# Presentation: 303687

## Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Concerns

- Arlin Krueger
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County

## Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Concerns

- By
- S Ahmad,  Z Ahmad,  P Anderson,  E Beach,  D. Becker, A Belmont,  PK Bhartia, L Bowlin,  R Browning,  D. Burchfield, W.  Byerly,  E Canevari,  B Cano,  S Carn,  R Casey,  G Chalef,  S Chandra,  P Collins,  M Comberiate,  C Cote,  S Cox,  D Cunold,  JV Dave,  C Davis,  M Deland,  S Doiron,  J. Dowser, J Elliot,  R Farquhar, A.J. Fleig,  D. Flittner, L Flynn,  M Foreman,  J Frederick,  J Gatlin,  P Ginoux,  J Gleason,  C Gordon,  D Gordon,  A.E. Green,  X Gu,  B Guenther, S. Guenther,  R. Hering, D Harrison,  U Hartmann,  DF Heath,  BD Henderson, B Herman,  J Herman,  R. Hertel, C Hestor,  M Hinman,  R Hudson,  J Hurley,  R Ignasiak,  W.L. Imhof,  G Jaross,  T Jennings,  A Kaveeshwar,  K Klenk, R. Kobiachi, G. Kobiachi, M. Kobiachi,  N Koep-Baker, N Krotkov,  *A Krueger,  G Labow,  D Larko,  K Lee,  J Leithch,  J Leithch,  J Lienesch,  B Lowry,  CL Mateer,  C McKenzie,  R McPeters, D. Merrill, T Miles,  A J Miller, P. Mitzen,  B Monosmith,  G. Montwell, R Nagatoni,  P Newman,  W Nickum,  A Oakes,  R Ormsby,  N Oslik,  B Palmer,  H Park,  V Pavanasaisam, S Plageman, N. Preketes, H Press,  J Purcell,  B Raines,  S Ray,  H Reed,  S Reed,  H Reid,  HB Roeder,  M. Ruecker, E Rutkowski,  R Salikov,  S Schaefer,  B Schlesinger,  J Schneider,  C Schnetzler,  M Schoeberl,  D Schuster,  C Seftor,  M Shapiro,  R Shapiro,  R Sipes,  J Sisala,  P Smith,  I Sprod,  R Stevenson,  J Stokes,  R Stolarski,  T Swissler,  S Taylor,  O Torres,  S Truong, K Venkatakrishna,  L Walters,  S Weiland,  R White,  C Wong, J Ziemke
- * speaker

## What did we know about ozone before Nimbus BUV and TOMS?

**Theory: ** Chapman proposed photochemistry of oxygen could explain ozone.
**Observations:**
**Total ozone** - Dobson measured latitude and seasonal variations; suspected meteorology produced variability.
**Vertical ozone distribution** - balloons showed effects of weather; rockets supported photochemical model.
**Laboratory**:  Chemists said nitrogen radicals could destroy ozone in catalytic cycle.
- Chemical rate coefficients too poorly known to decide if nitrogen cycle worked in the atmosphere.
- Halogens were even better catalysts than nitrogen or hydrogen.

## Backscatter UV Origins1970: The Nimbus-4 BUV

**Ozone profile**
- First satellite experiments had measured ozone profile
- Instrument calibration established from coincident rocket soundings
**Total ozone**
- Sparse Dobson spectrophotometer network
- Inter-instrument calibration errors large
- CP Cuddapah used Nimbus 3 IRIS data for first total ozone from space
**BUV Instrument**
- NCAR proposal (1965)	Dave and Mateer
- Instrument:
- Goddard Space Flight Center:
-        Heath  (Tech. Officer - Krueger)
- Beckman Instruments		  Henderson, Roeder, Meloy, Reid
- Solar diffuser plate for calibration
- Optimized wavelengths
- Total ozone sounding method

- G.P. Anderson, et al., Proceedings, Symposium sur l’Ozone Atmospherique, 1-7 Sept. 1968, Monaoco, pp239-243.
- A.J. Krueger, Proceedings, Symposium sur l’Ozone Atmospherique, 1-7 Sept. 1968, Monaoco, pp225-229.

## BUV data confirmed catalytic cycle in ozone chemistry

- August 1972 solar proton event.
- High energy protons produce nitric oxide in upper stratosphere.
- Paul Crutzen predicted decrease of ozone.
- BUV data show 20% decrease.
- Ozone depletion in *auroral oval* proved catalytic cycle was controlling ozone.
- Opened the possibility of catalytic loss of ozone by halogens.

