BEE-spoke-data/govdocs1-by-extension huggingface dataset:
# Presentation: 417823

## Kernel Density Estimation: Motivation and Application

- John Freeman, Top Mass Workshop, 11/12/03

## Outline

- A brief review of how likelihoods are calculated
- How Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is used at LBL to perform these calculations
- Some current examples of our capabilities
- What we plan to do with these capabilities

## What We’re Doing

- Goal is to find a good set of event variables which will predict Mtop
- We perform pseudo-experiments on a MC signal file with known Mgen, taking a random set of sample points
- When this is done for a number of MC signal files (we’ve been working w/ 140-220 GeV, in 5 GeV increments), we can create a log-likelihood plot which we fit parabolically to find the maximum likelihoof

## Log Likelihood Formula

- The log likelihood formula is:

- In order to compute f, the probability density
- function, we can try a parametric fit to the values
- generated  by our Monte Carlo signal at M, or use
- the KDE method...

## The KDE Method

- The essence of KDE is contained in the following formula:

- (Where K is – typically - a spherically symmetric function defined on the unit hypersphere, and H is a transformation matrix

## Slide 7

## Variables We Use

- So far, we’ve worked with 1- , 2- , and 3- dimensional variable spaces
- In the 3-d case, we’ll use the best reconstructed Mt, some sort of energy variable (TotalHT, e.g.), and then a kinematical variable (acoplanarity, etc.)
- Point is, we want them to be as uncorrelated as possible!

## Slide 10

## Creating a Sample

- To create fully accurate PEs, we’ll combine both signal and background MCs in appropriate fractions
- The density of a sample variable will be expressed as follows:
- These fractions will soon be calculated on an event-by-event basis

## Slide 12

## On the Verge...

- Currently we’re poised to fully incorporate background into our PE’s
- Much exciting analysis lies ahead!
# Presentation: 551483

## Crash Profile Summary Reportfor all 50 statesand the District of Columbia

- May 2003

## ALABAMA

## ALASKA

## ARIZONA

## ARKANSAS

## CALIFORNIA

## COLORADO

## CONNECTICUT

## DELAWARE

## DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

## FLORIDA

## GEORGIA

## HAWAII

## IDAHO

## ILLINOIS

## INDIANA

## IOWA

## KANSAS

## KENTUCKY

## LOUISIANA

## MAINE

## MARYLAND

## MASSACHUSETTS

## MICHIGAN

## MINNESOTA

## MISSISSIPPI

## MISSOURI

## MONTANA

## NEBRASKA

## NEVADA

## NEW HAMPSHIRE

## NEW JERSEY

## NEW MEXICO

## NEW YORK

## NORTH CAROLINA

## NORTH DAKOTA

## OHIO

## OKLAHOMA

## OREGON

## PENNSYLVANIA

## RHODE ISLAND

## SOUTH CAROLINA

## SOUTH DAKOTA

## TENNESSEE

## TEXAS

## UTAH

## VERMONT

## VIRGINIA

## WASHINGTON

## WEST VIRGINIA

## WISCONSIN

## WYOMING
# Presentation: 801909

## Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials for Catalytic Applications

## Subject Areas

- Active Sites and Frameworks
- Topologies
- Particle Shape
- 2D Particle Arrays
- 2D Pocket Arrays
- Uniform Organized Channels
- Methodologies
- Wet
- Dry
- Self-Assembly

## Subject Areas cont’d

- Goals
- Models of natural aerosols
- Ultra-uniform active sites
- Novel chemistry
- Molecular Flow Control
- Coke Resistant Solid Acids
- Immobilized Enzymes & Homogeneous Catalysts
- Amenable to High Throughput Discovery

## Goals for Catalysts

-         **Ultra-uniform**
-         **Highly active**
-         **Control reagent contact time**
-         **Separate reactants and products**
-         **Resist deactivation by sintering**
-         **Resist deactivation by fouling**

## Framework Topologies

- 3D Porous

## Framework Topologies

- 2D Porous
- 1015 Reactors

- 2D Planar
- Platelets or Sheets

## 2D Porous Topology

- Ultra-Uniform Volume Pores
- Ultra-Uniform Active Phases
- Uniform Contact Time
- One Active Particle in Each Pore
- No Secondary Reactions
- Sequenced Active Sites in Each Pore
- Sequenced Reactions
- Sequestered Active Sites
- No Sintering
- Tailored Pore Walls
- Molecular Flow Control

## 2D Planar Topology

- No Pores  No Pore Plugging
- Solid Acids?
- Immobilize Large Active Structures
- Enzymes
- Homogeneous Catalysts
- Macroscopic Area Samples for Surface Science

## Methods of Synthesis

- Wet - Porous
- Colloids, Sol-gel, Templates, Liquid-Crystal, Bottoms-up Supramolecular, Genetic Engineering
- Dry - Planar
- PVD, MBE, CVD, ALE, ALD, PLD, Plasma
- Patterning
- Self-Assembly
- Templates, Anodization, Dendrimers, Bio-assembly
# Presentation: 610727

## Rob Ambrose

## Safeguards & Security Training (CTA)

## Counterintelligence Training Academy (CITA)

## Emergency Operations Training Academy         (EOTA)

## DOE Test Center

## DOS Antiterrorism Assistance Program                                                                 (ATAP)

## Foreign Interaction Training Academy                                                                 (FITA)

## 2002 usage
Variety vs. Standardization
S&S Topical Areas
Pick & Choose
Submissions for 2004

- Variety vs. Standardization
- S&S Topical Areas
- Pick & Choose
- Submissions for 2004

- 2003 S&S Refresher Briefing Resource Page

## Slide 9

## Slide 10

## www.nnsi.doe.gov

- 2003 S&S Refresher Briefing Resource Page

## 4.5 days
July 14-18, 2003 @ NNSI
Curriculum
Student Feedback
Ongoing revision

Variety vs. Standardization
S&S Topical Areas

- July 14-18, 2003 @ NNSI
- Curriculum
- Student Feedback
- Ongoing revision
- Variety vs. Standardization
- S&S Topical Areas

- Safeguards & Security Awareness Coordinator Training (CTA-110)

