# Presentation: 650731

## CDFPhysics Analysis / Publication Overview- experiment, computing, and physics status -Luciano Ristori (Pisa INFN)Young-Kee Kim (University of Chicago)Entry to CDF Physics http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/physics.html

## The CDF Collaboration

- North America            Europe                       Asia

- 3 Natl. Labs
- 27 Universities
- 3 Universities

- 1 Research Lab
- 6 Universities
- 1 University
- 4 Universities
- 2 Research Labs
- 2 Universities
- 1 University
- 1 University
- 1 lab

- 4 Universities
- 1 Research Lab
- 1 Research Lab
- 3 Universities

- 12 countries, 61 institutions, ~800 physicists

## CDF Data Taking Efficiencies

**Data for Physics** **340 - 390 pb****-1**
- excluding “compromised
- COT performance period”

- Data Taking Efficiency
- L(recorded) / L(delivered):
- beam losses, Triggers/DAQ,
- COT related, other systems

**Run II Goal > 90%**

## Issues Faced by CDF Operations in FY04

- Accelerator incidents damaging the Silicon detector
- Lost ~2% chips
- Losses from accelerator: both “DC” beam as well as in abort gaps
- Silicon placed on Standby
- 			for high loss conditions and high loss potential
- Conditions much improved at the end of FY04
- Loss spikes resulting from truck traffic and changes in HVAC conditions in the collision hall
- CDF vs. D0 luminosity differences at the start of stores
- A lot work by both experiments and Accelerator Division
- Substantial loss in gain for the Central Outer Tracker

## Gain Loss of the CDF Outer Tracker (COT)

- COT experienced significant gain loss - up to x2 loss in gain that is both *r,* **  and *z* dependent.
- Turned off SL1,2 and reduced HV of SL 3,4,5 while we investigated the problem to prevent further damage - in case the process was irreversible. (Compromised COT performance Period) - B physics program suffered during this period due to trigger track fakes
- Formed an international committee of chamber experts to advice CDF, chaired by R. Kephart.
- Degradation source comes from hydrocarbons coating “sense” wires.

**Oxygen **fixed it.
- Used the recirculation system (built to increase gas flow rate by x10) to add air, then Oxygen.
- Chamber is now fully recovered (late May, 2004).
- 85 pb-1 of date collected with compromised chamber.

## Issues Facing CDF Operations in FY05

- Forward Calorimeter Energy Scale is not stable.
- Radiation damage causing degradation of plastic in plug region
- Need to monitor the detector, and calibrate it more automatically.
- Monitoring of Low Beta Quad Positions - an issue for beam stability (we are sensitive to their positions - losses).
- Remain vigilant for further signs of gain loss in the COT.
- 	Goal is to reproduce effect in a test chamber.
- We need to extend the lifetime of the Silicon detectors by a factor of 2 beyond design.
- Even more crucial with the renewed optimism based on this year’s accelerator performance
- ≥ 4 fb-1 by 2008 - baseline
- ~8 fb-1 (x2 improvement) if electron cooling works maximally - design
- The unknown problems

## Triggers and DAQ

| Level | Input / Output | Rejection Rate | # Paths | Information |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1.7MHz / 25kHz | ~70 | 40 | Tracks, EM/Had Cal, Muon |
| 2 | 25kHz / 350Hz | ~70 | 120 | Shower Max, SVT Algorithms run in Processor |
| 3 | 350Hz / 70Hz(20MB/s) | ~5 | 300 | Full Detector Readout Offline Reconstruction |

- CDF: High rate trigger system for B Physics - Challenging

**Silicon Vertex Trigger**
**(SVT)**

**Trigger Paths:**
-   e, ,, , track, jet, B, , ...
-   Combinations of these objects

**CDF Prelim.**
**Impact Parameter:**
**  ****33********m Beam Spot**
**  ****30********m Detector Resolution**

## Trigger Issues Facing CDF Operations in FY05

- Coping with 25% more Initial Instantaneous luminosity by the end of FY05
- Background rates grow faster than the signal rates.
- To remain efficient for physics, it is not sufficient to maintain status quo.
- Must continue to improve trigger intelligence (a lot of improvement has been made) and throughput to keep up with higher luminosity.
- Some of Trigger/DAQ “Run IIb” upgrades already installed. Will be commissioned with beam.
- New Level-2 (Pulsar System) Decision Crate
- Parallel Data Logger - writing simultaneously to multiple disks (20MB/s  40MB/s)

