# Presentation: 709349

## Addressing Diversity in Rural Education

**Lynne Vernon-Feagans, UNC-CH**
**Jill V. Hamm, UNC-CH**
**Thomas W. Farmer, Penn State Univ**.

## The Targeted Reading Intervention:   How Rural Diversity makes a difference for implementation

*Targeting instructional match in every interaction...*

- Lynne Vernon-Feagans
- Marnie Ginsberg
- Steve Amendum

**Notes:**
Introduce us

## NRCRES: TRI staff

-    Lynne Vernon-Feagans, PI
- Steve Amendum
- Peg Burchinal
- Kate Gallagher
- Marnie Ginsberg
- Kirsten Kainz
- Steve Knotek
- Nathan Vandergrift
- Pam Winton
- Pledger Fedora
- Iris Padgett
- Megan Livengood
- Kelley Mayer
- Jason Rose
- Andrea Sauer
- Heather Ward
- Tim Wood

**Notes:**
The purpose of the TRI is to improve the teaching strategies of rural kindergarten and first grade teachers in literacy, with a specific focus on strategies that are effective with struggling readers who do not make reading gains using traditional reading instruction.  

## What is ‘Rural’

- US Census Bureau: Census Tracts http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html
- Population density
- Population size
- NCES: Locale Codes
- http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/RuralEd/definitions.asp
- Population size
- Distance to an urbanized area

## What makes Rural different from urban?

**Promotive Factors**
- More two parent families
- Less population density
- Much less violent crime
- More homes owned by families
- Proportionately more children
- 	 attending Head Start
- Fewer behavior problems in school
- Smaller schools
- More experienced teachers

## What makes Rural different from urban?

**Risk Factors**
- Higher percentage of children living in poverty, especially minority children
- Outmigration of talented young people because of job losses
- Fewer college graduates
- More maternal depression and prescription drug abuse
- Lower child achievement levels
- Less educated teachers with lower salaries
- Longer bus rides to school

## The consensus intangibles in rural education

- In a place at a distance from large cities
- Historical roots to agrarian culture
- Access to fewer resources
- Smaller communities and schools
- Ready to meet community needs
- Grounded in a “sense of place” and rooted in the lives of families

## The TRI Study

- Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial
-     to assess the effectiveness of the
-     TRI in Low Wealth Rural Schools.
- Part of the National Research Center
-     on Rural Education Support  www.nrcres.org/TRI.htm
- _[www.nrcres.org/TRI.htm](http://www.nrcres.org/TRI.htm)_
- Funded by the
-     Institute of Education Sciences (IES)

**Notes:**
Who are we? 

Research project
We are a research project

Our project is part of the National Research Center on Rural Education Support
www.nrcres.org
Located an UNC Chapel Hill
Working on research projects with rural schools all over the country

Funded by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) grant
Federal money

The Targeted Reading Intervention (TRI) was developed as part of this research project

## Purpose

-    The TRI is designed to improve the literacy teaching strategies of rural kindergarten and first grade teachers, using an individualized diagnostic teaching model, with a specific focus on strategies that are effective with *struggling readers *who do not make reading gains using traditional reading instruction.

**Notes:**
The purpose of the TRI is to improve the teaching strategies of rural kindergarten and first grade teachers in literacy, with a specific focus on strategies that are effective with struggling readers who do not make reading gains using traditional reading instruction.  

## Why focus on teacher training?

- Research has shown that the first few years of school are critical for children’s later school success, especially in the area of reading (Alexander& Entwisle, 1992; Juel, 1988).
- Teachers in rural areas have more experience in teaching and knowledge about the background of their students but teachers have less access to professional development opportunities  (GAO report, 2004; Lee & Burkham, 2003)
- Teachers and parents are more satisfied with their schools in rural areas but children come to school with less formal and high quality preschool experiences (Israel, 2004; Vernon-Feagans et al., in press).

## The TRI Strategies for Success

**Notes:**
So the question....

What are your needs?

What do you hope to hear?

What do you hope to get?

