# Presentation: 144291

## HISTORY - FRPFiber Reinforced Materials

- Straw in Clay (Brick, Roof, Walls)
- Glass Fibers in Concrete
- Glass Fibers in Polymer

## HISTORY - FRPPOST WW-II APPLICATIONS

- Boat Hulls
- Radomes
- Minesweeping Vessels
- Bath Tubs
- Covers

- HS, CR, LW - New Developments
- in  Filament Winding and Pultrusion

## HISTORY - FRPPOST WW-II APPLICATIONS-2

- Pressure Vessels
- Submarine Parts
- Rocket Shells
- Aircraft Components
- Automobile Bodies & Parts

## HISTORY - FRPPOST WW-II DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS

- Bath Tubs
- Covers
- Railings
- Housing Components
- Architectural Components
- Ladders
- Electrical Equipment

## HISTORY - FRPPOST WW-II RECREATIONAL USES

- Fishing Rods
- Tennis Rackets
- Ski Equipment
- Golf Clubs
- Recreation Boats
- Skates

## FRP CONSUMPTION(IN MILLION POUNDS)

- Source:    SPI CI, April 99

## FRP - CIVIL STRUCTURESCURRENT FIELD ACTIVITIES

- Pedestrian Bridges
- Highway Bridges
- Seismic Retrofit Columns
- Bridge Strengthening
- Bridge Repairs

## FRP TECHNOLOGYCHARACTERISTICS

- High Strength
- High Resistance to Corrosion and Chemical
- High Resistance to Elevated Temperature
- High Resistance to Abrasion
- Toughness
- Fatigue
- Light Weight

## FRP TECHNOLOGYADVANTAGES

- FRP TECHNOLOGYADVANTAGES

- Ease in Fabrication, Manufacturing, Handling, and Erection
- Year-Round Construction
- Short Project Time Delivery
- High Performance
- Durability (Jury Still Out)
- Excellent Strength-to-Weight Ratio

## FRP TECHNOLOGYDISADVANTAGES -1

- High First Cost
- Creep and Shrinkage
- Potential for Environmental Degradation (Alkalis’ Attack, UV Radiation Exposure, Moisture Absorption, etc.)
- Consistency of Material Properties

## FRP TECHNOLOGYDISADVANTAGES - 2

- Global and Local Buckling
- Aerodynamic Instability With Lightweight
- Requires Highly Trained Specialists
- Lack of Standards and Design Guides
- Limited Joining and Connection Technology (Adhesive joints, fasteners)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYPUBLIC CONCERNS

- FRP TECHNOLOGYPUBLIC CONCERNS

- Fire/Flame Resistance
- Smoke Toxicity
- Fuel Spills
- Vandalism/Theft
- Inspectibility
- Repairability

## MANUFACTURING PROCESSCOMMON TO CIVIL APPLICATIONS

- Pultrusion
- Filament Winding
- Layup

## WHAT IS FRP COMPOSITESCOMPONENTS

- WHAT IS FRP COMPOSITESCOMPONENTS

- Fiber Reinforcement
- Resin Matrix
- 	***(Fiber-Matrix Interphases)***
- Fillers
- Additives

## FRP TECHNOLOGYMECHANICAL PROPERTIES

- Fiber Types
- Fiber Orientations
- Fiber Architecture
- Fiber Volume (30-70%)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYFIBER TYPES

- FRP TECHNOLOGYFIBER TYPES

- Glass
- Aramid
- Carbon (Graphite)
- Boron
- Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)    (Available in Japan)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYFIBER OREIENTATION

- 0 Degree (Parallel - Warp)
- 90 Degrees (Transverse - Weft)
- Between 0 and 90 Degrees (Biased)
- (e.g. 0/45/90/-45/0)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYFIBER ARCHITECTURE

- Braiding (2D & 3D)
- Knitting
- Weaving
- Stitched
- Chopped

## FRP TECHNOLOGYCARBON FIBER

- Three Polymer Precursors: *Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)                    *Rayon  				                     *Pitch
- Anisotropic Materials
- Linear Elastic to Failure
- Failure by Rupture

## FRP TECHNOLOGYARAMID FIBER

- Aromatic Polyamides
- Kevlar 29
- Kevlar 49
- Anisotropic Materials
- Linear Elastic to Failure
- Failure by Rapture

## FRP -TYPICAL PROPERTIES

- Source: Tonen Energy Corp

## FRP BRIDGE TECHNOLOGYFIBER PROPERTIES

**FRP BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY****FIBER PROPERTIES**

- fiber stress (Gpa)

- fiber strain (%)

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- E-glass (350 ksi)

- Aramid (500 ksi)

- Carbon (600 ksi)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYRESIN SYSTEM

- Thermoplastics (melts when heated, solidifies when cooled, no permanent curing)
- Thermosets (cures permanently by irreversible cross linking at elevated temp.)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYRESIN FORMULATIONS

- Viscosity
- Reactivity
- Resiliency
- High Deflection Temperature (HDT)

## FRP TECHNOLOGYRESIN TYPES

- Unsaturated Polyesters
- Epoxies
- Vinyl Esters
- Polyurethanes
- Phenolics

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEMUNSATURATED POLYESTERS - 1