## Offline Computing Status and Plan

- Globally distributed computing resources
- Data Logging bandwidth upgrade
- 20MB/s  40MB/s(FY05)  60MB/s (FY06)
- 	to retain B physics program at  high luminosity
- Need more computing resources for analysis and MC production
- Proposed **remote** computing resources to IFC (International Finance Committee) in 2003, then to PAC in 2003.
- 2003 PAC endorsed our proposal.
- Significant expansion of remote computing capacity since 2003.
- Goal and achievement of CPU located off-site.

| Time | Goal (offsite computing) | Achieved |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Summer 04 | 25% | 35% |
| Fall 04 |  | 43% |
| Summer 05 | 50% |  |

## Offline Computing Status and Plan (cont.)

- Globally distributed computing resources (cont.)
- Contribution from off-site computing
- Currently Monte Carlo Production
- Moving toward significant user analysis
- Locate datasets at remote institutions - Italian institutions, Karlsruhe
- Physics analyses produced with these datasets.
- B physics: J/ lifetime, B tagging
- Top physics: Single top search
- Computing Resources Board
- Oversees usage of remote resources
- Coordinates policy, deployments, problem solving
- CDF working towards common GRID tools with Computing Division.

## Data Reprocessing 

- CDF Production executable is fast.
- As luminosity increases, the executable time grows ~linearly with a small slope: ~40% increase from 1031 cm-2s-1 to 1032 cm-2s-1.
- Runs on small farms.
- Reprocessing data.
- Over 1 Billion events with ~500 pb-1
- Early data (Mar. 02 - Aug. 03) - reprocessed twice.
- This year’s data - reprocessed once.
- ~10 million events / day
- Took ~2 months to reprocess all the data up to Feb. 2003 - big effort to prepare ICHEP04.
- High quality (well calibrated) data - likely we will not reprocess this data again.
- No problem processing data expected this year in real time

## Data Processing, Software (FY05) Plan

- Single-Pass Processing
- Procedure up to now:
- Real time (within 3 days) calibrations - COT, SVX, Beamline
- Process full data
- Calorimeter calibration (a couple of months)
- Reprocess full data
- Move toward Single-pass processing (begins with this winter’s data).
- Process ~20% of full data for monitoring and calibration
- Real time (within 3 days) calibrations - COT, SVX, Beamline
- Calorimeter calibration within a month
- Process full data
- Expand offsite computing usage for MC prod:~300 M events (x2 FY04)
- Code releases
- So far every 6 months. Codes are maturing - once a year
- Organized effort to streamline offline operations: data and MC processing, to reduce person power needs in pre-LHC era
- Single-pass Processing, SAM and GRID tools, ...

## Resource Issues Facing Beyond 2005

- Renegotiating MOUs with institutions, current & beyond 2005.
- Current MOUs are good through 2005, but written in ~2001
- Many groups being “downsized”
- By pressure from funding agencies
- Need to ramp up on LHC
- Will get very difficult to operate the experiment and do physics.
- Institutions have been hiring CDF/LHC postdocs - do service work on LHC and physics/operations(?) on CDF.
- Postdocs need physics analysis for career advancement.
- LPC (LHC Physics Center) - promise to mitigate sudden flow
- Postdocs can find critical mass of people at Fermilab preparing for LHC.
- Maintain a role in both CDF and LHC.

## Physics Group Organization

- QCD

- B

- Electroweak
- (W,Z + ...)

- Top

- Exotic
- (New Phenomena)

- dilepton

- l+jets

- mass

- single top

- Physics Groups:
- 2 leaders / group
- Analysis Groups:
- 2 leaders / group
- Common Tools,
- Issues:

- Working groups:
- Tracking, e, b-tagging, jet calibration, ...
- Final results discussed at Joint Physics Meeting

- all hadrons

- In addition
- 	Detector Calibration
- 	Offline Reconstruction
- 	Monte Carlo Generation, Simulation, Production

## Detector and Trigger Performance,Common Analysis Tools

## COT Tracking, Calorimeter and Simulation

## Silicon Tracking

**Silicon System:**
-   L00 (1 layer, single sided)
-   SVX II (5 layers, double sided)
-   ISL (1 layer in ||<1, 2 layers in 1<||<2),
-           double sided)
**SVX II:**
-   94% efficiency with *r-***
-   83% efficiency with *r-*** and *z*
-   0.5-1.5% fake rate
**Added ISL:**
**  **Used in forward-backward
-   W charge asym. & Z’ search
**Added L00:**
**  **implemented in tracking
-   began using in physics analysis
**Performance keeps improving.**

