# Presentation: 172071

## Usability Standards for Biometric Systems: Options, Opportunities, Resources

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

**Usability Standards for Biometric Systems: ****Options, Opportunities, Resources**

- Marek Rejman-Greene
- Home Office Scientific Development Branch, UK

## Why support the user in a biometric system? 

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Why support the user in a biometric system?

- Effectiveness
- for operator/end user
- Efficiency
- for operator/end user
- Accessibility
- for (partially, multiply) disabled
- Cultural accessibility
- reduce dependency on written instructions
- Reduction of ‘User discomfort’
- in unfamiliar/stressful/encumbered situations

## Aims of talk

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Introduce current standardisation activities
- Pictograms, Icons and Symbols
- Discuss required research
- Identify wider context of biometric usability standards
- In the context of the end-to-end user experience
- IRIS entry into UK
- US-VISIT exit trial in Baltimore
- Portuguese RAPID entry-exit (Faro, Lisbon, Oporto)

## Current standardisation efforts

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- ISO/IEC WD 24779:
- Pictograms, Icons and Symbols for Use with Biometric Systems
- WD 37N2244
- NIST Comments: 37N2603

## ISO/IEC WD 24779

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Recognition Scenarios:
- Verification, Identification: Yes
- Enrolment: No
-  in general, this is supervised
- Required symbols:
- General use of biometric device and its type/modality
- eg. Facial recognition or fingerprints
- Where to stand, look or to place finger.
- Wait (or hold steady): for process to complete
- Success: process complete
- Failure
- Re-try (the same characteristic)
- Try another finger or eye
*CDN: Seek human assistance*
- Give up
- ISO standardisation for ICONS

## Other components

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Presentation of identifier or document or token
- entry of numeric identifier
- placement of document
- placement of token
- no identifier or document required
- Other information:
- privacy/data protection assurance, redress mechanisms, responsible authority
- Other actions:
- request human intervention
- restart
- contextual help

## ISO Icon design process

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

**ISO Icon design process**

**identification of need** for the graphical symbol
**description of the purpose**
- of the graphical symbol and identification of any orientation considerations
**unique title**
**analysis** of
- characteristics of the intended users,
- the task involved
- context of use
**existing or proposed symbol originals**
- in the same and/or related fields;
**design** of a symbol
**legibility and comprehension** of the graphical symbol

## Symbol families 

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Symbol families

- Information
- Directional
- Feedback

## NIST testing:  Phase 1

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Participant group: 13 NIST employees
- Background: different educational backgrounds and disciplines
- English as 2nd language: 3/13
- Nationality: n/s
- Age: mid-20’s to early 60’s
- Gender: n/s
- Pre-condition: all NIST employees have been fingerprinted
- Setting: Interview in office of participants
- Context
- 9/13: description as approach to immigration
- last 4/13: mock fingerprint scanner placed on desk
- Data collection:
- interview about symbol meaning before and after description of process

## NIST testing:  Phase 2

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Participant group: 44 volunteers from Washington DC
- Background: Range of educational and professional
- English as 2nd language: all
- Nationality: Wide international origin
- Age: 25 –70
- Gender: ~ 50:50
- Precondition: no work experience in biometrics
- Setting: briefing room, followed by testing room
- Context: Instructions to follow symbols and leave 10 fingerprints on mock scanner
- Data collection: Talk-aloud protocol

## NIST testing:  Results

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Phase 1: Number of alternative symbols rejected
- Phase 2:
- Results:
- almost everyone ok: with order and sequence
- generally ok: redo, time, get help
- Problems:
- when additional symbols used, eg pressure in addition to placement
- unsure when to remove hand from scanner

## Other support during process

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- During finger placement:
**Wait/hold**
**Press more/less**
*Move finger(s) to left/right*
*Move finger(s) up/down*
*Rotate finger(s) till align*
*Indication of which finger(s) to perform action on*
*Removal of finger/hand from scanner*

- Bold: already considered              Italics: not yet considered

## Other dimensions

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Illumination
- Animation
- Sound
- Tactile

## Wider context of the system - questions

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Baecker, Small and Mander (1991)
- Context of animation
- Identification: 	what is this?
- Transition: 	where have I come from or am going to?
- Orientation: 	where am I?
- Choice: 		what do I do now?
- Demonstration: 	what can I do with this?
- Explanation: 	how can I do this?
- Feedback: 	what is happening?
- History: 		what have I done?
- Interpretation: 	why did that happen?
- Guidance: 	what should I do now?

## Usability of biometrics in system context - 1

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Recognition of the existence of the biometric option
- ahead of time
- Chunking of information
- check entitlement; present document; position self correctly
- Classes of subjects allowed to exercise option
- entitled parents with children may not be entitled any longer
- Cost-benefit to user
- costs/benefits of being seen to step out of line
- cost reduction if follow others (sheep effect)
- cost increase if fails to work for user (rejection, embarrassment)

## Usability of biometrics in system context - 2

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Attractors/Distractors
- positioning (too high, too low)
- Information
- at the right time (continuously running videoclip)
- How do I get started?
- Encumbrances
- baggage, tickets
- What do I do next?
- How do I summon help?
- Too much help!!
- users abrogate responsibility – leave passport in reader
- When is it finished?
- US-VISIT: finger, face, ticket

## Usability of biometrics in system context - 3

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Are the subjects’ mental models the same as operators’?
- users not clear about face recognition as the purpose
- logical order of presentation of fingerprints
- Following other subjects’ actions
- delay effect
- Expectations of timing
- feedback in IRIS
- chip reading time for UK passport

## Testing and reporting of results

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Early work by NPL within EU’s project, BIOTEST
- Within the framework of ISO/IEC WD 19795?
- technology, scenario, operational
- in particular, *Biometric Performance Testing And Reporting -- Part 6: Testing Methodologies for Operational Evaluation*?
- End-to-end system performance, segmented processes
- Issues:
- Subject demographics
- especially (non) habituated, (un)motivated, stressed, encumbered, disabled
- Inclusion of other users,
- e.g. those no longer entitled, as they are accompanied by children
- inclusion of attempts by those not entitled
- levels of awareness

## Summary

- M Rejman-Greene

- International Workshop on Usability & Biometrics

- Work on icon standard started
- definition of complete set of icons?
- Research required
- NIST studies as a pathfinder
- relationship to existing icons in the environment of use
- accessibility of icons
- Usability of the wider system
- how does this fit in with 24779?
- Testing and reporting
- within current biometric testing framework?