# Presentation: 497673

## Living With a StarSpace Environment Testbed

**Janet Barth, NASA/GSFC**
***LWS/SET Project Scientist***

***LWS SET PDR***
***October 19-20, 2004***

## The Living With A Star (LWS) Program

**Develop the scientific understanding necessary to effectively address those aspects of the Connected Sun-Earth system that directly affect life and society.**

**SCIENCE QUESTIONS**
***How and why does the Sun vary?***
***How do the Earth and other planets respond?***
***What are the impacts on humanity?***

**SET**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Living with a Star (LWS) Program 

**-  Space Station**
**-  Space Exploration**
**-  High Altitude Flight**
**-  Space Utilization & Colonization**

_**Impacts on Life & Society**_

**-  Global Climate Change**
**-  Surface Warming**
**-  Ozone Depletion & Recovery**

_**Impacts on Technology**_

**-  Space Systems**
**-  Communication & Navigation**
**-  Ground Systems**

_***Living with a Star (LWS) Program ***_
***Science Research***
***to Reduce Impacts***
***of Solar Variability***

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Increasing Importance of Support Functions Provided by Space Systems

**Scientific Research**
**Space science**
**Earth science**
**Human exploration of space**
**Aeronautics and space transportation**
**Navigation**
**Telecommunications**
**Defense**
**Space Environment Monitoring**
**Terrestrial Weather Monitoring**

- NOAA/SEC

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Solar Variability Impacts on Space Systems

**Effects occur on all times scales**
**Detector/sensor degradation and failure and interference**
**Spacecraft charging**
**Materials and microelectronics degradation**
**Single event effects (e.g., SEUs, SETs, SELs)**
**Solar cell damage**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Large Uncertainties in Space Environment & Effects Preclude Cost Effective Use of the Space Environment

**Shielding Properties**
**of Materials**

**Interference on**
**Microelectronics**

**Interference on**
**Sensors & Detectors**

**Unvalidated**
**Ground Test**
**Protocols**

**Spacecraft**
**Charging**

**Degradation of**
** ****Materials**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Space Environment Testbeds (SET) Project

***Improve the capability to***
***accommodate or mitigate***
***the effects of ***_***solar variability***_*** on***
***spacecraft and instrument***
***design and operations***

***Goal***

**Microelectronics, Detectors, Materials,**
**Spacecraft Charging/Discharging**

**Need to replace empirical models of**
** ****space environment effects **
**with physics-based models**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Objectives

**Define space environment effects and mechanisms**
**Reduce design margins**
**Increase use of space environment “tolerant” technologies**
**Increase the fraction of resources for payload**
**Reduce launch vehicle requirements**
**Enable routine operations above Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (above 2000 km) for LEO cost**
**Improve design and operations guidelines**
**Reduce unnecessary shutdowns**
**Lower the risk of anomalies**
**Reduce the number of operational failures**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Estimates of Design Margins

**Design margins cost money & reduce capability**
**Design margins for well understood technologies**
**10-15% of technologies**
**x2 design margin applied**
**Example – CMOS, down to .25 micron**
**Design margins for poorly understood technologies**
**85-90% of technologies**
**Technologies currently in use**
**x5 – x10 design margins applied**
**Example – linear bipolar devices**
**Emerging technologies**
**> x10 design margins applied**
**Examples - Exotic materials, SiGe, InP**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Approach

**Define investigation topics through community workshops**
**NASA, industry, universities, other government agencies**
**Technology users **_**and**_** technology providers**
**Acquire investigations through NASA Research Announcements (NRAs) and partnerships**
**Space investigations**
**Collect data in space to validate the performance of new technology vulnerable to the effects of the solar varying environments and instruments for LWS science missions**
**Collect data in space to validate new and existing ground test protocols or mechanism models for the effects of solar variability on emerging technologies and components**
**Data investigations**
**Improve, develop, and validate engineering environment models, tools, and databases for reliable spacecraft design and operation**
**Transition results of investigations (products) to user community**
**Community workshops for investigators and users**
**Presentations at conferences**
**Data and product distribution and archive**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## NASA Strategic Plan Used to Derive SET Requirements

