# Presentation: 661103

## GPS Independent Review Presentation to the NPEC Robert A. “Rosie” Rosenberg, Chairman, GPS/IRT

**March 29, 2007**
- v2

- GPS Independent Reviews

## Beginings

**First Convened & Commissioned to assist in solving potential conflicts between DoD & Civil communities over location of the second (later the third) civil signals**
***Thus started by working the interagency issues -  issues now in Executive Council & Advisory job jar***

## Independent Review-Multiple Lives

**Initially chartered by Paul Kaminski with Space Command as Sponsor -- May 1997**
**Sponsor Art Money migrated IRT to OSD in 1999**
**Space Command Commander resumed sponsorship  2002 following Space Commission**
**Many members served on DSB Task Force**

*** ******Goal is to find continued opportunities for improved service to Military & Civil users***

## IRT Mission (1997)

**Identify opportunities & provide strategic & technical recommendations to Space Command for the successful development of future positioning & timing service for all users including:**** **
***Review of the 20-30 yr. vision of a Global Positioning, & Timing system that meets Civil, Economic & National Security needs.***
***Assess the transition strategy & road map to improve the current legacy system to a more robust, flexible and capable service.***
***Identify the opportunities for the military to leverage civil capabilities of the system***
***Assess the continued vulnerability of GPS and recommend improvements***
***Identify challenges & opportunities in managing & funding improved service***
**Assess other issues & questions as requested**

## Members

***Robert Rosenberg  (Chairman)***
***Brad Parkinson***
***George Paulikas***
***Robert Naka ***
***James Spilker***
***Terry McGurn***
***Kirk Lewis***
***Ben Peterson***
***Jules McNeff ***
***Stan Alterman***
***Jim Beale***
***Ed Stear ***
***John Darrah ***
***Jim Doherty***

***Alan Moore***
***Phil Ward***
***James Schlesinger****
***Evan Getting****
***Bernard Schriever****
***Roger DeKok****
***Robert Everett****
***Duke Kane****
***Natalie Crawford****
***Gene McCall****
***Alison Brown****
***PLUS SUBJET MATTER EXPERTS FOR EACH TASK ASSIGNED***
****  Former Members***

## Vision & Goals

**Key enabler for precision operations, safety & quality of life**
**Basic element for situational awareness**
***Air, Land, Sea, Space & Cyber (meta data)***
**Have access to Pt,  all weather, all environments**
***Anywhere man has need for common Pt  information ***
**[note--not all to be provided from Space]**
**Robust enough to be available in challenged environments**
***Urban canyons***
***Mountainous areas***
***Heavy vegetation ***
***Areas of significant RF interference ***
***In buildings***

##  The “Big Five” Performance Measures of Effectiveness 

_**Assured Availability**_** of GPS signals for operations **
***Including impaired situations (mountains, urban areas, foliage etc.)***
***Essential Parameter-number of Satellites ******(establishes Line of Sight)***
**Resistance to Jamming**** & interference (90dB of A/J)**
**Accuracy ****1 meter for fixed (3 m moving) targets & other ops **
**Bounded **_**inaccuracy **_**Meet critical safety of life limits&to limit collateral damage & fratricide**
**Integrity - ****eliminating erroneous signals**

_***Availability is #1***_***.******  It is ***_***seriously***_*** being threatened by:***
*** ******Potential Significant decrease in current service ******(delays in GPS IIF ***_***and***_*** III)***
*** ******Lack of Ground Control to Fully Support all Signals***
*** ******Lack of plan to expeditiously move to 30+X constellation ***

## Continuing Independent Review Themes

***General***
**First priority is *****Ubiquitous***** 24/7 Service to all users - *****do not have today***
**Manage as the national service it is-- this is DOD’s best interest**
**Conceptual change from Technologies (Satellites) to a basic Positioning & Timing Service (GPtS)**** **
***Meaningful CONOPS & fully developed enterprise architecture ***
***Mission focus change to continued Improving Precision operations &  Global Situational Awareness***
***Well understood operational & acquisitions MOE’s***
** ****IRT big five--- AVAILABILITY, RFI & AJ rejection, Accuracy, Bounded Inaccuracy, & Integrity **
**Fully Enabling Signals as soon as available**
**International Competition - *****Challenging GPS National Security role as the Global Pt service of first choice***
**Stronger need for Stakeholder Education Program  *****on value of continued modernization & contribution of new capabilities for Civil and military operations and***** *****on the value of horizontal integration & what it offers the warfighter for land, naval, and air warfare and other users for their operations***
**Need for more effective dialog with the real users**
***Ground forces’ requirements are not adequately reflected as demonstrated in current operations***
***SDB, JDAM & other smart weapons not well integrated with GPS...lack of Horizontal Integration understanding by the services***
***Better understanding of Operational performance in stressed environments needed***
*** ***

