energy flow,
-      tracking, etc.
-    Thanks to our European colleagues and French hosts!
# Presentation: 685502

## High Temperature Combustion Diagnostic 

**                  ****ACCOMPLISHMENTS**
-   Developed a Dual-Line Detection Rayleigh scattering      technique to allow subtraction of surface scattering 	background noise from Rayleigh scattering signals
-   Designed and tested an instrument using this Rayleigh      scattering technique for non-intrusive measurement of      combustor exhaust gas temperatures
**                      ****COMMERCIALIZATION**
-   Provides a non-intrusive tool for dynamic time resolved 	measurement of gas turbulence and temperature
-   Technique could be used in research for density 		measurement and mole fraction of gases
-   Research test data is available to industry

- A Dual-Line Detection Rayleigh scattering technique using
- a copper vapor laser for non-intrusive temperature
- measurements in combustor flows

**INNOVATION**

***Aerodyne Research, Inc.***
***Billerica, MA***

**S****mall**
**B****usiness**
**I****nnovation **
**R****esearch**

**    ****GOVERNMENT/SCIENCE APPLICATIONS**
-   System was delivered to NASA Lewis Research Center 		where it was successfully used on a research combustor
-   The technique and research results were passed-on to 	     Polytechnic Universtiy and Air Force Wright Laboratories 	     for use in temperature and turbulence studies of gas 		     	flows and for further development of the technique

- 1983 Phase II, NAS3-24613, SS-179, 9/97
- NASA Contact - Richard Seasholtz

- Lewis Research Center
- Instrumentation & Controls

**High Temperature Combustion Diagnostic **
**Method Utilizing Rayleigh Scattering **

***Rayleigh Scattering Probe***

## Slide 2
# Presentation: 671873

##  Figure 1Percentage of Children Aged 2-4 years Who Have Ever Had Tooth Decay

- Source: NHANES III, 1988-94

- Family Income

## Figure 2Percentage of Children Age 15 Who Have Untreated Tooth Decay

- H.S.: High-school level of education

- Source: NHANES III, 1988-94

- Level of Education (Head of Household)

## Figure 3Percentage of Children with at Least One Dental Sealant

**Age 8**

**Age 14**

- Source: NHANES III, 1988-94

- Family Income

- Level of Education

- H.S.: High-school

## Figure 4Percentage of Children with a Preventive Dental Visit* in past year by Age and Family Income

- * includes prophylaxis, fluorides, or sealants

- Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996

## Figure 5Percentage of Children, age 0-18, with a Preventive Dental Visit* in past year by Race/Ethnicity and Family Income

- Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996

- * includes prophylaxis, fluorides, or sealants

## Figure 6Percentage of Adults aged 35-44 Years with Tooth Decay 

- Source: NHANES III, 1988-94

- Race/Ethnicity

## Figure 7Percentage of Adults age 65+ With Complete Tooth Loss

- H.S.: High-school level of education

- Source: NHIS, 1997

- Level of Education

## Figure 8Total Tooth Loss, Age 65+: 1995-1998

- 20%

- 21-25.9%

- 35%

- Data unavailable

***Figure 8******Total Tooth Loss, Age 65+: 1995-1998***

- HP 2000 Objective: 20%

- Source: BRFSS 1995-1998

- 26-34.9%

## Figure 9Percentage of Adults Age 35-44 With Destructive Periodontal Disease

- Source: NHANES III, 1988-94

- Family Income

## Figure 10Oral Cancer Mortality Rate Ages 45-74, by Gender and Race* 

- Source: Vital Statistics, 1997

- * per 100,000

## Figure 11Percentage of Adults, Age 35+ Who Reported a Past Year Dental Visit

- Source: NHIS 1997

- Level of Education

- H.S.: High-school level of education

## Figure 12Dental Visits in Past Year, Age 35+: 1995-1998

- 70%

- 65-69.9%

- <65%

- Data unavailable

***Figure 12******Dental Visits in Past Year, Age 35+: 1995-1998***

- HP 2000 Objective: 70%

- Source: BRFSS 1995-1998
# Presentation: 738307

## Highway Finance Data Collection Tool

- Video Conferences
- Presented by Federal Highway Administration Office of Highway Policy Information

## Introduction

-  Training Instructors
-  Software Developer – Indus Corporation
-  Participants

## Objectives

- At the end of this video conference , you will be able to:
- Introduction of the Tool
- View Data Entry Methods
- View Reports by Spreadsheet Screens
- Technical assistance

## Input Tool Setup & General Information

- Where to find on web – (http://apps.fhwa.dot.gov/hfinance/download.aspx)
- User’s Guide

## User Login

## Input Tool User Setup

## Set Default Information

## User Administration

## Data Entry

**Edit reports using three different modes of data entry**
**Wizard View** – a new form of data entry that allows the user to view context-specific field information from the *Guide to Reporting Highway Statistics* while entering data.
**Ledger View** – another new form of data entry that allows users to enter data in an “accounting-style” view.
**Import/Export in Excel** – using the Tool’s Import/Export functionality will allow users to interact with existing 531 and 532 forms based on the *Rev. 12/2000** *templates.

## Home Page

## Create A New Report

## Account Manager

## Select Form for Editing/Preview Screen

## Wizard View

## Wizard View

## Wizard View Page 2

## Wizard View Page 2

## Ledger View

## Ledger View

## Import From Excel

## Import/Exporting in Excel

## Export to Excel

## Import From Excel

## Import From XML

## Viewing Report Validations and Comments

## Viewing Report Validations and Comments

## Viewing Report Validations and Comments

## Submitting the FHWA 531 & 532

## Submitting the FHWA 531 & 532

## Submitting the FHWA 531 & 532
# Presentation: 064604

## Red Urchin Data

- Quadrats randomly selected each time along permanent transect?
- Site is the unit that is repeated over time?
- Complete counts?
- Sampled population relative to target population?

