# Presentation: 483965

## Basic Research Needs to 

**Assure a Secure Energy Future**** **

- Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair
- Dr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair
- Workshop: October 21 – 25, 2002
- Energy Biosciences Follow-up Workshop:  January 13-14, 2003

## Dramatis Personae

- John Stringer (Ch); Linda Horton (VC)
- The Team Chairs:
- John Ahearne
- Charles Baker
- George Crabtree
- Lutgard De Jonghe
- Mildred Dresselhaus
- Jan Herbst
- Marvin Singer
- Rick Smalley
- The Factual Document Team:
- Roger Stoller, Claudette McKamey, Stan Hadley, Tom Rosseel, and Barbara Ashdown
- The Planners, Organizers, and General Support:
- Sharon Long, Tim Fitzsimmons and Harriet Kung

## BESAC Charge Language 

***What are the 21st century fundamental scientific challenges that BES must consider in addressing the DOE missions in energy efficiency, renewable energy resources, improved use of fossil fuels, safe and publicly acceptable nuclear energy, future energy sources, science-based stockpile stewardship, and reduced environmental impacts of energy production and use?***** **

**BESAC Charge Language **

- Date:	June 18, 2001
- From: 	James Decker, [then] Acting Director, Office of Science
- To:	Geraldine Richmond, University of Oregon, BESAC Chair

## Remarks by Secretary Abraham

***And in my view, a serious commitment to national security demands a serious commitment to science, including basic research.  This commitment strengthens our energy security, international competitiveness, economic growth, and intellectual leadership.  Moreover, if we ever hope to leapfrog today's energy challenges we must look to basic research. ***
***I think it's clear.  A nation that embraces basic research embraces a brighter future. ***
*** ***

***Remarks by Secretary Abraham***
***Brookhaven National Laboratory – June 14, 2002***

## The Reasons for the Concern

- Increase in world population
- Increase in individual expectation for Energy – world wide
- Current dependency on fossil fuels
- Finite resources of fossil fuels
- Need to extend time to exhaustion
- Need to develop new alternatives to lower CO2 emissions

## Fundamental Research for Energy Security

## Distinctions Among Four Social Conditions

**GNP/capita**

**Annual **
**kWh/capita**

***International Collaboration***
- Global R&D, global investment,
- global peace, global technologies

***Amenities***
- Education, recreation, the environment,
- intergenerational investment

***Basic Quality of Life***
- Literacy, life expectancy, sanitation, infant
- mortality, physical security, social security

***Survival***
- Food, water, shelter, minimal
- health services

***Source: Chauncey Starr***

**10****5**

**10****4**

**10****4**

**10****3**

**10****3**

**10****2**

**Distinctions Among Four Social Conditions**

## Trends in Per Capita Electricity Consumption 

**Trends in Per Capita Electricity Consumption**** **

## World Population, 1850-2100

- Billion

- DCs

- 12

- 10

- 8

- 6

- 4

- 0

- 2

- 1850

- 1900

- 2050

- 2100

- 1950

- 2000

- REFs

- Source: WEC/IIASA-Global Energy Perspectives to 2050 and Beyond

- OECD

## A Possible Outline for a Workshop

***A Possible Outline for a Workshop***

_**Fossil Energy**_
**Petroleum**
-   Reserves
-   Production
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Natural Gas**
-   Reserves
-   Production
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Coal**
-   Reserves
-   Production
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Other (oil shale, tar sands, gas hydrates, etc.)**
-   Reserves
-   Production
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
_**Nuclear Energy**_
-   Reserves
-   Production
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs

_**Renewable Energy**_
**Solar electric, solar photochemical, and solar thermal**
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Wind**
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Geothermal**
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Biomass, biofuel, biofeedstock**
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Hydroelectric**
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
**Other (tides, ocean thermal, etc)**
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-      Basic research needs

_**Hydrogen**_
-   Sources
-   Production
-   Future potential
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
_**Fusion Energy**_
-   Issues
-   Basic research needs
_**Electrical Energy **_
-   Production
-   Energy sources
-   Generation,     transmission, and     storage
-   Current technologies
-   Future technologies
-   Basic Research needs

