# Presentation: 050665

## Report of Project Manager

**Michael S. Zisman**
**NFMCC**** Project Manager**
**C****enter for ****B****eam ****P****hysics**
**Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory**
**MUTAC Review–LBNL**
**April 8, 2008**

## Introduction

**U.S. ****N****eutrino ****F****actory and ****M****uon ****C****ollider ****C****ollaboration (****NFMCC****) explores techniques for producing, accelerating, and storing ****intense muon beams**
**near-term focus: muon storage ring to serve as source of well-characterized neutrinos (****“Neutrino Factory”****) for long baseline experiments (~3000–7500 km)**
**longer-term focus: ****Muon Collider**
_**Higgs Factory**_** operating at few-hundred GeV or **_**energy-frontier collider**_** operating at several TeV**
**both types of machine will be difficult**
**but, both have high scientific potential**
**a common feature of these state-of-the-art machines is the need for a ****sustained**** R&D program**
**most modern projects (LHC, ILC, CLIC) share this need**

## Neutrino Factory Ingredients

**Neutrino Factory comprises these sections**
**Proton Driver**
**primary beam on production target**
**Target, Capture, and Decay**
**create ********; decay into ******** ******** ****MERIT**
**Bunching and Phase Rotation**
**reduce ********E of bunch**
**Cooling**
**reduce transverse emittance**
**	******** ****MICE**
**Acceleration**
**130 MeV ******** 20-50 GeV**
**	****with RLAs or FFAGs**
**Decay Ring**
**store for 500 turns;**
**	****long straight(s)**

- Schematic Layout

## Muon Collider Ingredients

**Muon Collider comprises these sections (similar to NF)**
**Proton Driver**
**primary beam on production target**
**Target, Capture, and Decay**
**create ********; decay into ******** ******** ****MERIT**
**Bunching and Phase Rotation**
**reduce ********E of bunch**
**Cooling**
**reduce long. and transverse emittance**
**	******** ****MICE ******** ****MANX**** or equiv.**
**Acceleration**
**130 MeV ******** ~1 TeV**
**	****with RLAs or FFAGs**
**Collider Ring**
**store for 500 turns**

- Much of Muon Collider R&D is common with Neutrino Factory R&D

## Muon Accelerator Advantages

**Muon-beam accelerators can address several of the outstanding accelerator-related particle physics questions**
**neutrino sector**
**Neutrino Factory beam properties**
**decay kinematics well known**
**minimal hadronic uncertainties in the spectrum and flux**
******e************ oscillations give easily detectable “wrong-sign” ******
**energy frontier**
**point particle makes full beam energy available for particle production**
**couples strongly to Higgs sector**
**Muon Collider has almost no synchrotron radiation**
**narrow energy spread at IP compared with e****+****e****–**** collider**
**uses expensive RF equipment efficiently (******** fits on existing Lab sites)**

- Produces high energy neutrinos

## Muon Beam Challenges (1)

**Muons created as tertiary beam (p ******** ******** ******** ********)**
**low production rate**
**need target that can tolerate multi-MW beam**
**large energy spread and transverse phase space**
**need solenoidal focusing for the low energy portions of the facility**
**solenoids focus in both planes simultaneously**
**need emittance cooling**
**high-acceptance acceleration system and decay ring**
**Muons have short lifetime (2.2 ********s at rest)**
**puts premium on rapid beam manipulations**
**high-gradient RF cavities (in magnetic field) for cooling**
**presently untested ****ionization cooling**** technique**
**fast acceleration system**
**Decay electrons give rise to backgrounds in collider detector**

## Muon Beam Challenges (2)

**Magnet challenges**
**20 T magnet in high radiation environment (target)**
**large aperture solenoids (up to 1.5 m) in cooling channel**
**very strong solenoids (~50 T) for final collider cooling stages**
**low fringe fields in acceleration system**
**to accommodate SC RF cavities**
**high mid-plane heat load in decay or collider ring**

- If intense muon beams were easy to produce, we’d already have them!

