# Presentation: 538255

## Conversational Case-Based Reasoning:

- Head, Intelligent Decision Aids Group
- Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence
- Naval Research Laboratory (Code 5510)
- Washington, DC USA
-  www.aic.nrl.navy.mil/~aha/cbr

**Conversational Case-Based Reasoning:**
**Roles for Diagnosis, Decision Support, **
**and Active Lessons Learned Systems**

- _IDA Group Members: _
- Leonard A. Breslow
- Héctor Muñoz-Avila (UM)
- Rosina Weber (UW)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

**Notes:**
Todo:
Incorporate mentions of NASA’s SMART systems and NaCoDAE’s role in it
Insert HICAP slides
 Create “futures” slide
Consider applied context of audience and modify as needed

## Outline

- Conversational Case-Based Reasoning (CCBR)
- Systems: NaCoDAE, HICAP (Java 1.2)
- Roles
- Diagnosis (NaCoDAE)
- Decision Support (HICAP)
- Active Lessons Delivery (brief)
- Future goals
- HICAP Demonstration (Hector and Len)
- Active Lessons Delivery (Rosina)
- Brief demo (Rosina and Len)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Case-Based Reasoning (CBR): A Problem-SolvingStrategy Stressing the Reuse of Solved Problems

***Recent Preparation***

**- 2/10/00 TEAS Seminar**

_**Some benefits**_**: **
**Speed gain**
**Reduce mistakes!**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## First-Level Decomposition of the CBR Cycle

***Cases w/***
***Similar***
***Problems***

***Themes of Solution,***
***Motivations and Justifications***

***Revised***
***Solution***

***New ***
***Solution***

_**Knowledge Sources:**_
**Previous cases**
**Background knowledge**
**Relevant databases**

***1. Retrieve***

***3. ******Revise***

***4. Review***

_**Retrieve**_
- Identify indices
- Search info sources
- Compute match
- Select

**First-Level Decomposition of the CBR Cycle**

_**Reuse**_
- Copy
- Justify

**Revise**
- Adapt
- Repair faults

**Review**
- Evaluate Solution
- Evaluate Process

**Retain**
- Integrate
- Index
- Extract

**Decision Maker**

***New ***
***Case***

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## CBR: Brief Synopsis

- _Founders_: R. Schank’s CogSci group @ Yale (1980’s)
- _Next generation_: CompSci/AI/Expert Systems (1993-)
**Topics**: Authoring tools, Textual CBR, Maintenance, Representation
**Interactions**: Multi-modal reasoning, knowledge management
**Tasks**: Architecture, tablet formulation, planning
**Applications**: Electronic commerce, help-desk support
- _Meetings_: ICCBR, AAAI, Europe, UK, Germany, Italy
- AAAI’00 Workshop on Intelligent Lessons Learned Systems (July 2000)
- ICCBR’01: Vancouver (30 July – 2 August 2001)
- _Good introductions_:
- Aamodt, A., & Plaza, E. (1994). Case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches.  *AI Communications, 7*, 39-59.
- Lenz, M., Bartsch-Sporl, B., Burkhard, H.-D., & Wess, S. (Eds.) (1998*). Case-based reasoning technology: From foundations to applications*.  Berlin: Springer.
- Watson, I. (1997). *Applying case-based reasoning: Techniques for enterprise systems.*

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## On the Utility of CBR

- 1. Cases simplify knowledge acquisition
- Easier to obtain than rules
- Captures/shares people’s experiences
- Complements abstract doctrine
- 2. Supports rapid creation of complex solutions
- 3. Solves problems when perfect models are not available
- Dynamic physical systems
- Legal reasoning
- Language learning

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## The CBR Industry

_**Example Applications:**_
-  Autoclave layout design (Lockheed)
-  Coffee roaster monitoring (Nestle)
-  Color matching (GE)
-  Engine diagnosis (BA, several others)
-  Rangeland deforestation (Wyoming)
-  Turbine design (GTE)
-  Medicine (e.g., diagnosis)
-  Assembly line analyses (GM)