**CDF Prelim**
**260 pb****-1**

- (B±) = 1.662 ± 0.033(stat) ± 0.008(syst) ps

## Tau and Hadron Identification

-  Tau - Important for Physics beyond the Standard Model:
-  many models with enhanced  couplings
-  dE/dx from Drift Chamber and Time-of-Flight Detector
-  B physics: K- separation at low PT
-  New particle searches: charged massive particles

- W    hadrons +  Z  e  hadrons)

## Run II Publications

- 59 papers - published, submitted, or under Collaboration review
- 17 papers published or submitted
- 6 papers published - 5 PRL and 1 PRD
- 2 paper accepted - 2 PRL
- 9 papers submitted - 5 PRL and 3 PRD, 1 PRD-RC
- 5 second drafts out to the CDF collaboration
- 7 first drafts out to the CDF collaboration
- 30 under Godparents review
- 7 godparent committees about to be assigned.
- Time scales for publication vary due to different degrees of sophistication required by each particular analysis.

| year | 2001
First Collision
Commissioning | 2002
First Physics data | 2003 | 2004 | 2005
Goal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| # of papers |  |  | 4 | ~18 | ~40 |

## Physics with Top Quarks

- Publications:
- 4 papers published or submitted
- Top pair cross section in dilepton (PRL 93, 142001, 2004)
- Top pair cross section in lepton+jets with vertex b-tag & kinematics (submitted to PRD)
- Top pair cross section in lepton+jets with vertex b-tag (sub. PRD)
- Single top search (submitted to PRL)
- 9 papers Collaboration publication review
- Anomalous kinematic distribution in top dilepton
- Top pair production in lepton+jets with kinematics
- Top pair production in lepton+jets with soft-muon tag
- Top pair production in e/ + tau
- Top branching ratios
- W helicity
- Top mass in lepton+jets with dynamical likelihood method
- Top mass in lepton+jets with template method
- Top mass in lepton+jets with multivariate method

## Top Pair Production - Cross Section

## Top Pair Production - Cross Section

- l+jets:
- soft lepton b-tag

- # of jets

- Different measurements: Test different assumptions, Look for new physics

- l+jets: secondary vertex b-tag
- single b         double b

- l+jets:
- Si tag + kin.

- l+jets:
- topology (no b-tag)

- dilepton

## Measurements of Mtop and MW

- Important SM parameters
- Ingredients of indirect Higgs mass constraint
- Top mass measurement
- Complicated event topology

## Top Quark Mass Measurements

- Lepton+jets:
- Dilepton:

- 2 PRDs under Collaboration review. Improved simulation: ~6 GeV  ~3 GeV

- 162pb-1 (l+jets), 193pb-1 (ll)

## Top Quark Properties

- Is *tWb* vertex SM? - W helicity
- SM  is V-A theory:
- F0 = 70% longitudinal
- F- = 30% left-handed
- Assume F+=0 (ie no V+A)
- Measure F0
- F0 > 0.25 @ 95% C.L.
- Unexpected top decay modes?
- 3 gen. CKM matrix unitarity
- |Vtb|~1.0
- BR(tWb)/BR(tWq) ~1.0
- BR(tWb)/BR(tWq) > 0.62
- 	at 95% C.L. (CDF)
- t  H+b instead of W+b ?

## Single Top Production (via weak interaction)

- 0.88 ± 0.11 pb    1.98 ± 0.25 pb     < 0.1 pb

- Probe |Vtb| directly                             New Physics!

