# Presentation: 125088

## Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Challenges

**Helen Kerr BP Program Manager**

## Content

- Background & Introduction
- CCP description and objectives
- Progress review
- CO2 capture program
- Gaps and challenges
- CO2 storage program
- Gaps and challenges
- Forward look
- Communications plan

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**Notes:**
Firstly I will give a brief overview of the CCP, its structure, funding and objectives.and where we are in our implementation plan.
I will touch very briefly on the capture options in the program  and then focus on geologic storage.
This will include an overview of the broader storage option set being considered by the CCP and point out the need for an integrated approach to consideration of the results from each option
I will focus down on the gaps which we have sought to close in this  projects lifetime. And talk about the steps we have taken to integrate our work with other studies ongoing in this area.
A status update on one of the individual studies we have undertaken  associated with CBM storage  will be followed by a description of our communication plan and the deliverables you can expect from the CCP. 
Finally  a forward look at the need for all  interested stakeholders to continue with the very important first steps we have taken.

## Slide 3

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## Background: Participants’ Motivation

- Companies are responding to the concern which exists around Climate Change and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere.
- Commercially viable technologies are not available at scale.
- A portfolio of options are needed, which include technologies that allow us to take constructive action in the medium term.
- Technology is only part of the solution.

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**Notes:**
Why did this group of companies come together to form the CCP?
	Companies want to take responsible action in response to growing concern over Climate Change.  The CCP Participants want to find ways to reduce their emissions of CO2...and they want to do it in a way that makes economic sense.  
Commercially viable technologies are not currently available at scale.  There are a few plants in operation which capture CO2 from exhaust gases.... but their cost is very high and they are smaller than we would need for our applications.
We need a portfolio of emissions reduction options.  Emissions reductions through improvements in energy efficiency... and changes in operating practices are being pursued.  Certainly at BP this is where much of our focus is today.  But this alone may not deliver the level of reductions we seek to make.  We need bridging technologies that can fill the gap while long term solutions are being developed.  We view geologic storage as a high potential bridging technology.
Finally, lower cost technology is only part of the solution.  We need public acceptance of geologic storage.  The CO2 Capture Project is means to address concerns in a visible and transparent way.   
Notes  Climate Change; Increasing concern, proactive & preventative action
Developing a Portfolio of Technology Options
Carbon Capture and Storage a key and material bridging technology
Progress Through Partnership; Local action for a global problem
Created an International Joint Industry Technology R&D Project
Set Aggressive targets to reduce costs
Successfully secured public private partnerships bringing $10.483MM in matched funding from governments
Project seen as a “Flagship project” setting the example on technology development with international cooperation

## Background: Why Focus on Capture and Geologic Storage?

- Opportunity to add value through beneficial use of CO2
- Possibility to achieve very material reductions in CO2 emissions
- Energy companies often control both source and sink
- Many years of experience successfully managing geologic reservoirs and storage of fluids/gas
- Early opportunity to learn by utilising high purity, concentrated streams of CO2 already available and store it in oil and gas reservoirs

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**Notes:**
Geologic storage is an option in a portfolio of options we would like to have available.  For a variety of reasons, we believe it is especially attractive to our industry.

First, geologic storage of CO2 can be more than pure cost..... it has the ability to to add value.  CO2 is a particularly good solvent when injected into certain hydrocarbon reservoirs. It can increase oil recovery by up to 50%.  There are over 70 CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery projects in operation throughout the world and there is significant industry experience in designing and operating these.  

Second, Enhanced Oil Recovery projects or Enhanced coal bed methane projects have ability to store significant quantities of CO2.  Two examples are the West Sak and Schrader Bluff viscous oil reservoirs on the North Slope of Alaska.  Our studies have shown that they could store as much as 2 megatonnes of CO2 per year.  XXX st6rage n the 4SA

Third, energy companies are often in the unique position of controlling both the sources of CO2 and the storage sinks.  And often the two are nearby.  This common operatorship and proximity could result in opportunities that are more economic and could be brought on line faster.

