# Presentation: 865754

## Peter A. Bandettini, Ph.D.

Section on Functional Imaging Methods
http://fim.nimh.nih.gov
Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
&
Functional MRI Facility
http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

- Section on Functional Imaging Methods
- http://fim.nimh.nih.gov
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
- &
- Functional MRI Facility
- http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

**Recent Advances in Functional MRI **

**Notes:**
50 minutes

## “fMRI” or “functional MRI”

**“****fMRI” or “functional MRI”**

## Motor (black)

**J. Illes, M. P. Kirschen, J. D. E. Gabrielli, Nature Neuroscience, 6 (3)m p.205**

**Motor (black)**
**Primary Sensory (red)**
**Integrative Sensory (violet)**
**Basic Cognition (green)**
**High-Order Cognition (yellow)**
**Emotion (blue)**

## Breakdown of fMRI papers by Journal

**Breakdown of fMRI papers by Journal**

## Slide 5

## Methodology

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Coil arrays**
**Higher field strength**
**Higher resolution**

**“****Resting state”**
**Fluctuation assessment**
**Multi-modal integration**
**Pattern classification**
**Novel Functional Contrasts**

**Basic Neuroscience**
**Behavior correlation/prediction**
**Pathology correlation / therapy**

**Post undershoot**
**Pre undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**
**Neuronal vs. Hemodynamic Refraction**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Coil arrays**
**Higher field strength**
**Higher resolution**

**“****Resting state”**
**Fluctuation assessment**
**Multi-modal integration**
**Pattern classification**
**Novel Functional Contrasts**

**Basic Neuroscience**
**Behavior correlation/prediction**
**Pathology correlation**

**Post undershoot**
**Pre undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**
**Neuronal vs. Hemodynamic Refraction**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Murphy et al.**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

**Reasons for higher SNR**
**-Shorter scan duration**
**-Higher Resolution**
**-More subtle comparisons**

## Parallel Acquisition

- J. Bodurka, et al, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 51 (2004) 165-171.

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**J. Bodurka**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Segmentation using EPI Transient

**J. Bodurka**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Simulated gains in TNSR with doubling sensitivity**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

**R. Birn, et al. ISMRM 2006**

## ≈ 5 to 30 ms

**≈ ****5 to 30 ms**

**Pruessmann, et al. **

**SENSE Imaging**

**Technology**

## SENSE Imaging

**SENSE Imaging**

**Technology**

## 7T head coil 			3T head coil

**7T head coil ****	****	****	****3T head coil**

**7T**					**3T**
- white matter SNR =65			white matter SNR =26
- Gray matter SNR = 76			Gray matter SNR = 34

- TSE, 11 echoes, 7 min exam, 20cm FOV, 512x512 (0.4mm x 0.4mm), 3mm thick slices.

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## Susceptibility field (in Gauss) increases w/ Bo

**1.5T****	****	****	****   3T****	****	****	****	****     7T**

**Ping-pong ball in H****2****0:**
**Field maps (DTE = 5ms), black lines spaced by 0.024G (0.8ppm at 3T)**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T: Single Shot whole head EPI

- single shot EPI, 7T.
- 64x64, 19cm FOV(3mm resolution), 3mm slice.
- TE=20ms

**3mm isotropic**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T: Single Shot whole head EPI

- single shot EPI, 7T.
- 128x128, 20cm FOV (1.5mm resolution), 2mm slice,
- TE = 20ms

**7T: Single Shot whole head EPI**

**1.5mm inplane**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T Blood flow and BOLD based fMRI

-  6 minute pulse Arterial Spin Labeling blood flow image
- 1.56mm x 1.56mm x 4mm
- (3T typical resolution: 3mmx 3mm x 5mm)

**Longer T1 means better ASL...**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## FSE images at 0.2x.2x1mm3

- FSE **images** at 0.2x.2x1mm3

**High Fields**

**Technology**

**Courtesy Tie-Qiang Li, NINDS**

## High Fields

**High Fields**

**Technology**

**Courtesy Tie-Qiang Li, NINDS**

## fiber bundles?

**High Fields**

**Technology**

**Courtesy Tie-Qiang Li, NINDS**

## High Fields

**High Fields**

**Technology**

**Courtesy Tie-Qiang Li, NINDS**

## Layered structure in the visual cortex

**Layered structure in the visual cortex**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## fMRI Contrast

**BOLD**
**Perfusion (ASL)**
******CMRO****2**
******Volume (VASO)**
**Neuronal Currents**
**Diffusion coefficient**
**Temperature**

**fMRI Contrast**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## Perfusion (ASL)

**Better than BOLD for long duration activation...**

**Perfusion (ASL)**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## Perfusion vs. BOLD: Low Task Frequency

- Wang et al., 2002

## Single Subject

- Group (Random Effects)

- Aguirre et al., NeuroImage

- ASL Perfusion fMRI vs. BOLD*Improved *_*Intersubject*_* Variability vs. BOLD*

**Perfusion (ASL)**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## BOLD effect to highlight veins: 3 Tesla

**BOLD effect to highlight veins: 3 Tesla**

## Slide 32

## Slide 33

## Slide 34

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Coil arrays**
**Higher field strength**
**Higher resolution**

**“****Resting state”**
**Fluctuation assessment**
**Multi-modal integration**
**Pattern classification**
**Novel Functional Contrasts**

**Basic Neuroscience**
**Behavior correlation/prediction**
**Pathology correlation**

**Post undershoot**
**Pre undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**
**Neuronal vs. Hemodynamic Refraction**

## Neuronal Activation Input Strategies

**1. Block Design**
**2. Frequency Encoding**
**3. Phase Encoding**
**4. Event-Related**
**5. Orthogonal Block Design**
**6. Free Behavior Design.**

