# Presentation: 303646

## Annual Reviews of Nuclear Science 25, 555, 1975THE PARTICLE DATA GROUP: GROWTH & OPERATIONS. 18 Years of Particle PhysicsArthur H. Rosenfeld,Department of Physics and LBL,UCBerkeley.

- 1957.  Gell-Mann and Rosenfeld.  Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. and
- UCRL 8030 by Barkas and Rosenfeld.
-    1st update of 8030, with original wallet card.  Then no revisions until 1961.
-   Several new baryon and meson resonances
-    Discoveries were pouring in.   Decided to comuterize.  TABSU
-       Galtieri, Bastien, Kirz, Rittenberg   Tried to pick resonances with a 90% survival probability.     TWO wallet cards.
-       Matts Roos (Copenhagen) published his tables in RMP, with 21 resonances which did not survive to the next edition.
- Merged “Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States”
-       Rosenfeld, Barbaro-Galtieri, Barkas, Bastien, Kirz, Roos, 27 pp.
-       3 wallet cards, available in two sizes  Dave Jackson advised us.
-   Started printing in both CERN and Berkeley.  Rare statistical fluctuations become commonplace.  1000 physicists scan 10,000 -20,000 mass histograms/year.
- 	    Gerry Lynch invents “GAME”   A Monte Carlo resonance generator

## At the 1967 Philadelphia meson conference Rosenfeld pointed out that at the present rate of  data processing, once attention had been drawn to the Kappa, it should be observed yearly at the 3 Standard Deviation level.          Comparison with flying saucers, or cancer from EM fields.       “In the next talk Prof. Aihud Pevsner said that he had intended to present new 3 SD evidence for the Kappa, but had changed his mind.”      Kappa slowly disappeared.

## Efficient Use of Energy, a Physicist’s Perspective September 25, 2006

**Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner**
**California Energy Commission**
**(916) 654-4930**
**ARosenfe@Energy.State.CA.US**
**http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.html**

## Slide 5

## Slide 6

## How Much of The Savings Come from Efficiency?

- Easiest to tease out is cars
- In the early 1970s, only 14 miles per gallons, now 21 mpg
- If still at 14 mpg, we’d consume **75 billion gallons more** and pay **$225 Billion more** at 2006 prices
- But we still pay **$450 Billion per year**
- If California wins the “Schwarzenegger-Pavley” suit, and it is implemented nationwide, we’ll save **another $150 Billion per year**
- Commercial Aviation improvements save another **$50 Billion per year **
- Appliances and Buildings are more complex
- We must sort out true efficiency gains vs. structural changes (from smokestack to service economy).

## How Much of The Savings Come from Efficiency (cont’d)?

- Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974 efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies

- Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or stand-by losses
- This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nation-wide
- Out of a total **$700 Billion**, a crude summary is that 1/3 is structural, 1/3 is transportation, and 1/3 is buildings and industry.

## A supporting analysis on the topic of efficiencyfrom Vice-President Dick Cheney

- “Had energy use kept pace with economic growth, the nation would have consumed 171 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus) last year instead of 99 quadrillion Btus”
- “About a third to a half of these savings resulted from shifts in the economy.  The other half to two-thirds resulted from greater energy efficiency”
***Source: National Energy Policy: Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, Dick Cheney, et. al., page 1-4, May 2001***
**Cheney could have noted that 72 quads/year saved in the US alone, would fuel one Billion cars, compared to a world car count of only 600 Million**

## Slide 10

## ∆= 4,000kWh/yr

- ∆**= 4,000kWh/yr**
**   ****= $400/capita**

## Slide 12

## Comparison of Fuel Economy – Passenger Vehicles

## Slide 14

## Slide 15

## Slide 16

## Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances

- Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE,
-  in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org

