# Presentation: 883674

## Innovations in Science Management: 

***Innovations in Science Management: ***
***Science for Energy Strategies ***
*Transforming Our Energy Future: **Advancing The Role Of Science and The Critical Connections With Applied Energy Programs *
*The Ad Hoc Group on Science and Energy Technologies (AHGSET)*
*Patricia M. Dehmer*
*Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences*
*Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy*
*http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/*
*November 15, 2005*

***BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES******Serving the Present, Shaping the Future***

##  A Snapshot of Global Electric Power Usage

*** ******A Snapshot of Global Electric Power Usage***
***Artificial night sky brightness from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) ***

- http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1438l

**The U.S. has 4.6% of the world’s population, produces 16.8% of the world’s energy, and consumes 23.4% of the world’s energy – about 98 Quads of the 421 Quads used in 2004.**

##  Radiance-calibrated Artificial Night Sky Brightness for the U.S.

- P. Cinzano, F. Falchi (University of Padova), C. D. Elvidge (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder), The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 328, 689 (2001).  Copyright Royal Astronomical Society.  Reproduced from the Monthly Notices of the RAS by permission of Blackwell Science.  http://www.lightpollution.it/dmsp/

*** ******Radiance-calibrated Artificial Night Sky Brightness for the U.S.***
***>2/3 of the U.S. population has lost naked-eye visibility of the Milky Way***

##  Centuries of Fossil Fuel Usage in North America 

***85% of U.S. energy is from fossil fuels; 69% of petroleum is imported; nearly 60% of all primary energy is waste***

##  What Will the21st Century Bring?

***21******st****** century technologies will exert control at the atomic, molecular, and nanoscale levels.***

**There are 2 imperatives for change in the 21****st**** century:  **

## DOE’s R&D Portfolio – Integrating Science and Technology 

## DOE’s Office of Science 

## DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences 

- The Energy Policy Act of 1992 gave the Basic Energy Sciences program two roles: (1) fundamental research for the DOE mission and (2) the operation of major scientific user facilities for the Nation.
- BES evolved a research portfolio to interface with EERE, FE, NE, TD, RW, EM, and DP (now NNSA).
- BES plans, constructs, and operates the largest suite of major scientific user facilities operated by a single organization in the world for “materials sciences and related disciplines” (as termed in the 1984 NRC Seitz-Eastman Report).  These enable us to “see” atoms and to fabricate materials both top down and bottom up.
- Strategic planning activities for the energy security mission:
*Basic Research Needs to Assure a Secure Energy Future* workshop (2002)
- Follow-on workshops (2002-continuing)
- Our philosophy is to define a research portfolio both to overcome short-term showstoppers and to tackle long-term grand challenges for disruptive energy technologies.  ***Both pieces are critical.***

***DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences ***

## A Comprehensive Decades-to-Century Energy Plan 

**Carbon Energy Sources**

**Coal**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,... **

**Research for a Secure Energy Future**
**Supply, Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management**

**No-net-carbon Energy Sources**

**Nuclear Fission**

**Nuclear Fusion**

**Carbon Management**

**CO****2**** Sequestration **

**Carbon Recycle**

**Geologic**

**Terrestrial**

**Oceanic**

**Global Climate Change Science**

**Energy Consumption**

**Transportation **

**Buildings **

**Industry**

**Distribution/****Storage**

**Electric Grid **

**Electric Storage**

**Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Environmental Stewardship**

**Decision Science and Complex Systems Science**

***BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES  ***

** ****Hydrogen**

***A Comprehensive Decades-to-Century Energy Plan ***

** ****Alternate Fuels**

**Superconductivity**

**Solid-state lighting**

## “Basic Research Needs ...” Workshops Help Define Research Directions

**Basic Research Needs to Assure a Secure Energy Future**
- BESAC Workshop, October 21-25, 2002
*The foundation workshop that set the model for the focused workshops that follow.*
**Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy**
- BES Workshop, May 13-15, 2003
**Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization**
- BES Workshop, April 18-21, 2005
**Nanoscience Research for Energy Needs**
- BES and the National Nanotechnology Initiative, March 16-18, 2004
**Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity**
- BES Workshop, April 2006
**Basic Research Needs for Solid-state Lighting**
- BES Workshop, June 2006
**Basic Research Needs for Energy Storage**
- BES Workshop, mid FY 2007
**Advanced Computational Materials Science:  Application to Fusion and Generation IV Fission Reactors**
- BES, ASCR, FES, and NE Workshop, March 31-April 2, 2004
**The Path to Sustainable Nuclear Energy:  Basic and Applied Research Opportunities for Advanced Fuel Cycles**** **
- BES, NP, and ASCR Workshop, September 2005

