# Presentation: 667705

## Risk and Resilience in Young Children of Incarcerated Mothers

- Julie Poehlmann
- University of Wisconsin-Madison

## Despite the increase in the number of young children with incarcerated mothers that has occurred in the U.S. during the past decades, there are relatively few published developmental studies focusing on this population.  
Young children (less than 10 years old) comprise the largest percentage of affected children

- Young children (less than 10 years old) comprise the largest percentage of affected children

## The study described here investigated family characteristics and key areas associated with developmental competence in 60 children between the ages of 2 and 7 years during their mothers’ incarceration  
attachment relationships
intellectual outcomes
behavior problems
caregiving quality

- attachment relationships
- intellectual outcomes
- behavior problems
- caregiving quality

## Children of Incarcerated Mothers Study

- 96 mothers and 60 families participated (31 boys, 29 girls)
- Multiple methods were used to collect data
- interview with the mother in prison
- home visit
- caregiver interview and observations
- child assessments (standardized, videotaped interviews)
- Inclusion criteria:
- Mother incarcerated for at least 2 months
- Mother retained legal rights to the child
- Child was placed with kin
- Child was between 2.5-7.5 years
- Family lived in Wisconsin

## Context of Multiple Risks for Children

- Children
- Most children experienced one or more risks that threatened their core developmental competencies
- 48% were prenatally exposed to substances
- 35% had both parents incarcerated
- 40% had changed caregivers 2 or more times
- 20% had witnessed the mother’s arrest
- Caregivers
- 60% of caregivers were grandparents
- 40% of caregivers had fair to poor health
- 40% of caregivers had elevated depression
- Most lived in poverty

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

## Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1275-1285. 

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

## Nature of Mothers’ Offenses

## Children’s Developmental Outcomes

- High frequency of negative attachment relationships
- Measured with Attachment Story Completion Task (Bretherton et al.)
- Assessed representations of relationships with caregiver and with mother
- Elevated rates of cognitive delays
- Measured with Stanford-Binet Scales of Intelligence, 4th edition (Thorndike et al.)
- Assessed verbal and nonverbal intellectual skills
- Elevated rates of behavior problems
- Measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock)
- Total Problems, Internalizing, Externalizing

## Caregiver Measures

- Quality of the home and family environment
- HOME, 2nd edition (Caldwell & Bradley)
- FES (Moos & Moos)
- Sociodemographic risks
- Multiple risk index (Sameroff et al.)
- Caregiver well-being
- Perceived health
- CES-D (Radloff)
- Caregiver social support
- SSQ (Crnic et al.)
- Perceived relationship with mother and child
- IFF (Lowman)

## Maternal Measures

- Sociodemographic risks
- Multiple risk index (Sameroff et al.)
- Maternal well-being
- Interview with mother (Gilfus; Garcia-Coll)
- CES-D (Radloff)
- Perceived relationship with caregiver and child
- IFF (Lowman)
- Incarceration related variables
- Interview with mother

## Children’s Attachment Relationships

- Attachment Story Completion Task
- (Bretherton et al., 1990; subset of MSSB)
- 4 story stems with attachment related content
- Spilled juice, hurt knee, monster, separation/reunion
- Content and structure coded
- 9 codes (3 negative content, 3 positive content, 3 structure)
- Kappas ranged from .64-.86
- Cluster analysis on 9 codes

**Notes:**
Administered once for mother; once for caregiver
Coded independently; highly correlated
Cluster analysis separately; same solution

## Features of representations of secure relationships

- Content
- Adults portrayed as nurturing and responsive
- Lack of violent, traumatic or chaotic content
- Self portrayed as competent
- Adults portrayed as authority figures
- Structure
- Organization and clarity in descriptions
- Story is resolved and coherent
- Willingness to talk about or enact sequences about relationships

## Three Clusters of Attachment 

- Three Clusters of Attachment

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers.  *Child Development, 76, *679-696.

