# Presentation: 201172

## FEMA Regions

**US POSSESSIONS  & ASSOCIATED**
** ****STATES IN THE PACIFIC**

**VIII**

**VI**

**X**

**IX**

**VII**

**V**

**III**

**II**

**I**

**IV**

**FEDERAL RESPONSE TO TERRORISM**

**Notes:**
FEMA National Headquarters is located in Washington D.C.
10 Regional offices are located as follows:
	Boston, MA	
	New York City, NY		
	Philadelphia, MA	
	Atlanta, GA	
	Chicago, IL	
	Denton, TX 
	Kansas City, MO
	Denver, CO
	San Francisco, CA
	Bothell (Seattle), WA
This map shows the 10 standard regions set up during the Cold War --- partly for dispersal of government.  Most federal agencies subscribed to this scheme;  many still do.  These regions do not reflect the distribution of disaster work.
 National Emergency Training Center (NETC) in Emmitsburg, MD, is home to the Emergency Management Institute (EMI), United States Fire Administration (USFA), and National Fire Academy (NFA). It is located 10 miles south of Gettysburg, PA. 
  Mt.Weather Emergency Assistance Center (MWEAC) near Berryville, VA for emergency communications, disaster assistance processing, and training.

## Outline

**FEMA’s Role in Response**
**Concept of Operations**
**Urban Search and Rescue **
**Oklahoma City Response**
**What’s Different in Terrorism**
**FEMA Developments**

## FEMA

**Mission**
**  “****To reduce the loss of life and property and protect our nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards, through a comprehensive, risk-based emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.”**
**Staffing**
- 2100 permanent full time
- 7600 temporary employees

**Headquarters - **Washington, DC
**Region 1 - **Boston, MA
**Region 2 - **New York, NY
- Caribbean Area Office, PR
**Region 3 - **Philadelphia, PA
**Region 4 - **Atlanta, GA
**Region 5 - **Chicago, IL
**Region 6 - Denton, TX**
**Region 7 - **Kansas City, KS
**Region 8 - **Denver, CO
**Region 9 - **San Francisco, CA
- Pacific Area Office, HI
**Region 10 - **Bothell, WA

## Legal Authority

- Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act,
- (42 USC) authorizes president to
**Assist State and local governments to:**
- Lessen or avert the threat of catastrophe.
- Save lives and protect property, public health and safety.
- Alleviate damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused.
**Appoint a Federal Coordinating Officer to:**
- Assess needs, define priorities.
- Establish interagency teams and field offices.
- Take other actions necessary to assist citizens and public officials in obtaining assistance.

**Notes:**
Response to terrorism is a highly complex operation, involving law enforcement, emergency management, and hazardous materials organizations at the local, State, and Federal level.  
The complexity can create confusion about relationships between responding organizations.
The President has clarified roles and relationships among agencies at the Federal level.  
There are three essential roles in the Federal response, and the lead agency titles reflect these roles:
	[REVIEW SLIDE]

Response to terrorism  involves two components, crisis management and consequence management.  
Crisis management focuses on the causes of the incident -- the terrorists and their weapons.  The FBI defines crisis management to include all activities necessary to anticipate, prevent or resolve a threat or act of terrorism.
Consequence management focuses on the consequences of the incident on the affected community -- the physical, psychological, and financial damage to lives and property.  FEMA defines consequence management to include the activities described in the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act.
Crisis management and consequence management are functions -- not phases.  They operate concurrently, whether an incident develops with a pre-release phase or with a no-notice explosion.

## Stafford Act Section 501(B)

**Covers*** “****certain emergencies involving federal primary responsibility.”***
**Involves **_**subject areas**_** under exclusive or primary responsibility and authority of the Federal Government.**
**Requires presidential declaration.**
**Does **_**not**_** require State request for declaration, but governor to be consulted regarding existence of emergency *****if practicable.)***

## Types of Events

**EMERGENCIES, as determined by the President, which may involve:**
-   “any occasion or instance... to save lives, protect property and public health and safety or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe...”
**MAJOR DISASTERS, as determined by the President, which may involve:**
-   “any natural catastrophe or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood or explosion... of sufficient severity and magnitude...”