- AcknoSoft
- Atlantis Aerospace Corporation
- Brightware Inc.
- Case Bank Support Systems Inc.
- Continuum Software Inc.
- Esteem Software Inc.
- Inductive Solutions Inc.
- Inference Corporation
- IET-Intelligent Electronics

- Intellix
- Isoft
- Sententia Software Inc.
- ServiceSoft
- tecInno GmbH
- TreeTools
- The Haley Enterprise Inc.
- Webpresence Technology

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Conversational CBR (CCBR)

_**Users**_

**Similarity**
**Function**

**Problem **
**Description**

***Manual***
***Elicitation***

**Question 1**
**Question 2**
**...**
**Question m**** **

**Solution 1**
**Solution 2**
**...**
**Solution n**** **

**Displays **

_**Most Similar Cases**_

**Conversational CBR (CCBR)**

**Case**
**Library**

***Tech. Manuals***

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## CCBR Market Niche: Customer Support (Inference Corp.: 650+ corporate contracts, 500,000+ user licenses)

**CCBR Market Niche: Customer Support**** ****(Inference Corp.: 650+ corporate contracts, 500,000+ user licenses)**

**IBM**
**NCR**
**Gateway 2000**
**Daimler-Benz**
**Intel**
**3Com**
**LucasArts**
**Broderbund**
**Hewlett Packard**
**PeopleSoft**
**American Airlines**

**Chrysler**
**AT&T**
**BT**
**Freightliner**
**Groupe Bull**
**MCI **
**Microsoft **
**Los Angeles Times**
**National Westminster Bank**
**Ordnance Survey**
**Orange Personal Communications**

**Scottish Hydro**
**Siemens AG**
**South Western Electricity**
**Southern Electric**
**Compaq**
**VISA International**
**Xerox**
**Yorkshire Water Services**
**Nokia Telecommunications**
**United Utilities**
**Halifax Building Society**

**Navy**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Some CCBR Applications (known)

**FTSC**: Interactive weapons troubleshooting
**NSSC**: Predict obsolescence of electronic parts
**NAVAIR**: Operator assessment & interface enhancement
**NTSC**: Automated training system scenario generator
**AEGIS** weapon doctrine intelligent tutoring system
**NAWCAD**: Flight test planning and reporting

_**Navy**_

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## MK 41 Vertical Launching Systems

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## NSWC Pt. Hueneme VLS Eng. Division

**CCBR**
**Application**

***Solution***

**Technician**

**Fleet Tech. Support Centers**

***Problem***

**CCBR Expert System: Interactive Diagnosis**
**Purpose: **Troubleshoot MK 41 Vertical Launching Systems
**Size**: 114 cases, 597 questions (from 2 troubleshooting volumes)
**Users: **Fleet Technical Support Centers
**Objectives**: Decrease system downtimes, reduce dispatches
**Usage: **2-10 uses per week (deployed in 1995)

**Benefits: **Knowledge sharing, reduced manning

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## MOD PWR: Missing MCP 115V 400HZ Phases

**MOD PWR: Missing MCP 115V 400HZ Phases**
- (an example case)

_**Problem Summary:**_** From shipboard troubleshooter**
- The MCP is missing one or more phases of 115V 400Hz power.  The module
- reports LSEQ PS SFC 263 and LCU-LSEQ COMMs SFCs 107 and 110.
_**Problem Spec:**_** Dialogue between FTSC personnel and CCBR application**
- 1. What is the subject area of the problem? _**Module Power**_
- 2. Are one or more phases of 115V 400Hz power missing at the MCP? _**Yes**_
- 3. Is SFC 107, 110, 114, 115, or 116 present? _**Yes **_**(107 and 110)**
- 4. Are SFCs 263, 264, 303, 304 (LSEQ +5V PS1) present? _**Yes**_** (263)**
_**Solution Sequence:**_** From CCBR application**
- 1. Replace MCP Lamp Driver Contractor (A11A6) IAW UMRC.
- 2. Check Resistance in MTP Transformer (A16T1) Windings.
- 3. Replace MCP 115VAC 400Hz Suppressor (A11A13) IAW  UMRC.
- 4. Check/Set 400Hz PDP MCP MOD CBs (CB1-CB8) to On.

