# Presentation: 387675

**The National Geodetic Survey**
**ADJUST  Processing **
**Workshop**

- Renee L. Shields
*renee.shields@noaa.gov*

## OVERVIEW

- Explain Handouts
- Prepare PCs:
- Create Directories
- Load Software and Sample Projects

## OVERVIEW

- Processing Flow
- Files used in ADJUST:
- Blue Book Format (BBOOK)
- GPS Vectors (GFILE)
- Adjustment Parameter File (AFILE)

## OVERVIEW

- Process 1st Sample Project - Start to Finish
- Constrained Adjustment Guidelines
- Process 2nd Sample Project
- NGS Policy: Incorporation of Geodetic Data into NGSIDB

## OVERVIEW

- Future of ADJUST
- ITRF, Accuracies, CORS
- Miscellaneous
- Publications Available
- NGSWEB
- Time Permitting:
- Special Case Example Set
- Projects Supplied by Class

## HANDOUTS

- Dataflow Diagram
- ADJUST Files -
- “Input Formats...” = Blue Book, Gfile
- Afile
- Processing Flow Diagram
- Constrained Adjustments Guidelines

## HANDOUTS

- Submitting Data to NGS
- What to Include
- Checklist - Page L-9 from Blue Book
- Sample Project Reports
- Future of Adjustments
- Notes on Ellipsoids/Heights
- Accuracies
- CORS

## HANDOUTS

- Example Set Instructions
- Miscellaneous Info
- Useful Web Sites
- Ask A Geodesist
- ADJUST Processing Tutorial
- ADJUST Statistics Defined
- Sample Projects in Wisconsin

## ADJUSTMENT FLOW

**“****Blue Book”**

**GFILE**

**AFILE**

**ADJUST**

**Adjusted**
**“****Blue Book”**

**Adjustment**
**Output**

- VALIDITY
- CHECKING
- PROGRAMS

## INPUT FILES - “BLUE BOOK”

- Header Records (*10*, *12*, *13*)
- GPS Occupation Records (*25*, *27*)
- Instrument Records (*70*, *72*)
- Control Point Records (*80*)
- Height Record (*86*)

## INPUT FILES - GFILE

- A - Project Record
- B - Session Header Record
- C - Vector Record
- D - Correlation Record

## INPUT FILES - ADJUSTMENT FILE

- CC - Constrained Coordinate Record
- DD - Dimensionality Record
- II - Iteration Record
- MM - Adjustment Mode Record
- PP - Print Output Record
- QQ - Accuracy Computation Record

**Input Formats and **
**Specifications of the **
**National Geodetic Survey**
**Data Base**
**Volume I. Horizontal Control ,Data**
- Silver Spring, MD 20910
- September 1994
**U.S. DEPARTMENT OF Commerce**
**National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration**
**National Ocean Service**
**Coast and Geodetic Survey**

## “INPUT FORMATS” TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Chapter 1 - HORIZONTAL CONTROL (HZTL) DATA
- Chapter 2 - HORIZONTAL OBSERVATION (HZTL OBS) DATA
- Chapter 3 - GEODETIC CONTROL DESCRIPTIVE (GEOD DESC) DATA
- ANNEX A - NGS STATE AND COUNTRY CODES
- ANNEX B - STATE PLANE COORDINATES (SPC) ZONE CODES
- ANNEX C - CONTRIBUTORS OF GEODETIC CONTROL DATA
- ANNEX D - GUIDELINES FOR CONTROL POINT DESIGNATIONS
- ANNEX E - STATIONS ORDER-AND-TYPE (OT) CODES
- ANNEX F - NGS SURVEY EQUIPMENT CODES
- ANNEX G - ELLIPSOID HEIGHT ORDER-AND-CLASS (OC) CODES
- ANNEX H - STANDARD TIME ZONES
- ANNEX I - SUMMARY OF CODES USED IN GEODETIC SURVEY POINT DEXCRIPTIONS
- ANNEX J - GPS ANTENNA CODES (Superceded by ANNEX M)
- ANNEX K - PROJECT REPORT INSTRUCTIONS
- _ANNEX L - GUIDELINES FOR SUBMITTING GPS RELATIVE POSITIONING DATA_
- ANNEX M - GPS ANTENNA CODES (This new annex supercedes ANNEX J)
- ANNEX N - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM DATA TRANSFER FORMAT

## “BLUE BOOK” FILE

- 	              TABLE 2-1
- 	             HORIZONTAL OBSERVATION DATA SET RECORDS
-           ______________________________________________________________________
- 	|      [FIRST RECORD]                                                |
- 	| _*aa* - Data Set Identification Record                              _|
- 	| *10* - Project Title Record                                        |
- 	| *11* - Project Title Continuation Record                           |
- 	| *12* - Project Information Record                                  |
- 	| _*13* - Geodetic Datum and Ellipsoid Record                         _|
- 	| *20* - Horizontal Direction Set Record                             |
- 	|         .                                                          |
- 	| _        .                                                          _|
- 	| *25* - GPS Occupation Header Record                                |
- 	| *26* - GPS Occupation Comment Record (optional)                    |
- 	| *27* - GPS Occupation Measurement Record                           |
- 	| *28* - GPS Clock Synchronization Record                            |
- 	| _*29* - GPS Clock Synchronization Comment Record (optional)         _|
- 	| *30* - Horizontal Angle Set Record                                 |
- 	|         .                                                          |
- 	|         .     (Distances, Vertical Angles, Azimuths)               |
- 	|         .                                                          |
- 	| _________________________________                                   _|
- 	|                                                                    |

