# Presentation: 907366

## Comments from Japan

**Aichi University**
**    ****Masako Bando**

**Comments from Japan**

## Status of Japan

- Young generation
-  Olympic competition of physics???
-      Status of high school boys
- Silver generation
-    Powerful and curious, especially women
-      → Not only physics but ecology etc

## Common Problem

- Modern Physics
-     hard, Cool, difficult
- Gap between specialists and people
- Gap between daily life and physics
- Gap between researching and teaching
-       etc・・・・・・・

## Compare JPS and JCS

- Serious problem of pollution caused by
- Artificial  chemical products.
- Students who measure chemistry drastically decreased
- Many trials and appeals
-                   to get social understanding

## Physics    v.s   Chemistry

- Cosmos                      Ecology
- Neutrino                     pollution

**I need good instruments of such but still do feel these are not enough. **

## Characteristics of Physics 

- The ratio of women in Physicists
-   Women in Physics may be
-      the least in all fields
- The ratio of women physicists
-      Japan may the least in the world
-                                High energy physics
-                                Space science
-                                Biotechnology
-                                Computer Science

**Why??**

- Big science

## Investigation of students by questionnaire 

- Hate some kinds of key-wards
-    symbols and figs of atoms together electron,
-                log, square root,
-                 Aversive Stimulus
-                Σ, sin  vector  cell

## Students measuring non-natural science may give some hints・・・・・・

- They often watch TV program
-       “search X” “project X”
- They prefer to take natural science lectures
- They are curious enough
- They do not think that they did not take
-    natural science course because of bad text books
-    or teachers.

##  1

** ****1**

**Possible Experiments **
**for big Classes**

## 20 century      Modern Physics 

**  **Relativity + Quantum theory
**                ****+**
**  ****Phase transition**

## Solid State Physics Inflation UniverseUnified Theory 

**Solid State Physics Inflation Universe****Unified Theory**** **

**Kanazawa University**
**Aoki et al **

**Social phenomena**

## High technology 

                         Primitive experience 
Most of the experiments 
            from outside of objects

       They become atoms or molecules 

-                          Primitive experience
- Most of the experiments
-             from outside of objects
-        They become atoms or molecules

**Extreme situation **

## Group Experiments  Ising model

**           ****Measuring**
** ****Management or Law**

**Group Experiments****  Ising model**

## start

**start**

## Rule     red ⇔ blue

- The dominant color of nearest people
- Change color if your color is different
-      from 1
- Keep the same color if your color is the same as 1

## Final stage

**Final stage**

## They say・・・・・・・

***Same phenomena may    **
**  ****occur in our society, **
**   ****fashion, vote, for example**
*** found boundary effects !**

**They say****・・・・・・・**

## Responses

**Fashion, Trends ****?**

**I can understand it**
**since I became **
** ****a molecule**

**Application to traffic flow**
**(physics students)**

## Data from Hanshin highway

**Vertical: car density **

**Q **

## 最適速度模型 (Optimal Velocity Model)   前車との相互作用

**   ****Simulation**

## Video show 

**     ****by kinder-garden children**
***700 students experiments**
**     ****about 16-8 steps after **
**          ****colors become uniform            **

**Video show **

## Variation

**U****235**** Nuclear  decay **

**The concepts  **
***Chain reaction**
***Critical mass**
***Critical density  **
***Controller  **

## In this case we need 

-   Neutrons
-       beans
-       drops wrapped by fancy paper
-       news paper
-  Clean up class rooms
-       radioactive nuclear garbage

##  2

** ****2**

**What Images **
**Do Japanese Students **
**Have About Einstein****?**

## Einstein

- 1905 →  2005 WYP

- General relativity
- Photon theory
- Brownian motion

-  Manhattan project

**Einstein**

## Another point of view 

-            **Physics**** **
** **
**  ****Society**

## From Currie to Einstein

## Historical Events of Atomic Energy

**1895**** ・****X ray**
**1898**** ・****Currie**** ****Natural radioactive elements**
**1905    ****・****Einstein  E=mc****2**** **
**1938    ****・****nuclear reaction U235**
**1939    ****・****APS meeting **
**               ****Letter of Einstein to The president  **
**1940    ****・****Mode committee  **
**1941    ****・****Fermi, Oppenheimer critical mass**
**1942    ****・****Manhattan project**
**1943**** ・****Los Alamos Institute**
**         **
**1945**** ・****Frank report (June)**
**            ****・****Hiroshima, Nagasaki (Aug.)**
**1949**** ・****Soviet Union Hydrogen Atomic Bomb** ** **
**1950**** ・****Stockholm appeal **
**1955**** ・****Russell Einstein appeal**
**        **
**              ****against Atomic energy weapons **