**Notes:**
MOVE FROM ACQUISITION DOMINANCE FOCUS TO OPERATIONAL FOCUS 
   Well understood MOE’s
   IRT big five--- AVAILABILITY, RFI & AJ rejection, Accuracy, Bounded Inaccuracy, & Integrity 
MANAGE AS A NATIONAL ACQUISITION...CHALLENGING NATL SECURITY ROLE AS GLOBAL P&T SERVICE OF CHOICE- INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
Need briefings to key commanders on value of continued modernization  & contribution of GPS III capabilities for military operations 
  CONCEPTUAL CHANGE...MEANINGFUL CONOPS 
  Needs to be mission focused vs TT&C
   Look for opportunities for blue suit to move to more operational role
  Horizontal integration & network centric ops interfaces – GPS III within “system of 	systems”
  Need for AFSPC over-sight & authority to ensure end to end system CONOPS
  Requirements & Enterprise Architecture, when fielding integrated GPS systems and platforms &  Global Situational Awareness
FULLY ENABLING SIGNALS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
   Maximize utility of GPS service
   Minimize operational impact 
Goal is 24/7 assured availability in stressed environments of jamming & spoofing
More effective user equipment transition plans
   Current status of UE in the field & transition plans constrain &  complicate options
   Develop Enterprise building codes, interface  standards, and prototype best of breed solution sets to accommodate future improvements. 
    Begin transition from Comsec to Transec to No Sec (where appropriate) for User Equipment
NEED BRIEFINGS TO KEY COMMANDERS ON VALUE OF CONTINUED MODERNIZATION  & CONTRIBUTION OF GPS III CAPABILITIES FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS
Manage as a national acquisition...challenging natl security role as global p&t service of choice- international competition
STRONGER STAKEHOLDER EDUCATION PROGRAM NEEDED on the value of horizontal integration & what it offers the warfighter for land, naval, and air warfare systems--and get on with implementation now in acquisition

## Continuing IR Themes (Cont)

**	****	****	****	****	****ACQUISITION**
**Fix the requirements process -- Make Cost/Operational performance trades to constrain requirements early **
**Keep Satellite simple minimal to no additional payloads**
**More Effective User Equipment Transition Plans**** **
**Current status of UE in the field & transition plans constrain & complicate options**
**Develop Enterprise building codes, interface standards, & prototype best of breed solution sets to accommodate future improvements. **
**Begin transition from Comsec to Transec to No Sec (where appropriate) for User Equipment ****(New OSD policy step in the right direction)**
**	****	****	****	****	****TECHNICAL**
**Built-in forward flexibility -**** **
**All components (satellite & User Equipment) reprogrammable (signal modulation, coding & power)...Only way to insure synchronization at lowest cost & highest operational capability when available**
**Continued improved Pt service through “Spiral” development of user equipment, OCS & SV--**
**YMCA++,  JGPSOC -- 30+ SVs **
**Gather & effectively distribute Data from GNSS systems for monitoring & operations-distrubute to the users**
**Continual Operational Testing in Stressed Environments **
**Testing should include all services airborne, ground and maritime systems in a joint CONOPS test environment**

***Maintain GPS as Global Service of ******First Use****** for Military, Civil, Commercial & International***

**Notes:**
FIX THE REQUIREMENTS PROCESS-
  Broaden requirements beyond signal in space  to better meet operational system     	needs
             Precision engagement/operations globall
             Stand-off weapon systems
             Troops in close combat
             Post 9-11 infrastructure robustness
             Homeland security
  Ground forces’ requirements are not adequately reflected
   Impact of rising noise floor & unintended interference not addressed
GATHER & EFFECTIVELY USE DATA FROM GNSS SYSTEMS
  Includes Other devices to enhance, or hold to carry Pt information where satellite signals can not reach...INS,  Differential systems, LORAN & others
   Sufficient monitoring to have real-time knowledge  of  quality& robustness of information (service)
CHALLENGING NATL SECURITY ROLE AS GLOBAL P&T SERVICE OF CHOICE- INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
   Need briefings to key commanders on why 
   Stronger stakeholder education program needed on why
If we don’t, a better signal of choice will be used by coalition partners, allies, Homeland Security, first responders, law enforcement instead of GPS...with severe NAVWAR and interoperability challenges!

