# Presentation: 467575

## Climate Change Impacts andNOAA Climate Service

- Steve Murawski
- NOAA Fisheries Director of Scientific Programs & Chief Science Advisor
- Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee Meeting
- 3 July 2008

## What are Climate Impacts on Fisheries & What is NOAA Doing to Implement a Climate Service?

- Discuss the evolving understanding of how climate change affects fisheries and protected species
- Responding to the GAO report August 2007 calling for more specific guidance to managers
- VADM’s request for NOAA’s “Grand Plan” to incorporate climate change issues into LMR management
- NOAA’s emerging Climate Service and its role in assisting with trust resource management

## August 2007 GAO Report 

- “In general, resource managers lack specific guidance for incorporating climate change into their management actions and planning efforts.
- Without such guidance, their ability to address climate change and effectively manage resources is constrained.”

- August 2007 GAO Report

## GAO Report: CLIMATE CHANGE: Agencies Should Develop Guidance for Addressing the Effects on Federal Land and Water Resources (August 2007)

- “*GAO recommends that the Secretaries of Agriculture, *_*Commerce*_*, and the Interior develop guidance incorporating agencies’ best practices, which advises managers on how to address climate change effects on the resources they manage and gather the information needed to do so. In commenting on a draft of this report, the three departments generally agreed with the recommendation and provided technical comments, which GAO has incorporated into the report as appropriate*”
- “*Resource managers at our workshop also said that climate change is not a priority, in part, because of limited support from agency leaders. Specifically, resource managers discussing the coasts and oceans ecosystem said that there has been little support from agency leaders to comprehensively address climate change issues*”.

## Initial NOAA Response

- By December 2008...
- NOAA will engage in consultations within agency to identify climate information needs and capacities
- Written guidance will be provided to help resource managers address climate change effects (including where to go for site-specific information, best practices)
- NOAA will enhance its interagency dialogue on climate and ecosystem management, contributing to identification of best practices

## NOAA’s Authorities to Act: Impacts ofGlobal Change Drivers on Trust Resources

- Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management   Reauthorization Act: (FMPs, National Standard 6, setting population size targets [rebuilding]; Protecting vulnerable Habitats, Essential Fish Habitat provisions)
- Endangered Species Act: Factors in Listing Decisions; Biological Opinions (BiOPs) re. jeopardy determinations for projects, recovery plans
- Marine Mammal Protection Act: setting optimum population sizes; minimizing human impacts from a variety of threats
- Marine Sanctuaries Act: protect biological communities and habitats within sanctuaries, promote scientific research, enhance public awareness, and cooperate with global programs

- Continued...

## NOAA’s Authorities to Act: Impacts ofGlobal Change Drivers on Trust Resources

- Coastal Zone Management Act/NERRS:  Address coastal management issues through coordinated estuarine research; Enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine areas; Promote collaborative estuarine research, improved understanding & management of estuarine areas
- National Environmental Policy Act: Requires analysis of effects of cumulative environmental impacts
- Coral Reef Conservation Act & Task Force:  Managing and conserving coral ecosystems by identifying and addressing threats and issues driving the loss and degradation of coral reefs
- International Treaties, Bilateral Agreements, Commissions &  Councils (CCALMR, Arctic Council, ICES/PICES, IOC, Bilaterals...)

- ...continued

## Magnuson Stevens Act Responsibilities

- National Standard 6: “*Conservation and management measures shall take into account and allow for variations among and contingencies in fisheries, *_*fishery resources*_*, and catches*”
- Some FMPs (e.g., Pacific Coastal Pelagics) provide adjustments in MSY for periods of low and high productivity influenced by climate variability – will become a more important issue in rebuilding plans and time frames
- Optimum Yield “...is prescribed on the basis of maximum sustainable yield as reduced by any relevant economic, social or _ecological factor_.” N.B., Impacts rebuilding plans and definition of maximum sustainable yield

## Climate change reflected in stock assessment process
Scientific stock assessments use best scientific information available
Climate change may affect important stock assessment parameters, including:
Natural mortality
Growth rates
Age at maturity
Recruitment Levels – leading to biomass targets

- Scientific stock assessments use best scientific information available
- Climate change may affect important stock assessment parameters, including:
- Natural mortality
- Growth rates
- Age at maturity
- Recruitment Levels – leading to biomass targets