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## GSFC’s RECALL (POC: Tom Bagg, Code 585)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## NASA-Goddard: SMART KM Portal(W. Moleski (GSFC Code 588), E. Luczak, D. Ripley)

**NASA-Goddard: SMART KM Portal****(W. Moleski (GSFC Code 588), E. Luczak, D. Ripley)**

**SMART: **_**S**_**cience **_**M**_**ission **_**A**_**ssistant & **_**R**_**esearch **_**T**_**ool**
**Categorization**: An interactive, web-based tool suite
**Purpose**: Reduce time/cost required to define new science initiatives

**Status: **Architecture well-received, seeking application

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## SMART is Architected as a Web Portal 

**SMART is Architected as a Web Portal **

***SMART User***

**Web**
**Browser**

**http://smart.gsfc.nasa.gov**

**SMART**

- _Intelligent Data Prospector__      Find data sets_
- _Intelligent Resource Prospector__      Find an observatory_
- _Intelligent Mission Design Asst__      Design a science mission_

**http://smart.gsfc.nasa.gov/irp/**

**Browse Observatory Knowledge Base        ****	**_Map__	__Tree__	__Observatory Lists__Search Observatory Knowledge Base__	__Word/Phrase Search __	__Interactive Dialog__Discussions__Experts_

**SMART****Intelligent Resource Prospector**

**http://smart.gsfc.nasa.gov/imda/**

**SMART****Intelligent Mission Design Asst**

**SMART****Concept Map Viewer: Observatories**

**SMART****Hierarchical Directory****Viewer**

**SMART****Database Views**

**SMART****Conversational CBR****Question/Response****Interface**

**SMART****Collaborative****Discussions Interface**

**SMART IMDA****Design a Mission**

**Create/Edit a Mission****Validate Design****	****Power Design Advisor****	****Thermal Design Advisor****	****Communications**__x000b___	__	__Design Advisor__	__...        __	_

**Invoke****Design ****Validation****Agent**

**(applet)**

**(server****DB****access)**

**(applet)**

**(KM tool****service)**

**(KM tool****service)**

**(expert****systems)**

**Browse Mission Knowledge Base        ****	****Map****	****Tree****	****Mission Lists****Search Mission Knowledge Base****	****Word/Phrase Search ****	****Interactive Dialog****Discussions****Experts**
**Design a Mission**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Searching for Missions Using CCBR 

**SMART****Conversational Mission Search Engine**

**Describe what you are looking for:**
**“****I’m looking for astronomy missions in low-Earth orbit.”**
**Ranked questions:****Score  Answer   Name     Title****	****“X-ray”****	****Q17****	****What portion of the spectrum is observed?****60****	****	****Q7****	****What launch vehicle?****50****	****	****Q32****	****What mission phase?****20****	****	****Q23****	****Low or high inclination orbit?****10****	****	****Q41****	****Cryogenically-cooled instrument?**
**Ranked cases:****Score****	****Name****	****Title****90****	****XTE****	****X-Ray Timing Explorer****90****	****AXAF****	****Chandra X-Ray Observatory****30****	****GRO****	****Gamma Ray Observatory****30****	****EUVE****	****Extreme Ultra-Violet Explorer**

**Question: ****Q17**
**Title:**** ****What portion of the spectrum is observed?**
**Description: ****What portion of the electro-magnetic spectrum are you interested in?**
**Select your answer:****	**** Visible light****	**** **** Infra-red****	**** Ultra-violet****	****	**** **** Microwave****	**** X-Ray****	****	**** **** Radiowave****	**** Gamma Ray**
**	**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## CCBR: Problem

