# Presentation: 622559

## ILC   R&D

*H.Weerts*
*Michigan State University / Fermilab*

- ILC = International Linear Collider

## Introduction

- Why am I giving this talk ??

- In the past have worked on (old) neutrino program at Fermilab and in last 20 years on Dzero at Tevatron.
- Important for progress and future of particle physics in world and Fermilab to pursue International Linear Collider
- Am on a sabbatical leave at Fermi to work on ILC, with an emphasis on detectors for ILC.
- Started 10 months ago and am still learning, so this talk is incomplete ( ask questions !), but it has been fun to work on something totally different and start at the beginning with everybody else ( e+e- and new physics & detector)

- Your convictions should guide your actions........

- There is life beyond the Tevatron..........

- Marcela asked me......

- New director made it clear at EPP2010 and elsewhere that the ILC is a major priority for Fermilab.

- ( so we are not alone anymore....)

## Intro  ILC  I 

- ILC is far away in time, not exactly around the corner.
- Even LHC, which is next, has not even turned on

- Timescale:

- Formal organization started at LCWS 05 at Stanford
- in March 2005 when Barish became director of the GDE

- Technically Driven Schedule

- Barish @ Users Mtg.

- Many other factors will influence this schedule

## ILC Intro    II

- State of the ILC

- Few of us have ever been at the state of a physics facility like this........

- Everything is uncertain
- Nobody knows what will happen
- A few of us “plow ahead”.....
- Decisions are made outside of our field
- Public relations & perception are important
- It will be truly international
- The outcome is uncertain........

- Not exactly the items that are in our standard Physics textbooks, where the world is methodical, objective and logical and even far outside CDF & DZero in their current status

- Not a world, where physicists ( by training) thrive

- But it is an important part of our science that is not taught anywhere, but in “the field” (every 20 years or so) and it requires communication with “the rest of the world”.

- BUT:

- In addition to other professionals, physicists have to be involved

*otherwise it will not happen*

## ILC Intro   III

- Next 4-5 years:

- R&D and design on accelerator
- Civil & site studies
- Detector R&D and design
- Make physics case stronger

- To be able to write a TDR and enable a construction decision, next 4-5 years are a critical R&D phase.
- Need funds to do this and _manpower_ (including physicists i.e you !!)

- today

- There is one more critical ingredient............

- Communication

## ILC overview; accelerator

- This talk will cover R&D, largest cost item and covered by Fermilab & others.

- Cost drivers for ILC

## ILC accelerator R&D at Fermilab

- LINAC & accelerating structure obviously critical part  of ILC.

- Fermilab is concentrating its R&D efforts in this area.  Formed a collaboration with many other institutions:  Superconducting Module Test Facility (SMTF).

- Goal:  Build & test the SCRF structures for the ILC LINAC.

- Build means: develop capability in industry to build cavities and ultimately cryomodules, which contain them.  CLEANING cavities is one of the critical components in this process. Needs understanding to get consistent gradients of 35MV/m

- SMTF is a very large effort.......   more on next pages

## TESLA SCRF cavity

**9-cell 1.3GHz Niobium Cavity**
**Reference design: has not been modified in 10 years**

- ~1m

- Cavities have been produced in industry in EU & tested at DESY.

- Challenge:  produce in other parts of world in industry & develop critical cleaning procedures ( one of activities of SMTF at Fermilab).
- Major FNAL goal: make cleaning and resulting gradient consistent.

## SMTF goals

## SMTF long term goals

- Cryo module with 8 cavities

- Goal for 2006.... produce 1 full working cryo module

- Shows the need and long time scale for R&D and industrialization of process

- 9 cell cavity

- Expect first 4 cavities from industry next year

- Initial cavities will come from DESY, KEK

- Goal:

- By 2009 have built 6-7 cryomodules; finalized design; ready to built all components in industry.

## Image of a real cryomodule at DESY

- Cryomodule with only 4 cavities.
- A cryomodule with 8 nine cell cavities has not been produced yet.

## SMTF at Fermilab

## ILC SMTF at Fermilab

-  Plan is to set up ILC test area in the New Muon Lab and it will require some civil construction.
-  This enables us to setup a single cryomodule test area in Meson and have enough room.