- Similar topology to Higgs Signature (WH  Wbb)
- Topology: somewhere between W+jets and Top pair

- 95% C.L. limits Observed (Expected)

| Channel | CDF (pb) |
| --- | --- |
| s | < 13.6 (12.1) |
| t | < 10.1 (11.2) |
| s+t | < 17.8 (13.6) |

**CDF Prelim. 162 pb****-1**

## Physics with Vector Bosons

- Publications:
- 3 papers submitted or published
- W & Z cross sections (e, ) - PRL
- W & Z cross sections - PRL
- Forward-Backward Asymmety in dielectron - PRD
- 5 papers in publication review
- ZZ+ZW cross section - PRD-RC
- WW cross section - PRL
- W Asymmetry
- W & Z cross sections (e, ) - PRD
- W Mass

## W Mass Measurement

**CDF Run II**
**Preliminary**
**200pb****-1**

- pT (GeV)

**71k ****W**** **** ******

**|********| < 1**

**CDF RUN II**
**Preliminary**
**200pb****-1**

- (GeV)

**|********| < 1**

**71k**** W**** **** ******

**M****W**

******W**

- Statistical uncertainty ~ 35 MeV
- Systematic uncertainty:
-     Dominated by lepton E scale
-     Most time and effort spent on
-     detector calibration

**E/p of electrons**
**from W **** e******

**CDF Run II Preliminary**
**200pb****-1**

## W Mass Measurement

| Experiment | MW |
| --- | --- |
| Run I Combined | 59 MeV |
| Run I CDF | 79 MeV |
| Run I D0 | 84 MeV |
| LEP-II Combined | 42 MeV |
| ALEPH       (Single Best) | 58 MeV |

-  CDF Run II W Mass:
-     ~76 MeV by this Winter (~200 pb-1) - the level of Run I CDF uncertainty
-     ~50 MeV by Summer 2005 (~360 pb-1) - single best measurement
-  Under Godparents Review.

## W, Z Production

**CDF Run II Preliminary                                 CDF Run II Preliminary**

- u- or t-channel                           s-channel          final-state radiation

## WW, WZ, ZZ Production

- WW (SM 12.5 ± 0.8 pb)
- Trilinear Gauge Coupling - hard to beat LEP (40k WW)
- Tevatron can produce higher mass than LEP.
- Important backgrounds to Higgs search (H -> WW)!
- Still searching for WZ, ZZ (SM WW 5.2 ± 0.4 pb)

## Physics with Beauty and Charm Hadrons

- Publicationss:
- 6 papers published or submitted
- Ds, D+ mass difference (Phys. Rev. D68, 072004, 2003)
- Search for D ->  (Phys. Rev. D68, 091101, 2003)
- Prompt Charm cross sections (Phys. Rev. Lett 91, 241804, 2003)
- Bd, Bs ->  (PRL 93, 032001, 2004)
- Observation of X(3872) (Phys. Rev. Lett 93, 072001, 2004)
- D* relative Br and CP asymmetry (submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.)
- 11 Papers in publication review
- Pentaquark search
- Inclusive J/ cross section
- B hadron masses (including Bs andb)
- Br of b  c 
- Ratio of Br(B±  J/ K) / Br(B±  J/ )
- Hadronic moments in semileptonic B decays
- B  hh and CP violation
- .b  Kp, p

-   Br of Bs  Ds 
-   Bs/B0 branching fraction ratio
-   Bs lifetime difference

## B Physics

- Mixing
- CP Violation
- Rare Decays

**B****s**** Mixing**  World limit: ms > 14.4 ps-1
-                                                   SM pred.: 15 < ms < 27 ps-1 (99% probability)

## Bs Mixing

- Complex measurements involving many detector systems and analysis tools.
- Triggering: optimized SVT algorithms
- Exclusive reconstruction modes (Bs  Ds  + ...)
- Tagging (D2): e, , jet charge, same-side tag (Kaon), opposite-side tag (Kaon)
- Involves TOF + dE/dx
- Decay length resolution
- Maximize L00 performance
- We have appointed Bs Mixing coordinators - Bedeschi and Kroll
- 4 Internal workshops so far.
- Good progress on all fronts
- e.g. Bd mixing measurements in semileptonic and fully reconstructed modes
- Plan to present the first results on Bs mixing by Summer 05

## Bd Mixing Measurements

- prepare machinery for Bs mixing analysis

- md(CDF) = 0.536 ± 0.037(stat) ± 0.017(syst) pb-1

- Jet charge +
- Same Side tag

- md (CDF) = 0.526 ± 0.056(stat) ± 0.005(syst), D2 ~ 1%(SST)

- fully reconstructed modes:
-              Bd  J/ K*0  +- K+-, Bd D-+, D*-+, D-D*-

## Bs Hadronic Signals

## Limit / Measurement of Bs Oscillation

- World
- limit

- Baseline = NOW
- Stretched =
-     NOW + EbE
-         + K tag (1%)

- World limit: ms > 14.4 ps-1
- SM pred.: 15 < ms < 27 ps-1
-                      (99% prob.)