- Not a magic bullet: Successful application require knowledge acquisition
- How to ensure questions and solutions are ranked appropriately?
- Vendors supply guidelines (e.g., “reuse question” & “use few questions per case”), but they are numerous, conflict, and can be difficult to apply

**Summary: Case authoring is difficult**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Slide 19

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## CCBR: Our Research Summary(Aha et al., 2000 Applied Intelligence)

**CCBR: Our Research Summary****(Aha et al., 2000 *****Applied Intelligence*****)**

**NaCoDAE**
- (Breslow & Aha, 1997)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Simplifying Case Authoring:CLIRE (Case Library Reviser)

**CBR ML Agent**

***Initial Cases***

***Authoring ***
***Guidelines***

_**Authoring Guidelines Satisfied:**_
- 1. Order high-level before low-level questions
- 2. Promote question reuse
- 3. Eliminate non-distinguishing questions** **

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Case Library Revision: Results

**Before                After**

**Name      #Cases   #Actions   #Q          #A       #Q        #A**

**Printing        **25              28       27          70       16          55
**VMLS         **114            227     597        710       83         395
**ACDEV     **3334          1670    2011   28,200   1266    26,827

**These libraries are sparse: **10.4%, 1.0%, and 0.4% (before revision)

**Size reduction: **Questions [37%-86%]; Answers [5%-44%]

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Empirical Methodology

**Leave-one-in**: Use each case as a test case w/o removing it from the case library

**Stopping Criterion**: Either all questions answered or none are ranked

**Evaluation**: Same solution sequence as selected case?

**CLIRE**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Hypothesis: Case library revision should increase

-  retrieval precision and/or retrieval efficiency

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## On the Need for Dialogue Inferencing

**Example Task**: Troubleshooting printer failures

**Problem**: CCBR needs to perform dialogue inferencing
-  Otherwise, nonsensical questions are displayed to the user

**On the Need for Dialogue Inferencing**

- _I’m getting black streaks_

- 1. What does the print quality look like?

- 2. Are you having print quality problems?

- 3. Are you printing on the right side of the paper?

- 4. What is the display message?

- _Black Streaks_

- _Yes_

**User’s Initial Problem Description:**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## The Commercial “Solution”

**Problem**: This requires writing, and editing, many rules

- Text includes “black streaks”
- Text includes “black smears”
- Text includes “streaks black”
**...**

- “Are you having print quality problems?” = Yes
- “Are you having print quality problems?” = Yes
- “Are you having print quality problems?” = Yes
**...**

- “What does the print quality look like?” = “Black Streaks”
-  “Does printer’s power come on?” = “Yes”
**...**

- “Are you having print quality problems?” = Yes
- “Is power outlet working?” = Yes
**...**

**Chaining Rules:**

**Text Implication Rules:**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Our Solution: Model-Based Dialogue Inferencing

**Our Solution: Model-Based Dialogue Inferencing**

**NaCoDAE**

***Solution***

***Question***

***Answer***

**Problem **
**Description**

***Initial Problem***
***Description****** ***

**Similarity**
**Function**

**U**
**S**
**E**
**R**

**Text**
**Processor**

***L***

**Model**

***Implied Answers***

***Queries***

**Case**
**Author**

**Rule**
**Generator**

**Parka-DB**

***Rules***

**Model**
**Elicitor**

**Model**

**Most Similar **
**Cases**

**Top-Ranked**
**Solutions **

**Top-Ranked**
**Questions **

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Case Libraries

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Hypothesis: Dialogue inferencing should increase retrieval efficiency w/o sacrificing precision

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Applying CCBR

_**Observations**_**:**
- CCBR not used in synthesis tasks
- Navy has interest in synthesis tasks (e.g., decision support)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Motivating Topic: Deliberative Planning forNoncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEOs)

**Goal: **Assist DOS to evacuate noncombatants, nonessential military personnel, host-nation citizens, and third country nationals whose lives are in danger

