# Presentation: 361041

## Civil Air Patrol - Arizona Wing

**Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members (AEPSM)**** **

**Sky Harbor Composite Squadron 301 AEO, 1LT Tom Lodge Revised June, 2002**

**Chapters ****1- 9**

## Agenda 

**Part 1 - The Rich History of Air Power**
**Part 2 - Principles of Flight & Navigation**
**Part 3 - The Aerospace Community**
**Part 4 - Air Environment**
**Part 5 - Rockets**
**Part 6 - Space**
**Testing**

**Agenda **

## Introduction

**Self paced study based on text *****Aerospace:  The Journey of Flight***
**Open book, untimed exam correctable to 100%**
**Charles E. “Chuck” Yeager Aerospace Education Achievement Award**
**Approximately 8 hours, 3 evenings**

**Introduction**

## Part 1 The Rich History of Air Power

**Chap. 2-****	****Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919**
**Chap. 3-****	****The Golden Age:  1919-1939**
**Chap. 4-****	****Air Power Goes to War**
**Chap. 5-****	****Aviation: From the Cold War to Desert Storm**
**Chap. 6-****	****Advances in Aviation**

**Part 1 The Rich History of Air Power**

## 1 Introduction to Air Power

**Invented kite 100 BC, Gun Powder 900 AD, Rockets 1100 AD**
**Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Artist, Architect, Man of Science**
**First scientific experiments in field of aviation**
**160 pages of descriptions & sketches of flying machines**
**1st design of parachute and helicopter**
**Wrote about principles of CG, CP, Streamlining**
**Lighter-than-air:  Balloons**
**1783 Montgolfier brothers first balloon experiment with sheep, rooster, duck**
**Nov 21, 1783 - Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’Arlandes were first humans to fly lighter-than-air.  Flight lasted 25 minutes and 5 miles.**
**First balloon flight in US: Jan 9, 1793 in Philadelphia**
**1st US military use in Civil War-observation, aerial reporting**

**1 Introduction to Air Power**

## 1 Introduction to Air Power

**Paul Haenlein - 1st dirigible powered by an internal combustion engine**
**Ferdinand von Zeppelin - built and flew the world’s first rigid dirigible LZ-1.**

**1 Introduction to Air Power**

_**Wright Brothers**_
**First to achieve controlled, sustained, powered heavier than air flight.**
**Learned from previous pioneers an observing birds in flight**
**Utilized “wing-warping technique” for control**
**Utilized gas powered engine; built gliders**
**December 17, 1903-1st powered flt-120’ 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C.**
**Completed 3 flights that day, longest 852 feet, 59 seconds.**

## 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

**Poor press, No enthusiasm**
**No gov’t interest until T. Roosevelt**
**Contracted w/ Board of Ordnance & Fortifications to train 2 pilots**
**Demonstrations in France**
**Sept 17, 1908-Killed Lt. Thomas Selfridge, 1st death in powered aircraft**

_**Wright Brothers**_

_**Aviation Gains Recognition**_

_**Europe**_

**Frenchman Robert Esnault-Pelterie 1st aileron application and enclosed fuselage**
**Alberto Santos-Dumont-flew 1st powered airplane in Europe 1906.**
**Louis Bleriot-Built/flew 1st powered monoplane.**

**Vin Fiz Flyer - 1st aircraft to fly across US coast to coast, built by Wright Bros.**
**Harriet Quimby - 1st licensed female pilot in US.**
**Louis Breguet - 1st helicopter to lift man**
**World’s 1st regularly scheduled airline - St. Petersburg - Tampa Airboat, 1914**

## 2 Adolescence of Air Power: 1904-1919

_**World War I**_

_**Gen. Billy Mitchell**_

**Airplane not recognized as important at beginning WW1**
**Germans had dirigibles as bombers (filled w/ hydrogen)**
**Germans developed bombers**
**Fighters developed to shoot down bombers**
**Eddie Rickenbacker - American WW1 ace-16 kills in 5 months.  Only living American to receive Medal of Honor in WW1**
**US didn’t recognize aircraft as “game changer” - used English/French built aircraft**
**Lafayette Escadrille - American group of flyers serving the French**

**Recognized that the airplane is an offensive weapon**
**Air service should be separate service than Army**
**Air power can be effective against ground troops**

## 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

**US had built 15,000 airplanes during war**
**US front-line strength:  750 combat aircraft, 800 pilots**
**3 days after war ended, US gov’t cancelled $100M airplane contracts**
**175,000 workers laid off, production dropped 85%, military aviation cut 95%**
_**Barnstormers**_
**Ex-military pilots, flew to attract attention**
**Most people in US had not seen an airplane**
**1st licensed African-American pilot - Bessie Coleman**
_**Billy Mitchell and airpower**_
**Air power could strike industrial targets, attack troop supply routes, shorten war**
**Stressed importance of airpower in strategic warfare**
**Ostfriesland “unsinkable” battleship**
**Demolished by 200 lb. bombs**
**Navy recognized importance and within 8 months had first aircraft carrier**
**Organized 1st around the world flight with 4 Douglas World Cruisers - *****Boston, Chicago, Seattle, New Orleans***