## “BLUE BOOK” FILE (con’t)

- 	| _________________________________                                   _|
- 	| *70* - Instrument Record                                           |
**  ****	**|** **_***71* - GPS Antenna Record**__ __** [Superseded**__ __**by *72* Record]**__             _|
-           | *80* - Control Point Record                                        |
- 	| *81* - Control Point Record (UTM/SPC)                              |
- 	| *82* - Reference or Azimuth Mark Record                            |
- 	| *83* - Bench Mark Record [discontinued - Use *86* record instead]  |
- 	| *84* - Geoid Height Record (Optional) [discontinued-Use *86*]      |
- 	| *85* - Deflection Record (Optional)                                |
- 	| _*86* - Orthometric Height, Geoid Height, Ellipsoid Height Record   _|
- 	| _*90* - Fixed Control Record                                        _|
- 	|        [LAST RECORD]                                               |
- 	| *aa* - Data Set Termination Record                                 |
- 	|____________________________________________________________________|
- 	______________________________________________________________________
- 	Note:  The symbol "aa" denotes the two-character job code assigned
- 	by the submitting organization - see Chapter 1.

- “BLUE BOOK” FILE (con’t)

## *25* GPS OCCUPATION HEADER RECORD

- 		                  *25* FORMAT
- CC 01-06	SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  MUST BE AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM 			PREVIOUS RECORD.
- CC 07-10	DATA CODE.  MUST BE *25*.
- CC 11-14	STATION SERIAL NUMBER (SSN).  INSTRUMENT STATION.  FOR ADDITIONAL 			INFORMATION  SEE CHAPTER 1, PAGES 1-2 THRU 1-6, _JOB CODE AND SURVEY POINT __	__	__NUMBERING_; CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-8 THRU 2-9, _OBSERVATION DATA RECORDS_; PAGES 2-12 		THRU 2-14, _ASSIGNMENT OF STATION SERIAL NUMBERS_; AND PAGE 2-14, _TREATMENT OF __	__	__ECCENTRIC OBSERVATIONS_.
- CC 15-24	DATA MEDIA IDENTIFIER.  A CODE WHICH SPECIFICALLY DEFINES THE RECEIVER TYPE, 		DAY, YEAR, SESSION, AND STATION OBSERVED.  FOR USE IN THE B-FILE AND G-FILE.  		SEE ANNEX L, PAGES L-1 AND L-2. THE FORMAT OF A DATA MEDIA IDENTIFIER IS:  		ADDDYSNNNN, WHERE:
-   A	IS THE CHARACTER WHICH INDICATES THE RECEIVER MANUFACTURER:  A = 		ASHTECH, INC; C = TOPCON CORP; D = DEL NORTE TECHNOLOGY, INC; G = 		ALLEN OSBORNE ASSOCIATES, INC; I = ISTAC, INC; L =  MINI-MACTM; M = 		MacrometerR; N = NORSTAR INSTRUMENTS, LTD; O =  MOTOROLA, INC; R = 		TRIMBLE NAVIGATION, LTD; S = SERCEL,  INC;  T = TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,INC; 	W = LEICA  HEERBRUGG AG-WILD HEERBRUGG-MAGNAVOX, INC; V = NOVATEL  		COMMUNICATIONS, LTD; X = OTHER
-   DDD  	IS THE DAY OF YEAR OF THE FIRST DATA EPOCH (UTC)
-   Y    	IS THE LAST DIGIT OF THE YEAR OF THE FIRST DATA EPOCH
-   S    	IS THE LETTER OR NUMBER OF THE SESSION OBSERVED
-   NNNN 	IS THE PROJECT UNIQUE, FOUR (4)-CHARACTER ABBREVIATION OF
-  	A STATION NAME.

## *25* (Con’t)

- 		                  *25* FORMAT (CON’T)
- CC 25-27  INITIALS OF THE OBSERVER
- CC 28-30  JOB-SPECIFIC INSTRUMENT NUMBER.  THE UNIQUE THREE-DIGIT NUMBER IN THE RANGE 001 	TO 999 ASSIGNED TO THE INSTRUMENT USED TO OBTAIN THIS OBSERVATION.  THIS NUMBER 	WILL CROSS REFERENCE THE NGS SURVEY EQUIPMENT CODE IN THE *70* RECORD.
- CC 31-32	LENGTH OF THE CABLE USED TO CONNECT RECEIVER AND ANTENNA. (XX) 			METERS
**CC 33-35****	****JOB-SPECIFIC ANTENNA NUMBER (JSAN).****  THE UNIQUE THREE-DIGIT NUMBER**
**	****ASSIGNED TO THE ANTENNA USED TO OBTAIN THIS OBSERVATION.  THIS NUMBER**
**	****WILL CROSS REFERENCE THE NGS ANTENNA CODE IN THE *71*/*72* RECORD.**
- CC 36-80	BLANK

## *27* GPS OCCUPATION MEASUREMENT RECORD

- 		                   	*27* FORMAT
- CC 01-06	SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  MUST BE AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM PREVIOUS 		RECORD.
- CC 07-10	DATA CODE.  MUST BE *27*.
- CC 11-14	STATION SERIAL NUMBER (SSN).  INSTRUMENT STATION.  FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 		SEE CHAPTER 1, PAGES 1-2 THRU 1-6, _JOB CODE AND SURVEY POINT NUMBERING_; CHAPTER 	2, PAGES 2-8 THRU 2-9, _OBSERVATION DATA RECORDS_; PAGES 2-12 THRU 2-13, 		_ASSIGNMENT OF STATION SERIAL NUMBERS_;
- CC 15-20	DATE OF OBSERVATION.(UTC)  YEAR, MONTH, DAY (YYMMDD).  SEE CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-		18, _DATE AND TIME_.
- CC 21-24	TIME.  HOURS, MINUTES (HHMM)(UTC).  SEE CHAPTER 2, PAGE 2-7, _TIME_, AND PAGE 2-		18, _DATE AND TIME_.
- CC 25-29	HEIGHT OF THE ANTENNA L1 PHASE CENTER ABOVE THE MONUMENT (XX.xxx) IN METERS.

