# Presentation: 358607

## Chicago FITS Instructor Seminar

- Single-Pilot Resource Management Training (SRM)

## Why Not CRM?

- Crew Resource Management is about relationships!
- Cockpit Resource Management is about systems and equipment!
- CRM works best in a highly structured crew environment
- CRM is well suited to Airline Operations but is not a “best fit” for General Aviation

## Single-Pilot Resource Management Training (SRM)

- Is the art and science of managing all resources (both from on-board and external sources) available to the single-pilot (prior to and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight.

## SRM

- Single Pilot Resource Management
-       is about the unique situations we
-       find ourselves in the
-       “Technically Advanced Aircraft”
- Weather
- Traffic
- Cockpit Automation
- Data-Link Systems
- Passengers
- Follows the lead provided by the airline industry to improve flight safety through CRM training.
- Human factors-related accidents motivated the airline industry to implement CRM training for flight crews.
- Now, pilot-error related accidents are motivating single-pilot operators to implement SRM training.

## SRM Training Focuses On

- Situational Awareness
- Task management
- Automation management
- Risk Management
- Aeronautical Decision making
- CFIT Awareness

- Single Pilot Operations
-  at "Near" Airline
- Levels of Safety

## SRM

| TAA  01                                      Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM)  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unit Objective – Demonstrates safe and efficient operations by adequately managing all available resources.  |  |  |
| Performance | Conditions | Standards |
| The training task is: | The training is conducted during: | The pilot in training will: |
| 1.Task Management (TM) | Note:  All tasks under SRM will be embedded into the curriculum and the training will occur selectively during all phases of training. SRM will be graded as it occurs during the training scenario syllabus. | Prioritize and select the most appropriate tasks (or series of tasks) to ensure successful completion of the training scenario. |
| 2. Automation Management (AM) |  | Program and utilize the most appropriate and useful modes of cockpit automation to ensure successful completion of the training scenario. |
| 3.  Risk Management (RM) and Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) |  | Consistently make informed decisions in a timely manner based on the task at hand and a thorough knowledge and use of all available resources.  |
| 4. Situational Awareness (SA) |  | Be aware of all factors such as traffic, weather, fuel status, aircraft mechanical condition, and pilot fatigue level that may have an impact on the successful completion of the training scenario. |
| 5. Controlled Flight Into Terrain  (CFIT) Awareness |  | Understand, describe, and apply techniques to avoid CFIT encounters: 
During inadvertent encounters with Instrument Meteorological Conditions during VFR flight
During system and navigation failures and physiological incidents during IFR flight |

**SRM**
**Starts with**
**Initial Training:**

**And continues**
**throughout**
**A Pilots Career!**

## AC 120-51c Says:

- 	Good training for routine operations can have a strong positive effect on how well individuals function during times of high workload or high stress. During emergency situation, it is highly unlikely (and probably undesirable) that any crewmember [pilot] would take the time to reflect upon his or her CRM [SRM] training in order to choose the appropriate behavior. **But practice of desirable behaviors during times of low stress increases the likelihood that emergencies will be handled effectively.**

**What this means to us:**

**TAA pilots should make SRM procedures a regular part of every flight.  A well practiced habit that can be relied upon in times of stress. Before SRM can become a habit, we have to learn it!!**

**Emergency Escape Maneuver**

## The SRM 5P Check:  

**The “5P” Check**
- The Plan?
- The Plane?
- The Pilot?
- The Passengers?
- The Programming?

**The “Decision Points”**
**Before Leaving the Flight Planning Room**
**Before Leaving the Ground**
**Hourly SRM Updates (Every Second Fuel Check?)**
**Before Leaving Cruise Altitude**
**Before Leaving the IAF**

- Often,
- when one
-  door opens,
- another closes
- behind you!

## SRM “5P”  Check

- The Plan?
- Weather?
- Route?
- Publications?
- ATC Reroutes and Delays?
- Fuel Remaining?

- The Plane?
- Mechanical Status?
- Automation Status?
- Database Currency?
- Circuit Breakers?
- Backup Systems?

## SRM “5P”  Check

- The Pilot?
- “I”llness?
- “M”edication?
- “S”tress?
- “A”lcohol
- “F”atique
- “E”ating

- The Passengers?
- Pilots or Non pilots?
- Nervous or Quiet?
- Experienced or New?
- Helpful or a Handful?
- Urgent or Optional?
- Business or Pleasure?

