# Presentation: 199032

## Intel 64-bit Server Technology

- Philip King
- Solution Specialist
- Intel Corporation

## Agenda

- Intel® Server Processors
- Intel® XeonTM and ItaniumTM Platforms
- Extended Memory 64 Technology
- Micro-architecture comparisons
- Performance and Scalability
- Dual and Multi-core plans
- 64-bit Platform selection guidance

## Intel® Server Processor Roadmap

**®**

**Performance , RAS, Scalability**

** **

**2002**

**2004**

**. . .**

**Itanium® 2 **
**Processor**

**XeonTM**
**Processor**

**2003**

**2005**

**Itanium 2 **
**Processor **
**(Madison)**

**. . .**

**Nocona**
**(8/6/04)**

**Potomac**
**(Q2’05)**

**.18****μ**
** ****3MB iL3 cache**

** ****.13****μ**
** ****6MB iL3 cache**

** ****90nm**
** ****24MB iL3 cache**
**Dual-core**

** ****HT**
** ****.13****μ**
**2MB iL3 cache**

** ****HT; EM64T**
** ****1MB iL2 cache**
_**>**_** 3.6 Ghz; 90nm;**** **

**2006-Beyond**

**Montecito**
**(Q3’05)**

**Itanium 2 **
**Processor **
**(Madison Refresh)**

** ****.13****μ**
** ****9MB iL3 cache**

** ****HT; EM64T**
** ****4MB+ iL3 cache**
_**>**_** 3 Ghz; 90nm;**** **

_***Future Direction:***_
*** ******Larger Caches***
*** ******65nm process***
*** ******Multiple cores***
*** ******Multi-threading***
*** ******Virtualization***
*** ******>1 billion trans.***

## Intel® XeonTM Platform

- Intel® XeonTM Platform

**2004 Enhancements**

**2003 & Prior Enhancements**

**Future Enhancement**

**Hyper-Threading Technology**
**Intel® Netburst® micro-architecture**
**SSE & SSE2 instructions**

**Virtualization**
**User defined  power thresholds**
**Dual core CPUs**
**Fully buffered DIMMs**

**New SSE3 instructions**
**PCI Express***
**800MHz FSB**
**64-bit extension technology**

**Power management technology**
**Demand Based Switching (DBS)**
**DDR2 memory**
**Higher capacity & performance w/ lower power**

- Intel, Netburst and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

- * Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

## Intel® Itanium® Platform

**2005 Planned Enhancements**

**2004 & Prior Enhancements**

- EPIC architecture
- Enhanced Machine Check Architecture
- FMAC for floating-point leadership
- Largest on-die resources for demanding workloads

- Multi-core
- Virtualization
- I/O and memory
- Enhanced RAS
- Cost parity with Xeon processor based platforms (via common platform infrastructure)
- Up to 2X higher performance than Xeon based platforms

- Dual-core
- Multi-threading
- Power management technology
- Demand Based Switching (DBS)
- Automatic Control Power Consumption (ACPC)
- Enhanced system bus Bandwidth

- Foxton Technology (performance feature)
- Pellston Technology (cache reliability)
- PCI Express*
- Fully-buffered DIMMS (FBD) , DDR2

**Future Enhancements**

**And lower power than today**

**Notes:**
Foxton Technology - New performance feature on Montecito that can boost enterprise application performance
It automatically detects the power (watts) consumption of applications running on the processor/system.  If the power consumption is low, Foxton will be able to increase the processor frequency providing increased performance for enterprise applications.
Foxton technology is different from Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology:
 Foxton is a feature that helps increase processor performance  
 While Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology decreases frequency for applications with low processor utilization optimizing for battery life.
 Also Foxton may have more frequency/voltage setpoints than Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology

Pellston Technology - New RAS feature on Montecito providing increased cache reliability
The technology has the ability of detecting hard errors (very rare silicon defects that can potentially bring systems down) in the L3 cache and ability to prevent the hard error from bringing the system down.  Once Pellston detects there is a hard error in the L3 cache, it removes the hard error by disabling the guilty L3 cacheline.  The processor and system can continue normal operation.

