# Presentation: 020361

## The National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP)

**Joanne Holden**
**David Haytowitz**
**Pamela Pehrsson**

- Agricultural
- Research
- Service

## Intake Assessment of  Dietary Components

**Food Intake**

**Component Values**

**Component Intake**

**Supplement Intake**

**Notes:**
Include footnote that Foods includes food and beverages

## National Nutrient Data BankNutrient Data Lab, BHNRC, ARS, USDA

**The “reference” source for food composition data**
**Foundation for most other databases**
**	****- National surveys**
**	****- Therapeutic and research databases**
**	****- Food frequency questionnaires**
**	****-  Product development, labeling, regulation **
**Internet access and CD-ROM**

## Expansion of Food Composition Databases

**Expansion of Food Composition Databases**

**Food and Nutrient Data Dietary System**
**(FNDDS)**
**7000 “Recipe” Foods reported by Participants**
**~62 Components**
**Yield & Nutrient Retention Factors**
**All Cells Filled**

**Nutrient**
**Database for**
**Standard**
**Reference (SR)**
**7100**
**Foods**

**Special Interest**
**Databases**
**Literature**
**Analytical Reports**
**Food Industry**

- “**Short” Lists of Foods**
**& Values**

**FFQ**

**3000**
**Foods**

## Information  Flow

- <date/time>

**Information  Flow**

**Analytical Data**
**(NFNAP, FCL, TDS, etc.)**

**Industry Data**

**Data from **
**Scientific**
**Literature**

**Label**
**Information**

**Database**

**Imputations**

**Formulations**

**Recipes    Algorithms**

**Standard**
**Reference**
**(SR)**

**Nutritive **
**Value of Foods**
**(HG72)**

**Special Releases**
**(Vitamin K, Carotenoids**
**Flavonoids, Choline, **
**Fluoride)**

**Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys**

## Database Applications

**NHANES:  USDA’s FNDDS**
**Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)**
**2005 Dietary Guidelines & MyPyramid.gov**
**Clinical research**
**GCRCs**
**CRCs**
**Epidemiological research**

## NFNAP 1 

**1997 – 2005**
**Designed to improve the quality and quantity of data in USDA food composition databases**
**Provide baseline nutrient data for important foods**
**Provide information on nutrient variability in foods**
**Targeted foods and nutrients**
**General and AI/AN population groups**

## NFNAP 1: Principle Aims

**Identify and prioritize Key Foods and nutrients**
**Evaluate quality of existing data**
**Develop sampling plans**
**Analyze samples under USDA sponsored contracts**
**Compile and disseminate data**

## Aim 1: Key Foods and Critical Nutrients

**Key Foods provide about 75% of the intake of a specific component or nutrient to the diet**
**Based on nutrients of public health significance**
**Consumption x concentration**
**Foods alone and as ingredients**
**Some foods are “key” for several nutrients**
**Approximately 675 foods**
**Ranking of Key Foods helps to set priorities for future research**

## Aim 2: Evaluate Quality of Existing Data

**Existing data were evaluated against the following criteria****:**
**Sampling plan**
**Sample handling**
**Number of samples**
**Analytical methodology**
**Analytical Quality Control (QC)**
***-Existing data were frequently missing this information***
***-Rating system applied to “emerging bioactive” components***

## Aim 3: Develop Sampling Plans

**Sample states selected proportional to the state population (US Census, 2000)**
**Sample counties dispersed over the 48 states**
**Sample counties selected proportional to the county population**
**Sample Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA) selected proportional to CMSA population**
**12 primary locations, multiples (24, 48), and random subsets of the primary 12 selected**

- (Census 2000 and projected 2001 Census estimates)

## Aim 4: Analysis of Samples

**Use qualified commercial analytical labs **
**For special nutrients, cooperative agreements with scientists at universities and government agencies**
**Vitamin K: Tufts Univ., Dr. Booth**
**Choline: Univ. of North Carolina, Dr. Zeisel**
**Fluoride: Univ. of Iowa, Dr. Levy**
**Proanthocyanidins: Univ. of Arkansas, Dr. Prior**
**Folate & Tocopherols: Univ. of Georgia, Dr. Eitenmiller**
**Fatty acids (including trans): Univ. of Maryland, Dr. Sampugna**
**Phytosterols, folate (5MTHF): VPI&SU, Dr. Phillips**

## Aim 4: Analysis of Samples

**Use of validated analytical methods**
**Quality Control**
**Certified reference materials **
**National Institute of Standards and Technology**
**American Association of Cereal Chemists**
**Others (Europe, China, etc.)**
**“****In-house” materials developed **
**Cross validation of analyte concentrations**

## NFNAP Infrastructure

- <date/time>

**NDL**

** ****Primary Labs**
**Commercial**
**contracts**

**Sample**
**Pickup**
**Contract**

**Statistical **
**Consultants**
**(NASS)**

**FALCC**
**Texas Tech**
**Univ. Wisconsin**

**NFNAP Infrastructure**

**Industry **
**Collaborations**

**Specialty Labs**
**Cooperative **
**agreements**

## Aim 5: Data Compilation and Dissemination

**Data reviewed by Quality Control Panel**
**Data migrated to NDL’s Nutrient Databank System (NDBS)**
**Data aggregated by NDL’s staff scientists using statistical algorithms developed as part of NDBS redesign**
**Released in SR**
**Released in Special Interest Tables**