## Loren Evenson  DOE GTN
Ceil Rogers  DOE GTN
Cathy Tullis  DOE NV
Virginia Reams  DOE OAK
Ann Marie Griego SNL/NM
Laurel Hautala  KCP
Dan Valdez  LANL
Rob Ambrose  DOE NNSI

- CTA-110 Review Team

- Loren Evenson  DOE GTN
- Ceil Rogers  DOE GTN
- Cathy Tullis  DOE NV
- Virginia Reams  DOE OAK
- Ann Marie Griego SNL/NM
- Laurel Hautala  KCP
- Dan Valdez  LANL
- Rob Ambrose  DOE NNSI

## Connor Robert

- 9-5-02

## Thank You!

**Rob Ambrose**
**NNSI**
**(505) 845-5170 X215**
**rambrose@nnsi.doe.gov**
# Presentation: 875489

## Nancy King

**Exploring Opportunities for **
**Family Self-Sufficiency-Examining the Role of TANF and the Impact of Welfare Reform**

## CURRENT PROGRAM

**   ****Child under 21 with relatives**
**   ****Pregnant woman w/unborn**
**    ****child's relatives**
**   ****Eligible for shelter if no**
**    “****feasible alternative housing.”**

**Eligibility:**

**CURRENT PROGRAM**

## CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)

** ****TAFDC standard**
**  ****(automatically eligible)**
**  ****Under 130% of poverty**
**    ****level (family of 3 @ $1585)**
**    ****-- no disregards**

**CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)**

## CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)

**   ****Housing search**
**   ****Rental arrearage (from 3-4 months)**
**   ****Emergency shelter (no time limits)**

**CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)**

**Benefits:**

## CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)

**   ****Scattered site**
**   ****Hotel/motel   **

**CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)**

**Emergency Shelter models:**

## CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)

**   ****Substance abuse**
**   ****Teen Living Programs (non-EA)**

**CURRENT PROGRAM (cont’d)**

## LESSONS LEARNED

**      ****separately within the shelter**
**      ****program**
**    ****Tie any services and benefits to **
**      ****family self sufficiency**
**    ****Social Services geared to whole**
**     ****family**

**LESSONS LEARNED**

## LESSONS LEARNED (cont’d)

**   ****Beware wide-open eligibility**
**   ****Identify issue specifically and match**
**    ****with available resources.**

**LESSONS LEARNED (cont’d)**
# Presentation: 157145

## Interfacing EPICS IOCs With Allen Bradley PLCs

- Applications
- Recent enhancements
- Backwards compatibility
- Reliability

## EPICS device and driver support for Allen Bradley DF1 protocol

- Originally written for (and funded by)  the KECK observatory
- Recently updated for APT high power RF and personnel safety subsystems

## DF1 Driver Applications

- IOC host architecture neutral
- runs on PC, VME, and VXI IOCs
- Point to point serial communication
- Allen Bradley Data Highway communication
- Allen Bradley KF2 standalone
- Data Link DL PC low cost ISA card

## Recent Enhancements

- Support for Allan Bradley PLC5 architecture
- Output tracking
- DF1 server
- Others

## Support for Allan Bradley PLC5 architecture

- PLC5 addressing
- Thanks to Eric Bjorklund for improved ASCII address parser
- PLC5 protocol
- Data type safe R/W
- Elements in files
- Improved access control granularity

## Output Tracking

- IOC initialization does *not* block for Initial output value query completion
- Output records in invalid / undefined alarm state until this query completes
- Output records track changes occurring in PLC  (they are processed)
- Potential side effects when output records have forward links

## DF1 server

- Allan Bradley PLCs see EPICS records as elements in files in a PLC5 on DH+
- Reduced latency
- Occurs when record addresses data highway node number of IOC

## Other Enhancements

- Specification of independent scan rate for each PLC5 file
- Each serial link or Data Highway may be assigned a different local node address
- “drvSerial” does not delete tasks when a link drops out

## Backward compatibility

- Continue to support original addressing and protocol of older PLCs
- additional testing required for this version
- Driver no-longer aborts a write in the queue so that it can be combined with another subsequent write

## Reliability

- This driver has been supporting the APT high level RF and window test systems since the beginning of the calendar year
- The driver has been very reliable on this very lightly loaded PLC5 system
- Now have operational experience with Allen Bradley Data Highway

## Getting a copy of the DF1 protocol driver described here

- KECK (Allan Honey) is the distribution point but I have not yet sent them a copy of this version

## In Memory Communication with VME Resident Allen Bradley PLC5?

- Contact Eric Bjorklund (LANL LANSCE-6) for his driver
- Both the DF1 driver (described here) and Eric’s VME driver use the same common PLC5 enhanced device support

## Conclusions

- The Allen Bradley DF1 device / driver support has been upgraded to support PLC5s, output tracking, and DF1 server operation.
- It has been very reliable under continuous production, but lightly loaded, operation of the APT high power RF system.
# Presentation: 211665

## NASA’s Research Spans Space and Time

**1 Second**

**1 Minute**

**1 Hour**

**1 Day**

**1 Year**

**10 Years**

**100 Years**

**1 Billion Years**

**10 Billion Years**

**1 mm**

** ****1 m**

** ****1 km**

**1,000 km**

**1M km**

**1B km**

**1T km**

**1G km**

**Tornadoes**

**Hurricanes**

**El Niño**

**Climate Change**

**Space Weather**

**Solar Variability**

**Star Birth/ Death**

**Galaxy Formation**

**Origin and Evolution of the Universe**

**Cell Processes**

**Fluid Physics**

**Human Health in Space**

**Solid Earth**

**Land Cover Change**

**Ecosystem Health**

**Planetary Science**

**Space Science****                     **
**Earth Science****                         **
**Biological and Physical Research**

