# Presentation: 457004

## Language Needs of School-Age Children

- Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America
- April 16-19, 2008
- Robert A. Kominski and Hyon B. Shin, U.S. Census Bureau
- Karen Marotz, SUNY Albany

## The Issues

- Increasing levels of immigration to the U.S. have resulted in larger proportions of foreign-born persons (6.2% in 1980 and 12.5% in 2006).
- Many immigrants do not speak English or do not speak it very well.
- In 2006, of 53.4 million children 5 to 17 years old, 10.9 million spoke a language other than English at home and 2.8 million spoke English less than “very well”.
- What are the possible implications for schools, teachers, and the children themselves?

## Methodology

- Examine children 5 to 17 years old enrolled in nursery school to 12th grade by language and English-speaking ability.
- Examine young school children Pre-K to Grade 4.
- Examine pre-school children 0 to 4 years old by parental language use.
- Examine school teachers who might work with these children.

## Data

- Data come from the 2006 American Community Survey (ACS).
- Sample covers the entire U.S. including group quarters population.
- 2.9 million households were selected for interview.
- Another 189,641 people living in group quarters were in the initial sample selection.

## Language Question

- 3-part self-response question on language spoken and English-speaking ability
- Asked only of the population 5 years and older

## Population 5 Years and Over by Language Use and English-Speaking Ability, 2006.

|  | Number | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total population 5 years and over | 279,013 | 100.0 |
|      English-only | 224,154 | 80.3 |
|      Total non-English | 54,858 | 19.7 |
|           Very well | 30,646 | 11.0 |
|           Well | 10,771 | 3.9 |
|           Not well | 8,925 | 3.2 |
|           Not at all | 4,516 | 1.6 |

- Source: U.S. Census Bureau, The 2006 American Community Survey.

- (In thousands)

## What are the language characteristics of school children 5-17 years?

- 	nursery school to 12th grade
- 41.0 million spoke only English
- 10.4 million spoke a Language
- 	Other Than English (LOTE) at home (20%)
- Speaking ability
- 7.8M “very well”
- 1.7M “well”
- 742K “not well”
- 94K “not at all”
- Language needs reflect the population speaking English less than “very well”.

**What are the language characteristics of school children 5-17 years?**

- Potentially 2.5 million children need language assistance

**English only**
**79.6%**

**Spoke a LOTE**
**20.2%**

**Very well**
**15.3%**

**Well**
**3.3%**

**Not well**
**1.4%**

**Not at all**
**0.2%**

## What are the main languages spoken by school children 5-17 years old?

- _Language_	  _Number_
- Spanish	7,468,000
- Chinese	   351,000
- Vietnamese	   198,000
- French	   180,000
- Korean	   157,000

- How many different languages were reported for children
- 	5-17 years old?
- 229 languages/language groups reported

- _Language_	  _Number_
- Arabic	   154,000
- German	   128,000
- Russian	   119,000
- French Creole	   115,000
- Tagalog	   106,000

## Note:  States marked with an * are states that were not significantly different from the comparison percentage.  For example, 10 states had 20.0 percent or more of its children 5-17 years speaking a LOTE at home.  Rhode Island, with 21.7 percent of its children population was not significantly different than 20.0 percent.

## Where are the school children 5-17 years old who spoke a language other than English at home?

**Where are the school children 5-17 years old who spoke a language other than English at home?**

- Nationally, 20.3 percent of the population 5-17 enrolled in school spoke a LOTE.
- 10 states had 20.0 percent or more of its children speaking a LOTE at home –
- 	AZ, CA, FL, IL, NV, NJ, NM, NY, RI*, and TX.
- 5 states had 5.0 percent or less of its children speaking a LOTE at home –
- 	AL, KY, MS, VT*, and WV.

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 4.9 percent
- 	5.0 – 9.9 percent
- 	10.0 – 19.9 percent
- 	20.0 percent or more

## Where are the school children 5-17 years old with language needs?

**Where are the school children 5-17 years old with language needs?**

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 percent or more

- Nationally, 5.0 percent of the population 5-17 enrolled in school spoke English less than “very well.”
- 5 states had 6.0 percent or more of its children speaking English less than “very well” – AZ, CA, NM*, NY*, and TX.
- 17 states had 2.0 percent or less of its children speaking English less than “very well” – AL, KY, LA, ME*, MS, MO, MT, NH, ND, OH, OK*, SC*, SD, TN, VT, WV, and WY*.

## Where are the young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4th grade who spoke a language other than English at home?