_**Consumption**_
**Transportation**
-   On board energy sources
-     Current
-     Future
-   Primary fuel efficiency
-     Current
-     Future
-   Basic research needs
**Residential**
-   Energy sources
-     Current
-     Future
-   Efficiency
-     Current
-     Future
-   Basic research needs
**Commercial**
-   Energy sources
-     Current
-     Future
-   Efficiency
-     Current
-     Future
-   Basic research needs
**Industrial**
-   Energy sources
-     Current
-     Future
-   Efficiency
-     Current
-     Future
-   Basic research needs

## Conversations with BESAC on the Workshop

***“******Rather, the workshop should focus on new, revolutionary basic research opportunities.”***

***Conversations with BESAC on the Workshop***

## Objective

- This is a statement concerning the mission of OBES at the time of the beginning of this task:
** ****“****Deliver the scientific knowledge and discoveries for DOE’s applied missions; advance the frontiers of the physical sciences and areas of the biological, environmental, and computational sciences; and provide world-class research facilities and essential scientific human capital to the Nation’s overall science enterprise.”**

## Path to Attain Objectives

- Participation of Stakeholders
- As wide a constituency as possible
- Focus discussions to a limited number of proposals
- Support, not duplicate, applied mission offices of DOE
- Understand time scale of the objectives

## Stakeholders

- DOE Applied Missions Offices
- Academia
- National Laboratories
- Industry
- DOE Office of Science

## Stakeholders

- Over 100 people participated in the discussions:
- DOE Applied Missions Offices 8%
- Academia 27%
- Federal Laboratories 39%
- Industry 16%
- DOE Office of Science 10%

## Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge – Phase I

- Select Chairs for Topical Groups
- Chairs Select Members of Topical Groups
- Topical Groups Prepare Recommendations for Discussion and Development at Workshop
- Topical Groups Review and revise Draft Factual Documentation
_**Deliverables From Phase I**_**:**
- Group Recommendations for Research Directions to be developed at the Workshop

## Fossil Energy

- 2.	Distributed Generation
- 3.	Nuclear Energy
- 4.	Industrial, Residential, Commercial
- 5.	Transportation
- 6.	Renewable Energy
- Fusion Energy
- Energy Biosciences
- Crosscutting Research

**Define Topical Areas **

## Topical Team Chairs

-  **Marvin Singer** (DOE OFE); Fossil Energy;
-  **John Ahearne** (Sigma Xi); Nuclear Fission Energy;
-  **George Crabtree** (ANL); Renewable and Solar Energy;
-  **Charles Baker** (UCSD); Fusion Energy;
-  **Lutgard DeJonghe** (UCB); Distributed Energy, Fuel Cells, and Hydrogen;
-  **Jan Herbst** (GM R&D Center); Transportation Research;
-  **Mildred Dresselhaus** (MIT); Residential, Commercial and Industrial Energy;
-  **Richard Smalley** (Rice U); Crosscutting Research;
-  **John Stringer** (EPRI); Energy Biosciences.

## Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge – The Workshop - Phase II

- Conduct Workshop
- Additional Members Added to Topical Groups to Form Topical Teams
- Teams Develop Recommendations for Proposed Research Directions
- Teams Prepare Supporting Statements for Their Proposed Research Directions
- Prioritize Proposed Research Directions from all Topical Groups
_**Deliverables from Phase II**_**:**
- Selected PRDs with Supporting Statements

**Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge – The Workshop - Phase II**

## Introductory Presentations

_*Overview of the Office of Science*_*, James Decker, Deputy Director*
_*Overview of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences*_*, Patricia Dehmer, Director *
_*Overview DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy Programs*_, Rita A. Bajura, Director, NETL
_*Basic Research Needs in Support of Advanced Nuclear Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technologies*_, R. Shane Johnson, Associate Director for Advanced Nuclear Research, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology
_*Science Issues in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy*_, Sam Baldwin, Chief Technology Officer and Member, Board of Directors, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

## Marvin Singer, ChairDirector, Advanced ResearchOffice of Fossil Energy(FE-25) US Department of Energy 

_**Fossil Energy**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Armstrong, Tim****	****ORNL**
**Bockelie, Mike****	****Reaction Eng.**
**Carling, Bob****	****	****SNL/CRF**
**Dogan, Cindy****	****	****DOE/FE Albany ****	**
**Gleeson, Brian****	****Iowa State U./AMES**
**Hardage, Bob****	****	****University of Texas**
**Nenoff, Tina****	****	****SNL/Alb**
**Keith, David****	****	****Carnegie Mellon **
**Suuberg, Eric****	****	****Brown University**
**Wang, Anbo****	****	****VPI**
**Wimer, John****	****	****NETL**