***NASA’s Research Spans Space and Time***

**Nanoscience**

**Biotechnology**

**Atomic Physics**

## From Science to Societal Impact (and Back)

## Managing the End-to-End Information Flow

**Predictions**

**Calibration, Transformation To Characterized Geophysical Parameters**

**Interaction Between**
**Modeling/Forecasting**
**and Observation**
**Systems**

**Interactive**
**Dissemination**

**Multi-platform, multi-parameter, high spatial and temporal resolution, remote & in-situ sensing**

**Advanced Sensors**

**Data  Processing & Analysis**

**Information**
**Synthesis**

**Access to Knowledge**

**Managing the End-to-End Information Flow**

## Projected Computing Power Requirements

## Computational Climate Modeling

## Summary: Grand Challenges in Computational Climate Modeling

**Near term:  Computing power and software tools to enable assimilation into models of the large and diverse data sets now becoming available **
**Mid-term:  Integration of models of Earth system components, and capacity to enable sufficient runs (at regionally-discerning resolutions) of climate scenarios of interest**
**Long-term:  Creation of a complete Earth system model, and the capacity to run the model(s) in both research and operational modes**

***Near, mid-, and long-term designations connote emphases; we will need to be working on all of these in all three time frames!***
# Presentation: 396658

## LDCM OLI Level 1 Product Scaling

-  Note: OLI Level 1 Product is radiometrically and geometrically corrected
-  Terrain corrected
-   Resampled

## OLI Level 1 Product Scaling

- Level 1 product will be 16 bit integer - QCAL[l,s]
- Will be scaleable to reflectance or radiance with linear scaling factors (multiplicative[M] and additive[A] and/or MAX/LMAX and MIN/LMIN) that are provided with product
- Reflectance scaling factors (M A will be for zenith sun(s=0) and include Earth-Sun distance correction(consistent with MODIS Level 1B product):
- ’ [l,s]  = M * QCAL[l,s] + A[l,s]cos(s [l,s])
- M and A intended to be fixed for all time
- Convert to scene and pixel specific reflectance:
- [l,s] = ’[l,s]/ cos(s l,s])
- Scene center s provided in product metadata
- Radiance scaling factors (ML AL
- L[l,s] = ML * QCAL[l,s] + AL
- Where:
- ’[l,s] is the zenith sun exoatmospheric reflectance
- L[l,s] is the spectral radiance (W/m2 sr m)
- [l,s] is the local solar zenith angle exoatmospheric reflectance
- s l,s] is the local solar zenith angle for pixel [l,s]
- l is the line number
- s is the sample number

## Notes

- Radiance and Reflectance calibrations are independent
- Separate traceability
- NIST standard of spectral irradiance (via FASCAL)
- NIST calibrated reflectance panel
- Not related by published solar irradiance curve
- ML and AL will vary with time of year due to Earth-Sun distance variation

## Backup

## MODIS Level 1B Product (TOA Reflectance)

- For a given band:
- ’[l,d]= [l,d]cos(s l,d]) = (ESdist)2 m1[d]Qimagenetlin[l,d]
- (this is equation (1) from Xiong et al, (2003), translated into the symbols used in OLI algorithm descriptions):
- Where:
- ’[l,d] is the zenith sun exoatmospheric reflectance as reported in the Level 1 data product
- [l,d] is the local solar zenith angle exoatmospheric reflectance
- s l,d] is the local solar zenith angle for pixel [l,d]
- ESdist is the Earth-Sun distance in astronomical units
- m1[d] is the reflectance calibration coefficient for detector d, based on the observations of the diffuser and the pre-launch measured reflectance of the diffuser.
- Qimagenetlin[l,d] is the bias and non-linearity corrected detector response in DN
- l is the line number
- d is the detector number

## MODIS Reflectance Calibration Factor

- m1[d]=(BRF cos(s(SD)))/(QSDnetlin[d] (ESdist(SD))2 )
- Where:
- BRF is the Bidirectional Reflectance Factor of the Solar Diffuser for the diffuser observation
- s(SD) is the solar zenith angle for the diffuser observation
- QSDnetlin[d] is the bias and non-linearity corrected response to the diffuser for this observation in DN
- ESdist(SD) is the Earth-Distance for this diffuser observation

## LDCM Reflectance Processing 

- We are proposing converting to radiance first before converting to reflectance:

- m1[d]=RGL[d]

- So:
# Presentation: 694871

## Field Biology of WN Virus

**Prospects for the Future:**
**Lessons Learned and Future Research**

**Roger S. Nasci, Ph.D.**
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
- National Center for Infectious Disease
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

**Field Biology of WN Virus**

## Factors Determining Rates of Transmission

**Reeves, W.C., 1967. Factors that influence the probability of epidemics of western equine, St. Louis, and California encephalitis in California. Calif. Vector Views 14:13-18.**
**Monath, T.P., 1980. Epidemiology. in T.P. Monath, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington DC. American Public Health Assn. 239-312.**

## West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle

**West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle**

## Virus

- Zoonotic Flavivirus using avian amplifier hosts, ornithophilic vectors.
- Strain highly infectious for North American birds, causing mortality and high viremia.
- Overwinters in hibernating *Cx. pipiens* mosquitoes.
- Vertical transmission efficiency?
- Overwintering in other species?

## Vectors

**Vectors**

- Avian enzootic-epizootic vectors
*Cx. pipiens, Cx. restuans*
- Mammalian epizootic, human epidemic vectors
*Cx. pipiens*, *Cx. restuans*?
- Other species as accessory vectors?

## WNV-positive species 

| Ornithophilic |
| --- |
| Cx. pipiens |
| Cx. restuans |
| Cs. melanura |

| Mammalophilic |
| --- |
| Ae. canadensis |
| Ae. cantator |
| Ae. triseriatus |
| Ae. trivittatus |
| An. punctipennis |

| Opportunistic |
| --- |
| Cx. salinarius |
| Ae. albopictus |
| Ae. vexans |
| Ps. ferox |

| Unknown |
| --- |
| Ae. atropalpus |
| Ae. japonicus |

**Host-Use Patterns of **
**WNV-positive species**** **

## Vectors

**Vectors**

- Vector competence of potential accessory vectors?
- Host-use patterns?
- Influence of local ecology on risk?
- Value of various species as indicators of transmission activity – human risk?

##  Avian Amplifiers

- Susceptibility to WN virus widespread.
- Valuable as surveillance indicators.
- Primary amplifier hosts?
- Identification of species for use as sentinels?
- Evaluate and modify sentinel chicken system?

##  Avian Amplifiers

- Bird-to-bird transmission?
- Relevance to transmission dynamics?
- Relevance to surveillance?

