# Presentation: 164082

## International Trade Opportunities for Irradiated Commodities

- Alan Green
- Director
- USDA, PPQ, Plant Health Programs

## Current Foreign Import Requirements

- Brazil-Apples
- AZ, CA, ID, OR, WA:
- Freedom from Plum curculio, Brevipalpus and Tetranychus (spider mites), coddling moth, lesser apple worm, fire blight, apple blotch, apple maggot
- Cold treatment or systems approach for apple maggot
- Chlorine dip for fire blight

## Current Foreign Import Requirements

- Brazil- Peaches
- Kern, Fresno and other CA counties:
- Freedom spider mites
-         OR
- Fumigate with Methyl bromide for spider mites
- AND
- Cold treatment for plum curculio, AM and walnut husk fly

## Current Foreign Import Requirements

- Mexico- Stone Fruit
- For many years methyl bromide fumigation was required, OR
- Systems approach tried in California for Oriental fruit moth
- Pest list expanded for non-target pests

## Current Foreign Import Requirements

- Grapes
- Require fumigations for following pests:
- Australia – Glassy Winged Sharp Shooter
- New Zealand – Black Widow Spiders
- South Africa – Spider Mites

## Sample USDA Accepted Dosages

- Apple Maggot		60 Gray
- Oriental Fruit Moth	200 Gray
- Coddling Moth		200 Gray
- Plum Curculio		92 Gray
- Green Scale			400 Gray
- False Red Spider Mite	300 Gray

## Current Foreign Import Requirements

- Potatoes
- Many countries regulate table stock as if intended for propagation
- Low dose irradiation will devitalize tuber
- Neutralizes risk of viruses and similar pathogens
- Greatly reduces risk of all pests

## Countries Expressing Interest in Irradiation

**Australia               Mexico**
**Israel****	****	****	****New Zealand**
**Nigeria****	****	****	****Peru**
**Philippine****	****	****South Africa **
**Spain****	****	****	****Thailand**
**Brazil****	****	****	****Chile **
**China****	****	****	****Columbia**
**Ghana****	****	****	****India**

## Potential Trade Barrier/Problems

- Public acceptance
- Enabling Human Health and Plant Health Legislation (Brazil and Australia)
- Phytosanitary Issues

## Phytosanitary Issues

- Moribund Insects (“Wigglers”)
- Non-target Insects
- 		--Appropriate Remedial Measures
- 		--Justifiable Penalties

## Moribund Insects

- Program certification, documentation, safeguards and oversight of treatment provide quarantine security
- Remember we release millions of irradiated insects in California every week and they never caused an outbreak.

## Non-Target Pests

- _Framework Agreement_
- The importing country’s NPPO should clearly identify the contingency actions to be taken if regulated non-target pests are found on each shipment*.  * The shipment may be detained if these non-target pests are found, and any other appropriate action may be taken by the NPPO of the importing country.

## Non-Target Pests

- _Framework Agreement_
- Wherever possible, the NPPO’s will agree on methods of mitigating the risk of non-target pests detected in irradiated commodities in the importing and exporting countries before the FEWP is completed.

## Non-Target Pests

- _Remedial Measures_
- If non-target quarantine pests are detected:
- Re-export shipment
- Fumigate Shipment

## Non-Target Pests

- _Penalties_
- Least restrictive action that achieves quarantine security
- Inspection is usually enough to detect non-target pests.  Penalties to packing houses, groves, and treatment facilities probably not justifiable

## Contacts

- Phytosanitary Issues Management
- Cathy Enright or Trade Directors
- 	(301) 734-8262
- Alan Green, Director, Plant Health Programs
- 	(301) 734-8261