# Presentation: 744682

## Commercial Lighting Requirementsof the 2006 International EnergyConservation Code

- U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program
- Eric Richman, PNNL

***Materials developed by:   Eric Richman, PNNL and  ***
***     ******Britt/Makela Group, Inc.***

## What We Plan to Cover...

- Some history and basis for energy codes and standards
- Why we have them
- Where they apply
- Specific Requirements
- Focus on IECC 2006
- Comparisons with other codes/standards where applicable
- Intent and application
- The intent of major requirements
- What the requirements mean in actual practice

## Some History: The Basis for Energy Requirements

- Energy Conservation and Production Act, as amended, requires States to adopt a commercial energy code
- 	......This drives state adoption of energy codes
- DOE determines the effective stringency level to meet or exceed – currently set at ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999.
- Many code/standard versions available and currently adopted – varies by state:
- Some adopt nationally available codes/standards
- Some develop state-specific codes
- Some have no code!

## Energy Codes/Standards

**CODES**

**FEDERAL**

**Energy Codes/Standards**

**83 MEC**

**89 MEC**

**77 MCEC**

**90-1975**

**92 MEC**

**95 MEC**

**93 MEC**

**00 IECC**

**98 IECC**

**02 ****IECC**

**90.1-1999**

**01 ****IECC**

**NFPA****900 **

**03 ****IECC**

**90.1-2004**

**04 ****IECC**

**10CFR****434****FEDCOM I**

**10CFR****434****FEDCOM II**

**90.1-2001**

**90A-1980**

**86 MEC**

**STANDARDS**

**10 CFR 435 FEDCOM 0**

**90.1-1989**

**90.2-1993**

**90.2-2001**

**90.2-2004**

**10 CFR 435 COSTSAFR**

**FEDRES**

**Codified 90.1-1989**

**06 ****IECC**

**STATE SPECIFIC (Unique or based on a Code/Standard)**

**Notes:**
Legend:  boxes highlighted in yellow are residential only; boxes highlighted in maroon are commercial only

The 92 MEC allowed 90.1-1989 for commercial.

The 93 MEC specifically references 90.1-1989.

The 95 MEC changes the ASHRAE reference to the 1993 codified version.

In 1998, the change is made to the IECC, and a new commercial chapter is added as a simplified approach limited to low-rise commercial buildings with “simple” mechanical systems.

90.1-1999 is a complete revision to the previous version and is written in mandatory, enforceable language.

The 2000 IECC commercial chapter was broadened to include ALL commercial buildings.

The 2001 IECC changes the ASHRAE reference to 90.1-1999.

90.1-2001 includes addenda

2003 IECC changes the ASHRAE reference to 90.1-2001.

90-1975 “Energy Conservation in New Building Design” was the first to comprehensively address the design and construction of new buildings from an energy standpoint.

The 83, 86, and 89 MEC are based largely on 90A-1980.

90.2-1993 is a complete revision of 90A-1980 for low-rise residential buildings.

The 2000 IECC added a residential prescriptive compliance approach.

90.2-2001 revises 90.2-1993 and includes a number of addenda.

## Commercial Lighting Requirements in IECC 2006

- Commercial provisions contained in Chapter 5...with reference to ASHRAE 90.1-2004
- Covers lighting controls and power density for interior and exterior
- 	Exception: Lighting within dwelling units
- Major changes in the 2006 version
- Revised Interior Lighting Power Allowances
- New Lighting Power Densities for Building Exteriors

**Notes:**
90.1-2004 is an alternate compliance path referenced in the 2006 IECC.

Dwelling units – refers to personal, complete living spaces, for example, an apartment –the lighting within the dwelling unit is exempt, but lighting in common areas such as corridors and lobbies would need to meet the requirements.

The lighting power densities have not changed related to stringency, but the format has changed to one table.

There is a new, detailed exterior lighting section in the 2006 IECC that is from ASHRAE 90.1 and was adopted by the 2006 IECC.

## The IECC Code Compliance Process

**Notes:**
First, need to determine whether your project must comply with the 2006 IECC.  There are different compliance sections for Envelope, Mechanical, and Lighting and Power.  Compliance may be shown using the applicable chapters in the IECC or in 90.1 depending upon which compliance method is chosen.

## Does My Project Need to Comply with the Commercial Requirements of IECC ?

- 	First: Is IECC (2006) the applicable code in your state or jurisdiction?
- ...If yes, is the building **commercial** or **high-rise residential** other than:
- One- and two-family residential
- R-2, R-3, R-4 three stories or less in height

**Notes:**
To answer the first question, you need to confirm that the 2006 IECC is the applicable code in your state or jurisdiction.  Next, you need to determine whether your building is a commercial building as defined by the code.