##  Mammals

- Infected with WN virus.
- Mortality (big brown bat, little brown bat, rabbit, chipmunk, gray squirrel, horse, cat)
- Seropositive dog
- Valuable as surveillance indicators.
- Identification of species for use as sentinels?
- Role as  amplifier hosts?

## Humans

- Behaviors and habitat structures associated with risk of infection?
- Socioeconomic status, occupation, housing standards, travel, habits?
- Impact of residential vector production on risk?

## Vector Management

- Efficacy of control mechanisms?
- Source reduction
- Larvicide
- Adulticide – routine and emergency intervention
- Resistance baseline data and resistance management practices?

## West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle

**West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle**
# Presentation: 024840

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit**

- Bill Hohman
- NRCS Wildlife Team, CNTSC

- Kathryn Boyer
- Fisheries Biologist, NRCS WNTSC

**__________________________**

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

**Goal?**

- Improved efficiency and quality of field office planning, implementation, management and monitoring for fish and wildlife and their habitats

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

**Concept?**

- A _**gateway**_ through which agency field staff and conservation partners would pass to access technical resources needed to plan, implement, manage and monitor activities for fish and                               wildlife and their habitats.

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

**KEY ELEMENTS of F&W etoolkit**

- Comprehensive
-   – using all sources of science-based information

- Organization
-   - NRCS planning framework

- Dynamic
-   - regular updating

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

- Nine-step NRCS Planning Framework

-  identify problem
-  determine objectives
-  inventory resources
-  analyze resource data
-  formulate alternatives
-  evaluate alternatives
-  make decisions
-  implement plan
-  evaluate plan

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

- SHOW TIME!!!!!!

**Example – WRP site in central Iowa**

## Migratory Bird 

**Black-billed Cuckoo**

**Bobolink**

**Sedge Wren**

**Yellow Rail**

**Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow**

**Greater Prairie-chicken**

- Migratory Bird
- Conservation
- Objectives?

## Migratory Bird ConservationObjectives?

- Grasslands
- Wetlands
- Riparian

- ____________________

**Birds as indicators of **
**ecosystem health**

## GRASSLANDS?

**Black-billed Cuckoo**

**Bobolink**

**Sedge Wren**

**Yellow Rail**

**Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow**

**Greater Prairie-chicken**

**GRASSLANDS?**

## WETLANDS?

**Black-billed Cuckoo**

**Bobolink**

**Sedge Wren**

**Yellow Rail**

**Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow**

**Greater Prairie-chicken**

**WETLANDS?**

## RIPARIAN?

**Black-billed Cuckoo**

**Bobolink**

**Sedge Wren**

**Yellow Rail**

**Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow**

**Greater Prairie-chicken**

**RIPARIAN?**

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

- Inventory and Analysis

## Fish and Wildlife Habitat Electronic Toolkit

**____________________**

- Toolkit Needs Updating!!!
-   Integrate new  and existing 	information
-   Expand feedback/case study 	elements
# Presentation: 697078

## Suspicious Activity Report Filing Trend for American Samoa                                                                              For the Period April 1, 1996 through December 31, 2007

***Total SARs: 253***

**Suspicious Activity Report Filing Trend for American Samoa                                                                              For the Period April 1, 1996 through December 31, 2007**

## Characterizations of Suspicious Activity for American Samoa

- Note:  The pie chart represents the top nine characterizations plus additional characterizations in total.
-            An individual SAR may cite more than one characterization.  Hence, the number of characterizations detailed here significantly exceeds the total number of SARs.

**Characterizations of Suspicious Activity for American Samoa**
**For the Period April 1, 1996 through December 31, 2007**

## American Samoa Mortgage Loan Fraud SAR Filing Trend For the Period April 1, 1996 through December 31, 2007

***Total SARs: 2***

- Note:  Suspicious Activity Report statistical data is continuously updated as additional reports are filed and processed.  For this reason, there may be minor discrepancies between the statistical figures contained in this report and those in previous FinCEN reports.  Annual numbers for this exhibit are calculated by ***Subject Address*** and not filer address; therefore, the annual totals appearing in the above graph do not match those in Section 1, Exhibit 8 (Characterization of Suspicious Activity by State & Territory by Year).

## Suspicious Activity Report Geographic Pattern for American Samoa

**For the Period January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007**

***Due to the low volume of Suspicious Activity Reports for the ***
***Territory of American Samoa, mapping is unavailable.***
# Presentation: 801134

## I Dream of Software!

**I Dream of Software!**

- Jim Fruchterman, Benetech

## Dr. King’s Legacy  He charged us to pursue justice and equality

- Being asked to give a “I Have a Dream” presentation
- Not possible to achieve that power
- But, honoring Dr. King’s legacy means dreaming about opening the doors of opportunity to all
- I will try to help us all dream about how to open doors for people with disabilities

## Envisioning an Accessible Future  Dreaming is the first step

- Community leaders dream of an accessible future
- Civil rights
- Social attitudes
- The destruction of barriers
- Equal access to employment and education

## Building the Accessible Future  Technology Plays an Important Role

- Technologists dream of how to make it so
- Making tools
- Building bridges
- Improving capabilities
- Lowering cost
- Creating access
- Technology is not the end, but the means

## I Have a Software Dream  Changing the lives of people with disabilities 

- I dream of universal access
- Equality and opportunity are tied to fundamentals:
- Education
- Literacy
- Communication
- Employment opportunity
- The community needs tools to achieve these

## Software is the Key  Built on ubiquitous networked hardware

- The ingredients for an accessible future
- Powerful, inexpensive devices
- Adaptations can be added to mainstream products
- Cheap, high bandwidth communications
- Access to services

## Dreaming of Devices  Mainstream Gadgets

- I have a dream
- That all devices are usable by people with every kind of disability
- That these devices are affordable by everybody who needs them throughout the world
- That people with disabilities will have the tools they need to fully participate in our technological society

## Dreaming of Design  Changing the way designers think

- I have a dream
- That technology will be designed to adapt to each of us, rather than the reverse
- That designers of technology design universally, for the whole population, rather than for themselves
- That Open Source technology delivers basic access
- That off-the-shelf products work great for everybody

## Dreaming of Content  The World of Ideas

- I have a dream
- That the web be an instrument for empowering all people with disability
- That the intellectual and cultural legacy of humankind be available to all humans
- That nobody will drop out of school or lose a job because they can’t get the information they need

## ConclusionSoftware Means Easily Achievable

- We’re on the brink of a fully accessible future
- The tools for greater opportunity will be widely available
- If we can dream it, software can do it!

