# Presentation: 061637

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients

- Karen B. Ekelman, PhD
*Presented To*:
- Animal Feed Safety System
- Public Meeting
- Gaithersburg, Maryland
- May 22, 2007

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients - Outline

- Introduction
- Feed Contaminants Program Data
- 	-  *Pesticides **	**	**-  Microbes*
*	**-  Elements**	**	**-  Dioxins*
*	**-  Mycotoxins**	**-  PCBs*
- Initial contaminant levels in ingredients for starter, grower and finisher swine feeds

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients

*1. Introduction*

## Ingredients: Initial Contaminant Levels

## Ingredients: Initial Contaminant Levels

- Challenge #1: Lack of data!
- For chemicals – Feed Contaminants Program, published data, expert opinion
- Data are particularly limited for elements
- For microbes – Feed Contaminants Program, published data, expert opinion
- Little or no data on levels of microbes in many feed ingredients and feeds
- Data on % of feeds and feed ingredients containing microbes are generally limited to *Salmonella* and *E. coli O157:H7*; much less data are available for other microbes of interest

## Ingredients: Initial Contaminant Levels

- Challenge #2:  Data are not always available for the ingredient!
- For example - Soybean meal
- Microbes – Plant products and byproducts
- Mycotoxins – Soybeans and soybean byproducts
- Pesticides – Soybeans and soybean byproducts
- Dioxins, PCBs – Soybean meal
- For example – Spray-dried blood cells vs. Choice white grease
- Microbes – Animal products and byproducts
- Mycotoxins – Animal products and byproducts
- Pesticides – Animal products and byproducts
- Dioxins, PCBs – Animal fats

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients

*2. FDA CVM Feed Contaminants Program Data*

## Feed Contaminants Program (FCP)

- Sampling and inspection program for non-drug, non-BSE-related hazardous contaminants in feed and feed ingredients
- Current FCP was published in 2005
*http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Documents/7371-003.pdf*

## Feed Contaminants Program (FCP)

- Pesticides
*Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, methoxychlor, diazinon*
- Elements
*Cadmium, lead, mercury*
- Mycotoxins
*Aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A*
- Microbes
*Salmonella enterica, E. coli O157:H7*
- Dioxins and PCBs

## Feed Contaminants Program – Pesticides

- FDA conducts routine, annual surveillance for levels of pesticides in animal feeds
- Feed ingredients and mixed feeds
- From 1989 - 2005, approximately 500 – 600 samples per year; since then, approximately 200 per year
- Data for AFSS swine feed model example are from 2000 - 2006
- Routine surveillance results are summarized each year by district and food commodity but not by individual pesticides; these annual reports will soon be available on CVM’s web page

## Feed Contaminants Program – Pesticides

## Feed Contaminants Programs – Pesticides

**YEARS**

## Feed Contaminants Program – Elements (Heavy Metals)

- Very limited surveillance of elements in feed and feed ingredients
- Some samples are collected in response to investigations (e.g., 2003 pet food investigation)
- Data used for the AFSS swine feed example are from 2000 – present (2007)
- Some data are available for:
**Cadmium**		Selenium		Nickel
**Lead**			Copper			Iron
- Arsenic		Zinc			**Mercury**
- Chromium

## Feed Contaminants Program – Mycotoxins

- Routine, annual surveillance for levels of 5 mycotoxins in animal feeds
- Aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A
- Approximately 200 – 250 samples of feed ingredients and mixed feeds per year since 1994
- For AFSS swine feed example, will use data from 1994 - 2004
- Results are summarized annually by district, food commodity and mycotoxin and will soon be available on CVM’s web page; a publication is also planned.

## Feed Contaminants Program – Mycotoxins

- Results:  FY05 256 samples (229 domestic, 27 import)
- 4 samples exceeded guidance, 7 samples were positive with no official guidance

| MYCOTOXIN | ANALYZED | POSITIVE | ABOVE GUIDANCE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aflatoxins | 201 | 13 | 2 (> 20ppb) |
| Fumonisins | 93 | 46 | 2 (> 5ppm) |
| Ochratoxin A | 17 | 3 | 3
(No guidance levels) |
| Zearalenone | 8 | 4 | 4
(No guidance levels) |
| Deoxynivalenol | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | 325 | 68 | 11 |

## Feed Contaminant Program - Mycotoxins

- Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) collected as part of routine surveillance sampling, 1999 – 2004, and as part of a special assignment during FY 2007 where 40 total samples are scheduled for collection.

| FEED INGREDIENT CATEGORY | YEAR(S) | TOTAL SAMPLES | % AFLA. + |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 
DDGS from corn
 | 2007 | 11 | 0% |
| 
DDGS
 | 1994 - 2004 | 37 | 0% |
| Corn and corn 
by-products 
 | 1994 - 2004 | 1471 | 19.44% |