**Allison, Edie****	****DOE/FE**
**Caldeira, Ken****	****LLNL**
**Carim, Altof ****	****DOE-BES **
**Cugini, Anthony****	****NETL**
**Myer, Larry****	****LBNL**
**Ray, Doug****	****PNNL**
**Richards, Geo****	****NETL**
**White, Curt****	****NETL**
**Winans, Randy****	****ANL**
**Woodward, Nick****	****DOE-BES **

## Lutgard DeJonghe, ChairProfessor of CeramicsMaterials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley

_**Distributed Generation**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Garland, Nancy****	****EE**
**Liu, Meilin****	****GIT**
**Ogden, Joan****	****Princeton**
**Pecharsky, Vitalij****	****Iowa State/Ames**
**Ross, Philip****	****LBNL**
**Singhal, Subhash****	****PNNL**
**Turner, John****	****NREL**
**Wheeler, Douglas****	****United Tech.**
**Williams, Mark****	****NETL**

**Adzic, Radoslav****	****BNL**
**Buchanan, AC****	****ORNL**
**Henderson, David****	****NE-20**
**Kelley, Dick****	****DOE-BES**
**Lutz, Andy****	****SNL**
**Noceti, Rick****	****NETL**
**Suenaga, Mas****	****BNL**
**Tully, Frank ****	****DOE-BES**

## John Ahearne, Chair	Executive Director Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society

_**Nuclear Energy**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Bennett, Ralph****	****INEEL**
**Croff, Allen****	****ORNL**
**Gottschall, Bob****	****DOE-BES**
**Klein, Andy****	****Oregon State**
- _Phase I Assistance:_
**Goldner, Frank****	****NE-20**
**Taylor, John ****	****Former EPRI**
**Todreas, Neil ****	****MIT**

**Allen, Todd****	****ANL-W**
**Beitz, Jim****	****ANL**
**Mike Kassner,    Oregon State**
**Millman, Bill****	****DOE-BES**
**Richards, Jack****	****Cal Tech.**
**Versluis, Rob****	****NE-20**
**Wirth, Brian****	****LLNL**
**Weber, Bill****	****PNNL**

## Jan Herbst, Chair	Materials and Processes LaboratoryGM R&D Center

_**Transportation**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Ahn, Channing****	****California Institute of Technology**
**DebRoy, Tarasankar****	****Pennsylvania State University**
**Eberhardt, Jim****	****EE**
**Grostic, Ed****	****ORNL**
**Hadaller, Oren****	****The Boeing Company**
**Hass, Kenneth****	****Ford Motor Company**
**Heremans, Joseph****	****Delphi Research Labs**
**Sloane, Chris****	****General Motors**

**Anderson, Iver****	****AMES**
**Baskaran, Suresh****	****PNNL**
**Duong, Tien****	****EE**
**Kirchhoff, Bill****	****DOE-BES**
**Leesing, Paul****	****INEEL**
**McGurl, Gil****	****	****NETL**
**Miles, Paul****	****	****SNL**
**Morris, Jamie****	****AMES**
**Ott, Kevin****	****	****LANL**
**Varma, Matesh****	****DOE- BES**

## George Crabtree, ChairSenior Scientist and DirectorMaterials Science Division	Argonne National Laboratory

_**Renewable Energy**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Baldwin, Sam****	****EE**
**Bullock, Morris****	****BNL**
**Cooke, John****	****ORNL**
**Ingram, Lonnie****	****Univ. of Florida**
**Kazmerski, Larry****	****NREL**
**Lewis, Nate****	****Cal Tech.**
**Mazer, Jeff****	****EE**
**Nozik, Arthur****	****NREL**
**Sutula, Ray****	****EE**
**Tiede, David****	****ANL**

**Baker, Tom****	****	****LANL**
**Ginosar, Dan****	****INEEL**
**Gui, John ****	****	****GE **
**Kennedy, Mack****	****LBNL**
**Miranda, Amy****	****DOE-EE**
**Paladino, Joe****	****NETL**
**Weatherwax, Sharlene DOE-BES**
**Zhu, Jane ****	****	****DOE-BES**

## Milldred Dresselhaus	Institute Professor Physics and Electrical Engineering  MIT

_**Industrial, Residential,**_
_**and Commercial**_

_**Panel Members**_**:**
- Sam Baldwin (EE)
- Hylan Lyon (Marlow Industries)
- Gerald Mahan (Penn State U.)
- Anne Mayes (MIT)
- Steve Selkowitz (LBNL)
- Jerry Simmons (SNL)
- Harriet Kung (BES)
- Aravinda Kini (BES)