## Nutrient distribution and bias

- x

- x

## NFNAP 1: Significant Findings

**Complete analytical profiles for foods!**
**Fat levels in ground beef show major changes **
**Fat in pizza doubled**
**10 g vs. 5 g/100g in cheese pizza **
**β-carotene in broccoli lower**
**361 μg/100 g  compared to 778 μg/100 g in prelim. data**
**Vitamin C in MDII cultivar of pineapple ****doubled compared to older cultivars**
**Monounsaturated fatty acids lower in “jarred” spaghetti sauce**

## Impact of DRI Changes

|  | Folate | Vit. A | Vit. E | Vit. B12 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | mg | IU | IU | μg |
| 1974 | μg | RE | IU | μg |
| 1980 | μg | RE | α-TE | μg |
| 1998-2001 | DFE&
ug | RAE& ug | Mg
alpha | μg |

**Incorporated “Added” Vitamin E and “Added” vitamin B12 to database to address different units for DRI upper limits**

## β-Carotene in Broccoli

**NFNAP**

**Lab 1, Pass 1**
**Lab 1, Pass 2**
**Lab 2**

**Car98**

## Selenium in Ground Beef

- <date/time>

**Selenium in Ground Beef**

## Research and Methods Support

**Supported development or enhancement of analytical methods for:**
**Folate: FCL**
**Choline: UNC**
**Flavonoids: FCL**
**Proanthocyanidins: U. ARK.**
**Phytosterols: VPI**

## Research Infrastructure Support

**Developed QC program for fluoride database**
**Previously unknown to dental community**
**Developed series of control composites for NFNAP QC program**

## Research Findings: Folate

**Demonstrated storage stability of folate**
**Supported development of method to measure added folate and 5-methyltetrahydratefolate**
**Updated database to reflect**
**Changes in enrichment standards**
**Adoption of Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFEs) in DRIs**
**Showed variability between labs**

## Folate Variability between Labs for Different Food Items

- μg / 100 g

## Fluoride variability in municipal water

- Number of samples

- Mg/100 g ppm

## Slide 27

## Bioactive Compounds	

| Component | Year | Number of food items |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Isoflavones | 1997 | 128 |
| Flavonoids | 2003
2006 | 225
~400 |
| Fluoride | 2004
2005 | 400
427 |
| Proanthocyanidins | 2004 | 205 |
| Choline | 2004 | 434 |

## Research Accomplishments: NFNAP1

**36 peer-reviewed publications/conference proceedings **
**23  oral presentations**
**71 poster presentations**
**12 database releases**
**3 articles in Agricultural Research Magazine**
**Other media**

## NFNAP 2 - 5 New Project Objectives

**Institute a monitoring program for Key Foods and other foods**
**Conduct a comprehensive analysis of selected foods**
**Develop databases for high priority foods consumed by U.S. ethnic subpopulations**
**Databases for bioactive components**
**Develop validated database for ingredients in dietary supplements**

## Institute Monitoring Plan

**Designed to track changes in nutrient content of the food supply**
**Industry reformulations**
**Changes in nutrition labeling regulations**
***Trans***** fatty acids**
**New DRIs**
**Public health concerns**
**Obesity**
**Carbohydrates (e.g., added sugars, fiber)**

## Institute Monitoring Plan	

**Identify foods and nutrients**
**Pickup of reformulated margarines in March 2006**
**Pickup of reformulated cookies/crackers in April 2006**
**Develop sampling plan**
**Analysis of limited nutrients in each food**
**Statistical Assessment of differences**

## Conduct Comprehensive Analysis of Selected Foods

**Foods not analyzed in first phase of NFNAP**
**Poultry products**
**Rotisserie chicken (analyzed in FY2005)**
**Fast Food products (1****st**** sampling 2/6/06)**
**Fresh/frozen chicken/turkey**
**FDA’s top 20 seafood, fruits, vegetables for nutrition labeling**

## Ethnic Foods

**Hispanic/Latino**
**African American**
**Asian/Pacific Islanders**
**Native Americans/Alaskan Natives**

## Ethnic Foods

**Increased rates of diet related diseases**
**Obesity**
**CV disease**
**Diabetes**
**Cancer**
**Use of traditional foods**
**USDA support from 2006**

## Hispanic/Latino Foods

**Analyzed ~30 foods under NFNAP 1**
**Diverse population**
**Mexican**
**Cuban**
**Puerto Rican**
**Central/South America**
**Varying degrees of acculturation**
**Working with NCI to develop food priorities**
**Full profile of nutrients to be analyzed**

## Bioactive Compounds: Future Research

**Vitamin D**
**Collaboration with food industry (e.g. Coca Cola, National Dairy Council), universities, and government incl.  FCL**
**Validation of methods of analysis**
**Development of control materials**
**Identify foods and develop sampling plans**
**Trans fatty acids - reformulations**
**N-3 fatty acids database**
**Conjugated linoleic acid?**
**Glucosinolates/isothiocyanates?**

## Cost of Analyses

**Sample pickup**
**~$1,000 per food (12 pickup locations)**
**Sample preparation**
**~$3,500 per food (4 composites)**
**Analyses**
**~$1,500 per sample**
**~$6,000 per food (4 composites****)**

## Gaps in Knowledge

**Lack of data for restaurant foods**
**Limited nutrient profiles for some products**
**Magnitude of variability for some foods and nutrients unknown**
**Labs’ analytical expertise for some components**
**Limits of NIST Standard Reference Materials and QC materials**

## Conclusions

**Original analytical data are an essential part of USDA’s  food composition databases**
**Since the food supply is dynamic continuous support is required**
**Nationwide sampling is critical**
**New methods, new priorities, new protocols**