**Characteristics**:
- Joint task force (often multinational)
- Uncertainty
- Complex (200+ tasks); Distributed
- US Ambassador is senior authority

**Problem: Lack of Computing Support!**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Some Requirements for a Deliberative NEO Planner

**1. Operational **(e.g., usable, integrated)
**2. Interactive decision support**
**3. Doctrine-guided**
**4. Provide access to NEO experiences**
- Motivation: Short NEO billets
- Knowledge sharing
- Experiences: Alternatives to SOPs
**5. Support bookkeeping**
- Decision tracking
- Conflict management
- Communicating justifications
**6. Domain independent**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Project Accomplishments (FY99-FY00)

- NSAP, CNA, USMC Warfighting Center, etc.
**2. **_**HICAP**_**: **Design, implementation/integration
**3. Knowledge Engineering: **(NEOs)
- Doctrine Hierarchy (250+ tasks, including durations)
- Resources Hierarchy (~75 task force elements)
- Case Library (~200)
- Planning Operators (~40)
**4. Evaluation: **ModSAF simulations
**5. IDS Integration: **CORBA/IDL
**6. Demonstration: **NEO scenario from DISA

**Project Accomplishments (FY99-FY00)**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## HICAP: A Plan Authoring Module for the Interactive Decision Support (IDS) Project

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Plan***
***Scenario***

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

_**IDS Tool Suite**_**:**
-  Graphical Plan Editor (GPI)
-  Plan Monitor (JFLEX)

**HICAP:** Plan Authoring Module

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## HICAP Architecture  Hierarchical Interactive Case-based Architecture for Planning

**Plan Authoring Tool**
**(HICAP)**

- Bridges the gap between doctrine and (modular!) experiences

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Hierarchical Task Editor (HTE) 

**Representations:**
- 1. ***Doctrine*** represented as a hierarchical task network (HTN)
- 2. Hierarchical representation of  Joint Task Force elements
- 3. Task-element assignments, temporal relations
**Interactive functionality:**
- 1. Enables editing of (most of) HICAP’s objects
- 2. Knowledge visualization

***Plan***
***Scenario***

**HICAP**

**Hierarchical**
**Task Editor**
**(HTE)**

**NaCoDAE/HTN**
**CCBR Tool**

**JSHOP**
**Generative**
**Planner**

**DecTS**
**Decision**
**Tracker**

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

- IDS

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## HICAP’s Objects

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Summary of HICAP Objects

- Planning tasks
- Resources (e.g., people, vehicles, etc.)
- Task/resource assignments
- World state (e.g., sensed data, <q,a> pairs)
- Task durations
- Inter-task relations
- Temporal
- Hierarchical
- Task/resource conflicts

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## NaCoDAE/HTN

**Representation: **(task decompositions)
- 1. _S_tandard _O_perating _P_rocedures (SOPs)
- 2. Specific NEO cases
**Functionality:**
- 1. Interactive problem description elicitation
- 2. Allows user to select any relevant/displayed SOP/case
- 3. Ranks them according to relevance to current situation

***Plan***
***Scenario***

**HICAP**

**Hierarchical**
**Task Editor**
**(HTE)**

**NaCoDAE/HTN**
**CCBR Tool**

**JSHOP**
**Generative**
**Planner**

**DecTS**
**Decision**
**Tracker**

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

- IDS

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## HICAP’s Initial Focus: Task Decomposition

**Task**
**Hierarchy**
**(Doctrine)**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Snapshot of HICAP/ HTE

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Example: Using a Case to Decompose a Subtask

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## NaCoDAE/HTN: Uncertain Hostiles

**                **

**         **

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## After Expanding theUncertain Hostiles Method

**                **

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## ModSAF Simulator Snapshot

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## An Evaluation: Empirical Methodology

**NEO Subtask**: Transport 64 evacuees from meeting site to embassy
-  Meeting site at forested crossroads outside of city
-  Terrain database from Camp Lejeune