## *27* (Con’t)

- 		                   	*27* FORMAT (Con’t)
- CC 30-33	DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (XXX.x).  ALL REQUIRED WEATHER INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND ON 	THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA PORTION OF THE OBSERVER'S FIELD LOG.  IT IS IMPORTANT TO 	MAKE SURE YOU ARE ENTERING DATA FOR THE CORRECT SESSION (BEGINNING AND ENDING 		READINGS).
- CC 34 	DRY BULB TEMPERATURE CODE (C/F).  THE TEMPERATURE GIVEN MUST BE   RECORDED IN 		CELSIUS OR FAHRENHEIT.  **NGS PREFERS CELSIUS.**
- CC 35-38	WET BULB TEMPERATURE (XXX.x).  SEE DRY BULB TEMPERATURE.
- CC 39	WET BULB TEMPERATURE CODE (C/F).  SEE DRY BULB TEMPERATURE CODE.
- CC 40-42	RELATIVE HUMIDITY (XX.x).  ENTER THE PERCENTAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT THE 		BEGINNING AND END OF THE SESSION.
- CC 43-48	BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (XXXX.xx).  (AT INITIATION AND COMPLETION) (ALLOWABLE UNITS 	MM, MB OR IN)  THE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN THE OBSERVER’S FIELD 	LOG.
- CC 49-50	BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CODE.  (MM, MB, IN) ** NGS PREFERS MB.**
- 	MM - MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY
- 	MB - MILLIBARS
- 	IN - INCHES OF MERCURY
- CC 51-55	WEATHER CODE.  THE FIRST COLUMN OF THIS CODE (51) IS A PROBLEM INDICATOR 		FOLLOWED BY VISIBILITY, TEMPERATURE, CLOUD COVER AND WIND INDICATORS IN 		SUCCESSION.  FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING THE WEATHER CODE TO BE USED IN 		CONNECTION WITH GEOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS, SEE CHAPTER 2, PAGES 2-10.
- CC 56-80    BLANK

## *70* INSTRUMENT RECORD

- 	                              *70* FORMAT
- CC 01-06	SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  MUST BE AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM THE PREVIOUS 	RECORD.
- CC 07-10	DATA CODE.  MUST BE *70*.
- CC 11-13	JOB-SPECIFIC INSTRUMENT NUMBER (JSIN).  MUST BE UNIQUE FOR EACH INSTRUMENT IN JOB.  	SEE PAGES 2-10 AND 2-28.
- CC 14-16	NGS SURVEY EQUIPMENT CODE.  SEE ANNEX F.  USED TO IDENTIFY THE INSTRUMENT WHICH 	WAS ASSIGNED THE JSIN IN CC 11-13 ABOVE.
- CC 17-20	RESOLUTION OF THE INSTRUMENT.  RECORD THE SIZE OF THE SMALLEST  DIRECTLY READABLE 	MEASUREMENT UNIT OR THE RESOLUTION PUBLISHED BY THE INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURER, 		WHICHEVER IS LARGER (XXxx).
- CC 21-22	UNITS.  UNITS OF THE RESOLUTION USED IN CC 17-20 ABOVE.  SEE PAGE 2-28, _RESOLUTION __	__OF THE INSTRUMENT AND UNITS_.
- CC 23-40	MANUFACTURER OF THE INSTRUMENT.  SEE ANNEX F.  (EXAMPLES:  WILD, ZEISS/JENA, 		HEWLETT PACKARD).
- CC 41-62	TYPE OF INSTRUMENT OR TRADE NAME.  SEE ANNEX F.  (EXAMPLES; DIRECTION THEODOLITE, 	CALIB INVAR TAPE, RANGE MASTER, TELLUROMETER).
- CC 63-70	MODEL OR CLASS OF INSTRUMENT.  SEE ANNEX F. (EXAMPLES:  T-3, MA-100, 30-MT, 100-	FT).
- CC 71-80	SERIAL NUMBER.  ALPHANUMERIC AND LEFT JUSTIFIED.  LEAVE BLANK IF THE SERIAL NUMBER 	IS NOT KNOWN.

## *72* GPS ANTENNA RECORD

- 	   GPS ANTENNA RECORD (*72*) **[Note: This record supersedes the *71* record]**
- cC 01-06	SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  MUST BE AN INCREMENT OF 10 FROM THE PREVIOUS 	RECORD.
- CC 07-10	DATA CODE.  MUST BE *72*
- CC 11-13	JOB SPECIFIC ANTENNA NUMBER (JSAN).  MUST BE UNIQUE FOR EACH ANTENNA IN JOB.
- CC 14-16	RESERVED
- CC 17-36	NGS ANTENNA CODE. SEE ANNEX M.  USED TO IDENTIFY THE ANTENNA WHICH WAS ASSIGNED 	THE JSAN IN CC 11-13 ABOVE.
- CC 37-44	RESERVED
- CC 45-64	SERIAL NUMBER.  ALPHANUMERIC AND LEFT JUSTIFIED.  LEAVE BLANK IF THE SERIAL NUMBER 	IS NOT KNOWN.
- CC 65-80	BLANK

