# Presentation: 446094

## Click to edit Master title style

*Presentation to*
- “Promoting Runway Safety Forum”
- National Transportation Safety Board
- Mont J. Smith
- Director, Safety
- Air Transport Association

## 	Runway Incursion (U.S.) – “Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, person or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land.”

This differs from the ICAO definition* which covers any incursion of a runway or taxiway “protected area.”

The ICAO standard* for taxi instructions to an active runway mandates clearances across every runway en route to that active runway for takeoff.  In the U.S., a clearance to the active runway implies clearance to cross all runways en route.  

						*ICAO PansOps publication 4444

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- FAA Definition of Incursion

*	**Runway Incursion (U.S.) – “Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, person or object on the ground that creates a **collision hazard or results in loss of separation** **with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land.”*
- This differs from the ICAO definition* which covers any incursion of a runway or taxiway “protected area.”
- The ICAO standard* for taxi instructions to an active runway mandates clearances across every runway en route to that active runway for takeoff.  In the U.S., a clearance to the active runway implies clearance to cross all runways en route.
*	**	**	**	**	**	*
*	**	**	**	**	**	***ICAO PansOps publication 4444*

## Causes of Incursions

- Misunderstood clearances
- Phraseology issues
- Embedded “hold short” in a clearance
- Instructions to follow another aircraft that had already crossed the active runway
- Communications congestion – “hear back”
- Taxiway/runway confusion
- Large paved areas with little distinction
- Non-standard signage/markings/lighting
- Loss of situational awareness
- Following wrong aircraft (type/livery confusion)
- Low visibility or snow-covered signs/markings

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Phraseology & Clearance

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- _ICAO Phraseology_
- 	Amendment 4, 13th Edition, “ICAO Procedures for Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management” (PANS-ATM Doc 4444) 11-01-01
- “Taxi to the *Holding Point**”*
- “Line Up (and wait)”
**vs.**
- _U.S. Phraseology_
- 	FAA Order 7110.65 Air Traffic Controller Handbook
- “Hold Short (of Runway)”
- “*Position and Hold*”

## “Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to Gate Foxtrot Three via Tango Three, Tango, Uniform, hold short of Runway 12, then Quebec, Sierra, over.”

--- Vs. ---

Global 695, XYZ Ground, taxi via Tango Three, Uniform, hold short of Runway 12, over.”

Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to cross runway 12, taxi to Gate Foxtrot Three via Quebec, Sierra, over.” 

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- “Embedded” Clearance

- “Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to Gate Foxtrot Three via Tango Three, Tango, Uniform, *hold short of Runway 12*, then Quebec, Sierra, over.”
- --- Vs. ---
- Global 695, XYZ Ground, taxi via Tango Three, Uniform, *hold short of Runway 12*, over.”
- Global 695, XYZ Ground, cleared to cross runway 12, taxi to Gate Foxtrot Three via Quebec, Sierra, over.”

- Extract from FAA NACO chart

## Positive Identification of Runways for Landing

- 	“...Pilots naturally expect the runway to be the dominant visual feature when preparing to land. The decision process is based on *expectations and experience that is built up over time and is typically done with little analysis*. A taxiway, instead of the runway can be the dominant visual feature when:
- the taxiway pavement appears to be as wide (or wider) than the intended runway, and
- when the visual contrast of the taxiway pavement with the surrounding environment exceeds that of the runway.
- 	Paved shoulders, when added to the width of a standard taxiway, can make the taxiway appear much wider than it actually is. FAA airport design standards permit taxiway with paved shoulders to be nearly as wide as a runway that does not have paved shoulders. New pavement sections are typically the dominant visual feature for approaching aircraft. New asphalt pavement will appear much darker than older asphalt pavement and new concrete pavement...”
*	**(FAA Engineering Brief No. 72, January 17**th**, 2007)*

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Airport Physical Features

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- Extract from FAA NACO chart

## Daytime View

**Runway Edge**

**Non-Standard Precision Approach Path Indicator Lights**

**New concrete surrounding intersecting runway and parallel taxiway**

**Blast Fence Obstruction Lights**

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Nighttime View

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Intersection of Multiple Taxiways/Runways

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- Taxiways “D” and “E” cross 2 runways in close succession enroute from terminal to 12R
- Short taxi to/from terminal (checklist compression)

- Extract from FAA NACO chart

## Large Concrete or Asphalt Areas

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- Extract from FAA NACO chart

## Circling Approaches

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- 	An aircraft may execute a precision approach to one runway and be directed to circle to another
- Visual maneuver
- Often difficult, especially at night or when visibility is reduced (depth perception)
- Aircraft remains at circling (low) altitude – different visual cues

## VFR weather – Pilot accepts precision approach path to stabilize/configure and maintain traffic flow

Pilot must remain in visual contact with airport environment

Pilot receives cues from Flight Management System “waypoints” depicted on the approach procedure to sidestep or circle for landing on intersecting runway

Lateral/vertical course guidance and autothrottles maintain precise speed and altitude in turn to line-up

Building and activating a secondary arrival into FMS when circling to land or side-stepping adds “heads down” time by the monitoring pilot during critical phase of flight. The RNAV Transition avoids this distraction and maintains traffic flow with no surprises for the pilot or air traffic controller.