## Recent work

**Define the GPS III envelope of capabilities to be evaluated by SMC/Aerospace team**
***Provide recommendations on what minimum capabilities should be in blocks one, two, three, etc of GPS III ***
***Review of GPS III documentation***
**CDD**
**RFPs**
***Evaluate alternative System Proposals ***
***Evaluate secondary payload impacts***
**Revisit OCS/OCX & (J)GPSOC effort**
***Assessment of operational control segment improvements***
***Identify minimum required capabilities for spirals one, two, three, etc of OCS/OCX ***
**Review implementation & update prior recommendations *****(Started)***

**Notes:**
Following the last GPS/IRT session with AFSPC/CC, I had a one hour session with LGen Hamel and MGen Shelton, as well as separate meetings with MGen Shakelford and AFSPC/CC to review desired follow-up tasking to the IRT; resulting in the following requested efforts:
Have the IRT revisit the OCS/OCX and JGPSOPSCEN  effort to more specifically identify minimum required capabilities for Spirals One, two, three, etc of OCS/OCX work as an IRT recommendation to AFSPC/CC on inputs to any RFPs before their release;
Similarly, have the IRT work with LGen Hamel by monitoring, helping to guide, and reviewing the efforts to define the envelope of capabilities to be evaluated by the SMC/Aerospace team, leading to recommendations by the IRT on what minimum capabilities should be in Spiral One, two, three, etc.;
And reviewing the new National P&T Policy Documentation to recommend efforts to be pursued by DOD, the Air Force, and/or AFSPC on implementation. 

## GPS Modernization--Concerns

**“****Crossroads”             business as usual or change for success**
***Need for updated GPS story after 9/11 & recent war experience***
**Availability number one requirement**
***Operations in urban canyons, mountainous terrain, & challenged environments***
***Homeland defense & security critical infrastructure protection***
**Continued articulation of benefits**
***Increased precision operations***
***Enabling & Improving situational awareness, quality & safety of life***
**Requirements process fundamentally flawed-signal in space oriented rather than effects **
**Requirements creep with little or No prioritization - “many users all having demands”**
**Constellation at risk -- potential “brown outs” awaiting clear schedule to build & assure a 30+ constellation service**
**Alternative system solutions counterproductive, devisive, & could seriously delay needed capabilities**
**Cost a major factor  **
***Bigger satellites require bigger launchers***
***Multiple & non-compatible payloads***
***Potential for fewer satellites in constellation!!!***
***Tech/ production base eroding***
**Space funding will be limited-must do more with the same or less,**
***GPS—often a bill-payer***

**Notes:**
By next year 11 GPS satellites will be operating at reduced capacity (Power management - Nav only)
Current plan totally dependent on IIF deliveries & launch – track record is not reassuring
We have yet to see a realistic Gap Analysis with one or more IIF failing or IIF schedule slipping into 2010
By 2011, at least 5 IIFs need to be on orbit
Must provide new services to users soonest
Both Ground and Satellites control in jeopardy
New capability both delayed & unused & 	no new services as planned & promised for users 
New military services critically needed
In highly challenged environments (Availability) 
For high intensity operations (Jamming & Integrity)
To Meet International competition – Galileo PRS!!
New civil services similarly critical
Homeland Security needs (Availability & Jamming)
International competition – challenging GPS National Security role as the global P&T service of first choiceGPS IIF will not stay on its current schedule, cost -- Operational/program risk assessment is needed NOW; not later- 	
Impacts other critical decisions & budgeted activities
The AEP program for OCS as structured will not close 
GPS III unconstrained growth-no full appreciation of schedule, cost & risk
3-6 payloads
Block approach only prudent approach- no one can predict what will be needed in 2018 on - no scaring for future blocks(we didn’t scar the F15A to become an F15E)
NDS major issue
Current configuration requires larger bus, no full understanding level of incompatibility, “work through requirement” taxing
3 of four missions may no longer be needed (Statcom studying)

## Future

**With stand up of NPEC & Advisory Board, IRT focus will remain on issues of interest to Commander of Air Force Space Command**

## Slide 13