# Presentation: 661357

## Radio Noise Measurement and Related Standards 

- Akira SUGIURA
- Tohoku Univ., JAPAN

## Contents

**(1) **** **_**Measuring receivers: **_
**	****Conventional instrument**
**	****Response to various signals**
**	****Future instruments for digital**
**communication**
**(2) **_**Radiated noise measurements**_**: ****	****Measuring antennas**
**	****Antenna calibration**
**	****Standards for radiation measurement**
**(3) **_**Long term city noise measurements**_
** ****in Japan**

## Measuring Receivers

**Measuring Receivers**

**(1)  ****Conventional instrument**
**(2)  Response to various signals**
**(3)  Future instruments for digital**
**	****communication**

## Radio noise measurements

**Conducted**
**Noise**

**Radiated**
** ****Noise**

**EMI **
**meas. receiver**

**LISN**

**Antenna**

## EMI measuring receiver (1)

**Below 1 GHz, **
**  ****the measuring instrument is like an AM receiver,**
**  ****but the detector function is different.**

**The fundamental concept was proposed **
**by Aggers, et al. in 1940 .**

## EMI measuring receiver (2)

**	****Noises: electric razor, dc commutator machine, relays**
**	****Victim:  AM broadcast receivers (Listener =30)**

**Below 1 GHz, various detectors are used.**

## EMI measuring receiver (3)

**CISPR std.**
**	****IF Bandwidth:****	****1 MHz   **
**	****Video Bandwidth:****	****<1 MHz for weighting**
**	****Detector:****	****envelope + peak display**

## EMI measuring receiver (4)

**Recurrent pulse response (0.15-30 MHz)**

## Response to recurrent pulses (1)

## Response to recurrent pulses (2)

## Response to recurrent pulses (3)

## EMI measuring instrument

- for digital communication

**Amplitude Probability Distr.**
**APD(*****E******k*****)=[******** *****D******i******(E******k*****)] / *****To***

## APD measurement (1)

**Freq. scan stopped.**
**Various circuits**
**developed for APD**

**Example**

## Peak, QP, RMS, Av in APD

**Spauling, Disney**
**OT report 74-38,1974**

## Degradation in comm. system

**from microwave ovens**

** ****BER characteristics of PHS**

- caused by noise (1)

** ****Y. Yamanaka, IEICE Japan, J79-B-11,pp.827-834, 1996**

## Radiated Noise Measurements

**Radiated Noise Measurements**

**(1)  ****Measuring antennas**
**(2)  ****Antenna calibration**
**(3)  Standards for radiation **
**	****measurement**

## Radiated noise measurements

## Antenna factor

## Half-wave tune dipole antenna (1)

**Height dependence of AF**

**8**

## Biconical antenna

**9**

**Ant. factor & its height dependence**

## Log-periodic dipole array antenna

**T. Nagai, et al., IEICE (Japanese),****J81-B-II****,**** ****pp. 624-631, 1998****.**** **

**10**

## Log-periodic dipole array antenna

**H-plane Directivity**

**10a**

**T. Nagai, et al., Trans. IEICE (Japanese),****J81-B-II****,**** ****pp. 624-631, 1998****.**** **

## Bi-log antenna

**Fujii, et al.,  Trans. IEICE (Japanese), J84-B, pp.272-282, 2001**

**Antenna factor variation**

**Directivity**

## Antenna positioning

**Antenna positioning**

**(1) phase center location**
**(2) directivity**
**(3) near field effects**

**T. Nagai, et al., Trans. IEICE (Japanese),****J81-B-II****,**** ****pp. 624-631, 1998****.**** **

## Antenna calibration (1)

**<Reference Antenna Method>**

## Antenna calibration (2)

## What is to be measured 

- in radiated emission measurements ?

**1. accurate E-field ?**
**	****antenna: wide variety**
**	****calibration: for various freq., heights**
**	****	****	****& polarization****	****others: directivity to be limited**
**2. accurate received voltage ?**
**	****antenna: standardized**
**	****	****CISPR reference antenna**
**	****calibration: not required**
**	****         ****but correlation should be checked**

## Long-term 

**Long-term **
**City Noise Measurements**
** ****in Japan**
- 1971-1982

## Environmental radio noise (1)

**Spauling & Disney measured the APD (B=10 kHz) of man-made noise below 1 GHz at 103 points in USA**
**to evaluate the rms values.**
**OT report 74-38,1974 & CCIR report 258-3**

## Long-term city noise meas. (1)

_**Ministry of Posts and Telecomm. Japan**_
_**Quasi-peak measurements**_
_**Frequency and Years**_
**	**_**(1) VHF band:**_**	****50, 100, 200 MHz**
**	****	****	****1971, 1974, 1977, 1980**
**	**_**(2) MF band:**_**	****0.5, 1.0, 1.5 MHz**
**	****	****	****1972, 1975, 1978, 1981**
**	**_**(3) UHF band:**_**	****400, 600, 850 MHz**
**	****	****	****1973, 1976, 1979, 1982**
_**Environments**_
**	**_**Areas: **_**	****Japan (Business, Residential, Rural)**
**	**_**City Size:**_**  ****	****22 cities ( including Tokyo)**

## Noise Power vs. Population 

- Long-term city noise meas. (2)

## Long-term city noise meas. (3)

**B: business**
**T: total**
**L: residential**
**G: green zone**

## Long-term city noise meas. (4)

**B: business**
**T: total**
**L: residential**
**G: green zone**

## Long-term city noise meas. (5)

**Correlation is ambiguous**
**because**
**(1) near-by cars**
**  ****dominates**
**  ****the measurement results**
**(2) quasi-peak function**
**  ****masks many lower noises**

## Long-term city noise meas. (6)

**Noise level changes in accordance with**
**daily life pattern and activities**

## City noise

**noise waveform**

**APD**

## Airborne noise measurement

**h=600, 750, 1050, 1440m**

## Survey of man-made noise

**Existing data on man-made noise:**
**	****	****in quasi-peak values**
**	****	****below 1 GHz**
**	****	****at outside areas like road, highway, park**
**	****	****before 20 years ago**
**	****only a few data available**
**	****	****in rms values**
**Hence, measurements are needed**
**for future communication systems**
**	****	****in APD**
**	****	****above 1 GHz**
**	****	****at indoor environment as well as outdoors**

## Thank you very much !

**Thank you very much !**

**Looking forward to seeing you in EMC’04/Sendai, Japan**
_**http://www.ieice.org/emc04/**_** **