# Presentation: 116793

## CAP CRM

- Crew Resource Management
- CAP Flight Ops

- Revised:  December 2006

**Notes:**
Welcome!

The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the concept of Crew Resource Management, and how it applies to activities in Civil Air Patrol and the CGAUX.

## Outline

- Human Factors
- Why does CAP need CRM?
- What is CRM?
- Situational Awareness
- Communication
- Checklists
- Decision Making
- Fatigue
- Applying CRM in the CAP Flight Environment
- CRM Training
- CRM Exercise

**Notes:**
We will start with a very brief description of how Human Factors relates to accidents in aviation.

Then we will take a sobering look at why Civil Air Patrol/CGAUX needs to consider ways to reduce our accident rate.

Crew Resource Management is broken down into several facets.  Each of these areas could merit a course unto itself, and we will only focus on the high points here.

Civil Air Patrol flies mostly single engine aircraft, but in different ways than the rest of the single engine fleet.  So, we will look at applying CRM to the unique CAP/CGAUX environment, and some of the related specific concerns.

Finally, we will wrap up with a discussion of how to spread CRM throughout the organization, and with a practical exercise showing the value of CRM.

Let’s get started...

## Human Factors

- NASA 1995 study revealed that:
- FOUR out of FIVE Pilot Errors that caused an ACCIDENT occur before the flight left the ground
- We tend to repeat the same AVOIDABLE mistakes OVER and OVER.
- WHY ????

**Notes:**
Human Factors has been shown to play a significant role in aviation accidents...

READ SLIDE

## Human FactorsA Quick Lesson

- Every Action or Inaction we do in the air has a domino effect
- Why can the cause of an accident sometimes be traced back to something we did, or did not do before we ever walked out to the airplane

**Notes:**
Human Factors represents many links in the “Accident Chain”...

READ SLIDE

## CRM  Origin

- As Aviation Progressed, Hardware Became More Reliable
- Environment Became More Demanding
- Higher Demands Required Better Decision Making By Pilots
- The Human Factor Became The Weak Link

**Notes:**
So, where did CRM come from?

READ SLIDE

CRM came from reaching the conclusion that we, the humans in the cockpit, now represent the weak link in aviation safety.  CRM is a way to help address that weakness.

## Why CRM in CAP ?

**Notes:**
Civil Air Patrol and the CGAUX is comprised of a LOT of very talented people.  However, in some ways we still may practice methods that are not exactly the most up-to-date, and this can have an adverse affect on safety.

Consider the following statistics with an open mind...

NEXT SLIDE

## Why?

- CAP Accident record (1996 – Present)
- 48 NTSB Reported Accidents
- 5 non-powered
- 11 Fatal Accidents, 22 Fatalities
- Unique Missions
- Usually Irregular
- Timing, Frequency, Type
- Unusual Circumstances
- Weather, Disaster Operations
- Crew Based Operations
- Unfamiliar Crews

**Notes:**
Our accident rate is better than the General Aviation fleet, but far worse than the airline or other professionally operated fleets.

We can do better!

## The Safety Equation

- Informed Decision Making is Relatively Easy
- The more information you have to work with in the cockpit, the more intelligent, (and safe) will be the choice you make
- Safety = Pilot + Airplane + Passengers + Outside Resources

**Notes:**
Overall, flying Safety can be described by a relatively simple equation.

CRM will help us understand all of contributing factors to Safety.

## What is CRM ?

**Notes:**
So, what is CRM?  

“Can’t Remember Much?”

## What is CRM?

- Situational Awareness
- Judgment
- Expect Unexpected
- Attitude (Professional)
- Knowledge

- Lack of Situational Awareness
- Complacency
- Poor Mindset
- Lack of Knowledge
- Bad Attitude
- Fatigue

- CRM is a Tool for Error & Risk Management

_**YES**_

_**NO**_

**Notes:**
Crew Resource Management is a lot of things.

CLICK

The items in the left column represent good characteristics of CRM.

CLICK

While the items on the right represent the opposite of effective CRM.

CLICK

CRM is a tool.  A tool for Error & Risk Management.

## Five Elements of CRM

- Inquiry
- Advocacy
- Conflict Resolution
- Decision Making
- Critique

**Notes:**
Another perspective on CRM breaks it down into five elements...

READ SLIDE

## Defining CRM

- Effective use of all available resources
- Broad resource categories
- People
- Machinery
- Fuel/time
- Information
- CRM is not limited to multi-pilot crews

**Notes:**
CRM can be defined as effectively using all available resources in the decision making process.

CRM is not limited to multi-pilot crews

NEXT SLIDE

## Applying CRM to the Single Engine Pilot

- CRM Training can help reduce workload
- CRM Training helps in decision making process
- CRM Training enhances solo pilot operations
- CRM works for the professionals, why not CAP ?