- Pilot must remain in visual contact with airport environment
- Pilot receives cues from Flight Management System “waypoints” depicted on the approach procedure to sidestep or circle for landing on intersecting runway
- Lateral/vertical course guidance and autothrottles maintain precise speed and altitude in turn to line-up
- Building and activating a secondary arrival into FMS when circling to land or side-stepping adds “heads down” time by the monitoring pilot during critical phase of flight. The RNAV Transition avoids this distraction and maintains traffic flow with no surprises for the pilot or air traffic controller.

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- “RNAV Transition” vs. Circling

## RNAV Transition Approach – VFR

- Aircraft acquires runway visually... cleared for “RNAV  transition RWY 29”...maintains obstacle clearance

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- Extract from FAA NACO chart

## On initial contact with ATC, request “Runway 29 Transition”

Do not descend below 2,500’ prior to receiving ATC clearance

Advise ATC “Airport or preceding aircraft in sight” ASAP

A subsequent ATC clearance for a “visual approach” does not relieve crew from compliance with this procedure.

- RNAV Transition Approach – VFR

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- On initial contact with ATC, request “Runway 29 Transition”
- Do not descend below 2,500’ prior to receiving ATC clearance
- Advise ATC “Airport or preceding aircraft in sight” ASAP
- A subsequent ATC clearance for a “visual approach” does not relieve crew from compliance with this procedure.

## “United 574 Heavy, give way to the US Airways Boeing 757 at your 2 o’clock.  Cleared to taxi Runway 8 via Bravo Five, over.”

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- Loss of Situational Awareness

**“****United 574 Heavy, give way to the ****US ****Airways Boeing 757 at your 2 o’clock.  Cleared to taxi Runway 8 via Bravo Five, over.”**

- photo courtesy of Stephen Cook website *Visiting PHX – A Guide to Sky Harbor Airport*

## CAST Safety Enhancements

- 	The Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) conducted an in-depth study of Runway Incursions and put forth a number of Safety Enhancements dealing with controller terminology & training, pilot training aids, signage, paint schemes, moving map displays, etc.
-    All are complete or adoption in progress.

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Safety Enhancement 46
ATC Training – Enhanced Tower Controller Training – completed September 2003

Safety Enhancement 47
ATC Training – CRM Training - ATO reports that plans are in effect (multi-year project)

Safety Enhancement 49
Template of SOPs for ground operations for use by all FAR Part 121 and Part 135 operators in generating SOPs for each participant airline. (FAA Advisory Circular, FAA Handbook Bulletin for Air Transportation (HBAT) - complete

Safety Enhancement 50
Template of “best practices for General Aviation” single-pilot ground operations. – passed to Aircraft Owners & Pilots Assn.

- ATC Training – *Enhanced Tower Controller Training* – completed September 2003
**Safety Enhancement 47**
- ATC Training – *CRM Training **- *ATO reports that plans are in effect (multi-year project)
**Safety Enhancement 49**
- Template of *SOPs for ground operations* for use by all FAR Part 121 and Part 135 operators in generating SOPs for each participant airline. (FAA Advisory Circular, FAA Handbook Bulletin for Air Transportation (HBAT) - complete
**Safety Enhancement 50**
- Template of *“best practices for General Aviation”* single-pilot ground operations. – passed to Aircraft Owners & Pilots Assn.

- CAST Safety Enhancements

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Safety Enhancement 51
Template for “best practices for mechanics” and others who tow or otherwise move aircraft within the airport movement area.

Safety Enhancement 52
Template of “best practices for vehicle operations” in aircraft movement to prevent runway incursions and surface incidents - AAAE has distributed AC, Video, and template to their members. Part 139 rule change required training at those airports. GA airports are voluntary.

Safety Enhancement 53
Situational Awareness Technology for ATC – Enhanced Airport Surveillance Equipment – ASDE-3, AMASS, ASDE-X
Issued broad agency announcement to solicit industry ideas
Conducted demonstrations to assess industry proposal
Installed selected technology prototypes at key sites for operational evaluation
R & D in progress for vehicle tracking, runway status lights, ground markers, addressable signs

- Template for *“best practices for mechanics”* and others who tow or otherwise move aircraft within the airport movement area.
**Safety Enhancement 52**
- Template of *“best practices for vehicle operations” *in aircraft movement to prevent runway incursions and surface incidents - AAAE has distributed AC, Video, and template to their members. Part 139 rule change required training at those airports. GA airports are voluntary.
**Safety Enhancement 53**
*Situational Awareness Technology* for ATC – Enhanced Airport Surveillance Equipment – ASDE-3, AMASS, ASDE-X
- Issued broad agency announcement to solicit industry ideas
- Conducted demonstrations to assess industry proposal
- Installed selected technology prototypes at key sites for operational evaluation
- R & D in progress for vehicle tracking, runway status lights, ground markers, addressable signs