## Federal Response Plan (FRP)

**Guides federal response to consequences  of emergencies and major disasters that overwhelm State and local capabilities.**
**27 federal departments and agencies.**
**Organized into 12 *****EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS*****, each coordinated by a *****PRIMARY AGENCY*****.**
**Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO) manages and coordinates operations in the field in partnership with a State Coordinating Officer (SCO).**

## Consequences Management

-   **Addresses the **_**effects**_** of an emergency on a community**
**   ****Includes measures to:**
** **Restore essential government services
-   Protect public health & safety
-   Provide emergency assistance to affected governments,
-          businesses, and individuals** **
**  ****Involves Federal, State, local, volunteer and private agencies**

## Local Response

**Provide first response **(911 dispatch of police, fire, hazmat, EMS, or other assistance).
**Establish incident command.**
**Warn and evacuate citizens.**
**Assess situation to identify operational requirements.**
**Centralize coordination among local agencies.**
**Determine if requirements exceed local capabilities.**
**Request mutual aid.**
**Request State assistance.**

**Notes:**
These include: 
	- Natural disasters

	- Radiological emergencies

	- Chemical stockpile emergencies (CSEPP)

	- Terrorist incidents

	- Mass immigration emergencies; and 

	- National security emergencies

## State Response

**Respond to requests for State assistance.**
**Supplement local efforts.**
**Centralize coordination among State agencies. **
**Apply the Governor’s unique authority to:**
- Issue a State emergency declaration.
- Mobilize the State National Guard.
- Redirect State resources to emergency response.
**Identify requirements that exceed State capabilities.**
**Request mutual aid.**
**Request Federal assistance.**

## Federal Response

**Respond to requests for Federal assistance.**
**Supplement local and State efforts.**
**Centralize coordination among Federal agencies.**
**Apply the President’s unique authority to:**
- Issue a Presidential emergency declaration.
- Mobilize Department of Defense resources.
- Redirect Federal resources to emergency response.
**Identify requirements that exceed available Federal capabilities within the Region, and request Federal national assistance.**

## FRP Operations Structure

**Local EOC**

**FRP Operations Structure**

**Teams operating in the field**
**at a variety of locations**

**Headquarters**

**Region**

**State EOC**

## Local Government

State Government

FEMA
(consults with primary agencies)

FRP Primary Agency
(consults with support agencies)

**State Government**
**FEMA**
**(consults with primary agencies)**
**FRP Primary Agency**
**(consults with support agencies)**

**Requests for Assistance**

**Identify requirements exceeding available **_**local **_**capability**
**Identify requirements exceeding available **_**State**_** capability.**
**Determine exact Federal support needed, and funding                     ****(State cost share may apply).**
**Validate missions, secure individual agency     approval, and execute.**

## 
Department of Transportation
National Communications System
Department of Defense
Department of Agriculture
FEMA
American Red Cross
General Services Administration
Dept of Health & Human Services
FEMA
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Agriculture
Department of Energy

- Department of Transportation
- National Communications System
- Department of Defense
- Department of Agriculture
- FEMA
- American Red Cross
- General Services Administration
- Dept of Health & Human Services
- FEMA
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Department of Agriculture
- Department of Energy

-  **#1 - Transportation**
** ****#2 - Communications**
** ****#3 - Public Works & Engineering**
** ****#4 - Firefighting**
** ****#5 - Information & Planning**
** ****#6 - Mass Care**
** ****#7 - Resource Support**
** ****#8 - Health & Medical Services**
** ****#9 - Urban Search & Rescue**
**#10 - Hazardous Materials**
**#11 - Food**
**#12 - Energy**

**Emergency Support Functions**

_**ESF**_**  ****                                          **_**Primary Agency**_

