# Presentation: 061413

- 			Hennie Kelder
- 			   KNMI
- 		University of Technology, Eindhoven** **

**	****        ****ESA CAPACITY study**** **
**	****Composition of the Atmosphere: Progress to**
**	****Applications in the User CommunITY**

** ****	****	****    ****ESA CAPACITY study **** **
**    **
**O****perational atmospheric chemistry monitoring**
- User requirements
- Contributions of current and planned missions
- Mission concepts and instrument requirements
- Time frame: 2010-2020
** **

** **

## Study consortium

**Prime :****	****	**KNMI  (H. Kelder, M. van Weele, A. Goede)
**Core team :****	**Rutherford-Appleton Lab  (B. Kerridge, J. Reburn)
- 			Univ. Leicester  (P. Monks, J. Remedios)
- 			Univ. Bremen  (H. Bovensmann)
- 			EADS-Astrium  (R. Mager)
- 			Alcatel Space  (H. Sassier)
**Consultants:****	***Requirements* – WMO, JRC, 5 weather and environmental agencies, 			          	           Eurocontrol, 11 research institutes and universities
- 			*Space instrumentation* – 10 research institutes and universities,
- 					        1 company
- 			*Ground instrumentation* – 1 research institute
**ESA****	****	**Joerg Langen

**Capacity study**

## Sources of user and observational requirements

-   IGOS-IGACO Theme report
-   EU GMES-GATO report
-   EU FP projects, e.g. Create-Daedalus, Evergreen
-   EUMETSAT user consultation in the frame of MTG
-   Environment and climate protection protocols, directives etc.  (EU, international)
-   GCOS implementation plan, WCRP-SPARC long-term observation requirements
-   GMES service element PROMOTE
-   ESA studies on CO2 monitoring
-   ESA study on atmospheric chemistry observation requirements (research)
-   CAPACITY workshop Jan. ’04 and final presentation June ‘05

**Capacity study**

## Operational monitoring air quality

## Climate monitoring  SCIAMACHY 2003/2004 methane concentration

- ppb

## Operational monitoring of the ozone layer

**Operational monitoring of the ozone layer**

**Ozone hole, vortex breakup, GOME, September 2002**

## Capacity study

**Environmental themes,**** ****data usage,**** applications**

## Measurement strategy  -  example: climate protocol monitoring

**Capacity study**

**Role of Satellite Measurements**
- Concentration monitoring for inverse modeling of CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 emissions
- Global concentration distributions of the mentioned gases, O3 and aerosols
**Role of Surface network**
- Greenhouse gases trend monitoring (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CF4, HFCs)
- Weekly surface concentrations and total columns from a representative network.
- Validation of satellite measurements
- Concentration monitoring for inverse modeling of CH4, CO2, CO and NO2 emissions
- Tropospheric O3: sondes, lidar and surface data;
- Tropospheric aerosol optical depth and aerosol absorption optical depth
- Trend monitoring for ozone depleting substances with climate forcing: (H)CFCs.
**Auxiliary data**
- Meteorology from NWP centers including surface data
- Emission inventories and estimates on sinks

## Mission concept for air quality   -   system options

**Driving requirements (monitoring, forecast) :**
**Revisit time****	****	****0.5 – 2 h****	****	****Spatial resolution****	****5 – 20km**
**System options:**
- A	1 geostationary satellite to satisfy spatial-temporal sampling 	requirements over Europe, and
- 	1 LEO satellite in sun-synchronous orbit for global pollution transport 	(Convention on long-range transport of air pollutants, medium-range 	forecast)
- B	a constellation of ~3 satellites in inclined LEO to satisfy spatial-temporal 	sampling requirements globally at mid-latitudes, with reduced sampling 	at low latitudes
- C	1 satellite in sun-synchronous LEO, with local time defined to 	complement Metop and NPOESS diurnal sampling (afternoon orbit)

**Capacity study**

## Air quality: 

**LEO (MEO) constellation as a replacement for GEO ?**
-   GEO mission has best spatial-temporal sampling over Europe
-   GEO mission only complete with additional LEO platform covering 	hemispheric pollution transport (CLRTAP convention)
-   GEO mission fulfils temporal sampling requirement only over Europe –     	air quality services not available for most polluted regions (e.g. Asia)
-   LEO/MEO constellation (~3 satellites) provides quasi-global coverage with 	good temporal sampling
-   LEO/MEO constellation redundancy may be easier (loss of one satellite 	leads to degraded mission instead of complete failure; identical satellites; 	cheaper launch)

**Capacity study**

## How to reach 2h revisit time at mid-latitudes with LEO/MEO constellation ?

**1.****	****Increase swath width by elevating orbit altitude**
- 2h revisit time with 3 sun-synchronous satellites implies 3000 km orbit, at top of proton radiation level
- 3.5h revisit time at latitudes > 30o realistic with 3 sun-synchronous satellites, 900km orbit.
**	****  ****requirement not fulfilled.**
**2.****	****Use inclined orbit (non sun-synchronous)**
- orbit more efficient at inhabited latitude ranges
- polar regions not covered
- 3 satellites at 900km provide 1.7 hours revisit time at mid-latitudes (~35o... 65o) and reduced sampling at lower latitudes.**	**
**	****   ****possible solution. High orbit desirable.**

**Capacity study**

## 3 satellites at 900km, 125o inclination (two consecutive orbits)

**3 satellites at 900km, 125****o**** inclination (two consecutive orbits)**

**Capacity study**

## 	Recommendation 1

**	****Implement 1 LEO satellite with UV-VIS-SWIR payload for global air quality and climate protocol monitoring as soon as possible**
- air quality applications develop quickly, SCIAMACHY and OMI/Aura demonstrating space contribution( eg NO2), continuity issue arising
- climate protocol monitoring high on the agenda – continuity of SCIAMACHY CH4 measurements, aerosol
- technology well demonstrated in space (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI; also TOMS, SBUV) – no technology specific failures
- 1 LEO platform common to all air quality system options; orbit-specific aspects need separate consideration

## 	Recommendation 2

**	****Perform trade-off between GEO+LEO and LEO constellation in inclined orbit, and implement complete air quality & climate protocol monitoring mission**
**Trade-off involves**
- Level 2 error budgets on individual soundings
- spatial-temporal sampling under consideration of cloud
- end-user performance analysis
- maturity, cost and risk
**Implementation:**
- launch of either GEO or remaining two inclined LEO platforms

## 	Recommendation 3

**	****Consolidate choice and requirements of instrument for UTLS mission for climate chemistry coupling and assessment applications, and implement the mission**
- monitoring of ozone, climate and stratosphere-troposphere exchange
- NRT applications now in demonstration phase (MIPAS, Aura-MLS), new hypotheses on stratospheric precursors of weather patterns
- support to tropospheric missions via vertical resolution
- choice of instrument type (mm-wave or mid-IR limb-sounder) depends on priorities of applications
- prototype instrument specifications exist – need to be tailored towards operational applications

**      **
**        ****Capacity report available at ESA**
**        ****Follow-up in Europe**
**        ****EUMETSAT:  **
**        ****Operational monitoring atmospheric composition in **
**        ****post-EPS time frame 2015-2025**
**        ****Based on user requirements defined in CAPACITY**
**        ****Workshop with users March/April 2006**
**         ****EU/ESA GMES, Sentinels 4/5 atmosphere**** ****ongoing**** **