**Fishery Management Process**

## Endangered Species Act

- over-utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;
- disease or predation;
- the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms;
- other natural or man-made factors affecting its continued existence.
- If listed, projects that may contribute to these factors require Biological Opinions (BiOPs) on their potential jeopardy for listed species

- Species can be listed as threatened or endangered if its
- existence is determined by:

## Six Climate Change Issues – Living Marine Resources

- Attribution of climate signals impacting ecosystems: long term change vs. natural variability
- Ocean warming: impacts on distribution & productivity (phenology, production, invasives)
- Impacts of loss of sea ice on living marine resources (at both poles)
- Ocean acidification impacts on marine biota
- Freshwater supply & resource management
- Sea level rise (natural resource implications)

## Coastal Pelagics FMP &Climate Variability – Pacific Sardine

- Long Term Variation
- in Sardine Based on
- scale samples in
- sediments

- The FMP adjusts MSY for periods when PDO
- Influenced productivity is high or low,
- Important question: how do we know when we
- In a phase change?

## ESA Listing Criteria 

**ESA section 4(a)(1) factors for listing of species**
- the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range,
- overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes,
- disease or predation,
- the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
- other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

## Loss of Arctic Sea Ice – Ecological Implications for NOAA

- Loss of Arctic Sea Ice – Ecological Implications for NOAA

- NOAA Trust Resources
- MMPA + ESA

- Ringed, Ribbon,
- Spotted , Bearded
- Seals

- September, 2007

- +Arctic FMP

- Petition To List

**Multi-Year Sea Ice Amounts**

**SNOW**

## IPCC

- 1980

- 1990

- 2000

- 2010

- 2020

- 2030

- 2040

- 2060

- 2050

**IPCC**
**(2004)**
**2080**

**Maslowski**
**et al. 2005**

**Holland et al.**
**2007**

**We are on a faster track for sea **
**ice loss than “Mean” model projections**
**Overland 2008**

## The Bear Facts – Scenario ofScience for ESA Listing by DOI

- For polar bears, sea ice: 2-6 year old ice is needed for
-       breeding, and habitat. Now finding bears on land. Linkage is being broken. Summer sea ice extent was farther off shore. One-to-one relationship of sea-ice to polar bear (obligate relationship).
- DOI had two goals in mind. Provide best science information to:
- Develop sea ice habitat selection models and project future scenarios of habitat and population response.
- Develop population projection models for Southern Beaufort Sea
- 19 polar bear management boundaries: eco-regions
- Large loss of the 2-6 year ice in obs. data, the best ice for polar bears - and seal habitat. Retreat of ice away from where the food (seals) was (deeper water).
- Ensemble of sea ice projections 1900-2100 - show that the entire Arctic may be free of sea ice in summer before c.a. ~2050
- Bayesian network model outcomes - sea ice is the only variable that had significant influence on polar bear (hunting and oil/gas also considered).
- Bear populations in areas of seasonal ice, divergent ice and convergent ice regions will be greatly affected.
- In the context of multiple stressors, focus only on bears disregards other human community and ecological issues arising from loss of sea ice

## Climate Change and Extinction Risks

- 	“Approximately 20 to 30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are *likely *to be at increased risk of extinction if increases in global average temperature exceed 1.5 to 2.5°C (*medium confidence*).”
- - IPCC Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report

**Notes:**
Note: 

Two species of coral have already been listed under the ESA, based on threats related to climate change.  We can expect more climate change-related threats in the future.  

In addition, climate change is creating new threats for critically endangered species that have already been driven to the brink of extinction by other human activities.  An example is the Hawaiian monk seal which may loose 40% of its breeding and nesting habitat to sea level rise by the end of this century.

## Ocean Acidification: A Consequence of Human Production of Greenhouse Gasses – Ocean Impacts & NOAA Responsibilities

**Ocean Acidification**
***That ‘other’ CO******2****** problem***

- Potential impacts on shelled plankton, coral reefs (shallow and deep),  bivalves and crustaceans, and food chains
- Managed resources under Coral Reef Conservation Act, MSRA, ESA

**Value:**
- Bivalves: $732M ex-vessel commercial value
- Crustaceans: $1,265M ex-vessel commercial value
- Combined : $1,997M ex-vessel commercial value (51% of commercial catch by $)

**Notes:**
Aragonite, Calcite:  different forms of CaCO3 used by calcifying organisms.
     The carbonate equilibrium of the oceans is shifting in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.  There is also mounting evidence that calcificaton rates of several major groups of marine calcifiers, including calcifying plankton, shallow and deep water corals, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans will decrease as CO2 concentrations continue to rise.