**Methodology**

## Resting State Correlations

- Rest:
- seed voxel in motor cortex

- Activation:
- correlation with reference function

**B. Biswal *****et al*****., MRM, 34:537 (1995)**

**Resting State Correlations**

## BOLD correlated with 10 Hz power during “Rest”

**Goldman, et al (2002), Neuroreport**

**Positive**

**Negative**

**10 Hz power**

## BOLD correlated with SCR during “Rest”

- J. C. Patterson II, L. G. Ungerleider, and P. A Bandettini, *NeuroImage ****17****: 1787-1806, (2002). *

## Approaches to assessing spatial connectivity:

**ICA, PCA, seed voxel...**

**Why not correlate every voxel with every other voxel?**
**For 64 x 64 resolution, 27 slices, 165 time points:**
**-160 voxel ROI = 5 min and 63 MB memory....**
**-Gray matter (10,000 voxels) = 5.32 hrs and 4.3 GB memory**
**-Entire volume (110,000 voxels) = 59 hrs and 47.5 GB memory**

## Resting state connectivity 

**Decreases during **
**cognitive tasks **

## Regions showing decreases during cognitive tasks

**McKiernan, et al (2003), Journ. of Cog. Neurosci. 15 (3), 394-408**

- Regions showing decreases during cognitive tasks

## “rest”

**general****anaesthesia**

**vegetative****state**

**perception**
**+ **
**action**

**strongly reduced****vigilance:**

***(Gusnard and Raichle 2001)***

**“****default mode”**

**sleep**

**tasks**

**“****rest”**

## Temporal Resolution

**Temporal Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Temporal Resolution

**Temporal Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Spatial Resolution

**Spatial Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Mapping

- “Reading”

## Slide 48

## Ventral temporal category representations

- Object categories are associated with distributed representations in ventral temporal cortex

- Present photos of common objects _**blocked by category**_.
- Use fMRI to measure the pattern of high and low responses across large areas of ventral temporal cortex.
- Observe _**stable**_, distributed “category representations”

**Notes:**
“... They then assessed the correlation between the activation maps, in essence measuring the similarity in high and low responses across VT cortex”

## Boynton (2005), News & Views on Kamitani & Tong (2005) and Haynes & Rees (2005)

## Slide 51

## NEUROIMAGE 19 (2): 261-270 Part 1 JUN 2003

## Processing Methods

**N. Kriegeskorte**

**Processing Methods**

**Methodology**

## Pattern-recognition analysis of fMRI activity patterns

- Haxby et al. (2001)
- Cox & Savoy (2003)
- Carlson et al. (2003)
- Kamitani & Tong (2005)
- Haynes & Rees (2005)
- Kriegeskorte et al (2006)

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Coil arrays**
**Higher field strength**
**Higher resolution**

**“****Resting state”**
**Fluctuation assessment**
**Multi-modal integration**
**Pattern classification**
**Novel Functional Contrasts**

**Post undershoot**
**Pre undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**
**Neuronal vs. Hemodynamic Refraction**

**Basic Neuroscience**
**Behavior correlation/prediction**
**Pathology correlation**

## ?

**Hemodynamics**

**?**

**?**

**?**

**Measured Signal**

**Noise**

**?**

## Increases: duty cycle

- R.M. Birn, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage*, *(in press)*

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Coil arrays**
**Higher field strength**
**Higher resolution**

**“****Resting state”**
**Fluctuation assessment**
**Multi-modal integration**
**Pattern classification**
**Novel Functional Contrasts**

**Basic Neuroscience**
**Behavior correlation/prediction**
**Pathology correlation**

**Post undershoot**
**Pre undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**
**Neuronal vs. Hemodynamic Refraction**

## Current Uses of fMRI

**Potential uses of fMRI**

**Understanding normal brain organization and changes**
**	****-networks involved with specific tasks (low to high level processing)**
**	****-changes over time (seconds to years)**
**	****-correlates of behavior (response accuracy, performance changes...)**
**Clinical research**
**	****-correlates of specifically activated networks to clinical populations**
**	****-presurgical mapping**
**	****-epileptic foci mapping**
**	****-drug effects**

***Complementary***** use for clinical diagnosis**
**	****-utilization of clinical research results**
**Clinical treatment and assessment**
**	****-drug effects, therapy, rehabilitation, biofeedback****	**
**Non clinical uses**
**	****-complementary use with behavioral results**
**	****-lie detection**
**	****-prediction of behavior tendencies (many contexts)**
**	****-brain/computer interface**

## Real time fMRI feedback to reduce chronic pain

**Real time fMRI feedback to reduce chronic pain**

**Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI, R. C. deCharms, et al. PNAS, 102; 18626-18631 (2005)**

**Clinical Applications**

**Applications**

## Clinical Applications

**Comparison of two groups of *****normal***** individuals with differences in the Serotonin Transporter Gene**

**Clinical Applications**

**Applications**

## Section on Functional Imaging Methods

**Rasmus Birn**
**David Knight**
**Anthony Boemio**
**Nikolaus Kriegeskorte**
**Kevin Murphy**
**Monica Smith**
**Douglass Ruff**
**Joey Dunsmoor**
**Scott Phelps**
**Jon West**
**Functional MRI Facility**
**Kay Kuhns**
**Sean Marrett**
**Wen-Ming Luh**
**Jerzy Bodurka**
**Adam Thomas**
**James Hoskie**

**Karen Bove-Bettis**
**Ellen Condon**
**Sahra Omar**
**Alda Ottley**
**Paula Rowser**
**Janet Ebron**