## Children’s Representations of Relationships

- Most children had representations of negative relationships with caregivers and mothers
- However, about 28% of children could be considered resilient because they had:
- a representation of a positive relationship with the mother and
- a representation of a positive relationship with the caregiver

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers.  *Child Development, 76, *679-696.

## Children with Secure Relationships

- Lived with one caregiver since mother’s incarceration (had not moved among caregivers)
- Experienced sadness but not anger at time of separation from mother
- Were older
- (trend) Were told about the mother’s incarceration in an honest, simple, developmentally appropriate manner
- (trend) had not visited mother at prison in past 2 months

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers.  *Child Development, 76, *679-696.

## What Children were Told about Their Mother’s Incarceration

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers.  *Child Development, 76, *679-696.

## Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1275-1285. 

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

**Notes:**
32% sub-average test scores (< 84)

## Park, J., Bouffiou, L., Poehlmann, J., & Manthe, B.  (November, 2006).  Risk and resilience in families of grandparents raising grandchildren.  Presented at the annual conference of the National Council on Family Relations, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 

- Park, J., Bouffiou, L., Poehlmann, J., & Manthe, B.  (November, 2006).  Risk and resilience in families of grandparents raising grandchildren.  Presented at the annual conference of the National Council on Family Relations, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

**Notes:**
32% sub-average test scores (< 84)

## SES Risks and IQ scores

- Elevated caregiver SES risks were associated with below average cognitive outcomes
- Caregiver SES risks were more important than maternal SES risks or biological risks

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

## SES Risks and HOME scores

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

## Caregiver HOME scores and Children’s IQ Scores

- Poehlmann, J.  (2005).  Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.  *Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, *1275-1285.

## Caregiver Report of Children’s Behavior Problems

- Elevated rates of problem behaviors
- Total problem behaviors
- 18% in clinical range (9% normative)
- 22% in borderline or clinical range (16% normative)
- Internalizing or Externalizing
- 8% clinical range (9% normative)
- 17% in borderline or clinical range (16% normative)
- More behavior problems related to elevated caregiver depressive symptoms

## Children’s Behavior Problems by Gender

**Girls were more likely to show overall and borderline behavior problems**
**Boys were more likely to show clinically significant externalizing behaviors**
- Total problem behaviors
- 16% boys clinical range
- (16% borderline or clinical range)
- 21% girls clinical range
- (29% borderline or clinical)
- Internalizing
- 10% boys clinical range
- 14% girls clinical range
- Externalizing
- 13% boys clinical range
- 4% girls clinical range

## Resilience was more likely when children’s caregivers:

- were stable (cared for child continuously without moving child to different households)
- had economic resources
- were not depressed
- were able to provide high quality home environments
- had open communication about the incarceration in the family

## Unanswered questions

- How does children’s relationship quality change over time during a parent’s incarceration?
- How do these children fare if and when reunification occurs?  (especially if they have been living in a stable caregiving situation and are doing well)
- Are there differential outcomes for siblings?  Why?
- Do the “resilient” young children continue to function well as they grow older? What systems need to be changed to promote continuing resilience?
- Need for high quality longitudinal investigations that focus on the cognitive, behavioral, and social emotional development of young children of incarcerated parents

## Funding sources
National Institute of Mental Health R03 MH61559 
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development P30 HD03352 (core grant to Waisman Center)
University of Wisconsin 
Special thanks 
To the families who participated in the study
To Inge Bretherton, Jennifer Park, & Rebecca Shlafer
To numerous undergraduate research assistants, including Katie Bjerke, Beth Huennekens, Kristin Abrahamson, Jenna Behm, Liz Maes, & Ashley Hanneman	

- National Institute of Mental Health R03 MH61559
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development P30 HD03352 (core grant to Waisman Center)
- University of Wisconsin
- Special thanks
- To the families who participated in the study
- To Inge Bretherton, Jennifer Park, & Rebecca Shlafer
- To numerous undergraduate research assistants, including Katie Bjerke, Beth Huennekens, Kristin Abrahamson, Jenna Behm, Liz Maes, & Ashley Hanneman