# Presentation: 341671

## Runway 5-23 at Buffalo Niagara International Airport – A Case StudyIn Maintaining Pavement Serviceability

***Roy D. McQueen, P.E.***
***Roy D. McQueen & Associates, Ltd.***
***www.rdmcqueen.com ***

## 1st Eastern Region Seminar November 1976

**1****st**** Eastern Region Seminar November 1976**

## Overview

- Basic Principals
- Case Study

## Pavement Life Cycle

**40% DROP**
**IN QUALITY**

**TIME**

**12% OF**
**LIFE**

**WILL COST**
**$4.00 TO $5.00**
**HERE**

**40% DROP**
**IN QUALITY**

**FAILED**

**FAIR**

**POOR**

**VERY POOR**

**GOOD**

**EXCELLENT**

**$1.00 FOR**
**RENOVATION HERE**

**75% OF**
**LIFE**

## Basic References

- AC 150/5370-11A, *Use of Nondestructive Testing in the Evaluation of Airport Pavements.*
- AC 150/5380-6A, *Pavement Maintenance Manual*
- AC 150/5320-6E, *Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation*

## Basic Purpose of Pavement Evaluation

**Photo Courtesy Dynatest International A/S**

**Basic Purpose of Pavement Evaluation**

- Functional Characteristics & Surface Condition
- Structural Adequacy

## Basic Principle

- Pavements Fail for Different Reasons:
- Load
- Environment
- Other

## Functional vs Structural Analysis

**Structural**: Ability to support loads
**Functional**: Condition of Operational Surface

## Key to Evaluation Process (1)

- Identifying failure mechanism is critical to evaluation process
- Necessary to develop appropriate (cost-effective) remediation

## Key to Evaluation Process (2)

- Differentiation between functional and structural condition is critical
- We will focus on each and see how we tie them together

## MicroPaver

**for**
**Functional Analysis**

## Nondestructive Testing

**& LEDFAA (FAARFIELD)**
**for**
**Structural Analysis**

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Report

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Report

## Records Review

- Inspection
- Aerial Photos
- As-built Drawings

- Maintenance Records
- Computer Database
- Corporate Knowledge

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Report

## Visual Evaluation

- Distinguish between distress categories
- Load
- Environmental
- Other
- Calculate PCI

## Slide 18

|  |
| --- |

|  |
| --- |

## Normal PCI Decline

**Time or Traffic**

**Pavement Condition Index**

- 100

- 0

- Critical PCI

- PCI = 95

**Notes:**
The difference between the effect of preventive and reactive maintenance is significant.  Not only is the timing of application different, but the effect (represented by the slopes of the after-treatment performance curves) is also different.

## MicroPAVER Program

##       Condition Analysis Data

- 66

- SMALL PATCH

- H

- 4.86

- Slabs

- 4.76

- 6.19

- 70

- SCALING

- L

- 19.43

- Slabs

- 19.05

- 6.75

- 74

- JOINT SPALL

- L

- 7.29

- Slabs

- 7.14

- 2.69

**PERCENT OF DEDUCT VALUES BASED ON DISTRESS MECHANISM**

**Load Related Distress (%)**

**Climate/Durability Related Distress (%)**

**Other Related Distress (%)**

- 0

- 55

- 45

## M&R Policies

- Function of Distress Type, Severity, and PCI
- Cost-effective maintenance procedures
- Examples:
- Crack sealing
- Patching
- Reconstruction, overlay
- Mill & fill

## Preventive Maintenance

**Time or Traffic**

**Pavement Condition**

- PCI Near Critical PCI

- Maintenance is performed to Increase PCI and Slow Rate of Deterioration

**Notes:**
The difference between the effect of preventive and reactive maintenance is significant.  Not only is the timing of application different, but the effect (represented by the slopes of the after-treatment performance curves) is also different.

