# Presentation: 504089

## Bullying Among Children & Youth

- [Insert name and date of conference or workshop]
- [Insert your name and affiliation]

- (c) 2005 Take a Stand.  Lend a Hand.  Stop Bullying Now!

## Overview of the Workshop

- What is known about the nature and prevalence of bullying?
- Why be concerned about bullying?
- How are schools addressing bullying?
- What works and doesn’t work in bullying prevention and intervention?
- HRSA’s National Bullying Prevention Campaign

**Notes:**
What I’d like to do in the 40 minutes we have today is: 

First:  to give an overview of the nature and prevalence of bullying.  (What is it?  How prevalent is it? What, if any gender and age differences do we observe in bullying and victimization?)

Second:  Discuss why we should be concerned about bullying among children and youth.

Third:  Give an overview of some of the ways that schools currently are addressing bullying.

Fourth:  Talk about what strategies are most effective in preventing bullying and in intervening to stop bullying...and what strategies are not effective.

Finally:  I’d like to introduce you to HRSA’s National Bullying Prevention Campaign, which includes resources for children, youth, parents, teachers, and other adults who interact with children & youth and who are concerned about bullying.

## Bullying...	

- Is aggressive behavior that intends to cause harm or distress.
- Usually is repeated over time.
- Occurs in a relationship where there is an imbalance of power or strength.

**Notes:**
Researchers and practitioners generally agree that bullying has three defining characteristics (review 3 characteristics).

It is important to note that bullying is a form of victimization (or peer abuse) and shares some characteristics with other forms of victimization:  domestic violence & child maltreatment

It also is important to consider what bullying ISN’T. Bullying isn’t a form of conflict, which implies that the two parties are on more or less equal footing.

## Direct Bullying

- Hitting, kicking, shoving, spitting...
- Taunting, teasing, racial slurs, verbal harassment
- Threatening, obscene gestures

**Notes:**
Bullying takes many forms.  We are, perhaps, most familiar with direct forms of bullying, which include...

## Indirect Bullying

- Getting another person to bully someone for you
- Spreading rumors
- Deliberately excluding someone from a group or activity
- Cyber-bullying

**Notes:**
It also is important to keep in mind that there indirect forms of bullying, which may be less apparent to adults, but which may cause a good bit of distress to children who are bullied.  

Indirect forms of bullying might include...

(Note that cyber-bullying is a relatively new form of bullying, which includes bullying via e-mail messages, instant messaging, text messaging, chat rooms, and web sites.)

## How common is bullying?

*Nansel et al. (2001): national sample of 15,600 students in grades 6-10*
- 19% _bullied others_ ”sometimes” or more often
- 9% bullied others weekly
- 17% _were bullied_ “sometimes” or more often
-  8% were bullied weekly
- 6% reported bullying *and* being bullied “sometimes” or more often

**Notes:**
A recent nationally representative study of more than 15,000 6th-10th graders in the United States found that:

Nearly 20% admitted to bullying others “sometimes” or more often within a school semester, and 9% bullied others once a week or more often;
17% said that they had been bullied “sometimes” or more often, and were bullied at least once per week.
6% of the total sample said that they bullied AND had been bullied “sometimes” or more often.

Note:  This study used an anonymous, self-report questionnaire.

Citation:  Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simmons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001).  Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.

## Gender Differences in Bullying

- Most studies find that boys bully more than do girls
- Boys report being bullied by boys; girls report being bullied by boys _and_ girls
- Boys are more likely than girls to be physically bullied by their peers
- Girls are more likely to be bullied through rumor-spreading, sexual comments, social exclusion

## Conditions Surrounding Bullying

- Children usually are bullied by one child or a small group
- Common locations: playground, classroom, lunchroom, halls, bathrooms
- Bullying is more common at school than on the way to/from school

**Notes:**
Recent research has focused on better understanding the conditions surrounding bullying incidents, including the number of perpetrators and the location of the bullying.