## When do the Lighting and Power Requirements Apply?

- Original Installed Lighting System in a New Building, Addition, or Tenant Build-out
- Existing Lighting System that is Altered
- Change in Occupancy that Increases Energy
- Exceptions:
- Historic buildings
- State or National listing
- Eligible to be listed
- Lighting within dwelling units

**Notes:**
There are other historic listings that may be applicable, such as regional listings.  Confirm these exceptions with the building official.

## The IECC Code Compliance Process

**Notes:**
Lighting compliance can be shown in three different ways:  IECC Section 505, 90.1 Section 9, or IECC Section 506.  Section 506 is a whole building performance method that involves the use of modeling software.  It compares a building built just meeting the code requirements to your building.  If the energy use of your building is less than the “base” building, your building complies.  

The performance method is typically used only for complex buildings or when the other compliance options do not work.

## What’s Covered Under Electrical Power and Lighting System Requirements?

- Mandatory Interior Lighting requirements
- Required Controls
- Wattage/Efficiency Limits
- Interior Lighting Power Allowances (watts/ft2)
- Exterior Lighting Controls
- Required Controls
- Lamp Efficiency
- Exterior Lighting Power Allowances (watts/ft2)
- Electric Metering

**Notes:**
Exterior Lighting Power is much more detailed in the 2006 IECC.

## Interior Lighting Control (505.2):Basic Control

- 	Independent Lighting Control required for each space surrounded by floor-to-ceiling partitions
- Must be located in the space served,       			- or -
- Switched from a remote location
- Must have indicator that identifies the lights served and their status (off or on)
- Exemptions
- Security or emergency areas that must be continuously lighted
- Lighting in stairways or corridors that are elements of the means of egress

- Intent: Allow occupants to control unneeded lighting!

## Interior Lighting Control:  Light Reduction

- 	Light Reduction Controls must allow the occupant to reduce connected lighting
- By at least 50%
- In a reasonably uniform illumination pattern

- Intent: Allow occupants to moderate light levels to save energy!

- 	Note:  Alternate Standard ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2004 does not require Light Reduction Control

**Notes:**
Previously referred to as “bi-level switching”.  The requirement is the same, but the name of the requirement has changed.

## Light Reduction Control Options

- Alternating Luminaires

- Dimming

- Alternating lamps

- Controlling all lamps or luminaires
- Dual switching of alternate rows of luminaires, alternate luminaires or lamps
- Switching middle lamp luminaires independently from the outer lamps
- Each luminaire or each lamp

**Notes:**
Options are:  dimming, dual switching in a uniform patter across the ceiling grid, or, for three-lamp fixtures, switch the middle lamps independently from the outer lamps.  You can also do each luminaire or each lamp although this isn’t common due to cost and practicality.

## Interior Lighting Control:  Light Reduction Exemptions

- 	Light Reduction Control **Not** required for the following:
- Areas with only one luminaire
- Areas controlled by occupancy sensor
- Corridors, storerooms, restrooms or public lobbies
- Sleeping units
- Spaces with <0.6 w/ft2

**Notes:**
A sleeping unit is different than a dwelling unit.  A sleeping unit refers to the bedroom in a hotel/motel, boarding house, etc.  

## Interior Lighting Control:  Automatic Shutoff

- 	Automatic lighting shutoff control device required in all buildings larger than 5,000 ft2
- 		Building Defined:
- “Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy”
- Building area surrounded by exterior walls and fire walls
- 		Exempted spaces
- Sleeping units
- Lighting for patient care
- When an automatic shutoff would endanger occupant safety or security

- Intent: Eliminate after hours lighting waste!

**Notes:**
Two ways to define “building”.  In the second, “fire walls” is the important distinction.  For example, a strip mall with different units in it may be over 5000 sf, but if the individual units are separated by fire walls and are less than 5000 sf, automatic shutoff would not be required.

Also, if there is a space such as a mechanical room in which equipment is maintained, automatic shutoff might endanger people working on or near the equipment and this space may therefore be exempted.

