# Presentation: 370840

## Next-Generation Power Management User Interface for Office Equipment Power Management ControlsBruce NordmanLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBNordman@LBL.govhttp://eetd.LBL.gov/Controlssponsor: California Energy CommissionPublic Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program

- Next-Generation Power Management User Interface for Office Equipment Power Management Controls**Bruce Nordman**Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBNordman@LBL.govhttp://eetd.LBL.gov/Controls*sponsor:* California Energy CommissionPublic Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program

## Overview

- Energy Background
- Project Rationale
- Controls Introduction
- Overall Plan
- Specific Plan
- Results

## Office Equipment Energy UseAnnual Electricity (TWh/year)

**No Power Management**
**Now**** **(ENERGY STAR)
**Potential**(100% Enabling)

## Energy Savings (U.S.)

- 				  _TWh/year   $billion/year_
**Existing****	**		27.1		2.2
**Potential** 		16.7		**1.3**
**Current Power Mgmt. Enabling Rates:**
- 	PCs: 	     25%  	Monitors: 	60%
- 	Printers:  80%	Copiers: 	70%

## Problem

- Existing Power Management Controls are:
- Hidden, Confusing, Absent
- Power Management Enabling Rates Low
- Lots of Wasted Energy
- Poor User Image of Energy Efficiency, Product Quality

## Solution

- Create broadly similar interfaces for power / power management control across all office equipment and consumer electronics
- Accomplish this by creating a voluntary standard for interface elements
- Institutionalize the standard through international standards, industry standards, and marketing to industry
- Expected Result: Increased enabling rates and use of _existing_ power management capability

## Standard Controls

## Cars: Gearshifts

## Phones: Number Layout

## Traffic Signs, Indicators

## Non-standard Controls: Blenders

## Non-Standard ControlsCell Phones

## Office Equipment Power Management Terms

- On,  Ready,  Active,  Idle,  _Standby_*,  Doze,
- Suspend,  Sleep,  Deep Sleep,  Low-Power,
- Energy-Saver,  Power-Saver,  Hibernate,
- Energy Star Mode,  Weekly Timer,  Delay
- Timer,  Idle Timer,  Activity,  Inactivity,
- Auto-off,  Soft-off,  Off.

## Office Equipment: What Works

## Suspend mode is known as standby mode under the Microsoft Windows 98 operating system.  For systems with ACPI compliance, suspend mode is known as sleep mode” (Dell)
stand-by mode” — Fully ready to copy but not copying. (ASTM Copier Test Procedure)
“Stand-By — ... an optional operating state of minimal power reduction ...” (VESA Standard)
“Standby power — The lowest power mode in which the appliance is plugged in ...” (LBNL-Leaking/Standby Electricity)
“Standby is ... the lowest power state where the system is responsive to interrupts ...”  (PowerPC Reference Platform)
"Suspend is currently ignored under Windows 95/98 and Windows 2000 because the terminology is ill-defined. “ (Microsoft) 
There is no distinction between Suspend and Standby in OnNow as there was previously under APM definitions" (Microsoft)

*stand-by** mode*” — Fully ready to copy but not copying. (ASTM Copier Test Procedure)
- “Stand-By — ... an optional operating state of minimal power reduction ...” (VESA Standard)
- “Standby power — The lowest power mode in which the appliance is plugged in ...” (LBNL-Leaking/Standby Electricity)
- “Standby is ... the lowest power state where the system is responsive to interrupts ...”  (PowerPC Reference Platform)
- "Suspend is currently ignored under Windows 95/98 and Windows 2000 because the terminology is ill-defined. “ (Microsoft)
- There is no distinction between Suspend and Standby in OnNow as there was previously under APM definitions" (Microsoft)

- Office Equipment:The “Standby” Problem

## What Doesn’t Work:

- PC Indicators

- Sleep mode

- Awake

## Existing power-related ISO/IEC “Graphical Symbols ForUse On Equipment”

- Can you identify and define each of these?

## Can you explain these buttons and indicator lights?

## Overall Plan

- Existing Devices / Interfaces
- Develop New Standards (Voluntary)
- Market These to Institutions
- Manufacturers (PAC)
- International Standards Organizations
- Industry Institutions

## Professional Advisory Committee (PAC)

*Provides project with Guidance, Review, Credibility*
- Compaq
- Hewlett-Packard
- IBM
- Intel
- Microsoft
- Ricoh

- Samsung
- Sony
- Sun
- ITIC
- ENERGY STAR

## Specific Plan

- Institutional Review
- Literature Review
- 22 Topics
- “Hard” Interface - Static
- Device Behavior - Dynamic
- Other Topics

## Institutional Review“Who is Involved in Power Management Controls”

- Standards / Standards Committees (ISO/IEC)
- Graphical Symbols for Use on Equipment
- Indicator Lights
- Others
- Labeling Programs (e.g. ENERGY STAR)
- Trade Associations (e.g. ITIC)
- Manufacturers
- Technology Initiatives / Protocols

## Literature Insights

- Project Rationale
- Existing Designs
- Approach
- Design Principles
- Metaphor
- Modes
*General UI Lit. — not specific to power controls*

- Interactions / Transitions
- Indicator Lights
- Icons
- Norman / Macintosh

## Topics: High Priority, #1

- Basic symbols and switches & buttons
- Basic indicators
- Changing power states
- Transition indicators
- Underlying archetype of power management behavior, including basic terms

## Topics: High Priority, #2

- Controlled and controlling devices
- Remote indicators and controls
- Composite devices and diversity of low-power modes
- Power management ‘schemes’
- Behavior based on wake event type
- Linked behavior
- Interactions with non-power modes

## Topics: Medium / Low Priority

- Disability
- Culture
- Temporary changes
- System status after power failure
- Terminology

- Language
- Batteries
- Role of the term “ENERGY STAR”
- Self-monitoring
- Miscellaneous

## “Hard” Interface Elements

- “Hard” Interface Elements

- Terms
- Symbols/Icons
- Indicators
- Operating Metaphors
*Scope:*   Office Equipment (& Consumer Electronics)

## Initial Recommendations

- Three basic power **states**: On, Off, Sleep
- “**Power**” term (switch / indicator)
- Change the international standard **symbols** for on/off, standby, and sleep
- Green / Amber / Off for power **indicators**
- Sleep **metaphor** (and moon)

## Three Basic States

*On, Off, Sleep*
- Within a state, device has consistent capability, behavior (e.g. state change)
- May have more states, but all mapped into forms of the basic three
- “Hibernate” problematic, but tentatively a form of Off

## The Term “Power”

- For indicators, switches/buttons
- Need standard translation
- Possible “international word” (voice)

## Power Symbols

- Drop        as a symbol.
- Change meaning of         from “Standby” to “Power”
-          and          too similar.
- Recommendation is most consistent with current usage on products.

## Indicators

- Use Green / Amber / Off for On / Sleep / Off
- Blinking only for transitions or non-power meanings
- Possible standard (optional) audio indications
- Cyberspace?

## Sleep - Metaphor and Symbol

- “Sleep” is most compelling metaphor, and has clear extensions (e.g. “waking up”).
-        is already common and seems clear

## PC Sample State Diagram

## Device Behavior(Dynamic)

- Device Behavior(Dynamic)

- Taxonomy of device types
- User expectations
- Device feedback
- Consistency
- Remote controls, indicators

## Further User Interface Work

- Lighting controls
- Real-time price response controls

## Questions / Comments

- Process
- Recommendations