# Presentation: 594931

## Aircraft Coordination for Interdisciplinary Science Phil Russellwith key inputs from: Antony Clarke, Rich Ferrare, Jens Redemann, Jack Dibb

**ARCTAS ****Science Team Meeting**** Lanham-Seabrook, MD ****8-10 Jan 2008 **

## Motivations for Coordinated Flight Plans

_**Motivations for Coordinated Flight Plans**_

** ****Questions that ARCTAS and POLARCAT address involve measurements that are on different A/C.**
** ****Some objectives require concurrent measurements with diverse platforms.**
**  ****Similar measurements on different platforms need intercomparisons to confirm a common data set.**
** ****Scientific return and a broader spatial and temporal context are enhanced through coordinating A/C with satellite overpasses and/or surface sites.**

## Example Science Question

_**Example Science Question**_

**How does Arctic ****aerosol radiative forcing efficiency****  ****relate to aerosol** ** particle size distribution, composition (including water content, ionic, organic), & mixing state (internal, external)?**

## Science Questions

_**Science Questions**_

**How do Arctic aerosol, cloud, and surface properties important to **_**radiation and remote sensing**_** relate to aerosol **_**physiochemical properties and history**_**?**
**Properties important to **_**radiation and remote sensing **_
** ****Aerosol radiative forcing efficiency**
** ****Cloud albedo, optical depth and droplet size**
** ****Surface reflectance and albedo**
** ****Aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio**
** ****Aerosol SSA(********) & absorption Angstrom exponent**
**Related **_**aerosol physiochemical properties and history**_
**- particle size distribution**
** ****composition (including water content, ionic, organic)**
** ****mixing state (internal, external)**
** ****sizes active as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)**
** ****particle shape**
** ****Gas-phase tracers, precursors & trajectories (sources)**

## Science Question(s)

_**Science Question(s)**_

**How do Arctic aerosol, cloud and surface properties important to **_**radiation and remote sensing**_** relate to aerosol **_**physiochemical properties and history**_**?**
**Examples of properties important to **_**radiation and remote sensing **_
** ****Aerosol radiative forcing efficiency [P-3]**
** ****Cloud albedo, optical depth and droplet size [P-3]**
** ****Surface reflectance and albedo [P-3]**
** ****Aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio [B-200]**
** ****Aerosol SSA(********) & absorption Angstrom exponent [P-3]**
**Examples of **_**aerosol physiochemical properties and history**_
**-**** Aerosol particle size distribution [P-3, DC-8, B-200]**
** ****Aerosol composition (including water content) [P-3, DC-8]**
** ****Aerosol particle shape [B-200, others?]**
** ****Gas-phase tracers, precursors & trajectories (sources) ****[DC-8]**

## POLARCAT-ARCTAS objectives:

_**POLARCAT-ARCTAS objectives:**_

- • **Determine the ****vertical layering**** of Arctic pollution, ****associated optical properties ****and the**** related physiochemistry of Arctic aerosol****.**
**• ****Characterize the ****direct radiative effects**** within pollution and smoke layers in the Arctic.**
**• ****Investigate ****the size resolved properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and interactions of aerosols with clouds**** and their impact on ****radiative forcing****.**
**• ****Measure ****BRDF &**** ****albedo of snow, ice & other surfaces**** and compare those measurements to any available surface-based measurements of snow albedo/reflectance as affected by ****deposition of black carbon**** from anthropogenic and ****biomass burning**** sources.**
**• ****Study impact of ****boreal forest fire emissions**** on the ****composition of the troposphere**** and on ****concentrations of soot, organics and ionic species****.**
**• ****Determine the ****lofting, transport and evolution ****of smoke aerosol ****physiochemistry**** and associated ****optical properties. **
**• ****Validate aerosol, trace gas, and cloud products of space observations from polar orbital satellites****.**

## **

_**From the ARCTAS White Paper**_**: **** Strategy for enabling exploitation of NASA satellite data to improve understanding of arctic atmospheric composition and climate**

******

******

******

****+ clouds & radiation**

## Now it’s time to get more specific!

**B-200**

**P-3**

**B-200**

**P-3**

_**Now it’s time to get more specific!**_

## Lidar image in April 1986:

**Sloping thin layers**
**Strong gradients vertically & horizontally**
**Frequently decoupled surface layer **
**	****(relevance of surface statistics?)**
**Highest concentrations may be aloft**
**Diamond dust and stratus near surface**