## Accelerator R&D 

- Just given  you a glimpse of some of the R&D and processes going on in development of accelerator components.
- There are many more of them.
- Need a separate talk to cover them all.  An incomplete list:

- Sources : electrons, positrons, polarized
- Damping rings
- SCRF LINAC
- Beam Delivery and Interaction region
- Large simulation efforts for all of these
- Backgrounds in interaction regions
- ..........

- This is an incredible task ahead of us.
- Needs a large number of people and funding

- R&D critical in next few years to be able to make a decision to build........  it requires funds

- Interested ?  Contact : Shekhar Mishra and/or Nigel Lockyer

## To do physics with ILC.....

- Need detectors and current idealistic thinking is that there will be  2 interaction regions with detectors

- Remainder of talk will concentrate what is happening in this area.   This is area I am working in currently.

## Why ILC detector R&D ?

| bunch spacing | 337 nsec  (176  ?) |
| --- | --- |
| #bunch/train | 2820 |
| length of train | 950 sec |
| #train/sec | 5 Hz |
| train spacing | 199 msec |
| crossing angle | 0-20 mrad ( 25 for ) |

- ILC

- From a naïve perspective looks like simple problem

- But there are other factors which require better performance.....

## Intro I

- Illustration of final states expected at ILC vs. CMS energy

- Observations:

- No resonances (*Z* was last one)
- Need to reconstruct final states from leptons and/or jets
*W* and *Z* become the main objects to reconstruct
- Measure missing energy ( neutrinos +)

- Quite different from usual e+e- detectors

## Requirements 1

- p/p2 ~ 5 x10-5 is “necessary”

## Requirements 2

- No proven solution currently  R&D

## Requirements 3

- Goal: excellent, never before achieved jet energy resolution: ~30%/

## Design Driver

- Have to use “energy/particle flow”.  Technique has been used to improve jet resolution of existing calorimeters.

- use EM calorimeter ( EMCAL) to measure photons and electrons;
- track charged hadrons from tracker through EMCAL,
- identify energy deposition in hadron calorimeter (HCAL) with charged hadrons & replace deposition with measured momentum ( very good)
- When completed only E of neutral hadrons ( K’s, Lambda’s) is left in HCAL.  Use HCAL as sampling cal for that.

- Algorithm:

- Require:

- Imaging cal ( use as tracker = like bubble chamber),  very fine transverse & longitudinal segmentation
- Large dynamic range: MIP.... to .....shower
- Excellent EM resolution

## Event display

## Design Driver

- Requirements for optimal “energy/particle flow” now drive the calorimeter design and drive it to extremes in terms of sampling transversely and longitudinally.

- However do not know where break even point is i.e. resolution is limited by algorithm and not the detector.

- Studies are underway:

- Develop and test algorithm
- Develop and measure response of calorimeters
- Push limits of our current understanding of hadron showers
- Large R&D program including testbeam work with test calorimeters in planning

- @Fermilab

## Summary of requirements

- Detector performance goals (Int’l R&D review)
***• ***central tracking**: **
*σ*( 1/*p**t*) *≤ *5 *× *10*−*5(GeV*/*c)*−*1
- (*~ *1*/*10 LHC; 1/6 material in tracking volume.)
***• ***Jet energy:
- (1/200 calorimeter granularity w.r.t. LHC)
*• *vertexing: * *
- (1*/*5 *r*beampipe, 1/30 pixel size, 1/30 thin w.r.t LHC)
**Exploits the clean environments of LC.**
**Not a luxury, but needed for LC to do its physics.**

- Reference
- CMS
- 7x10-4
- 0.86

- Drives design

- Pushes detector performance into unexplored territory

## ILC detector history I

- ICFA

- ILCSC

- GDE

- Accelerator  activities

- WWS

- ITRP

- =

- Physics & Detectors
- Makes physics case
- Detector development; up to now mainly “generic” detector R&D

- R& D activities:

- Silicon (SiLC)
- TPC/Jet chambers
- Vertex detectors
- Calorimetry (CALICE) (EM & HAD)
- Muon System --  at FNAL
- .....