Finally, energy companies have many years of experience managing oil and gas reservoirs where liquid and gas hydrocarbons have existed and remained trapped for millions of years.

## CO2 Capture Project Objectives

- Achieve major reductions in the cost of CO2 Capture and Storage:
- 50% reduction when applied to a retrofit application.
- 75% reduction when applied to a new build application.
- Demonstrate to external stakeholders that CO2 storage is safe, measurable, and verifiable.
- Progress technologies to:
- ‘Proof of concept’ stage by 2003/4.

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**Notes:**
Here are the goals of the CO2 Capture Project:

First, we seek a very large reduction in the cost of CO2 capture and geologic storage.  We’ve set a target of a 50% reduction for retrofit applications, and a 75% reduction for new build applications.  We believe improvements in this range must be achieved for capture and storage projects approach commercial sense.  We realize this is an ambitious goal, but is one we believe is achievable.  

Next, we want to assure ourselves and external stakeholders that long term storage of CO2 is safe, measurable, and verifiable.  Safety is always a key objective.  But we believe measurement and verification will also be important if and when CO2 trading systems become a reality and CO2 storage becomes the basis of financial transactions.

Finally, there are time pressures to deliver results.  We would like to have at least one large scale application of technology in operation before the end of the decade.  But before we can do that, we will need to conduct demonstration tests to gain confidence in scale up and operating performance.  And so our shorter term goal is to be at the ‘proof of concept stage’ by 2003 or 2004 to position ourselves to begin demonstration testing as early as 2005.

## What will be delivered

- Over 50 internationally peer reviewed key studies on capture and storage
- Capture technologies for real  scenarios demonstrating possible cost reductions
- Guidelines on HSE risk assessment, monitoring and verification for geologic storage
- Final reports, papers, produced in a variety of media
- Conclude outreach activities

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## Program Structure

_**Program Structure**_

- International technology development effort.
- Distinct *regional* programs in the US,Norway, and European Union.
- Sharing among programs to leverage results and reduce duplication.
- _Project Funding _
- _    __Cash $25mm +_
- _ca. $25mm In–kind_

**United States**
- DOE: 21%

**Norway**
- Klimatek: 13%

**Europe**
- EU: 12%

**Industry-CCP**
- Eight Participants: 54%

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**Notes:**
The project is an international venture with sponsors from the United States, Canada, and Europe. 

Progress through partnership is the theme of the CCP....and one area where this is critical is the partnership between industry and governments.

The project has three distinct regional programs, which reflect the support we have received from the United States, Norway, and the European Union.

The technology programs are being structured in a way that the regional programs can and will share learning's and experience. We believe this sharing will greatly improve the likelihood of success.

## Slide 9

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## Project Overview- We’ve come a long way!

_**Project Overview- We’ve come a long way!**_

-   • CCP agreement
-   • Funding applications

-   • Funding secured
-   • Contract negotiations
-     commence

-  • Over 80 contracts
-    signed
-  • Program focused thru
-    value management

- • Optimum technology
-   options progressed to
-   proof of feasibility

***Analysis***

***Review & Evaluation***

***Broad Tech Development***

***Focused Tech Development***

**>200 Technologies **
**Reviewed**

**Tech teams screen tech options & recommend detailed evaluation of promising candidates**

**Number of technology options focused**
**based on Screening Criteria:**
**•  ****Likelihood of success in timeframe**
**•  ****Ability to deliver target cost reductions**
**•  ****Materiality to Participants’ sources**
**•  ****Fit within available funding**

**Screening favored technologies **

****** *****30 Capture  & 50 storage Techs Screened ***
***  ******50 Techs Pass Stage Gate   *******

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## CO2 Capture & Storage Options