## R&D Management Process

**Each year R&D groups propose annual program to TB**
**based on overall ****NFMCC**** budget guidance from DOE**
**PM prepares budget based on this input**
**note: budget **_**determined by R&D program**_**, not “institutional commitments”**
**subsequently approved by TB, EB, and Co-Spokespersons**
**After budget finalized, PM negotiates milestones with each institution based on R&D plan**
**milestones specify both dates and deliverables**
**“****report card” generated at year’s end to audit performance**
**PM summarizes spending and accomplishments each year in detailed report**
**given to MCOG and DOE at annual MUTAC review**

## R&D Overview (1)

**NFMCC**** R&D program has the following components:**
**simulation and theory**** effort**
**supports both Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider design**
**NF work presently done under aegis of ****IDS-NF**
**development of high-power target technology (****“Targetry”****)**
**development of cooling channel components (****“MuCool”****)**
**We participate in system tests as an international partner**
**MERIT**** (high-power Hg-jet target)**
**MICE**** (ionization cooling demonstration)**
**EMMA**** (non-scaling FFAG electron model)**
**Hardware development and system tests are major focus**
**simulation effort has led to cost-effective Neutrino factory design**
**and progress toward a complete Muon Collider scenario**

## R&D Overview (2)

**NFMCC**** R&D program has already led to many innovative accelerator concepts and approaches**
**driven by our desire to solve challenging technical problems in support of the HEP experimental program**
**enhanced support will further such innovation**
**Examples:**

| Solenoidal pion capture from target  |
| --- |
| RF phase rotation and bunching scheme  |
| Non scaling FFAG concept  |
| Muon cooling channels (linear, ring, helix)  |
| Theory of breakdown and conditioning in RF cavities  |
| High-pressure gas-filled cavities for cooling*  |
| Linear 6D helical cooling channel*  |
| Phase space manipulation techniques*  |
| High-field HTSC solenoids for giving low emittance*  |
|     *Muons, Inc.  |

## Ionization Cooling (1)

**Ionization cooling analogous to familiar SR damping process in electron storage rings**
**energy loss (SR or *****dE/ds*****) reduces *****p******x******, p******y******, p******z***
**energy gain (RF cavities) restores only *****p******z***
**repeating this reduces *****p******x,y******/p******z***** (******** 4D cooling****)**
**presence of LH****2**** near RF cavities is an engineering challenge**
**we get lots of “design help” from Lab safety committees!**

## Ionization Cooling (2)

**There is also a heating term**
**for SR it is quantum excitation**
**for ionization cooling it is multiple scattering**
**Balance between heating and cooling gives equilibrium emittance**
**prefer low ************** (****strong focusing****), large *****X*****0**** and *****dE/ds***** (****H****2**** is best****)**

- Cooling

- Heating

## 6D Cooling

**For 6D cooling, add emittance exchange to the mix**
**increase energy loss for high-energy compared with low-energy muons**
**put wedge-shaped absorber in dispersive region**
**use extra path length in continuous absorber**

- Cooling ring

- “Guggenheim” channel
- Single pass; avoids injection/extraction issues

## Funding Status

**Since FY03, ****NFMCC**** budget has been nearly “flat-flat”**
**we desire to restore it to FY01–02 levels**
**helped by NSF funding for MICE and DOE-SBIR funding for Muons, Inc.**
**NSF: $100K per year (FY05–07); $750K FY06 MRI grant (tracker electronics, spectrometer solenoid); $133K/year (FY08-10); FY08 MRI grant ($798K) (Coupling coils and ****MICE**** RF)**

## FY07 Budget

**FY07 budget finalized by Spokespersons and PM in December 2006**
**both ****MICE**** and ****MERIT**** were big-ticket items this year**
**finally getting a start on ****MuCool**** and ****MICE**** coupling coil fabrication**
**thanks to ICST collaboration (****Jia, Li, Green****) and NSF MRI (****Summers****)**

## FY07 Funding Distribution

**FY07 ****NFMCC**** budget (only DOE-****NFMCC**** funds)****†**
**	****†****Also: salary support from BNL, FNAL, LBNL; support from NSF of $1M ($750K MRI + $100K 3-yr grant); support of Muons, Inc. via SBIR grants**

## Incremental Funding

**Request this year was different than past years**
**DOE asked for scenarios for funding increase of 10% and 20%**
**submitted in October 2006**
**For +20%, proposed fabricating ****MuCool**** coupling coil**
**if Harbin arrangement worked out, remaining funds would be put toward ****MICE**** RF cavities (8 needed)**
**For +10%, proposed fabricating MuCool coupling coil if Harbin was collaborating with us**
**if not, we would advance the schedule by purchasing the superconducting cable and preparing bid package for the fabrication**
**Actually got $695K, of which $50K went to BNL base and $15K to LBNL base**
**also awarded $798K NSF MRI to U.-Miss. (Summers)**