## Interior Lighting Control: Automatic Shutoff Options

- Control lights on a scheduled basis (automatic time switch)
- Time-of-day controller
- Controls ≤ 25,000 ft2 and not more than one floor, or
- Occupant sensor
- Turn lights off within 30 minutes of occupant leaving the space
- Signal from another control or alarm that indicates the area is unoccupied

- Automatic Lighting Shutoff Compliance Options

## Interior Lighting Control:  Automatic Shutoff Override

- Automatic Time Switch Override Requirements
- Readily accessible
- Within view of the lights or area controlled
- Manually operated
- ≤ 2 hour override
- Controls an area ≤ 5,000 ft2
- Exemptions to Override Requirements
- Can be over 2 hour override in malls and arcades, auditoriums, single-tenant retail space, industrial facilities and arenas when using captive key override
- Override in malls and arcades, auditoriums, single-tenant retail space, industrial facilities and arenas can cover up to 20,000 ft2

## Interior Lighting Control:  Holiday Scheduling

- Automatic Time Switch Holiday Scheduling
- Must have feature that turns off all loads for 24 hours then resumes the normally scheduled operation
- Retail stores and associated malls, restaurants, grocery stores, places of religious worship and theaters are exempt

## Interior Lighting Control: Sleeping Unit Lighting Control

- Sleeping Unit Control
- Applies to Hotel/Motel Guest Room, boarding houses, or similar
- Master switch required at each room or main room entry
- Must control all permanently wired luminaires or switched receptacles

- Intent: Allow occupant to turn off lights at exit point!

**Notes:**
In the example diagrams, the standard room requires a control at the exit door, and the suite would have a switch at the exit to each room.

## Tandem Wiring (505.3)

- Tandem Wiring for all Odd Numbered Lamp Configurations
- Exceptions:
- Where electronic high frequency ballasts are used
- Luminaires on emergency circuits
- Luminaires with no available pair in the same area

- Intent: Eliminate the use of magnetic ballasts driving single lamps!

**Notes:**
With the proliferation of electronic ballasts, this doesn’t happen much any longer.

## Exit Signs (505.4)

- Exit Signs
- Internally illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5 watts per side

**Notes:**
With the use of LEDs and other technology today, this is commonly done and not a hard requirement to meet.

## Interior Lighting Power Limits (505.5)

- 	Connected Interior Lighting Power must not exceed Interior Lighting Power Allowance
- Calculate Interior Lighting Power Allowance
- Building Area type allowance
- Additional allowances
- Calculate proposed connected lighting power
- Wattage calculation “rules”
- Exempted lighting
- Compare values: proposed wattage must be less than or equal to allowed wattage

- Intent: Eliminate waste from sloppy lighting design and application!

## Interior Lighting Power Allowances

- New for the 2006 version:
- Building Area Type Only!
- Retail Additional Allowance Only!

- Note: Alternate Standard ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2004 provides whole building and space-by-space options

- This is a simplification of the previous 2003 version that included building and tenant area allowances plus decorative and medical additional allowances

**Notes:**
The 2006 IECC has only one table with one column

## Interior Lighting Power Allowance Calculation

- First, choose an appropriate “Building Area Type” from the allowance table (505.5.2).
- “Building Area” includes all spaces that are associated with that business or function type.  For example a space with:
- Corridors,
- Restrooms,
- A lobby, and
- Office space
- 	...would be considered an office Building Area Type
- Then...multiply the lighting power density (W/ft2) by the building square footage to get allowed watts for compliance

## 	A 200,000 ft2 office building that contains corridor, restrooms, break rooms and a lobby is given 1.0 watt/ft2 for the entire building

	Office:  	200,000 ft2
		1.0 w/ft2  =  			200,000 w

- 	Office:  	200,000 ft2
- 		1.0 w/ft2  =  			200,000 w

**Office - Example**

## Interior Lighting Power Allowance for Multiple Occupancy Building

- 	How is an allowance determined if the building has more than one Building Area Type?
- 	Example – A building contains the following area types
- Museum:	40,000 ft2
- Retail:	5,000 ft2
- Cafeteria:	10,000 ft2
- Use the more specific building area type where more than one area type exists in the building
- Sum the individual (lighting power density X area square footage) values for Total Power Allowance

## 	Museum:  40,000 ft2
	     at 1.1 w/ft2  =  44,000 w
	Cafeteria:10,000 ft2
	     at 1.4 w/ft2  =  14,000 w
	Retail:	5,000 ft2
	     at 1.5 w/ft2  =  7,500 w

	Total watts allowed	 =
			65,500 w

- 	     at 1.1 w/ft2  =  44,000 w
- 	Cafeteria:10,000 ft2
- 	     at 1.4 w/ft2  =  14,000 w
- 	Retail:	5,000 ft2
- 	     at 1.5 w/ft2  =  7,500 w
- 	Total watts allowed	 =
- 			65,500 w

**Multiple Occupancy Building - Example**

**Notes:**
In this example, add the individual allowances to arrive at the total allowed watts.

## Additional Retail Lighting Power Allowance (Table 505.5.2 – Footnote “a”)

- Lighting installed to “highlight specific merchandise...in addition to...general lighting”
- Additional lighting is added to the general lighting allowances
- Lighting for merchandise display
- Add additional 1.6 w/ft2 X display area
- Display area cannot exceed 50% of the floor area
- Lighting for displaying and selling jewelry, china and silver
- 3.9 w/ft2 X the actual case or shelf area
- Note: Display lighting must be switched or dimmed on separate circuit from general lighting

- Intent: Allow flexibility in design for critical retail applications!