## Departments and Agencies

**Department of Agriculture**
**Department of Commerce**
**Department of Defense**
**Department of Education**
**Department of Energy**
**Department of Health and Human Services**
**Department of Housing and Urban Development**
**Department of the Interior**
**Department of Justice**
**Department of Labor**
**Department of State**
**Department of Transportation**
**Department of Treasury**
**Department of Veterans Affairs**

**Agency for International Development**
**American Red Cross**
**Environmental Protection Agency**
**Federal Communications Commission**
**FEMA**
**General Services Administration**
**National Aeronautics and Space Administration**
**National Communications System**
**Nuclear Regulatory Commission**
**Office of Personnel Management**
**Small Business Administration**
**Tennessee Valley Authority**
**U.S. Postal Service**

## Urban Search and Rescue28 Task Forces

**BEVERLY, Mass**

**FAIRFAX COUNTY**

**VIRGINIA BEACH**

**PUGET SOUND**

**OAKLAND**

**UTAH**

**COLORADO**

**PHOENIX**

**NEW MEXICO**

**LINCOLN**

**MEMPHIS**

**MARION COUNTY, IN**

**METRO DADE COUNTY**

**MIAMI**

**CLARK **
**COUNTY,**
** ****NV**

**HARRISBURG**

**SACRAMENTO**

**RIVERSIDE**

**NEW YORK**

**LOS ANGELES**

**ORANGE COUNTY**

**SAN DIEGO**

**LOS ANGELES COUNTY**

**BOONE COUNTY, MO**

**MIAMI VALLEY, OH**

**Urban Search and Rescue****28 Task Forces**

**MENLO PARK**

**MONTGOMERY COUNTY**

**TEXAS **

## US&R Task Force Capabilities

**Multidisciplinary organization with components:**
**Management.**
**Search.**
**Rescue.**
**Medical.**
**Technical.**
**24-hour operations:**
**2 shifts of 31 personnel.**
**Self-sufficient for 72 hours.**

**Capabilities **
**Physical, canine and electronic searches.**
**Rescue**** operations in various types of structures.**
**Advanced life support medicine, including crush syndrome / confined space.**
**Structural integrity assessments.**
**Hazardous materials assessments.**
**Coordination of heavy lift (crane) requirements.**
**Communications.**
**Logistics.**
**Technical documentation.**
**Incident action** **planning****.**

**Notes:**
Each task force consists of 62 tactical personnel, drawn from community fire, police, EMS departments and private sources.
Members are equipped and trained for medium to heavy rescue in collapsed structure / confined space environments.

Task Forces require ground transportation - otherwise they are self-sufficient for 72-hours of operations.

## Oklahoma City

**Oklahoma City**

**April 19, 1995, 10:02am EDT.**
**Truck with ammonium nitrate exploded in front of Murrah     Federal Building.**
**~850 people inside: **
- 12 survivors rescued by local responders.
- 168 dead recovered.
**Damage to 48-square block area.**
**In***** hours*****, emergency declaration signed:**
- April 26, major disaster,  individual assistance.
- May 3, public assistance.

## Lessons Learned

**Clarify lines of authority and roles and responsibilities.**
**Establish joint operating priorities and information flow with the FBI - **_*early*_**.**
**Focus attention on responder health and safety.**
**Add capability in Urban Search and Rescue and other FRP Emergency Services Branch functions for mass casualty or multiple incidents.**

**Notes:**
The major themes identified in the After Action Report for followup reflected needs to expand the planning base to anticipate new threats and new response requirements:
  To include law enforcement and emergency workers at the Federal, State and local level.
  To anticipate secondary threats, and the eventual, if not inevitable, use of NBC inside the US.
	[REVIEW SLIDE]

Source document:  FEMA After Action Report on the Response to the Oklahoma City Bombing, issued September 1995.