**Vertical Structure of Arctic Haze**
**Chuck Brock, NOAA ESRL**
**NASA-GISS 2007**

**Lidar image in April 1986:**

***Treffeisen et al.***
**SAGE II observations suggest maximum vertical extent in March-April.**

## Expected P-3 Flight Patterns for Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Goals in ARCTAS

**Expected P-3 Flight Patterns for Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Goals in ARCTAS**

**B-200**

## The following examples are in terms of Flight Modules 

_**Because**_**:**
**The P-3 & DC-8 have long flight durations**
**Coordinated flight patterns will only be part of any given flight **
**It’s usually easier to coordinate early in a flight than later**

## Clear sky, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord instruments w/ other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Find AOD+flux gradients
Compare HSRL, AATS, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CALIPSO ext. profiles
Compare RSP retrievals to AATS AOD & HiGEAR/AERO3X properties | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP | CALIPSO: CALIOP
Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES
Terra: MISR, MODIS |

**CALIPSO**

**P-3**

**B-200**

## Coordinated B200/HSRL - Airborne in situ Measurements

- Increases in total aerosol number measured by PCASP instrument on G-1 suggests penetration of plume from Oklahoma City
- However, coincident HSRL aerosol backscatter measurements show these aerosol number variations are due to G-1 flying in and out of PBL rather than Oklahoma City plume

- Slide courtesy of Carl Berkowitz (PNNL)

- June 23, 2007 DOE CHAPS Mission

- G-1 In situ Measurements

**G-1 Flight Altitude **

**Coordinated B200/HSRL - Airborne in situ Measurements**
**Ex. DOE CHAPS – June 2007 **

## Clear sky, Module 2

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
Involved | Coord instruments w/ other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Find AOD+flux gradients
Compare HSRL, AATS, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CALIPSO ext. profiles
Compare DC-8 & B-200 backscat profiles 
Compare DC-8 & P-3 in situ | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP
DC-8: Lidar + in situ | CALIPSO: CALIOP
Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES
Terra: MISR, MODIS |

**Compare DC-8 & B-200 lidar profiles **
**	****(+ CALIPSO if available)**
**(2) Nested spirals give comparisons of DC-8 in situ to**
**	****- P-3 in situ**
**	****- AATS & HSRL ext **

## Clear sky, Module 3

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SSFR+AATS flux divergence for aerosol absorption compared to HiGEAR, AERO3X in situ
 | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP | Aqua: MODIS (possibly in-glint)
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

## Downwelling Flux: F

Upwelling Flux: F 

Net Flux: F- F

Flux Divergence (absorption):
	(F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m

Fractional absorption:
[(F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m]/ F2000m

**Upwelling Flux: F******** **
**Net Flux: F********- F******
**Flux Divergence (absorption):**
**	****(F********- F********)****2000m****- (F********- F********)****43m**
**Fractional absorption:**
**[(F********- F********)****2000m****- (F********- F********)****43m****]/ F********2000m**

**2000 m**

**43 m**

- Background on Radiative Flux Divergence & Closure, Absorption Spectra, etc.

**Notes:**
Definitions

## Pilewskie, Bergstrom, Schmid et al.

## Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum

**Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum**

**Derived from measured flux and AOD spectra.**
_**Desirable features**_**:**

**Wavelength, nm**

**Single scattering albedo**

**[Bergstrom, Pilewskie, **
**Schmid et al., *****JGR***** 2004]**

**12 April 2001, ****ACE-Asia**

****** ****Describes aerosol in its ambient state (incl volatiles like water, organics, nitrates)******** Wide ******** range: UV-Vis-SWIR******** Includes ******** range of OMI-UV, OMI-MW, MISR, MODIS, CALIPSO, HSRL, Glory ASP, RSP, POLDER, ...**** ******** Coalbedo (1-SSA) varies by factor 4, ******** = 350-900 nm**

## SSA Spectra from 4 Experiments

**SSA Spectra from 4 Experiments**

**Wavelength, nm           **

**Single Scattering Albedo**

**Bergstrom et al., *****ACP*****, 2007**

## Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) Spectra from 5 Experiments

**Aerosol **_**Absorption**_** Optical Depth (AAOD) Spectra from 5 Experiments**

**Wavelength, nm**

**Absorption Optical Depth**

**Bergstrom et al., *****ACP*****, 2007**

**AAOD = **
**K ********-AAE**

**Absorption **
**Angstrom **
**Exponent (AAE)**

**AAE =**

**1.45**

**2.27**

**2.34**

**1.05**

**1.12**

**For Black Carbon, AAE = 1**

## Wavelength dependence of absorption over Mexico is linked to both the organic carbon component (AMS - J, Jimenez, P. DeCarlo) and dust. Model and remote sensing implications for SSA etc.

