# Presentation: 934020

## Superpave Binder Purchase Specification

**Notes:**
One of the primary purposes of the Superpave binder testing is to use that data for the development of a purchase specification for asphalt binders.

## Superpave Asphalt Binder Specification

**The grading system is based on Climate**

**PG 64 - 22**

**Performance Grade**

**Average 7-day max pavement temperature**

**Min pavement temperature**

**Notes:**
The binder designation is based on expected extremes of hot and cold pavement temperatures.

## Performance Grades

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

_**P**_**erformance **_**G**_**rades**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

**Notes:**
This is the binder specification - it is defined by AASHTO MP -1.  

## How the PG Spec Works

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**How the PG Spec Works**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

**Test Temperature**
**Changes**

**Spec Requirement**
**Remains Constant**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

**Notes:**
The approach to the PG system represents a change in philosophy.  The specification requirement does not change; the temperature which the value has to meet changes with grade.   

## Permanent Deformation

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**Permanent Deformation**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**Unaged**
**RTFO Aged**

**Notes:**
The high temperature stiffness is measured with the DSR using the binder in two different aging conditions.  The non-aged condition is checked in case the binder is not sufficiently  aged in the plant.  The RTFO-aged residue is checked to ensure that the material has sufficient stiffness after  mixing with the aggregate in the plant.

## Permanent Deformation

- Addressed by high temp stiffness
- G*/sin  on unaged binder _>_ 1.00 kPa
- G*/sin  on RTFO aged binder _>_ 2.20 kPa

***>  Early part of ***
***	******pavement ***
***	******service life***

**Heavy Trucks**

**Notes:**
These values are minimums.

## Fatigue Cracking

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**Fatigue Cracking**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

**PAV Aged**

**Notes:**
For fatigue cracking, the DSR is used a third time, to measure an intermediate stiffness on the PAV-aged residual.  This is a check to see how stiff the binder will be after it has been in service for a period of time.

## Fatigue Cracking

- Addressed by intermediate temperature stiffness
- G*sin  on RTFO & PAV aged binder _<_ 5000 kPa

***>  Later part of ***
***         ******pavement service life***

**Notes:**
For fatigue cracking there is a maximum value.

## Low Temperature Cracking

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**Low Temperature Cracking**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**PAV Aged**

**Notes:**
For low temperature cracking the binder is aged in the PAV.  The binder is tested with the BBR for a maximum stiffness (<= 300 MPa) and a minimum m-value (m>0.30).

## Low Temperature Cracking

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**Low Temperature Cracking**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**PAV Aged**

**Notes:**
If the binder passes the m-value but fails the stiffness value it is then tested in the direct tension device and checked.

## Miscellaneous Spec Requirements

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**Miscellaneous Spec Requirements**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

- CEC

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

**Flash****Point**

**Mass****Loss**

**Notes:**
These miscellaneous requirements have been used for years.  
      The viscosity requirement is there to insure that the material can be pumped.
      The flash-point is there for safety reasons.
      Mass loss indicates the amount of volatiles evaporating during the mixing and construction process. 

## PG Binder Selection

**PG 52-28**

**PG 64-10**

**PG 58-16**

**>  Many agencies have **
**	****established zones**

**PG Binder Selection**

**Notes:**
Many states have divided their territory into different regions.  How many regions depends on the variation of climates.  

## Developed from Air Temperatures

**Superpave Weather Database**
**6500 stations in U.S. and Canada**
**Annual air temperatures**
**hottest seven-day temp (avg and std dev)**
**coldest temp (avg and std dev)**
**Calculated pavement temps used in PG selection**

**>  20 years**

## Reliability

- Percent Probability of _Not_ Exceeding Design Temp

**frequency of**
**observed temps**
**(Total area under**
**curve = 100 %)**

**T****avg**

**T****des**

**Reliability is area under curve**
**to the left of T****des****  **

**>  using Normal Distribution**

**Notes:**
We use a normal distribution to describe the range of temperatures at a site.  By selecting a higher reliability, you can move further out on the “tail” and reduce the amount of risk of encountering a temperature that exceeds the design temperature.

## Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS

**36**

**40**

**7-Day Maximum Air Temperatures**

**50 % reliability**

**98 % reliability**

- Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS

**average summer**
**very hot summer**

**>  ****this data - standard**
**    ****deviation of 2°C**

**Notes:**
For this example - Topeka, KS was used.  98% reliability is approximately 2 standard deviations.

## Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS

**36**

**40**

**-23**

**-31**

- Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS

**average winter**

**>  standard**
**    ****deviation of 4°C**

**very cold winter**

**Notes:**
These are the high and low temperature ranges for Topeka.

## Convert to Pavement Temperature

- Calculated by Superpave software
- High Temperature
- 20 mm below surface of mixture
- Low Temperature
- at surface of mixture