## SRM “5P”  Check 

**The Programming:**
**Preprogram the:**
**Autopilot?**
**GPS?**
**MFD/PFD?**
**Anticipate:**
**Likely Reroutes and Clearances?**
**“****Crunch” Points?**
**Manual Backup?**
**High terrain Encounters?**
**Question:**
**What’s it doing?**
**Why is it doing that?**
**Did I Do That?**

## SRM Decision ProcessAt several predetermined decision points consider the following!

**What's the situation? The 5 P’s (Plan, Plane, Pilot, Passengers, and Programming)**
**What's changed since your original Go/No Go decision. **
**What negative outcomes are we more exposed to?**
**Engine failure**
**Avionics failure**
**Missed approach**
**Pilot overload**
**Mistakes on approach / final**
**CFIT**
**Fuel exhaustion **
**Icing or loss of control**
** **

## SRM Decision ProcessAt several predetermined decision points consider the following!

**What can we do to minimize the increased risk associated with those outcomes?**
**Use automation to reduce workload / increase awareness. **
**Use MFD to maintain terrain awareness, etc**
**Use passengers to share workload / monitor environment**
**Request **
**A simpler approach**
**Single frequency approach**
**Vectors to final**
**Declare min fuel**
**Ask for altitude / routing change**
**Turn down "difficult" ATC requests**

## SRM Decision ProcessAt several predetermined decision points consider the following!

**Prioritize tasks**
** ****If we can't do everything well, at least get the important things right. **
** ****What are they? **
** ****What can we "shed“**
**Is the resulting risk acceptable?**
**Would I have taken off knowing this was going to happen?**
**If not, divert / terminate the flight early **

## Sample SRM Scenario 

- Group Discussion of Real Time SRM Application
- No “right answers”
- Non attribution!!!
- Apply the “5P” process to a basic flight situation
- Prepare for the scenarios to follow!

## Sample SRM Scenario

**Before leaving the Flight Planning Room**
**Plan - Indianapolis to Atlanta**
- VFR at Indy
- MVFR enroute
- MVFR at ATL
- 1400 hrs Local/January 17
**Plane **
- Returning the plane to home base after an annual inspection
**Pilot**
- Last flight three weeks ago
- Last IFR approach also three weeks ago
**Passengers**
- Pilot, spouse and two children

**Lets review the  “5P” Check**

- It is a lot easier
- to cancel a flight
-  before you have loaded
-  everyone in the plane?
- Anonymous

## Sample SRM Scenario

**Before Takeoff**
**Plan**
- Clearance delivery gives a new routing to ATL
- Tower advises ATL is undergoing  flow control delays
**Plane**
- Autopilot fails the preflight check
- 15 minute repair (popped CB)
- Engine requires three tries to start but seems to run well
**Pilot?**
- 7 hrs sleep, arose at 0800
**Passengers**
- 45 minute delay for child who is not feeling well
**Programming**
- Pilot can’t seem to find “**dopey**” intersection along V53
- Rest of route programs as planned

**“****5P” Check**

## Sample SRM Scenario

**One Hour After Takeoff **
**Plan**
- ATL Center requires a position report passing  “dopey”
- ATL ceiling and vis is dropping to 1800 ft, 2 miles, “BR”
- Center asks for a descent to 3,000 ft
**Plane**
- Oil temp has gone up 15 degrees
- Oil pressure constant
**Pilot?**
- Feels good but seems to make minor mistakes while programming the GPS
**Passengers**
- Sound asleep
**Programming**
- You notice the Jepp database out of date on the GPS?

**“****5P” Check**

## Sample SRM Scenario

**Before Leaving Cruise Altitude**
**Plan**
- ATL gives you a hold for 30 minutes for flow control
- ATC advises you to expect extended vectors to final to 25R
- ATL weather 1100 OVC/1 mile, BR
**Plane**
- Oil temp is up 8 more degrees
- Oil pressure is down 3 lbs
- Autopilot breaker pops again, won’t reset
**Pilot?**
- Feels good
- Did miss a couple of radio calls
**Passengers**
- Sound asleep
**Programming**
- Final approach fix in the GPS for 25R has a different name than on the Jepp charts

**“****5P” Check**

## Sample SRM Scenario

**Before Leaving IAF**
**Plan**
- ATL weather is 800 ft, 3⁄4 mile and continuing to deteriorate
- ATC advises you to change to the ILS for the left runway instead of the right
**Plane**
- Oil pressure is down 2 more lbs
- Trace ice appears on the windshield
**Pilot**
- Awake, seemingly alert, a little irritable
**Passengers**
- Awake now
- Younger child is crying
**Programming**
- Can’t seem to delete the 25R approach and insert the 25 L
- Took three tries to program the approach
- Made same key stroke error twice

**“****5P” Check**

## The “5P’s” At each decision point?

**What is the situation?**
**What are the tasks?**
**How can automation help?**
**What is the risk involved?**
**How can risk be reduced?**
**Are there terrain issues?**
**What is my decision?**

**The “Decision Points”**
**Before Leaving the Flight Planning Room?**
**Before Leaving the Ground?**
**Hourly SRM Checks?**
**Before Leaving Cruise Altitude?**
**Before Leaving the IAF?**

**The “5P” Check**
**The Plan?**
**The Plane?**
**The Pilot?**
**The Passengers?**
**The Programming?**

***Failure to make a decision, ***
*** ******is a decision!!***

## Other references??

- AOPA Single Pilot Awareness Program
- http://www.aopa.org/asf/single_pilot_ifr/

- FITS Website http://www.faa.gov/education_research/training/fits/