## Slide 24

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Report

## Testing Methods:

**Testing Methods****:**

**Destructive**
- Test Pits
**Semi-Destructive**
- Coring
- Penetrometer
**Non-Destructive**
- Deflectometer
- Ground Penetrating Radar

## Test Pit at NAPTF

## Pavement Coring

**Photo Courtesy United States Air Force**

**Pavement Coring**

- Thickness
- DCP Access
- Materials Sampling
- HMA cores
- Unbound Base Aggregates
- Subgrade Soils

## Soil Borings

**Soil Borings**

- Drill Rig
- Split-Spoon Sampling
- Standard Penetration Test

**Photo Courtesy CME, Inc.**

## AC 150/5370-11A NDT

## What is NDT?

## Slide 32

## Deflection Basin

## Layered Elastic System

- P

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Report

## Structural Analysis

- NDT
- Layer & Subgrade Strength
- Patterns of Variability in Stiffness
- Traffic Study
- Evaluation
- Expected Structural Life
- Pavement Classification Number (PCN)
- Allowable Load
- Strengthening Options
- Overlay
- Reconstruction

## 3

**3**

## EvaluationProcess

- EvaluationProcess

- Records Review

- Condition Survey

- Develop Testing Plan

- Pavement Testing & Materials Sampling

- Pavement Evaluation

- Reporting

## Primary Evaluation Output

- Allowable Load
- Structural Life
- PCN
- Functional Life
- Rehabilitation/Strengthening Options

## LEDFAA Computes Structural Life Directly From Mixed Fleet Traffic

**LEDFAA Computes Structural Life Directly From Mixed Fleet Traffic**

## Structural life is a relative estimate

## ACN-PCN – COMFAA

**Read ACN for desired subgrade category**

**ACN-PCN – COMFAA**

- Enter allowable operating weight

***In ACN Computation mode***

## Condition Prediction

## Rehabilitation Method Depends on Whether Problem is Structural or Functional

| Structural 
Condition | Functional 
Condition
 | Rehabilitation
Requirement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Good | Good | Maintenance |
| Good | Bad | Functional |
| Bad | Good | Structural (O/L) |
| Bad | Bad | Structural (reconstruct) |

## Runway 5-23 at Buffalo Niagara International Airport

***A Case Study in Extending Pavement Life***

## Overview

- Airport Layout & Construction Details
- Pavement Evaluation/Management Practices
- Study Results
- Maintenance Activities to Extend Life
- Rehabilitation Planning

## RW 5-23

**RW 5-23**

## Construction History

- Original Construction 1940’s
- 10-in PCC / 7-in Subbase
- Extended in Stages through 1964
- 2-in AC Overlay in 1972
- 8-in to 12-in AC Overlay in 1975

## Buffalo Climate

- 44 Degrees North Latitude on Lake Erie
- Cold Winters (0 F)
- Many Freeze-Thaw Cycles
- Warm Summers (90-95 F)

## Pavement Evaluation / Management Practices That Were Used

- Visual Condition Survey
- Nondestructive (HWD) Testing
- Pavement Evaluation
- Functional – MicroPAVER
- Structural – LEDFAA (FAARFIELD)
- Program and Budgets

## Pavement Management Studies & Updates

**1986 Initial Implementation**
**1993 Update**
**1998 Update**
**2001 Update**

## Client Requirements for RW 5-23

- 1993 - Extend Useful Life to 1998
- 1998 - Extend Useful Life to 2000
- 2001 - Extend Useful Life to 2005
- After Extension of RW 14-32
- Allow for Shutdown of RW 5-23 and Temporary Operations Shift to RW 14-32

## Will Application of PMS Principles Work Here?

**Time or Traffic**

**Pavement Condition**

**Notes:**
The difference between the effect of preventive and reactive maintenance is significant.  Not only is the timing of application different, but the effect (represented by the slopes of the after-treatment performance curves) is also different.