_**Panel Members with Phase I Task**_**:**
- Paul Alivisatos (UC, Berkeley)
- Sam Bader (ANL)Terry Michalske (SNL)

_**Speakers**_**:**
- Dr. Anil Duggal (GE)
- Dr. Jerry Simmons (SNL)
- Prof. Woods Haley (UMN)
- Dr. Ron Judkoff (NREL)
- Dr. Ertugrul Berkcan (GE)
- Dr. Dickson Ozokwelu (DOE/EE)
- Prof. Vitalij Pecharsky (Ames/Iowa State)

## Charles BakerVirtual Laboratory for Technology 	University of California, San Diego

_**Fusion Energy**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Zinkle, Steve****	****ORNL**

**Berk, Sam****	****DOE-Fusion**
**Jones, Russ****	****PNNL**
**Lindl, John****	****LLNL**
**McNight, Ron****	****DOE-Fusion**
**Rohlfing, Eric****	****DOE-BES**
**Schoenberg, Kurt****	****LANL**
**Scott Willms****	****LANL**

- _Phase I Assistance:_

**Abdou, Mohamed****	****UCLA**
**Bangerter, Roger****	****LBNL**
**Dahlburg, Jill****	****General Atomics**
**Efthimion, Phil****	****Princeton**
**Morley, Neil****	****UCLA**

## Rick Smalley, ChairProfessor of Chemistry	Rice University

_**Crosscutting Research**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Extra Attendees:_

**Bekey, Ivan****	****Bekey Designs**
**Boubour, Emmanuelle****	****Ohio State**
**Green, Art****	****ExxonMobil **
**Kwok, Kwan****	****DARPA**
**Lavin, Gerry ****	****DuPont Fellow **
**Mankins, John****	****NASA**
**Marek, Reinnette ****	****Rice U.**
**Shoham, Yoram****	****Shell **
**Tester, Jeff****	****MIT**

*****All Topical Chairs*****
**Stringer, John****	****EPRI**
**Horton, Linda****	****ORNL**
**Thomas, Iran****	****DOE-BES**

## John Stringer, ChairEPRI

_**Energy Biosciences Research**_

_**Topical Group:**_

- _Other Attendee:_

**Mark Alper, LBNL**
**Heinz Frei, LBNL**
**Evan Hughes, EPRI**
**Laurie Mets, U. Chicago**
**John Shanklin, BNL**
**Chris Somerville, Stanford U.**
**Walt Stevens, BES**
**Lut De Jonghe, UCB**

**Linda Horton, ORNL**

## Products of the Workshops

- The products of the two Workshops consisted of four items:
- A set of Proposed Research Directions (PRDs).  Altogether, 37 were produced.
- Supporting statements for each PRD, in the form of a one-page Executive Summary and three pages of detailed information.
- A list of General Research Areas, derived from the PRDs.  10 of these were identified
- The ‘Factual Document’, summarizing the status of energy supply and use.

## Proposed Research Directions

**Fossil Energy**
- Reaction Pathways of Inorganic Solid materials: Synthesis, Reactivity, Stability
- Advanced Subsurface Imaging and Alteration of Fluid-Rock Interactions
- Development of an Atomistic Understanding of High Temperature Hydrogen Conductors
- Fundamental Combustion Science Towards Predictive Modeling of Combustion Technologies
**Nuclear Fission Energy**
- Materials Degradation
- Advanced Actinide and Fission Product Separations and Extraction
- Fuels Research
- Fundamental Research in Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

## Proposed Research Directions

**Renewable and Solar Energy**
- To Displace Imported Petroleum by Increasing the Cost-Competitive Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Biomass by 100-fold
- Develop Methods for Solar Energy Conversion that Result in a 10-50 fold Decrease in the Cost to Efficiency Ratio for the Production of Fuels and Electricity
- Develop the Knowledge Base to Enable Widespread Creation of Geothermal Reservoirs
- Conversion of Solar, Wind, or Geothermal Energy Into Stored Chemical Fuels
- Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy Applications
**Fusion Energy**
- Multiscale Modeling of Microstructural Stability of Irradiated Materials
- Deformation and Fracture Modeling
- Plasma-Surface Interactions
- Thermofluids and “Smart Liquids”
- Plasma Aerodynamics