**Selection Method:**
- 1. HICAP
- 2. Most frequently used plan
- 3. Heuristic Choice (escort avg.)
- 4. Random

**Blind study**: HICAP user did not know the simulated scenario

**Dependent Measures **(Navy MOE):
- Casualties (Evacueess, friendlies, hostiles)

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Two Scenarios and Ave. Results (ModSAF is non-deterministic       10 Runs)

**Two Scenarios and Ave. Results**** ****(ModSAF is non-deterministic       10 Runs)**

- 64
- 59
- 54
- 49
- 44
- 39

**9**
**8**
**7**
**6**
**5**
**4**
**3**
**2**
**1**
**0**

**9**
**8**
**7**
**6**
**5**
**4**
**3**
**2**
**1**
**0**

**Evacuees Saved:**

**Friendly Casualties:**

**Hostile Casualties:**

**Scenarios: **8** **2-person dismounted hostile teams:
**1. Anti-tank missles, or**
**2. Anti-aircraft missles**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## We Have a Short HICAP Movie

**Setup**:
-  Anti-tank missile scenario
-  Two planning algorithms:
- 1. Most frequent: Chooses a tank escort
- 2. HICAP: Chooses a helicopter escort

**Movie**:
-  2-d & 3-d ModSAF views
-  HICAP’s plan is shown to easily outperform the other

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## JSHOP: A translation of SHOP (Nau et al., IJCAI-99)

**Representation:**
- 1. Operators (for SOP and case-specific task decompositions)
**Functionality:**
- Automated task decomposition
- Handles “easy tasks”, saving time for decision makers

***Plan***
***Scenario***

**HICAP**

**Hierarchical**
**Task Editor**
**(HTE)**

**NaCoDAE/HTN**
**CCBR Tool**

**JSHOP**
**Generative**
**Planner**

**DecTS**
**Decision**
**Tracker**

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

- IDS

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Motivation for Integrating JSHOP

**SHOP**: _S_imple _H_ierarchical _O_rdered _P_lanner (Nau et al., IJCAI99)
-  **Benefits**: An efficient local, domain-independent planner
-  Much faster than “fast” AI planners  (e.g., Blackbox & TLplan)
-  Evaluates numeric expressions
-  Amenable for some information gathering activities
-  **Limitations**:
-  Total-order planner
-  Single-agent planner
-  Cannot be used in uncertain environments

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## DecTS: Decision Tracking System

**Representation:**
- 1. Conflict: <task1, task2, resource>,  where these tasks can co-occur
**Functionality:**
- Highlights resource conflicts (e.g., when users delete temporal links)
- Highlights conflict resolution (e.g., when users delete a task)
- Reasons on the task hierarchy (i.e., recognizes inheritance)

***Plan***
***Scenario***

**HICAP**

**Hierarchical**
**Task Editor**
**(HTE)**

**NaCoDAE/HTN**
**CCBR Tool**

**JSHOP**
**Generative**
**Planner**

**DecTS**
**Decision**
**Tracker**

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

- IDS

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Active Lessons Delivery System

**Representation:**
- 1. Lesson = <task,<object,value>+,<operation,object>+>
**Functionality:**
- Monitors values of HICAP’s objects
- Continuously computes match with each lesson’s conditions
- Alerts user to lessons with closely matching conditions

***Plan***
***Scenario***

**HICAP**

**Hierarchical**
**Task Editor**
**(HTE)**

**NaCoDAE/HTN**
**CCBR Tool**

**JSHOP**
**Generative**
**Planner**

**DecTS**
**Decision**
**Tracker**

- U
- S
- E
- R

***Elicited plan***

***Requests***

- IDS

**Lessons**
**Deliverer**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Knowledge Management (KM)

***An increasingly important business movement that promotes knowledge creation, sharing, & leveraging within an organization to maximize business results.***** **

- Most KM tasks are performed in the context of a well-defined (e.g., business) process, and any techniques designed to support KM must be embedded in it

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Categorizing KM Systems(Dana Ulery, 1999)