##     *80* CONTROL POINT RECORD

-  *80* FORMAT
-    CC 01‐06  SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  INCREMENT BY 10 FROM THE
-              PREVIOUS RECORD.
-    CC 07‐10  DATA CODE. MUST BE *80*.
-    CC 11‐14  STATION SERIAL NUMBER (SSN). SEE PAGES 1‐1, _JOB CODE AND SURVEY_                   	   _POINT NUMBERING_ AND 2‐12, _ASSIGNMENT OF STATION SERIAL NUMBERS_.
-    CC 15‐44  STATION NAME.  MUST NOT EXCEED 30 CHARACTERS.  THE NAME OF A               	   HORIZONTAL CONTROL POINT WITH PERIPHERAL REFERENCE MARKS AND/OR                   	   AZIMUTH MARKS MUST NOT EXCEED 24 CHARACTERS TO ALLOW FOR ADDING 	   RM 1, RM 2, AND/OR AZ MK TO THE NAME WITHOUT EXCEEDING THE 30 	   CHARACTER LENGTH LIMIT.
-    CC 45‐55  LATITUDE. DEGREES, MINUTES, SECONDS (DDMMSSsssss).
-    CC 56     DIRECTION OF LATITUDE.  RECORD CODE "N" FOR NORTH OR CODE "S" FOR 	   SOUTH.
-    CC 57‐68  LONGITUDE. DEGREES, MINUTES, SECONDS, (DDDMMSSsssss).
-    CC 69     DIRECTION OF LONGITUDE. RECORD CODE "E" FOR EAST OR CODE "W" FOR 	   WEST.
**NGS PREFERS THAT YOU USE THE NEW *86* RECORD FOR RECORDING THE ELEVATION (ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT) AND ELEVATION CODE INSTEAD OF THE TWO DATA FIELDS THAT FOLLOW.  REFER TO PAGES 2-83 THRU 2-85.**

##     *80* CONTROL POINT RECORD

-  *80* FORMAT (Con’t)
-    CC 70‐75  ELEVATION.  RECORD ELEVATION OF MARK ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL. IN 	   METERS (MMMMmm). ENTER THE ELEVATION TO THE NEAREST CENTIMETER 	   (cm).  IF MEASUREMENT IS ONLY OBSERVED TO THE NEAREST DECIMETER 	   (dm), LEAVE CC 75 BLANK, IF OBSERVED ONLY TO THE NEAREST METER 	   (M), LEAVE CC 74-75 BLANK.  THE APPROPRIATE ELEVATION CODE MUST
-          	   BE ENTERED IN CC 76.  REFER TO PAGES 2‐34 and 2‐35, _ELEVATION AND  __	_   _ELEVATION CODE_.
-    CC 76     ELEVATION CODE.
-    CC 77‐78  STATE OR COUNTRY CODE.  IF THE CONTROL STATE IS LOCATED IN THE            	   UNITED STATES/CANADA, ENTER THE CODE FROM ANNEX A FOR THE                      	   STATE/PROVINCE OR TERRITORY WHICH CONTAINS THE STATION.  IF NOT,               	   ENTER THE CODE FROM ANNEX A FOR THE COUNTRY WHICH CONTAINS THE               	   STATION.  SEE ANNEX A.
-    CC 79‐80  STATION ORDER AND TYPE.  REFER TO PAGES 2‐35 THRU 2‐38, _STATION_              	   _ORDER AND TYPE_ AND SEE ANNEX E.

##     *86* CONTROL POINT RECORD

-                                   *86* FORMAT
-           CC 01-06  SEQUENCE NUMBER.  RIGHT JUSTIFIED.  INCREMENT BY 10 FROM THE
-         	          PREVIOUS RECORD.
- CC 07-10  DATA CODE.  MUST BE *86*.
- CC 11-14  STATION SERIAL NUMBER (SSN).
- CC 15-16  BLANK
- CC 17-23  ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT.  IN METERS (MMMMmmm).
- CC 24     ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT CODE.  SEE FOLLOWING TABLES.
- CC 25-26  ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT ORDER AND CLASS.  USE PUBLISHED
-          	          VERTICAL ORDER AND CLASS, OTHERWISE LEAVE BLANK.
- CC 27     ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT NGSIDB INDICATOR.  SEE FOLLOWING TABLES.
- CC 28-29  ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT DATUM.  SEE FOLLOWING TABLES.
- CC 30-35  ORGANIZATION WHICH ESTABLISHED AND/OR MAINTAINS THE
-           	ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT OF THE CONTROL POINT.  ENTER THE
-           	ABBREVIATION LISTED IN ANNEX C OR ON THE DATASET
-           	IDENTIFICATION RECORD.
- CC 36-42  GEOID HEIGHT.  ABOVE (POSITIVE) OR BELOW (NEGATIVE) THE
-           	REFERENCE ELLIPSOID.  IN METERS (MMMMmmm).
- CC 43     GEOID HEIGHT CODE.  SEE FOLLOWING TABLES.
- CC 44-45  BLANK.
- 	CC 46-52  ELLIPSOID HEIGHT.  IN METERS (MMMMmmm).
-    	CC 53     ELLIPSOID HEIGHT CODE.  SEE FOLLOWING TABLES.
-    	CC 54-55  ELLIPSOID HEIGHT ORDER AND CLASS.  SEE ANNEX G.
-    	CC 56     ELLIPSOID HEIGHT DATUM.
-    	CC 57-80  COMMENTS.