## Red Urchin Data

- 5 Islands
- 16 Sites

- 20 2m^2 quadrats/site

## Apply Generalized Additive Model To Red Urchins

- Site means (totals) over time within islands
- Smoothed curve results
- Read “trend” from trajectory, CI
- Change is (It – 1)*100
- Changepoints
- Graphical Outputs

## All Islands, Urchin Data

- “Trend” is relative to first year
- Positive change = °  negative change = •

## Anacapa Island Urchins

## Santa Barbara Sea Urchins

## Santa Cruz Sea Urchins

## San Miguel Urchins

## Santa Rosa Sea Urchins
# Presentation: 795847

## SuperNova/ Acceleration Probe (SNAP)

**Charles Petruzzo**
**June 28, 2001**

**SuperNova/ Acceleration Probe (SNAP)**

**Flight Dynamics**

## Flight Dynamics Topics

**Driving Requirements and Assumptions**
**Orbit Comparison Table**
**Prometheus **
**Prometheus Circular**
**Deployment Scenarios**
**Tracking Visibility Scenarios**
**Trades to Consider**
**Issues and Concerns**

## Driving Requirements and Assumptions

**View North and South Ecliptic Poles**
**Maximize Downlink capability (coverage and rate)**
**Prometheus Orbit Scenario**
**19 x 57 Re mission orbit**
**lunar swingby deployment**
**source: High Earth Orbit Design for Lunar-Assisted Medium Class Explorer Missions, McGiffen, D. A. and Matthews, M., 2001 Flight Mechanics Symposium, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.**

## Options ConsideredOrbit Comparison Table

## Prometheus Orbit

**“****Prometheus Long”**
**source: **
**1.High Earth Orbit Design for Lunar-Assisted Medium Class Explorer Missions, McGiffen, D. A. and Matthews, M., 2001 Flight Mechanics Symposium, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.**
**2. Mission Feasibility Study for the KRONOS High Earth Orbit, McGiffen, D. A. and Matthews, M., CSC-96-968-19, NASA Task Order S-32415-G, 2000. **
**Pros**
**Above Van Allen Belts**
**No orbit corrections required during mission orbit**
**No Earth occultation **
**Eclipse seasons:  typically one event per year**
**Cons**
**Can’t use torque rods for momentum management; Propulsion?**
**Tracking gaps (0-35 hours dependant on inclination, station configuration)**
**Difficult to analyze and design but lunar flyby not a new technique**
**Lifetime Goal TBD refer to KRONOS paper**
**Disposal TBD refer to NSS 1740.14**

## Fly-by Scenarios

**Non Encounter**

**Leading Edge: Lower perigee**

**Trailing Edge: Raise perigee**

**Very Near Encounter !**

## Tracking Visibility Scenarios

**0, 20, 40, 65 degrees inclination**
**3 stations: Tokyo, Berkeley, Lyon**
**5 stations: Tokyo, Berkeley, Lyon,  Hawaii, Santiago**

## Coverage Example: 3 Stations

## Prometheus Circular Orbit

******V to lower apogee**
**Initial State: 40 Re x 63 Re**
**Assuming a fly-by can raise perigee to 40 Re (instead of baseline 19 Re)**
**Model Hohman Transfer ********V to lower apogee**
**Impulsive thrust modeled; in reality may require multiple burns**
**To achieve a 40 Re circular orbit would require a 136 m/s burn.**
**Propellant Required**
- V = 136 m/s
- Isp = 220 sec
- Minitial = 1600 kg
**M****prop**** = 96 kg**

## Trades to Consider

**Tracking Coverage **
**Number of stations versus Coverage Gaps **
**Prometheus Orbit Apogee**
******V to Lower Apogee (Propellant mass) versus Mass to Orbit**

## Issues and Concerns

**Refer to TBD’s in Orbit Comparison Table**
**Lunar swingby**
**Transfer to mission orbit via swingby - How high can perigee be raised?  What is the maneuver precision and risk mitigation required for this limit?**
**Analytically intensive, will require high degree of skill.  Iterative design process is slow, will limit solution space. Optimal solution may be elusive.**
# Presentation: 919947

## ENSO and Annular Modes

- Slow downward migration ofNorthern Hemisphere Annular Mode -like signature due to wave-mean flow interaction

- Baldwin and Dunkerton, 2001

## Normalized GPH anomalies (65N-90N)

- ENSO Composites (1979-2002)

## Normalized GPH anomalies (65N-90N)

- ENSO Composites (1979-2002)
- without volcano years (1982, 1991)

## 2006

- Normalized GPH anomalies (65N-90N)
- ENSO Composites (1979-2002)
- without volcano years (1982, 1991)

## Different Temporal Behavior of Annular Modes in Northern and Southern Hemisphere(Thompson and Wallace, 2000)

*Polar cap geopotential *
*heights*

## Thompson et al 2005

## Downward Migration of SAM anomalies

*Downward Migration of SAM anomalies*
*in 2002 (Thompson et al 2005)*

## 2006

- Normalized GPH anomalies (90S-65S)
- ENSO Composites (1979-2002)

## Trends in the SAM

*Trends in the SAM*
*1976-1999 (Thompson and Solomon, 2002)*