## Join With Us to

- Change the World!
# Presentation: 669723

## Temperature Compensation

- Vehicle-Tank Meters
- NIST Short Course

## Effect of Temperature Change on Product

- 100 Gal                   of fuel

## Effect of Temperature Change on Prover

## Prover Expansion

- Mild Steel Coefficient
- 0.0000186 / °F
- Example 80 °F (80 – 60 x 0.0000186 x 100 gal = 8.6 in3)
- Stainless Steel Coefficient
- 0.0000265 / °F
- Example 80 °F (80 – 60 x 0.0000265 x 100 gal = 12 in3)

## N.4.1.1. Automatic Temperature Compensation

- N.4.1.1. Automatic Temperature Compensation. - On devices equipped with automatic temperature compensating systems, normal tests shall be conducted as follows:
- 	a) by comparing the compensated volume indicated or recorded to the actual delivered volume corrected to 60oF; and,
- 	b) with the temperature compensating system deactivated, comparing the uncompensated volume indicated or recorded to the actual delivered volume.
- 	The first test shall be performed with the automatic temperature-compensating system operating in the “as found” condition.  On devices that indicate or record both the compensated and uncompensated volume for each delivery, the tests in (a) and (b) may be performed as a single test.
- 	(Amended 1987)

## T.2.3.5. Auto Temp Comp Systems

*	**T.2.3.5.  Automatic Temperature  Compensating Systems. - The difference between the meter error (expressed as a percentage) for results determined with and without the automatic temperature-compensating system activated shall not exceed:*
*	**a) 0.2 percent for mechanical automatic temperature compensating systems; and*
*	**b) 0.1 percent for electronic automatic temperature-compensating systems.*
*	**The delivered quantities for each test shall be approximately the same size.  The results of each test shall be within applicable acceptance or maintenance tolerance. [Nonretroactive as of Jan , 1988]*
*	**(Added 1992) (Amended 1992 and 1996)*

## ATC Tolerances --Sample Calculation

- Run a 100-gallon test draft with ATC, fast flow
- Run a 100-gallon test draft without ATC, fast flow
- Electronic ATC; Maintenance Tolerance
- _Maintenance Tolerance (75 in__3__): _
- 	_ATC Tolerance (Electronic):_
- 	max difference is 0.1%

## ATC Tolerances --Sample Calculation (cont.)

- _Sample Results:_
- _with ATC_ activated:  -46 in3
- _without ATC_ activated: +18 in3
_**Difference:**_  -46 in3 to +18 in3 = range of 64 in3
- 64 in3 /231 = 0.28 gal
- 0.28 gal/100 gal = 0.28%
- Meets Maintenance Tolerance But...
- _Exceeds Electronic ATC Tolerance of 0.1%_
# Presentation: 444589

## Open MPI- Overview

**Richard L. Graham - LANL**
**LA-UR-05-1253**

## Collaborators

**Indiana University**
**The University of Tennessee**
**Sandia National Laboratory - Livermore**
**The University of Stuttgart (HLRS)**
**Los Alamos National Laboratory**

**Technical Leads:**
- Jeff Squyres : Indiana University
- Rich Graham : LANL
**URL:**
- www.open-mpi.org
**License:**
- BSD style

## Motivation

**Consolidation: Merger of ideas from prior implementations:**
- FT-MPI: University of Tennessee (Data types, process fault tolerance, high performance)
- LA-MPI: Los Alamos (Pt-2-Pt, data fault-tolearnce, high performance, thread safety)
- LAM/MPI: Indiana University (Component architecture, dynamic processes
- PACX-MPI: HLRS - Stuttgart (dynamic processes, distributed environments, collectives)

## Motivation - Cont

**Extend/enhance previous ideas**
**Design for Heterogeneous environments (optimize use of available resources)**
- Network
- Cluster Nodes
**Design for change**
- Component failure
- Resource changes
- Application demand

## Design Goals

**MPI-2**
**High Performance**
**Fault tolerant (optional)**
**Thread safe**
**Based On Component Architecture**
**Flexible run-time instrumentation**
**Portable**
**Maintainable**
**Production quality**

## MPI Component Architecture (MCA)

**User application**

**MPI API**

- Modular Component Architecture (MCA)

- ...

**Notes:**
The point of this picture is that Open MPI’s MCA has lots more component types vs. LAM/MPI

i.e., Open MPI is extending the concepts started in LAM/MPI

## Point-to-Point

**MPI API**

- MPI Component Architecture (MCA)

## Pt-2-Pt Components

**Pt-2-Pt Management layer**
- MPI aware
- Fragments
- May request Acks
- Reassembles
- Data Fault tolerance

**Pt-2-Pt Transport layer**
- Data mover
- Message Matching
- Responsible for own progress (polling or async)

## Infiniband Port

**Initial port to Mellanox’s VAPI (OSU, Mitch Sukalki, Steve Poole)**
**Port to Open IB stack when user level verbs are ready**
**Ping-Pong Bandwidth: 959.5 MB/sec**
**Involved with the Infiniband S/W Pathforward, and the IB HCA proposal**

## Future Work

**Finish Open MPI’s first production release (this quarter)**
**RedStorm port. IBM interested in LAPI (Purple) and BG/L ports.**
**Data Fault Tolerance (expand on LA-MPI)**
**Process Fault Tolerance (expand on FT-MPI and CPR type ideas)**
**Pull out RTE as a separate product**
# Presentation: 699250

## Socio-EconomicGoals of theNational Furniture Center

- Mark Dunkum
- Director, Security and Furnishings Division

**Notes:**
Hello, my name is Mark Dunkum and I am the Director of the Security and Furnishings Division at the GSA National Furniture Center.  Today, I will be speaking about how the National Furniture Center’s Socio-Economic goals regarding Small Business.