## ESA Case Study: Central Valley Project and State Water Project Operations, Criteria and Plan (OCAP) BiOP/ California Chinook Salmon & Steelhead

- Chinook salmon and steelhead trout are listed endangered/threatened under ESA In the Sacramento River and related drainages in California
- In 2004, NMFS consulted with the State and Federal water agencies and determined  that the proposed joint operation of the State and Federal Central Valley water projects was not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed salmon and steelhead
- Coalition of environmental groups filed suit regarding the BiOP for chinook and steelhead based in part on the fact that _long-term climate impacts on water __availability were not taken into account_ as part of the baseline
- The Bureau of Reclamation, NMFS and CALFED have reopened consultations under Section 7 of ESA regarding the BiOP

- Freshwater & Climate

## Trends in Sea Level Rise & Resource Impacts

## SLR Example: How will Protected Species critical habitats change 

- Once an important nesting island for Hawaiian green sea turtles and a primary pupping site for endangered Hawaiian monk seals
- Few feet above sea level; what would be the impacts of observed rates of SLR on Protected Species breeding and nesting habitat?
- 2006 study published by NOAA scientists in the journal Biological Conservation (Baker et al. 2006)

**SLR Example: How will Protected Species critical habitats change **
**with SLR in the NWHI Monument?**
**Example Whaleskate Island**
**French Frigate Shoals, NWHI**

**1963**

**2002 monk seals**

**Notes:**
Whaleskate Island at French Frigate Shoals, NWHI.  Once an important nesting island for Hawaiian green sea turtles and a primary pupping site for endangered Hawaiian monk seals, pictured from the air in 1963 (left) and in 2002 (right).

## Current and projected maps of four Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at mean low water (MLW) with minimum (9 cm), median (48 cm) and maximum (88 cm) predicted sea-level rise by 2100 (IPCC, 2001).  

- Current and projected maps of four Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at mean low water (MLW) with minimum (9 cm), median (48 cm) and maximum (88 cm) predicted sea-level rise by 2100 (IPCC, 2001).
- A) Lisianski Island; B) East Island, French Frigate Shoals; C) Trig Island, French Frigate Shoals; D) Southeast Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef

- Conclusion: as much as 40%
- Loss in protected species
- breeding & nesting areas

**Notes:**
Baker et al., 2006
Current and projected maps of four Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at mean low water (MLW) with minimum (9 cm), median (48 cm) and maximum (88 cm) predicted sea-level rise by 2100 (IPCC, 2001).  The median scenario at spring tide is also shown. A) Lisianski Island; B) East Island, French Frigate Shoals; C) Trig Island, French Frigate Shoals; D) Southeast Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef.

## Strategy for Incorporating Climate Change Issues into LMR Management Activities

- NOAA operational entities identify, and prioritize climate change factors influencing MSRA, ESA, MMPA, NMSA and other statutes, identify current resources for analyzing effects Develop Operational Guidelines
- Engage a wide variety of NOAA offices & partners to assess requirements and capabilities and develop SOPs – Climate Ecosystems WG
- Combine NOAA’s observations, models and forecasts of climate change impacts on resources
- NOAA Climate Services, supported by appropriate LOs, provide internal customers relevant climate information to meet regulatory and legal requirements, what is “best available science”?
- Develop consistent products, approaches and databases to address the *ad hoc* nature of some efforts to date (standards and updates), e.g., sea level rise scenarios consistently incorporate scenarios, observations and height information
- Develop a strategy to communicate with regulators, constituents, and the public the impacts of climate change factors on resources and people managed by NOAA

## Proposal for A National Climate Service & Partnership

- NOAA currently developing an outline for what a National Climate Service would entail
- Proposal includes both a NCS – with a NOAA lead, and a National Climate Partnership (method to engage across agencies and with various levels of government, academia and the private sector)
- Proposal vetted to individual Agencies (e.g., USGS, NASA, etc.) and at an external users workshop (Vail Colorado, June 16-20)
- Significant comments on the structure, purpose, and relationship of a NCS to use sectors such as water managers, natural resource managers, energy companies, emergency managers etc.
- This issue will be an important one for transition to the next administration
- Comments from the fisheries sector welcomed