## INPUT FILES - GFILE

- A - Project Record
- B - Session Header Record
- C - Vector Record
- D - Correlation Record

## GFILE - PROJECT RECORD

- _Project Record_
- 01‐01  A
- 02‐03  Job Code (Chapter 1)                              		Alpha
- 04‐07  Year,  Start of Project (local) (CCYY)            		Integer
- 08‐09  Month, Start of Project (local) (MM)               		Integer
- 10‐11  Day,   Start of Project (local) (DD)               		Integer
- 12‐15  Year,  End of Project (local)   (CCYY)            		Integer
- 16‐17  Month, End of Project (local)   (MM)               		Integer
- 18‐19  Day,   End of Project (local)   (DD)               		Integer
- 20‐78  Title of project                                   		Alpha
- 79-80  Reserved

## GFILE - SESSION HEADER RECORD

- _Session Header Record_
- 01-01  B
- 02-05  Year,     First Actual Measurement   (UTC)  (CCYY)	Alpha
- 06-07  Month,  First Actual Measurement   (UTC)  (MM) 	Integer
- 08-09  Day,      First Actual Measurement   (UTC)  (DD)	Integer
- 10-13  Time,    First Actual Measurement   (UTC)   (DD)                Integer
- 14-17  Year,     Last Actual Measurement    (UTC)  (CCYY) 	Integer
- 18-19  Month,  Last Actual Measurement    (UTC)  (MM) 	Integer
- 20-21  Day,      Last Actual Measurement    (UTC)  (DD) 	Integer
- 22-25  Time,    First Actual Measurement   (UTC)   (DD)                Integer
- 26-27  Number of Vectors in Session			Integer
- 28-42   Software Name and Version			Alpha
- 43-47   Orbit Source (agency that computes orbit)		Alpha
- 48-51   Orbit accuracy estimate (XXX.x meters)		Implied Decimal

## GFILE - SESSION HEADER RECORD

- _Session Header Record_ (con’t)
- 52-53   Solution Coordinate System code	(table, N-6)	Integer                                54-55   Solution meteorological use code	(table, N-6)	Integer
- 56-57   Solution ionosphere use code	(table, N-6)	Integer                                58-59   Solution time parameter use code	(table, N-6)	Integer
- 60-60  Nominal accuracy code		(table, N-6)	Integer
- 61-66  Processing agency code		(Annex C) 	Alpha
- 67-70  Year of processing		(CCYY)	 	Integer
- 71-72  Month of processing 		(MM)		Integer
- 73-74  Day of processing 		(DD)		Integer
- 75-80  Solution type			(table, N-7)	Integer

## GFILE - VECTOR RECORD

- _Vector Record_
- 01-01   C
- 02-05   Origin Station Serial Number (ssn) 	vector tail		Integer
- 06-09   Differential Station Serial Number	vector head	Integer                                10-20   Delta X		(XXXXXXX.xxxx meters)	Implied Decimal
- 21-25  Standard Deviation	(X.xxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 26-36   Delta Y		(XXXXXXX.xxxx meters)	Implied Decimal
- 37-41  Standard Deviation	(X.xxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 42-52   Delta Z		(XXXXXXX.xxxx meters)	Implied Decimal
- 53-57  Standard Deviation	(X.xxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 58-58  Rejection code (use upper case R to reject)	 	Alpha
- 59-68  Origin Station Data Media Identifier			(see page N-6)
- 69-78  Differential Station Data Media Identifier		(see page N-6)
- 79-80  Reserved
- 	Note: Standard deviation values must be positive, non-zero numbers

##     GFILE - CORRELATION RECORD

- _Correlation Record_
- 01-01   D
- 02-04   Row Index Number				Integer
- 05-07   Column Index Number				Integer                                08-16   Correlation		(XX.xxxxxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 17-19   Row Index Number				Integer
- 20-22   Column Index Number				Integer                                23-31   Correlation		(XX.xxxxxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 32-34   Row Index Number				Integer
- 35-37   Column Index Number				Integer                                38-46   Correlation		(XX.xxxxxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 47-49   Row Index Number				Integer
- 50-52   Column Index Number				Integer                                53-61   Correlation		(XX.xxxxxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 62-64   Row Index Number				Integer
- 65-67   Column Index Number				Integer                                68-76   Correlation		(XX.xxxxxxx meters)		Implied Decimal
- 79-80  Reserved

## INPUT FILES - ADJUSTMENT FILE

- CC - Constrained Coordinate Record
- DD - Dimensionality Record
- II - Iteration Record
- MM - Adjustment Mode Record
- PP - Print Output Record
- QQ - Accuracy Computation Record

## AFILE - CC Record

**CC ‐ Constrained Coordinate Record**
- A Constrained Coordinate record specifies that a station is a control point, that its coordinate(s) are constrained or "held fixed" during the adjustment.
- This record follows the format of the Blue Book *80* record.
-      Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  CC
-      03‐10  Reserved
-      11‐14  Station Serial Number                       (integer)
-      15‐20  Latitude Standard Deviation                 (integer)
-      21‐26  Longitude Standard Deviation                (integer)
-      27‐32  Height Standard Deviation                   (integer)
-      33‐44  Reserved
-      45‐46  Degrees Latitude                            (integer)
-      47‐48  Minutes Latitude                            (integer)
-      49‐55  Seconds Latitude                            (integer)
-      56‐56  Latitude Code (N ‐‐ POSITIVE NORTH)
-      57‐59  Degrees Longitude                           (integer)
-      60‐61  Minutes Longitude                           (integer)
-      62‐69  Seconds Longitude                           (integer)
-      56‐56  Longitude Code (W ‐‐ POSITIVE WEST)
-      70‐76  Height, units of millimeters                (integer)
-      77‐80  Reserved