**Notes:**
CRM can help the single pilot, too.

NEXT SLIDE

## CREW RESOURCE Management

- One Simple Premise: The effective management of a pilot’s available resources.......
- COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- 		becomes:
- CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- Can You name some Resources ?

**Notes:**
Thinking of CRM as Crew Resource Management instead of Cockpit Resource Management changes the perspective significantly.

***  Solicit responses before putting up next slide.

## CAP Pilot Resources

- Yourself
- Weather Briefer
- FRO
- IC
- Other Crew Members
- ATC
- Checklists, etc..

**Notes:**
Any others???

## Situational Awareness and The Judgment Chain

- Situational Awareness = ?????????

**Notes:**
What on earth is “Situational Awareness” anyway?  And, how does it apply to decision making and the judgment chain?

## SITUATIONAL AWARENESS SEEING THE BIG PICTURE

**Notes:**
The simplest definition of Situational Awareness is

SEEING THE BIG PICTURE

## Situational Awareness

- Knowledge of all pertinent aspects of your surroundings as it applies to the safe accomplishment of a task
- Elements of Situational Awareness
- Weather, Aircraft Condition and Capabilities
- Mission Goals or Objectives
- Airspace, Terrain, Traffic
- Crew Tasking

**Notes:**
A more complicated definition is

READ SLIDE

Ask if there are any other elements of situational awareness...

## Elements of Situational Awareness

- Theory of the Situation - A set of beliefs about what is happening and what action the individual should take
- Based on the interpretation of available information
- It is the human’s perception of reality
- Reality of the Situation - Actual reality, without human perceptions
- Theory of Practice - A person’s concepts and skills developed over time and used to build and respond to “Theory of the Situation”
- It is the sum of experience

**Notes:**
What do we base our assessment of the situation on?

READ SLIDE

## Losing Situational Awareness

- True situational awareness is an individual’s accurate perception of reality
- If a discrepancy exists between the individual’s “Theory of the Situation” and the “Reality of the Situation”, a loss of situational awareness occurs and an error chain could begin

**Notes:**
How do we lose situational awareness?

## Risk Factors

- All human undertakings entail RISK

**Notes:**
Part of our assessment of situational awareness is assessing Risk Factors.

Everything we do entails risk.  It is how we manage that risk that matters.

## Evaluating Risk in the Flight Environment

- The Plane- Type, Equipment, Etc.
- The Pilot- FAA I’M SAFE Model
- Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Experience
- The Environment- IFR,VFR, Mountains,
- The Situation- Day, Night, AC Maint, Etc..

**Notes:**
READ SLIDE

Can you name any other Risk Factors in the Flight Environment?

## High Risk Situations

- Taking Off with Known Problem
- Midair Collision- High Density Area
- Inadequate Terrain Separation- CFIT
- Unstabilized Approach
- Deviation From SOP
- Weather
- COMPLACENCY

**Notes:**
We all know that certain phases of flight are riskier than others.

This list contains some of the riskier phases and factors commonly associated with flight.

## F.S.I. 11 clues to your level of Situational Awareness

- 1. Failure to meet targets
- 2. Use of undocumented procedures
- 3. Departure from SOPs
- 4. Violating minimums or limitations
- 5. No one flying airplane
- 6. No one looking out the window
- 7. Communications breakdown

**Notes:**
FLIGHT SAFETY INTERNATIONAL is a recognized leader in flight training for all levels of pilots and from the smallest single engine airplane to the world’s largest and most complicated aircraft. 

FSI is also a leader in CRM training.

As part of their CRM program, they teach pilots to become aware of the clues associated with a loss of situational awareness.  This slide and the next list these clues...

READ SLIDE

## Flt Safety Clues (cont.)

- 8.  Ambiguity
- 9.  Unresolved discrepancies
- 10.Preoccupation or distraction
- 11. “BAD FEELING”

**Notes:**
That sixth sense, or bad feeling in your gut, is a very important indicator that you may be losing situational awareness.

## Clues to Loss of Situational Awareness

- Low Stress Level
- Lack of alertness
- Loss of recognition of warning signals
- Reduced ability to quickly & correctly
- High Stress Level
- Low levels of situational awareness
- Information overload
- Ambiguity
- Information can be interpreted in more than one way
- Confusion or Unresolved Discrepancies
- Unclear information or does not agree

**Notes:**
Looking at a few additional clues to loss of situational awareness from a slightly different perspective may also remind you of situations you have faced in the past?

Does anyone have examples of when they felt like this?

CONTINUE TO NEXT SLIDE...MORE THERE...

