# Presentation: 228423

## USAID’s Approach in Fragile States

**Welcome to **_**Session 12**_

**USAID’s Approach in**** Fragile States**

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Agenda

- Introductions/Overview
**Ann Phillips**, PPC
- Presentation
** ****Melissa Brown**, PPC/P
** ****Tjip Walker**, DHCA/OTI
- Closing Remarks
- Q&As (please hold questions ‘til the end!)

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Fragile States

*USAID’s Draft Strategy*
*CDIE Summer Seminar*
*September 14, 2004*

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## A New Strategic Vision

- Better understand the sources of fragility
- Advance early action
- Identify goals appropriate to the realities of fragile states
- Orient programs to the sources of fragility
- Remove barriers to timely and innovative response

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## DefinitionsWhat is a fragile state?

**Failing States** – growing inability to maintain security and assure provision of basic services, rapidly losing legitimacy
**Failed States** – central government does not exert effective control over significant parts of its own territory or assure provision of vital services
**Recovering States** – still weak but are on an upward trajectory

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Fragile states: A visualization

*** ***

**Crisis**

*** ***

**Stable**

*** ***

**Vulnerable**

*** ***

**Transformational Development States**

**Fragile States**

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Understanding Fragile States

*Analyze sources of fragility*
- A “Fragility Framework”
- Central Factor: Governance
- Core Elements: Effectiveness and Legitimacy
- Critical Dimensions: Political, Security, Economic, Social

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Understanding Fragile StatesAnalyzing Governance in Fragile States: “The Fragility Framework”

| Sample
Measures | Effectiveness | Legitimacy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Security | Military and police services that secure borders and limit crime. |  Military and police services that are provided reasonably, equitably and without major violation of civil rights. |
|  Political |  Political institutions and processes that adequately ensure response to citizen needs. |  Political processes, norms and leaders acceptable to the citizenry. |
| Economic | Economic institutions that provide for economic growth, including jobs, and adapt to economic change. | Economic institutions, financial services and income generating opportunities that are widely accessible to all. |
| Social | Provision of basic services that generally meet demand, including that of vulnerable and minority groups. | Tolerance of customs, cultures and beliefs. |

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Understanding Fragile StatesPossible Warning Signs

|  | Effectiveness | Legitimacy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Security | More than 1% of population displaced by political violence in prior 3 years  | One or more groups systematically  subjected to violence or deliberately not provided security by the state |
|  Political |  Government loses effective control of at least 5% of its territory or at least 1% of its population
  | Major groups are systematically excluded from political access, political office, or full citizenship
  |
| Economic | Country is low or mid-income by   World Bank classification, and
currency has been devalued 50% or more in the last 3 years | Major groups face large-scale and systematic economic discrimination |
| Social | Primary school enrollment is less than 60% and growing less than 5% per year | Access of specific regions or groups to services is deliberately limited |

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Understanding Fragile States

*Identify common pathways to failure and recovery*
- To failure
- Democratic collapse
- Succession or reform crisis in authoritarian states
- High levels of state sponsored corruption
- Regional or guerilla rebellion
- Violent ethnic conflict

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Understanding Fragile States

*Recovery considerations*
- Factors that led to failure and those that led to turnaround
- Nature and length of failure and degree of damage
- Influence of neighboring countries and other international actors
- Potentially volatile recovery issues

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Strategic Programming in Fragile States

*Strategic – Interrelated – Goals*
**Stability** – advancing a degree of stability and personal security sufficient to assure survival and engage in basic economic activity
**Reform **– addressing issues of institutional reform that will lead to increases in state effectiveness and legitimacy
**Capacity** – developing capacity of institutions and infrastructure fundamental to advancing lasting recovery

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Strategic ProgrammingIllustrative Programmatic Options forVulnerable Fragile States

***In response to effectiveness issues**** *
- foster policy development and implementation
- improve the delivery of key social services (e.g., education, health)
- strengthen oversight institutions
***In response to legitimacy issues***
- support reforms within and outside government
- encourage private sector/NGO/political party reform alliances
- develop the professionalism of the media

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Strategic ProgrammingIllustrative Programmatic Options for Fragile States in Crisis 

***In response to crisis and conflict***
- deliver humanitarian assistance
- support income generation
- advance basic security and human rights
- increase governance and peacemaking capacity
***In early recovery and/or post-conflict***
- focus on public security and security sector reform
- support job creation and school enrollment
- establish the basic parameters of a functional national government

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Operational Imperatives

*Improve Understanding of Fragile States*
- Advance early action when fragile states are vulnerable, and focused response to crisis
- Use analysis to identify
- sources of fragility and recovery
- strategic and programmatic priorities
- ...and to evaluate the effectiveness of the response

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Operational Imperatives

*Implement Integrated USAID Responses*
- Integrate analysis, strategy development and implementation perspectives
- Adapt organizationally to achieve consistent integration

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Operational Imperatives

*Develop differentiated program responses*
- Transformational development from fragile states
- Vulnerable from crisis states
- Matched by operational flexibility

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Operational Imperatives

*Exercise leadership and advance partnerships in the US Government and Donor Community*
- Systematic monitoring and planning
- Response strategies
- Accelerate research

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Operational Imperatives

*Adopt a fragile states business model*
- Strategic Planning
- Flexible and Stable Funding
- Responsive Procurement
- Adaptable Field Platforms
- Personnel
- Reward risk-taking and innovation

- USAID's Draft Strategy

## Thanks for coming and filling out your evaluations

**KfD knowledge.usaid.gov**
**Next Seminars: ****Summer 2005 **

- USAID's Draft Strategy

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- USAID's Draft Strategy