Number of perpetrators.  Children who are bullied typically tell us that they have been bullied by one other child or by a very small group of peers.  It is less common for children to be bullied by large groups (Olweus, 1993a; Unnever, 2001, as cited in Limber, 2002).
Location of bullying.  The locations where children are bullied vary somewhat from survey to survey.  Common locations for bullying at school include the playground (for elementary school children), the classroom (both with and without the teacher present), the lunchroom, and the hallways.  Bullying is much more common at school than away from school (e.g., on the bus, at the bus stop) (see e.g., Nansel et al., 2001; Olweus, 1993)

## Children Who Bully are More Likely to:

- Get into frequent fights
- Be injured in a fight
- Steal, vandalize property
- Drink alcohol
- Smoke
- Be truant, drop out of school
- Report poorer academic achievement
- Perceive a negative climate at school
- Carry a weapon

**Notes:**
Frequent or persistent bullying behavior commonly is considered part of a conduct-disordered behavior pattern.  
Researchers have found bullying behavior to be related to other antisocial, violent, or troubling behaviors.  They are more likely than their non-bullying peers to...

Sample Citations:  
Byrne, B. J. (1994).  Bullies and victims in school settings with reference to some Dublin schools.  Irish Journal of Psychology, 15, 574-586.

Cunningham, P. B., Henggeler, S. W., Limber, S. P., Melton, G. B., & Nation, M. A. (2000).  Patterns and correlates of gun ownership among nonmetropolitan and rural middle school students.  Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 432-442.

Nansel et al. (2001)

Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Haynie, D. L., Ruan, W. J., & Scheidt, P. C. (2003).  Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth.  Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.

Olweus (1993).  Victimization by peers: Antecedents and long-term outcomes.  In K. H. Rubin & J. B. Asendorf (Eds.), Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness (pp. 315-341).

## Longitudinal Study of Children who Bullied (Olweus, 1993)

- 60% of boys who were bullies in middle school had at least one conviction by age 24.
- 40% had three or more convictions.
- Bullies were 4 times as likely as peers to have multiple convictions.

**Notes:**
Finally, bullying behavior also may be an indicator that boys are at risk for engaging in later criminal behaviors.  

In a longitudinal study in Norway, 60% of boys who were identified as bullies in middle school had at least one conviction by the age of 24, and 35-40% had three or more convictions.  So, children who bullied were three to four times as likely as their non-bullying peers to have multiple convictions by their early 20s. (Olweus, 1993a).

## Children who are bullied have:

- Lower self esteem
- Higher rates of depression
- Higher absenteeism rates
- More suicidal ideation

**Notes:**
What effects does bullying have on its victims?  Bullying may seriously affect the  psychosocial functioning, academic work, and the health of children who are targeted.  Bully victimization has been found to be related to lower self-esteem, higher rates of depression, loneliness, and anxiety (e.g., Craig, 1998; Nansel et al., 2001; Rigby, & Slee, 1993).

Victims are more likely to report wanting to avoid attending school and have higher school absenteeism rates (Rigby, 1996).  
Researchers also have identified that victims of bullying were more likely to report more suicidal ideation than their non-bullied peers. (Rigby, 1996).  

Sample Citations:

Craig, W. M. (1998).  The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children.  Personality & Individual Differences, 24, 123-130.

Rigby, K. & Slee, P. T. (1993).  Bullying among Australian school children:  Reported behavior and attitudes toward victims.  Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 615-627.

## Health Consequences of Bullying (Fekkes et al., 2003)

- 					_Bullied _	_Not bullied_
- Headache			16%		6%
- Sleep problems		42%		23%
- Abdominal pain		17%		9%
- Feeling tense			20%		9%
- Anxiety			28%		10%
- Feeling unhappy		23%		5%
- Depression scale
- 	moderate indication	49%		16%
- 	strong indication		16%		2%

**Notes:**
Recent research has focused on health consequences of bullying.  For example, in recent study of Dutch school children (ages 9-12) researchers found that bullied children (i.e., children who were bullied a few times a month or more), were more likely than their non-bullied peers to experience a whole host of physical ailments.  They were, for example:

nearly 3x as likely as their non-bullied peers to experience headaches,
2x as likely to have problems sleeping, abdominal pain, and to feel tense
3x as likely to feel anxious
Nearly 5x as likely to feel unhappy, and 
Much more likely to be depressed

Citation:  Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., & Verloove-VanHorick, S. P. (2004).  Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims.  Journal of Pediatrics, 144, 17-22.

