# Presentation: 338907

## Global Change Observation Missions (GCOM)

- International EOS/NPP Direct Readout Meeting 2008
- Bangkok : Mar.31,2008
- Haruhisa Shimoda
- JAXA

##          Background

**Minister of MEXT committed at Earth Observation Summit on Apr. 2004**
**Global Warming, Carbon Cycle**
**Climate Change, Water Cycle**
**Disaster mitigation**
**Future Earth Observation system must reflect**
**Reliability**
**Continuity**
**User oriented**
**“****Stable and continuous social infrastructure”**
**Contribution to GEOSS**

## Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP)

- 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan
- Total budget of $240B in 5 years
- Strategic fields : Environment, Life science, Information/communication, Nano-technology
- Ocean-Earth Observation Exploration System
- One of the 5 national critical technology

## Note: 

**Note: **
**This chart includes NOT authorized plan**

**Notes:**
JAXA satellite project plan including not yet approved future projects

## GEOSS 10 year implementation plan

** ****Earth System Model**
-  ・Ocean
-  ・Cryosphere
-  ・Land
-  ・Atmosphere
-  ・Solid Earth
-  ・Biosphere

**Policy decision support**
- ・Evaluation
- ・Decision support system

**Observation**

- Value optimization, Elimination of gap areas, Continuous feedback for human activity understanding

**Prediction & Analysis**

- Interoperability criterion

**Policy decision**

- High speed computing & communication
- Visualization

**Assimilation**

**Other data**
- Socio-economic data

** ****Earth observation system**
- ・In-situ observation
- ・Airborne observation
- ・Satellite observation

**GEOSS 10 year implementation plan**

**Disaster**

**エネルギー**

**Health**

**Weather**

**Eco-system**

**Agriculture**

**Bio-diversity**

**9 Societal benefit areas**

** **
**GCOS**
**Essential Climate Variables (ECV)**** **
**Require continuous satellite products**

**energy**

## To develop and operate an Earth Observation Network for GEOSS

- _A plan of advanced satellites_

- _To develop advanced satellites_
- →to aim cutting edge system and mutual complementary system to the operational system such as WWW, NPOESS

| Sea surface  wind vector | AMSR 2, Scatterometer  (GCOM-W) |
| --- | --- |
| SST  | AMSR 2 (GCOM-W)
SGLI (GCOM-C) |
| Cloud  structure | Cloud Profiling Radar (EarthCARE) |
| Aerosol | SGLI  (GCOM-C) |
| CO2 concentration | TANSOr (GOSAT) |
| Precipitation | Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM) |
| Disaster monitoring | SAR/disaster monitoring satellites, Optical Sensor/
Geo-stationary EO satellite |

## GCOM Mission

**Continuation of ADEOS****II**
**Contribution to GEOSS**
**Climate, Weather, Water, Ecosystem, Agriculture, etc. in GEOSS 9 areas**
**Focus on Climate change / Global warming and Water cycle committed in Summit**
**Contribution to operational fields like weather forecast, fisheries, etc.**
**Long term continuous measurements**

## Scientific Targets

**Accurate estimation of aerosol radiative forcing**
**Validation of climate models**
**Accurate estimation of primary production**
**Better understanding of coastal phenomena**
**Better understanding of sea ice trend**

## Operational Applications

**Input to NWP**
**Extreme weather forecasting **
**Fisheries**
**Navigation**
**Coastal management**
**Crop yield estimation**
**Monitoring forest decrease**
**Monitoring volcano eruptions **
**Monitoring forest fire**

## GCOM satellites

**GCOM-W1**
**AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2)**
**Planned to be launched in Winter, 2012**
**GCOM-C1**
**SGLI (Second generation Global Imager)**
**Planned to be launched in 2013**
**Plan for the 2****nd****  and 3****rd****  generations**
**GCOM-W2 (in 2016), **
** ****	****GCOM-W3 (in 2020)**
**GCOM-C1 (in 2017),**
**	****GCOM-C3 (in 2021)**

## GCOM-W1

- Orbit
- Sun synchronous orbit
- Height: about 700km
- Local time of ascending node: 13:30
- Weight: about 1.9t
- Power Consumption: about 4kW
- Lifetime: 5 years
- Data transmission
- Global observation data are stored and transmitted every orbit period
- Observed data are transmitted to ground stations in real time

## Direct Downlink

- Downlink Real Time Data to Receiving Stations with Agreement
- Specifications
-         frequency : 8245MHz
-         data rate : 10Mbps
-         symbol rate : 20Mbps (after convolution)
-         modulation : OQPSK

## Oceanic geophysical parameters by AMSR

**Total precipitable water**

**Cloud liquid water**

**Sea surface wind speed**

**Precipitation**

**Global Monthly Mean in April 2003**

**Notes:**
As well known, oceanic geophysical parameters that can be retrieved from AMSR data include water vapor, cloud liquid, sea surface temperature, sea surface wind speed, and precipitation.

