# Presentation: 045949

## Electric Vehicles

- Battery Electric Vehicles, and
- Hybrid Electric Vehicles
- Ron Chestnut, EV Addict
- August, 2001

## Topics of Discussion

- California Air Resources Board
- Pollution and Health
- Zero Emission Vehicles
- Mandates and Free Market
- Hybrid Vehicles

**Notes:**
Attended March 29 meeting
Upset about GM not making more EV-1s
Auto makers/battery people/methane people/health people +
	lots of EV drivers
Main point is health, not fun of driving car 
 (It’s the environment stupid!)

Spreading knowledge is my way of doing something!

## CARB

- Part of mission is ZERO Emission Vehicles
- ZEV Mandate initiated in 1990
- Original goal was 2% in 1998
- Next goal was 10% in 2003
- Current goal is 4% in 2003
- Why Mandates?

**Notes:**
Did require better emissions from ICE after 1998

Training, education, support

## Auto Advances

- Safety Glass
- Seat Belts
- Smog Control
- Air Bags
- Rear-view Mirrors
- Low speed impact effects
- Motor not entering cabin on crash

## Some Acronyms

- EV - Electric Vehicle
- ZEV - Zero Emission Vehicle
- ICE - Internal Combustion Engine
- LEV - Low Emission Vehicle
- ULEV – Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
- SULEV - Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
- CARB - California Air Resources Board

## Some Numbers

- One kWh = 3.6 x 10^6 Joules=3410 BTU
- 100 kW = about 135 Horsepower
- 120,000 BTU = about 35 kWhor about 1 Gallon of gas
- EV-1 consumption is about 4.5 miles/kWh or 120 mpg or 2 liters/100 km equivalent

**Notes:**
BTU rating of gasoline runs from about 105,000 to 118,000
Mention “no rationalized units for this talk”

Talk about cost  - with TOU meters about 1.2 cents/mile

CARB says 38.6 kW-hr => 1 gallon of gas

## 1999 Smog Watch

- Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

**Notes:**
Why does smog stop at CA border?

CA leads the nation and world.

New england states following closely.

## Reactive Organic Gases  1995 Data - ARB Pollution Inventory

**Notes:**
Green Mountain Ad not wrong, just talks about Industries!

Stationary sources:
Fuel combustion, waste disposal, surface coating,
petroleum production, industrial processes

Area-wide

A: Solvent evaporation (consumer products, solvents, pesticides, fertilizers, asphalt paving)

B: Miscellaneous processes (Residential wood burning, Farming operations, construction and demolition, fires, fugitive dust, waste burning, utility equipment, cooking)
Other Mobile: aircraft, trains, ships, recreational boats, off-road vehicles, mobile commercial equipment, farm equipment

## 1960 and ZEV

**Notes:**
4-barrel down draft carburetors!

SULEV HC standards correspond to pollution from a car
driving 100,000 miles = 1 pint of gasoline evaporating

## CA Pollution Standards

- Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

**Notes:**
Cars deteriorate gradually

Catastrophic failures

Power plants get increasingly clean

## Standards’ Data(grams/mile)

- Source: www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/light.html

**Notes:**
Up to SULEV had 50,000 and 100,000 numbers

SULEV is only 100,000

Level II standards apply up to 8500 lbs

Previous applied differently up to 3750, then up to 8500 lbs.

## Fuel Cycle Emissions

- 5 of the top 7 stationary pollution sources are refineries in the Bay area
- For perfectly functioning ULEV cars, 1/3 of the pollution is upstream
- Gasoline itself is the problem!

**Notes:**
Martinez, Richmond

1 quart of spilt gasoline => 100K miles of driving

Buy stuff at a chemical supply store, see what happens.

## Gasoline Supply

- Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

**Notes:**
Arrows point to gulf war

## Slide 14

## Slide 15

## A few other EVs

- Ford Ranger

- Toyota RAV4

**A few other EVs**

**Notes:**
Truck could be used at SLAC (should!)
RAV-4 is perfect for security, etc.

## EV Production

- Source: CARB 2000 Preliminary Report

**Notes:**
All batteries NiMH except for Altra.

PbA vehicles not counted.

EV-1 number changing right now.

Research now shifted to Li Ion / Li polymer

Advanced batteries: 40W-hr/Kg pre 1999
                                 50W-hr/Kg post 1999

## City Electric Vehicles (CEV)

**Ford Th!nk City**

**Nissan Hyper-mini**

- Speed < 60 mph	Range about 50 miles

**Notes:**
Talk about Stanford’s getting into the fleet test program

Talk about where they could fit at SLAC

A qualifying vehicle for CARB mandate! - but definitely should NOT be!

## Neighborhood EVs (NEV)

- Speed < 25 mph	Range about 25 miles

**Notes:**
Golf cart joke

Good where they can be used. Better than gas powered!

## EV Pollution 

-  Total organic gases		.011		0.5%
-  Reactive organic gases	.002		0.13%
-  Carbon monoxide		.015		0.08%
-  Nitrogen oxides		.028		1.14%
-  Sulfur oxides			.0032		4.9%
-  Total particulates		.0025		2.6%
-  Particulates < 10 microns	.0020		2.6%

**EV Pollution**

- From: Pollution data/Total miles driven/Total power generated 1996 / 1997  P. Karn, EV Driver
- These numbers are an approximation and most probably low, maybe up to a factor of two.