**Nuclear energy**

**Manhattan Project**** **

**Atomic Bomb **

**After the War 2 **

## Einstein

- The **rise of Nazism and the horrifying events of World War II forced him to reconsider his anti-war position**. Concerned the Nazis were building an atomic bomb, he urged the United States to build one first. Six years later, when the bomb was dropped on civilians, Einstein openly regretted his action and became a **champion of nuclear disarmament** for the rest of his life.

## In the last week of his life Einstein collaborated with Bertrand Russell on a manifesto concluding with a resolution to be presented to a world convention of scientists which read:
   In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purposes cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them.

**   ****In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purposes cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them.**

## Students

- I thought that Einstein was the scientist who made atomic bomb.
- I understand that he wanted to make atomic bomb before Hitler.
- Are Scientists so naïve to predict that army may use in a wrong way?
- It is common phenomena that science is wrongly used. Social system is important.

## Madame Curie

** ****Marie Sklodowska was born on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland. Her early years were strongly influenced by her parents, who were both educators. She later joined with Faculty of Sciences at the Sorbonne. This made Marie the first woman to teach at the university level in France.**
**Marie Curie shared with her husband, Pierre Curie, the honors for discovering two radioactive elements, radium and polonium. The discovery of these elements laid the foundation for future discoveries in nuclear physics and chemistry. **

## I am now planning to organize・・・・・・・

-   “ What Einstein dreamed? ”
-         in Aichi University
-     Organized special class
-     collaborating with lectures

##  3

** ****3**

**Possible Roles of **
**Women Scientists **
**In Science Societies**

##    I would like to comment on possible, important roles women researchers may take. Women usually experience more multi-style lives than men. Many of them spend less time in pure scientific work than men, but they make more effort to change their social and natural environments and are more concerned with family care and daily life than men. Such experiences of women may contribute to the creation of new areas in science.  I believe that quality of science and the atmosphere of academic society will improve when men and women appreciate different experiences and perspectives, share them, and work cooperatively. 

**Note that **

**3 ****women scientists**

## New Area by Women Scientists 

- 歴史的警告

##                                                                                        
                                             1927: born 
                                             1947:Rutgers University
                                             1978: graduate course
                                                                       1985: PhD
                                                                       1988-  WWF-US

 She is Director of the Wildlife and Contaminants Program, and Senior Program Scientist, at the World Wildlife Fund. Colborn was a grandmother with a background in pharmacy when she returned to school and got her Ph.D. at the age of fifty-eight. She is the co-author of Our Stolen Future (1996) and organizer of a groundbreaking 1991 meeting at the Wingspread conference center in Wisconsin that brought together scientists to discuss the evidence on endocrine disruption.

-                                              1927: born
-                                              1947:Rutgers University
-                                              1978: graduate course
-                                                                        1985: PhD
-                                                                        1988-  WWF-US
-  She is Director of the Wildlife and Contaminants Program, and Senior Program Scientist, at the World Wildlife Fund. Colborn was a grandmother with a background in pharmacy when she returned to school and got her Ph.D. at the age of fifty-eight. She is the co-author of Our Stolen Future (1996) and organizer of a groundbreaking 1991 meeting at the Wingspread conference center in Wisconsin that brought together scientists to discuss the evidence on endocrine disruption.