## Budget Comments

**By juggling projects across fiscal year boundaries and careful prioritization, we continue to make progress**
**all our R&D efforts, including our international project commitments, have ****no contingency**
**only recourse for “contingent events” is ****delay**** (schedule slippage)**
**thus far, we’ve been fairly lucky**
**MICE**** schedule may be delayed 1 year due to inability to provide components in sufficiently timely way**
**Emphasis on hardware development for international experiments came at price of attrition in effort level**
**trying this year to augment post-docs**
**need growth in this area; many interesting problems to work on**
**BNL staff decreased by 1 FTE and budget remains severely strained**
**need ****common funds**** for ****MICE**** or we will not be co-authors on papers**

## FY07 R&D Goals

**Main goals for FY07 included:**
**carry out ****MERIT**** experiment**
**continue development of ****MuCool**** Test Area (MTA)**
**needed enhanced vacuum system to accommodate RF tests in B field**
**continue implementation of cryogenic system**
**continue high-power tests of 805-MHz cavity**
**continue high-power tests of 201-MHz cavity**
**in particular, prepare for magnetic field tests**
**begin fabrication of ****MICE**** spectrometer solenoids**
**begin simulation effort in support of IDS-NF**
**continue exploring and optimizing 6D cooling performance**
**in conjunction with ****MCTF**

## FY07 Milestones

**Prior to distribution of funds, each institution provided milestones agreed upon by PM**
**these (example below) reflect budget allocations for each institution, including base program funds**

## FY07 Accounting

**Summary of FY07 spending:**

## Recent R&D Accomplishments

**R&D progress made on most fronts:**
**Simulations/****ISS + IDS-NF**
**Targetry/****MERIT**
**Cooling/****MICE**
**Acceleration work on hold due to lack of funding at Cornell**

## Simulations

**NFMCC**** has been engaged in a number of efforts**
**Feasibility Study I (with FNAL)**
**Feasibility Study II (with BNL)**
**APS Multi-Divisional Neutrino Study (“Study IIa,” see http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/multidivisional/neutrino/)**
**I****nternational ****S****coping ****S****tudy (see http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/iss/)**
**Accelerator Working Group Report (finally!) completed (see http://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/project/ISS/iss-accel-report.pdf)**
**follow-on ****IDS-NF**** to develop engineered facility design and corresponding cost estimate is under way (see http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/)**
**Berg**** playing a lead role in this enterprise**
**Accomplishments**
**simplification of NF front-end design while maintaining performance**
**“****simplification” ******** cost savings of roughly 1/3 cf. study II**
**development of international consensus on NF design aspects**
**working with ****MCTF**** toward MC facility design (increasing interest here)**

## ISS Main Findings

**ISS compared existing NF designs to identify the most promising approaches**
**Findings:**
**optimum proton driver energy is 10 ******** 5 GeV**
**Hg-jet target gives optimal muon production for protons in preferred energy range**
**Study IIa front end design is preferred, using simultaneous operation with both muon signs**
**non-scaling FFAG beam dynamics limits performance and preferred approach will use only one, or at most two, such systems**
**both racetrack and triangular rings possible (two rings needed in either case)**
**triangle more efficient if two suitable sites are operating simultaneously**
**racetrack better for a single detector site, and has no directional constraints**

## IDS-NF Baseline

**A baseline configuration for the Neutrino Factory has been specified**
**based in large measure on the Study IIa design**

## IDS-NF Baseline Parameters

## Targetry R&D

**Target concept uses free Hg jet in 20-T solenoidal field**
**jet velocity of 20 m/s establishes “new” target for each beam pulse**
**this approach serves as basis of ****MERIT**** experiment**

## MERIT Experiment

**MERIT**** recently carried out beam test of Hg-jet target in 15-T magnetic field using CERN PS**
**first beam October, 2007**

- Schematic of MERIT experimental setup

- Installation at CERN

- During                     After
- 10 Tp

## MuCool R&D (1)

**MuCool program does R&D on cooling channel components**
**RF cavities, absorbers**
**Carried out in MuCool Test Area (MTA) at Fermilab (funded by ****NFMCC****)**
**located at end of 400 MeV linac and shielded for eventual beam tests**

## MuCool R&D (2)

**Motivation for cavity test program: observed degradation in cavity performance when strong magnetic field present**
**201 MHz cavity ****easily reached 19 MV/m**** without magnetic field**
**initial tests in fringe field of Lab G solenoid now under way**

- 201 MHz cavity

- 5-T solenoid + 805-MHz cavity

## MuCool R&D (3)

**Tested pressurized button cavity at MTA (****Muons, Inc.****)**
**use high-pressure H****2**** gas to limit breakdown (******** no magnetic field effect)**

- Remaining issue:
- What happens when high intensity beam traverses gas?