_**Ozone above 4 mb (37 km) vs day number**_

- Heath, Krueger & Crutzen, Science, 1977

## Total ozone from space:Dave and Mateer

- _Forward model_: Dave’s UV multiple-scattering radiative transfer model
- _Inverse model_:  Mateer

## Total ozone mapping origins1978: The Nimbus-7 TOMS

- Coverage:
- Daily global survey
- Avoid missed event issues by observing:
- every location
- every day
- Ground resolution:
- Limited by 1970’s data rate, data storage
- Resolve jet streams
- Identify local ozone perturbations

- Heritage:
- Use BUV monochromator
- Use BUV total ozone wavelengths
- Share SBUV diffuser plate for common calibration
- Concept - GSFC
- proposal (1972)	Krueger
- Merge with SBUV	Heath
- Instrument - Beckman/ Perkin Elmer/Orbital Sciences
- Roeder, Lu, Macenka
- Algorithm - STX
- Mateer, Kaveeshwar, Bhartia

## TOMS & BUV Global CoverageSurvey vs. Sample

- TOMS

- SBUV

## Global total ozone maps

- TOMS Missions
- Nimbus-7: 11/1/ 1978 - 5/6/1993
- Meteor 3: 8/22/1991 - 11/24/1994
- ADEOS: 8/17/1996 - 6/28/1997
- Earth Probe: 7/15/1996 - present

## Formation of a Kona Low

## Polar ozone depletion

- Environmental concerns overwhelmed meteorological research.
- British Antarctic Survey (Farman, et al.,1985) pointed out steep decline in 25-year ozone record over Halley Bay Dobson station; attributed it to chlorine from CFC’s.
- TOMS found large ozone loss in Antarctic-size hole (Bhartia et al, 1986; Stolarski, et al., 1986). Dynamic vs chemical cause disputed.
- In-situ data from NASA DC-8 and ER2 aircraft found enhanced ClO from heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 and HCl on polar stratospheric clouds.
- Similar ozone losses found in Arctic.

## The Antarctic Ozone Hole

- R. McPeters and Scientific Visualization Studio

## Polar ozone depletionAntarctic ozone hole and the Montreal Protocol

- Images of rapid springtime ozone loss over Antarctica each year lent credibility to environmental concerns
- Progressive annual deepening produced urgency

- Newman, Stolarski, Schoeberl, Krueger....

## Antarctic Ozone Hole

- http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/

- Depth and Area of Ozone Hole measured daily

## Global Ozone TrendsOzone depletion and the SBUV/TOMS calibrations

- Nimbus-7 TOMS shared SBUV diffuser plate
- Diffuser reflectance and BRDF change with solar exposure
- Model-based relative calibrations developed (Pair justification, spectral discrimination)
- New TOMS instruments used triple diffuser carousel with different exposure times to infer degradation

- GSFC: McPeters, Hollandsworth-Frith, Herman, Stolarski, Jaross, Seftor

## Impact of BUV & TOMS

- Catalytic ozone destruction accepted by scientific community (1977).
- Ozone hole images and ozone trends convince public of danger of CFC’s (1986).
_*Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer*_ signed (1987).
- Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina (1995).
- CFC production phased out.

## Beyond total ozone.....

- TOMS data products
- Total ozone
- Ground/cloud reflectivity
- Total sulfur dioxide
- Aerosols
- optical depth
- effective radius or single scattering albedo
- Tropospheric ozone
- UVB fluxes

- Applications:
- Air chemistry
- Volcanology
- Eruption processes
- Aviation hazards
- Climate change
- dust, smoke
- volcanic ash & sulfate
- Weather forecasting
- Model initialization
- Upper air winds
- Biosphere
- Surface UV radiation
- Air quality

## Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds

- Rapid drift of volcanic clouds:
-    Difficult air traffic problem
-    Difficult validation problem

- Krueger, Walters, Schnetzler, Bluth, Carn, Schaefer, Doiron, Sprod

## 25 years of SO2 mass from volcanic eruptions

- Carn, et al., Volcanic eruption detection by the TOMS instruments, Geol. Soc. Special Publ., 213, 177-202, 2004

## Absorbing aerosols Smoke, mineral dust, and volcanic ash

- Aerosols change the wavelength dependence of scattered light
- Compare observed and model Rayleigh spectra to get aerosol signal
- Low UV reflectivity of soil and water makes detection easy over land and ocean

- Herman, Torres, Bhartia, Krotkov, Prospero

## Tropospheric column ozone

- Residual between TOMS total ozone and MLS stratospheric column
- High Atlantic values due to biomass burning, lightning, and Walker circulation

- Fishman, Chandra, Ziemke ...

## The success of TOMS led in unexpected directions.

## Conclusions

- BUV and TOMS surpassed all expectations
- Long life missions due to excellent engineering by Beckman Instruments and dedication of GSFC satellite operations teams
- Algorithm development, instrument calibration, and data processing successful due to GSFC Ozone Processing Team
- Broad use of data due to high quality daily global census, yet compact datasets
- Impacts on geosciences and environmental controls are far reaching

## Ozone  Theory

- Sydney Chapman proposed oxygen photochemistry driven by solar UV.
- O2 + h --> O + O			(1)
- O + O2 + M --> O3 + M			(2)
- O3 + h --> O + O2			(3)
- O3 + O --> 2 O2				(4)
- Chemists knew that nitrogen and hydrogen radicals could catalytically destroy ozone in the lab. For example, NO can destroy ozone:
- NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2
- NO2 + O --> NO + O2
- Other radicals are H, OH, Cl, or Br.