**Two mission statements from the NASA Strategic Plan **
**To understand and protect our home planet and **
**To explore the universe and search for life.  **
**These statements frame the interests of Office of Space Science (OSS), the LWS Program and, consequently, the SET project: **
**To understand solar variability and its effects on the space and Earth environments with an ultimate goal of a reliable predictive capability of solar variability; and **
**To obtain scientific knowledge relevant to mitigation or accommodation of undesirable effects of solar variability on**** ****humans and human technology on the ground and in space.**
**The SET project derives its requirements from these two SEC objectives.**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Science Investigations Support of Strategic Plan 

**The SET project addresses these requirements by performing science investigations that either mine existing data or collect new data in space to yield products. **
**As a stand-alone mission, the SET responds to SEC research focus area by addressing two NASA Mission Statements**
**To Understand and Protect Our Home Planet**
**Define the origins and societal impacts of variability in the Sun-Earth Connection**
**Specify and enable prediction of changes to the Earth’s radiation environment, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere.**
**To Explore the Universe and Search for Life**
**Support spacecraft by reducing the design margins through investigations to account for space environment effects due to solar variability. **

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Level 1 Requirements

|  | SET SCIENCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES | TRACE FROM |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2.0 SET MISSION SCIENCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES |  |  |
| 2.1  SET MISSION GOAL | Improve the capability to accommodate or mitigate the effects of solar variability on spacecraft and instrument design and operations | LWS:B-1.3 |
| 2.2 SET MISSION SCIENCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES | The Objectives of the SET project are to:
Define the mechanisms for induced space environment and effects;·
Reduce uncertainties in the definitions of the induced environment and effects on spacecraft and their payloads; and, 
Improve design and operations guidelines and test protocols so that spacecraft anomalies and failures due to environment effects during operations are reduced. | LWS:B-1.3 |
| 2.3. SET SCIENCE OBJECTIVES – Five categories | The objectives of the SET investigations are divided into five categories as follows:
1. Characterization of the space environment in the presence of a spacecraft;
2. Definition of the mechanisms for materials’ degradation and the performance characterization of materials designed for shielding from ionizing radiation;
3. Accommodation and/or mitigation of space environment effects for detectors and sensors;
4. Performance improvement methodology for microelectronics used in space; and,
5. Accommodation and/or mitigation of charging/discharging effects on spacecraft and spacecraft components. | LWS:B-1.3 |

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Level 1 Requirements

|  | SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS | TRACE FROM |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3.3.SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS |  | LWS:B-2.1 |
| 3.3.1. FULL MISSION SUCCESS CRITERIA |  | LWS:B-2.1.1.1 |
| 3.3.1.1. DATA DELIVERY | Each SET payload shall deliver 95 percent of the data obtained from experiment operations including correlative environment measurements for a minimum of one year and a goal of two years using resources provided by the host spacecraft to achieve full mission success. 
If the Carrier is used, operations shall be defined as providing resources to the experiments, operating all the experiments for a time period sufficient to achieve full science success, obtaining correlative environment measurements to support the experiments, and returning data and correlative environment measurements from the experiments to the host spacecraft for down-linking to the Earth. 
If the Carrier is not used, operations shall be defined as operating each experiment and its correlative environment measurements for a time period sufficient to achieve full science success.  | LWS:B-2.1.1.1 |
| 3.3.1.2. EXPERIMENT COMPLEMENT & DESTINATION | Each SET mission shall have a unique complement of experiments and a destination determined by science requirements; the experiment-unique requirements for each mission that are commensurate with experiment full mission success shall be as defined in LWS:B-2.1.2. | LWS:B-2.1.1.1 |

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Level 1 Requirements

|  | SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS | TRACE FROM |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3.3.SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS |  | LWS:B-2.1 |
| 3.3.2. MINIMUM MISSION SUCCESS CRITERIA |  | LWS:B-2.1.1.2 |
| 3.3.2.1. DATA DELIVERY | Each SET payload shall deliver 95 percent of the data obtained from experiment operations for a minimum time period of 3 months using resources provided by the host spacecraft to achieve minimum mission success. 
If the Carrier is used, minimum success shall be defined as providing resources to the experiments, operating one-half of all the experiments for a time period sufficient to achieve minimum science success, obtaining correlative environment measurements to support the experiments, and returning data and correlative environment measurements from the experiments to the host spacecraft for down-linking to the Earth.
If the Carrier is not used, operation shall be defined as operating each experiment and its correlative environment measurements for a time period sufficient to achieve minimum science success.  | LWS:B-2.1.1.2 |
| 3.3.2.2. EXPERIMENT COMPLEMENT & DESTINATION | Each SET mission shall have a unique complement of experiments and a destination determined by science requirements; the experiment-unique requirements for each mission that are commensurate with experiment minimum mission success shall be as defined in LWS:B-2.1.2. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2 |