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 4.9 percent
- 	5.0 – 9.9 percent
- 	10.0 – 19.9 percent
- 	20.0 percent or more

**Where are the young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4****th**** grade who spoke a language other than English at home?**

- Nationally, 20.4 percent of the young school children spoke a LOTE at home.
- 10 states had 20.0 percent or more of its children speaking a LOTE at home –
- 	 AZ, CA, FL, IL, NV, NM, NY, NJ, RI*, and TX.
- 9 states had 5.0 percent or less of its children speaking a LOTE at home –
- 	AL*, KY, LA, MS, MT, ND*, NH*, VT*, and WV.

_**Main languages spoken**_
- 		Spanish	Arabic
- 		Chinese	Korean
- 		Vietnamese	French

## Where are the young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4th grade with language needs?

**Where are the young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4****th**** grade with language needs?**

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 percent or more

- Nationally, 6.5 percent of the young school children spoke English less than “very well.”
- 11 states had 6.0 percent or more of its children speaking English less than “very well” – AZ, CA, CO, FL*, IL, NV, NM, NY, OR, TX, and WA*.
- 14 states had 2.0 percent or less of its children speaking English less than “very well” – AL, KY, LA, ME*, MS, MT*, ND, NH, OH, SC*, SD, VT*, WV, and WY*.

## How many young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4th grade lived in a household where the householder had language needs?

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 – 11.9 percent
- 	12.0 percent or more

**How many young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4****th**** grade lived in a household where the householder had language needs?**

- Nationally, 12.6 percent of the young school children lived in households where the householder had language needs.
- 14 states had 12.0 percent or more of its children having language needs.
- AZ, CA, CO*, FL, HI*, IL, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OR*, RI*, TX, and WA*.
- 7 states had 2.0 percent or less of its children having language needs.
- KY*, ME*, MS*, MT, ND, SD*, and WV.

## How many young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4th grade lived in linguistically isolated* households?

**How many young school children enrolled in nursery/kindergarten to 4****th**** grade lived in linguistically isolated* households?**

- * A  linguistically isolated household is one in which no person age 14 years or over speaks English at least “very well”.

- Nationally, 7.8 percent of the young school children lived in a linguistically isolated household.
- 4 states had 12.0 percent or more of its children in linguistically isolated households –
- 	AZ, CA, NV, and TX.
- 11 states had 2.0 percent or less of its children in linguistically isolated households –
- 	AL*, KY, LA, ME, MS, MT, ND, NH*, OH, SD*, and WV.

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 – 11.9 percent
- 	12.0 percent or more

## How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in households where the householder spoke a language other than English at home?

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 4.9 percent
- 	5.0 – 9.9 percent
- 	10.0 – 19.9 percent
- 	20.0 percent or more

**How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in households where the householder spoke a language other than English at home?**

_**Main languages spoken**_
- 	Spanish		Vietnamese Chinese		Arabic
- 	African languages	French

- Nationally, 28.0 percent of children age 0-4 years (pre-school children) lived in a household where the householder spoke a LOTE.
- 18 states had 20.0 percent or more of its pre-school children in a LOTE household –
- 	AK*, AZ, CA, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, MA, NV, NJ, NM, NY, OR, RI, TX, VA*, and WA.
- 2 states had 5.0 percent or less of its pre-school children in a LOTE household –
- 	MS* and WV.

## How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in households where the householder had language needs?

**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 – 11.9 percent
- 	12.0 percent or more

**How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in households where the householder had language needs?**

- Nationally, 13.7 percent of children age 0-4 years (pre-school children) lived in a household where the householder spoke English less than “very well.”
- 13 states had 12.0 percent or more of its pre-school children living in a household where the householder spoke English less than “very well.”
- 6 states had 2.0 percent or less of its pre-school children living in a household where the householder spoke English less than “very well”.

## How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in linguistically isolated households?

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 1.9 percent
- 	2.0 – 3.9 percent
- 	4.0 – 5.9 percent
- 	6.0 – 11.9 percent
- 	12.0 percent or more

**How many pre-school children age 0-4 years lived in linguistically isolated households?**

- Nationally, 9.2 percent of children age 0-4 years (pre-school children) lived in a linguistically isolated household.
- 4 states had 12.0 percent or more of its pre-school children living in a linguistically isolated household – AZ, CA, NV, and TX.
- 10 states had 2.0 percent or less of its pre-school children living in a linguistically isolated household – KY*, LA, ME, MS, MT, ND*, OH*, VT, WV, and WY.

## What about their teachers?

- School teachers act as a bridge between the home and society to help integrate children.
- For children with possible English limitations, these school teachers may be called upon to help even more.
- What do the pool of school teachers look like in terms of their language capabilities?

