# Presentation: 493319

## Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases

**Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases**

- Milton Friend
-  Emeritus Scientist

**U.S. Department of Interior**
**U.S. Geological Survey**

## “During the last 150 years the Western world has virtually eliminated death due to infectious disease.”

**(U.S. Surgeon General, 1975)**

## “...it is time to ‘close the book on infectious diseases’.”

**(U.S. Surgeon General, 1967)**

## Time Magazine

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## Number of People Worldwide with HIV/AIDS in 2002

**Number of People Worldwide with HIV/AIDS in 2002**

**Men****	****	****	****38.8 million**
**Women****	****	****19.6 million**
**Children <15 yrs****	****  3.2 million**
**Total****	****	****	****42.0 million**

**U.S. AIDS-related mortalities (CDC data through 2001)**
**467,910**

## Slide 9

## Disease Emergence

**Disease Emergence**

**multi-pronged assault on humans by infectious disease**

## Zoonoses =

**(World Health Organization, 1959)**

## Notable Emerging Diseases with Wildlife Origins

| Disease | Year of Emergence | Wildlife Hosts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Monkeypox | 2003 | Prairie Dog |
| SARS | 2003 | Civet Cat |
| West Nile Virus | 1999 | Birds |
| Hantavirus | 1993 | Small Rodents |
| AIDS | 1981 | Nonhuman Primates |
| Lyme Disease | 1975 | Small Rodents |

**Notable Emerging Diseases with Wildlife Origins**

## Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife

**Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife**

**Birds**
**Mammals – terrestrial and marine**
**Reptiles and Amphibians**
**Fish – shellfish and finfish**
**Corals**

**n=~190**

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## West Nile Virus – Surveillance Activities

**West Nile Virus – Surveillance Activities**

## West Nile Virus – Necropsy Activities

**West Nile Virus – Necropsy Activities**

## 2000 West Nile Virus Outbreak Timeline 

**May**

**Jun**

**Jul**

**Aug**

**Sep**

**Oct**

**First Positive Wild Bird**

**First Positive Mosquitoes**

**Onset of First Human Case**

**Onset of First Horse Case**

**First Positive Sentinel Chicken**

## West Nile Virus – Mapping

- Wild Bird Surveillance

- Human Cases

## Slide 20

## A Potential Wildlife Disease Surveillance Network

**A Potential Wildlife Disease Surveillance Network**

## Specimens Submitted to NWHC  (n=74,913)

**Dept. of Interior**

**States**

**University**

**Others**

**Other Federal**

## Slide 23

## Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC

**Hepatopathy (Mycotoxin?)**

**Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC**

**Inclusion Body Disease**

**Poxvirus**

**Nestling Herpesvirus**

**1970s**

**1980s**

**Pentobarbitol Poisoning**

**Mycotoxin Trichothecine**

**Woodcock Reovirus**

**Eastern Equine Encephalitis**

**Lake Andes Duck Plague**

## ???

**Hawaii Disease Biocomplexity**

**Sea Otter Encephalitis**

**Avian Myelinopathy**

**Hepatopathy in Wisconsin**

**Stunting, Humpback Chub**

** ****Sea Turtle Retrovirus**

**Rainbow Trout Enteritis**

**Splenitis, Hepatitis  in Brant**

**Coral Coccidiosis, Tumors**

**1990s**

**2000s**

**LT Duck Adenovirus**

**Poisoning   in Asian Vultures**

**Newcastle Disease**

***L. polyoon***** Enteritis**

**Chytrid Fungus/ Ranavirus**

**Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC**

## Model

- 0.2% (0.04-4.0%)
- n = 2393

**Model**
** ****Disease Distribution in Wisconsin’s Eradication Zone**

**Deer Processing Station**

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## Specialized Biocontainment Facilities

**Specialized Biocontainment Facilities**

## Infectious Disease Investigations

**Infectious Disease Investigations**

## Rabies

**Rabies**

## Slide 33

## Wildlife

- Domestic
- Animal

- Human

- Translocation

- Human encroachment
- Ex situ contact
- Ecological manipulation
- Human behaviors

- Global travel
- Urbanization
- Biomedical
- manipulation

- Food processing/distribution
- Technology and
- Industry

- Agricultural
- Intensification

- Encroachment
- Introduction
- “Spill over” &
- “Spill back”

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## Components Required to Adequately Address Wildlife Disease

| Component | Primary Focus |
| --- | --- |
| Monitoring | Disease patterns, trends, and geographic distribution |
| Surveillance | Pathogen presence and disease activity |
| Reporting | Real-time awareness and summaries |
| Field Response | Disease control activities |
| Disease Ecology | Disease maintenance, eruption and spread – finding the weak links |
| Technology Development | New capabilities for disease detection, diagnosis and control |
| Interagency Collaboration | Efforts crossing areas of jurisdiction/agency responsibilities |
| Training and Education | Enhancing societal awareness, addressing disease issues  |

**Components Required to Adequately Address Wildlife Disease**

## Status of Knowledge for Disease Prevention and Control

| Characteristic | Humans | Domestic Animals | WIldlife |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | One | Several | Many |
| Species Biology & Ecology | Well Known | Well Known | Highly Variable |
| Disease Ecology* | Well Known | Well Known | Poorly Known |
| Disease Control | High Probability | High Probability | Limited Success |
| Profession | Long Standing | Long Standing | Recent Origin |

**Status of Knowledge for Disease Prevention and Control**

*** for established diseases**

## Stewardship Network

**Stewardship Network**

## $$$

**Operational Resources**

**Timely Response**

**Scientific Knowledge **

**Early Detection**

**Rapid, accurate diagnosis**

## “...emerging zoonotic diseases are among the most important public health threats facing humanity.”

**(Mahy and Brown, 2000)**

## “Pathogens that infect wildlife are twice as likely to become emerging diseases of humans as pathogens without wildlife hosts.”

**(Cleaveland et al., 2001)**

##  Diseases in wildlife are often transmitted to humans

** ****Diseases in wildlife are often transmitted to humans**

-  **USGS is well positioned to develop the type of wildlife disease program needed to best serve wildlife and human health**

-  **Wildlife disease surveillance and monitoring are weak links in the protection of human health **

-  **Wildlife are important to the national economy and natural heritage and can be impacted by disease**

-  **USGS has increasingly been called upon to respond with its wildlife disease expertise to help combat emerging infectious diseases of humans, such as WNV and monkeypox.**