**Notes:**
Specific accommodation has been made for retail merchandise highlighting in the 2006 IECC.  These are IN ADDITION TO general lighting.

Display area is the specific area to highlight merchandise.  For example, track lighting installed to highlight a wall display of shoes – would qualify.  Overhead, general lighting not specifically aimed at the wall of shoes would not qualify.

## 	Museum:  40,000 ft2
	     at 1.1 w/ft2  =  44,000 w
	Cafeteria:10,000 ft2
	     at 1.4 w/ft2  =  14,000 w
	Retail:	5,000 ft2
	     at 1.5 w/ft2  =  7,500 w 	
	+ retail allowance:
   Wall Display (10X40) = 400 ft2	at 1.6 w/ft2  =  640 w

	New Total Allowance =
			66,140 w

- 	     at 1.1 w/ft2  =  44,000 w
- 	Cafeteria:10,000 ft2
- 	     at 1.4 w/ft2  =  14,000 w
- 	Retail:	5,000 ft2
- 	     at 1.5 w/ft2  =  7,500 w
- 	+ retail allowance:
-    Wall Display (10X40) = 400 ft2	at 1.6 w/ft2  =  640 w
- 	New Total Allowance =
- 			66,140 w

**With Retail - Example**

**Notes:**
The example now includes the retail allowance for a wall display.  The allowance comes from the table footnote as outlined in red.

## Proposed Lighting Power Calculation

- Sum the wattage of all proposed connected lighting power
- This must include all lighting that is part of the design for the space including:
- Overhead lighting
- Task lighting
- Decorative lighting

- Note: Wattage must be calculated based on actual power draw...not just nominal lamp rating

**Notes:**
Must include all lighting that is part of the design.  If individual task lighting is part of the design it must be included.  One example of lighting that would NOT have to be included is if the tenant purchases furniture with under shelf task lighting that wasn’t part of the original design.

The calculation includes the lamp plus ballast values.

## Proposed Lighting Calculation: Example

- 	Lighting wattage must be documented in accordance with Section 505.5.1
- Screw lamp holders: maximum rated wattage of the luminaire
- Low voltage lighting: transformer wattage
- Line voltage track: Use the GREATER of 30 w/linear foot or the actual wattage proposed for line-voltage track or plug-in busway lighting
- Other: manufacturer’s rated wattage of lamp and associated ballast

## Exemptions to Proposed Lighting Power Calculation

- What lighting can I exempt from the Proposed Lighting Power Calculation?
- Specialized medical, dental and research lighting
- Professional sports arena playing field lighting
- Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums and monuments
- Sleeping unit lighting in hotels, motels, boarding houses or similar buildings
- Emergency lighting automatically off during normal building operation

**Notes:**
These types of lighting do not have to be counted.  These are considered to be IN ADDITION TO general lighting.

Example is battery-operated pack shown in the photo – would be exempt.

## What if My Proposed Design Does Not Meet Code?

- Check calculations and design
- Appropriate building types used?
- Actual lighting equipment wattages used?
- 	...and design
- Reasonable illuminance levels provided?
- Efficient light sources used?
- Use alternate 90.1-2004 Standard
- Use total Building Performance Method

**Notes:**
If using default values, you might want to use the actual values.

90.1-2004 does have space-by-space option available, but the numbers (in terms of stringency) are the same for the same types.

Building Performance Method – typically for larger, more complex buildings.

## Exterior Lighting Control Requirements (505.2.4)

- Lighting designated for dusk to dawn operation
- Control by astronomical time switch or photocell
- Lighting not designated for dusk to dawn operation
- Control by astronomical time switch
- Exceptions:
- Lighting for covered vehicle parking entrances or exits from buildings or parking structures if required by safety, security or eye adaptation

**Notes:**
Make sure to document each exception for the building official.

## Exterior Efficiency Requirement (505.6.1)

- Building grounds lighting luminaires over 100 watts must have source efficacy of at least 60 lumens per watt

- Exceptions:
- Controlled by motion sensor
- Any of the exterior lighting power allowance exceptions
- As approved for a historical, safety, signage, or emergency consideration

**Notes:**
As the table shows, incandescent and halogen lighting is not efficient enough; some CFL and linear fluorescents will work.