## AFILE - DD Record

**DD ‐ Dimensionality Record**
- The Dimensionality record controls the number of spatial dimensions in which the program adjusts.  ADJUST may adjust in 1, 2, 2.5, or 3 dimensions.
-      Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  DD
-      03‐03  Dimensions of adjustment, no default        (integer)
- 	“3” for a 3 dimensional adjustment
-      04‐05  ".5" for a 2.5 dimensional adjustment
-      06‐80  Reserved

## AFILE - II Record

**II ‐ Iteration Record**
- The Iteration record options control the conditions for ceasing to iterate the adjustment solution and what is printed after the iterations are completed.
- The absolute value of the maximum allowable normalized residual may be changed with this record.
-      Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  II
-      03‐04  Maximum number of iterations, default 5     (integer)
-      05‐08  Maximum allowable normalized residual       (integer)
-      09‐11  Minimum printed normalized residual         (integer)
-      12‐17  RMS station coordinate convergence tolerance(integer)
-      18‐18  Display results for slowly converging or for
-             diverging solution
-      19‐19  Create adjusted option File (AFILE) and adjusted data
-             (Blue Book) File at the end of each iteration
-      20‐26  Adjusted Option File Name, default is "NEWAF"
-      27‐80  Reserved

## AFILE - MM Record

**MM ‐ Adjustment Mode Record**
- The Adjustment Mode record controls the mode of adjustment, that is, to not iterate (Mode 0), or what should be done after
- The next two options on this record control whether or not a new Blue Book file should be created containing the adjusted positions.  If it is to be created, a name for the file can be specified.
**Mode 0** ‐ This is a simulation mode.  There are no iterations.  This mode is normally used for network design with simulated data.
**Mode 1** ‐ The standard deviations of the residuals are assumed to be the same as the standard deviations of the observations.  Also, the standard deviations of the parameters and station locations are not calculated.
**Mode 2** ‐ Same as Mode 1 except standard deviations of parameters and station locations are calculated.
**Mode 3** ‐ Same as Mode 2 except standard deviations of residuals are calculated.

## AFILE - MM Record

**MM ‐ Adjustment Mode Record**
-  Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  MM
-      03‐03  Mode indicator
-   	     3 -- Compute normal residuals and inverse
-      04‐04  Post‐adjustment indicator
-   N (default) ‐‐ DO NOT SCALE STANDARD DEVIATIONS BY  A‐POSTERIORI
-     STANDARD DEVIATION OF UNIT WEIGHT
-            Y ‐‐ Scale standard deviations by a-posteriori
-              standard deviation of unit weight
-      05‐05  Create Adjusted Data (Blue Book) File
-            Y ‐‐ Create adjusted data file
-      06‐12  Adjusted Data File Name
-      13‐13  Abort if solution is singular
-      14‐14  Create Adjusted Position File
-      15‐21  Adjusted Position File Name
-      22‐80  Reserved

## AFILE - PP Record

**PP ‐ Print Output Record**
- The Print Output record contains the options for controlling what is listed in the output and with what format.
-      Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  PP
-      03‐03  Echo Blue Book File
-                  0 ‐‐ ECHO ALL BLUE BOOK RECORDS        (default)
-                  1 ‐‐ Echo observations only
-                  2 ‐‐ Echo large misclosures only
-      04‐04  Echo G‐Format File
-                  0 ‐‐ ECHO ALL G‐FORMAT RECORDS         (default)
-                  1 ‐‐ Echo observations only
-                  2 ‐‐ Echo large misclosures only
-      05‐05  Display Constraints
-      06‐08  Residual Output Tolerance, units of 0.1 sigma
-      09‐    Display Direction ... Angle... Zenith Distance ... Distance
-              ... GPS ... Constrained Residuals ... Residuals Grouped Around
-              Intersection Sta.... Position Shifts ... Position Googe Numbers...
-              Observational Summary... Adjusted Position ...Doppler ...
-        -23   N‐E‐U GPS Residuals
-      24‐80  Reserved

## AFILE - QQ Record

**QQ ‐ Accuracy Computation Record**
- Accuracy Computation record directs that the adjusted value of the distance, azimuth, and vertical angle between two stations be calculated together with associated statistics indicating the accuracy of these adjusted quantities.
-      Columns  Descriptions and Defaults                      Type
-      ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
-      01‐02  QQ
-      03‐04  Classical and GPS survey order type       (character)
-             1, 21, 22, 3 for classical surveys
-             AA, A, B for a GPS survey
-      04‐10  Reserved
-      11‐14  Station Serial Number, required             (integer)
-      15‐50  Reserved
-      51‐54  Station Serial Number, required             (integer)
-      55‐80  Reserved

## HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT

**“****Blue Book”**
**(Positions/**
**Heights)**

**GFILE**
**(Vectors)**

**AFILE**
**(Parameters)**

**Free **
**Adjustment**

**Constrained **
**Adjustment**

**“****Blue Book”**
**Adjusted Positions**
**Adjusted Ellipsoid**
**Heights**

**Adjustment**
**Output**

**Adjustment**
**Output**

**“****Blue Book”**

## VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT

**“****Blue Book”**
**(Positions/**
**Heights)**

**GFILE**
**(Vectors)**

**AFILE**
**(Parameters)**

**Vertical**
**Free **
**Adjustment**

**Vertical**
**Constrained **
**Adjustment**

**“****Blue Book”**
**Adjusted Orthometric**
**Heights**
**Geoid Heights**

**Adjustment**
**Output**

**Adjustment**
**Output**

**“****Blue Book”**

## PROCESS a Sample PROJECT

- Pull out tutorial
- Run checking programs
- Run adjustments

## GUIDELINES

- Gather Source Material
- Digitized Files
- Sketches
- Field Reports/Logs
- Keep Good Records for Final Report
- Identify Control - Horizontal and Vertical
- Verify Reference Systems
- System used for Reduction = System Used in Adjustment

