# Presentation: 321583

## High Energy Physics@ PUC 

**Neeti Parashar**
**Purdue University Calumet**
**Hammond, Indiana**

## Eternal Questions

**What the world is made of?**
**and...**
**What holds it together?**

**This is High Energy Physics – Pure Science**

**Eternal Questions**

## Historical Perspective

**What is Fundamental?**
**Objects that are simple and structureless**
**Around 1900 A.D. “atom” was thought of as fundamental **
**Found that the atom had a tiny, dense positive nucleus and a cloud of negative electrons **
**Nucleus made of protons and neutrons discovered**
**Protons and Neutrons composed of even smaller particles, called quarks**

**Fundamental**

**Modern Atom Model**

## Everything..

**From galaxies to mountains to molecules made from **
**                  ****QUARKS ****and ****LEPTONS**

** ****Quarks behave differently from Leptons **
** ****Every particle has an anti-particle**

## Quarks: point-like              confined

**Peculiar feature of hadrons**
**A very small part of the mass is due to the         quarks in it**
**Most of the mass is due to the kinetic and potential energy ****(E = mc****2****)**

## Leptons: point-like      free		      

**Peculiar feature of leptons**
**Lighter leptons:**** e and the three neutrinos are stable, hence observed**
**Heavier leptons:**** muon and tau will decay into lighter leptons and hence not directly observed**

##  -1

- Mass 

** ****-****1**

**+2/3**

**-****1/3**

**0**

- Charge

## What holds Quarks and Leptons ?

**What holds the nucleus and electrons together in an atom?**
**ELECTROMAGNETISM**
**In the atom the electron and nucleus are held together by exchanging photons**
**Charged objects**** interact by exchanging ****photons-the carrier of electromagnetic force**
**Light**** is a manifestation of electromagnetic force**

## Contd...

**Why doesn’t the nucleus - full of positive protons that repel one another and neutral neutrons - blow itself apart?**
**STRONG FORCE**
**Well it turns out quarks have another quantum number or charge called**** ****“****c****o****l****o****r**** charge”**
**The force between these color charges is extremely strong**
**Two quarks interact by exchanging the strong carrier called**** “gluon”**

**The Weak Force**

**Radioactivity is a manifestation of the weak force**
**At the quark level, ****d**** quark in the neutron decays into an ****u**** quark, by emitting a W particle**
_**The heavy W particle is the carrier of the weak force**_
-     **There are three weak carriers W****+****,W****-****, and Z****0****  **
**    ****Discovered in 1983**

**Gravity**

**Although a deep understanding of gravity has been around the longest it is not understood at the carrier level.**
**The **_**graviton, the carrier of gravitational force**_** has not been discovered.**

## Summary of Forces

**Explained by complete theory**

**10****-37**** weaker**
**than EM**

**Summary of Forces**

## The Standard Model

**Simple and comprehensive theory that explains all of the particles and interactions among them**
**6 quarks**
**6 leptons**
**Force carrier particles**
**Four fundamental interactions**
**Strong: Gluon**
**Electromagnetic: Photon**
**Weak: W and Z bosons**
**Gravity**** ****(not included in the Standard Model)****   **

## Need for experiments 

**        ****(colliders)**

**In order to test the Standard Model**
**The wavelength of visible light is too large to examine atomic structure**
**Particles in nature have fairly long wavelengths**
**A particle’s momentum and its wavelength are inversely related**** **

**Wavelength**

**Momentum**

**Short Wavelength**
**High Momentum**

***          ******h***
****** ****=**
***        ******p*****	**

## Features of a detector

**Neutral particles do not leave tracks in the detector**
**Measure charge and momentum of a particle**
**To study different particles, the detector is designed to be ****multi-component**

**Features of a detector**

## Experiments

**Typical Design**
**Collider**** – initiates collisions between sub-atomic particles **
**Detector**** – detects these collisions  **
**Computing farms**** – record these collisions for physics analysis **
**Collaboration**
**Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory – FERMILAB**** **
**Batavia, Illinois (60 miles Northwest of Hammond)**
**European Center for Nuclear Research – CERN**** **
**Geneva, Switzerland**

## The Fermilab Tevatron Collider

**Main Injector**
** ****& Recycler**

**Tevatron**

**Chicago**
****

******p source**

**Booster**

**CDF**

**DØ**

******p **

**p **

**p **

******p **

**1.96 TeV **

**CDF**

**DØ**

**Fermilab**

**Located 35 miles west of Chicago, Illinois**
**Largest U.S. laboratory****  for research in high-energy physics**
**Operated by  Universities Research Association (****URA****) - a consortium of 90 research universities**

**High Rise**

## Research at Fermilab

**Accelerators:**** High-energy instruments to reveal a     new world**
**Collider experiments:**** Discovery at the energy frontier**
**Neutrino Physics:**** Do neutrinos have mass?**
**Technology:**** Innovative tools to study matter, space and time**
**Computing:**** Managing and analyzing vast amounts of data**
**Theory:**** Powerful ideas point to new particles, new forces, hidden dimensions**
**Astrophysics:**** From the smallest to the largest scales**

## Education at Fermilab

** ****Offers education to students at different levels**
**K-Primary, Intermediate, Midlevel, High school,     under-graduate, postgraduate, graduate**
** ****Subjects introduced**
**Physical Science, Life Science, Earth and Space Science, Mathematics, Engineering, Technology**
**Wide range of programs**
**Lederman Science Center, Quarknet, Linc Online, Teacher Resource Center etc...**

## Large Hadron Collider

**Energy frontier, high Luminosity *****p*****-*****p*****-collider at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland**

## CMS at CERN

## CMS Assembly

## PUC & HEP

**PUC is an official member both at Fermilab and CERN**
**HEP Effort at PUC is led by NP**
**Post-doctoral fellow- Dr. Vesna Cuplov **
**1 undergraduate- Physics- Dayna Thompson**
**1graduate- Math- Ana Momidik**
**CMS and DZERO research activities at PUC are ****funded by National Science Foundation**
**DZERO Detector**** – FERMILAB (750 physicists)**
**CMS Detector****– CERN (2800 physicists) **
**    ****Both are INTERNATIONAL Collaborations**

## PUC on the DZERO map

## PUC on the US-CMS map

## MORE

**More info can be found at**
**http://www-d0.fnal.gov/~neeti/**