**1 = 250 pb****-1**

**10 = 2.5 fb****-1**

## Bs  J/: s and ms

- To first approx: s ms = 1.5 mb2 / mt2x 10-3
- (see Beneke et al. for full form NLO analysis, hep-ph/9808385)

- Lifetime difference (s) between Bs eigenstates.
- CP-odd(Bheavy) and CP-even(Blight) have different angular distributions.

- (Bs) = 1.37 ± 0.10 ± 0.01 ps

- SM:
- s / s (SM) = 0.12 ± 0.06
-                        (hep-ph/0012219)
- CDF:
- s = 0.46 ± 0.18 ± 0.01 ps-1
- s / s = 0.71 +0.24 -0.28 ± 0.01
-            (withs = d constraint)

**CDF Preliminary, L=258pb****-1**

- ms (indirect) = 125 +69-55 ps-1  (SM 99%: 15 < ms < 27 ps-1)

- s
- ms

## Charmless B Decays Bs,dh+h-

***B******s,d************h******+******h******-***
- Bd   (CPA from B factories) and Br(Bs  KK) from CDF: sensitive to CP angle(Fleischer)
- Bd,s  , K, KK: statistical separation by kinematics & particle ID.

- ACP = [N(Bd  K-) - N(Bd  K+)] / N(Bd  K-,K+)
-        = -0.04 ± 0.08 ± 0.01 (L = 180 pb-1)

- ACPBaBar = -0.133 ± 0.030 ± 0.009, ACPBelle = -0.101 ± 0.025 ± 0.005

## Bs, Bd, D0 +-

- SM expectations:
-     Br(Bs ) ~ 3.5 x 10-9
-     Br(D0 ) ~ 10-13
- SUSY: Br(Bs ) ~ tan6
-     Can be enhanced by 10-1000.
-     e.g. tan ~ 40 for Br ~ 10-7
- 95% CL +- Br limits:
-     Bs : 7.5 x 10-7 (unique to Tevatron)
-     Bd : 1.9 x 10-7
-     D0 : 2.5 x 10-6
- Excludes SO10 space(hep-ph/0304101),
- large parts of R-parity violating SUSY.
- Smaller exclusion in mSUGRA MSSM
- Improved limits with full data sample
- by this winter.

**CDF II**

## QCD Physics

- Publications:
- 2 papers godparent pub. review
- Jet shape analysis

- Di-photon cross section

- QCD test, Background for
- Potential new physics processes
-  Pythia disagrees by x2
-  Require resummed full NLO

- Jet shapes and Energy flows in jets:
- Constrain phenomenological models
- Describing soft-gluon rad and undelying
- Event in hadron collisions.
-  Pythia + Tune A describes data well.

## New Particle and Phenomena Searches

- Publications:
- 4 paper published or submitted
- H++ -> ee, , e(PRL accepted)
- e* -> e (submitted to PRL)
- Diphoton + missing ET (submitted to PRD)
- Search for leptoquarks in jets + missing ET (submitted to PRL)
- 9 papers in publication review
- Search for Z’ -> ee,  (high mass dilepton)
- Search for W’ -> e
- Search for 1st and 2nd generation leptoquarks
- Stable H++ search
- WH -> Wbb Standard Model Higgs search
- WH -> WWW* Standard Model Higgs search
- H -> WW Standard Model Higgs search
- Gluino / Stottom search
- Monopole search

## Standard Model Higgs Search

- SM:  Limits already exceeding Run I results.
- 		Sensitivity beyond LEP exclusion starts at ~2 fb-1.
- New Physics: Interesting sensitivity to other new physics sooner?
- Improvements expected from
- Better *b* tagging, topological (spin 0) information, more channels(ZH), better mass resolution (Z  bb sample)

- MH < 130 GeV: W,Z + H ( bb),  MH > 130 GeV: H  WW

## MSSM Higgs Search

- at high tan:
-  enhanced x-sections
-  heavy flavor (b, ) preferred

-  (from gg or qq) or bb production with   

## Leptoquarks

- Leptoquarks appear in many SM extensions.
- LQ carry both lepton and baryon number
- Limits
- First generation:
- LQ1  eq (100%)
- 230 GeV at 95% CL
- LQ1  eq (50%)
- 176 GeV at 95% CL
- Second generation:
- LQ2  q (100%)
- 241 GeV at 95% CL
- Generation independent:
- LQ1  q (100%)
- 78-117 GeV excluded