## What is Intel® Extended Memory 64 Technology?

***Evolutionary IA-32 architectural enhancements to support extended memory past 4 GB***

**Additional Registers**
**8-SSE & 8-Gen Purpose**

**64-bit Integer Support**
**(Double Length)**

**Extended Memory**
**Addressability**
**64-bit Pointers, 64-bit Registers**

**+**

**=**

***With Intel® EM64T***

**Support for flat virtual**
**Address space**

- 64-bit
- 64/64

**Compatibility Mode**
**64 OS / 32 Apps**
**64-bit Mode**
**64 OS / 64 Apps**

**Legacy Mode**
**32 OS / 32 Apps**

**Features**

**+**

**Modes**

## Largest, most demanding workloads requires new approach

Benefits from the experience of past architectures

A convergence of the best minds in the industry

**RISC**

**Superscalar**

**EPIC**

**Performance**

**Time**

- Largest, most demanding workloads requires new approach
- Benefits from the experience of past architectures
- A convergence of the best minds in the industry

- Maximizes instructions executed in parallel
- Multiple execution units and issue ports

- Large and fast on-die cache
- 128 general registers, 128 floating point registers, 8 branch
- Efficient management engine
- Register stack engine
- 4 GB page size

- Modular
- Able to seamlessly add execution resources, issue ports

**Massive on-chip resources**

**Performance through parallelism**

**Scalable**

**IBM 370, VAX 11***
***Age : 20+***

**Sun SPARC, MIPS R4000***
***Age : 10-15+***

**Intel****®**** **
**Itanium****®**** Processor**
** *****Age : 2+***

**IBM PowerPC***
***Age : 9+***

- Next Enterprise Architecture

**** Source: ****Computer Organization and Architecture, 1999 W. Stallings*

- Intel Itanium architecture built from the ground up to meet the needs of the most demanding applications

## Characteristics of High-end ProcessorsHigh-end Processors Require Significant Resources, Capabilities

**AMD Opteron***

**1 MB            on-die**
** ****cache**

**72 Registers**

**6 MB ******** 9 MB **
**on-die cache**

**4 GB    page size**

**264**
**Registers**

**Itanium****®**** 2 processor**

**1 MB**
**on-die **
**cache**

**4 MB **
**page size**

**160**
**Registers**

**Sun UltraSPARC IIIi*           **

**Up to **
**1.5 MB**
**on-die **
**cache**

**IBM             Power* 4**

**Source: IBM.com**

**Source: sun.com**

**Source: AMD.com,**

**Notes:**
16 GB RAM = 4K page table entries on Opteron and SPARC, 4 entries on IPF!!!

## Intel Enterprise Micro-Architectures

**Technology**

- Intel Enterprise Micro-Architectures

**XeonTM ****EM64T**

**6.4 GB/s**

**1TB 40 bit**

**1 MB**

** **
**2 2x Integer**
**1 1x Integer, **
**1 MMx &  SSE**

**2 **
**Floating**
**Point**

**~3.6 GHz**

**Itanium****®**** 2 Processor 6M**

**6.4 GB/s**

**1024 TB**

**8**

**1**

**2**

**3**

**4**

**On-die Cache**

**Pipeline Stages**

- Performance via  Megahertz

**Performance via Parallelism**

**264 Application Registers**
**+ 64 Predicate Registers***

**6 Instructions / Cycle**

**24 Registers**

**Hyper-Threading**
**Technology**

**3 Instructions / Cycle**

**6 MB**

**6 Integer, **
**3 Branch**

**2 FP, **
**1 SIMD**

**2 Load and **
**2 Store**

******* Intel’s EPIC technology includes 64 single-bit predicate registers to accelerate loop unrolling and branch intensive code execution. **

**1.5 GHz**

## Intel® Server Processor Platforms

**Performance** 1

**On track to deliver 1.5-2X better performance than Intel® XeonTM processor**

**While achieving platform cost parity  **
**via common platform infrastructure**

- All products, dates and information are
- preliminary and subject to change without notice***.***

**Platform Cost**** **2

- Source : _[www.ioncomputers.com](http://www.ioncomputers.com/)__, __[www.dell.com](http://www.dell.com/)__ _
- ION SR4004, (4) Xeon processors 2.8 GHz, 2MB cache, 24 GB system memory, 36 GB HDD, no OS - $34,616
- ION I2X4, (4) Itanium 2 processors 1.5 GHz, 6 MB cache, 24 GB system memory, 36 GB HDD, no OS - $44, 950
- Dell PowerEdge 2650, (2) Xeon processors 3.2 GHz, 1 MB cache, 4 GB system memory, 36 GB HDD, no OS - $6,143
- Dell PowerEdge 3250, (2) Itanium 2 processors 1.4 GHz, 1.5 MB cache, 4 GB system memory, 36 GB HDD, no OS - $9,499