**3 Golden Age 1919-1939**

## 3 Golden Age 1919-1939

**Pulitzer Trophy - 29 mile closed course**
**Bendix Trophy Race - West coast to Cleveland, OH - 1931**
_**Air Mail**_
**First service by US Post Office May 15, 1918 between Washington DC and New York City.**
**May 20, 1926 - Air Commerce Act, first attempt to regulate commercial aviation**
**President Roosevelt signed Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 creating Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) - one independent agency to regulate law and safety**
_**1st non-stop Atlantic crossing**_
**July 1919-John Alcock and Arthur Brown**
**St. Johns Newfoundland to Ireland 16 hrs, 1880 miles.**
_**1st solo non-stop Atlantic crossing**_
**May 20, 1927 - Charles Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis, built by Ryan**

**3 Golden Age 1919-1939**

## 4 Air Power Goes to War

**Germany had terrible losses in WWI from trench warfare**
**Blitzkrieg - “lightning war” combination of army and air forces**
**Germany focused on small/medium sized aircraft to support Blitzkrieg tactics**
**Allies (US, England, France) had cut back aircraft production - weakened air power**

_**New Type of War**_

_**Germany Advances**_

_**Battle of Britain August 1940**_

**Luftwaffe focused on gaining control of air over Britain**
**Germany did not have long range bombers**
**Britain focused on defensive warfare with fighters**
**Britain used radar**
**Britain won by having the right aircraft for battle**

**1940 - Italy & Germany declared war on Great Britain**
**Italy & Germany attacked western Africa**
**Axis invaded Greece, Russia**
**Russia used heavy defenses including woman pilots for combat sorties.**
**Germany forces spread too thin on 3 fronts**

## 4 Air Power Goes to War

**Centralize control of air forces**
**Gain air superiority - attack airfields, aircraft**
**Interdiction - cripple enemy supplies**
**Close ground support - bomb enemy troops**
**Hitler defeated in North Africa**

_**Lessons in North Africa**_

_**US Enters WWII**_

**December 7, 1941 - Japanese attack Pear Harbor, Hawaii.  Purpose was to cripple the US naval fleet. **
**Allied strategy - **
**Defensive to offensive**
**Recapture territory occupied by Germany & Japan**
**Force both Germany & Japan to unconditional surrender **
**European campaign had priority over Pacific**
**Focus on strategic bombing**

## 4 Air Power Goes to War

**US declared war on Germany/Axis 12/11/41**
**8th Air Force formed in 1/42, 8/42 1st bombing mission**
**US strategy-precision daytime bombing**
**RAF strategy-Night blanket operations**
**6/6/44 - Normandy invasion**
**5/7/45 - Germany surrenders**

**Japan rapidly advancing throughout the pacific**
**1942 -Battle of Coral Sea & Midway-entirely by airpower, no surface ship engagement**
**Established strategy for subsequent naval battles**
**Stopped advance of Japan**
**4/42 Doolittle Raid on Tokyo**
**8/6/45 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima - B-29**
**8/9/45 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki**
**9/2/45 Japan surrenders**

**Airplane became prominent weapon of war**
**Aircraft carrier became primary naval weapon**
**20 Million killed, 4 million civilians**
**Warfare-no one wins or loses**
**Sensible solution is to prevent war rather than fight one.**

_**Pacific**_

_**Lessons Learned**_

_**Europe**_

## 5 Aviation:  From the Cold War to Desert Storm

**Postwar years (after WWII) were called “Cold War”.**
**Soviet Union tried to spread communism, US tried to stop it.**
**Antagonistic relationship, not a “hot” war.**
**Cold War shaped many developments in aviation.**
**7/26/47 - National Security Act - USAF was formed.**
**Primary mission - deterrence with atomic bombs by Strategic Air Command**

_**Political Climate**_

_**Korean War**_

**6/25/50 North Korea invaded S. Korea-ended 7/53**
**1st Priority to stop advance of N. Korean Army**
**1st all jet battle-F-80 shot down MIG-15**
**Lessons learned:  atomic arsenal not enough to prevent war, multiple levels of conflict**