**75%**

**60%**

**25%**

**20**

**30**

**40**

**50**

**60**

**70**

**80**

**90**

**100**

**110**

**1972**

**1974**

**1976**

**1978**

**1980**

**1982**

**1984**

**1986**

**1988**

**1990**

**1992**

**1994**

**1996**

**1998**

**2000**

**2002**

**2004**

**2006**

**Year**

**Index (1972 = 100)**

**Effective Dates of **

**National Standards**

**=**

**Effective Dates of **

**State Standards**

**=**

**Refrigerators**

**Central A/C**

**Gas Furnaces**

**SEER = 13**

## Source: David Goldstein

## Source: David Goldstein

**Notes:**
The most effective path toward energy efficiency has been standards for autos, buildings, appliances, equipment,  etc.  The figure shows the remarkable gains in refrigerators.   The red smoothly rising line is the increase in size, and the unit energy use is not corrected for this, nor the fact that we’ve dropped CFC’s.   Since 1975,  refrigeration labels and standards have improved efficiency 5%/year for 25 straight years.  We have now saved 40 1-GW power plants, just due from refrigerators.

## Slide 20

## Slide 21

## Slide 22

## United States Refrigerator Use, repeated, to compare with

**United States Refrigerator Use, repeated, to compare with**

**Estimated Household Standby Use v. Time**

**0**

**200**

**400**

**600**

**800**

**1000**

**1200**

**1400**

**1600**

**1800**

**2000**

**1947**

**1949**

**1951**

**1953**

**1955**

**1957**

**1959**

**1961**

**1963**

**1965**

**1967**

**1969**

**1971**

**1973**

**1975**

**1977**

**1979**

**1981**

**1983**

**1985**

**1987**

**1989**

**1991**

**1993**

**1995**

**1997**

**1999**

**2001**

**2003**

**2005**

**2007**

**2009**

**Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year)**

**Refrigerator Use per **

**Unit**

**1978 Cal Standard**

**1990 Federal **

**Standard**

**1987 Cal Standard**

**1980 Cal Standard**

**1993 Federal **

**Standard**

**2001 Federal**

**Standard**

**Estimated Standby **

**Power (per house)**

**Notes:**
Shows the estimated growth of “standby” power, compared to refrigerators.  Standby power is still unregulated, and is already 5-10% of world residential kWh use.

This shows the need for vigilance and an aggressive standards program

## 三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比

**0**

**20**

**40**

**60**

**80**

**100**

**120**

**3 ****Gorges**
**三峡**

**Refrigerators**
**冰箱 **

**Air Conditioners**
- 空调

**TWh**

**2000 ****Stds**

**2000 ****Stds**

**2005 ****Stds**

**2005 ****Stds**

**If Energy Star**

**If Energy Star**

**TWH/Year**

**1.5**

**4.5**

**6.0**

**3.0**

**7.5**

**Value (billion $/year)**

**Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements**

**Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect.  Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL**

**Value of TWh**

**3 ****Gorges**
**三峡**

**Refrigerators**
**         ****冰箱 **

**Air **
**Conditioners**
**空调**

**Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh**
**Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh**

**三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比**

**标准生效后,****10****年节约电量**

## MW

**Annual Peak Savings from Efficiency Programs and Standards**

**0**

**2,000**

**4,000**

**6,000**

**8,000**

**10,000**

**12,000**

**14,000**

**1975**

**1976**

**1977**

**1978**

**1979**

**1980**

**1981**

**1982**

**1983**

**1984**

**1985**

**1986**

**1987**

**1988**

**1989**

**1990**

**1991**

**1992**

**1993**

**1994**

**1995**

**1996**

**1997**

**1998**

**1999**

**2000**

**2001**

**2002**

**2003**

**MW**

**Appliance Standards**

**Building Standards**

**Utility Efficiency **

**Programs at a cost of **

**~1% of electric bill**

**~  22% of Annual Peak in California in 2003**
**                  ****i.e. 22% in 30 years **

## Growth = 1.5%/yr

- Source: Stabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow, Science Vol 305, page 968

**Growth = 1.5%/yr**

## Slide 27

## Illuminating Space vs. the Street

## Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

**Notes:**
Cool colors look like standard colors, but reflect more sunlight and stay cooler.
Over half of the energy in sunlight arrives at the Earth’s surface as near-infrared radiation.
Cool-colored roofs reflect more of this invisible energy than do standard-colored roofs.