- There was a TESLA detector design

- This was situation up to Spring 2004

## ILC detector history II

- 2004 International technology selection. Initiate the Global Design Effort.
- 2005 Complete the accelerator **CDR**, including site requirements, and initial cost and schedule plan.
- 2006 Initiate detailed engineering designs under the leadership of the CentralTeam.
- 2007 A complete detailed accelerator TDR with the cost and schedule plan,establish the roles & responsibilities of regions, and begin the process for site proposals.
- 2008 Site selection and approval of international roles & responsibilities by the governments.

-           .......
- 2009 Start construction
- 2015 Start operation

- Machine schedule/plan

- In February 2004 ILCSC asked WWS to develop a plan for detectors corresponding to machine schedule/plan

- WWS plan/answer:

**2007 Detector CDRs **–Conceptual Design Reports for experiments (could be different from concepts above) with specification of physics performance on key benchmarks, technical feasibility, and refined cost. Individuals encouraged to sign more than one CDR.

**2008 Proposals **– Groups united around CDR detector concepts submit Letters of Intent for proposals (including performance, costs, and technical feasibility) to the Global Lab, which will invite some of the groups to produce TDRs.

**2005 Preliminary costing **of **at least two whole detector concepts** (single joint document with performance estimates for each concept, plus R&D done and still required.) Produce in time to be included in the Accelerator CDR process of the GDI.

- Now in hands of GDE.........

## Time line

- Milestones of ILC

- GDE (Design)

-  (Construction)

**Technology**
**Choice**

**Acc.**

- 2004

- 2005

- 2006

- 2007

- 2008

- 2009

- 2010

**CDR**

**TDR**

**Start Global Lab.**

**Det.**

**Detector Outline **
**  ****Documents**

**CDRs**

**LOIs**

- R&D Phase

- Collaboration
- Forming

-  Construction

- Detector R&D Panel

- Tevatron

- SLAC B

- LHC

- HERA

- T2K

**Detector**

## Detector Concepts

## Detector R&D efforts & Design Studies

|  | Vxd 4-5 | SiLC | TPC | Jet | Calice
EM | Calice
HAD | LC cal | Cal
Asia | EM
OR/
SLAC | EM hybrid | muon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SiD | X | X |  |  | X | X |  | X | X | X | X |
| LDC | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| GLD | X | ? | X | X |  | X | X | X |  |  | X |

- Nearly all  detector R&D efforts are represented in  the Design Studies (DS)

|  | Fwd trac | Fwd cal | Fwd
Che | DAQ |  | BDIR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SiD | X | X |  | X |  | X |
| LDC | X | X | ? | X |  | X |
| GLD | X | X | ? | X |  | X |

- FNAL involvement in “Design Studies” and in more generic R&D

## SiD Concept Overview/Status

-  Focus at Fermilab is on SiD concept

- Effort at FNAL & SLAC with many other US & world institutions

- Assumptions behind SiD concept

- Particle Flow Algorithm will deliver best performance, use as base
- Si/W is right technology for EMCAL
- Limit tracking radius/EMCAL to limit costs
- Increase B field to maintain BR2
- Use Si tracking only, for best p/p and low mass
- Use pixel vertex detector for best pattern recognition
- Emphasize integrated, hermetic detector design

- Result:  most compact of 3 concepts

- ( Jaros & Weerts leading design study)

## SiD FNAL involvement

**R**

**Z**

- Muon system

- HCAL

- EMCAL
- Si-W

- Tracking-
- silicon

- VXD

- 5T coil

- Status July 2004

- Very schematic drawing

- Status May 2005

## Overview of current SiD “baseline”

- Vertex detector: 5 barrels, 4 disks; Rin= 1.4 cm

- Si tracking: 5 layers; Rin= 18 cm

- HCAL Fe: 34 layers; Rin= 138 cm

- Solenoid: 5 T; Rin= 250 cm

- EMCAL Si/W: 30 layers; Rin= 125 cm

- Flux return/muon Fe: 48 layers,
- Rin= 333 cm & Rout= 645 cm

## SiD Silicon tracker work at FNAL I

- Layer 5

- Layer 1

## SiD Silicon Tracker work at FNAL II

## SiD Silicon Tracker work at FNAL III

## ILC Muon R&D 

- Muon system; hardware @ FNAL

- Scintillator strip panels
- MINOS style:    4 cm X 1 cm
- MAPMT 16 or 64 channels
- 4mm X 4mm pix / 16 ch

- 1.2mm fiber

- Thermally fused splice

- Colo. State, UC Davis, Fermilab,
- Northern Illinois Univ.,
- Univ. of Notre Dame, Wayne State Univ.,
- Univ. of Texas Austin, INFN Frascati

- MAPMT

## ILC Muon R&D

- Reduced Size Mechanical Preprototype for 1⁄4 Scale Module
- Built by Notre Dame U.