## SST anomaly in northern high latitudes

- Monthly SST anomaly in northern high latitude oceans for July 2002 (left) and July 2007 (right).

## Changes in AMSR-E sea ice extent

- AMSR-E sea ice extent over northern polar region on August 20 of recent 6 years (2002-2007). Images were obtained from the Arctic Sea-Ice Monitor site maintained by the International Arctic Research Center (http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/en/index.htm).

## Basic requirements for AMSR 2

- Minimum modifications from AMSR on ADEOS-II to reduce risks/cost and keep the earliest launch date.
- Several essential improvements.
- Improvement of calibration system including warm load calibration target.
- Consideration to C-band radio frequency interference (RFI).
- Combination with SeaWinds-type scatterometer is highly desired.

## Basic requirements for AMSR 2

- Antenna : 2.0m, offset parabolic antenna
- Channel sets
- Identical to AMSR-E (no O2 band channels)
- 6.925,7.3, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89.0GHz
- Dual polarization
- Calibration
- Improvements of hot load etc.
- Enhance pre-launch calibration testing
- Orbit
- Afternoon orbit with 700~800km altitude
- Mission life
- 5 years

## GCOM-W1 satellite

| Instrument | Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 |
| --- | --- |
| Orbit | Sun Synchronous orbit
 Altitude:699.6km (over the equator) |
| Size | 5.1m (X) * 17.5m (Y) * 3.4m (Z) |
| Mass | 1880kg |
| Power | Over 4050W |
| Launch | JFY2011 (CY2012 Winter) |
| Design Life | 5-years |
| Status | Preliminary Design started in JFY2007 |

- GCOM-W (Water)

*GCOM-W1/AMSR2 will contribute to long-term observation of global water and energy cycle.*
*Continue AMSR-E observation (high spatial resolution, low-frequency channels,etc.).*
*Construct reliable long-term dataset to contribute for understanding and monitoring of climate change.*
*Contribute to operational use by providing continuous cloud-through SST, frequent and quantitative storm observation to maintain precipitation forecast accuracy.*

## Overview of AMSR2 instrument

| AMSR2 Channel Set |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Center Freq.
[GHz] | Band width [MHz] | Polarization | Beam width [deg]
(Ground res. [km]) | Sampling interval [km] |
| 6.925/
7.3 | 350 | V
and
H | 1.8 (35 x 62) | 10 |
|  |  |  | 1.7 (34 x 58) |  |
| 10.65 | 100 |  | 1.2 (24 x 42) |  |
| 18.7 | 200 |  | 0.65 (14 x 22) |  |
| 23.8 | 400 |  | 0.75 (15 x 26) |  |
| 36.5 | 1000 |  | 0.35 (7 x 12) |  |
| 89.0 | 3000 |  | 0.15 (3 x 5) | 5 |

| GCOM-W1/AMSR2 characteristics |  |
| --- | --- |
| Orbit | Sun Synchronous with 699.6km altitude (over the equator) |
| Launch | JFY2011 |
| Design-Life | 5-years |
| Local time | 13:30 LTAN |
| Swath width | 1450km |
| Antenna | 2.0m offset parabola |
| Incidence angle | Nominal 55 degree |

- Deployed

- Deployable main reflector system with 2.0m diameter.
- Frequency channel set is identical to that of AMSR-E except 7.3GHz channel for RFI mitigation.
- Two-point external calibration with the improved HTS (hot-load).
- Deep-space maneuver will be considered to check the consistency between main reflector and CSM.

- Stowed

## Improvement of hot load

- Adoption of temperature controlled reflector over hot load
- Minimize the effect of thermal interference
- Design results shows the maximum temperature difference less than 2K

## Prototyping and testing

*Calibration Assembly*

*MPU testing board*

## Slide 22

| products | IFOV | std. accr. | dynamic range |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| brightness temp. | 5-50km | ±1.5K | 2.7-340K |
| total prec. water | 15km | ±3.5kg/m3 | 0-70kg/m3 |
| cloud liq. water | 15km | ±0.05kg/m2 | 0-1.0kg/m2 |
| precipitation | 15km | Ocean: 50%
Land:±120% | 0-20mm/h |
| SST | 50km | ±5  ̊C  | -2-35 ̊C |
| sea surf. winds | 15km | ±1m/s | 0-30m/s |
| sea ice conc. | 15km | ±10% | 0-100% |
| snow depth | 30km | ±20cm | 0-100cm |
| soil moisture | 50km | ±10% | 0-40% |

## CGOM-C1

- Orbit
- Sun synchronous orbit
- Height: about 800km
- Local time of descending node: 10:30
- Weight: about 2.0t
- Power Consumption: about 4.3kW
- Lifetime: 5 years
- Data transmission
- Global observation data are stored and transmitted every orbit period
- Observed data over Japanese islands are transmitted to JAXA ground station in real time

## Direct Downlink

- Downlink Real Time Data to Receiving Stations with Agreement
- Specifications
-         frequency : 8105MHz
-         data rate : 138.76Mbps
-         modulation : OQPSK

## SGLI

- Wide spectrum coverage
- Near UV, VIS, NIR, SWIR, TIR
- Polarization measurements
- Multiple angle observation
- Multiple telescopes

## VNR

- Composed of 3 telescopes to cover the total swath
- Each telescope covers 24 degree achieving 70 degree in total

## Polarization

- Composed of 1 telescope for each channel
- IFOV is 55 degree
- Looking fore, nadir & aft
- One camera with tilt or two cameras?

