# Presentation: 881543

## Using PV to Shave Peak/Address Reliability/Security?

- NREL ENERGY ANALYSIS FORUMGolden, Colorado – November 9-10, 2004

- Richard Perez, SUNY, ASRC
- Tom Hoff, Clean Power Research
- Chris Cook, E3 Energy Services
- Steve Letendre, Green Mountain College
- Christy Herig, Segue Energy Consulting, LLC

## PV - The Kinder Gentler DR

-  Residential and small commercial systems are typically sized equivalent or smaller to major building loads such as air conditioning, and refrigeration.
- Small system deployment results in minimum distribution feeder saturation and minimum distribution device coordination impact.
- The generation resource and the utility system load driver are one in the same, the sun.
- The electronic interconnection through the inverter can be coordinated with the timing of the distribution protective devices.

## PV Energy kWh/kW-yr

- PV _Energy_ kWh/kW-yr

- 2

## PV Demand/Capacity

- Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/pvmenu.cgi?site=ncpv&idx=3&body=infores.html

## PV Demand/Capacity

- PV _Demand/Capacity_

- PV _Energy_ kWh/kW-yr

## Normalize PV against the Peak

**Normalize PV against the Peak**

- Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/pvmenu.cgi?site=ncpv&idx=3&body=infores.html

## Quantifying SLC with degree-hours

- Solar Load Control

- Source: http://www.asrc.cestm.albany.edu/perez/2003-2004/utility-scale-solar-load-control.pdf

**Notes:**
Utility scale slc

## 1998 – 2001

- 380  MWh daily maximum
- 540  MWh total seasonal burden

- 1,250  MWh daily maximum
- 4,200  MWh total seasonal burden

- With PV

- Without  PV

- 10% PV penetration

- 270 MW max draw

- 115 MW max draw

- SMUD Results

- Source: http://www.asrc.cestm.albany.edu/perez/2003-2004/utility-scale-solar-load-control.pdf

**Notes:**
Summary for all years at 10% PV penetration

## Solar Reliability Value

**How much revenue was lost on August 14****th****?**
**How much solar could be installed for $1 billion?**
**Would it support the grid?**

- Source: http://www.asrc.cestm.albany.edu/perez/2003-2004/outage.pdf

## The joint US-Canada report attributes the causes of the outage to both human and technological failures. 

- The joint US-Canada report attributes the causes of the outage to both human and technological failures.
- However, evidence shows that, had a local dispersed PV generation base amounting to at most a **few hundred MW** been on line, power transfers would have been reduced, point of use generation and voltage support would have been enhanced and uncontrolled events would not have evolved into the massive blackout.

- Source: http://www.asrc.cestm.albany.edu/perez/2003-2004/outage.pdf

## Power OutagesPV Availability    as % of Ideal Output

- Power OutagesPV Availability    as % of Ideal Output

**-the cause of the peak demand is also the resource**
**-disaster mitigation/preparedness**

- Source: http://www.asrc.cestm.albany.edu/perez/ases2001-outages/paper-outage.pdf

## Source:

**Source:**
**Analyses of Photovoltaic System Output, Temperature, Electricity Loads and National Electricity Market Prices – Summer 2003-04**
- Muriel Watt*, Scott Partlin, Monica Oliphant,Hugh Outhred, Iain MacGill & Ted Spooner
- *Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, AUSTRALIA
- E-mail: m.watt@unsw.edu.au

## Results (Summer 2002):

- PJM

**Daily PV Availabilities (average = .81)**

- Source: Solar And Power Markets: Peak Power Prices And PV Availaiblity For The Summer Of 2002,
- Steve Letendre

## Results (Summer 2002):

- PJM

**Peak Time PV Availabilities (average = .72)**

- Source: Solar And Power Markets: Peak Power Prices And PV Availaiblity For The Summer Of 2002,
- Steve Letendre

## What is a real time PV – kWh worth

- California before full crisis – 29¢/kWh
- Includes T&D, based on Kermin and SF subsystem hourly
- Florida – 6.5¢/kWh, compared to 2.5 ¢/kWh
- Does not include T&D only January and April data
- PJM – 3.5¢/kWh, compared to 3.0 ¢/kWh
- Does not include T&D

## Real Time Energy - Peak Dispatch (PJM Load Response)

- Add batteries to PV system
-  Dispatch when PJM Real Time market > Net metering value ($90/MWh)
-  Recharge batteries with solar (higher eff.)  Ass.  80% cycle
-   System size = 1kWac PV
-   4kW inverter
-   16kWh batteries = 4 hr dispatch

## PJM Peak Dispatch Results (in $)

- Source: “PV Value With Batteries In The PJM Markets”, Chris Cook, ASES 2003

## There is a value disconnect

- Utility Values are Highest When
- Planned capital expenditures to upgrade the T&D system
- Low load growth, or the capital expenditure divided by load growth is higher than $5,000/kW-yr
- Isolated radial lines
- Underground urban lines
- Summer peaking loads are at mid-day

- Consumer values are highest when:
- Retail electricity rates are high
- Rebates, tax credits, and other policies to promote PV are available
- Low interest financing is available
- High mid-day demand to PV generating profile matches

## Utility Values  Consumer $

- Rate Structures,
- Inclining tiered rates
- Solar TOU
- Real Time
- Fixed customer charge
- Capital Offsets/Buy downs
- Financing
- RUS, 3% PA, 4% REC, 5%

## Where We Are TodayConsumption for Average Residential Customer

**600 therms**

**10,500 kWh**

**Generation****and****distribution**

**Inefficient gas****appliances**

**Inefficient****electric****appliances**

**420 therms**

**6,300 kWh**

**Waste**

**Waste**

**Waste**

**Fuel for****electricity**

**Natural****gas**

**Power,****light,****and****usable****heat**

- 02458605

- Source: A Micro-Grid with PV, Fuel Cells, and Energy Efficiency, Tom Hoff, Clean Power Research.com

## Where We Could BeConsumption with Clean Distributed Resources

**600 therms**

**Inefficient gas****appliances**

**Inefficient****electric****appliances**

**420 therms**

**6,300 kWh**

**Waste**

**End-use efficiency**

**Natural****gas**

**Power,****light,****and****usable****heat**

**4,400 kWh**

**2,350 kWh**

**3,750 kWh**

**Distributed photovoltaics**

**Distributed****cogeneration**

**Waste**

- 02458606

- Source: A Micro-Grid with PV, Fuel Cells, and Energy Efficiency, Tom Hoff, Clean Power Research.com

## Segue Energy Consulting
Renewable Energy and Land Use
Christy Herig			
17609 First St. E
Redington Shores, FL 33708
cherig@tampabay.rr.com
727-543-1285

**Renewable Energy and Land Use**
- Christy Herig
- 17609 First St. E
- Redington Shores, FL 33708
- _[cherig@tampabay.rr.com](mailto:cherig@tampabay.rr.com)_
- 727-543-1285