## The TRI Model of Reading

## Examples of TRI Strategies:          Teaching in the context of the word and text from the beginning

**Notes:**
So the question....

What are your needs?

What do you hope to hear?

What do you hope to get?

## Word Work

## Slide 15

**Notes:**
Discuss in small groups what worked well; what was hard.  Would this activity have helped  

## Guided Oral Reading

## TRI Materials

- Posters
- Reading Model
- Stages of Word Work

- TRI Reference Tool

- TRI diagnostic map

- TRI Picture Dictionary

- TRI Professional Development Guide

## TRI Summary

- Based on research based evidence
- Based on research in special education that emphasizes individualized diagnostic teaching
- Specifically geared to children considered struggling readers because they do not make progress with traditional reading approaches.
- Can be used with any reading curriculum and Reading First
- Teaching conducted by the classroom teacher in one on one teaching sessions between the teacher and child at least 4 times a week until the child makes rapid progress
- Teaching literacy that is always geared to the context of the word and text.
- Material developed to be extremely affordable by any school
**Delivered through a Collaborative Consultation Model, specifically geared to the needs of rural teachers**

## Implementation : Diversity Issues in Rural Education

**Notes:**
We’d like to briefly tell you about the research done on the TRI thus far.  

## Examples of challenges

- Teachers are often in classrooms with no aides and no special services
- Teachers know the families of the children and have both positive and negative preconceptions about child learning
- Teachers are often weary of new families who have moved to the area
- Teachers have not been observed in their classrooms and may not be comfortable with in class consultation and the use of new reading strategies
- Children come to school with particularly poor readiness skills with respect to learning
- Children come to school with better behavior than urban children

## Vernon-Feagans, Ginsberg & Amendum, 2006

**Vernon-Feagans, Ginsberg & Amendum, 2006**

## How to create a Community of Practice (Buysse & Wesley, in press)

- Teacher responsibility and leadership
-  identify struggling learners
-  choose who to start working with
-  do not change their current curriculum
-  chart progress of students
- Teacher collaboration (Lesson Study)
- (Stigler & Hiebert, 1999)
- exchange ideas with others
- understand the value of observation
- suggest the ideas for monthly workshops

## Collaborative Structure for Rural Teachers

- 3 Day Summer Institute
- Teachers identify 5 struggling readers
- Biweekly classroom visits from TRI    Consultant.
- Grade level meetings to discuss strategies and problem solve.
- Daily consultation from the on-site TRI consultant
- Bimonthly workshops on topics teachers choose.

## TRI Design

| 21 high risk
(4 teachers) | 20 high risk
(4 teachers)
 | 30 high risk
(6 teachers) | 30 high risk
(6 teachers) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   22 low risk |  19 low risk
 | 30 low risk | 30 low risk |
|  24 high risk
(5 teachers)
 |  25 high risk
(6 teachers)
 | 30 high risk
(6 teachers) | 30 high risk
(6 teachers)
 |
| 30 low risk

 |  30 low risk

 | 30 low risk
 | 30 low risk

 |

**Year 1**

**Year 2**

- Kindergarten

- 1st Grade

- Kindergarten

- 1st Grade

- Experimental

- Control

**TRI Design**

## Child Characteristics

| Race
     Black
     White
     Other | 
61%
32%
  7% | 
33%
37%
31% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gender
     Male
     Female | 
73%
27% | 
63%
37% |
| Parents Married | 46% | 54% |
| Maternal Education | M = 11.8 yrs | M = 13.3 yrs |

- EXP

- CON

## Teacher Characteristics

| # of years teaching | M = 18 yrs |
| --- | --- |
| Teacher Age | M = 43 yrs |
| Teacher Race
   White
   Black
   Other | 
65%
30%
  5% |
| National Board Certification |   5% |
| Certification type
   Temp
   Regular
   Specific grade certification
Masters Degree | 
10%
40%
50%
20% |