**Trend due to OC mass fraction**

- Shortwave
- Enhancement due to dust

- {

***Dust***

***Pollution***

**Expected value for pure BC**

*Aerosol Optics*

**Shinozuka, Clarke et al., 2007**

## Clear sky, Module 3

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord instruments w/ other aircraft
 | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SSFR+AATS flux divergence for aerosol absorption compared to HiGEAR, AERO3X in situ
 | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP | Aqua: MODIS (possibly in-glint)
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

## Radiative Flux Closure with In Situ

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Radiative flux divergence for closure & aerosol absorption (compare abs to HiGEAR & AERO3X in situ, + DC-8 in situ)
 | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X | B-200: HSRL + RSP
DC-8: in situ + lidar
NOAA P-3: SSFR + BBR +? | Aura: OMI, TES 
Terra: MISR
Aqua: MODIS (possibly in glint)
PARASOL: POLDER |

**Compare NASA & NOAA P-3 SSFRs & BBRs, NASA P-3 & DC-8 in situ **
**(2) Flux divergence by 2 P-3s while DC-8 samples within layer & B-200 profiles from above.**
**(3) P-3 spiral in HSRL curtain gives 4-way extinction comparison (HSRL, AATS, HiGEAR, AERO3X)**
**(4) Flux divergence with 2 P-3s in swapped positions**

**Caveat: Only Summer smoke may have large enough AOD**

## Partly cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord instruments w/ other aircraft | Coordination with satellite instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Study AOD in vicinity of clouds (aerosol-cloud sep.)
Aerosol indirect effect
Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals | AATS, SSFR, HiGEAR, AERO3X | B-200: HSRL+RSP | CALIPSO: CALIOP
Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

## Partly cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Study AOD in vicinity of clouds (aerosol-cloud sep.)
Aerosol indirect effect
Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals | AATS, SSFR, HiGEAR, AERO3X | B-200: HSRL+RSP
DC-8: In situ | CALIPSO: CALIOP
Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

**Add DC-8 for below-cloud aerosol & within-cloud measurements**

## Partly cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Study AOD in vicinity of clouds (aerosol-cloud sep.)
Aerosol indirect effect
Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals with in-cloud meas | AATS, SSFR, HiGEAR, AERO3X | B-200: HSRL+RSP
CV-580: In situ | CALIPSO: CALIOP
Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

**Add CV-580 for below-cloud aerosol & within-cloud measurements**

## Cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coordination with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals
Aerosol above clouds | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP | Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

## Cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coordination with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals
Aerosol above clouds | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP
DC-8: In situ | Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

**Add DC-8 for below-cloud aerosol & within-cloud measurements**

## Cloudy, Module 1

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coordination with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals with in-cloud measurements
Aerosol above clouds | AATS, SSFR, BBR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP
CV-580: In situ | Aqua: MODIS
PARASOL: POLDER
Aura: OMI, TES |

**Add CV-580 for below-cloud aerosol & within-cloud measurements**

## Remaining slides are backup

- End of Presentation

**Notes:**
Definitions

## ICEALOT Cruise, 17 March-28 April 2008

**ICEALOT Cruise, 17 March-28 April 2008**

## Clear sky, Module 2

| Science objectives | P-3 instruments 
involved | Coord with instruments on other aircraft | Coordination with satellite-instruments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MISR local mode val.
Closure AATS+SSFR vs. DC-8 in situ
Compare HSRL+AATS+HiGEAR+AERO3X+CALIPSO ext.  | AATS, SSFR, HiGEAR, AERO3X, CAR | B-200: HSRL+RSP
DC-8: in situ + lidar | Terra: MISR, MODIS
CALIPSO
A-Train |

**CALIPSO**

## The A-Train is a set of satellites that fly in sequence

**The A-Train is a set of satellites that fly in sequence**

**Many P-3 flights will include legs or profiles under the A-Train or other satellites**

## Coordinated B200/HSRL - Airborne in situ Measurements

**Extinction; AOT (532 nm)**

**Depolarization (532 nm)**

**Extinction/Backscatter Ratio (532 nm**)

**Backscatter ********  Dependence (1064/532 nm)**

**Coordinated B200/HSRL - Airborne in situ Measurements**
**Ex. INTEX-B/MILAGRO/MAX-Mex – March 2006 **

- HSRL data provide vertical context for in situ data
- HSRL and G-1 measurements show changes associated with Mexico City pollution

- East side of MC basin
- Low depolarization, high extinction/backscatter ratio:  urban pollution

- West side of MC basin
- High depolarization, low aerosol/extinction ratio:  dust

**G-1 Flight Altitude **

**Notes:**
Lidare measurements show dust on west and pollution on east

Both the G-1 and lidar measurements indicate a change in loading and aerosol type moving from west to east.  From dust dominated on west to pollution dominated moving east.