- Muon system hardware

- Spectrum observed ( at FNAL).
- In initial stages.
- Optically better module being built.

- Reduced Size Mechanical Preprototype for 1⁄4 Scale Module
- Built by Notre Dame U.

- Results presented at LCWS, R.Abrams, Indiana

## ILC Muon R&D  

- The latest in muon hardware....1/4 scale prototype 1.25x2.5m

- Goal:

- first modules in testbeam 2006; improve algorithms

- Development of algorithms:
- Tracking of muons through whole detector.
- Improve simple stepper to a Kalman filter based method, incl. dE/dx along road.

## SiD solenoid

- Need feasibility study in next year to at least convince ourselves that this challenging 5T solenoid can be built .

- Expertise not readily available.  CMS solenoid sets current scale.

- Inner radius: ~ 2.5m to ~3.32m, L=5.4m;  Stored energy ~ 1.2 GJ

- Does physics really require 5T?

- Energy [GJ]

- SiD

- Cost model

- This is what I used to show

## Solenoid

- Feasibility study has been done at FNAL.

- Very nice results, experts agree that it pushes technology, but feasible

- Use CMS conductor design and study stresses, in cooldown and energizing

- 4 layers in CMS, go to 6 layers for SiD

## Solenoid

- First ANSYS 2D, 3D Modeling

- Goal:

- Complete feasibility study, build & lead solenoid effort

- Next:  detector integrated dipole ( DID) with BDIR-WG4

## Calorimeter

- Proposal to set up multi year testbeam program at Fermilab in MT6 for study of high performance calorimeters for ILC

- Program could start Jan 2006

- Obvious area for Fermilab involvement

- CALICE collaboration

- Beam parameters:
- Momentum between 5 and 120 GeV
- protons, pions, muons, electrons
- Resonant extraction
- Variable intensity
- Duty cycle low

## A possible program in HCAL

- Areas of interest:

**Development of PFA algorithms **(all simulation)
- 	Do we really need 30%/E0.5 ?
- 	Collaborate with NIU & ANL; already active
**HCAL detector development within CALICE & SiD**
- 	RPC/GEM detectors, using ASIC development as start
- 	Scintillator tile layout & readout with NIU
**Testbeam** is an obvious base for
- collaboration: CALICE
- 	hardware & software;
- 	feed results back into GEANT

- Ideal PFA
- -> W 28%/E

- A lot of work to do on PFA’s

- No confusion
- term

- Challenging and interesting R&D area;
- Group starting it should set direction;
- Could be 60% or more simulation

## Summary of detector R&D

**Main areas of ILC detector R&D concentration at Fermilab:**

**Silicon tracking and vertexing.**

- Includes everything from pixel development, to detector layout for tracking and vertexing, simulation, algorithm development etc.    Not just for ILC.

**Solenoid development**

- Build on work done already and expertise and existing collaboration in CMS.  R&D on conductor; work on cryo system.

- Collaborate with universities on MINOS type scintillator.
- Algorithm development

**Hadron calorimetry**

**Muon detector & ID**

**SiD involvement**

- Involved in SiD design study together with SLAC & many other institutions.

- PFA development, involvement in CALICE testbeam; build up group that can make substantial contribution; collaborate NIU, ANL, UTA

- (no order)

- Note:

- For next 2 years, THE emphasis is on simulation in all these areas.........  need physicists

## Conclusions & Summary

- ALCPG2005 @ Snowmass  August 14-27, 2005

- ILC R&D @ Fermilab with other institutions

- Very active and substantial program ramping up in ILC accelerator R&D

- Emphasis on SCRF and structures, but others areas as well

- Beginnings of a detector R&D program are in place, slope is positive, increasing interest.

- Keep momentum going & increase effort

- Next step for all ILC R&D:

## END

- The End