# Presentation: 173865

## National Cancer Institute

## Research in the last century has made the quality of life better for mankind with every passing day.

- The following presentation represents an example of how far we have come...
- 100 years of
- Advances Against Cancer

## The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute in partnership and cooperation with the scientific research community.

- The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute in partnership and cooperation with the scientific research community.

- 100 Years of Advances Against Cancer

- Created by the National Cancer Institute’s                                      Grants Administration Branch.

## Gratwick Laboratories 

- 1900s-1920s

**Gratwick Laboratories **
**(Roswell Park Memorial Institute).  **
**First cancer research laboratories established in 1898, moved in 1901.**** **

**1903  ****Radium found           effective in treatment of tumors.**

**1911****  P. Rous discovered a virus that causes cancer in chickens.**

## 1912  Cancer cells are grown in the laboratory, the first long-term “tissue culture.”

**1913****  Publication of first known article on cancer’s warning signs:              *****Ladies’ Home Journal***

**1915****  Coal tar gives rabbits cancer in experimental proof of carcinogenesis.**

**Black and white drawing of N.Y. Cancer Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering **
**(Est. 1884)**

## 1904: View of American Oncologic Hospital, the first precursor of Fox Chase Cancer Center. 

**1904:**** View of American Oncologic Hospital, the first precursor of Fox Chase Cancer Center. **

**1925:**** The Lankenau Hospital Research Institute established and later created the Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) to increase funding support for cancer research. **
**The two organizations joined to eventually become Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. **

## National Cancer Institute Act, July 23, 1937

**National Cancer Institute Act, July 23, 1937**

## June 6 , 1938                    Members of the first National Advisory Cancer Council at the groundbreaking ceremonies at the NCI's building 6. 

- 1930s

**1930****  **The National Institute of Health is established by the Ransdell Act.

**1938  NCI Budget:  $400,000**

## June 24, 1939      

**Dr. Thomas Parton, Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service & **
**Henry Morgenthau, Secretary of the Treasury (Holding trowel)**

**June 24, 1939****      **
**            ****Cornerstone laying for NCI’s building 6. **

## Welcome to the National Cancer Institute

**Welcome to the National Cancer Institute**

## 1937  The first NCI staff was comprised of Harvard personnel.

- November 27,1937:  First NCI grant was awarded for $27,550 to Louis F. Fieser to investigate chemical structure and carcinogenic activity.

##   1940-1949  NCI appropriations $42 million!

**1940 **** First issue of the                  Journal of the National Cancer Institute is published.**

**1943 **** Pap smear is introduced                into medical practice.**

**NCI’s First Scientific Staff             Source:  *****Life Magazine*****, June 17, 1940**

**1944****  DNA found by O. Avery,               C. MacLeod, and M. McCarty to           be the basic genetic material.**

**  ****1940-1949  NCI appropriations $42 million!**

**Notes:**
Change:  I944:  “DNA found by O. Avery, C. Macleod, and M. McCarty to be the basic GENETIC material.”  Replaced “cell” with “genetic.”

##   National Institutes of Health Campus - 1940

-   National Institutes of Health Campus - 1940

**October 31, 1940****  Pres. Franklin** **Roosevelt dedicates the first 6 buildings of NIH.**

## 1947  S. Farber finds that a folic acid derivative inhibits acute leukemia.

**1949****  FDA approves nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine), a drug that interacts with DNA chemically to kill cancer cells.**

**1948 ****G. Hitchings synthesizes 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) to combat childhood leukemia. **

**S. Farber also founds Children's Hospital Cancer Research Foundation in the next decade.**

**Notes:**
Corrected spelling:  mechclorethamine.

##   1950-1959  NCI appropriations $330 million!

**1950 **** E. Wynder, E. Graham, and Sir R. Doll confirm cigarette smoking-cancer link.**

**1953 **** FDA approves methotrexate as anticancer drug.**

**1953 **** J. Watson and F. Crick discover the structure of DNA.**

- 1950s

**1952 **** DNA found to be genetic material in some viruses. **

**1955****  R. Hertz and M. Chiu Li achieve   total cure of a human solid tumor, choriocarcinoma.**

**  ****1950-1959  NCI appropriations $330 million!**

##   1960-1969  NCI appropriations  $1.8 billion!

- 1960s

**1961****  M. Nirenberg and others prove triplet code is how the information to make proteins is stored in DNA.**

**1964 **
**U.S. Surgeon General issues Report on Smoking and Health**** **
**A virus (Epstein-Barr virus) is linked to human cancer for the   first time.**
**American Society of Clinical Oncology established.**