- CAST Safety Enhancements

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Safety Enhancement 55
ATC Procedures – SOPs for Controller Situational Awareness – 
Issued Notices to Implement Changes to FAA Order 7210.3S
Issued Notices to Implement Phraseology Changes to FAA Order 7110.65N
Reviewed National Standardized Requirements for Tower Positions to Ensure Tower Controllers Maintain Situational Awareness
Encouraged Facility Teams to Identify and Eliminate Potential Distractions in Operating Quarters
Implemented “RI Workgroup Recommendation” for Standardizing Situational Awareness Practices in Towers

Safety Enhancement 59
ATC Procedures – Read Back Requirements
Required Read Back for entering specific runway, hold short of specific runway and Taxi Into Position and Hold (TIPH) Instructions
New Policy published in February 2004 Airman’s Information Manual

- ATC Procedures – SOPs for *Controller Situational Awareness **– *
- Issued Notices to Implement Changes to FAA Order 7210.3S
- Issued Notices to Implement Phraseology Changes to FAA Order 7110.65N
- Reviewed National Standardized Requirements for Tower Positions to Ensure Tower Controllers Maintain Situational Awareness
- Encouraged Facility Teams to Identify and Eliminate Potential Distractions in Operating Quarters
- Implemented “RI Workgroup Recommendation” for Standardizing Situational Awareness Practices in Towers
**Safety Enhancement 59**
- ATC Procedures – *Read Back Requirements*
- Required Read Back for entering specific runway, hold short of specific runway and Taxi Into Position and Hold (TIPH) Instructions
- New Policy published in February 2004 Airman’s Information Manual

- CAST Safety Enhancements

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Safety Enhancement 60
Runway Incursion Pilot Training – 
Re-issued guidance for ground operations in Advisory Circular 120-74A
Compiled Runway Safety Materials (included Taxi Operations)
Increased number of tasks on written examinations (January 2003)
Published guidance for General Aviation and Part 121 ground operations in Advisory Circulars 120-35C, 120-51D and 120-74A 

- Runway Incursion *Pilot Training **– *
- Re-issued guidance for ground operations in Advisory Circular 120-74A
- Compiled Runway Safety Materials (included Taxi Operations)
- Increased number of tasks on written examinations (January 2003)
- Published guidance for General Aviation and Part 121 ground operations in Advisory Circulars 120-35C, 120-51D and 120-74A

- CAST Safety Enhancements

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Measures to prevent runway incursions
Moving maps
ASDE-X
Runway status lights
FAROS
Perimeter taxiways
“Low-cost” surface surveillance technology

Measures to prevent overruns
Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)

- Moving maps
- ASDE-X
- Runway status lights
- FAROS
- Perimeter taxiways
- “Low-cost” surface surveillance technology
- Measures to prevent overruns
- Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- New Technologies

## 	No “silver bullet” to prevent runway incursions

Many of the technologies are not mature; none are foolproof

ADS-B appears to be a major technology break-through that will likely fill a variety of purposes
Less costly satellite-based technology 
Higher navigational accuracy
Adaptable for surface movement via multi-lateration

Most moving map displays are designed for situational awareness vs. navigation
Ideal display would keep the pilots “heads up”
Need low-cost interface with FMS/FMGC
Avoid alerts that compound the aural environment

- 	No “silver bullet” to prevent runway incursions
- Many of the technologies are not mature; none are foolproof
- ADS-B appears to be a major technology break-through that will likely fill a variety of purposes
- Less costly satellite-based technology
- Higher navigational accuracy
- Adaptable for surface movement via multi-lateration
- Most moving map displays are designed for situational awareness vs. navigation
- Ideal display would keep the pilots “heads up”
- Need low-cost interface with FMS/FMGC
- Avoid alerts that compound the aural environment

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

- New Technologies

## About ATA

*ATA serves as the principal trade and service organization of the major scheduled air carriers in the United States. ATA members transport more than 90 percent of all U.S. airline passenger and cargo traffic.* * *
*ATA’s members include: ABX Air, Inc. (GB), Alaska Airlines, Inc. (AS), Aloha Airlines, Inc. (AQ), American Airlines, Inc. (AA), ASTAR Air Cargo, Inc. (ER), Atlas Air, Inc. (5Y), Continental Airlines, Inc. (CO), Delta Air Lines, Inc. (DL), Evergreen International Airlines, Inc. (EZ), Federal Express Corporation (FX), Hawaiian Airlines (HA) JetBlue Airways Corp. (B6), Midwest Airlines (YX), Northwest Airlines, Inc. (NW), Southwest Airlines Co. (WN) United Airlines, Inc. (UA) UPS Airlines (5X), and US Airways, Inc. (US)*
*Associate members include AeroMexico (AM), Air Canada (AC), Air Jamaica, Ltd. (JM), and Mexicana (MX)*
*ATA has recently welcomed Boeing Commercial Airplanes as an industry partner and a growing number of airline-related businesses as industry members.  Visit *_[www.airlines.org](http://www.airlines.org/)_* for more details.*

- Air Transport Association of America, Inc.

## Questions?

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