## How many school teachers might be able to help these children?

- To the extent that school teachers are also conversant in a language other than English, they may be able to help students with English needs.
- In the United States the percentage of teachers who reported speaking a language other than English (LOTE) at home:
- At all levels, there are larger proportions of children who are LOTE than there are proportions of teachers who are LOTE.
-  	(NOTE: This does not take the specific language of children or teachers into account)

|  | Percentage of teachers who speak a LOTE | Percentage of children who speak a LOTE |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total NK-12th grade | 11.2 | 20.2 |
| Nursery and kindergarten | 15.0 | 20.1 |
| Elementary/middle school | 10.4 | 20.1 |
| High school | 12.1 | 20.6 |

##  Top languages spoken by teacher category

| All teachers | Nursery-kindergarten teachers | Elementary-middle school teachers | High school teachers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Spanish | Spanish | Spanish | Spanish |
| French | French | French | French |
| German | Other Asian | German | German |
| Chinese | Hungarian | Chinese | Italian |
| Italian | Chinese | Italian | Chinese |

## How many teachers who spoke a language other than English at home taught in nursery school through 12th grade?

**How many teachers who spoke a language other than English at home taught in nursery school through 12****th**** grade?**

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 4.9 percent
- 	5.0 – 9.9 percent
- 	10.0 – 19.9 percent
- 	20.0 percent or more

- Nationally, 11.2 percent of teachers taught Pre-K to HS.

- Nationally, 15.0 percent of teachers taught nurse/kinder.

- Nationally, 10.4 percent of teachers taught elem & mid schools.

- Nationally, 12.1 percent of teachers taught high school.

## Are there enough teachers in the right places?

- To examine the availability of teachers who may be able to help children with language needs, we create a ratio of the number of children and the number of teachers for two different population groups: pre-school children and elementary/middle school children
- LTVW = less than “very well”
- LOTE = language other than English
- Assuming that an average classroom has 25 children, we divide the number of children by 25.

## Are there enough teachers in the right places?

- Pre-school children
- 		_(Num. of children 0-4 years in with a householder speaking LTVW / 25)_
- 		      Num. of nursery and kindergarten teachers who speak LOTE
- This formula creates a ratio of a potential cluster of children age 0-4 years who lived in a household where the householder spoke English less than “very well” (LTVW) by the number of nursery and kindergarten teachers who spoke a language other than English.
- Lower ratios mean a greater capacity of teachers to assist children who live in households where the householder spoke English less than “very well”.
- Elementary and middle school children
- 	_(Num. of children enrolled in 1__st__-8__th__ grade who spoke LOTE / 25)_
- 		         Num. of 1st-8th grade teachers who speak LOTE
- This formula creates a ratio of the number of children age 5-17 years who are enrolled in 1st-8th grade who spoke a LOTE by the number of 1st-8th grade teachers who spoke a LOTE.

## What is the ratio of pre-school children age 0-4 years to their teachers?

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 0.9
- 	1.0 – 1.9
- 	2.0 or more

**What is the ratio of pre-school children age 0-4 years to their teachers?**

- Nationally, the child/teacher ratio was 1.4.
- 13 states had a child/teacher ratio of 1.0 or less.
- Ignoring specific languages, these states have higher possible capacity of teachers to assist children who had language needs at home.
- 17 states had a child/teacher ratio of 2.0 or more.
- These states have a lower possible capacity to address these children.

## What is the ratio of young school-age children enrolled in 1st-8th grade to their teachers?

**What is the ratio of young school-age children enrolled in ****1****st****-8****th**** grade to their teachers?**

- Nationally, the child/teacher ratio was 0.8.
- 35 states had a child/teacher ratio 1.0 or less.
- Ignoring specific languages, these states have higher possible capacity of teachers to assist children who speak a LOTE at home.
- Only one state had a a child/teacher ratio greater than 2.0 – Nevada.

**Legend**
**	**0.0 – 0.9
- 	1.0 – 1.9
- 	2.0 or more

## Summary

- Children’s language needs are becoming more significant as time goes on.
- Children age 5-17 years with language needs live in states that have traditionally higher immigrant populations.
- Young school children also live in these states but taking into account the language needs of the householder, states that traditionally do not have higher immigrant populations, such as Idaho, Kansas, and Nebraska appear to have lower proportions of these children compared to all children 5-17 years in the U.S.
- The youngest children, age 0-4 years, who live in households with language needs are populating even more non-traditional immigrant states.
- Teachers who could potentially assist these children with language needs appear to be needed less as these children progress through the school system.  Need appears larger at the nursery/kindergarten level.