## 5 Aviation:  From the Cold War to Desert Storm

_**Research &  Development**_

**Bell X-1 1st plane to exceed Mach 1**
**10/14/47 Chuck Yeager**

**Douglas D558-II**
**1st plane to exceed Mach 2**
**11/20/53 Scott Crossfield**

**Douglas X-3**
**High speed flight materials & aerodynamics testing**
**Never exceeded speed of sound**

**Northrop X-4**
**Tailless research**
**Led to XB-35, YB-49 and B-2 stealth bomber**

**Bell X-2**
**Swept wing research**
**1st plane to exceed Mach 3**
**9/27/56 Milburn Apt**

**Bell X-5**
**Variable geometry wing research**
**Led to F-111, F-14, B-1**

**The X-Planes:  X-1 to X-45**
**Jay Miller**

## 5 Aviation:  From the Cold War to Desert Storm

_**Vietnam Conflict**_

**Americas Longest War - 25 years**
**Phase I-1950-1954-Aid and advisors for French**
**Phase II 1954-1964-French defeated, troops sent to train S. Vietnamese **
**Phase III-1964-1969-US Naval ships attacked.  8/64 Tonkin Gulf Resolution- empowered Johnson “take all necessary measures to repel armed attack against forces of US an prevent further aggression.”**
**Operation Rolling Thunder:  1965-1968**
**3 year bombing campaign to force N. Vietnam to surrender.  Limited targets**
**Operation Linebacker I & II**
**President Nixon’s method to get N. Vietnam to negotiate.  Linebacker II was the only true strategic bombing campaign of Vietnam War**
**Phase IV-1969-1975-Nixon withdrew troops, Saigon captured by N. Vietnamese in 1975.**

## 6 Advances In Aeronautics

_**Aeronautical Research**_

**X-15 joint USAF, Navy, NASA program to build aircraft to fly 4500 mph at 250k feet.**
**XB-70-Mach 3 high altitude supersonic bomber prototype to replace B-52**
**Composite materials-Strong, lightweight, non-metallic**
**Oblique wing-Pivoting wing-optimum lift under different circumstances**
**Winglets-Reduce vorticies off wingtips reducing drag**
**Canards-Horizontal surfaces forward of main wing**
**Supercirtical wing-Delay point at which air reaches supersonic speeds, delaying increased drag.**
**Forward-swept wing: X-29**

_**Military Advancements**_

**U-2: High altitude reconnaissance**
**SR-71: Mach 3+ high altitude reconnaissance**
**B-1B:  Low altitude, high speed strategic bomber**
**F-117 Nighthawk:  1st stealth fighter-bomber **
**B-2:  Stealth bomber**

## 6 Advances In Aeronautics

**6 Advances In Aeronautics**

**1st commercial jet Boeing 707, 1957**
**Douglas’ answer to 707, the DC-8**
**Defined global air travel through the 1960’s**

**Short/medium range: 727, DC-9, 737**
**737 most produced jetliner in history**

## 6 Advances In Aeronautics

_**Civil Aviation-The Wide body’s**_

**6 Advances In Aeronautics**

**1st wide-body and largest commercial aircraft in service - Boeing 747, 1968**
**Douglas entered with DC-10 trijet**
**Lockheed entered with L-1011 trijet**
**Airbus enters with A-300 twinjet**

**First supersonic transport:  Concorde**
**The advanced twins:  757, 767**
**DC-9 grows into MD-80**
**Airbus enters the narrow body market with A320**

## 6 Advances In Aeronautics

**6 Advances In Aeronautics**

**Boeing MD-11, 777, 737-700 series**
**Airbus A330, A340**

_**Civil Aviation-The Future....**_

**Boeing Sonic Cruiser**
**Airbus A380**

## Part 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation

**Chap. 7-****	****Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics**
**Chap. 8-****	****Aircraft in Motion**
**Chap. 9-****	****Flight Navigation**

## 7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics

_**4 Forces of Flight**_

_**Daniel Bernoulli**_

_**Lift & Angle of Attack**_

_**Airfoil Design**_

**7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics**

**Dutch physicist, 1738**
**Discovered relationship between the pressure and speed of fluid in motion**
**Bernoulli’s Principle:  “As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases”**

## 8 Aircraft in Motion

**8 Aircraft in Motion**

_**Lateral Axis**_

_**Longitudinal Axis**_

_**Vertical Axis**_

## 8 Aircraft in Motion

**8 Aircraft in Motion**

_**Reciprocating**_
**Fuel converted to energy in cylinder**

_**Turbine**_
**Turbojet**
**Turbofan**
**Turboprop**
**Turboshaft**

## 8 Aircraft in Motion

**8 Aircraft in Motion**

_**Performance**_** - How aircraft responds to our commands**
_**Control **_**- Current state of aircraft devices**

_**Instrument Types**_

_**Engine**_

_**Flight**_

_**Navigational**_

**Tachometer**
**Oil Press.**
**Oil Temp.**
**Manif. Press.**
**Carb. Temp.**
**Exhaust Gas Temp.**

**Airspeed Ind.**
**Altimeter**
**Turn/slip ind.**
**Vert. Speed. Ind.**
**Attitude Ind. (Artificial Horizon**

**Mag. Compass**
**Heading Ind.**
**VOR Ind.**

## 9 Flight Navigation

**9 Flight Navigation**

_**Sectional Charts**_
**Relief - Elevations**
**Hydrographic - Bodies of water**
**Cultural - Cities, towns**
**Airports - Civil & Military**
**Airspace & Airways - Navigation**

_**Basic Navigation Techniques**_
**Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks**
**Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all factors that could effect the flight**

**Greenwich, England**