## Clues to Loss of Situational Awareness

- Fixation or Preoccupation
- Ability to detect other important information lost
- Departures from SOPS/Regulations
- Violating minimums
- Using improper procedures
- Failure to Meet Planned Targets
- When planned targets are not met such as airspeeds, checkpoints, times, etc
- Must question why
- Gut Feeling
- Our bodies are able to detect stimuli long before we have consciously recognized the them - trust your feelings

## Maintaining Situational Awareness

- Experience
- Creates a mental file
- Experience file helps establish how one interprets & responds to conditions
- Training
- Adds to pilots experience file
- Can experience situations in training that occur rarely
- Spatial Orientation
- Position awareness
- Physical Flying Skills
- Must be more than a cockpit manager in an automated cockpit

**Notes:**
Okay, we’ve all felt a loss of situational awareness at least once, right?

How do we fight back?

We need to load up our tool box with tools!

READ SLIDE...MORE on next slide...

## Maintaining Situational Awareness

- Ability to Process Information
- use of information from sense inputs, instruments, and other sources to form an accurate picture of what is happening
- Cockpit Management Skills
- contribute to the ability to manage the total flight environment
- Personal Attitude
- professionalism
- To be safe, one must think safe
- Emotional/Physical Conditions
- affects ones perception of the environment
- emotional/physical problems can cloud or distort an accurate perception of events or conditions

**Notes:**
There are more tools that we can place in our tool box, too!

## Communication

- Communication is BOTH Transmit AND Receive

**Notes:**
Communication is an important part of situational awareness.

CLICK

But, remember, Communication is BOTH Transmit and Receive.  One, without the other, is not communication?  If a tree falls, and no one is there to hear it, did it really make a sound?

## Communication Factors

- Bias / Prejudice
- Relationship
- Choice of words
- Perceptions
- Preoccupation
- Intimidation
- Body Language
- Habits
- Motivation

- Attitude
- Education
- Background
- Assumptions
- Fear
- Mind Sets
- Ego
- Voice Tone
- Inflection
- Clarity

**Notes:**
There are many things that contribute to effective communication.

READ and DISCUSS SLIDE

## Communication

- Modes of communication
- Verbal (7%)
- Non-Verbal (38%)
- Symbolic (55%)
- Communication Process (Four elements)
- Sender
- Message
- Receiver
- Feedback

**Notes:**
It is surprising that only a small fraction of communication is verbal...less than 10%!!!

Our actions usually say much more than our words!

All four elements of communication must be present for the path to be complete.

## Essential Verbal Communication Skills

- Inquiry
- Advocacy
- Listening
- Conflict Resolution
- Critique

**Notes:**
There are techniques we can use to help us strengthen verbal communication...

## How to Communicate

- Questions to Consider
- “What do they know that I need to know?”
- “What do I know that they need to know?”
- “What do none of us know that we need to know?”
- State Position
- Suggest Solution
- Be Persistent
- Timely
- Listen Carefully
- Keep an Open Mind
- Use a Predetermined “Key Phrase” To Express Non-Confrontational Discomfort With Any Situation

**Notes:**
When you are communicating, remember that your audience or receiver, does not necessarily know exactly what you know, and you may not know what they know.  Finally, neither of you may know what you need to know.

Sheesh...was that a mouthful, or what?

Remember to place yourself in the other party’s shoes, and remember that calm, rationale communication is the most effective way to resolve differences and problems.

The last bullet is one that I have to constantly remind myself to do!

## Barriers to Communication

- Personality Issues
- Personality Types
- Macho, Resignation, Anti-Authority, etc.
- Use Antidotes (see FAA CFI)
- Intimidation
- Position
- Commanders, Check Pilots, Rank
- Mission Client Pressure
- Pilot vs. Non-Pilot Crew

**Notes:**
There are natural barriers to effective communication.  Many of these barrier reside in our “human differences” that come through in our various personalities.

Civil Air Patrol has an added burden of rank or position intimidation, as well as mission completion pressure, and occasionally an attitude between the “certified pilots” and “non pilot” crew members.  We need to guard against these factors inhibiting communication.

## Pilot Personalities

- The MACHO Pilot
- The Impulsive Pilot
- The Invulnerable Pilot
- The “Antiauthority” Pilot
- The Resigned Pilot

**Notes:**
The FAA has identified some hazardously personality styles for us..

READ SLIDE

## Attitude Vs Antidote

- Antiauthority: Don’t Tell Me!
- Impulsivity: Do something quickly
- Macho
- Resignation: What’s the Use?
- Invulnerability: It won’t happen to me!

- Follow the Rules, They are usually Right
- Not so fast, Think First
- Taking Chances is foolish
- I’m not helpless, I can make a difference
- It could happen to me...