- Sky

- Sky

- Reformer
- + CO2 Sep

- Air Separation Unit

- CO2
- Compression
- & Dehydration

- Power & Heat

- Power & Heat

- N2

- N2 O2

- O2

- H2

- N2
- O2

- CO2

- CO2

- CO2

- Air

**Post Combustion **
**Decarbonisation**

**Precombustion**
**Decarbonisation**

**Oxyfuel**

- Air

- Air

- Fossil Fuel

- Sky

- Sky

- CO2 Capture & Storage Options

- Storage options

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## Critical Gaps Identified

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## Gaps: Post Combustion

- Cost
- Temperature & amine performance
- Alternative absorption processes
- Size of equipment
- Absorber technology
- Membrane materials
- Energy requirements
- Waste heat recovery (WHR)
- Compression
- Amine conditioning/recovery

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**Notes:**
Cost....only small scale at present, large scale to expensive
Temperature...Savings in reducing heat of exhaust stream, Amine stability, reduced regeneration from less amine loss and wastage
Absorption Processes..Chemical (Amine) and physical Surface adsorption, for example ESA or PSA). Also gap in improving the efficiency of CO2 captured, currently at around 95%.
Size...compact adsorpants and increased surface area with high mass transfer. Also minimizing amine carry over in flue gas. Using different materials, such as semi-permeable types, can improved mass transfer process.
.......Design standards and redundancy can be optimised such that they are fit for purpose. With no hydrocarbons in the capture process, non oil filed construction standards might be appropriate.
Hugh cost in WHR, and in compression. Also addition if Amine recovery is required. Issue over energy efficiency vs  parasitic power demand and overall energy/emissions balance

 Flue gas is produced in large volumes, at low pressure, with low levels of CO2 
How pure does  the CO2 need to be for transportation and injection
Other GHG effects,  such as Sox and Nox 
Retrofitting large equipment into existing plant.
Integration of  process steps in the production of H2 and CO2 capture, at high temperatures and pressures.
Capture from either Post or Precombustion when combustion takes place in oxygen rather than air where everything has to work at v. high temps and high pressure.
Boilers, heaters and turbines efficiency under the conditions in question.
Can all of the solutions be scaled up. Can some steps be scaled down.

## Gaps: Pre Combustion

- Cost
- Hydrogen manufacture processes
- New processes to reduce cost and improve efficiency at scale
- Integrating Syngas production with CO2 capture
- Size of equipment
- Can we scale up what works on small scale?
- Energy requirements
- WHR
- Compression

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**Notes:**
Cost....there is no large scale system in use today for the concomittant production of Hydrogen as a fuel and co2 capture.

H2 manufacture process....develop less energy intensive processes, such as the shift phase reaction from CO to CO2 with H2 removal in one step. Also making H2 at pressure to reduce compression and power costs.
.............. Integration...Use of membranes for simultaneous H2 production and CO2 separation. Also an issue about the sulfur tolerance of membranes used in the WGS process

Size ......challenge is upscale of technology, although development of compact reformer is still appropriate for part of the overall process.

Overall energy efficiency and WHR. New innovative process design required.

## Gaps: Oxyfuel

- Cost
- Temperature of process
- Process efficiency
- Integration with pre-and post combustion processes for CO2 Capture
- Energy requirements

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**Notes:**
Cost....cost of O2 production. If combined with gas turbines is likely to require new turbine design and materials.

High combustion temps require specialised materials for process equipment like, boilers, heaters and if used with Turbines.

Process Efficiency...
In post-combustion, add O2 to combustion process. This may require expensive conversion costs.
Pre-combustion  use of gassification with oxygen, might allow integration of the H2 and O2 generation process at improved efficiency.

Energy Requirements....improvements in energy efficiency and power requirements.