## Gain Scores over 4 months

| Phonological awareness 
(CTOPPS) | F(1,69) =1.29 | C

E |     .52

   1.67 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Word Attack (Woodcock Johnson) | F(1,151) = 4.09* | C

E |   27.15

  35.86 |
| Letter/Word Identification (Woodcock Johnson) | F(1,152) = 5.25* | C

E |   34.12

  42.22 |
| Vocabulary
(PPVT) | F(1,120) = 0.38 | C

E |     1.20

    2.32 |

- Outcome

- F-Test

- Group

- LSMean

##  Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement

**Notes:**
Show TRI in light blue, Non-TRI in dark blue

These are all struggling readers

Explain that these were gain scores—basically the amount students gained from the fall assessment to the spring assessment

These were both statistically significant results

W scores from the W-J scoring program

## Future Directions

**Webcam technology**
-   TRI consultation in remote rural classrooms in real time
-  TRI grade level meetings across sites through web cam technology
-   Problem solving across sites to create a community of practice

**Notes:**
We’d like to briefly tell you about the research done on the TRI thus far.  

## Summary

- Rural Schools are different contexts for learning
- Need sensitivity to rural structure and beliefs in schools
- Need to break the barrier of access
- Need to break the barrier of isolation
- Individual consultation in real time using the TRI provides a major solution to these barriers while providing research based literacy strategies for struggling learners

## 

Implementation and Evaluation of the Rural Early Adolescent Learning Project (REAL): Commonalities in Diverse Educational Settings

Jill V. Hamm, Dylan Robertson, Kimberly Dadisman, Matthew Irvin, Allen Murray, Jana Thompson, Kelli O’Brien, & Jenny Westrick

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

- Implementation and Evaluation of the Rural Early Adolescent Learning Project (REAL): Commonalities in Diverse Educational Settings
- Jill V. Hamm, Dylan Robertson, Kimberly Dadisman, Matthew Irvin, Allen Murray, Jana Thompson, Kelli O’Brien, & Jenny Westrick
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

## General Aims of Project REAL

Professional development for rural teachers who serve middle level youth (5th – 6th grades)
Responsive to local resources, needs, and school configurations
Promote strategies that provide universal support for all students during early adolescence
Promote strategies that help teachers advance the learning of low-achieving students

- General Aims of Project REAL
- Professional development for rural teachers who serve middle level youth (5th – 6th grades)
- Responsive to local resources, needs, and school configurations
- Promote strategies that provide universal support for all students during early adolescence
- Promote strategies that help teachers advance the learning of low-achieving students

## Conceptual Framework for REAL

**Academics**

**Behavioral Engagement**

**Social Relations**

- Supporting and Encouraging Effective Transitions

## Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural Areas

**Pilot Sites Research Participants**
- Recruited from all 5th grade classrooms of eight public elementary schools in two states of the rural Appalachia region
- 61% agreed to participate
- 315 participating students (170 girls and 145 boys)
- Over 95% White
- Schools were eligible for U.S. Department of Education’s Rural and Low-Income School Program (RLISP)
- locale code 6, 7, or 8 and at least 20% of students are from families living below the federal poverty level

- Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural Areas

**Measures: Adjustment in Multiple Domains**
- Teacher-ratings on 18-item questionnaire (ICS-T; Cairns, Leung, Gest, & Cairns, 1995)
- Sub-scales/factors:
*Aggression* (α = .84), *Popularity* (α = .83), *Academic competence *(α = .80), *Affiliative* (α = .74), *Internalizing *(α = .52), *Olympian* (α = .78)
**Measures: Achievement**
- End-of-Year Grade Average
- School records data for end of 5th grade for:
- math, English/reading, social studies/history and science
- Mean across four subjects (in the form of a percentage) was obtained and used in analyses
- State-level Standardized Achievement Test Scores
- School records data for end of 5th grade for similar subjects:
- math, science, social studies and English
- Mean across these four subjects was obtained and used in analyses
- scaled scores were on different metrics by state;  average standardized achievement score were standardized within state.

- Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural Areas

**Data Reduction Techniques**
- 4 unique patterns of variables emerged in girls
- (i.e.,clusters, *behavioral configurations*)
***Troubled***: above average aggression and internalizing; below average academic competence, affiliative, popularity, and Olympian
***Tough***: well above average aggression; average popularity, academic competence, affiliative, and Olympian; below average internalizing
***Sensitive***: above average internalizing; below average affiliative; average aggression, academic competence, popularity, and Olympian
***Model***: above average academic competence, affiliative, and popularity; below average aggression and internalizing.

- Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural Areas

**Data Reduction Techniques**
- 5 unique patterns of variables emerged in boys
- (i.e.,clusters, *behavioral configurations*)
***Troubled***: above average aggression and internalizing; below average academic competence, affiliative, popularity, and Olympian
***Low academic***: below average academic competence and Olympian; above average affiliative; average aggression, popularity, and internalizing
***Tough***: well above average aggression; above average affiliative, popularity, and Olympian; below average internalizing; average academic competence
***High academic***: above average academic competence; below average aggression; average affiliative, popularity, Olympian, and internalizing
***Model***: above average academic competence, affiliative, popularity, and Olympian; below average aggression and internalizing

## Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural AreasResults from Pilot Sites

- Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural AreasResults from Pilot Sites

## Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural AreasResults from Pilot Sites

- Support for Conceptual Framework in Rural AreasResults from Pilot Sites

## Moving from Pilot Sites to Efficacy Sites:
Research Design for Project REAL

8 intervention and 8 control schools
8 with middle school transition configuration
8 alternative configuration (e.g., k-8, k-12)
Baseline data collected in spring of 5th grade; Process/transition data collected in fall and spring of 6th grade
Outcome data on school adjustment and academic achievement collected in spring of 6th grade

- Moving from Pilot Sites to Efficacy Sites:
- Research Design for Project REAL
- 8 intervention and 8 control schools
- 8 with middle school transition configuration
- 8 alternative configuration (e.g., k-8, k-12)
- Baseline data collected in spring of 5th grade; Process/transition data collected in fall and spring of 6th grade
- Outcome data on school adjustment and academic achievement collected in spring of 6th grade

## Slide 44

**Notes:**
Note Plans to add 2 more states: Far West, New England;
4 schools with representative configuration (intervention-control)
Plans to add 2 more states: Far West, New England;
4 schools with representative configuration (intervention-control)
Note plans to add far west & New England with representative configurations

## Implications of Rural Diversity
 for Interventions
Special needs by region, locale

Challenges to delivery, implementation

Pinpointing transition 

- Implications of Rural Diversity
-  for Interventions
- Special needs by region, locale
- Challenges to delivery, implementation
- Pinpointing transition

## Positive Behavior Enhancement

**Positive Behavior Enhancement**

**Academic Engagement Enhancement**

**Social Dynamics Training**

- Academic Engagement Enhancement –
- -General strategies that promote an instructional context that is responsive to the need of a broad and diverse range of students

- Positive Behavior Enhancement –
-  Strategies to create structure and consistency across classes
-  Encouraging self-directed behavior
-  Proactive approaches to prevent behavioral difficulties

- Social Dynamics Training –
- - Promoting teachers’ awareness of the impact of peers on motivation & achievement.
- - Recognizing peer groups and social roles
- - Identifying youth with social difficulties that interfere with their own or others’ learning
- - Strategies to use peer group dynamics to foster classroom engagement
- - Strategies to help students with social difficulties  develop positive, supportive relationships

## REAL Intervention: Universal Components

 Summer Institute
15 modules completed between fall and spring by teachers
On-line articles and activities
Topics include:
Early adolescent development
Motivation and academic engagement
Instruction for low-achieving students
School and classroom social dynamics
Information processing
Literacy support    
REAL Intervention: Targeted Components

Bimonthly videoconferences with Project REAL staff
Directed Consultation Model: Focused on issues salient to the site, addressed through REAL intervention framework
Supporting struggling writers 