## Socio-Economic Goals:  Schedule SalesFY 05 as of 7/7/2005

| Small Disadvantaged Businesses
Goal 5% | FY 05 | 137,225,941 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | FY 04 | 162,201,059 |
|  | % Change | -15% |
| 8A Businesses | FY 05 | 37,507,372 |
|  | FY 04 | 30,064,462 |
|  | % Change | 25% |
| Woman-Owned Small Businesses
Goal 5% | FY 05 | 55,486,267 |
|  | FY 04 | 70,008,909 |
|  | % Change | -21% |
| Woman-Owned Small Disadvantaged Businesses | FY 05 | 3,270,839 |
|  | FY 04 | 2,811,888 |
|  | % Change | 16% |

**Socio-Economic Goals:  Schedule Sales****FY 05 as of 7/7/2005**

**Notes:**
Here are our goals for
Small Disadvantaged Businesses
8A Businesses
Woman-Owned Small Businesses
Woman-Owned Small Disadvantaged Businesses

## Socio-Economic Goals:  Schedule SalesFY 05 as of 7/7/2005

| 8A Woman-Owned Small Businesses | FY 05 | 1,633,725 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | FY 04 | 979,879 |
|  | % Change | 67% |
| Veteran-Owned Small Businesses | FY 05 | 15,878,705 |
|  | FY 04 | 17,987,133 |
|  | % Change | -12% |
| All other Small Businesses | FY 05 | 403,374,966 |
|  | FY 04 | 597,688,304 |
|  | % Change | -33% |
| Total Small Business Goal
23% | FY 05 | 606,097,074 |
|  | FY 04 | 597,688,304 |
|  | % Change | -33% |

**Socio-Economic Goals:  Schedule Sales****FY 05 as of 7/7/2005**

**Notes:**
Here are our goals for
8A  Woman-Owned Small Businesses
Veteran-Owned Small Businesses
All other Small Businesses
Our Total Small Business Goal

## For More Information

- NFC Point of Contact: Mark Dunkum
- Phone: 703-605-9205
- Website: _http://www.gsa.gov/furniture_
- Email: _mark.dunkum@gsa.gov_
- Mailing Address:
- GSA National Furniture Center
- 1901 South Bell St., Suite 403
- Arlington, VA 22202

**Notes:**
So, now we have spent time discussing the MAS programs, and ways for all of you to become a corporate partner and sell to the Federal Government.  If you should need additional information, please refer to the telephone numbers, websites, email and addresses shown on this slide.  And again, I am Rose Hudgens/Chris Bennethum, Deputy Director, Procurement Operations/Director, Marketing & Business Development.  Now, are there any questions?
# Presentation: 204118

## ABC Block Copolymer-Nanoparticle Co-Assemblies

- Ulrich Wiesner, Cornell University, DMR 0605856

- In analogy to the biological protein machinery, the monomer (block) sequence information of synthetic, non-natural macromolecules can be used to encode information about molecular level structure and functionality of co-assemblies with dissimilar materials like, e.g., ceramics. This may lead to the design of entirely new classes of materials with properties that have no analogue in the natural world. In the current project this concept is being pursued by using ABC triblock copolymers as structure directing agents for nanoparticles of aluminosilica sols (see top Figure on the right). For the resulting hybrids a ABCD woodpile lattice has been observed that is schematically shown in the bottom figures to the right. To the best of our knowledge such a structure has not been observed before for a self-assembly system which is quite exciting and motivates further in-depth studies.

- Molecular structure of the ABC triblock copolymer and aluminosilica precursors.

- Stick and space-filling model of the ABCD woodpile lattice structure found for the ABC triblock copolymer- aluminosilica hybrid.

- PEP–*b*–PEO–*b*–PHMA     +  sol

- G.E.S. Toombes, S. Mahajan, M. Weyland, A. Jain, P. Du, M. Kamperman, S.M. Gruner, D.A. Muller, U. Wiesner, *Self-assembly of four-layer woodpile structure from zig-zag ABC copolymer/aluminosilica concertinas*, Macromolecules (2007), revised manuscript stage.

## ABC Block Copolymer-Nanoparticle Co-Assemblies

- Graduate students Marleen Kamperman, and Scott Warren as well as undergraduate student Billy Yau, are involved in the research supported by this grant.

- Ulrich Wiesner, Cornell University, DMR 0605856

**Outreach**
- The Wiesner group is active in multiple outreach activities under the umbrella of the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR). One highlight during the past year was the participation in the Kavli Institute Journalist’s Workshop on Nanotechnology  in May 2007 (see Figure below).

- Grad student Marleen Kamperman participating in CCMR’s 2007 Kavli Institute workshop for science journalists.

- This workshop was designed to give science journalists hands-on lab experience led by grad students, in addition to lectures, panel discussions and a tour of the Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility.

- Another example is the organization of a social gathering for all female grad students in the College of Engineering of Cornell University in July 2007, initiated by Wiesner group grad student Marleen Kamperman together with grad student Lydia Contreras (see Figure above).

- 2007 Social gathering for female engineering grad students.
# Presentation: 062460

## PETER WOOLNER
MITRETEK SYSTEMS
KAY METCALF
NOAA GOES DCS PROGRAM MANAGER

- MITRETEK SYSTEMS
- KAY METCALF
- NOAA GOES DCS PROGRAM MANAGER

- NOAA DECISION BRIEFING

- STIWG AND TWG
- NOVEMBER 7-8, 2006
- ASHEVILLE, NC

## GOES DCS SYSTEM CAPACITY

- The DCPR transponder works best when uplink power is kept to as narrow a range as possible for each signal type
- Achieving a narrow range is difficult – antenna gain, loss for pointing, cable loss, aging, and temperature are variables
- Capacity for CDMA links (e.g. random channels) can be increased by reducing required uplink EIRP to significantly lower levels than previously proposed
- This can be done and still retain acceptable operation for all links within the specified range
- Changes can be implemented with GOES N
- Some initial deployment could start immediately