## What’s Different in Terrorism

**Responding **_***with***_** the FBI.**
**Urgency **(if not speed)** of Federal response.**
**Size of affected area(s).**
**Fear factor.**
**Intensity of media coverage.**
**Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD):**
- Responder health and safety.
- Protective Action Recommendations.
- Considerations (for every Emergency Support Function).

## Federal RolesPresidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD-39)

**Lead**

- Primary

- Support

**Lead**

- Primary

- Support

**Consequence**
**Management**

- Federal
- Response Plan

**Crisis**
**Management**

- CONPLAN

- PDD-39

**Federal Roles**Presidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD-39)

## Crisis ManagementPDD-39

**FBI is lead agency.**
**FBI directs other members of the law enforcement community and coordinates with other Federal agencies to:**
**prevent** or **preempt** terrorist acts;
- terminate terrorist events;
- and assist the Department of Justice to apprehend and prosecute the perpetrators.

**Notes:**
Crisis management includes measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism.

PDD-39 specifies that:
	[REVIEW SLIDE]

The FBI is in charge of crisis management within the United States.  The FBI receives direct support from other Federal, State and local law enforcement agencies and from other Federal agencies involved in NBC response.

The FBI manages any aspect of the response that involves:
  Specialized weapons and tactics to prevent or break up terrorist activity;
  Specialized Hazmat/NBC operations to identify, assess, dismantle, transfer or dispose of an agent or weapon;
  Access to the crime scene;
  Evidence collection and preservation; and
  Investigation of the crime.

## Consequence ManagementPDD-39

**FEMA is lead agency.**
**FEMA ensures the Federal Response Plan (FRP) is:**
- adequate to respond to the consequences of terrorism...
- directed against large populations in US...    (mass casualty)
- includes terrorism involving WMD.

**Notes:**
Consequence management includes measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism.
PDD-39 specifies that:
	[REVIEW SLIDE]

State and local governments are in charge of consequence management within the United States.  State and local governments receive Federal support through FEMA.  FEMA manages and coordinates all Federal support to State and local governments for consequence management, using the Federal Response Plan.

## CoordinationConcurrent Authorities, Roles and Missions

- President

- NSC Groups

- Command Post

- Attorney General
- FBI Director

- SIOC

- CDRG
- EST

- State EOC

- FEMA Director

- ROC

- Local EOC

_**JOC**_
**JIC**

**Coordination**Concurrent Authorities, Roles and Missions

## Consequence Management Missions

***In general:******  ***
**Transportation**
**Communications**
**Public Works & Engineering**
**Firefighting**
**Information & Planning**
**Mass Care**
**Resource Support**
**Health & Medical Services**
**Urban Search & Rescue**
**Hazardous Materials**
**Food**
**Energy**
**Recovery and Mitigation Programs**

***For weapons of mass destruction:***
**Predict, monitor and assess effects**
**Develop protective action recommendations**
**Decontaminate responders/equipment**
**NBC Health & Medical Response**
**NBC HazMat Response**

**Notes:**
Consequence Management includes all the standard missions under the 12 Emergency Support Functions and Recovery and Mitigation Programs.
In WMD, Consequence Management also includes the following mission categories:
	[REVIEW SLIDE]

FEMA can and will mission-assign select agencies to supply ESF #5 with information on WMD monitoring and assessment, and protective action recommendations.  For example, FEMA could mission-assign DOE to provide a Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC).  The FRMAC is an asset, which DOE can manage and coordinate using existing procedures - procedures that have been developed with the radiological community (i.e. the FRERP agencies).

## Joint Operations Center (JOC)

**Temporary facility, established by FBI.**
**State ***(and maybe local)*** reps in Consequence Management Group.**
**Joint Information Center (JIC).**
**Mission****:  **
- Manage and coordinate field response (may involve multiple incident scenes).
- Identify State and local requirements.
- Identify priorities, resolve conflicts.