## Feed Contaminants Program – Microbes

- Routine, annual surveillance of feed and feed ingredients for *Salmonella* and *E. coli O157:H7*
- About 200 samples collected per year, 1999 – present; data used for swine feed model example are from 1999 – 2003
- Plant- and animal-origin feed ingredients, mixed feeds, pet foods and pet treats
- Results reported as positive or negative; # of microbes per gram of sample is not determined
- Each *Salmonella* isolate is characterized by serotype, genetic fingerprint, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
- Results are summarized each year and will soon be available on CVM’s web page

## Feed Contaminants Program – Microbes

- Routine surveillance results are summarized each year and will soon be available on CVM’s web page

| FEED | # SAMPLES - SALMONELLA | % POSITIVE | RANGE % POSITIVE  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pet Treats (1999 - 2004) | 355 | 24.79% | 11% to 100% |
| Animal-origin Feeds and FIs (2001 - 2004) | 100 | 72.00% | 67% to 80% |
| Plant-origin Feeds and FIs (2001 - 2004) | 91 | 7.69% | 5% to 11% |
| Mixed and Complete Feeds (2001 - 2004) | 235 | 10.64% | 8% to 13% |

## Feed Contaminants Program – Microbes

- Special surveillance assignments
- Heat-treated and non-heat-treated swine feed (FY 05)
- Direct-human-contact feeds (pet foods/treats) (FY 06)

| SAMPLE DESCRIPTION | # SAMPLES | # POSITIVE FOR SALMONELLA | # POSITIVE FOR E. COLI O157:H7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Swine Feed | 31 | 4 | 0 |
| Heated Swine Feed | 15 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-Heated Swine Feed | 16 | 4 | 0 |

## Feed Contaminants Program - Dioxins and PCBs

- Special assignments almost every year since 1998, approximately 1000 total samples
- Goal has been to obtain information about the background levels in feeds and feed ingredients
- Sample collection and analysis also in response to specific dioxin-related issues (ball clay, zinc oxide, etc.)
- Expensive sample collection and analysis by the GC-MS “gold” standard method compared to biological methods (e.g., CALUX)
- Results reported as PPT TEQs (parts per trillion toxicity equivalents) for 10 dioxin and 7 furan congeners; recently, results also reported for 3 dioxin-like PCB congeners
- Congener patterns can help trace sources of contamination
- Results will be posted on CVM’s web page; several publications are also planned.

## Feed Contaminants Program - Dioxins and PCBs

- 1998 – anti-caking agents (ball clay)
- 2000 – animal fats, fish meal, meat and bone meal, deodorizer
-                    distillates, molasses
- 2001 – milk products, wood products, minerals, complete
-                    feed, vitamins, oilseed meals
- 2002 – minerals, forage, grains
- 2003 – minerals (in response to 2 contamination incidents)
- 2004 – animal and plant fats and oils used in animal feeds
-                    and in clays used to bleach/filter these fats/oils
- 2005 – rendered mammalian and poultry fats, yellow grease
-                    and filtering and bleaching agents
- 2006 – anti-caking agents, feed ingredients or bedding containing
-                    wood or wood products, and feed ingredients contacting or
-                    containing soil

## Feed Contaminants Program - Dioxins and PCBs

- Results:  Levels of dioxins in grains, grain by-products, and forages were consistently low and significantly below the EU limit for these products (0.75 ppt TEQ)

| PRODUCT | SAMPLES | RANGE (ppt TEQ) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Grains | n = 93 | 0.00  -  0.034 |
| Grain by-products | n = 49 | 0.00  -  0.074 |
| Forages | n = 10 | 0.00  -  0.046 |

## Feed Contaminants Program - Dioxins and PCBs

- Results:  Levels of dioxins in fish meal and fish oil samples were low and below the EU limit for dioxins in these products (1.25 ppt TEQ D/F for fish meal, 6 ppt TEQ D/F for fish oil), except for menhaden fish meal and fish oil.

## Ingredients: Initial Contaminant Levels

- Data may be available for some or all of the following:
- Specified ingredients
- Starting materials for ingredients
*Modifying contaminant levels for processing steps associated with a specific ingredient will be presented by Drs. Benjamin and Okelo*
- Complete feed (mixed feeds, feed supplements, etc.)
*Information on how to use contaminant levels in feed to check or validate some aspects of the risk ranking model will be discussed by Dr. Hooberman*

## Ingredients: Initial Contaminant Levels

| DIET INGRED. | INGREDIENT CATEGORY FOR CONTAMINANTS |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | SALMONELLA | METHOXYCHLOR | AFLATOXINS | DIOXINS |
| Corn | Plant products & byproducts | Corn | Corn & corn byproducts | Corn |
| Spray-dried whey | Animal products & byproducts | Animal products & byproducts | Animal products & byproducts | Milk & milk byproducts |
| Soybean meal | Plants products & byproducts | Soybeans & soybean 
byproducts | Soybean & soybean 
byproducts | Soybean
meal |

