# Presentation: 441358

## Human factors issues 

**A discussion on selected topics**
**Rob Methorst**
**September 27, 2007**

**Notes:**
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## Outline

- Introduction
- Systems approach to Vulnerable Road Users
- Safety Culture in Hazardous Goods Transport
- Sustainable Road Safety – an update

## Systems approach to Vulnerable Road Users

- Issue and reason
- VRU accidents do not follow trends
- Neglected issue in research
- Ageing of the population: expected mobility restraints and higher risks
- Hidden single accidents (~70% of VRU victims (= 40% of all travel victims ER+))
- Activities:
- 2003 report Vulnerable Road Users
- policy development Vulnerable Road Users, particularly re. bicyclist
- COST 358 Pedestrians’ Quality Needs
- Focus on mobility needs, including safety
- 6 Main elements

## Vulnerable Road Users – Pizza model

## Vulnerable Road Users -  TRIPOD

- The developers’ (Prof. Wagenaar) dog had only 3 legs and was called ‘Driepoot’(English = Tripod)

## Vulnerable Road Users - perspectives

*Functional perspective*:
- 	usage value, what is being offered = intrinsic quality supply, looking at the system from the ‘head’
*2.**	**Perception perspective*:
- 	what is being requested = subjective quality demand, looking at the system from the ‘heart’, including attitudes towards and of pedestrians.
*3.**	**Durability and Future Prospects*:
- 	whilst # 1 and # 2 are static quality descriptions, # 3 refers to a dynamic perspective. Durability is, like user value and perception value, a relative value and depends on current qualities, future social values and future use of the physical environment and transport system.

## Vulnerable road users – Hierarchy of needs

## Vulnerable Road Users – Universal Design

## Vulnerable Road Users – Cascade approach

## Vulnerable Road Users - Discussion

- What are ideas regarding making the principles operational?
- What views and experiences are there in the USA regarding systems approach?

## Safety Culture in Hazardous Goods Transport

- Issue: feasibility of implementation of Safety Care Systems in the Hazardous Goods Transport industry.
- Reason: pursuit of continuous improvement of safety as part of the Dutch policy note on HGT; catastrophic nature of accidents
- Current situation: divers market situation; overall relatively safe
- Pre-conditioning for measures not yet favourable
- Policy scenarios:
- Education, communication and enforcement
- Using market mechanisms

## Safety Culture in HGT – divers market 

- The market:
- International character
- Many different players:
- shippers (interests, imago)
- large, medium sized and small transport firms (cost control, options for implementing SC)
- mixed and specialised transporters
- ‘rogue’ drivers and firms from the formal East Block
- Charters
- Many different products and clients
- industrial chemicals
- Gasses
- Fuel distribution
- Ammunition and fireworks
- Waste and refuse transport
- Specialised transport vehicles and containerization

## Safety Culture in HGT – current situation

- Hardly any serious accidents, but clearly a public fear - political  item.
- Hazardous Goods Traffic is very divers and relatively safe. Main distinction:
- long distance bulk transport, medium and large firms; good safety record
- Distribution = small firms; questionable safety record
- Chemical industry (mainly petrochemicals) regulate transport safety
- Distribution market parties are not interested in implementing Safety Culture

## Safety Culture in HGT - trends

- Trends in Europe and NL:
- Internationalisation
- Common Market-effect; intake of new EU states and other former East European states
- Outsourcing to cheap foreign drivers and small companies
- Containerisation
- Development of strong containers for fluids and gasses
- Less special demand on driver/transporter skills and education
- Fragmentation
- Outsourcing transport by shippers
- Outsourcing transport to former employees

## Safety Culture in HGT – towards implementation

- Pre-conditioning for measures
- Vehicle requirements
- License system
- Liability transfer: insurance resolutive conditions
- Policy scenarios:
- ‘there is something for everybody’: problem awareness; analysis & quick wins; tailored solutions; building on current safety care; communition and education.
- Market scenario: market mechanism; incentives; flanking policy; bonus/malus; integrated

## Safety Culture - Discussion

- Small companies inherently more unsafe?
- Is outsourcing controllable?
- What real options are there to implement Safety Management?

## Sustainable Road Safety – an update

- Reason:
- ambitious targets; limitation of traditional approaches re. achievements
- Man is measure of things
- Prevention is better than a curative approach
- Road classification
- Integrated policies
- Safety principles
- See website: www.sustainablesafety.nl

## Sustainable Road Safety – human centred

- Man is measure of things:
- environment (road, vehicle) should conform to what humans are capable of and provide protection
- humans should be properly instructed to prepare them for safe behaviour
- Humans should eventually be supervised to see
- 	whether they are safe road users

## Sustainable Road Safety: focus on prevention

- Primary preventive approach:
- System approach, but focussed on safety
- Prevention of latent errors that can lead to dangerous behaviour and ultimately crashes
- Application of 5 safety principles ( 2 new)
- Decentralisation of responsibilities and implementation
- Supervision and inspection

## Sustainable Safety - principles

- Functionality of roads
- 	Roads should either flow (flow roads) or provide access (access roads) and are connected by distributor roads
- Homogeneity of masses and/or speed and direction
- 	Vehicles that differ too much in mass or speed and that use the same space should be physically separated from each other
- Predictability/ recognizability
- 	Layout of road and predictability of road course and road behaviour; self explaining roads, vehicles and human behaviour
- Forgivingness
- Accidents should not lead to (severe) injury of death
- State awareness
- 	capability or possibility of road users estimating own task competency correctly; every road users should know what his skills are and act accordingly

## Sustainable Safety – effects and lessons

- Since introduction many improvements
- Road classification
- Traffic Calming: > 50% of urban roads are 30 km/h
- Roundabouts on distributor roads
- Moped from cycle paths to carriage way
- Shared responsibility National – Regional – Local authorities
- Enhanced law enforcement: speeds, DUI, safety belt, bicycle lights
- Impulse to traffic safety education
- Too little focus on non-infrastructural aspects of the vision
- Low cost implementation limits effectiveness

## Sustainable Safety – issues

**Basic components:**
- Infrastructure
- Vehicles
- Education
- Legislation and law enforcement
**Special issues:**
- Speed management
- Drink-and-drug driving
- Cyclists and pedestrians
- Motorized two-wheelers
- Heavy Goods Vehicles

## Sustainable Safety – Light Rail example

- Light rail: a come-back in urban areas in EU
- Risk:
- Level crossings
- Relatively large mass
- Silent vehicles
- Evasive actions by light rail no option
- Relatively low risk levels for cars,
- 	but VRU meet high fatality risk levels
- 	(bike 30x, pedestrian 40x)
- Safety requirements:
- Preferably different levels crossing
- If not possible:
- distributor road crossing only fully guarded
- Property access roads: guarded
- If not possible: Light Rail speeds less than 30 km/h at level crossings

## Sustainable Safety - Discussion

- Second generation policies: a bridge too far?
- tackling current problems versus prevention: can it all be done?
- making safety principles operational?
- preconditions for success?