## Proposed Research Directions

**Distributed Energy, Fuel Cells, and Hydrogen**
- Advanced Hydrogen Synthesis
- High Capacity Hydrogen Storage for Distributed Energy of the Future
- Novel Membrane Assemblies (for Ion Transport)
- Designed Interfaces
**Transportation Research**
- Integrated Quantitative Knowledge Base for Joining of Lightweight Structural Materials for Transportation Applications
- Vehicular Energy Storage
- Fundamental Challenges in Fuel Cell Stack Materials
- Integrated Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Thermoelectric Materials and Energy Conversion Cycles for Mobile Applications
- Complex Systems Science for Sustainable Transportation

## Proposed Research Directions

**Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Energy**
- Sensors
- Solid State Lighting
- Innovative Materials for New Energy Technologies
- Multilayer Thin Film Materials and Deposition Processes
**Energy Biosciences Research**
- Energy Biotechnology: Metabolic Engineering of Plants and Microbes for Renewable Fuels and Chemicals
- Genomic Tools for the Development of Designer Energy and Chemical Crops
- Nanoscale Hybrid Assemblies for the Photo-Induced Generation of Fuels and Chemicals
**Cross Cutting Research and Education**
- Nanomaterials
- Preparing Tomorrow’s Workforce for the Energy Challenge and Heightening the Public’s Awareness.

## Basic Research Directions

**Materials Research to Transcend Energy Barriers**
**Energy Biosciences**
**Research Towards the Hydrogen Economy**
**Energy Storage**
**Novel Membrane Assemblies**
**Heterogeneous Catalysis**
**Energy Conversion**
**Energy Utilization Efficiency**
**Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Actinide Chemistry**
**Geosciences**

## Report to BESAC

- Expand Information
- Follow up meeting on biological opportunities in energy research
- Prepare Report, Including Appendices
- Summary of workshop activities and  proposed research directions for each topic
-  Factual documentation
_**Deliverables from Phase III**_**:**
**Report to BESAC**

**Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge – **
**Phase III**

## Materials Research to Transcend Energy Barriers

- Many of the technological barriers related to energy hinge on improved materials.  This theme appeared in nearly half of the PRDs.
- Nanomaterials
- Materials Degradation
- Composite Materials
- Materials Fabrication Issues
- Advanced Materials and New Materials Opportunities

## Energy Biosciences

- Biomimetic approaches to solar energy capture and generation of fuels and chemicals
- Using emerging knowledge in functional genomics and molecular technology to develop plants optimized to produce fuels and chemicals
- Development of biocatalysts

## Research Towards the Hydrogen Economy

- Hydrogen production: high-temperature splitting of water; thermochemical splitting; harnessing light for photovoltaic splitting.
- Atomistic understanding of hydrogen conductors for fuel cells
- New hydrogen storage concepts

## Energy Storage

- This is of great importance for the development of ‘transient’ renewable resources such as wind or solar energy
- Photoconversion of renewable substrates to liquid or gaseous fuels
- Phase transitions in materials for energy storage

## Novel Membrane Assemblies

- This is of great importance for gas separations enabling lower cost fossil-based hydrogen production
- Needed for fuel cell operation in the 200o – 600oC range
- Basic research needed that will support the establishment of a fundamental understanding of the relationship between membrane structure and functionality

## Heterogeneous Catalysis

- Heterogeneous catalysis underlies a number of the concepts proposed for new directions in energy production and utilization
- Research needed to establish detailed structure-function relationships to allow the development of a predictive capability for new process concepts and materials design

## Energy Conversion

- Basic research to support advances in diagnostic tools to advance combustion science and lead to predictive models for design and real-time operation control.
- Multi-phase fluid flow and heat transfer; effect of nanophase dispersions
- Improvements in conversion efficiency of solar devices: problem is rapid decay of photogenerated carriers
- Fuel cells for transportation and distributed power
- Significant improvements in thermoelectric materials.