**Notes:**
The software can be used to calculate the pavement temperatures (using air temperatures, depth and latitude).

## Calculated Pavement TemperaturesTopeka, KS

- Calculated Pavement TemperaturesTopeka, KS

**pvt = air**

**pvt > air**

**Notes:**
For the low temperature we currently (Sept 98) use the air temperature.

## PG Binder GradesTopeka, KS

**0**

**10**

**20**

**30**

**40**

**50**

**60**

**-10**

**-20**

**-30**

**-40**

**70**

**PG 64-34 (98% minimum reliability)**

**PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability)**

- PG Binder GradesTopeka, KS

**PG grades - six degree increments**

## Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades

**0**

**10**

**20**

**30**

**40**

**50**

**60**

**-10**

**-20**

**-30**

**-40**

**70**

**PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability)**

**PG 58 provides 85% reliability**

**PG -28 provides 90% reliability**

## Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades

**needed grade**
**for 50% reliability**

**-23**

**-28**

**Minimum Pavement Temperatures**

**selected grade**
**for 50% reliability**

***Rounding depends ******on actual temps!***

## Effect of Loading Rate on Binder Selection

- Dilemma
- specified DSR loading rate is 10 rad/sec
- what about _longer_ loading times ?
- Use binder with more stiffness at higher temps
- slow - -  increase one high temp grade
- stationary  - -  increase two high temp grades
*no effect on low temp grade*

***90 kph***

**Notes:**
As the speed decreases, the needed stiffness for the binder increases.

## Effect of Loading Rate on Binder Selection

- Example
- for toll road			PG 64-22
- for toll booth			PG 70-22
- for weigh stations		PG 76-22

*90 kph*

- Slow

- Stopping

## Effect of Traffic Amounton Binder Selection

- 10 - 30 x 106 ESAL
- Consider increasing - - one high temp grade
-  30 x 106 +  ESAL
- Recommend increasing - - one high temp grade

**>  **_**E**_**quivalent **_**S**_**ingle **_**A**_**xle **_**L**_**oads**

**Notes:**
As the amount of traffic increases there is a need for a stiffer binder.

## ESAL Comparison

**Notes:**
The ESAL (equivalent single axle load) concept was developed at the AASHO road test.  It is a method of measuring truck volume.

## 0.49 ESALs

**67 kN**
**15,000 lb**
**0.48 ESAL**

**27 kN**
**6,000 lb**
**0.01 ESAL**

**+**

**=**

**151 kN**
**34,000 lb**
**1.10**

**151 kN**
**34,000 lb**
**1.10**

**+**

**=**

**54 kN**
**12,000 lb**
**0.19**

**+**

**0.49 ESALs**

**2.39 ESALs**

**BIG TRUCK**

**Little Truck**

## How the PG Spec Works

- <date/time>

**   ****PG 46 ****	****           PG 52                           PG 58   ****	****     PG 64 ****	****                      PG 70 ****	****                 PG 76 ****	****        PG 82**

**(Rotational  Viscosity)    ****RV**

**      ****90****	****               90****	****           100  ****	****        100****	****                   100 (110)****	****               100 (110)****	****      110 (110)**

**(Flash  Point)  ****FP**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                 ****	****       64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**      ****46****	****              52****	****                               58  ****	****                          64****	****                        70                             76****	****           82**

**(ROLLING  THIN  FILM  OVEN)   ****RTFO  ****Mass  Loss  **_**<**_**  1.00 %**

**(Direct  Tension)    ****DT**

**(Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****  Physical  Hardening**

**28**

**-34  -40  -46   -10  -16   -22   -28   -34  -40  -46   -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16   -22  -28   -34   -40  -10  -16  -22  -28   -34  -40   -10  -16   -22   -28  -34   -10   -16  -22   -28  -34**

**Avg 7-day Max, ****o****C**

**1-day Min, ****o****C **

**(PRESSURE  AGING  VESSEL)    ****PAV**

**ORIGINAL**

_**<**_** 5000 kPa **

_**>**_** 2.20 kPa **

**S **_**<**_** 300 MPa **

**m **_**>**_** 0.300**

**Report Value**

_**>**_** 1.00 %**

**20 Hours, 2.07 MPa**

** ****10    7      4     25    22    19    16    13    10    7     25    22    19    16    13    31    28    25   22    19    16    34    31    28   ** **25    22    19    37    34    31   28    25    40    37    34    31  **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G* sin ******** **

**( Bending  Beam  Rheometer)  ****BBR ****“S” ****Stiffness  & ****“m”****- value**

**-24  -30   -36    0    -6   ** **-12   -18  -24   -30  -36    -6   -12   -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6    -12  -18  -24**

**-24  -30   -36    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30   -36   -6    -12   -18  -24   -30    0     -6    -12  -18   -24  -30     0     -6   -12   -18  -24   -30     0    -6    -12   -18  -24     0     -6   -12   -18  -24**

**How the PG Spec Works**

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

**(Dynamic  Shear  Rheometer)    ****DSR ****G*/sin ******** **

_**<**_** ****3**** ****Pa****.****s**** ****@**** ****135 ****o****C**

_**>**_**  230 ****o****C**

- CEC

**Test Temperature**
**Changes**

**Spec Requirement**
**Remains Constant**

_**>**_** 1.00 kPa **

## Summary of How to Use PG Specification

- Determine
- 7-day max pavement temperatures
- 1-day minimum pavement temperature
- Use specification tables to select test temperatures
- Determine asphalt cement properties and compare to specification limits

**Notes:**
This provides a brief summary of the steps needed to determine if an asphalt meets a particular PG specification.

## Questions - ?