# Presentation: 286173

## THE CORNELL NET CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN SYSTEM 

**Danny Fox, Tom Tylutki, and Luis Tedeschi Animal Science Department**
**Cornell University**

## DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION

_**Name:**_** Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System**
_**Description**_**:  A nutrition model designed to formulate farm specific feeding programs for all classes of beef, dual purpose and dairy cattle**
_**Computer programs**_**: stand alone in windows; written in visual basic**

## CNCPS MODEL DEVELOPERS:A team of 12 scientists and 40 graduate students over past 25 yrs

_**Integrated model:**_**  Danny Fox, Luis Tedeschi, Tom Tylutki.**
_**Cattle requirements**_**:  Danny Fox, Tom Tylutki, Luis Tedeschi, Michael  Van Amburgh. **
_**Rumen fermentation**_**:  James Russell, Ronald Pitt, Luis Tedeschi.**
_**Feed composition**_**:  Charles Sniffen, Danny Fox, Peter Van Soest, Alice Pell, Larry Chase, Luis Tedeschi, Tom Tylutki.**
_**Amino acid requirements**_**:  William Chalupa, Tom Overton.**

## Tool Purpose: The CNCPS addresses the NRCS 592 Feed Management Standard

**Use Land Grant University recommendations to:**
**Meet animal requirements while reducing the N and P excreted in manure**
**Improve net farm income by feeding nutrients more efficiently**
**Optimize use of forages and concentrates grown on the farm to minimize nutrient imports**

## Area of concern:  imported feed nutrients in NY1

_**Area of concern**_**:  imported feed nutrients in NY****1**

**64-76% of imported N is retained on farm**
**62-80% of imported N is from feeds**
**68-81% of imported P is retained on farm**
**45-81% of imported P is from feeds**
**67-89% of imported K is retained on farm**
**16-62% of imported K is from feeds**

**1****Klausner et al., 1993**

## Imported feed nutrients: impact on mass nutrient balances on dairy farms in N Y1

|  | Nitrogen,
Lb/acre retained | Phosphorus,
lb/acre retained |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Organic | 20 | 0 |
| Large conventional | 170 | 32 |
| Small conventional | 100 | 34 |
| Grazing | 172 | 30 |
| Amish | 82 | 30 |

**1****Shana Bloomfield MPS thesis, Cornell University.**

## Focus and scale:  reduce N and P mass balance through precision feeding of whole herd

**Compute farm specific nutrient requirements and feed utilization**
**Compute whole herd feed budgets and nutrient excretion**
**Improve utilization of home grown forages**
** **

## The CNCPS has 3 Components:

**1.  The CNCPS computer model: computes nutrient requirements and supply.**
**2.****  ****Feed library:  contains over 150 feeds with composition values needed to use the CNCPS.**** **
**3.  Users guide: a tutorial with model equations and   case studies.**

## Users of the CNCPS model: have training in ruminant nutrition

_**Feeding consultants**_** use to evaluate and improve feeding programs and diagnose problems.**
_**Educators**_** use as a teaching tool for students and consultants.**
_**Researchers**_** use to set research priorities and to design and interpret experiments.**
_**Researchers**_** use to apply research results.**

## Documentation and user information

**On our web site:  www.cncps.cornell.edu**
**Over 50 journal articles (see web site).**** **
**Cornell Animal Science Bulletin 213.**
**CD containing CNCPS computer program, journal articles, and Bulletin 213 **
**(Michelle Cole:  mlc44@cornell.edu). **

## Computer programs available to apply the CNCPS model

**CNCPS VERSION 5.0 ****(www.cncps.cornell.edu)**
**CPM DAIRY (Cornell Penn Miner)**
**	****(ejjancze@vet.upenn.edu)**
**Dalex computer systems for the feed industry**
**(**_[www.dalex.com](http://www.dalex.com/)_**)**
**Estimated users:  over 2000 worldwide (over 500 version 5 and CPM Dairy in NY)**

## Geographical use

**Inputs and outputs in CNCPS version 5.034 are universal for all cattle types **
**Have users in 42 countries; major regional variables that need to be determined are certain feed characteristics (i.e. digestion rates) .  Typically develop regional feed libraries (i.e. UK, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa,  Korea, Japan).**
**All other variables are site specific **

## CNCPS inputs:factors used to compute farm specific maintenance requirements

_**CNCPS inputs**_**:****factors used to compute farm specific maintenance requirements**

**Body weight **
**Physiological State **
**Dry**
**Lactating**
**Compensating**
**Acclimatization**
**Previous temperature**

**Heat or Cold stress**
**External Insulation**
**Coat Condition**
**Wind speed**
**Hide Thickness**
**Internal Insulation**
**Condition Score**
**Age**

## CNCPS inputs:factors used to compute farm specific growth requirements and body reserves

**Average body weight of the group**
**Average mature size of the group**
**Target age at first calving**
**Body condition score**

## CNCPS inputs:factors used to compute farm specific pregnancy and lactation requirements

_**expected birth weight**_** and **_**days pregnant**_** are used to predict pregnancy requirements **
_**amount **_**and **_**composition of milk**_** are used to compute lactation requirements**

## CNCPS inputs:feed amounts and analyses to determine energy and protein supplied to the animal

-   **Dry matter**
**  ****Ash**
**  ****NDF**
**  ****Ether extract **
**  ****Lignin**
**  ****Starch**