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Level 1 Requirements

|  | SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS | TRACE FROM |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3.4. EXPERIMENT SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS |  |  |
| 3.4.1. RETURN OF EXPERIMENTS  | Experiments shall be returned from space only if the experiment provider does not use the Carrier and does provide a flight opportunity for the experiment. | LWS:B-2.1.2.1 |
| 3.4.2. EXPERIMENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS | Each experiment that focuses on validating or characterizing hardware performance in space shall provide predictions of the items under test prior to flight using analytical tools/models and/or environment test facilities on the ground. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2 |
| 3.4.3. MISSION DESTINATIONS | Acceptable mission destinations shall be determined by experiment requirements. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2
 |
| 3.4.4. CORRELATIVE ENVIRONMENT MONITOR (CEM) EVENT TRIGGERS | Carrier Correlative Environment Monitor (CEM) data shall be used by the Carrier as event trigger for operations changes when the CEM data exceed mission specific, predetermined levels. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2
 |
| 3.4.5. CEM DATA TIME TAGGING | Carrier CEM data shall be gathered and time tagged in a near real-time manner to allow experiment performance data correlation on the ground. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2
 |
| 3.4.6. EXPERIMENT MEASUREMENTS | Experiments shall take measurements at or above low Earth orbit altitudes. | LWS:B-2.1.1.2 |

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Description of SET Products 

**Product categories**
**Characterization of the space environment in the presence of a spacecraft**
**Definition of the mechanisms for materials’ degradation and the performance characterization of materials designed for shielding from ionizing radiation**
**Accommodation and/or mitigation of space environment effects for detectors and sensors**
**Performance improvement methodology for microelectronics used in space**
**Accommodation and/or mitigation of charging/discharging effects on spacecraft and spacecraft components**
**Product examples**
**Validated ground test protocol**
**Definition of a damage mechanism**
**Development of an accommodation or mitigation technique**
**Better definition of the induced environment**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET NRA Past, Present and Future

**Data Investigation NRA 8-31; Awarded March 2002**
**Flight Investigation NRA 02-OSS-04; Awarded May 2003**
**Flight Investigation NRA 03**
**Release Planned for March 2005**
**Data Investigation NRA 04**
**Release Planned for September 2007**
**Flight Investigation NRA 05**
**Release Planned for September 2008**
**Data Investigation NRA 06**
**Release Planned for September 2009**
**Continue alternating between Data and Flight Investigations each year as needed.**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET NRAs – FY01 & FY03

**NRA #1 (FY01)**
**Focus was on product development through mining of existing flight data.**
**9 awards totaling $800K**
**Final reports and products being released now**
**NRA #2 (FY03)**
**Focus was on flight investigations that provide data for product development.**
**7 awards**
**All passed Phase A**
**Presently performing design reviews**
**Carolyn Mariano will provide status**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## NRA #1 – Data Investigations

**Solar arrays**
**Develop physics based models for application to multi-junction solar cells**
**Spacecraft charging/discharging**
**Develop theoretical determinations of internal electric fields during charging events**
**Correlate bulk charging and discharging with high-energy electron flux/energy spectra**
**Develop surface charging indices and fitting functions to be used with NASA guidelines**
**Imaging technologies**
**Develop model of Coulomb and nuclear interactions of ions with semiconductor materials for calculating degradation due to non-ionizing energy loss for space environments**
**Develop and validate a drift-assisted charge diffusion model for estimating transient noise in imaging arrays**
**Building block technologies for advanced spacecraft and instruments**
**Single event upsets**
**Update and validate particle nuclear interaction model of elastic interactions with semiconductor material to improve predictive capability**
**Enhanced low dose rate**
**Validate ionizing dose degradation models for bipolar semi-conductor materials to reduce design margins and improved ground test qualification procedures**
**Dose enhancement in electron environments**
**Analyze secondary radiation environment created by the use of spot shielding for reduction of ionizing dose to improve  guidelines for shielding materials in electron dominated environments**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Analysis of CRRES PHA Data for Low-LET Events