**1****	****Data based on Intel projections.**
**2****	****‘04 Price based on comparable OEM systems, HW only for enterprise and technical computing applications.**

## Multi-Core Technology

- IntelTM manufacturing leadership (90nm, 65nm) enables leading multi-core
- ItaniumTM architecture has smaller core size – enabling up to 2x more cores per die than IA-32 for higher performance at same cost

-            	2004			2005 			2007
-          	Single Core 		Dual Core		Multi-Core

**+ Cache**

**+ **
**Cache**

**Cache**

**Core**

**4 or more cores**

**+ Cache**

**Core**

**Cache**

**2 or more cores**

**+ Cache**

- 2X more
- cores

- All products, dates and features are preliminary and subject to change without notice

**Itanium****® ****architecture expected to enable up to 2x more cores per processor than Xeon processors by 2007**

## Which is the right Architecture?

**Intel® XeonTM Processor***

**Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor Family**

**64 bit ****Addressability**

**Legacy Apps**

**need ****64bit ****addressability **

***By 2005 all Xeon processors will have memory extensions**

**High Compute**
**Servers**

**don’t need ****64bit ****addressability **

**Leave applications as 32Bit**

**Port to EM64T or ****Port to IPF**

**64 bit ****Addressability**

**32bit Architecture**

**64bit Architecture**

## Platform Feature / Benefit Comparison

| Attribute | Intel® XeonTM processor family | Intel® Itanium® processor family |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Performance | Best for workgroup, workstation, web server and IA-32 legacy applications
 Out of order execution
 Netburst uArchitecture
 High frequency (3GHz+) | Best for large database and technical computing workloads
 EPIC architecture 
 Large integrated L3 cache
 FMACs / FP engine |
| Physical Addressing | Expanded memory for legacy solutions
40 bits (1 TB) | Memory capacity for largest SMP
50 bits (1024 TB or 1 PB) |
| Ecosystem | Best choice of legacy IA-32 solutions
Mature ecosystem of 32-bit apps, tools, OS
Nascent 64-bit extension ecosystem:  | Systems & solutions for largest scalability and highest reliability solutions
 Production 64-bit applications, tools & OS 
 Range of large SMP platforms |
| RAS | Reliable data integrity
ECC & parity coverage on major data arrays | Data integrity & high availability to replace RISC / mainframe at a fraction of cost
 ECC & parity on most data arrays & FSB ECC
 Enhanced machine check architecture
 Fault-tolerant, error-hardened OEM platforms |
| Architecture | Enhanced architecture support
 16 general purpose & 16 SSE registers
 64-bit system MSRs
 64-bit pointers | Architected  for enterprise & future headroom 
EPIC architecture w/ predication & speculation
264 application registers
64-bit pointers |
| Platform | Leading edge technologies for high performance & balanced platform
 DDR2, Faster buses
 PCI Express* | End user investment protection
 Stable platform (2-3 years+)
 Same bus / socket through Montecito
 High bandwidth bus; future DDR2 & PCI-Express* |

## T H A N K   Y O U

## B A C K U P

## Other 64-bit platform considerations

- Some tools available and will grow over time
- Effort needed to porting to 64 bit is the same regardless of architecture
- Strong 32-bit eco-systems in place, but needs to expand to EM64T
- OEMs are ramping volume quickly
- Best price point for servers
- Native 32 bit environment (drivers still need be ported to 64bit environment)

- Mature Tools and large selection
- Porting effort is about the same as on EM64T
- Eco-system in place and still growing
- OEMs shipping in volume
- Processor price delta between Xeon and IPF (top speed) is <$400 per CPU
- IA32-EL provides 32-bit execution environment – perf. 50% of Xeon top speed

_**Xeon Processor with EM64T**_

_**Itanium  2 Processor**_

## Server Architecture Reliability Comparisons

| Characteristic | Itanium® 2 Processor | IBM Power* | Intel® XeonTM MP Processor | Sun Ultra-Sparc* | Intel® XeonTM Processor | Opteron |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Error recovery on data bus (ECC or retry) |  |  | 2005 |  |  |  |
| Internal soft error logic check | 2005 | 2004 |  |  |  |  |
| Lockstep support |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Bad/poisoned data containment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cache Reliability (Pellston) | 2005 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Memory SDEC, retry on double-bit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Memory spares |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Partitioning |  node |  core |  node |  node |  |  |
| Electrical isolated partitions |  node |  |  node |  node |  |  |