**1962 **** Royal College of Physicians issues report on smoking and health.**

**Dr. Emil Freireich working with a blood cell separator centrifuge at M.D. Anderson Hospital.**

** ** **1960-1969  NCI appropriations  $1.8 billion!**

## 1969  R. Heubner & G. Todaro propose the oncogene hypothesis.

**1966**  NCI standardizes testing of cancer-causing chemicals.

***FDA Approvals:***
**1961**  Vinblastine:  a drug that binds to tubulin.  Derived from the ornamental shrub, vinca rosea.
**1962**  5-FU
**1963**  Vincristine:  a sister drug to Vinblastine.
**1964 ** Melphalan (L-PAM) approved for marketing.

##   1970-1979  NCI appropriations $6.1 billion.

- 1970s

**1971**** ** President Richard M. Nixon converted Army’s former biological warfare facilities at Ft. Detrick, MD, to house research activities on the causes, treatment, and prevention of cancer.

**1973 **
- Computed tomography (CT) introduced in the United States
- Recombinant DNA techniques developed for cloning genes
- Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program established.

** ** **1970-1979  NCI appropriations $6.1 billion.**

## December 23, 1971                                                                         President Nixon signs the National Cancer Act of 1971.

**December 23, 1971**                                                                         President Nixon signs the National Cancer Act of 1971.

## 1974  

- CANCERLINE, a national database of published cancer research established.
- FDA approves doxorubicin, an anti-tumor antibiotic from Streptomyces bacteria.

**1976****  **
- Cancer Information Service  (1-800-4-CANCER) opened.
- Interleukin-2 discovered.
- First human proto-oncogenes discovered.

**1975**  Methods developed to identify and sequence DNA fragments.

**1977**  First national cancer patient education program founded           (I Can Cope).

## 1978

**First human testing of a biological therapy (alpha-interferon).**
**Tamoxifen approved by FDA for marketing as a treatment drug.**
**FDA approves cisplatin, a powerful anticancer drug.**
**Metastatic cells shown to arise from pre-existing subpopulations in primary tumors.**

**1979**
**P53 discovered, most frequently mutated gene in human cancer.**
**Modified radical mastectomy replaces radical mastectomy for breast cancer.**

## 1970s

- Statistical methods developed to control simultaneously for several factors in the analysis of studies and to quantify cancer risks.

- Studies clarify the patterns of cancer risk following exposure to ionizing radiation.

- Studies in human populations link cancer risk to infectious agents, such as human papillomavirus (cervical cancer) and hepatitis B (liver cancer).

- Studies link cancer risks to hormonal drugs, such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) taken during pregnancy and hormonal replacement therapy.

- Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy developed to help find and remove precancerous growths.

## 1980-1989  NCI appropriations $12 billion!

- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduced.

**1980-1989  NCI appropriations $12 billion!**

## Continuous pain medication         infusion pumps developed.

- Biochemical and genetic assays integrated into epidemiologic studies (molecular epidemiology).

- First highly effective anti-nausea drugs developed to alleviate side effects of chemotherapy.

## 1981  Introduction of first human viral          vaccine that can prevent cancer                   (hepatitis B virus vaccine for liver cancer).

**1985 **** Lumpectomy plus radiation found equivalent to mastectomy for breast cancer.**

**1984 **** The human p53 tumor suppressor gene cloned.**

**Adjuvant chemotherapy:**
**1988****  Proven to increase disease-free         survival in early breast cancer**
**1989****  Proven to increase survival in               colon cancer**

## Breast cancer death rates          began to decline!

- 1990s

**Multi-step nature of carcinogenesis proven.**

**Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique developed (FISH).**

**Several common genetic variants linked to the risk of lung and other cancers.**

**1990-1999  NCI appropriations $21.8 billion!**

## 1990  First chemoprevention trial to show efficacy – vitamin A analogue against mouth and throat tumors.

**1991****  Adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy found to improve survival in rectal cancer.**

***Cloning Advances:***
**1993****  First of the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer genes**
**1994****  BRCA1, the first inherited breast cancer gene**
**1995****  BRCA2**