## Common Characteristics of Bully/Victims

- Hyperactive, have difficulty concentrating
- Quick-tempered, try to fight back if provoked
- May be bullied by many children
- Try to bully younger, weaker children

**Notes:**
Among children who are bullied, there is a sub-group, referred to as bully/victims or “provocative victims.”

Bully-victims display many of the characteristics of passive victims, but they also may tend to by hyperactive and have difficulty concentrating.  These children tend to be quick-tempered and try to fight back if they feel insulted or attacked.  When these children are bullied, many students (and sometimes the whole class) may be involved in the bullying.  

Although bully-victims are frequent targets of bullying, they also may tend to bully younger or weaker children.
Primary citation:  Olweus (1993a)

## Concern About Bully/Victims

- Display the social-emotional problems of victimized children AND the behavioral problems of children who bully (Nansel et al., 2003)
- Poor relationships with classmates
- Lonely
- Poorer academic achievement
- Higher rates of smoking and alcohol use
- More frequent fighting

**Notes:**
Recent research suggests that there is particular reason to be concerned about bully-victims, as they tend to display not only the social-emotional problems of victimized children but also the behavioral problems of bullies.

In a recent national study of 6th-10th graders, researchers found that these children reported...

Citation:  Nansel et al. (2003)

## Concern About Bully/Victims(cont.) 

- _Peer Ratings_
- Who do children most want to avoid?  bully/victims
- _Teacher Ratings_
- Who is least popular?  bully/victims
- Who has the most conduct problems?  bully/victims
- Who is seen as the most disengaged from school?    bully/victims

**Notes:**
These differences don’t just show up in studies that use self-report measures, however.  In a recent study of nearly 2,000 6th grade students from 11 different schools in Los Angeles, researchers also tapped into peer ratings and teacher ratings of:  children who bully, victims of bullying, bully-victims, and children who were not directly involved in bullying.  

They found that: 
When children were asked whom they most wanted to avoid—they gave names of children who were classified by researchers as bully-victims
When teachers were asked to rate children as to popularity, bully-victims and victims emerged as the least popular.  
When teachers were asked who had the most conduct problems and who were the least engaged students, children who were bully-victims were at the top of the list.  

Citation:  Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M. A. (2003).  Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled.  Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237.

## Safe School Initiative Report (2002)

- US Secret Service and US Dept. of Education
- Studied 37 incidents of targeted school violence, involving 41 attackers (1974-2000)
- 3/4 of attackers felt persecuted, bullied prior to the incident
- 1/3 of attackers characterized as “loners”
- 1/4 socialized with students who were disliked by most mainstream students
- Many had considered suicide

**Notes:**
Let me highlight one final study that has found a link between bully victimization and seriously aggressive behavior:

Several years ago, the US Secret Service, together with the US Department of Education, conducted a study of all incidents of targeted school violence between 1974 and 2000.  (The term “targeted school violence” indicates that the school was deliberately selected as the location for the attack and wasn’t merely a random site of opportunity.)

Drawing on information from investigative, school, court, and mental health records, researchers found that:

3⁄4 of the attackers felt persecuted, bullied prior to the incident
1/3 were characterized (either by others or themselves) as “loners”
1⁄4 socialized with students who were disliked by most mainstream students or were considered to be part of a “fringe” group

Although there are some limitations of retrospective studies such as this one, but together, the data are fairly compelling in raising our concern about a relatively small group of students who are bullied by their peers.  

Citation:  Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002).  The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States.  Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Safe and Drug Free Schools Program and U.S. Secret Service, National Threat Assessment Center.