- 1. Enterprise systems
- 2. KM portal systems
- 3. Knowledge warehouses
- 4. Electronic library systems
- 5. Knowledge exploitation systems

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Future Plans

_**HICAP:**_ (broadly)
- Broader evaluation (e.g., on entire scenarios)
- Installation on the USS Coronado during FY00
- Knowledge acquisition need: Learning apprentice
- DISA ACOA Transition
- Other applications (e.g., travel planning, campaign planning)
_**Knowledge management:**_
- Complete & evaluate the active lessons delivery module
- Transitions: other lessons learned systems, tasks
- Standalone CCBR lesson elicitation and retrieval tool
- Textual case-based reasoning (i.e., to capture lessons)
- Integration with ontology creation tools
**3. **_**Modules**_**:**
- DecTS: Preserving consistency of all HICAP objects
- NaCoDAE: Hierarchical browser, etc.

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## IDA Group and Related Projects

**NaCoDAE Interactive CBR Tool**

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Fini: Questions?

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Demo: Characteristics

_**Purpose**_: Demo HICAP contributions to IDS
- Interactive plan elicitation
- Modular cases for interactive task decomposition
- Automated task decomposition via generative planning
- 2. DecTS: managing conflicts
- 3. IDS Integration:
- Fault identification, interactive replanning
- GPI and JFLEX running remotely, at SSC-SD
- 4. Scenario: “Terror-in-the-Jungle”
- Task hierarchy extended from ACOA IPM tool (ISTI)
- Plan size: 41 tasks, 24 temporal task relations, 32 resource

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Demo: Details

_**Step 1:**_** **From initial doctrine
- DecTS ability to detect/solve conflicts  3. NaCoDAE
- HTE editing functionality                       4. Hyperlinks

_**Step 2:**_** **After refining the initial doctrine
- NaCoDAE                  3. Centralized state
- JSHOP

_**Step 3:**_** **After finishing plan refinement
- Test conditions for sending plan to GPI
- Send plan to GPI

_**Step 4:**_** **GPI/JFLEX plan execution
- GPI receives plan, which sends it to JFLEX
- Plan execution failure detected by JFLEX

_**Step 5:**_** **Failure recovery
- Plan modified in HICAP
- Modified plan returned to GPI, run correctly by JFLEX

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Backup Slides!

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Example Hierarchy (Printer Troubleshooting Domain)

- Yes

***Power?***

***Message?***

***Add***
***Paper!***

- Paper
- Out

- No

***Self-test?***

- Lower
- Tray

***Installed***
***Correctly?***

***Reinstall!***

- No

- No

***Connect***
***Plug!***

***On Line ***
***Lit?***

- No

***Message?***

- None

***Press***
*** “******On Line”!***

***Message?***

- I/O

***Correct***
***Config?***

***Reset***
***Config!***

- No

**Question-selection strategy**: Most frequently answered
**Unknown values**: Handled carefully

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Editing a Hierarchy

***Balancing***

***Pruning***

***Hierarchy***

***Edited***
***Hierarchy***

- Case-specific feature selection

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## Extracting the Cases

***Edited***
***Hierarchy***

***1***

***2***

***3***

***4***

***5***

***6***

***7***

***8***

***9***

***Q: 1,2,3 ***

***A: 4***

***Q: 1,2,***_***3***_

***A: 5***

***Q: 1,***_***2***_

***A: 6***

***Q: ***_***1,7***_

***A: 9***

***Revised***
***Cases***

**Cases**

***Q: ***_***1***_***,7***

***A: 8,10***

- 10

- Questions re-ordered based on their order along paths in the tree

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000

## HTN Planning: An Example

- Decompose tasks into (more tactical) subtasks
- Consider restrictions (e.g., transport helicopters available)
- Resolve interactions (e.g., deploy security force first)
- If necessary, backtrack and try other methods

*alternative*
*methods*

- Select Helicopter Launching Base

- NASA-Goddard TEAS Presentation

- 10 February 2000