## FDA Approvals:

**1995**  Tretinoin, the first successful differentiating agent
**1995**  Porfimer sodium, a drug that sensitizes tumors to light, permitting photodynamic therapy in the U.S.
- 1**996**  Topotecan, first of a class of drugs that interferes with the enzyme topoisomerase
**1997**  Rituximab, first biotechnology product approved by FDA to treat patients with cancer
**1998**  Trastuzumab (Herceptin), targets cancer cells that produce a protein found in high number of women with metastatic breast cancer

## 1990s  Studies and Trials

**1993  **
- NCI-sponsored studies in China show importance of nutrition in preventing cancer.
- The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial begins recruiting 148,000 volunteers (the largest early detection study).
- Annual guaiac fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is shown to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by one-third. **1997****  **
- Cancer Genome Anatomy Project is launched, a multi-year project to assemble the first index of genes involved in cancer.
**1998**** **
- Results of the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, which tested tamoxifen as a preventive agent, showed that the drug could reduce the incidence of breast cancer by half in women at increased risk of developing the disease.

## HPV Vaccine Approved!

- 2000s

**Prevalence of adult smoking declines to 20.9 percent.**

**HPV Vaccine Approved!**

**The drug raloxifene shown to reduce the incidence of invasive breast cancer to the same extent as tamoxifen but without the potentially dangerous side effects.**

**2000-2005  NCI appropriations $25.5 billion!**

## Studies & Trials                                                       in the                                                                     New Millennium

**2001 ** The largest ever prostate cancer prevention trial, Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) is launched to determine whether these two dietary supplements can protect against prostate cancer.
**2002  **NCI launches the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) to determine whether spiral computed tomography is better than single-view chest x-ray in reducing deaths among current and heavy smokers.
**2003  **Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) show that men taking finasteride had 25 percent few diagnoses of prostate cancer than men taking a placebo, proving that prostate cancer can be prevented.
**2003  **Two randomized controlled trials show that taking aspirin daily for as little as 3 years reduces the development of colorectal polyps by 19 to 35 percent in high risk populations.
**2004  **The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) shows that women who take estrogen in combination with the hormone progestin are at greater risk of developing breast cancer than estrogen alone.
**2005  **Initial results from the Digital vs Film Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) show that women with dense breasts under the age of 50 who are pre- or post-menopausal may benefit from a digital rather than a film mammogram.

## FDA Approvals

**2003 **** FDA approves Velcade for the treatment of multiple myeloma.**
**2004 **** FDA approves Letrozole for the adjuvant treatment of early-stage breast cancer after 5 years of tamoxifen therapy.**
**2004 **** FDA approves Eloxatin for use in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.**
**2005 **** FDA approves Abraxane in the treatment of metastatic or recurrent breast cancer.**
**2006**** The FDA approves the vaccine Gardasil, which protects against persistent infection by the two types of HPV that cause approximately 70 percent of cervical cancers worldwide. **

**2000 **** Researchers discover the most common form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is actually two distinct diseases, thus explaining why only 40 percent of patients with NHL can be cured by chemotherapy.**
**2002 **** The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies second-hand smoke as a carcinogen.  In ****2006****, the US Surgeon General releases report on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke.**
**2006 **** The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) shows that raloxifene reduces the incidence of invasive breast cancer to the same extent as tamoxifen but without the potentially dangerous side effects.**

**Advances**

## 1938 – 2006  NCI appropriations total $67.5 billion!

**Decline Shown in Death Rates from Four Leading Cancers **:
- 09/02/2003 - Death rates from the four most common cancers - lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal - continued to decline in the late 1990s according to new data from the "Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2000."

**Treatment Significantly Improves Long-Term Outlook for Breast Cancer Survivors**
- 10/9/2003  International clinical trial concludes women should consider taking letrozole after five years of tamoxifen treatment to continue to reduce risk of recurrence.

*More Advances*

**1938 – 2006  NCI appropriations total $67.5 billion!**

## We...Are Making a Difference.

***We...*****Are Making a Difference.**

**Scientists**

**Researchers**

**Administrators**

**Patients**

**Volunteers**

**Clinicians**

**American Public**

- Timeline information and Pictures extracted from the following website:  _http://cancer.gov_

**Making a Difference...**

**In 2003, there were 10,500,000 cancer survivors in the U.S.**