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***Analysis of CRRES PHA Data for Low-LET Events***

**Simulations from updated code agree well with the CRRES data**
**Evidence for significant contributions to the spectrum from both elastic scattering at low energy depositions and pion production at high energy depositions**
**Small number of large pulses in the data from direct traversals of the detector by heavy cosmic-ray ions**

**Charge collection models (COSMIC/CUPID) updated to include elastic interactions for application to modern devices where these interactions have been shown to dominate**
**Protons and heavy ions**

***PI:  P. McNulty***

## Modeling Charge Collection in Detector Arrays

***Modeling Charge Collection in Detector Arrays***

**Addresses need for high fidelity simulation of particle interactions in complex FPA structures, including multiple layers, sub-regions with layers, variation of linear energy transfer (LET) with range, electron scattering, free-field diffusion, and field-assisted diffusion**
**Can be applied to any semiconductor detector array**
**Possible application to SOI and SiGe technologies**
**Computer code, REACT, to predict charge collection in an array of elements**

***PI: J. Pickel***

**A Monte Carlo/analytical model for focal plane array (FPA) applications**
**High energy charged particles**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## NRA #2 - Space Investigations

**Cosmic Radiation Environment Dosimetry and Charging Experiment (CREDANCE)**
**Energetic Particle Spectrometer for Characterizing the Environment Around the LWS-SET Spacecraft.  Also referred to as a Light Particle Detector (LPD)**
**Dosimetry Intercomparison and Miniaturization**
**Space Flight Evaluation of the Radiation Performance of PolyRAD**
**Definition of the Mechanisms for On-Orbit Degradation of Variable Emissivity, Variable Absorptivity and Variable Reflectivity Materials Degradation**
**Development of Space-Based Test Platform for the Characterization of Proton Effects and Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) in Bipolar Junction Transistors**
**Total Dose and SEU Radiation Hardness Degradation Due to the Addition of Built-In Self Test (BIST) to Mixed Signal Electronic Circuits**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## SET Pathfinder Investigations

**Existing peer-reviewed investigations from Space Technology Research Vehicle 1D (STRV-1D) were brought to our attention.**
**Spacecraft failed after a few weeks of operation**
**Evaluated investigations for application to LWS SET goals**
**Requested and received approval to support 5 space investigations**
**COTS-1: Linear Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sesitivity (ELDRS)**
**COTS-1: Linear Single Event Transients (LSET)**
**COTS-2: Digital COTS (with FPGA Add-on)**
**COTS-2: FPGA Add-on**
**COTS-3: Optocouplers**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Education and Public Outreach

**Developed handouts and WEB site for LWS SET research community**
**Exhibited and presented at national and international conferences**
**Presented LWS science missions, TR&T program, and SET science and technology**
**Gained support of industry and other agencies**
**Collaborated with an educator in the Sunbeams Science and Mathematics Summer Program to develop materials for K-6 focusing on:**
**What is the Sun-Earth Connection?**
**What are the measurables of the Sun-Earth Connection?**
**What technology do we use every day?**
**How do satellites support our technology?**
**How does the Sun-Earth Connection affect satellites and our use of technology?**
**Collaborating with JPL sponsored “Space Place”**
**Virtual laboratory focusing on space technology education**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Summary

**FY01 (Data Mining) - NRA released for model development and data mining**
**9 awards totaling $800K**
**Final reports and products available**
**FY02 (SET Pathfinder) – Funding approved for existing peer-reviewed investigations from STRV-1d**
**FY03 (SET-1) - NRA released for flight investigations**
**7 awards**
**Carolyn Mariano to provide status**
**On-going SET carrier development**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Backups

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Electrostatic Return of Contaminants (ESR) 

***Electrostatic Return of Contaminants (ESR) ***

**Model that predicts the level of spacecraft surface degradation from ESR**
**Solar photons**

**Predicts the electrostatic return of spacecraft emitted molecules that are ionized and attracted back to the spacecraft by the spacecraft electric potential on its surfaces**
**Provides levels of surface deposits and surface sputtering caused by the returning ions**
**Accounts for different emitted molecular species and energy for a range of spacecraft environments (LEO, GEO, interplanetary)**