## Many Crosscutting Science Research Areas Emerged from the Workshops

- Science at the nanoscale, especially low-dimensional systems that promise materials with new and novel properties
- Methods to “control” photon, electron, ion, and phonon transport in materials for next-generation energy technologies
- Structure-function relationships in both living and non-living systems
- Designer catalysts
- Interfacial science and designer membranes in both chemistry and materials sciences
- Bio-materials and bio-chemical interfaces, especially at the nanoscale where soft matter and hard matter can be joined
- New tools for:
- Spatial characterization, especially at the atomic and nanoscales and especially for in-situ studies
- Temporal characterization for studying the time evolution of processes
- Theory and computation

***Many Crosscutting Science Research Areas Emerged from the Workshops***

## Summary of the Steps in Research Coordination

***Conduct formal workshops to identify the “Basic Research Needs ...”***
*Engage the applied research, development, and deployment communities*
*Understand the technology gaps*
*Engage the basic research community*
*Identify the science that underpins the technology gaps*
*Produce thorough, standard-format report that details technology gaps, current status, proposed basic research directions, cross-cutting fundamental research themes, and basic-research grand challenges*
*Mitigate suspicion and skepticism within all communities involved*
***Develop a basic research agenda that addresses both the short-term show stoppers and the long-term grand challenges from the workshop reports***
***Coordinate basic and applied research, early and often***
*Solicitations*
*Proposal reviews*
*Results from the basic, applied, and development communities*
***Engage in outreach***
*Inform decision makers about the work*
*Continue to engage the basic research community at professional society meetings*
***Always be mindful of the roles/responsibilities of each group and community***

## Basic Research in Support of a Hydrogen Economy

***Basic Research in Support of a Hydrogen Economy***

**Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use****(A BES Workshop, May 13-15, 2003)**

_**Charge to the workshop**_**:  Identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies.  Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage, and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion. **

**Workshop Chair:****	****Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)**
**Associate Chairs:****	****George Crabtree (ANL)**
**	****	****Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)**
**Breakout Sessions:**
**Hydrogen Production**
**	****Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. Chicago**
**Hydrogen Storage and Distribution**
**	****Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCU**
**Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials**
**	****Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU**

## The Hydrogen Economy

**gas or**
**hydride**
**storage**

**H****2****O**

***storage***

## Basic Research R&D Plan: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

**“****Bridging the gaps that separate the hydrogen- and fossil-fuel based economies in cost, performance, and reliability goes far beyond incremental advances in the present state of the art. Rather, fundamental breakthroughs are needed in the understanding and control of chemical and physical processes involved in the production, storage, and use of hydrogen. ****Of particular importance is the need to understand the atomic and molecular processes that occur at the interface of hydrogen with materials in order to develop new materials suitable for use in a hydrogen economy. New materials are needed for membranes, catalysts, and fuel cell assemblies that perform at much higher levels, at much lower cost, and with much longer lifetimes. Such breakthroughs will require revolutionary, not evolutionary, advances. ****Discovery of new materials, new chemical processes, and new synthesis techniques that leapfrog technical barriers is required. This kind of progress can be achieved only with highly innovative, basic research.”**

**High priority research areas as identified by the workshop report:**
***	******- Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage***
***	******- Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport***
***	******- Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale***
***	******- Solar Hydrogen Production ***
***	******- Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes***

## The Two Hydrogen Economies

***(1) Short-term showstoppers and (2) Long-term grand challenges as the basis for disruptive technologies***

**research need**

**energy payoff**

- fossil fuel
- reforming

- gas/liquid
- storage

- fuel cell
- operation

- solid state
- storage

- splitting
- water

- Incremental:
- within reach of
- commercial technology

- Mature:
- breakthroughs in
- basic science/materials

**Courtesy George Crabtree**

## New Paradigms:  Disruptive Technologies

-        OSTP Series on Hot Topics in Science and Technology, August 10, 2005

***New Paradigms:  Disruptive Technologies***

- “All the elementary steps of energy conversion (charge transfer, molecular rearrangement, chemical reactions, etc.) take place on the nanoscale. Thus, the development of new nanoscale materials, as well as the methods to characterize, manipulate and assemble them, creates an entirely new paradigm for developing new and revolu-tionary energy technologies.”

## A Single Recommendation Emerged from the First “Basic Research Needs ...” Study

***A Single Recommendation Emerged from the First “Basic Research Needs ...” Study***

**RECOMMENDATION: **Considering the urgency of the energy problem, the magnitude of the needed scientific breakthroughs, and the historic rate of scientific discovery, current efforts will likely be too little, too late. Accordingly, BESAC believes that a new national energy research program is essential and must be initiated with the intensity and commitment of the Manhattan Project, and sustained until this problem is solved.
- February 2003