If claiming an exception, document if for the building official.

## Exterior Lighting Power Limits (505.6.2)

- 	Connected Exterior Lighting Power must not exceed Exterior Lighting Power Allowance
- Calculate exterior Lighting Power Allowance
- Lighting power densities by exterior function
- Additional 5% added to total allowance
- Calculate proposed connected lighting power
- Wattage calculation “rules”
- Exempted lighting
- Compare values: proposed wattage must be less than or equal to allowed wattage

- Intent of 5% adder: Allow flexibility in design for critical or unusual  applications!

**Notes:**
Similar to interior lighting power limits.  Exterior lighting power limits are new in the 2006 IECC and came from ASHRAE.

Same steps to calculate as for interior, except that you are allowed an additional 5% for exterior.

## Exterior Lighting Power Limits (505.6.2)

- 	What areas are covered under exterior lighting allowances?
**Tradable surfaces**
- 	Common exterior lighted needs that can be traded for other needs.
- 	For example, wattage allowed for parking lot lighting can be “traded” and used for canopy lighting.
**Non-tradable surfaces**
- 	Less common exterior lighted needs that **cannot** be traded for other needs.
- 	These applications have more specific security or task illuminance needs.

**Notes:**
Two sections to the table:  tradable and non-tradable.

Tradable – when calculating the allowance based on all surfaces; can be used for any fixture you want.  Typically, the most common surfaces are included as tradable (example:  parking lot lighting).  If you don’t use it all, you can use it elsewhere (example:  canopy lighting).

Non-tradable – typically related to specific security requirements.  “Extra” cannot be used for other fixtures.

## Tradable Surfaces

- Uncovered parking lots and areas
- Walkways (under and over 10 feet wide)
- Stairways
- Main building entrances
- Other doors
- Canopies and overhangs – free standing and attached
- Open sales areas
- Street frontage sales areas

## Non-tradable Surfaces

- Building facades
- Automated teller machines and night depositories
- Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at guarded facilities
- Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, ambulance and other emergency vehicles
- Drive-up windows at fast food restaurants
- Parking near 24-hour retail entrances

**Notes:**
Although building facades are common, they are included as non-tradable surfaces.  Cannot use “extra” wattage elsewhere.

## Exterior Lighting Power Example

- Parking:  10,000 ft2

- Canopy:  100 ft2

- ATM – One location

- Canopy

**Bank**

- ATM

- Walkway

- 5 ft wide

- Parking Lot

- Walkway:  200 ft long

- How many tradable watts are allowed for this project?  How many non-tradable watts?

**Notes:**
Determine tradable and non-tradable allowances.

## Example Calculation

- Parking :  10,000 ft2
-  at 0.15 w/ft2  = 1,500 w
- Canopy:	       100 ft2
-  at 1.25 w/ft2  =  125 w
- Walkway:      200 ft
-   at 1.0 w/ft  =  200 w
- ATM (one):   = 270 w
- 	Total = 2,095 w
- Total watts allowed:
**1.05** x** **2,095 = 2,200

**Notes:**
Look at table and determine allowances.

5% adder applies to both tradable and non-tradable surfaces.

## Exemptions from Exterior Calculation

- The following lighting does not need to be included in the proposed lighting calculation:
- Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation
- Advertising signage or directional signage
- Lighting integral to *equipment *or instrumentation and installed by its *manufacturer*
- Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film production, and video production
- Lighting for athletic playing areas
- Temporary lighting
- Lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation sites, and associated storage areas
- Theme elements in theme/amusement parks
- Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered *historic *landmark structures or *buildings*

**Notes:**
These do not need to be included when doing your calculation.

## What if My Proposed Exterior Lighting Does Not Meet Code?

- Check calculations and design
- Appropriate surface allowances used?
- Actual lighting equipment wattages used?
- 	...and design
- Reasonable illuminance levels provided?
- Efficient light sources used?
- Use total Building Performance Method
- 	Note: Alternate 90.1-2004 Standard has same requirements

**Notes:**
Similar to interior...90.1 as an alternate compliance method won’t help you much for exterior as the requirements are the same as the 2006 IECC.

## Electrical Energy Consumption Mandatory Requirement

- Separate Metering Required for Each Dwelling Unit

- Intent: Occupant understanding of actual energy use can promote effective energy use!

**Notes:**
Specific requirement for dwelling units.

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