## Very High PT Physics

- Resonance Signature
- Spin-1: Z’
- Spin-2: Randall-Sundrum (RS) Graviton
- Tail Enhancement
- Large Extra Dimensions: Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (ADD)
- Contact interaction

- SM High Mass Production:
- New Physics at high mass:

- Z’ by CDF with ee + 
- (815 GeV w/ SM decays)

## Conclusions

- Detectors
- CDF detectors are performing well.
- Triggers & DAQ - continuously improving
- Data analysis
- Producing many physics results. Publications from all physics groups - making good progress
- currently analyzing ~400 pb-1 data (4 x Run I data)
- Summer 2003 results with ~100 pb-1
- Summer 2004 results with ~200 pb-1
- Expect Summer 2005 results with ~400 pb-1
- understanding detectors and backgrounds
- developing and optimizing physics algorithms
- much better measurements will come soon.
- Coming year
- Double the data again by summer 2005 hopefully (8 x Run I)
- Opportunity for discovery good with new confident in luminosity.

## Back-Up Slides

## Slide 49

## Accelerator Performance

- Peak luminosity > 1032 cm-2 sec-1
- Total ~0.68 fb-1 delivered so far

- Days

- Store Number

- Integrated Luminosity
- by Fiscal Year

- Note that FY04 had
- substantially fewer weeks of
- Accelerator operations than FY03.

- 1.1032 cm-2sec-1

- Peak Luminosity vs Store Number

**FY04**

## Gain Loss of the CDF Outer Tracker (COT)

- COT experienced significant gain loss - up to x2 loss in gain that is both *r,* **  and *z* dependent.
- Degradation source comes from hydrocarbons coating “sense” wires.
- Turned parts of COT off and reduced HV on other sections of COT while we investigated the problem to prevent further damage - in case the process was irreversible. (Compromised COT performance Period)
- B physics program suffered during this period due to trigger track fakes
- Formed an international committee of chamber experts to advice CDF, chaired by R. Kephart.

**Pulse Width vs Phi for each SL**

**Pulse Width vs Z for each SL**

## The Solution for the COT Gain Loss

- Built a gas recirculation system in order to move gas through the chamber x10 faster than before.
- During this installation, observed gain recovery (a small amount of air enters the chamber).  Control experiment with air confirmed gain recovery.
- Used the recirculation system to add air and then **Oxygen**.
- Chamber is now fully recovered (late May, 2004).
- 85 pb-1 of date collected with compromised chamber.

## Silicon Tracking

- SVX II 3-hit efficiency and fake rate for tracks in the COT fiducial

- Adding ISL and L00

## B-jet Tagging - displaced vertices or soft leptons

- 55%            Top Event Tag Efficiency            15%
- 0.5%            False Tag Rate (QCD jets)           3.6%

- Identify low-pT muon

- Vertex displaced tracks
- Jet probability

- Improve S:B by exploiting knowledge of B hadrons

- long-lived and massive

- Semileptonic decay

## Physics at Tevatron

- Probes physics at high Q2
- Direct searches
- Top physics
- High ET jets
- ... to intermediate Q2
- Precision electroweak physics
- ... to low Q2
- B and charm physics
- Selected topics (only a few highlights) discussed today (L = 50 - 350 pb-1)

## Top Quark

- Is it the Standard Model Top Quark?
- Does its large mass probe new physics?
- Probes:
- Decay mode: 100% to *Wb* in SM
- V-A coupling: W helicity in top decays
- Event topology
- Comparing cross sections in different decay modes and methods
- Top mass
- Top pair production via strong interaction

- 85% qq 15% gg at Tevatron            10% qq 90% gg at LHC
- 0.8 event / hour at recent lum

## B Mixing

*B**d** , B**s* oscillations are sensitive to *|V**td**|, |V**td**|*
- Compromised by hadronic uncertainties
- Most cancel in *B**d **/B**s* oscillation ratio
- New physics may affect ms/md
- .ms prerequisite for time-dependent *B**s* CP violation measurement

- World limit:
-           ms > 14.4 ps-1
- SM pred. (99% prob.):
-           15 < ms < 27 ps-1