# Presentation: 041571

## Space Situational Awareness Environmental Effects Fusion SystemOverview6 Jan 2006

**Dr Robert V Hilmer**
**Space Vehicles Directorate**
**Air Force Research Laboratory**

## OUTLINE

**SEEFS OVERVIEW**
**CAPABILITIES**
**EFFECTS &  PRODUCT EXAMPLES**
**OPERATIONAL MOCKUP EXAMPLE**
**Radar Auroral Clutter**
**SUMMARY**

## SEEFS processes and fuses natural environmental data with AF space system performance parameters to objectively assess natural environmental impacts for 
Satellite Communications 
Satellite Operations
Surveillance, missile warning, and missile defense radar operations
GPS-aided systems (dual frequency) 

**Satellite Communications **
**Satellite Operations**
**Surveillance, missile warning, and missile defense radar operations**
**GPS-aided systems (dual frequency) **

**Space Situational Awareness Environmental Effects Fusion System (SEEFS)**

**SEEFS is an AFSPC/DR program, **
**managed by SMC/WXT,**
**with AFRL/VSBX providing the capability**

## Project Overview

**SSA Testbed**

## SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Environmental Effects Characterization

| Deliverable | Capabilities | Effects |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SoRBE-Sat
UHF, C, X, Ku Band SATCOM Solar Radio Burst Effects Characterization Capability – receive elements only  | Enables characterization of radio burst and noise storm effects on UHF, C, X, Ku band SATCOM
Contributes directly to the capability to distinguish between man-made and solar radio induced RFI
Communications capability planning and execution | Ability to meet jammer attack assessment timelines
Ability to effectively plan for assured communications 
More effective command and control, e.g. fire support
 |
| SatScint
UHF SATCOM Scintillation Effects Characterization Capability, includes effects at C and X band | Enables characterization of natural scintillation effects on UHF C, X, Ku band SATCOM
Contributes directly to the capability to distinguish between between man-made RFI and scintillation induced RFI
Communications capability planning and execution | Ability to meet jammer attack assessment timelines
Ability to effectively plan for assured communications 
More effective command and control, e.g. fire support |

**Capabilities/Deliverables**

**Notes:**
Now we turn to satellite communication systems – here the satellite itself may be fine – but we can still have environmental  caused problems that limit effective use of a satellite.  Again the capabilities and effects the same for these two products. 
Walk through the chart.

## RADAR Environmental Effects Characterization

| Deliverable | Capabilities | Effects |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SoRBE-Rad
Radar Solar Radio Burst Effects Characterization Capability | Enables characterization of radio burst and noise storm effects on surveillance, missile warning and defense radars
Contributes directly to the capability to distinguish between between man-made RFI and solar radio induced RFI | Ability to meet jammer attack assessment timelines
Ability to effectively plan for RFI effects on radars
More effective command and control, e.g. radar sensor tasking |
| RAC II
Radar Auroral Clutter Effects Characterization Capability | Enables characterization of auroral effects on Missile Warning, Surveillance, and Missile Defense Radars
 Contributes directly to the capability to distinguish between between man-made and auroral induced clutter | Ability to meet jammer attack assessment timelines
Ability to effectively plan for radar surveillance outages
More effective command and control, e.g. radar sensor tasking |
| RadScint
Radar Scintillation Effects Characterization Capability | Enables characterization of natural scintillation effects on surveillance, missile warning and defense radars
Contributes directly to the capability to distinguish between between man-made and scintillation induced effects  | Ability to meet jammer attack assessment timelines
Ability to effectively plan for assured surveillance 
More effective command and control, e.g. radar sensor tasking |

**Capabilities/Deliverables**

**Notes:**
Moving from system in space we move to the ground and we consider radar products 
Walk through the chart – AGAIN Capabilities and Effects are same – three different environmental problems

