# Presentation: 487702

## Lead Handling

- ESH Section

**Notes:**
Introduce yourself and give work history.  

Explain that the lab offers two types of lead safety classes.  Lead Worker training is given to those employees whose work activities create a potential for airborne lead exposures above the OSHA action level of 30 micrograms per cubic meter, whereas, Lead Handling training is provided to those employees whose work activities do not have a potential for airborne exposures above the OSHA action level.

## Objectives

- What is lead?
- Sources of lead at Fermilab
- Health effects of lead exposure
- Symptoms of lead poisoning
- OSHA Standard
- Activities & Exposure Factors
- Controls
- Additional Information
- What do I need to do?

**Notes:**
Explain class objectives.  What lead is, sources of lead at Fermilab, health effects of lead exposure, symptoms of lead poisoning, a brief review of the OSHA lead Standard, activities and exposure factors, controls and additional information and most importantly, what each of you need to do.

## What is Lead?

- Heavy, ductile, bluish-white solid element
- Comes in many forms (lead acetate, lead chloride, lead chromate, lead nitrate, lead oxide, lead phosphate, and lead sulfate)
- Properties
- 	- high density		- resistance to corrosion
- 	- softness			- opacity to gamma and
- 	- low melting point			x-rays

**Notes:**
The forms most widely seen at Fermilab are lead chromate which was found in some of the historical paints used on site and lead oxide formation on the solid leaded materials used for shielding.

## Sources of Lead at Fermilab

- Bricks
- Wool
- Plates/Sheets
- Slabs

- Paints
- Batteries
- Solder
- Ceramics

**Notes:**
Here is a list of the common sources of lead at Fermilab.

## Health effects of lead exposure

- Absorbed by inhalation and ingestion
- Most enters the bloodstream; can accumulate in bone and organs
- Some excreted, some stored
- Acute exposures to high levels - seizures, coma, cardio-respiratory arrest
- Chronic exposure to low levels - anemia, damage to nervous, urinary, blood, bone and reproductive systems.

**Notes:**
There are four main routes of entry for chemicals into our bodies.  Lead’s primary routes of entry are through inhalation and ingestion.  Ask the class if they can identify the other two routes of chemicals into our bodies.  The answer is skin and eyes.  

After reviewing the target organs and explaining how lead can reside in the body for up to 20 in bone, explain the concepts of Acute and Chronic exposures. 

Explain the Response concepts of Acute and Chronic by asking the audience what they mean.

Acute - typically indicates a large dose over a short period of time

Chronic - typically indicates a small dose over a long period of time

Ask the class what they think most occupational exposures are associated with? Either Acute or Chronic.  The correct answer is Chronic.

## Symptoms of Lead Poisoning

- Weakness
- Reproductive difficulties
- Nausea
- Fine tremors
- Gingival lead line
- Hyperactivity
- Sleeplessness
- Paralysis of wrist, ankles
- Facial pallor

- Headaches
- Poor appetite
- Dizziness
- Irritability/anxiety
- Constipation
- Excessive tiredness
- Numbness
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Muscle and joint pain

**Notes:**
Aside from a few of these symptoms (I.e., reproductive difficulties, gingival lead line, paralysis of wrist and ankles, metallic taste in mouth), you may think were talking about the effects of the common cold or flu.  

## OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025

- Permissible Exposure Limit
- Exposure Monitoring & Observations
- Methods of Compliance
- Respiratory Protection
- Protective Work Clothing and Equipment
- Housekeeping
- Hygiene Facilities and Practices
- Medical Surveillance and Removal
- Employee Information and Training
- Recordkeeping

**Notes:**
There are two OSHA lead standards.  One for general industry (1910.1025) and one for construction (1926.62).  Since your exposures originate from routine working (versus construction) type activities we fall under the general industry standard.  This is a list of section within the OSHA lead standard.  Again the difference being that if you have potential for lead exposures above 30 micrograms per cubic meter of air then you would be considered a lead worker, and you would therefore be subject to many of these requirements. However, even though you do not, I still would like to review with you several important pieces of information and precautions we should be taking when working with lead.