-   **Crude protein**
**  ****Soluble crude protein**
**  ****Non-protein nitrogen**
**  ****NDF Protein**
**  ****ADF Protein**

_**CNCPS inputs**_**:****feed amounts and analyses to determine energy and protein supplied to the animal**

## CNCPS outputs:animal requirements

_**CNCPS outputs**_**:****animal requirements**

**Predicts maintenance requirements for breed type and environmental conditions.**
**Computes growth requirements for any mature size.**
**Predicts requirements for days pregnant. **
**Predicts requirements for target milk amount.**
**Predicts energy reserves fluxes to account for positive or negative energy balance.**

## CNCPS Model outputs: nutrients supplied by the diet to meet animal requirements

_**CNCPS Model outputs**_**: ****nutrients supplied by the diet to meet animal requirements**

**Computes carbohydrate and protein fractions available for rumen fermentation from each feed.**
** **
**Uses a mechanistic rumen model to predict microbial growth and energy and protein absorbed from each feed. **

## CNCPS model outputs: balances

**Energy and protein allowable growth and milk production**
**Nitrogen balances**
**Rumen ammonia (critical to maximize fiber digestion)**
**Rumen peptides (maximize microbial protein produced from grains)**
**Absorbed amino acids (meet animal tissue and milk requirements) **
**Mineral balances**

## CNCPS outputs:daily and annual nutrients in manure

**N, P and K excreted for each group**
**N, P, and K excreted by whole herd **
**% of N, P, and K fed that is purchased **
**Total herd manure production**

## CNCPS outputs:herd feed requirements and cost

**Annual requirement for each diet ingredient**
**By group**
**For total herd**
**Daily and annual feed cost and return over feed**

## Success of the CNCPS in addressing the NRCS 592 Feed Management Standard

_***Field evaluations***_
***Results on case study Dairy farms in NY:***
**Reduced N and P in manure about 1/3**
**Reduced feed costs $50 to $130/cow/year**
***Feeding Consultants experiences with using the CNCPS:***
**With accurate inputs, CNCPS can predict actual milk within 1 to 2 lb./day.**
**typically report 2 to 4 kg more milk produced/day.**
**identifies factor most limiting milk production.**

## Data sharing with other tools:the cuNMPS

**CNCPS**** ****5.0**** designed to address NRCS 592 standards: **
**minimize excess N and P on the farm by:**
**Computing farm specific requirements and feed utilization**
**Computing whole herd feed budgets and nutrient excretion**
**Improving utilization of home grown forages**
** ****Cornell *****Cropware***** ****2.0**** designed to address 590 standards: **
**manage manure to maximize recycling**
**minimize potential leakage into surface and ground water**

## Integration and development of  cuNMPS tools for precision feed management: work in progress. 

**Precision Feed Management**

**Precision Feeding**

**Comprehensive  Forage Management**

## Potential for precision feed management by implementing the cuNMPS tools1

|  | Purchased feed, $/day | Milk, Lb./year  | Nitrogen, lb/year | Phosphorus, lb/year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Before | 1813 | 27,622 | 309,043 | 43,435 |
| After | 1375 | 40,167 | 256,349 | 31,192 |
| % change | -34.2 | 45 | -17.1 | -28.2 |

**1****Tylutk et al., 2002 Cornell Nutrition Conference.  Results of a 5 year case study on a 600 cow dairy.**

## Use of CNCPS in addressing watershed TMDL restrictions: Cannonsville Reservoir case study

**Information from Precision Feeding project of Paul Cerosaletti, Dairy and Field Crops specialist, Delaware Co. Extension**

## Bishop, 2001

## Impact of Feed P imports

**18 - 41 kg Feed P imported per cow/year**
**7000 – 8000 mature cows in Cannonsville ****	****Reservoir Basin**
**= 126,000 – 328,000 kg P imported into ****	****Basin per year as feed**
**50,000 kg avg. annual P loading to the ****	****Cannonsville Reservoir**

## Reduced Manure P Content:

		Average for Herds A&B

		Before	= 1.32 % of fecal DM
		After   	=  .88 % of fecal DM

33% reduction (agrees with CNCPS model)

**	****	****Average for Herds A&B**
**	****	****Before****	****= 1.32 % of fecal DM**
**	****	****After   ****	****=  .88 % of fecal DM**
**33% reduction (agrees with CNCPS model)**

**Results – Dietary Intervention with the CNCPS****1**

**1****Paul Cerosaletti Precision feeding study; Cannonsville Reservoir Basin**

## Dietary P Reductions- Implications for Cannonsville

**7000-8000 mature cows in Cannonsville basin**
**Assume 9 kg per cow/yr reduction across all mature cows is achieved****	**

## Dietary P Reductions- Implications for Cannonsville

**Results in:**
**64,000 – 73,000 kg **
**less P imported per year into the basin and excreted in dairy manure produced in basin**

**50,000 kg avg. annual P ****load**** into Cannonsville reservoir**

## Future plans for CNCPS

**Keep refining the CNCPS to improve accuracy in predicting  cattle requirements, feed biological values, and nutrient excretion **
**Improve user friendliness**** **
**Increase use by feed industry in NY**
**Integrate with other *****cu*****NMPS tools**
**Cropware**
**Whole farm forage management **
**Link with whole watershed management tools**