## CAPACITY INCREASE

| CHANNEL TYPE | G-11 & -12 CHANNEL CAPACITY | GOES-13 CHANNEL CAPACITY | CHANNEL CAPACITY INCREASE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 300 bps | 96 | 185 | 89 |
| 1200 bps | 2 | 5 | 3 |
| CDMA | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| 100 bps (International) | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Satellite Power (measured PLT) | 36.5 dBmi | 50.5 dBmi | 14.0 dB |

## RECOMMENDED POWER LEVELS

- 300 bps		39 to 41 dBmi	from 47 to 50 dBmi
- 1200 bps		45 to 47 dBmi	from 50 to 53 dBmi
- CDMA		38 to 40 dBmi	none
- 100 bps		34 to 50 dBmi	no change
- 100 bps links will only be permitted for international users (assumed they will remain few at any given time)
- These levels are the lowest that will give acceptable performance, with margin, to a DRGS with 15 dB/K G/T
- Checks were made at 10% increments throughout transition
- Also assumed 10% of channels from “the other” satellite

## EIRP IMPLICATIONS

- Transmit power control will be required to achieve the recommended 2 dB EIRP range
- Without power control the achievable range is wider – 4 dB or more
- A wider range of EIRP is more likely to overpower low power transmissions and will allow for fewer CDMA channels

## ISSUES TO RESOLVE

- How do we technically control power?
- How much control do we allow users and installers to have?
- How much control do we allow owners and NOAA to have?
- How do we accurately measure EIRP with current pilot issues?

## STIWG ACTION

- NOAA asks STIWG to commit to supporting the new power levels proposed above
- NOAA asks STIWG to participate in finding acceptable solutions to the issues defined above
- STIWG will participate in making start/stop decisions based on finding acceptable solutions

## Level of Urgency

- GOES 12 to GOES 13 transition is only about 4 years away (possibly less)
- Transition will be easiest if made slowly
- NOAA needs lead time for DAMS and DAPS upgrades
- Manufacturers need lead time to build and certify models to the revised standards
# Presentation: 359200

## Public Trust in Scientific Experts on Obesity

- Sara Bleich
- Robert Blendon, ScD

## Background

- Society is characterized by a growing number of risks
- Trust is an important factor for understanding public perception and acceptance of risks
- The public is unlikely to change attitudes towards a particular risk if they do not trust the source of information
- ~400,000 of preventable deaths in the U.S. are due to poor diet and physical inactivity

## Research Questions

- What are the predictors of trust in scientific experts? Do they vary by the type of expert?
- Obesity scientists
- CDC scientists
- Scientists in general
- Does trust predict public willingness to pay attention to scientific advice?

## Data and Analysis

- _Data Sources:_
- Harvard School of Public Health Obesity Survey, 2005 (N = 2,033)
- General Social Survey, 2004 (N = 2,812)
- _Analysis:_
- Logistic regression

## Predictors of Trust in Experts

| Independent Variable | Trust in experts on obesity |
| --- | --- |
| Female | 1.55 (.20) *** |
| Black | 0.69 (.14) |
| Hispanic | 0.55 (.14) * |
| Education | 1.16 (.06) ** |
| Age | 0.86 (.03) *** |
| Democrat | 1.30 (.20) |
| Independent | 0.80 (.12) |
| SR Weight | 0.80 (.08) * |
| Physical Activity | 1.08 (.15) |
| Fruit & Veg. Intake | 0.88 (.12) |
| Perceived Risk | 1.19 (.17) |
| Trust |  |
| N | 1638 |

| Trust in CDCon obesity | Confidence in Scientific Comm. |
| --- | --- |
| 1.35 (.19) * | 0.78 (.13) |
| 0.86 (.21) | 0.18 (.06) *** |
| 0.82 (.24) | 0.50 (.16) * |
| 1.18 (.07) ** | 1.55 (.12) *** |
| 0.94 (.04) | 0.94 (.05) |
| 1.21 (.21) | 1.07 (.22) |
| 0.84 (.15) | 0.67 (.14) |
| 1.02 (.11) |  |
| 0.94 (.15) |  |
| 0.98 (.15) |  |
| 1.09 (.15) |  |
|  |  |
| 1266 | 829 |

** p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001, Note: Results reported as odds ratios.*

## Predictors of Attention to Experts

| Independent Variable |
| --- |
| Female |
| Black |
| Hispanic |
| Education |
| Age |
| Democrat |
| Independent |
| SR Weight |
| Physical Activity |
| Fruit & Veg. Intake |
| Perceived Risk |
| Trust |
| N |

** p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001, Note: Results reported as odds ratios.*

| Public Attention to experts |
| --- |
| 1.69 (.23) *** |
| 1.36 (.31) |
| 1.44 (.38) |
| 1.31 (.07) *** |
| 1.11 (.05) * |
| 1.54 (.27) * |
| 1.03 (.17) |
| 1.28 (.13) * |
| 0.95 (.14) |
| 1.01 (.15) |
| 1.18 (.18) |
| 4.73 (.67) *** |
| 1633 |

## Policy Implications

- Scientists should focus their messages on the most receptive groups
- The scientific community must maintain public trust in all actions and activities
- The target audience does not trust experts but pays attention to them

## Conclusions

- Trust in scientists is not uniform across sociodemographic groups
- Public trust in experts is not entirely dependent on the type of scientific expert
- Public trust is critical to public willingness to pay attention to experts
- More research is needed to make the current messages more effective to the target population
# Presentation: 840707

## TM Report - global_CalMuon-7.00

**Elizabeth Gallas, Levan Babukhadia**
**(Trigger Meisters... for now)**
***See the TM HomePage***
**http://www-d0.fnal.gov/trigger_meister/**
*** ***

- Commissioning Meeting
- May 10, 2002

- Babukhadia,Gallas/TM Report

- May 10, 2002

## global_CalMuon-7.00

- Changes since 5.10:
- L2 and L3 Muon filtering
**single muon **_**(L2 rejection !)**_ MU_[C,F,W,A]_L2L3L0
**di-muon**
- 	2MU_A_[L2]L3L0
**muon + EM (muon ‘all’ region)**
- 	MU_EM_[L2]L3L0
**muon + CJT3 (muon ‘all’ region)**
- 	MU_JT3_[L2]L3L0
**muon + 2CJT3 (muon ‘all’ region)**
- 	MU_2JT3_[L2]L3L0
- QCD ‘Gap’ triggers
- 7 triggers using 3 additional ExpGrps
- JT_15TT_[GapN,GapS,GapSN] and their respective zero_bias_* triggers
- Change MP rates for QCD Jet triggers
- JT_65TT, JT_95TT and JT_125TT