**Notes:**
The FAA has also prescribed some ideas on how to deal with these hazardous attitudes...

READ SLIDE

More information on these hazardous personalities can be found in the FAA CFI Handbook.

## Behavioral Styles

- Aggressive
- High task oriented & low relationship oriented
- First consideration to the task or goal
- Relationship Oriented
- First consideration to the feeling of others
- Caring or nurturing style of behavior
- Combinations
- Low relationship & low task oriented traits
- Considered to be loners or autonomous in behavior

**Notes:**
In addition to personality, each one of us has behavioral styles.  Sometimes our styles change with circumstance.  Each style has strengths and weaknesses, too. 

NEXT SLIDE

## Assertive Behavior

- Intended to be the middle ground
- Best of aggressiveness (without the put-down negatives)
- Best of non-assertiveness (without loss-of-self)
- Conviction that one’s position can be expressed strongly without dominating the other

**Notes:**
An assertive behavior can be an effective style for CRM if...

READ SLIDE

## In the Cockpit

- As a crew member, you have the right to assure that your life will not be compromised by any action/inaction, miscommunication, or misunderstanding
- Assertive behavior in the cockpit does not challenge authority; it clarifies position, understanding or intent, and as a result enhances the safe operation of the flight

**Notes:**
Bottom line...when you are serving as a crew member...

READ SLIDE

Remember, Assertive Behavior can be constructive if done properly.

## Checklists

**Notes:**
CRM ---  Can’t Remember Much?

Ah, that’s why we have checklists!

## Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

- Standard Phraseology
- Standard Call-outs
- Checklists
- Crew Briefings

**Notes:**
Checklists are a critical part of Standard Operating Procedures.

## Checklists

- They do not fly the airplane, Pilots do
- Memory will FAIL often
- Clear and concise
- Command and Response
- Response Must Match for Normal
- Response Checked for Abnormal and Emergency
- BOLD FACE items must be memorized

**Notes:**
Pilots still fly aircraft, but checklists aid the pilot in flying the aircraft safely.

Checklists need to be clear and concise.  If not, they will not be used effectively, or not used at all.

Normal checklists should be read and respond oriented.  That is, one crew member reads the checklist item, and the other should respond with the prescribed response while checking to make sure the item has been satisfied.

Abnormal and Emergency checklists are a little bit different.  The crew member reading the checklist reads BOTH the command and the expected response.  The other crew member repeats the expected response while assuring that the item has been accomplished correctly.

BOLD FACE items must be memorized as there will not be enough time to find a checklist before executing them.  They should still be checked using a checklist after they have been accomplished.

## Decisions, Decisions, Decisions

- Can you name this Mission Pilot, IC, Ground Team Leader?

**Notes:**
Ever feel this way?  Either with too much or too little information?

CRM can help!

## DECIDE

- Detect the need to make a decision
- Evaluate you options, considering the goals of your flight
- Choose the options that best meet your goals
- Implement that choice
- Detect the changes that result from your decision
- Evaluate the result and your need to make further decisions

**Notes:**
The DECIDE process is another acronym like ANDS (Accelerate North, Decelerate South).  It can help us organize our decision making process.

READ SLIDE

## Human Problem Solving

- Humans Solve Problems Three Different Ways
- Skills-based actions
- Accomplished will little effort
- Dependant on mastery of basic skills
- Rules-based actions
- Well prescribed procedures
- Crew reaction to an emergency situation
- Knowledge-based actions
- Ambiguous situation
- No clearly proscribed procedures
- Offers a variety of options

**Notes:**
Once a problem has been identified, humans tend to solve it using three different ways or a combination thereof...

READ SLIDE

## Decision Making

- Begins with Good Situational Awareness
- Evaluate Situation
- What needs to be corrected?
- What resources do you have?
- How can the resources be best used?
- Consider consequences of possible actions
- Make decision, inform all involved
- Evaluate decision, repeat as needed

- You make the wrong decision once,
- you make the right decision forever

**Notes:**
READ SLIDE

CLICK

Remember, one bad decision can literally end a lifetime...a sobering thought...

## Factors Affecting Decision Making Capability

- Fatigue
- Stress
- Medication and Health
- Alcohol
- Personality

**Notes:**
There are many factors that affect a human’s ability to make a decision.  Here are some of the negative factors...

READ SLIDE

## Fatigue

- Bad enough on the ground...but in the air???

**Notes:**
This was me writing this presentation last night !!!

CLICK

Seriously, this is bad enough safely on the ground, but while flying?!?