**Notes:**
Not talking about green house gases (CO2)

Eventual transition to a hydrogen based mobile energy system

Total taxable motor fuels:
15,791,759,000 gallons/year
Average fuel economy
17.7 mpg
=> 765.8 Million miles/day  
    Use mobile source pollution

202,022 GW-hr => 553.44 GW-hr/day
EV gets 4 miles/kW-hr
  Use power plant pollution figures

All cars EV => 8GW average load (of 23 GW available)  35%

## Electric Production Mix

- Old Fossil plants efficiency about 33%
- New plants will be combined-cycle gas plants, about 50-60% efficient
- Oil to refined gas efficiency is about 80%

- Non-fossil is 22% hydro, 15% nuclear, 12% geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass.

**Notes:**
Talk about approximate nature of these numbers

Talk about evolution of sources

## ICE Efficiency

## Efficiency Comparison

- Oil to Refined Gas - 80%
- Tank to Wheels16%
- Energy Efficiency13%

- Power Plant to Plug - 33%
- Battery to Wheels80%
- Energy Efficiency26%

**Notes:**
Repeat approximate nature

Note that emissions more important than efficiency, but
efficiency is not bad.

## EV Driver Enthusiasm

- Minimal Maintenance
- 1-2 cents per mile operating cost
- Quick and fast
- Wonderful support teams
- Pride in not polluting
- The wave of the future

## Auto Maker Reluctance

- First Wave will be least profitable
- Final Configuration not yet clear
- Disruptive Technology Innovation
- Too expensive!?
- Range an issue?

**Notes:**
Cerrel & Associates

$30M / day profits for GM

$500M over 10 years spent by GM

$ 1 Billion spent by all manufactures on advertising in January

## Corporate Foresight

- “The telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device has no value to us.”Western Union Internal Memo, 1876

## Generic Battery Data

- Source: www.madkatz.com; hearsay, manufacturers, EE-times.

**Notes:**
Near future NiMH probably about $350.

NiMH probably last 100,000
PbA  probably last 30-40,000

Re-use in marine, PV farms for $100 => $250

## Hybrids

- Electric & Other (ICE, Turbine, ...)
- Parallel or Series
- ICE dominant
- Electric dominant
- ZEV Credits

**Notes:**
Use ZEV credit page from CARB report

## 1917 Woods Dualpower

- 2 Seat Sport CoupeGas/Electric Hybrid4 cylinder engine with electric boost

- The electric motor/generator is on the end of the crankshaft. It provides electric assist during acceleration and acts as a generator to charge the batteries during braking and when the car is operating under gas power. The car could operate in pure electric mode up to 15 mph. Then the gas engine kicks in and takes over. When you stop, the gas motor shuts off.

**Notes:**
Not really a modern idea, but welcome.

## Series Hybrid

- Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

## Parallel Hybrid

- Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

**Notes:**
Can also drive same set of wheels

Note that complexity is not reduced, but enhanced

Gives auto manufacturers something to repair

## Parallel Hybrid (2)

- CVT

- Small ICE

- Electric Motor (80 KW)

- Clutch

- Front Axle

- 650cc

- Dr. A. Frank, UC Davis

**Notes:**
CVT is 95% efficient
Prius uses this configuration (with no Grid charging)
Insight has no clutch.
Larger pack means less internal resistance

## HEV Classifications

**Notes:**
“Phat” or “tight” vs. “lame”

## Performance Highlights(EV-1 Variations)

- Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

**Notes:**
Note that this is from 1998

Where are these cars???

Note mileage

Talk about importance of ZEV range

## Current Hybrids

**Notes:**
Point out low electric capacity

Emphasize lack of ability to charge from grid, cost of fuel.

Story about battery-less performance.

## Fuel Cells

- Catalysts ionize hydrogen
- Recombination provides energy
- Hydrogen is the best fuel
- Ethanol, Methanol, Gas ???
- Lots of current research
- Many demonstration vehicles
- Promise for maybe 2005?

**Notes:**
Refer to 5/8 talk by J. Turner of NREL

Mention hydrogen as long range goal

Methanol is a poison - bad water pollution??
Lots of Methanol capacity due to MTBE production.

Oil companies driving gas reformers

$20 to $40/kW by 2010

## Fuel Cell Hybrid

- Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

**Notes:**
150 kW variable output fuel cell
compared to
30-50 kW constant output fuel cell   - simpler - not really!

Batteries are excellent buffers - remember grid charging!

## EV Myths

- Fuel Cells make EVs ObsoleteEV still the gold standard
- Consumers will not buy EVsReal problem is supply
- EVs are too expensiveChicken and Egg
- Performance Inadequate150 Miles/ 0-60 in 8 seconds

**Notes:**
Waiting list except for short period in Autumn of 1996

> 6000 units => $350/kW-hr for NiMH
  reuse value about $100/kW-hr
last about 6 years

=> about $750/year

Need new battery data!

## An EV Plan for China	

- Develop mass-produced advanced batteries for EVs
- Use these locally instead of old, very dirty ICE vehicles.
- Work with Korea or Japan, providing batteries for cars
- Sell these on the US market

**Notes:**
Stanford program for CEVs

GSA rules

Mention that Burt Richter’s wife has an EV-1

## A Stone Age Analogy

- The stone age ended because a better technology was discovered, not because people ran out of rocks.
- People speak of having 40 or 50 years of fossil fuel (coal & oil) left. Let us not wait until it runs out before we use better technology!

## Literature

- Jack Doyle: “Taken For A Ride”
- John Motavalli: “Forward Drive”
- J. Decicco, J. Deluchi:“Technology, Energy, and Environment: How Far Can Technology Take Us?
- M. Shnayerson: “The Car That Could; the Inside Story of General Motors’ Revolutionary Electric Vehicle”