# Presentation: 168870

## 

Erik P. DeBenedictis
Sandia National Laboratories

February 24, 2005

**Erik P. DeBenedictis**
**Sandia National Laboratories**
**February 24, 2005**

**Sandia Zettaflops Story***A Million Petaflops*

- Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for theUnited States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

- SAND2005-1079C

## Applications and $100M Supercomputers

**Applications and $100M Supercomputers**

## Outline

**Outline**

**An Exemplary Zettaflops Problem**
**The Limits of Moore’s Law**
**Beyond Moore’s Law**
**Industry’s Plans**
**Nanotech and Reversible Logic**
**Conclusions**

## FLOPS Increases for Global Climate

- 1 Zettaflops

- 1 Exaflops

- 10 Petaflops

- 100 Teraflops

- 10 Gigaflops

**Issue**

**Scaling**

- 100 Exaflops

- Ref. “High-End Computing in Climate Modeling,” Robert C. Malone, LANL, John B. Drake, ORNL, Philip W. Jones, LANL, and Douglas A. Rotman, LLNL (2004)

## Exemplary Exa- and Zetta-Scale Simulations

**Exemplary Exa- and Zetta-Scale Simulations**

**Sandia MESA facility using MEMS for weapons**
**Heat flow in MEMS not diffusion; use DSMC for phonons**
**Shutter needs 10 ******** Exaflops on an overnight run for steady state**
**Geometry optimization ********100 Exaflops overnight run**
**Adjust spoke width for high b/w no melting**

## FLOPS Increases for MEMS

- 10 Exaflops

- 30 Petaflops

- 600 Gigaflops

- 5 Gigaflops

**Issue**

**Scaling**

- 100 Exaflops

## Outline

**Outline**

**An Exemplary Zettaflops Problem**
**The Limits of Moore’s Law**
**Beyond Moore’s Law**
**Industry’s Plans**
**Nanotech and Reversible Logic**
**Conclusions**

## *** This is a Preview ***

***** This is a Preview *****

## Metaphor: FM Radio on Trip to Austin

**You drive to Austin listening to FM radio**
**Music clear for a while, but noise creeps in and then overtakes music**

**Analogy: You live out the next dozen years buying PCs every couple years**
**PCs keep getting faster**
**clock rate increases**
**fan gets bigger**
**won’t go on forever**
**Why...see next slide**

**Details: Erik DeBenedictis, “Taking ASCI Supercomputing to the End Game,”****SAND2004-0959**

## FM Radio and End of Moore’s Law

- Driving away from FM transmitterless signalNoise from electrons  no change

- Increasing numbers of gatesless signal powerNoise from electrons  no change

- Shrink

- Distance

## Scientific Supercomputer Limits

**Scientific Supercomputer Limits**

## Outline

**Outline**

**An Exemplary Zettaflops Problem**
**The Limits of Moore’s Law**
**Beyond Moore’s Law**
**Industry’s Plans**
**Nanotech and Reversible Logic**
**Conclusions**

## Proceeding

**So industry has plans to extend Moore’s Law, right?**
**Next slide shows ITRS Emerging Research Devices (ERD), the devices under consideration by industry**
**All are either hotter, bigger, or slower**
**Erik is now on ITRS ERD committee**

**What is scientifically feasible for Gov’t funding?**
**Nanotechnology**
**Efforts all over**
**Reversible logic**
**Odd name for a method of cutting power below k****B****T**
**Not currently embraced by industry**

## ITRS Device Review 2016

**ITRS Device Review 2016**

- Shaded =    Slower                  Larger                     Hotter

## Outline

**Outline**

**An Exemplary Zettaflops Problem**
**The Limits of Moore’s Law**
**Beyond Moore’s Law**
**Industry’s Plans**
**Nanotech and Reversible Logic**
**Conclusions**

## An Exemplary Device: Quantum Dots

**Pairs of molecules create a memory cell or a logic gate**

**Ref. “Clocked Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” Craig S. Lent and Beth Isaksen****IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 50, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003**

## Atmosphere Simulation at a Zettaflops

**Atmosphere Simulation at a Zettaflops**

**Supercomputer is 211K chips, each****with 70.7K nodes of 5.77K cells of****240 bytes; solves 86T=44.1Kx44.1Kx****44.1K cell problem.****System dissipates 332KW from the****faces of a cube 1.53m on a side,**
**for a power density of****47.3KW/m****2****. Power: 332KW active****components; 1.33MW****refrigeration; 3.32MW wall****power; 6.65MW from power****company.**
**System has been inflated****by 2.57 over minimum****size to provide enough****surface area to avoid****overheating.**
**Chips are at 99.22% full,****comprised of 7.07G****logic, 101M memory****decoder, and 6.44T****memory transistors.**
**Gate cell edge is****34.4nm (logic)****34.4nm (decoder);****memory cell edge****is 4.5nm****(memory).**
**Compute****power is 768****EFLOPS,****completing****an iteration****in 224μs****and a****run ****in 9.88s.**** **

## Outline

**Outline**

**An Exemplary Zettaflops Problem**
**The Limits of Moore’s Law**
**Beyond Moore’s Law**
**Industry’s Plans**
**Nanotech and Reversible Logic**
**Conclusions**

## Conclusions

**Important applications exist to 1 Zettaflops**
**Performance of $100M ********P-based supercomputers will rise to only ~100 Petaflops**
**This would meet current ASC demand**
**Will take decades to reach this level**
**But then again, 100 Teraflops was supposed to as well**

**Advanced Architectures (e. g. PIM) will rise to ~10 Exaflops**
**Sandia has proposal outstanding to deploy Cyclops PIM-based system**
**Nanotech and Reversible logic good to perhaps 1 Zettaflops**