- 75% Resins Used in USA
- Condensation Polymerization of Dicarboxylic Acids & Dihydric Alcohols
- Contains Maleic Anhydride or          Fumaric Acid

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEMUNSATURATED POLYESTERS - 2

- Dimensional Stability
- Affordable Cost
- Ease in Handling, Processing, & Manufacturing
- High Corrosion Resistant & Fire Retardants
- Best Value for Performance & Strength

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEMEPOXIES

- Glycidyl Ethers and Amines
- Customized Properties
- Limited Workability
- Sensitive to Curing Agents
- High Performance
- High First Cost

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEMVINYL ESTERS

- Good Workability
- Fast Curing
- High Performance
- Toughness
- Excellent Corrosion Resistance

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEMPOLYURETHANES

- Polyisocyanate & Polyol
- Reaction or Reinforced Injection Molding Process
- High Performance
- Toughness
- Excellent Corrosion Resistence

## FRP - RESIN SYSTEM PHENOLICS

- Phenols & Formaldehyde
- Resole - Alkaline (F/P > 1.0)          		(Cured by Heat)
- Novolac - Acidic (F/P < 1.0)			(Cured by Chemical Reaction)
- Resistance to High Temperature
- Good Thermal Stability
- Low Smoke Generation

## FRP TECHNOLOGY FILLERS

- Control Composites’ Cost
- Improved Mechanical Properties
- Improved Chemical Properties
- Reduced Creep & Shrinkage
- Low Tensile Strength
- Fire Retardant & Chemical Resistant

## FRP TECHNOLOGYFILLER TYPES

- Calcium Carbonate
- Kaolin
- Alumina Trihydrate
- Mica Feldspar
- Wollastonite
- Silica, Talc, Glass

## FRP TECHNOLOGYADDITIVES

- Improved Material Properties
- Aesthetics
- Enhanced Workability
- Improved Performance

## FRP TECHNOLOGYADDITIVE TYPES

- Catalysts
- Promoters
- Inhibitors
- Coloring Dyes
- Releasing Agents
- Antistatic Agents
- Foaming Agents

## FRP TECHNOLOGYSMART MATERIALS

- Innovative Design 					and  Application
- Customized Product 				for High Performance
- Versatility
- Complex Design Process
- Materials, Processing, Configurations

## FRP - DESIGN FEATURES

**Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change**
- Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
- Take Advantage of Hybrid System
- Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
- Provide Good Details on Connections

## FRP - DESIGNAVOID ABRUPT THICKNESS

- Inefficient By Thickness
- Avoid Stress Risers
- Consider Stress Flow
- Consider Load Paths
- Understand Structural Behavior

## FRP - DESIGN FEATURES

- Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
**Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes**
- Take Advantage of Hybrid System
- Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
- Provide Good Details on Connections

## FRP - DESIGNGEOMETRICAL SHAPES

- Low Stresses
- Optimize Design - Balance Criteria		(Stress, Deflection, and Stability)
- Use Flanges, Ribs, Stiffeners
- Use Honeycomb or  Box Cells, Tubes
- Proportioning and Orienting Cells

## FRP - DESIGN FEATURES

- Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
- Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
**Take Advantage of Hybrid System**
- Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
- Provide Good Details on Connections

## FRP - DESIGNHYBRID SYSTEMS

- High Strength in Composites
- High Stiffness in Conventional Materials
- Concrete Filled Carbon Shells
- Reinforced Timber Beams
- PS Tendons, Rods, Bars, Laminates
- Account for Material Compatibility

## FRP - DESIGN FEATURES

- Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
- Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
- Take Advantage of Hybrid System
**Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints**
- Provide Good Details on Connections

## FRP - DESIGNBONDED JOINTS

- Epoxy Bonded Assemblies
- Epoxy Bonded Joints
- Bonded Shear Transfer Strips
- Plate Bonding Technology
- Bonded Splices
- Durability of Joints

## FRP - DESIGN FEATURES

- Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
- Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
- Take Advantage of Hybrid System
- Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
**Provide Good Details on Connections**

## FRP - DESIGNCONNECTION DETAILS

- Local Stress Flow
- Overall Load Path
- Weak Links
- Manufacturing Defects
- Fabrication Irregularities
- Select Proper Fasteners

## FRP TECHNOLOGYFUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

- FRP TECHNOLOGYFUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

- T2 from Aerospace Industry - CE transition
- Bridge structures - Stiffness Driven
- Customized vs. Open Market
- Cross Cutting Team in Design-Build
- Education and Training of  SE/CEs
- New Construction Technology
- New Manuf./Fabric. Technology

## FRP TECHNOLOGYCONCLUSION - 1

- FRP TECHNOLOGYCONCLUSION - 1

- Continue R & D Activities
- Training
- Government & Private Funding
- Building Teamwork & Partnership
- Proprietary Products & Patents
- Performance/Prescriptive Specs - “Birth Certificate” & Baseline Reference

## FRP TECHOLOGYCONCLUSION - 2

- FRP TECHOLOGYCONCLUSION - 2

- AASHTO, ASCE, ACI, PCI,
- NSF, NIST (ATP), ISCC
- Euro and Japanese Standards (Std.)
- Design Std.,  Specs & Guidelines
- Materials Specifications & Testing Std.
- Manufacturing Process & Standards
- Database Management