## Exposure Limits

- OSHA
- Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
- 50 ug/m3 ( 0.05mg/m3)
- 8 hour time weighted average
- Action Level
- 30 ug/m3 ( 0.03mg/m3)
- 8 hour time weighted average
- triggers medical, PPE, training

**Notes:**
OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, promulgates airborne standards which employers must follow to minimize the health effects of exposures to certain chemicals.

Explain what a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) and what the Action Level is:

## Activities

- Moving Lead Bricks
- Polishing
- Sanding
- Welding
- Soldering
- Deburring
- Shearing
- Bending
- Cleaning contaminated area

- Higher exposures

- Lower exposures

- 30 ug/m3

**Notes:**
This is a listing of worker activities which may subject employees to lead exposures.  While we may expect Welding, Sanding and Polishing to have higher exposures than the moving of lead bricks, often times this work was performed with engineering controls in place (I.e., under local exhaust ventilation).  The top four activities, from Welding up have been monitored at various times and been shown to produce exposures above occupational health limits.

## Exposure Factors

- Concentration
- Percent (%) of Lead in material
- Activity being performed
- Length of time employee performs activity
- Frequency of activity
- Body positioning
- Amount of oxidation on Lead
- Controls utilized

**Notes:**
Many factors come into play when we discuss the factors which contribute to worker exposure.

## Controls

- Engineering/Administrative
- Local Exhaust ventilation
- Wet surface
- Containment/HEPA vacuum
- Paint or use other barrier coating to cover surface
- Plan work to minimize creation of dust
- NO - dry sweeping, using non-HEPA vacuum, etc.
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Hygiene Practices
- Clean face and hands after leaving work area

**Notes:**
Discuss the principles of the Hierarchy of Industrial Hygiene.  Engineer Controls, Administrative Controls, Personal Protective Equipment.

## Lead Work Area and Housekeeping

- Restricted Access
- Label
- Areas where exposure may exceed action level
- Lead-containing materials
- Store in dry, designated storage areas
- Containers must be sealed and secured
- No smoking, no food or beverages
- Area kept as clean as possible
- Clean daily
- Collect lead debris and contaminated items in closed container for hazardous waste disposal
- Fermilab Standard - 0.05 mg/dm2 surface concentration

**Notes:**
Review labeling requirements and discuss Fermilab’s Internal surface contamination level of 0.05 mg/dm2.

## Lead Area Label

- WARNING
- LEAD WORK AREA
- POISON
- NO SMOKING OR EATING

## Lead Hazard Label

- Danger
- Lead
- No eating, smoking or drinking
- Contact SSO prior to working in area

## Additional Information

- Right to a copy of air sampling
- For further information:
- OSHA 1926.62 & 1910.1025/ OSHA web site
- Fermilab ES&H Manual 5052.3
- Reference Books

**Notes:**
Their right to additional information on Lead hazards.  In addition to overhead handouts, also provide them with a copy of Appendix A form the OSHA lead Standard.  Appendix A is a substance data sheet for occupational exposure to lead.

## What do I need to do?

- Understand the activities and hazards associated with lead
- Report any signs or symptoms of lead exposure immediately
- Minimize exposure at every opportunity
- Contact supervisor and ESH Group if you have any questions or concerns

**Notes:**
Explain these four key “to do” items.  

## Accelerator Division
Richard Rebstock (3499)
ESH Section
Dave Baird (3945)
Workforce Development & Resources Section
Mike Bonkalski (8448)
Particle Physics Division
Robert Bushek (2399)

- Richard Rebstock (3499)
**ESH Section**
- Dave Baird (3945)
**Workforce Development & Resources Section**
- Mike Bonkalski (8448)
**Particle Physics Division**
- Robert Bushek (2399)

**FES Section**
- Mike Bonkalski (8448)
**Technical Division**
- Richard Ruthe (5424)
**Business Services Section**
- Greg Mitchell (8002)
**Computing Division**
- Amy Pavnica (8493)

*Lead Concern Contact Numbers*

**Notes:**
Lead Concern Contact Numbers

## Summary

- What is lead?
- Sources of lead at Fermilab
- Health effects of lead exposure
- Symptoms of lead poisoning
- OSHA Standard
- Activities & Exposure Factors
- Controls
- Additional Information
- What do I need to do?

**Notes:**
Review and summarize what you just told them.