## GUIDELINES

- Validity Check Data Files
- CR8SER/COMPGB
- NEWCHKOB
- OBSCHK
- Run Free Adjustment
- Fix 1 position, 1 ellipsoid height
- Check for blunders within project (Reject Obs?)
- Scale Standard Errors (?)

## GUIDELINES

- Run Horizontal Constrained Adjustment
- Fix all published positions and ellipsoid heights
- Evaluate residuals for consistency with control
- (Readjust Positions, Ellipsoid Heights?)
- Run Vertical Free Adjustment
- Add Geoid Heights
- Fix 1 position, one published orthometric height, confirm statistics match horizontal free

## GUIDELINES

- Run Vertical Constrained Adjustment
- Add Geoid Heights
- Fix 1 position, all published orthometric heights
- Evaluate residuals for consistency with control (Readjust Orthometric Heights?)
- Run Free Adjustment to compute accuracies
- Fix 1 position and 1 ellipsoid height
- Determine if accuracies meet requirements (Readjust Positions?)

## GUIDELINES

- Post processing
- Compute ellipsoid height accuracies
- Create final complete blue book file
- Rerun checking programs
- Write report
- Appendices
- Processing Programs
- Processing and Report Checklists

## SUBMITTING DATA TO NGS

-  NGS Policy - see:
-  http://www.ngs.noaa.gov:80/INFO/incorp_data.html
-  Pre-Survey Review
-  “Blue Book” Format
-  Minimum Accuracy Requirements
-  GPS, Conventional Horizontal - 1st Order
-  Leveling - 2nd Order, Class II
-  Gravity Data - 3rd Order
-  Process and Adjust Data (Use ADJUST)
-  Submit Data Records, Digital Files, Adjustments

## SUBMIT FROM OBSERVING SESSIONS:

- From each Station:
-  “To reach” description/recovery, corrections noted
-  Visibility Obstruction Diagram, corrections noted
- From each Observation Session:
-  Raw GPS Data on 3.5” diskette
-  RINEX2 Data (Obs and Nav files) on 3.5” diskette
-  Observation Log
-  Pencil Rubbing Form
- Note: keep for 5 years as backup - 3.5” diskettes of raw data, photocopy of Observation Logs

## SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING:

- The following may be ASCII files or paper listings unless otherwise noted.  Keep backups until notified that the database has been loaded.
- Free Adjustment
- Constrained Horizontal Adjustment
- Constrained Vertical Adjustment (NAVD88)
- Free Adjustment with Accuracies
- Final combined Blue Book file (ASCII)
- Final Gfile (ASCII)

## SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING:

- Accuracy Listing - BBACCUR Output (paper)
- ELLACC Output
- COMPGB* Output
- OBSCHK* Output
- Copies of Data Used to Identify (Horizontal and Vertical)  Fixed Control
- *Error or Warning Messages Must Be Explained

## SUBMIT FROM ADJUSTMENT PROCESSING:

- CHKDESC* Output
- OBSDES* Output
- Final Description File (ASCII)
- *Error or Warning Messages Must Be Explained

## PROJECT SUBMISSIONCHECKLIST

**PROJECT  SUBMISSION CHECKLIST****	**
**GPS PROJECTS**
- Project Title:      	 _____________________________________________
- Accession Number:   	 _____________________________________________
- Submitting Agency:   	_____________________________________________
- Observing Agency:   	 _____________________________________________
- Receiver Type:       	_____________________________________________
**PACKAGE CONTENTS**
_**Project Report and Attachments**_**  ****	****	****	**_**Required For**_
- ( )  Project Report                                  			All Projects
- ( )  **Approved Reconnaissance** Project Sketch                            	All Projects
- ( )  Project Instructions or Contract Specifications  		All Projects
- ( )  Final Station List                               			All Projects
- ( )  Station Visibility Diagrams                      			All Projects
- ( )  Final Observing Schedule                         		All Projects
- ( )  Observation Logs                                 			All Projects
- ( )  Equipment Failure Logs                          			NGS Projects
- ( )  Loop Misclosures 		         		**Optional**

## PROJECT SUBMISSIONCHECKLIST

**PROJECT  SUBMISSION CHECKLIST****	**
**GPS PROJECTS (Con’t)**
- ( )  Free Adjustment with **Analysis**	                		All Project
- ( )  **Free Adjustment with Accuracies**	                		**All Projects**
- ( )  Constrained Horizontal Adjustment                          		All Projects
**( )  Constrained Vertical Adjustment (NAVD88 Heights)                   ****	****All Projects**
- ( )  Meteorological Instrument Comparison Logs       		If Specified
- ( )  Photographs of Views from Stations               		If Specified
- ( )  Photographs or Rubbings of Station Marks         		All Projects
- ( )  COMPGB Output (Validation program-B/G file)     		All Projects
- ( )  OBSDES Output (Validation program-D-file)        		All Project
**( )  OBSCHK Output (Validation program-B- file)     ****	****	****All Projects**
**( )  CHKDESC Output (Validation program-D-file)        ****	****	****All Projects**
**( )  ELLACC Output       ****	****	****	****	****All Projects**
**( )  BBACCUR Output ****	****	****	****	****All Projects**
_**Digitized Data Files**_**  ****	****(  ) Diskettes   ****	****(  ) Other:_________________**
- ( )  Raw Phase Data (R-files)                         			All Projects
- ( )  Base Line Vectors (G-file)                       			All Projects
- ( )  Project and Station Occupation Data (B-file)    		All Projects
- ( )  Descriptions or Recovery Notes (D-file)          		All Projects
- ( )  Terrestrial Horizontal Observations (T-file)     		If Applicable
- ( )  Differential Leveling Observations (L-file)      		If Applicable
_**Comments**_ - Enter on the reverse side of this form.
**               **