## Reporting of Bullying to School Staff

- Many do not report being bullied.
- Older children and boys are less likely to report victimization.
- Why don’t children report?
- 2/3 of victims felt that staff responded poorly
- 6% believed that staff responded very well. (Hoover et al., 1992)

**Notes:**
Of course, most victimized children are not violent.  How do most victimized children cope with the bullying that they experience?

Unfortunately, despite the high prevalence of bullying and the harm that it may cause, substantial numbers of children indicate that they report their victimization--at least not to adults at school or to their parents (Limber, 2002).
Reporting of bullying varies by age and gender.  Older children and boys are particularly unlikely to report their victimization (Melton et al., 1998; Rivers & Smith, 1994; Whitney & Smith, 1993).

Why don’t children report their experiences to adults?  Children’s reluctance to report bullying experiences to school staff may reflect a lack of confidence in their teachers’ (and other school authorities’) handling of bullying incidents and reports.  For example, in a survey of high school students in the U.S., two-thirds of those who had been bullied believed that school personnel responded poorly to bullying incidents at school, and only 6% felt that school staff handled these problems very well (Hoover et al., 1992).

Sample Citations:

Hoover, J. H., Oliver, R., & Hazler, R. J. (1992).  Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the Midwestern USA.  School Psychology International, 13, 5-16.

Limber, S. P. (2002).

Melton, G. B., Limber, S. P., Cunningham, P., Osgood, D. W., Chambers, J., Flerx, V., Henggeler, S., & Nation, M. (1988).  Violence among rural youth.  Final report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 

Rivers, I., & Smith, P. K. (1994).  Types of bullying behavior and their correlates.  Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368.

Whitney, I., & Smith, P. K. (1993).  A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools.  Educational Research, 35, 3-25.

## Adults’ Responsiveness to Bullying

- Adults overestimate their effectiveness in identifying bullying and intervening.
- Many children question the commitment of teachers and administrators to stopping bullying
- 35% believed _teachers_ were interested in stopping bullying
- 25% believed _administrators_ were interested in stopping bullying (Harris et al., 2002).

**Notes:**
Because many children don’t report their experiences, it is critical that adults and other students are vigilant and responsive to bullying.
Unfortunately, adults within the school environment dramatically overestimate their effectiveness in identifying and intervening in bullying situations.  For example, in one study, 70% of teachers believed that teachers intervene “almost always” in bullying situations, while only 25% of the students agreed with the teacher’s assessment (Charach et al., 1995).
These findings suggest that teachers are unaware of much of the bullying that occurs around them.  This is likely because bullying is often difficult to detect and because children often do not report bullying to adults. 
Perhaps even more disturbing...many children also question the commitment of teachers and administrators to stopping bullying.  For example, in a recent study of 9th grade students (Harris et al., 2002), only one-third believed that their teachers were interested in trying to stop bullying.  Forty-four percent reported that they did not know if their teachers were interested in stopping bullying, and 21% felt that their teachers were not interested.  Even fewer students (25%) believed that administrators at their school were interested in stopping bullying. 

Sample citations:

Charach, A., Pepler, D. J., & Zieler, S. (1995).  Bullying at school: A Canadian perspective.  Education Canada, 35, 12-18.

Harris, S., Petrie, G., & Willoughby, W. (2002).  Bullying among 9th graders: An exploratory study.  NASSP Bulletin 86 (630).

## Kids Who Observe

- What do you usually do when you see a student being bullied?
- 38%	Nothing, because it’s	none of my business
- 27%	I don’t do anything, but	I think I should help
- 35%	I try to help him or her

**Notes:**
Although adults are critically important actors, children and youth also play important roles in addressing the bullying that they witness or observe

How do children typically react to bullying that they observe?

In a study of 4th-6th graders, children reported the following when asked “what do you usually do when you see a student being bullied?”:
38% felt it was none of their business, but
62% either tried to help or at least believed that they should help.

Citation:  Melton et al. (1998).