## Types of Fatigue

- Physical
- Lack of Sleep
- Lack of Oxygen
- Difficulty of Task
- Physical Fitness
- Mental
- Stress
- Anxiety (5 phases)
- General Psychological State (e.g. Mood)

**Notes:**
What are the types of Fatigue

READ SLIDE

## Fatigue Effects

- Fatigued pilots are:
- Less vigilant
- More willing to accept below par performance
- Show signs of poor judgement
- Worst danger
- Apathy
- Indifferent as to the outcome of the flight & their performance

**Notes:**
What are the effects of Fatigue?

READ SLIDE

BAD things are more likely to happen!

## Causes of Fatigue

- Disturbance of circadian rhythms
- Continuous wakefulness
- Cumulative sleep loss
- Loss of as little as one hour sleep begins a person’s sleep debt
- Eight hours of disturbed sleep can produce effect of too little sleep
- Only cure for sleep debt is to sleep

**Notes:**
What causes Fatigue to occur in general?

READ SLIDE

Any other ideas?

## Fatigue Inducers

- Length of duty day
- Restricted time available for sleep
- Quality of sleep
- Stressors such as noise, vibration, flicker, heat/cold, wearing headsets
- Poor diet
- Vision fatigue - loss of effective eye function from prolonged visual exertion
- Dehydration
- Unresolved stress

**Notes:**
Some potential CAP Fatigue factors???

READ SLIDE

## Stress Management

- In human terms, stress is used to describe the body’s response to demands placed on it
- Three types of stress
- Physical - environmental conditions, noise, vibration, stages of hypoxia
- Physiological - fatigue, lack of physical fitness, improper eating
- Emotional - social & emotional factors related to living and intellectual activities

**Notes:**
Stress is a very significant fatigue factor.  So, what is Stress?

READ SLIDE

## Stress Management

- Stress is cumulative
- Two categories of stress
- Chronic stress - result of long term demands if lifestyle or personal situations
- More dangerous of the two
- Can threaten health
- Acute stress - result of demands placed on body by a current issue/problem

**Notes:**
How can we manage stress?  It depends upon the category of stress.

READ SLIDE

We all of different ways of managing stress...can you name a few that you use?

## Effect of Stress on Ability

**Notes:**
Stress can be good up to a point.  Slower search airspeeds are also good, up to a point.  See the similarity?  Either one taken too far can lead to a crash.

Manage stress margin like you manage stall margin...

## Conclusion: CRM is All About Attitude!

***The greatest discovery***
***of mankind is that***
***human beings can alter***
***their lives by altering ***
***their attitudes***

**Notes:**
We’re getting near the end !

Crew Resource Management is all about attitude...

READ SLIDE

## Leadership

- No matter what position you occupy in the crew you must learn to become a leader in that position
- What makes a leader?
- Leader is a person whose ideas and actions influence the thought and behavior of others
- Accomplished through the use of examples, persuasion, and an under standing of the goals and desires of the group

**Notes:**
Effective Leadership is fostering the right attitude at the Crew level.  All crew members are leaders, and all must work together for true leadership to prevail.

READ SLIDE

## Leadership Skills

- Regulating the information flow
- Includes using and accepting non-confrontational “key phrases” and gradually escalated action if required
- “I’m uncomfortable” or “Knock it off”
- Directing and coordinating crew activities
- Motivating crew members
- Decision making

**Notes:**
Working together, with each crew member serving as a leader in their position and exercising leadership skills leads to the most effective Crew.

## CRM Skills

- Manage (use) resources
- Ask the right questions - Inquiry
- State your opinion - Advocacy
- Resolve differences - Conflict Resolution
- Make Decisions
- Evaluate Constructively - Critique

**Notes:**
CRM Skills closely mirror those of effective Leadership, and also incorporate Situational Awareness, Decision Making skills, and Communication Skills.

READ SLIDE

## Professionalism

- The conduct, aim or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or a professional person
- Professionalism is achieved only after extended training and preparation and is based on study and research
- Requires the ability to reason logically, accurately, and make good judgmental decisions
- Cannot limit their decisions to standard patterns and practice

**Notes:**
The pinnacle of any career is to be considered a “Professional”.  All of us must strive to become Professionals in our lives, and in our roles as CAP Crew Members.

READ SLIDE

## Bottom Line

- The mission pilot, observer, and scanner for a CREW, not three individuals with separate and unrelated duties and interests
- The importance of CRM is to get the individual crew members to work together to achieve the objectives of the mission in a safe manner

**Notes:**
Working together, a crew can become much more than the sum of its parts.

Civil Air Patrol needs to strive for the next level.  11 people have perished in CAP flight activities since 1996.  If we can prevent one additional loss, any effort we invest will be worth it.  Especially if the life not lost is yours!