- 1mu_all L2reject 38%
-               L3reject 19%

- 2mu_all L2reject 33%
-               L3reject 25%

- Babukhadia,Gallas/TM Report

- May 10, 2002

## 7.00 in use since 8-May-2002 23:40

**Store **
**1303 @**
**18.5E30**

**10****th****,20:05**
**1305 @**
**15.7E30**

- Babukhadia,Gallas/TM Report

- May 10, 2002

## Recent Highlights

- Luminosity
- 15-20E30
- Problems:
- VRC (3D)
- L2
- DAQ
- SMT
- Upcoming changes:
- L3 tracking (L3 group now testing)
- global_CalMuon-6.10
- L2 EM and JET (2 Special runs)
- JET_L2Test-1.00
- EM_LO_and_HI-1.10
- L2MU added to standard MUON test
- muon_allL1-1.20

- Babukhadia,Gallas/TM Report

- May 10, 2002
# Presentation: 498970

## Human Performance

- Dr. Paula Sind-Prunier

## Exclusions

- Drugs and Alcohol
- Medical Condition
- Training and Experience
- Visibility

## Hours of Duty

- Modified log
- Continuously on duty for 19.75 hours
- Almost 14 hours of driving during the on-duty period

## Circumstances of the Crash

- Braking and steering responses, albeit delayed
- Distraction/inattention vs. fatigue

## Inattention, Sleep Loss, and Fatigue

- Reduced vigilance
- Lapses in attention
- Poor regulation of attention
- Limited self-awareness due to impaired judgment

## Slide 6
# Presentation: 692346

## American Burying Beetle in Texas

**Sean P. Edwards**
**Arlington, TX Ecological Services**
**Field Office**

##                              Historic Locality Records

-                              Historic Locality Records

## Slide 3

## 	 	223 captures = 0.53 beetles / trap-night

- ABB surveys of Camp Maxey & vicinity, (Godwin  & Minich)

- Summer 2005-	415 trap-nights
- 	 	223 captures = **0.53 beetles / trap-night**
- Summer 2006-	532 trap-nights
- 		  68 captures = **0.12 beetles / trap-night**
**	****	**90 trap-nights conducted in Red River County
- 		10 trap-nights outside Camp Maxey in Lamar County
- 		  0 captures
# Presentation: 132801

## Novartis Initiatives

**Dear Doctor letter (Sept 2004)**
**Mailed to AMA list (Hem, Onc, Hem/Onc)**
**ADA list of oral surgeons**
**All urology offices purchasing Zometa****®**
**Rolled out patient brochure addressing oral health and ONJ **
**Updated fair balance statement to include ONJ in all promotional materials**

**(NS22-11) Med Services ONJ.ppt slide 1**

## Patient Outreach RegardingOsteonecrosis of the Jaw

**Patient advocacy group meetings (May 2004)**
**9 groups representing multiple tumor types (breast, myeloma, prostate, lung, and kidney, leukemia, lymphoma)**
**Additional follow-up to 14 advocacy groups (Dec 2004/early 2005) **
**Planned activity: post ODAC briefing teleconference with patient advocacy groups**

**(NS22-18) Patient Advocacy ONJ.ppt slide 2**

## Patient Brochure

**(NS21-1) “Taking Care of Yourself While Living With Cancer: Dental Health and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw” Novartis Patient Information Brochure. 2004.**

## Novartis Initiatives—Patient Education 

## ONJ White Paper

**(NS21-1) “Taking Care of Yourself While Living With Cancer: Dental Health and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw” Novartis Patient Information Brochure. 2004.**
# Presentation: 717202

## Mine Emergency Response Interactive Training Simulation

**August Kwitowski**
- Pittsburgh Research Laboratory/NIOSH

## New Way To Train Command Center Leaders

- Internet-based computer simulation
- Passes on “lessons learned” from past mine emergencies
- Past research: interviews; literature analysis; investigations of mine emergencies; merds/mocks

## Training Command Center Leaders

- Teaches the importance of planning and preparation
- Allows learning, no-risk practicing, and testing of mine emergency decision-making and leadership skills
- Emergencies rare; workforce aging

## MERITS Trainer’s Role

- Plan the Session
- Present Introduction
- Observe Simulation
- Conduct Debriefing

## Trainee’s Role

- Superintendent of Bottleneck #1 Mine
- Work together

- The Superintendent’s Office

## Web Based Interface

## Documents

- Trainees can learn about the mine by reviewing mine background information and plans

## Logs

- Trainees can learn more about usual conditions and be updated on changing conditions by reviewing mine logs

## Communication Tools

- Telephone
- Co-workers
- Mine maps
- Supply inventory
- Shift reports
- Roof control plans

- Mine phone
- Notebook
- Personnel Roster
- Tag in/out board
- Fan charts
- ERP

- Trainees can take actions such as issuing orders, requesting information, and viewing the mine map

## Bottleneck #1 Map

## Mine Map Views

- Displays mine systems such as escapeways, SCSR caches, and mine phones
- Records locations relevant to simulation problem

## Preparedness Starts with Planning

## Required Planning

- Posted arrangements with mine rescue team
- Posted arrangements for medical assistance

## Response Plan Details

## MERITS Field Tests

- State of Pennsylvania Inspectors
- Mine Rescue Teams
- State of Colorado Trainers
- United Mine Workers of America
- Mine Company Personnel

## Trainee Evaluation Results

- Most believed it helped them to know how to prepare for real emergency
- Most believed storyline was “realistic” or “very realistic”
- All believed it helped them learn how to better handle real emergency
- None were bored during simulation

## What’s Next?

- Press release; CD; free
- Train-the-Trainer Workshops
- Grand Junction, CO, June 21, 2002
- Beckley, WV, October 2002

## For More Information

- Contact Launa Mallett:
- 412-386-6658
- lmallett@cdc.gov
- Contact Augie Kwitowski:
- 412-386-6474
- akwitowski@cdc.gov