## Joint Operations Center

**Joint Operations Center**

## At the Incident Scene

**Locals establish unified command (“UC”)   at the incident scene:**
- Local Police/Fire/EMS “in charge” of incident scene (life and safety).
- FBI “in charge” of crime scene.
**In WMD, likely that teams from several FRP agencies will be deployed to scene.**
**FEMA will organize an *****Incident Support Team***** *****(IST)***** to centralize and streamline liaison between these teams and the UC.**

## WMD Incident Support Team(new concept)

**Specialized Team/Unit (“overhead team”): **
- FEMA with technical specialists as needed, (e.g., resource management experts).
- FBI interested in combining crisis management.
**Deploys to incident scene in situations involving complex Federal interagency response.**
**Provides technical assistance to the local Incident Commander in:**
- Coordinating tactical operations of Federal resources assigned to the scene.
- Defining additional requirements and requesting resources through proper channels.

## Summary

**FEMA is the Lead Agency for Consequence Management at the Federal level.**
**Federal Response Plan applies in terrorism.**
**Requests flow Local --> State --> FEMA.**
**28 Urban Search and Rescue task forces nationwide provide capability in collapsed structure/confined space operations.**
**Recent terrorist events highlighted need to establish priorities and information flow with FBI.**
**Coordination with FBI is situation dependent, conducted in field at Joint Operations Center and incident scene.**
**Identify potential WMD requirements, requests for Federal assistance -- ahead of time.**

## Developments in FEMA

**Developments in FEMA**

**Office of National Preparedness**

**Federal Emergency Management Agency**

**Notes:**
Left:  FEMA logo
Right:  Logo for FEMA’s newly organized Office of National Preparedness

## Support national strategy against terrorism
Promote terrorism preparedness at all levels of government
Improve response preparedness at federal, state, local-government, & community levels
Help states organize, equip, train, plan, & test local-government readiness

Coordinate grant assistance programs

Assess response capability

**Promote terrorism preparedness at all levels of government**
**Improve response preparedness at federal, state, local-government, & community levels**
**Help states organize, equip, train, plan, & test local-government readiness**
**Coordinate grant assistance programs**
**Assess response capability**

**ROLE OF OFFICE OF NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS**

- Program Coordination  Division

- Assessment &
- Exercise Division

- Management Services Unit

- Chemical Preparedness  Branch

- Radiological Preparedness  Branch

- Hazardous Materials  Branch

- Exercise  Branch

- State & Local Coordination Branch

- Federal Coordination Branch

- Community Coordination Branch

- Assessment & Evaluation  Branch

- Finance & Support Services Branch

- Financial Assistance Coordination Branch

- Administration
- Division

- Technological
- Services Division

- Director

**OFFICE OF NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS****(at FEMA Headquarters in Washington, DC)**

## NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS DIVISION(at FEMA Regions)

- Federal Insurance
- & Mitigation Division

- National Preparedness Division

- Response & Recovery Division

- Admin & Resource Planning Division

- External Affairs
- Regional Analyst

- FCO Cadre

- Response Branch

- Admin Services Br

- Info Tech Branch

- Individual Assistance Br

- Public Assistance Branch

- Program Coordination Branch** **

- Assessment & Exercise Branch

- Tech Services Branch

- Community Mitigation Branch

- Hazard Identification  & Risk Assessment Branch

**PROGRAM COORDINATION BRANCH........**terrorism preparedness, COOP program
**ASSESSMENT AND EXERCISE BRANCH....r**eadiness assessment, training & exercises, grant assistance
**TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICES BRANCH......r**adiological preparedness, hazardous materials incidents, fire grants

**NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS DIVISION****(at FEMA Regions)**

## Homeland Security Advisory System

**Homeland Security Advisory System**

## Homeland Security Advisory System

-            condition based on risk of terrorist attack.
-   Attorney General notifies government and public
-   Agencies take protective measures
-   Agencies adopt protective measure for each** **condition level.
-   More information from the Office of Homeland Security:

**Homeland Security Advisory System**

- www.homelandsecurity.gov

##   Three main components:

-   ***Citizen Corps   *****(new)**
-   ***AmeriCorps and Senior Corps***
-   ***Peace Corps***

**President Bush created Freedom Corps on January 29, 2002**

**Notes:**
Freedom Corps will be managed by a new USA Freedom Corps Council and an Assistant to the President in
   the Executive Office of the President

 President Bush is requesting more than $560 million in new funds for FY 2003 to support the initiative. 