***PI: R. Rantanen***

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Mining Enhanced Low-Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) Data from MPTB

***Mining Enhanced Low-Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) Data from MPTB***

**Implications for ground testing**
**Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB) observations agree well with ground test results, increasing confidence in the use of ground testing to predict ELDRS.**
**Relatively constant rate of degradation was demonstrated over dose rate of 0.5 mrad(Si)/s to 8 mrad(Si)/s, increasing confidence that 10 mrad(Si)/s ground data are a good predictor of space degradation.**
**Implications for flight investigations**
**GTO is not the ideal platform for studying the ELDRS effect**

**Guidelines for accommodating the ELDRS effect on linear bipolar devices**
**Charged particles**

***PI: T. Turflinger***

*Comparison of MPTB Space Data to Ground Test Data*

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Solar Array Analysis and Verification Tool (SAVANT)

***Solar Array Analysis and Verification Tool (SAVANT)***

**A tool to predict on-orbit solar array output as a function of time**
**Charged particles**

**Windows****TM**** based, user-friendly implementation of displacement damage (Dd) degradation method for solar arrays**
**Allows for predictions based on minimal amount of ground testing**
**Validated with Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB) space flight data**
**Model can be extended to multijunction and thin film solar cells**

***PI: R. Walters***

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## TID Effects of High-Z Material Spot Shields on FPGA using MPTB Data     

***TID Effects of High-Z Material Spot Shields on FPGA using MPTB Data     ***

- Example of anomalous response to electron storms of a shielded FPGA on MPTB

**Could not explain the unexpected behavior of the devices that were not shielded**
**Models may not be accurately predicting particle interactions in devices**
**Particle transport codes used are limited in how they handle photons with E < 1 keV**
**Particle transport codes used are limited in how they handle the physics of dose enhancement at the die level**
**Measured energy spectra of electrons was much harder during the geomagnetic storms of 1998 than those predicted by the models that average over several solar cycles.**

**Guidelines for using spot shielding (CuW) for reduction of dose in electron dominated environments**
**Electrons**

***PI: S.Crain***

**Shielded Devices**

**Unshielded Devices**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Characterization of Magnetospheric Spacecraft Charging Environments using LANL Data     

***Characterization of Magnetospheric Spacecraft Charging Environments using LANL Data     ***

**Solar Minimum vs. Solar Maximum charging environments**
**Fluxes and resulting charging during charging periods are the same at solar minimum as at solar maximum.  HOWEVER, during solar maximum, the frequency of high charging environments increases.**
**Recommendations for environment fitting functions for NASCAP2K**
**Kappa fit for electrons and Maxwellian fit for ions give “post-dictions” with accuracy similar to those using the LANL measured spectra**

**Guidelines for charging environments fitting functions for NASCAP2**
**Low energy electrons**

***PI: V. Davis***

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## Mining CRRES IDM Pulse and Environment Data 

**Charged electrical insulators break down producing large electric pulses**

**Improvements in ground test fidelity to minimize internal electrostatic discharge**
**Mid-energy electrons**

**Investigate IESD pulsing by insulators flown on the CRRES spacecraft in relation to radiation-belt particle spectra**
**Ground tests indicate that IESD pulse rate and pulse amplitude are proportional to electric field in the insulator.  Estimate the electric fields that occurred in the insulators on CRRES as the particle spectra varied, and correlate this to measured pulse rates and amplitudes.**

***PI: R. Frederickson***

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004

## A tool to calculate non-ionizing energy (NIEL) loss is the dominating damage mechanism in some optical technologies, e.g CCDs, optocouplers, solar cells
Charged particles

**Charged particles**

**Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) Tool for Space Applications***

***PI:  M. Xapsos***

**Computer program for calculating**
**NIEL in elemental compounds and semiconductors for electrons, protons, and heavy ions**
**NIEL spectra equivalent to linear energy transfer spectra for space environment**

**Non-ionizing energy loss is the dominating damage mechanism in some optical technologies, e.g CCDs, optocouplers, solar cells.**

***Co-funded with Code R, Space Environments & Effects Program**

- J. Barth, NASA/GSFC, Oct. 2004