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients

*3. Contaminant Levels in Ingredients for Starter, Grower and Finisher Swine Feeds*

## Point Estimates vs. Distribution Measures

- Examples today use point estimates of data, usually the mean
- Model will use all available data, not just means:
- Median vs. mean; range
- Sample distributions and estimated population distributions
- May incorporate “static” representations of the distributions
- May use some method of random, iterative sampling from the distribution (e.g. Monte Carlo)

## Starter Swine Feed – Example

| Ingredient | Salmonella (% positives) |  | Aflatoxins (PPB) |  |  | Dioxins (PPT TEQ D/F) |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Category  | % Pos | Category | % Pos | Mean | Category | % Pos | Mean |
| Corn | Plant products & byproducts | 7.69% (n=91) | Corn & corn byproducts | 19.44% | 47 (n=1471) | Corn | 50% | 0.0091(n=26) |
| Soybean meal, 46.5% | Plant products & byproducts | 7.69% (n=91) | Soybeans & soybean byproducts | 4.09% | 8 (n=318) | Soybean meal | 100% | 0.0167 (n=10) |
| Select menhaden fish meal | Animal products & byproducts | 72% (n=100) | Animal products & byproducts | 1.85% | 110 (n=54) | Menhaden fish meal | 100% | 0.58 (n=22) |
| Choice white grease | Animal products & byproducts | 72% (n=100) | Animal products & byproducts | 1.85% | 110 (n=54) | Animal fats | 100% | 0.3379 (n=55) |

*D R A F T*

## Grower Swine Feed - Example

| Ingredient | Salmonella (% positives) |  | Aflatoxins (PPB) |  |  | Lead (PPM) |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Category  | % | Category | % Pos | Mean | Category | % Pos | Mean |
| Fat (animal) | Animal products & byproducts | 72% (n=100) | Animal products & byproducts | 1.85% | 110 (n=54) | Animal products & byproducts | 100% | 0.16 (n=2) |
| Limestone | All feeds & feed ingredients | 16.55% (n=145) | Minerals, mineral premix | 0% | 0
 (n=2) | Minerals, mineral premix | 67% | 2.2 (n=3) |
| Vitamin premix | All feeds & feed ingredients | 16.55% (n=145) | Vitamin, vitamin premix | 0% | 0
 (n=1) | Vitamins, vitamin premix | 0% | 0
 (n=0) |
| Trace mineral premix | All feeds & feed ingredients | 16.55% (n=145) | Minerals mineral premix | 0% | 0
 (n=2) | Minerals, mineral premix | 67% | 2.2 (n=3) |

*D R A F T*

## Finisher Swine Feed - Example

| Ingredient | Salmonella (% positives) |  | Chlorpyrifos-methyl (PPM) |  |  | Cadmium (PPM) |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Category  | % | Category | % Pos | Mean | Category | % Pos | Mean |
| DDGS | Plant products & byproducts | 7.69% 
(n=91) | Corn | 2.16% | 0.037 (n=972) | Plant products & byproducts | 100% | 0.04 (n=2) |
| Corn | Plant products & byproducts | 7.69% 
(n=91) | Corn | 2.16% | 0.037 (n=972) | Plant products & byproducts | 100% | 0.034
(n=2) |
| Limestone | All feeds & feed ingredients | 16.55% (n=145) | Minerals, mineral premix | 0% | 0
 (n=0) | Minerals, mineral premix | 100% | 1.1 (n=3) |
| Vitamin premix | All feeds & feed ingredients | 16.55% (n=145) | Vitamins, vitamin premix | 0% | 0
 (n=0) | Vitamins, vitamin premix | 0% | 0 
(n=0) |

*D R A F T*

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients – Next Steps

- Adjust initial contaminant levels in swine feed ingredients derived from Feed Contaminants Program data for information available in the published scientific literature
- Except for mycotoxins, little of the data available in the public literature is specifically for feed ingredients/feeds
- Where data are not available, or where data from different sources do not agree, use expert opinion to fill in the gaps or resolve discrepancies
- Problem – Expert opinion is not data
- Can determine how sensitive the risk ranking model results are to assumptions used (e.g., expert opinion); this can help identify the most critical data needed to improve the model’s results

## Next Presentations – Estimated levels of contaminants in swine feed	

- Estimate levels of contaminants in feed ingredients for which no data are available (e.g. spray-dried blood), based on how processing of the starting material (e.g. animal products and byproducts) is know or predicted to affect the level of contaminants in the ingredient
- Estimate levels of contaminants in swine feeds, based on ingredients used  and  on how feed processing is know or predicted to affect levels of contaminants.

## Initial Contaminant Levels in Swine Feed Ingredients

- Questions?