# Presentation: 488466

## From the Four Greek Elements to Modern Physics H. Stoecker Goethe University Frankfurt am MainQuestions? Mail to: stoecker@uni-frankfurt.de

| 600 B.C. | Thales of Milet | Water | One ELEMENT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 500 B.C. | Heraklit of Ephesos | Fire | „the one  
and only“ |
| 500 B.C. | Anaximedes
 | Air | The essence |
| 450 B.C. | Empedokles | Earth Water Air Fire  | The 4 Elements |

- 350 B.C.    Aristoteles, 1. Physicist:  The Four Transform ->4 Phases
- The 5th element – Quintessence: „The Spirit“

## 4 elements  vs. 4 phases        vs. 4 elementary particles

| Fire | Plasma | Neutrino | eNeutrino |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air | Gas | Electron | Electron |
| Water | Liquid | Proton: u,u,d ~ 1000 MeV | Up- quark   ~ 3 MeV ??? |
| Earth | Solid | Neutron udd ~ 1000 MeV | Down quark ~ 7 MeV ??? |

- Origin of proton mass??? Only 5% quarks, 95% glue dressing?!
- COBE, WMAP: Mass of the Universe only 4% protons and neutrons!
-  73% 5th element: Quintessence-Dark Energy,         23% Dark Matter

## 3 Families of elementary particles 

|                     lep
charge:  0  | tons            
           -1 |                    qua
         +2/3 | rks
        –1/3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|        Tau-
    neutrino |         Tauon
         1 777 |          Top
     175 000 |       Bottom
       4 500 |
|        Mu-
    neutrino |          Muon
            105 |        Charm
        1 500 |       Strange
          150 |
|           e-
     neutrino |        Electron  
               0.5 |            Up
              3 |        Down 
             7 |

- Masses in MeV (Million electron Volts)

## New Phases in Superdense Matter

- Phasetransitions?
- Liquid-Vapor
- Quark Matter
- Gluon Plasma
- Hypermatter
- Strangelets
- Antimatter
- Analogy: Add Alcohol to Water- get new dimensions/degrees of freedom in phase diagram

## Big Bang expansion cools matter, particles freeze out and decay

- Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions: quite analogous!

- T = 1 GeV

- How to create hot superdense matter in the laboratory? Smash it!

## Analogy of signals of hot, superdense matter in                    Astrophysics            &   Nuclear Collisions

- Big Bang signatures:
- Emission of light:
-       3-K-mwr and neutrinos
- Hubble- Flow  Quintessence/Dark Ener.
- Ashes: light nuclei, BH,
-       Dark matter, galaxies
- Supernovae & Neutron Stars
- Emission of light & neutrinos
- Explosive outwards Flow
- Ashes: NS, Black Holes

- Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
- Emission of light:
-        gammas, dileptons and jets
- Collective Flow
- Ashes: p,pi,K,etc: Hadrons,
-         Hyper-Nuclei, Strange matter
-        Antinuclei, Pentaquarks

## Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions (RHIC) major ideas to probe hot dense nuclear matter 

- E. Teller, Chapl: Thermal Delta Matter @T=140MeV
- W. Greiner:   Hydro-flow & Shockwaves: 5 x density
- T.D. Lee:                  massless particles & hot vacuum
- H. Bethe, Siemens:                                isotropic flow
- HST:          Coll. Flow & Squeeze-Out as Barometers
- E. Shuryak:                Quark Gluon Plasma, Dileptons
- Koch, Rafelski, Müller:             Strangeness enhanced
- C. Greiner, Koch, HST:                        Strange Matter
- Matsui, Satz:                          c-cbar J/Psi Suppression
- Gyulassy, Wang:                    Jet- Supprission

- 1973-    1978
- 1982
- 1986
- 1997

## Pb(158 AGeV)+Pb z-axis streched

- Weber

## Experimental Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions 

- Flow Discovered & Squeeze-Out
- Liquid Vapour
- Deltamatter & Kaons
- Antihyperons & Flow
- Jet Suppression
-  & Flow!

- Bevalac@LBL 1974 - 1989   Plastic Ball & Streamer    2AGeV
- _[SIS@GSI](mailto:SIS@GSI)_ 1989-2004        2AGeV
- AGS@BNL 1986-1998  10AGeV
- SpS@Cern 1987-2004  160AGeV
- RHIC@BNL 1999-   20000AGeV
- LHC@Cern 2009      3 500 AGeV on 3 500 AGeV

## Plastic Ball GSI-LBL 4 Pi Detector @ LBL

## NA35 Streamer Chamber at SpS

## Slide 12

## Au + Au at 200 GeV

- Weber

## Slide 14

## High Pressure causes Squeeze-Out/v2 for p, pi, kaons, lambdas...

- Data: Y. Shin et al.,   Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 1576

- Transport models:

- with K+N potential
- no    K+N potential

- RBUU Stony Brook:
- G.Q.Li et al.,
- Phys. Lett. B 381 (1996)

-    QMD Tübingen:
-     Z.S. Wang et al.,
-     Eur. Phys. J. A5 (1999) 275

**High Pressure causes Squeeze-Out/v2 for p, pi, kaons, lambdas...**

## Particle ratios at RHIC-energiesT(chiral) ~ 153 MeV

- Zschiesche

## Particles densities in Heavy Ion Collisions

**Particles densities in Heavy Ion Collisions**

**Particle Densities in Neutron Stars**

- Zschiesche Weber

## Models of Neutron Stars

- F. Weber  J.Phys. G27 (2001) 465

- “Strangeness" of dense matter ?
- In-medium properties of hadrons ?
- Compressibility of nuclear matter ?
- Deconfinement at high baryon densities ?

## Strange Quark Matter (Strangelets) may also be stable

## Formation of Strangelets and Strange Nuclei

## Focus 32/1999

## Focus 32/1999

## Observables

## Slide 24