## In the end...

***In the end...***
***it is the attention to detail***
***that makes the difference***
***It is the center-fielder’s***
***extra two steps to the left***
***the salesman’s memory for names***
***the lovers phone call,***
***the soldier’s clean weapon***
***It is the thing that separates***
***the winners from the losers,***
***the men from the boys, and very often***
***the living from the dead.****** ***

**Notes:**
In the end...

READ SLIDE

## Applying CRM in the CAP Flight Environment

**Notes:**
BREAK TIME!!!

This section applies some of the things we have learned to the CAP Flight Environment and its unique characteristics.

## Fly Like The “PROS”

- Remember, that you, the pilot are solely and ultimately responsible for the SAFE outcome of the flight
- THERE IS NO REASON the CIVIL AIR PATROL CAN’T BE AS SAFE AS THE PROS. WE _MUST_ BE THE PROS IN OUR TYPE OF FLYING

**Notes:**
Civil Air Patrol flying is not the same as weekend private flying.  It involves a unique set of skills that must be mastered and practiced.  We must be “Professionals” at SAR/DR flying, or whatever type of flying that we do.  This professionalism should also transcend into all of our activities, not just flying.

NEXT SLIDE

## Required Management Skills

- Use of checklists, SOPs
- Flight Planning and progress monitoring
- Management of resources
- Judgement and decision making
- Communication
- Managing people
- Stress management
- Workload assessment and time management
- Recognition and management of distractions

**Notes:**
What does it mean to be Professional?  Professionals have a certain set of required management skills that must be mastered.  Some of those skills are shown here.

READ and DISCUSS SLIDE

Can you identify any other skills “Professionals” must have?

## Crew Briefing

- Fly the mission the way we were briefed
- Fly the mission by the rules
- If you see anything that you do not like or are uncomfortable with, do not hesitate to bring it to my attention
- “I’m uncomfortable” is a possible key phrase
- Brief one warning, then escalate action if needed
- “Sterile cockpit” procedure

**Notes:**
Professionalism starts long before the aircraft engine is ever started.

The Crew Briefing is critical to obtaining the desired outcome of the flight.

It is important to establish a Crew Atmosphere.  Identifying key phrases like “I’m uncomfortable” can help to put you at ease with your crew, and establish a non-confrontational way to identify potential hazards and thereby enhance communication effectiveness and safety.  Brief that one warning will be given using non-confrontational methods.  If no action is taken, then stronger steps may be taken depending upon the situation.

Sterile cockpits are defined as cockpits in which nothing is done or discussed that is not pertinent to the flight operation being conducted.  They are used by the airlines below 10000 feel MSL as a rule.  Each crew should establish when various communication may occur.  Non-essential communication should be avoided when within 5nm of the “Danger Zone”.

The “Danger Zone” is often defined as within 5nm of an airport, and below 2000’ AGL.  You may wish to extend this danger zone to include the search area, too, depending upon the type of mission being flown.

## CAP Situational Awareness

- Low Altitude Search Awareness
- Steel Cornstalks
- Mountain Effects
- Traffic
- Scud running
- Traffic Patterns within Search Pattern
- “Other helpers”
- Mission Specific Information
- Goals, Target Information, etc.

**Notes:**
There are a few unique aspects of situational awareness in Civil Air Patrol flying.

READ SLIDE

Be especially careful of “other helpers” that may include non-CAP resources assisting in the search effort.

## CAP Specific Communications

- External
- ATC Radios
- CG/CAP Radios
- SATCOM
- Internal
- Observer, Scanner
- Crew Coordination
- Inter-Crew and Extra-Crew

**Notes:**
CAP aircraft have more radios than normal piston aircraft.  Audio panels are generally more complex.  Therefore, special care must be taken to coordinate the communication both within the aircraft and between the aircraft and outside entities.

## CAP Specific Checklists

- Mission Specific Checklists
- Tasking for Observers and Scanners
- Similar but Different Aircraft
- CAP Specific Equipment
- DF Gear, FM Radio, SATCOM
- FM Marine Band Radio
- Fuel Injected vs. Carbureted

**Notes:**
Due to the special nature of our missions, we may have unique checklists to assist various crew members in performing their tasks.  The Observer and Scanner should work together to accomplish their checklists, and should assist the pilot in accomplishing the aircraft checklists.

Pilots should remember that their job is the fly the aircraft.

Another worthy note involves the different types of aircraft within the CAP fleet.  Although we have well over 200 Cessna 172’s, we have two distinctly different engine styles...fuel injected and carbureted.  Both engines require different procedures, especially on engine start.

## CAP Specific Decision Making

- Operational Risk Management Tools
- Incident Command Structure

**Notes:**
CAP uses decision making tools such as ORM or operational risk management.

CAP also employs the Incident Command Structure as a tool for organizing and safely executing our missions.