## MICE Schematic

## MICE Hall (1)

**Hall will contain a *****lot***** of equipment**

## MICE Hall (2)

**The beam line portion of which is now in place and being commissioned**

## MICE Stages

**Present staging plan (some delays have occurred)**

## MICE Collaborators

**Collaborating institutions**

- Shows broad international support for muon cooling study

## International Perspective

**International community holds annual “NuFact” workshops**
**provides opportunity for physics, detector, and accelerator groups to plan and coordinate R&D efforts at “grass roots” level**
**venue rotates among geographical regions (Europe, Japan, U.S.)**

| Year |   Venue |
| --- | --- |
| 1999 | Lyon, France |
| 2000 | Monterey, CA |
| 2001 | Tsukuba, Japan |
| 2002 | London, England |
| 2003 | New York, NY |
| 2004 | Osaka, Japan |
| 2005 | Frascati, Italy |
| 2006 | Irvine, CA |
| 2007 | Okayama, Japan |
| 2008 | Valencia, Spain |

## FY08 Budget

**Prepared initial budget for FY08 based on (usual) guidance of flat-flat funding**
**from there it went downhill...but not drastically**
**Discussed and approved by TB, EB, and MCOG**
**Goal: keep simulation activities viable while making some progress on key fabrication activities**
**R&D obligations**
**proceed with ****MICE**** RFCC module fabrication**
**complete and decommission ****MERIT**** experiment**
**participate in ****IDS-NF**** and ****MICE ****(******** common fund payment)**
**continue RF test program at MTA**
**enhance effort on collider design**

## FY08 Funding Distribution

**FY08 ****NFMCC**** budget (only DOE-****NFMCC**** funds)****†**
**	****†****Also: salary support from BNL, FNAL, LBNL; support from NSF of $1M ($798K MRI + $133K 3-yr grant); support of Muons, Inc. via SBIR grants**

## FY08-09 Plans

**Targetry**
**decommission ****MERIT**** and publish results**
**Cooling/****MICE**
**continue testing 805- and 201-MHz cavities**
**with magnetic field**
**test gas-filled cavity with beam at MTA (****MCTF****)**
**begin ****MICE**** beam line commissioning**
**Acceleration**
**participate in ****EMMA**** design**
**Simulations**
**participate in ****IDS-NF**
**continue collider studies with ****MCTF**
**aim for feasibility study in FY11-FY12**

- Also developing updated 5-year plan (tomorrow’s talk)

## Issues

**Three categories where additional support is needed:**
**completing our ****hardware commitments**** to international experiments**
**MICE**** hardware commitments ****will be honored**** at present budget levels, but may be 1 year late**
**any substantial need for contingency would risk further delays**
**restoring the health of our ****simulations and theory effort**
**manpower has eroded away after years of flat budgets**
**need effort for ****IDS-NF****, ****MICE**** analysis, ****EMMA**** design, and ****MCTF**** work**
**need to assess resource needs (not just $ issue)**
**providing ****common funds**** for the ****MICE**** experiment**
**	****	****	**
**Hope for strong endorsement from P5 to help improve our fortunes**
**support from MUTAC will likewise be very beneficial**

## Summary and Outlook

**Despite limited funding, ****NFMCC**** continues to make ****excellent progress**** on carrying out its R&D program**
**201 MHz cavity tests with magnetic field have begun**
**MICE**** spectrometer solenoid fabrication nearly completed**
**completed ****ISS****; write-up posted**
**launched ****IDS-NF**
**completed ****MERIT**** beam run**
**data analysis under way**
**Our work provides potential choices for HEP community**
**muon-based accelerators/colliders offer advantages over other approaches**
**they also provide an intense source for low-energy muon physics**
**We have been disciplined and effective in carrying out our R&D tasks continue to make good use of our funding**