## www.usafreedomcorps.gov

- 1-877-USA-CORPS

-   Offers the public opportunities to serve the country at
-      national, state or community level, provides
-      opportunities for community-based volunteer service
-   Builds on history of service and volunteerism
-   Promotes culture of responsibility, individual service, and
-            citizenship
-   Improves homeland security

## PEACE CORPS

**CERT, Community Emergency Response Teams** **(FEMA)**

**Volunteers in Police Service** (**DOJ**)

**Neighborhood Watch** **(DOJ)**

**Medical Reserve Corps** (**DHHS)**

**AMERICORPS, SENIOR CORPS**

**USA FREEDOM CORPS**

**CITIZEN CORPS**
**(coordinated by FEMA)**

**Operation TIPS**, **Terrorist Information & Prevention System**  (**DOJ**)

## COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAMS (CERT)

**COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAMS**** ****(CERT)**

**  ****Part of Citizen Corps**
**  ****Administered by FEMA and states **
**  ****Local volunteers supplement local response capability**
**  ****200,000+ people already trained**
**  ****Goal:  600,000 volunteers**
**  ****FEMA requested $61 million for FY 2003 CERT Training**
**  ****Training: **
-   18-hour course, typically in 7-week period
-   fire suppression, basic medical aid, light search & rescue,
-             organizing for emergency, and related topics.

**Notes:**
Governor & FEMA determine whether community meets criteria --- which are likely to include:  
          -  NFPA 1600 and preparedness plan
	 -  mitigation plan, to include risk assessment
	 -  active Citizen Corps
          -  Citizen Corps Council with cross sectional participation
          -  building codes compliant with NEHRP and NFIP
          -  member in good standing of NFIP
          -  application for and participation in state and federal programs designed to improve local capability

Council membership comprised of a cross section of the local community leaders, drawing from local government, business, education, media, and volunteer organizations, and responsible for establishing a Citizen Corps and meeting the additional Freedom Community designation criteria.  

## Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs)

**Notes:**
Citizen Corps will be part of USA Freedom Corps 
FEMA has overall coordination for Citizen Corps
Program relies on support from governors, emergency management agencies and local communities. 
FEMA will promote and support creation of local Citizen Corps Councils with representatives from police, fire, medical services, schools, public works, churches, other community organizations.  Supplement local response capability with local volunteers. 
All-hazards focus, managed at local level
President requesting $144 million in new funds for FY 2003 to support Citizen Corps 
Matching grants will provide for training, equipment, materials, and certification

##  FEMA Region VI 

*** *****FEMA Region VI***** ***

**Notes:**
Population: (source:  U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1999 estimates)
 Arkansas:	 2,538,303
 Louisiana:         	 4,368,967
 New Mexico:	 1,736,931
 Oklahoma:	 3,346,713
 Texas:       	19,759,614
 All of Region VI:	31,750,528

Note that FEMA Region VI is somewhat isolated from the rest of the States:
 Louisiana has only two or three bridges across Mississippi River to Mississippi
 Arkansas has bridges across Mississippi River to Tennessee only at 	       Memphis and to Mississippi only in  two rural areas.
 Other than the I-10 and I-40 crossings, there are few major highway connections between New Mexico and Arizona, and except for I-25, few major highway connections between New Mexico and Colorado.
 One interstate highway, but few other major highway connections between Arkansas and Missouri.
 One interstate between Oklahoma and Kansas and one interstate between Oklahoma and Missouri.  Otherwise, few major highways between those states.