## Results of Prior Studies (1986-1998)

- Pavement Structurally Adequate
- Functional Condition Deteriorating:
- Reflection cracks from underlying PCC (some severe)
- Weathering of surface from environment

## Major Maintenance in 1986

## Major Maintenance in 1998

**Existing AC Overlay**

**Existing PCC**

**New Crack Sealant**

**New or Extg. Backer Rod**

**Extg. PCC Joint Sealant**

**(Rubberized Asphalt)**

## Primary 2001 Study Results for RW 5-23

- Structurally Adequate for Forecast Traffic
- Primary narrow body
- Occasional wide body
- Continued Decline in Functional (Surface) Condition Affecting Safety and Reliability

## Slide 58

| SEC | 1975 (LCD) | 1986* (PCI) | 1993  (PCI) | 1999  (PCI) | 2001  (PCI) | 2006  (Pred-PCI) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 100 | 89 | 72 | 64 | 55 | 45 |
| 1A | 100 | 89 | 85 | 63 | 53 | 43 |
| 2 | 100 | 89 | 79 | 66 | 45 | 33 |

## Strategy to Extend Life

- Repair Medium and High Severity Distresses To Improve Safety            (i.e., Prevent FOD)
- Compute Theoretical PCI Improvement
- Monitor Condition
- Program “Mill & Fill” Overlay after  RW14-32 Extension

## Distress Repairs to Improve PCI

_***EXISTING DISTRESS***__***	***__***   ***__***	***__***	***__***SEVERITY***__***	***__***      QUANTITY***__***	***__*** REPAIR TYPE***_
**Joint reflective cracking****	**** ****	****   Medium         3284 m ****	****	****  crack sealing**
**Joint reflective cracking****	****      ****	****   High****	****          50 m    ****	****  crack sealing**
**Alligator cracking****	****	****      ****	****   Medium****	****        156 m****2 ****	****   ****patching**
**Depressions****	****	****        ****	****   High****	****         125m****2  ****	****   ****patching**
**Longitudinal/Transverse Cracking****	****	****   Medium****	****         545m****2 ****	****  crack sealing**
**Patching****	****	****	****	****   Medium****	****         328m****2****.****	****  repair patch**
**Patching****	****	****	****	****   High                  3m****2               ****	****  repair patch**
**Swelling****	****	****	****	****   Medium            5m****2                  ****	****   ****mill and patch**

## PCI Improvements with Maintenance

-                                          ***PREVIOUS      CURRENT           ---------------POST MAINTENANCE-------------------***
_*** ***__***SECTION/LOCATION***__***	***__***  1999 PCI***__***	***__*** 2001 PCI***__***	***__***     REPAIRS 2001 PCI               PROJECTED 2005 PCI***_
-          **1           Keel****	****    64 (Good)    55 (Fair)               64 (Good)****	****                    60 (Good)**
**         ****1A****	**** Sides****	****    63 (Good     53 (Fair)****	****              60 (Good)****	****           ****         ****55 (Fair)**
**         ****2****	**** Intersection  66 (Good)    45 (Fair)****	****              61 (Good)****	****                    56 (Good)**

## PCI Comparison – Keel Section

## Intercession Worked

**Time or Traffic**

**Pavement Condition**

**Notes:**
The difference between the effect of preventive and reactive maintenance is significant.  Not only is the timing of application different, but the effect (represented by the slopes of the after-treatment performance curves) is also different.

## Pavement Serviceability Maintained and Life Increased 7 Years Until Rehab

**Time or Traffic**

**Pavement Condition**

**Notes:**
The difference between the effect of preventive and reactive maintenance is significant.  Not only is the timing of application different, but the effect (represented by the slopes of the after-treatment performance curves) is also different.

## Conclusions

- Pavement Management will identify immediate problem areas affecting safety
- Timely maintenance can extend pavement life
- At BNIA, maintenance procedures were effective in maintaining a safe, reliable operational surface until an HMA overlay was placed