## What Are Schools Doing To Address Bullying?

- Awareness-raising efforts
- Reporting, tracking
- Zero tolerance (student exclusion)
- Social skills training for victims of bullying
- Individual & group treatment for children who bully/children who are bullied
- Mediation, conflict resolution programs
- Curricular approaches to bullying prevention
- Comprehensive approaches

**Notes:**
Although adults are critically important actors, children and youth also play important roles in addressing the bullying that they witness or observe

How do children typically react to bullying that they observe?

In a study of 4th-6th graders, children reported the following when asked “what do you usually do when you see a student being bullied?”:
38% felt it was none of their business, but
62% either tried to help or at least believed that they should help.

Citation:  Melton et al. (1998).

## Common “Misdirections” in Bullying Prevention and Intervention

- Zero tolerance (student exclusion)
- Conflict Resolution/Peer Mediation
- Group treatment for children who bully
- Simple, short-term solutions

**Notes:**
Unfortunately, not all approaches to bullying prevention and intervention are likely to be effective. In recent years, a number of misdirected strategies have been developed (albeit by committed and caring adults).  These “misdirections” include:

For more information:  See the Stop Bullying Now fact sheet entitled, “Misdirections in Bullying Prevention and Intervention” (www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov)

## What works in bullying prevention?

- What is required to reduce bullying in schools is nothing less than a _change in the school climate_ and in _norms for behavior_.
- This requires a comprehensive, school-wide effort involving the _entire school community_

**Notes:**
Unfortunately, not all approaches to bullying prevention and intervention are likely to be effective. In recent years, a number of misdirected strategies have been developed (albeit by committed and caring adults).  These “misdirections” include:

For more information:  See the Stop Bullying Now fact sheet entitled, “Misdirections in Bullying Prevention and Intervention” (www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov)

## www.StopBullyingNow.hrsa.gov

**Notes:**
Public awareness efforts can assist schools and communities in raising awareness about bullying and in pointing children and adults to useful resources.

In 2004, the Health Services and Resources Administration (HRSA) launched a multi-year public awareness campaign for “tweens” (children aged 9-13) entitled “Take a Stand.  Lend a Hand.  Stop Bullying Now!

## Campaign Goals

- Raise awareness about bullying
- Prevent and reduce bullying behaviors
- Identify appropriate interventions for “tweens” and other target audiences
- Foster and enhance linkages among partners

**Notes:**
The Campaign’s goals are 4-fold:
Raise awareness about bullying
Prevent and reduce bullying behaviors
Identify appropriate interventions for “tweens” and other target audiences (including teens and adults who interact with tweens)
Foster and enhance linkages among partners

## Resources Used for the  Campaign’s Development

- Review of existing research on bullying
- Focus groups & in-depth interviews with tweens, teens, adults
- Input from Youth Expert Panel
- Input from Steering Committee of Partner Organizations

**Notes:**
A variety of resources were used in the Campaign’s development.  These included:
A review of existing research on bullying
Focus groups and in-depth interviews, which were conducted with tweens, teens, parents, educators, and other professionals who interact with tweens
Input from a Youth Expert Panel of tweens and several teenagers who helped to make sure the campaign reflected the "real life" impact of bullying in middle school and beyond.  (The panel was racially and geographically diverse and included children and youth with special needs.)
Input from a steering committee of many partner organizations

## Campaign Partners

- Over 60 public, not-for-profit groups, & government agencies
- Represent fields of:
- Education, health, mental health, law enforcement, youth development, faith-based communities
- Responsibilities:
- Advise Campaign’s development
- Provide feedback on Campaign products
- Disseminate Campaign’s results

**Notes:**
The Campaign Partners included representatives from numerous public, not-for-profit groups and several government agencies.

These partners represented different constituency groups and provided diverse perspectives into the issue of bullying.

The responsibilities of the partners included:
Providing advice into the development of the Campaign
Providing feedback on particular Campaign products
Disseminating information about the Campaign and the topic of bullying to their constituents

## Campaign’s Launch

**Campaign’s Launch**

**Notes:**
The Campaign was launched on March 1, 2004, at the KIPP KEY Academy in Washington, DC. by U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Richard Carmona.