- REAL Intervention: Universal Components
-  Summer Institute
- 15 modules completed between fall and spring by teachers
- On-line articles and activities
- Topics include:
- Early adolescent development
- Motivation and academic engagement
- Instruction for low-achieving students
- School and classroom social dynamics
- Information processing
- Literacy support
- REAL Intervention: Targeted Components
- Bimonthly videoconferences with Project REAL staff
- Directed Consultation Model: Focused on issues salient to the site, addressed through REAL intervention framework
- Supporting struggling writers

## Pilot Sites Findings of Intervention Effects 

- Pilot Sites Findings of Intervention Effects

- Participants included 448 students (239 girls) who transitioned from 5th to 6th grade
- Transitioned from 11 public elementary schools
- Transitioned into 4 6-8 middle schools (2 intervention, 2 control)
- Over 95% White
- Schools were eligible for U.S. Department of Education’s Rural and Low-Income School Program (RLISP)
- locale code 6, 7, or 8 and at least 20% of students are from families living below the federal poverty level
- Data collected:  5th grade spring, 6th grade early fall, 6th grade late spring

## Social Impact of Intervention Results:Pilot Sites

- Social Impact of Intervention Results:Pilot Sites

## Social Impact of Intervention Results:Pilot Sites

- Social Impact of Intervention Results:Pilot Sites

## Summary of Pilot Site Findings

- In control classrooms, students’ perceptions of the classroom social context evidence a significant decline across the transition year.
- In intervention classrooms, students’ perceptions of the classroom social context remain stable and positive across the transition year.
- If teachers use strategies to enhance social, behavioral, and academic adjustment, they can maintain a positive social context for learning.
- Future analyses will examine the implications of these patterns forstudents' achievement in intervention versus control sites.
- Future analyses will investigate these patterns across a larger and diverse sampling of sites, and in relation to differences in student risk pre-transition and school characteristics, and using HLM.

- Representing School Differences in Meaningful Ways
- Configuration differences
- Concentrations of students at-risk
- Cross-state Comparisons
- State differences in achievement tests

- Implications for Analyses of Diverse Locales

## Conducting Educational Interventions in Diverse Rural Contexts: Issues, Challenges, and Lessons Learned 

- Thomas W. Farmer
- Pennsylvania State University

## Common Issues In Diverse Rural Areas 

- Educational needs of at-risk youth
- Issues of critical mass and geographical isolation
- Limited resources and professional development
- Commitment to local issues and concept of “place”

## Diversity in Issues Faced by Rural Areas 

- Different types of at-risk youth
- Different school structures and approaches for addressing isolation and issues of critical mass
- Different levels and configurations of providing supports and professional development
- Local values, expectations, and support for education differ from community to community

## Challenges for Developing and Evaluating Standardized Interventions  

- Must include universal and targeted interventions that can be adapted to both the general and unique populations of each district while maintaining standardization
- Must accommodate different configurations of grouping students and supporting teachers while guarding against biases that may be introduced by these differences
- Intervention must complement existing curricula
- Must be responsive to the fact that each community views themselves as unique and not fitting a standard curriculum or model of support

## Lessons Learned: Rural Intervention Research   

- There is more than one “rural”
- Intervention design must be responsive to different contexts
- Research design can be challenging and identifying comparable sites for randomization is very difficult
- Increased research costs
- Variability in district and school configurations, critical mass
- Isolation increases both staffing and travel costs
- “Place” matters
- Pride, loyalty, and identity linked to the land or the community
- Expectation that curriculum and instruction is linked to place
- School is viewed as a primary anchor of the community

## General Lessons Learned: Developing Interventions that can be “Scaled-Up”     

- Anticipate highly varied contexts in the intervention development phase
- Assess the degree to which the intervention is “instruction dependent” and “context dependent”
- Instruction (e.g., reading, writing)
- Context (e.g., social, behavioral)
- Create a delivery format that promotes flexibility and “local tailoring” in preparing teachers for implementation
- Directed consultation (standard content and aims)
- Embedded in the local curricula and instructional philosophies