## THE GEOID AND TWO ELLIPSOIDS

- GRS80-WGS84

- CLARKE 1866

- GEOID

- Earth Mass
-   Center

- Approximately
-    236 meters

## NAD 83 and ITRF

- ITRF

- NAD 83

- Earth Mass
-   Center

-  2.2  m (3-D)
-   dX,dY,dZ

- GEOID

## ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP

**H**

**h**

- Ellipsoid
- GRS80

**H = Orthometric Height**

**N**

- Geoid

**H = ****h**** - ****N**

- PERPENDICULAR
- TO ELLIPSOID

- PERPENDICULAR
- TO GEOID (PLUMBLINE)

- DEFLECTION OF THE VERTICAL

- DEFLEC99

- TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE

**h = Ellipsoidal Height**

**N = Geoid Height**

- GEOID99

## HORIZONTAL ACCURACY STANDARDS

**                                        ****Maximum**
_**Classification**_**	****	****	**_**Closure**_
**First****	****	****	****	****1:100,000**
**Second, Class I****	****	****	****1:  50,000**
**Second, Class II****	****	****1:  20,000**
**Third, Class I****	****	****	****1:  10,000**
**Third, Class II****	****	****	****1:    5,000**
**  ****NOTE - We do not have fourth-order standards such as many countries do.**

##    VERTICAL ACCURACY STANDARDS

**                                  ****Relative Accuracy Between**
**                                  ****Directly Connected Points**
**                                  ****or Benchmarks**
_**Classification**_**                **_**(Standard Error)**_
**First, Class I  ****	****	****	****0.5 mm ********K**
**First, Class II ****	****	****	****0.7 mm ********K**
**Second, Class I****	**** ****	****	****1.0 mm ********K **
**Second, Class II****	****	****1.3 mm ********K **
**Third, Class I****	****	****	****2.0 mm ********K **
**               ****K = distance in Kilometers between points**

## GPS ACCURACY STANDARDS

**   ****  ****	****	****	****	****Minimum Geometric**
**  **_**Classification**_**	**_**Accuracy Standard***_
**AA****	****	****	****	****0.3 cm + 1:100,000,000**
**A****	****	****	****	****0.5 cm + 1:  10,000,000**
**B****	****	****	****	****0.8 cm + 1:    1,000,000**
**First****	****	****	****1.0 cm + 1:       100,000**
**Second, Class I****	****	****2.0 cm + 1:         50,000**
**Second, Class I****	****	****3.0 cm + 1:         20,000**
**Third****	****	****	****5.0 cm + 1:         10,000**
*** Note:  At the 95 Percent Confidence Level**

## NEW STANDARDS FOR GEODETIC CONTROL

**                  ****Two accuracy standards**
- (http://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/standards/status/swgstat.html)
-    local accuracy  -------------   adjacent points
-    network accuracy ----------   relative to CORS
- Numeric quantities, units in cm (or mm)
- Both are relative accuracy measures
- Do not use distance dependent expression
- Horizontal accuracies are radius of 2-D 95% error circle
- Ellipsoidal/Orthometric heights are 1-D (linear) 95% error

## NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY USEFUL WEB SITES

- NGS PC Software:
- ADJUST, ADJUST Utilities, COMPGB, CR8BB, DDPROC,	GEOID96, HTDP, NADCON, VERTCON, and others
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml_
- NGS Tool Kit:
- On-line Applications (includes OPUS)
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/_
- Publications of the National Geodetic Survey:
- Catalog
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml_
- On-line
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml_
- On-line includes Guidelines for Establishing GPS-Derived Ellipsoid Heights (Standards: 2 CM and 5 CM),Version 4.3
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PC_PROD/pc_prod.shtml_

## NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY USEFUL WEB SITES

- Input Formats and Specifications of the National Geodetic Survey Data Base (Blue Book):
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/BlueBook/_
- Policy Statement for Incorporation of Geodetic Data into the National Geodetic Survey Data Base:
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/incorp_data.html_
- Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards
- _http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/textstatus.html_
- Frequently asked questions:
- _http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml_

## ASK A GEODESIST

- Do you have a scientific question?
- Ask one of the NGS scientists!
- If your question is about...			Then ask...
- The geoid				Dru.Smith@noaa.gov
- Crustal motion 				Richard.Snay@noaa.gov
- Vertical Datum 				Dave.Zilkoski@noaa.gov
-  Horizontal Datum 			Dave.Doyle@noaa.gov
-  Heights, in general			Renee.Shields@noaa.gov
-  CORS					Neil.D.Weston@noaa.gov
- 						or Don.Haw@noaa.gov
-  GeodeticAdvisors			Gilbert.Mitchell@noaa.gov
-  See the NGS Personnel Directory for current phone numbers.