## Heat Mirror Windows – Steve Selkowitz, LBNL

- Low Emissivity films are required by building standards world-wide.  They reflect far infrared radiation.   Retain indoor heat in winter, reflect outdoor heat in summer.   They double the R-value of double glazing, and the inside pane is warm to the touch – more comfortable
- Before low-E, windows were 30% of the heat load of a home – now 15%.
- During a Montana winter, a north-facing low-E window, facing a snowy sunlit slope, is a net energy gainer.
- “Selective film are required for Commercial Buildings in California.  They reflect far- and near-infrared radiation, and halve the solar gain though windows; including car windshields in BMW’s etc.
- Modern windows save ~1 Mbod of oil equivalent, = Alaskan oil.

## Temperature Rise of Various Materials in SunlightDr. Hashem Akbari, LBL Heat Island Group

- 0.0

- 0.2

- 0.4

- 0.6

- 0.8

- 1.0

- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
- 0

- Temperature Rise (°C)

**Galvanized Steel**

**IR-Refl. Black**

**Black Paint**

**Green Asphalt Shingle**

**Red Clay Tile**

**Lt. Red Paint**

**Lt. Green Paint**

**White Asphalt Shingle**

**Al Roof Coat.**

**Optical White**

**White Paint**

**White Cement Coat.**

- Solar Absorptance

## Temperature Trends in Downtown Los Angeles 

**Notes:**
The annual maximum temperatures in Los Angeles show a cooling trend from the 1880s to the 1930s, probably because of increased irrigation and rapidly expanding orchards around the city. Since the 1940s, the temperatures have increased by about 6°F (1°F per decade). 

## Potential Savings in LA

**Savings for Los Angeles**
- Direct,   $200M/year
- Indirect, $140M/year
- Smog,   $360M/year
**Estimate of national savings: $10B/year**

## Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

**Notes:**
Cool colors look like standard colors, but reflect more sunlight and stay cooler.
Over half of the energy in sunlight arrives at the Earth’s surface as near-infrared radiation.
Cool-colored roofs reflect more of this invisible energy than do standard-colored roofs.

## From Cool Color Roofs to Cool Color Cars

**Toyota experiment (surface temperature 10K cooler)**
**Ford is also working on the technology**

## Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

**Notes:**
Cool colors look like standard colors, but reflect more sunlight and stay cooler.
Over half of the energy in sunlight arrives at the Earth’s surface as near-infrared radiation.
Cool-colored roofs reflect more of this invisible energy than do standard-colored roofs.

## UV Water Purification

## Ultra Violet Water Purification for Villages in Developing World

- Meet / exceed WHO and US EPA criteria
- Energy efficient:  60 watts disinfects 1 ton / hour
- Low cost:  4 cents disinfects a ton of water
- Reliable, Mature components
- Can treat un-pressurized water
- Rapid throughput: 12 seconds
- Low maintenance: once every three months
- >100 units now operating in India and Phillipines
- _[http://www.waterhealth.com/](http://www.waterhealth.com/)_

**Ultra Violet Water Purification for Villages in Developing World**

## Dr. Ashok Gadgil’s Darfur Cookstove Project

- In Nov.-Dec. 2005, he visited Darfur camps, and showed that with a $10 metal stove, and training to use it, only half the fuelwood is needed.
- The stove saves fuelwood worth $160 annually for a refugee family
- Since that time, Ashok Gadgil has improved stove efficiency by another factor of two
- http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/878538-hMpqN3/878538.PDF

**Dr. Ashok Gadgil’s Darfur Cookstove Project**

## Slide 40

## LEDs Powered with Photovoltaics

- Evan Mills at LBNL points out the following: If 1 billion people could replace kerosene lamps with LEDs, emissions would drop by the equivalent of 1.3 million barrels of petroleum per day
- http://eetd.lbl.gov/emills/PUBS/Fuel_Based_Lighting.html

## Growth = 1.5%/yr

- Source: Stabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow, Science Vol 305, page 968

**Growth = 1.5%/yr**

## .

- This talk available on my web page
- Just Google
- “Art Rosenfeld”