**Notes:**
Error recovery on data bus	Can recover from a data error on data bus.  Most parts have ECC on data bus.  Potomac adds this feature in 2005.  Opteron uses CRC to detect error but has no retry mechanism to recover
Internal soft error coverage refers to use of parity on internal data structures outside the caches and TLBs which are arrays.  Logic covered would be registers and buses.
Lockstep support is running two parts that check each other.
Bad data containment refers to ability to minimize the impact of known bad data.   Such data is poisoned with a special ECC code.  Any program that reads poisoned data is killed.  Without poisoned data, any corrupted data causes the whole system to be reset.  With poisoned data, only programs actually using the corrupted (poisoned) data are affected, this likely means whole system can continue running, availability improves.  IPF and Power have this today.
Self healing cache means the processor can transparently map out failing sections of the cache.  It improves performance and data reliability.  Without it, ECC would correct the initial hardware fault, but then a subsequent soft error in the bad block would cause data corruption.
Retry on double bit memory error means the memory controller tries a second time to read the data to see if second time works.  If it works, then memory spare can be invoked to place the data in a safe location.
Memory spares means extra memory DIMM available to transparently replace a memory DIMM that is showing high single error rates before data corruption happens.
Virtual machine hardware means there is hardware to implement or improve the performance of a full virtual machine with full separation of address space (by hardware) between virtual machines.  This is VMX 1.5 for XPF.  Tulsa does this for XPF MP but very late in 2005.
Power4 has very capable RAS capabilities now, in 2004 Power5 gains RAS capabilities for multiple partitions/core and more soft error coverage
Fujitsu SPARC64-V has very impressive RAS capabilities
XPF MP leads over Opteron for RAS and will continue through 2005
Jayhawk and Dempsey have VMX 1.5 in 2005
Potomac POR does not include virtualization, Tulsa may have VMX 1.5 but is 2006 launch
Montecito has virtualization hooks to improve performance, Madison can run virtualization today but no product plans until 2005 with Montecito

## IA Scalability Performance Comparison: Transaction Processing (TPC-C)

- +33%

- +100%

** ****Itanium® 2 processor 6M scales better than XeonTM processor MP 3GHz**

- 4P: Source _[www.tpc.org](http://www.tpc.org/)_: IBM x365 102,667.42 tpmC, $3.52/tpmC, available: 3/31/2004, with 4 Intel® Xeon processors MP at 3GHz, each with 4MB iL3 cache, running, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Server, Microsoft SQL Server 2000 EE SP3, 32GB memory. Itanium® 2 processor results of 136,111 tpmC at $4.09/tpmC on HP Integrity Server rx5670 with 4 Itanium® 2 processors 6M at 1.5GHz, each with 6MB L3 cache, 96GB memory, Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Server 3 and Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition; TPC-C availability date 3/5/04.
- 32P: Source _[www.tpc.org](http://www.tpc.org/)_: Unisys ES7000 Orion 540 Enterprise Server 304,148.50 tpmC @ $6.18/tpmC, availability 4/28/04 with 32 Intel® XeonTM processors MP at 3GHz, each with 4MB iL3 cache, running Microsoft* Windows* Server 2003 Datacenter Edition, Microsoft* SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition. Itanium® 2 processor 6M results on NEC Express5800/1320Xd C/S w/Express5800/120Rf-2, 609,467tpmC, $6.78/tpmC, with thirty two (32) Intel Itanium® 2 processors 6M at 1.5 GHz, running SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 and Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition, with 512 GB RAM; Available: 9/1/2004.
- 	Results as of 4/29/04.
- 	Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance. Buyers should consult other sources of information to evaluate the performance of systems or components they are considering purchasing. For more information on performance tests and on the performance of Intel products, reference _[www.intel.com/procs/perf/limits.htm](http://www.intel.com/procs/perf/limits.htm)_ or call (U.S.) 1-800-628-8686 or 1-916-356-3104

- IA Scalability Performance Comparison: Transaction Processing (TPC-C)

**XeonTM Processor MP **
**3GHz 4MB L3**

**Itanium® 2 Processor**
**1.5GHz 6MB L3**

**tpmC in thousands**

- *Other names and brands may be claimed as property of others