During the launch, the various elements of the Campaign were introduced, which I’ll highlight.

## TV, Radio, and Print Public Service Announcements for Tweens

**TV, Radio, and Print Public Service Announcements for Tweens**

**Notes:**
Television, radio, and print public service announcements have been produced for tweens...

## PSAs

**For Adults**

**Notes:**
...and for adults.

For example, several thousand television PSAs have been aired on more than 50 stations across the U.S.

In addition, NBC’s “The More You Know” Campaign has collaborated with the HRSA National Bullying Prevention Campaign to develop several PSAs on bullying, which air every Saturday morning.

## Interactive Website

- www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov
- Animated Serial Comic
- Games, polls for tweens
- Advice for tweens
- Resource Kit for adults
- Links to partner groups and activities

**Notes:**
Much of the activity of the Campaign centers around an interactive website, which is designed for use by tweens and by adults.  

It includes a wide variety of resources, many of which I’ll describe briefly...

## Animated Serial Comic

- Twelve 2-minute episodes
- Entertaining cast of characters
- Model positive behaviors
- Interactive

**Notes:**
An animated serial comic has been developed to introduce bullying stories to tweens.

The comic contains twelve 2-minute “webisodes” that feature a cast of engaging school-aged characters, who are dealing with bullying in their everyday lives.  

Characters in the webisodes (both youth and adults) model positive behaviors for helping to stop bullying.

At the end of each webisode, visitors can engage in an interactive Q & A session about the story that they’ve just viewed.  These questions help children & youth explore in more depth the motivations of the characters and possible solutions to bullying problems.

## Resource Kit 

- More than 20 tip sheets/fact sheets
- Database of existing bullying prevention resources
- Bullying prevention programs
- Books, videos, other resources
- Available on the web (stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov) or in hard copy via HRSA Helpline (1-888-ASK-HRSA)

**Notes:**
Also on the website is a Resource Kit for adults.

The Kit includes:  

  more than 20 tip sheets and fact sheets with titles such as:
“What do We Know About Bullying?”
“Warning Signs That a Child Is Being Bullied”
“Misdirections in Bullying Prevention and Intervention”
“Roles for Health and Safety Professionals in Bullying Prevention & Intervention”

  A database of scores of existing bullying prevention resources, including school-based bullying prevention programs, as well as books, videos and a variety of other resources for tweens, teens, parents, and other adults.

A hard copy of the Resource Kit can be ordered free of cost from the HRSA Helpline.

## Communications Kit 

- Provides bullying prevention communication materials to be used by local communities
- Components:
- PSAs for radio and TV
- Print PSAs
- Posters

**Notes:**
Also available on the website and from the HRSA Helpline is a Communications Kit, which provides communication materials that can be used by local organizations and communities to spread the word about bullying prevention.

The Communications Kit includes PSAs as well as...

## Bullying Prevention Posters

**Bullying Prevention Posters**

**Notes:**
...two posters designed for tweens.  

## Campaign Brochure

**Campaign Brochure**

**Notes:**
The Communications Kit also includes a camera-ready brochure about the Campaign and the problem of bullying.

## National Teleconference

- 90-minute teleconference held in the spring of 2004.
- www.mchcom.com
- Sponsored by the Health Resources & Services Administration and the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe & Drug-Free Schools
- Participants discussed the nature of bullying and effective bullying prevention and intervention strategies.
- Included 6-8-minute video workshops for
- Educators
- Health professionals
- Mental health professionals
- Youth organizations
- Law enforcement officials

**Notes:**
In April of 2004, a 90-minute live teleconference was held to feature the resources of the Campaign and to offer expert advice on bullying prevention and intervention.

The Campaign was sponsored by HRSA and by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools.

The teleconference may be viewed in its entirety on the Campaign’s website.  

Also available for viewing are 5 short video workshops that were featured during the teleconference.  These video workshops are designed to highlight what educators, health professionals, mental health professionals, youth organizations, and law enforcement officials can do to help prevent bullying.