## Utilization/Efficiency

- A major opportunity is lighting.  Science underlying solid state lighting, with light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
- New light-emitting materials: nitride-based wide band-gap semiconductors and polymer-based organic electronic materials
- Research needed to allow viable use of biomass energy using marginal land, limited water supplies, and low fertilizer use

## Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Actinide Chemistry

- Expansion of the nuclear option for electricity generation will probably require fuel reprocessing.
- Fundamental research is needed to understand the fuel cycle and the chemistry of the associated radionuclides
- Research on the extraction of uranium from seawater offers the possibility of a large increase in the fuel resource

## Geosciences

- Geosciences underpin the discovery of new fossil fuel resources, the utilization of hard-to-access reserves and the storage of carbon dioxide.
- Research in subsurface imaging
- In-situ alteration of fluid/rock interactions
- Development of understanding of wave-propagation and scattering in complex heterogeneous media

## Summary

- There is no single solution to the problem of assuring a secure energy future for the U.S.
- Problems that must be addressed are truly interdisciplinary.
- This means that research will require the coordinated participation of investigators with different skill sets.
- Basic science skills have to be complemented by awareness of the overall nature of the problem, and with knowledge of the engineering, design, and control issues in an eventual solution.

## Summary

- It is necessary to find ways in which this can be done while still preserving the ability to do first-class basic science
- The traditional structure of research, with specific disciplinary groupings, will not be sufficient.
- This presents great challenges, and also great opportunities

## Recommendation

- A major program should be funded to conduct a multidisciplinary research program to address the underlying fundamental knowledge that must be developed to address the issues involved in providing a secure energy future for the U.S.
- This program must be ensured of a long-term stability.

## Recommendation (continued)

- The Department of Energy’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences is well-positioned to support this initiative by enhancement of their already world-class scientific research programs and user facilities.

## In the first century C.E., Manilius remarked in Astronomica, i. 104, of human intelligence:

**“****Eripuitque Jovi fulmen viresque tonandi.”**
- Which, as we all know, means:
**“****And snatched from Jove the lightning shaft and the power to thunder.”**

## James Baldwin (1924 – 1987):

- If we do not now dare everything, the fulfillment of that prophecy, re-created from the Bible in song by a slave, is upon us:
***God gave Noah the rainbow sign:***
***No more water, the fire next time!***

## Do not all charms fly

- At the mere touch of cold philosophy?
- There was an awful rainbow once in heaven:
- We know her woof, her texture; she is given
- In the dull catalogue of common things.
- Philosophy will clip an Angel’s wings,
- Conquer all mysteries by rule and line,
- Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine –
- Unweave a rainbow, as it erewhile made
- The tender-person’d Lamia melt into a shade.
-                                                    John Keats (1795 – 1821)

## Sustainability

## The Global Viewpoint

- EPRI believes that we must aim at a _minimum_ level of 1,000 kWh per capita per year to achieve acceptable levels of literacy, health, and security.
- The world-wide average in 1950 was 400 kWh; this has risen to 2,100 kWh in 2000, and is predicted to be 6,000 kWh per capita in 2050
- The achievement of these levels, with the universal foundation level of 1,000 kWh, represents a major challenge.

## Electric Power Production in the USA (2000)

- Net Generation 3,800 billion kilowatt-hours
- In 1973, 1,861 BkW-h
- Total population in the US 285.4 million
- Per Capita generation: 13,315 kW-h per annum

## Carbon Intensity of World Primary Energy, 1900-2050

- Carbon Intensity of World Primary Energy, 1900-2050

- Carbon Intensity (tC/toe)

- Source: National Academy of Engineering, 1997

- 1900

- 1920

- 1940

- 1960

- 1980

- 2000

- Carbon Intensity of:

- Wood = 1.25

- Oil = 0.84

- Gas = 0.64

- 2020

- 2040

- 2050

- Coal = 1.08

## U.S. Competitiveness - Technology Opportunities

- U.S. Competitiveness - Technology Opportunities

- 10

- 20

- 30

- 40

- 50

- 60

- Energy Intensity

- toe*
- 103$GDP

- *tons of oil equivalent

- 1950

- 1990

- 2020

- 2050

- Electricity (%)

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- A little more than half of the electricity generated in the USA comes from coal-fired Rankine cycle plants
- Electricity generation is responsible for about 35% of the anthropogenic CO2
- However, the coal-fired generating stations are large fixed sources, and it is likely that they will be targeted for remedial actions

## Electric Power Production in the USA (2000)

- In units of BkW-h:
- coal: 			2,000; 53%
- natural gas 		   600; 16%
- nuclear 		   754; 20%
- hydroelectric 	   279;   7%
- renewables 		     84;   2%
- (Quantities don’t add to 100% because of rounding-off)