## CAP Specific Fatigue

- Sense of Urgency
- Perceived Mission Need
- “Pop up” Missions

**Notes:**
There are unique Fatigue factors that affect CAP missions.  There is often a sense of urgency to accomplish our mission, and many missions seem to occur between 11pm and 4am.

These factors can conspire to encourage us to “skip steps” or take short-cuts.  Just remember, a short cut often leads to a break in the safety chain.  And, a broken safety chain often equals an accident chain!

## Other Thoughts & Ideas

- Focus attention on details while keeping the big picture
- Anticipate, stay ahead of the situation
- Consider contingencies and have alternate plans of action ready
- Assign clear roles and responsibilities
- Plan for handling distractions
- Utilize all available resources
- Use Reminders

**Notes:**
Here are a few other thoughts to help establish a CRM environment in CAP missions...

READ and DISCUSS SLIDE

## CAP Specific Summary

- CAP Missions have all of the risk of normal flights plus more
- CRM can benefit CAP in managing this risk
- Elements of CRM apply directly to CAP
- Situational Awareness, Communications, Checklists, Decision Making, Fatigue

**Notes:**
Crew Resource Management has an important role to play in Civil Air Patrol.  It is a tool that we can use to improve our ability to safely and efficiently perform our Missions for America.  Study, understanding, and implementation of CRM principles has proven to reduce accidents, and improve safety overall.

It is our challenge to spread the word and practice throughout the organization.

## CRM Training

**Notes:**
This section explores a couple of techniques for spreading the word about CRM in CAP.

## CRM Training

- Six major areas
- Communication/Interpersonal skills
- Situational Awareness
- Problem-solving/Decision-making/Judgement
- Leadership/”followership”
- Stress Management
- Critique

**Notes:**
CRM training, like the session we have just been through, should touch on at least the six areas identified here.

READ SLIDE

## Teaching Cockpit Management (CRM)

- Know Your Check Pilots
- Incorporate CRM in Training Syllabus
- Have CRM “Safety Down Day”
- Other Ideas???

**Notes:**
Check Pilots have an opportunity at least once a year to start the process of instilling CRM in the rest of our pilots.

Flight Clinics, and Safety Seminars offer opportunities as well.

## Airline Safety Improved with CRM Introduction

**Notes:**
There is no doubt that airline operational safety has improved as the result of incorporating CRM.

## Airlines Use Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)

- Analysis of airline accidents over 20 years show approximately 70% were a direct result of inadequacies related to aircrew coordination, workload management, and decision making
- Concept of CRM was developed to address the deficiencies of human behavior in the cockpit
- LOFT introduced to allow flight crews to combine their technical proficiency and CRM theory into practical skill in simulator scenarios

**Notes:**
An airline technique for teaching CRM is LOFT.

READ SLIDE

## Malfunctions in the LOFT Environment

**Type A**
- Critical emergencies
- “By the book” responses (skills or rules-based actions)
**Type B**
- Relatively minor or abnormal malfunctions
- Resolution procedure less defined
- Knowledge-based actions and CRM principles to properly assess & resolve

**Notes:**
Malfunctions are introduced in the LOFT simulation environment.

Type A malfunctions require BOLD FACE or “by the book” rote responses.

Type B malfunctions emphasize the value of CRM approaches to problem solving.

## LOFT Event Sets

- A LOFT scenario comprises a staged event set (group of related events inserted for specific CRM & technical training objectives)
- Event set made up of one or more events, including:
- Event trigger (example, landing gear malfunction
- Distracters (course change)
- Supporting events (other events, such as, ILS off at destination)

**Notes:**
Malfunctions are generally structured to accomplish specific CRM or technical training objectives.

Check Pilots may consider incorporating these types of events into CAPF 5 and CAPF 91 check rides.

## Future Tasks

- CRM Guide for Flight Crew Members
- Explanation of “Sterile Cockpit”
- Traffic Pattern Procedures
- ATC communications

**Notes:**
Crew Resource Management implies that the entire crew is involved.  Future tasks of the CRM working group include the development of CRM Guides for non-pilot crew members.

## CRM Exercises

- Audience gets to critique the players after each exercise

**Notes:**
The following role playing exercises are designed to encourage use of CRM skills.

Scenarios are provided courtesy of members of the initial CAP CRM Course attendees.

Instructors should select several scenarios, and may include scenarios of their own as well.

## Scenario #1

- Mission: Post Hurricane Damage Assessment along east coast from Daytona Beach to Key West
- WX: VFR
- _Conduct Crew Safety Briefing at/in aircraft prior to engine start_
- _Include Overwater Briefing_

## Scenario #2 

- While on CD Overwater Mission ( Single Engine) the aircraft engine develops a roughness
- Aircraft is 20 NM east of MTH
- WX: VFR
- _Determine Options Available_.