## SATELLITE OPERATIONS Environmental Effects Characterization

| Deliverable | Capabilities | Effects |
| --- | --- | --- |
| DeepChar/D
Satellite Specific Deep Charge/Discharge Effects Characterization Capability | Forecast and assess deep charging effects for specific satellites using observed energetic electron data
Characterization of natural environmental effects on satellite and payload ops
Contributes directly to distinguish between between man-made and naturally induced anomalies | Meet satellite attack assessment timelines for DCS, OCS, and protection of national space capabilities 
Effectively plan for space environmental effects
Enhanced anomaly resolution timelines
Decreased system downtime
Enhanced satellite operations planning and execution (satellite vehicle/payload safe-hold procedures, payload tasking, etc.) |
| SurChar/D
Satellite Specific Surface Charge/Discharge Effects Characterization Capability
 | Forecast and assess surface charging effects for specific satellites using surface charge data from space based electron and ion sensors
Characterization of natural environmental effects on satellite and payload ops
Contributes directly to distinguish between between man-made and naturally induced anomalies | Meet satellite attack assessment timelines for DCS, OCS, and protection of national space capabilities 
Effectively plan for space environmental effects
Enhanced anomaly resolution timelines
Decreased system downtime
Enhanced satellite operations planning and execution (satellite vehicle/payload safe-hold procedures, payload tasking, etc.) |

**Capabilities/Deliverables**

**Notes:**
We begin with satellites – looking at how the environment directly effects the operation of a satellite. Here we have developed two products involving two related but different effects – deep charging and surface charging.
Walk through the chart – Capabilities and Effects list is same for these two effects.  The basic capability is to distinguish man-made and naturally induced effects.

## SoRBEThe Problem - RFI

## SEEFS  Products – SoRBE-SatSite-Specific (SATCOM) - Overhead View Product

## SEEFS  Products – SoRBE-RadSite-Specific (Radar) - Overhead View Product

## Radar Auroral ClutterThe Problem

## SEEFS  Products – RACSite-Specific (Radar) - Overhead View Product

- SEEFS  Products – RACSite-Specific (Radar) - Overhead View Product

## ScintillationThe Problem

**Ionosphere**

**SATCOM**

**Receiver**

**SATCOM**

**Transmitter**

**Scintillation Region**

**degrades **

**downlink**

**to**

**SATCOM Receiver**

**RESULT: SATCOM Signal Fades**

**Causes rapid, random variations in **

**amplitude, phase, and/or polarization **

**along affected SATCOM signal path**

**Physical effect is similar to **

**visual twinkling of starlight **

**or heat shimmer over a hot **

**road surface caused by**

**atmospheric turbulence**

**What is Ionospheric Scintillation?**
**Highly variable ionospheric density can distort a SATCOM or radar signal as it moves through the ionosphere, to/from a satellite or target**

## SEEFS  Products – SatScintSatellite Constellation (Global) View Product

## SEEFS  Products – RadScintSite-Specific - Overhead View Product

## Satellite ChargingThe Problem

**Under certain conditions, energetic electrons can buildup on or in a satellite, resulting in satellite charging.**
**If charging is substantial **_**AND**_** a discharge mechanism exists, the resulting discharge can cause physical damage and/or phantom commands to the satellite.**
_**Surface charging**_** takes place rapidly, and is due primarily to eV – KeV electron fluxes.**
_**Deep (internal) charging**_** takes hours to days, and is due to MeV electron fluxes/fluences.**

## SEEFS Products – SurChar/DGeostationary Constellation View Product

- SEEFS Products – SurChar/DGeostationary Constellation View Product

## SEEFS Satellite Surface & Deep Charging/Discharging (Char/D)

**SURFACE CHARGING: Kp, Ap, SSN, ACE, DMSP, LANL/MPA, Aurora Model [Hardy], Korth MPA Survey Model, Magnetospheric Specification Model, NASCAP-2K Real-Time Model, Surface Charging Decision Aid**

**DEEP CHARGING: LANL/SOPA, NOAA/GOES, NOAA/POES, CRRESELE, SOPA Survey Model [O’Brien], Electron Radiation Belt Forecast Models, Neutron Count Rates, Deep Charging/Discharging Decision Aid**

## SEEFS  Products – SurChar/D

## SEEFS Mockup: Mission Selection Menu

- SEEFS Mockup: Mission Selection Menu

## Example: Space Surveillance Radars Mission Summary

## Example: Radar Auroral ClutterNetwork View

- Example: Radar Auroral ClutterNetwork View

## Example: Radar Auroral ClutterReceiver View

## Example: Radar Auroral ClutterZoom View

## Example: Radar Auroral ClutterScope View

## Summary

**SEEFS builds upon previous ionospheric impact products (OpSEND)**
**SEEFS adds products for spacecraft and solar impacts**
**SEEFS addresses commander’s needs, yet retains information needed at operator level**

**Goal: Space Weather effects integrated into existing command & control systems**