## Slide 61

## Slide 62

## Slide 63

## Coal Production in the USA

- In 2000, total coal production in the US was 1.075 billion short tons (0.976 billion tonnes)
- This is the seventh year in a row that coal production has exceeded 1 B short tons.
- The coal consumption by the electric power sector in 2000 was 0.983 B short tons.
- This corresponds to the production of  2.280 billion short tons of CO2 (2.069 billion tonnes)
- The density of supercritical liquid CO2 is 0.9 (water is 1.0); coal is somewhat greater.         				(Source: *Monthly Energy Review *U.S. DOE)

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- Approximately 1200 coal-fired power plants in the US greater than 50 MW(e)
- Earliest dates from 1940, most recent about 1987.  Majority built in the period 1952 - 1975
- Overall net efficiencies (coal pile to busbar) of current units typically in the range 34% - 37%; oldest plants somewhat less.
- Best efficiency ever achieved in the US was 42% by the Eddystone plant.
- Capacity factor approximately 65% or so.

## Slide 66

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- The Rankine cycle boils water to form superheated steam, which is then expanded through a turbine which in turn drives a generator.
- At the exhaust of the steam turbine, the steam is condensed and the water is returned to the boiler; the pressurization of the working fluid is achieved with  the water pumps.

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- Most of the Rankine cycles in the US are _subcritical_; the critical point for water is
- 647.29 K  (705.47 F)
- 22.089 Mpa  (3208.2 psia)
- Subcritical steam conditions:
- 811 K (1000 F); 16.55 Mpa (2400 psia)
- Supercritical steam conditions:
- 811 K (1000 F); 24.1 Mpa (3500 psia)

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- The efficiency of a heat engine is related to the Carnot efficiency:
- μc  =   (Tmax -  Tmin) / Tmax   (T in Absolute)
- So, for the steam conditions given before,  and assuming a condenser temperature of 290K,  μc  =  0.64
- Actual efficiency for a Rankine cycle is closer to μR  =  0.35

## Generating Electricity with Coal

- Recent studies in the US, Japan, and Europe have examined the possibility of increasing the maximum steam temperature.  The major limitation is related to the available materials for the hot components. 920 K is regarded as attainable; above 1020 K is not.
- μR, 920  =  0.40;
- μR, 1020  =  0.45                                   (approx!)

## The Kenosha Plant

- 300 MW(e), Appalachian coal, 35% efficiency.
- 3,000 tonnes coal per day
- 270 tonnes ash per day
- 6,960 tonnes CO2 per day
- 305 tonnes CaSO4 per day
- 2,400,000 tonnes cooling water per day
- (1 tonne CO2 = 2.27 tonnes CaCO3)

## The Magnitude of the Problem

- As will become clear later, the current objective is to capture the CO2 as a pure gas, which is then compressed to form a supercritical liquid; this is then pumped to a storage site.
- Supercritical CO2 has a density lower than water; coal has a density higher than water.
- So the volume of the CO2 is more than _twice_ that of the coal that was mined!

## The Overall Options

- If we are to achieve these national and global goals, with the additional requirements for global sustainability and national strategic security, together with a reduction in global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is obvious we are faced with major challenges.
- The options are:
- Decarbonization of fuels
- Moves to non- CO2 emitting options
- Capture and sequestration of CO2
- In fact, _all_ these options must be pursued!

## Decarbonizing the Fuel

- Obviously, an important direction for the industry is to continue ‘decarbonizing the fuel’, which amounts to continuing to increase the H/C ratio.
- Current preferred direction: increasing the natural gas/coal ratio.
- Two paths for this:
- Use natural gas for all ‘new power’ that would have used coal
- Replace existing coal-firing with natural gas firing

## Substituting Natural Gas

- U.S. Usage of Natural Gas in 2000 in units of ‘billion cubic feet’:
- Total: 22,775
- Residential: 4,943
- Commercial: 3,332
- Industrial: 9,581 (3,500 of this to generate electricity)
- Utilities: 3,043
- If all electricity were generated with natural gas, this last figure would be 31,528

## Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

- The Brayton Cycle is that which is used by combustion turbines
- The working fluid is the hot combustion gas, which is compressed, and expands and cools through a turbine.
- The turbine drives the compressor, which works on the inlet combustion air; generally the appropriate increase in the pressure of the fuel is dealt with separately.
- The remaining energy in the gas following driving the compressor drives the generator

## Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

- The combustion turbines first used by the utility industry were liquid fuel-fired.
- Liquid fuels can be stored on site relatively easily.
- They are expensive; but the capital cost of the turbine, and its footprint, are small.
- A combustion turbine is capable of very rapid start and ramp-up.
- Accordingly, these turbines were used for peaking.

## Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

- The efficiency of the ‘simple-cycle’ combustion turbine is not particularly high.
- This is because, at least in part, there is a practical limit to the ability to recover the energy in the gas once the pressure and temperature have fallen below certain values at which the gas, nonetheless, still contains significant energy.
- This can be recovered by a ‘bottoming cycle’ the most common of which is a Rankine cycle

## Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

- The combination of two or more cycles like this in an energy conversion process is called a combined cycle (CC).
- From a Carnot efficiency point of view, one is still only concerned with the _overall_ input and output temperatures; the ‘CTSTCC’ combined cycle uses the ability of a CT to use high inlet temperatures, and the ability of the ST to recover energy at low outlet temperatures.
- But practically, since the departures from Carnot are different for the two cycles, the cross-over point becomes important.

## Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

- Newer plant in the US have been fired with natural gas.
- While there are Rankine units fired with natural gas, most of the new units use combustion turbines (the Brayton cycle)
- The most recent development has been to use Rankine steam cycles in combination to recover the sensible heat in the turbine exhaust.
- In the most recent units, these have achieved efficiencies as high as μCC  =  0.59

## Is There Enough Natural Gas?

- Depends where it comes from.
- If bacterial routes to generation of natural gas from carbon, or even carbon dioxide, prove to be viable, then perhaps yes.
- However, at the present rate of discovery, the competition for the gas available, and political uncertainties, the situation over the next twenty years looks very dicey.
-  IGCC costs are very sensitive to the fuel costs - 75% of the life-cycle costs are related to fuel costs _at present prices_!

## Is There Enough Gas Distribution Infrastructure?

- This is a difficult question - the answers you get depend on who you ask.
- A more important issue may relate to the dynamical response required of the distribution system to accommodate the variation of electricity demand.
- It will also depend on the distribution of the gas sources related to the distribution of electric generating plant.  It might seem that this would not be an issue, because the users are essentially the same, but it’s not so simple.

## Capture and Sequestration of CO2

- This topic has been very extensively covered.
- The currently preferred option for fossil-fuel fired heat engines is to develop a method to generate an exhaust gas stream which is essentially pure CO2.
- This is then ‘sequestered’ in a stable reservoir, such as an isolated aquifer, a spent oil well, or the deep ocean.
- We have been looking at permanent sequestration by mimicking natural processes.

## Sequestration Options

## Carbon Dioxide – Where do we put it?

**Carbon dioxide ocean disposal options**
**                                                          ****(Adapted from Fujioka et al, 1997) ****(Adapted from Fujioka et al, 1997)**

## Sinks

## Sink Capacity

## CO2 Capture and Sequestration Options

- Enhancement of Natural Sinks
- CO2 Capture
- CO2 Reuse/Storage
- Geological Storage
- Deep Ocean Disposal
- Pipelines -- Corrosion/Safety
- Monitoring Procedures (applies to all above)

## CO2 Capture

- Membranes
- Amines
- O2 Enhanced Combustion
- Physical Adsorbents
- CO2 Hydrates

## Establishing R&D Programs

- Japan
- RITE (Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth) established in July 1990
- About $50 million USD per year in direct expenses
- IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
- Established 1991
- Currently has 17 members plus 7 sponsors
- US
- Pre-1998, only about $1.5 million per year
- Budgets show significant growth starting in 1998

## The Sleipner CO2-Injection Project

## The Sleipner CO2-Injection Project

## Natural CO2 Sequestration

- 60 million years ago, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was 7,000 ppm!
- One can identify at least three natural sequestration processes:
**Coalification**
**Terrestrial weathering**
**Marine carbonate formation**

## Natural Sequestration

- Weathering:
-     MgSiO3 + CO2    MgCO3 + SiO2
- Marine Carbonate:
-     Ca2+ + CO32-    CaCO3
-       CO2  +  H2O   CO32-  +  2H+

## Energy/Carbon and Global Sustainability

**Limit-Breaking Technologies**
- Advanced nuclear, fuel cell, and renewable technologies
- Electricity/hydrogen infrastructure
- Carbon sequestration
- Advanced sensors and controls
- Advanced materials
- Micro-miniaturization of processes