# Presentation: 504953

## Field Campaigns

**Field Campaigns**

**Paula Bontempi**
**NASA Headquarters**
**Ocean Color Research Team Meeting**
**1 May 2008**

## Future Science – A Blank Slate

**Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program** planning document identifies a global ocean mission with enhanced spectral resolution from the UV to SWIR as the top priority future mission.
**Measurements **will contribute greatly toward achieving all four ocean-related science objectives identified in the NASA Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems roadmap (circled in red, right)

**Future Science – A Blank Slate**

- 1. How are ocean ecosystems and the biodiversity they support influenced by climate and environmental variability and 	change, and how will these changes occur over time?
- 2. How do carbon and other elements transition between ocean pools and pass through the Earth System, and how do 	biogeochemical fluxes impact the ocean and Earth's climate over time?
- 3. How (and why) is the diversity and geographical distribution of coastal marine habitats changing, and what are the 	implications for the well-being of human society?
- 4. How do hazards and pollutants impact the hydrography and biology of the coastal zone? How do they affect us,
- 	and can we mitigate their effects?

**Notes:**
CC&E roadmap – timeline of systematic obs - problem

##  Field Campaign Ideas

-  Inquiry for ideas for field campaigns (LBA for oceans) went out to NASA PI list back 	in September 2007, and then out on the OCB list in March 2008
-  JGOFS
-  Southern Ocean GasEx
-  Arctic 2009-10
-  how and why are ocean ecosystems responding to a warming Arctic and Bering 	Sea and associated increased insolation
-  what are the impacts of the changing climate on Bering Sea and Arctic carbon 	chemistry, including ocean acidification and air/sea CO2 flux?
-  what is the impact of changing ice sheet and sea ice structure on ocean 	margins/coastal ecology and river runoff, and how does this affect offshore 	fluxes of particles?
-  Make field work a regular component of the program plan, in support of new 	missions, in partnership internationally, to provide the basis for future science
-  Response:
-  Field projects
-  Field campaigns

##  Field Campaign Ideas – Field Work

-  POC:  Optical field work to validate CALIPSO observations/optical backscattering as a function of depth for POC; ship/aircraft LIDAR/CALIPSO – Gulf of Maine/S. California/Gulf of Mexico
-  Evolution/biogeochemistry/carbon fluxes associated with spring bloom; characterizing oligotrophic summertime ocean under a range of iron supply; Process study over global oceans: underway measurements of biogeochemical properties in mixed layer, bio-optical properties, pigments, shipboard flow cytometry, mixed layer flow carbon balance studies, trace metals, POC
-  Support Argo program for float deployment; compare/contrast protocols across groups/PIs; matchups with remote sensing for resolving the full mixed layer is an undulating towed vehicle behind a steaming vessel (e.g. a Seasoar).
-   Primary production and phytoplankton absorption: productivity normalized by phytoplankton absorption constant in surface ocean.
-  Ocean heterotrophy from remote sensing: connect respiration to ocean color via its relationship to primary production, from coastal to open ocean, for net autotrophic production, net autotrophic respiration, community respiration
-  High-latitude remote sensing validation.
-  Coastal waters linking land/ocean/atm scientists
-  Ocean straits:  variability in ocean color across ocean straits can be used to estimate transports through the straits (Lombok, Indonesia)

##  Field Campaign Ideas – Field Work

-  Multi-disciplinary field campaign to monitor carbon and phytoplankton changes in the Orinoco River plume and watershed
-  Linking tropical river plume biogeochemistry to remote sensing observations: quantify and model biogeochemical linkages between C and N in Orinoco, Amazon River plumes as they spread across eastern Caribbean and Western Tropical Atlantic basins.
-   Systematic Estimates of Primary Production and Net Community Production Rates across the Ocean Basins: the rate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean in the future is how the magnitude of the biological carbon pump will change.
-  Self-shading correction for in-water radiometry: validate models and apply to the vast array of in-water radiometers, function of the optical properties of the water under study
-  Episodic carbon export of benthic macroalgae (Bahamas) to the deep seafloor

##  Field Campaign Ideas – Field Campaign on LBA Scale

-  **Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Coastal Carbon Fluxes and Exchanges in the Gulf of Mexico**; terrestrial and coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; carbon signal uncertainties, link to terrestrial C budget, role of shelf physics, ecological transformations, impacts of climate change, resource management
-  The applications of understanding **sediment load into lakes and coastal waters from glacial melt** - new applications of remote sensing and understanding implications of climate change and hazards in coastal zone: with the glacial community, an intensive field effort to get AOPs and IOPs of glacial meltwater
-  **Global**: **Feedbacks between the hydrological cycle, land use, and natural ocean carbon sequestration processes in the coming century**: the ability of the oceans to naturally sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide decadal changes, changes in land use/hydrological cycle alter **Aeolian iron fluxes** to ocean.
-  **North Atlantic circulation, biology, biogeochemical cycles** are poised to change dramatically surface salinity and inhibition of N Atlantic Deep Water formation change. Time series in Azores; link two time series further south and address a larger North Atlantic gyre
-  **Plankton-climate interactions and tropical variability**; distribution of heat in the upper ocean, biology, chemistry, physics
-  **Arabian Sea:** impacts of warming, monsoonal shifts on biology, biogeochemistry; **Indian Ocean**; impacts of warming, nutrient inputs, currents and variability, fate of PP, global change/anthropogenic impacts, higher tropic levels

##  Field Campaign Ideas – Field Campaign on LBA Scale

**Antarctic and Arctic global change** regions; standard algorithm validation;
-  **Southern Ocean**, gradients across polar front, two major **iron-driven zonal transitions** (smaller-Kerguelan; massive = Southern Drake Passage) need to be explored in relation to export flux, community structure, productivity, and how Fe affects this so Fe changes with climate can be better modeled.
-  For **Arctic**, **receding sea ice, albedo, characterize sea ice bio-physical feedback**; Arctic river input, and changes with climate, are very important, CDOM from river (Arctic vs Antarctic.
-  **microbial ecology**, nutrient use and transformation, fluxes
-  **NABE**: subpolar variability in biology and carbon fluxes + modeling
-  **Characterizing biogeochemical properties and carbon fluxes of the mixed layer over**
**oceanic reaches spanning a broad array of biogeochemical ‘provinces’** or ‘states’:relationships between remote sensing optical properties and ocean mixed-layer characteristics, understanding of links between physical and geochemical forcings, ecosystem structure, and carbon fluxes (N. Atl, S. Pacific)

##  Field Campaign Ideas – Field Campaign on LBA Scale

-  Basin Scale Trends in Limiting Factors for Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Fixing Populations: Central North Pacific Ocean; nutrient factors controlling nitrogen fixation across major oceanic basins
-  Community composition in phytoplankton – community ecology at the genetic level on the ecosystem scale: a molecular biological approach to high resolution high throughput phytoplankton community composition determination; validation of both direct and remotely sensed pigment and carbon biomass analyses; polar oceans most rapidly affected by climate modification that will change amount of sea ice, ice edge, stratification, nutrient availability
-  Methane from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf – Early Warning of Global Climate Change and Positive Feedback: Global oceanic warming - methane releases from oceans, impact global climate, permafrost
-  Southern Ocean Biological Response to Iron deposition – biogeochemical rate processes, GPP, NCP
-  Biogeochemistry, Biodiversity, Bio-optics with emphasis on remote sensing aspects,
- to be conducted in several contrasting biogeochemical/ecological provinces of the ocean