## Capture: Summary of Progress 

**Capture: Summary of Progress**** **

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## Storage Technology – Geologic options

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## Storage: key findings on state-of–the-art (SOA) review

- The industry has many of the competencies and answers we need
- Decades of experience in sequestering CO2 in EOR fields
- Industry has experience in naturally occurring CO2 producing fields (analogs) in the US
- In the US and Europe, the natural gas industry has 90 years of experience storing natural gas in 100s of fields
- CCP should not duplicate significant, third-party research & development worldwide
- Understanding geologic storage, maximizing storage efficiency, short-term verification & monitoring are understood or are receiving significant third-party R&D

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## Gaps: Storage Monitoring and Verification

- Cost
- HSE Risk Assessment Methodology
- Leakage
- Contamination
- Mitigation
- Long term monitoring standards and tools
- Verification

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**Notes:**
Currently 4D siesmic is used to monitor CO2 in the reservoir. This is very expensive and requires multiple surveys to verify position of CO2. Additionally some reservoirs are not easily picked up on siesmic, as it is a function of the types of geology surrounding the reservoir. Indeed it is unknown today what sort of SMV requirements are necessary and over what time frame these could be required. 
The big gap the CCP identified was that no other work, that we were aware of at the time, was looking at this problem from the HSE Risk Assessment Methodology view point. We felt this was an important aspect given that industry will have the responsibility to demonstrate that CO2 geologic storage is safe. A risk assessment methodology provides a basis from which to do this and one that is a widely recognized procedure to understand risk and mitigation strategies, plus costs.
Long term methods need to address the tiem frame they might be required to be used in. This is likely to be different from monitoring an oil field which might have a 15 or 20 year life time.
Verification could be important in a world where carbon trading, Clean development Mechanisms or carbon offsets are used as mechanisms to reduce GHG emissions. Assess Health, Safety & Environmental Risk, if any? 
Priority for the CCP
Verification & Monitoring e.g.
Does CO2 migrate? Under what conditions?
Can we verify the amounts injected?
What tools are appropriate for leak detection?
 Understanding Geologic Storage  e.g. 
Caprock integrity issues, if any
Cost per tonne CO2

## Storage: Summary of Progress

**& Others.....**

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## Reservoir movement

**Reservoir movement**

**Caprock mechanics**

**Models **

**Natural analogs**

**CBM cycle**

**Leak detection**

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## Models!!!! Understanding geologic storage requires the development and integration of many models and  results 

- Models!!!! Understanding geologic storage requires the development and integration of many models and  results

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## Next Steps: Demonstration Needs

- Necessary to prove technology, reduce business risk demonstrate track record
- Separation and Capture
- Detailed process engineering and design of concept and technology
- Large scale field demonstration of technology
- Geologic Storage
- Large scale field demonstrations
- Various types of formations
- Demonstrate tool performance and reliability

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**Notes:**
While there are already a few important demonstration projects currently ongoing, SACS and Weyburn are probably the best know of these, there is still a need to do much more. Before Industry applies these technologies large scale, it is my sense that additional demonstrations will be necessary to build up a better picture of the performance, reliability and cost of these technologies, such that project planning can be undertaken with some degree of confidence on business performance and outcome. A track record of success will be an important step to make business and society comfortable with these technologies.

For Separation and Capture I see two necessary stages, 
	Detailed process engineering of a specific application using the new technology. This will take us to the next level of understanding and is likely to identify upsides and potential downsides not envisaged at bench scale.
  Large scale field demonstrations to prove up the technology and demonstrate success.

Geologic Storage is similar and as mentioned earlier we need additional demonstrations which provide more data points on performance in different types of reservoirs and under different conditions. 

## Next Steps: SMV Communications

- We don’t want to have 40 studies “sitting on the shelf”
- Rather, we want integrated series of reports that  demonstrate that
- CO2 storage can be safe and effective
- CO2 can be monitored both short and long-term
- CO2 storage is verifiable
- Have engaged professional communications consultants to help us.

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## Next Steps: General Communications

- We plan to engage a professional association and journal
- Extensive peer-review world-wide
- Current vision is for 3-4 key audiences e.g.
- Scientific Journal, highly technical (200 - 500 pages)
- Government Report and Road Show (10 -100 pages)
- Public reader-friendly version (3 -10 pages)
- TV documentaries for BBC, Nova, Discovery Channel
- Consultant’s work proposals in hand
- Deployed by 1Q 2004

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## Watch this space! 

- Or visit CO2captureproject.org

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