## Slide 28

## Polarization channels (3 directions)

- Polarization channels (3 directions)

## Slide 30

## Standard products (land)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| radiance | 250/1000m | 5%, 0.5K |
| geom. corr. rad. | 250m | 0.5pixel |
| land surface refl. | 250m | 5%/10%*1 |
| veg. index | 250m | 20%/15%*2 |
| veg. roughness. index | 1km | 20%/15%*2 |
| shadow index | 1km | 20%/15%*2 |
| land surf. temp | 500m | 2.5K |
| fAPAR | 250m | 30%/20%*2 |
| LAI | 250m | 30% |
| above ground biomass | 1km | 30% |

**Standard products (land)**

- *1 : >443nm / **≤**443nm
- *2 : grass land / forest

## Research products (land)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| net primary prod. | 1km | TBD |
| veg. water stress index | 500m | TBD |
| fire | 500m | TBD |
| land cover class. | 250m | TBD |
| land surface albedo | 1km | TBD |

**Research products (land)**

## Standard products (atmosphere)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| cloud flag/type | 1km |  |
| cloud type & amount | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 15% |
| cloud top temp/altitude | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 3k/2km |
| opt. thick. of water cloud | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 100% |
| opt. thick. of cirrus | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 70% |
| aerosol over ocean | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 0.1 |
| aerosol over land UV | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 0.15 |
| aerosol over land pol. | 1km/0.1 ̊ | 0.15 |

**Standard products (atmosphere)**

## Research products (atmosphere)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| geom. thickness of water clouds | 1km/0.1 ̊ | N/A |
| land surface long wave radiant flux | 1km/0.1 ̊ | N/A |
| land surface short wave radiant flux | 1km/0.1 ̊ | N/A |

**Research products (atmosphere)**

## Standard products (ocean)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| normalized water leav. rad. | 250m/1km/4-9km *1 | 50% |
| atm. corr. parameter | 250m/1km/4-9km | 50% |
| PAR | 250m/1km/4-9km | 15% |
| chlorophyll-a | 250m/1km/4-9km | -60-+150% |
| SS | 250m/1km/4-9km | -60-+150% |
| CDOM | 250m/1km/4-9km | -60-+150% |
| SST | 500m/1km/4-9km | 0.8K |

**Standard products (ocean)**

***1 : 250m:coastal, 1km : open ocean, 4-9km : global**

## Research products (ocean)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| euphotic zone depth | 250m/1km/4-9km | N/A |
| intrinsic opt. char. of seawater | 250m/1km/4-9km | N/A |
| primary production | 500m/1km/4-9km | N/A |
| phytoplankton type | 250m/1km/4-9km | N/A |
| red tide | 250m/1km/4-9km | N/A |
| sensor fusion ocean color | 250m/1km | N/A |
| sensor fusion SST | 500m/1km | N/A |

**Research products (ocean)**

## Standard products (cryosphere)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| snow & ice cover | 250m/1km | 7% |
| sea ice dist. in Okhotsk sea | 250m | 5% |
| snow/ice surface temp. | 500m/1km | 2K |
| snow particle size | 250m/1km | 50% |

**Standard products (cryosphere)**

## Research products (cryosphere)

| products | GSD | accuracy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| snow/sea ice class. | 1km | N/A |
| snow cover over mountains | 250m | N/A |
| snow particle size of semi surface | 1km | N/A |
| surface snow particle size | 250m/1km | N/A |
| snow/ice surface albedo | 1km | N/A |
| snow impurity | 250m/1km | N/A |
| ice sheet roughness | 1km | N/A |
| ice sheet edge monitor | 250m | N/A |

**Research products (cryosphere)**

## 250m ocean

*GLI 250m*  RGB:22/21/20,2003.5.26

**Notes:**
GCOM-C/SGLI will focus on 250m observation of land and coastal regions to provide useful information to anthropogenic changes. This is an example image of GLI/Midori-II showing the 250m capability for coastal ocean color.

## Recent status

- Project status
- GCOM-W1 was approved to move to phase C/D (by SAC on August).
- Current target launch year is JFY2011 (CY2012).
- GCOM-C1 was approved to move phase B (by SAC on January)
- R&D status
- AMSR2 system design
- Preliminary system design review was held on July.
- Reliability issue to extend mission life from 3 to 5 years.
- HTS improvement, 7.3GHz receiver, etc.
- BBM manufacturing and performance tests
- LNA module, MPU testing board, etc.

## International Cooperation

- Discussions on the cooperation with NPOESS is underway with NOAA