## Scenario #3

- While on a SAR Mission, Wx starts to deteriorate. Thunderstorms develop between Mission Base and the Aircraft position
- A/C is 45 miles east of Base ( LAL)
- Pilot is IFR rated/ and CAP current
- _Determine Options_

## Scenario #4

- Mission: ELT Night- Wx: VFR
- PIC is IFR Rated and Current
- Rated Observer is also a Student Pilot with 30 hours flight time
- PIC becomes ILL( Food Poisoning)
- A/C is 20 miles east of RSW

## Scenario #5

- While on Routine Coastal Patrol (Sundown), the aircraft has a total engine failure. A/C is beyond gliding distance of land. All Crew members ( 3) are wearing PFD’s and there is a life raft aboard.
- _Give safety briefing prior to departure of mission_.
- _Give crew briefing prior to ditching_

## Scenario #6

- While on a SAR mission ( annual evaluation)  you are contacted to track down an ELT signal associated with an overdue aircraft
- While enroute to the mission area, one of your two observers becomes violent ill, throwing up and complaining of chest pains
- _What are your actions?_

## Scenario #7

-      Report of missing aircraft  PA-28RT, N0357CC, White and Blue, PIC: Jones, Harry L., Colonel, CAP, age 52, past Ohio Wing Commander, Passenger: Jones, Linda K., age 50.
-      Aircraft was on flight from Dayton Wright Brothers to Kelly’s Island airport. Weather forecast clear with visibility 3 SM , Haze. Aircraft departed MGY 1038Z,  ETA 1215Z Reported overdue at 1300Z by Cleveland FSS.
-      AFOCC initiated mission at 1235Z based upon ELT active near 41degrees 45 minutes North, 83 degrees, 30 minutes West.
-      Incident Commander assigned is brother-in-law of Mrs. Jones.  Crew from CAK is:  PIC 2500 hour MP is active CFI with 10 years in CAP, MO is instrument pilot with 3 years in CAP, MS is 22 year old with 6 months in CAP. MP and MO have known missing pilot for all of their time in CAP.
-      Upon arrival at SKY VOR at 6000 feet the ELT is loud and clear and indicates north of aircraft. Weather is clear and 2 SM in haze over Lake Erie.  A female voice transmission heard on 121.50 asking for help. The CAP Aircraft arrives over Kelly’s Island and the ELT still indicated north of aircraft. The female voice on 121.50 indicates a foggy crash on an island airport with pilot unconscious.
-      CAP crew contacts IC for instructions:
-              What information should be relayed to the IC?
-              What should be the immediate action of the crew?
-      IC suggests tracking to ELT and landing to render assistance:
-               MO points out that next island north is in Canadian Airspace.
-      What is the next decision and action for the MP?
-      What should be relayed to the IC?

## Scenario # 8Communication Conflicts

- Crew:
- PIC:
- 25 Year BIG Airline, 2 Year CAP
- 18,000 Hrs Total, 55 Hrs 182
- OBS:
- 14 Year CAP, Master Rating
- 4 Finds, 8 Saves
- SCN:
- Newly Qualified, 4 Sari's, 0 REDCAP’s

**Notes:**
This is a High Risk crew.  The PIC is very experienced but not in light aircraft CAP operations.  The OBS has high mission experience but is not a pilot.  The Scanner may be good on theory but is light on actual experience.

## Communication Conflicts

- Situation:
- REDCAP
- 4th of July Weekend
- ELT in Mountainous Terrain heard by high flyers
- PA22 reported overdue on flight plan
- Mission Base being formed
- Telephonic Release

**Notes:**
Summer in the Mountains!  Density altitude! ELT could be in precipitous terrain.  PA22 is low performance aircraft.  With Mission Base being set up, oversight could be minimal.  Briefing from base is minimal.

## Communication Conflicts

- What Barriers to Communication exist?
- Perform a Crew Mission Briefing
- Explain emphasis items for safety
- Any additional questions need to be addressed by Mission Base

**Notes:**
The PIC’s CRM style might be geared toward professional crews that fly daily.  The OBS could resent the PIC’s experience.  The SCN could be passive.

Environmental risks (from last slide) need to be discussed.  GTOW needs to be at least 10% below max for performance.  Winds/turbulence needs to be discussed.  Airsickness?

Communication!  Any Repeaters? High Bird? Other Search A/C for relay?  Airports with Unicom for telephone relay? Check-in plan for “Ops Normal” (hopefully) calls.

What to do in case of a find?

If unclear discuss with MB prior to launch.