-  **Theo Colborn****       **
**        **

##  

1907-1964 Ecologist

** **
- 1907-1964 Ecologist

|     "The more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe about us, the less taste we shall have for destruction."  |
| --- |
| -- Rachel Carson © 1954 |

## Another woman

**Alice Hamilton**

**1869**
**  ****-**
**1970**

**  ****The founder of occupational**
**   ****medicine, first woman professor at Harvard Medical School and the first woman to receive the Lasker Award in public health**

## Future prospects

**Characteristics of Women**
**Women love human beings **
**as well as science**
**(although this is not yet proven!!)**** **

**Women are more involved by**
**Child care and Family care than men.**

**Women experience more multi-style life.**

## The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics was held in Paris, France, from March 7 to March 9, 2002. The primary purpose of the International Conference on Women in Physics was to understand the severe under-representation of women worldwide and to develop strategies to increase their participation in physics. The conference will serve as an initial focal point for ongoing activities to implement these strategies. It is the first international conference to be held on this topic. 

- _[Dr. Judy Franz](mailto:beamon@aps.org)_c/o American Physical SocietyOne Physics EllipseCollege Park, MD 20740 USAFax:      1 301 2090865Phone:  1 301 2093269_[beamon@aps.org](mailto:beamon@aps.org)_

## Ratio of marriage people
Ratio of people having children
Number of children 

**Ratio of people having children**
**Number of children **

- Family Situation

## Ratio of marriage-people in Academia (JPS data) 

**Marriage is not a very serious barrier****   **

## Average number of children(Industry of JSAP data) 

**Child Care Leave System**

## Experience of Chairing Conferences
Experiences of executive positions of academic societies 

**Experiences of executive positions of academic societies **

- Research Activity

**Publication of papers, etc.**
**Talks in conferences, etc.**

**Women in Physics **
**We hope to change the world **

**.**

**Budget distribution may become more transparent with humanity if women join decision-making  committees.**

**Creation of new area involving life, peace ecology, etc., if women enjoy science.**

**Madame Currie, Raychel Carlson, Theo Colborn**

**Atmosphere of academic society **
**Without Nomiya**

## Golden Age      of women scientists

-   **Women can be more active after children care period**
**From the talk **
**      ****at the IUPAP Conference **
**        “****Women in Physics”**
**     ****March 2002 in Paris**
**    **

## Survey of Questionnaire JOINT PROJECTSbut different questions JPS (The Physical Society of Japan)  JSAP(Japan Society of Applied Physics )

**Encouraged by IUPAP activities**
**Thanks to “Women in Physics”**
** **

## Example: Number of papers (JPS data)

**Initial condition is almost equal **
**but difference is appreciable from around 35 years old. **

**Example: Number of papers (JPS data)**

## Macroscopic Analysis of Life Cycle of Academic Activity   

**Male**

**Female**

** ****Preliminary calculation from the age distribution of publications**

## Average working hours at home

- 0.0

- 0.5

- 1.0

- 1.5

- 2.0

- 2.5

- Under 20

- 30-34

- 35-39

- 40-44

- 45-49

- 50-54

- 55-59

- Over 60

- Average hours(H)

- men

- women

**Overall, women work longer hours at home****.**

**In the higher age groups, women work even longer hours at home.**

- 3-3

## Average working hours in the office

- 9.0

- 9.5

- 10.0

- 10.5

- 11.0

- 11.5

- Under 20

- 30-34

- 35-39

- 40-44

- 45-49

- 50-54

- 55-59

- Over  60

- men

- women

**Overall, women work less hours in the office. **

**Situation reverses in the over 60 age group**

- 3-2

## hour

- 9.0

- 9.5

- 10.0

- 10.5

- 11.0

- 11.5

**図11**

- 0.0

- 0.5

- 1.0

- 1.5

- 2.0

- Below 20

- 30-34

- 35-39

- 40-44

- 45-49

- 50-54

- 55-59

- Above 60

**At office**

**At home**

**Physicists can see more clearly**

**Microscopic analysis **
**As well as**** **
**Macroscopic analysis**

** ****Lifecycle analysis**
**Academic Achievements**

##  example 1

**Microscopic Approach for  ****Life Cycle of Academic Activity****   **

**Women with 3 children**** **
**Example 1**

**Cited from “Marriage, Motherhood and Research Performance in Science” **
**By J.R.Cole and H. Zuckerman cited from Science (1987)**

## Example 2

**Women with 2 children**** **
**Example 2**

## Thank you for your attention!