# Presentation: 180476

## FINDINGS OF THE  MoonMars SCIENCE LINKAGES SCIENCE STEERING GROUP (MMSL-SSG)Chip Shearer and David Beaty (co-chairs), Ariel Anbar, Bruce Banerdt, Don Bogard, Bruce A. Campbell, Michael Duke, Lisa Gaddis, Brad Jolliff, Rachel C. F. Lentz, David McKay, Greg Neumann, Dimitri Papanastassiou, Roger Phillips, Jeff Plescia, Mini WadhwaJuly 15, 2004

*Note:  This is the presentation version of the white paper “**Final Report of the Mars-Moon Science Linkages Science Steering Group** (July, 2004)”.  If there are any discrepancies between the two documents, the white paper should be judged to be superior. *

## MMSL SSG Charter

- Develop an analysis of the potential ways in which the _scientific objectives_ for the _exploration of Mars_ can be advanced through any of the following activities:
- Scientific investigations on the Moon
- Engineering demonstrations on the Moon (including demos of technically challenging scientific activities)
- Demonstrations of instrument, tool, and spacecraft operations.
- Develop an assessment of the _priority_ of the possibilities outlined above.

**MMSL SSG Charter**

## MoonMars SSG Membership

*Bold denotes team leader*

- _MMSSG subcommittees_
**Mars Priority sub-team**.  Bruce Banerdt, Mini Wadhwa, Rachel Lentz.
**Moon Priority sub-team**.  Don Bogard, Dimitri Papanastassiou, Bruce Campbell
**Overall Priority sub-team**.  Roger Phillips--leader

## Assumptions for this Study

- Assume a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission to the Moon in 2008, a robotic landed mission by 2010, and a TBD schedule of robotic lunar missions (perhaps on an annual basis?) until a first human return to the lunar surface in 2020.
- This SSG is asked to focus its effort on martian and lunar surface science, rather than orbital science.

**Assumptions for this Study**

## Assumptions for this Study

- The most recent consensus-based description of lunar science goals, objectives, and investigations was developed by the Lunar Exploration Science Working Group (LExSWG).  This information is available in the following reports:
- A Planetary Science Strategy for the Moon, Lunar Exploration Science Working Group, July 1992, JSC document JSC-25920, 26 pp.
- Lunar Surface Exploration Strategy, Lunar Exploration Science Working Group (LExSWG), Final Report, February, 1995, 50 pp.
- 		Both available at: _[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar_return/](http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar_return/)_
- The LExSWG position is assumed here. Integration with MEPAG goals is summarized below.

**Assumptions for this Study**

## The Moon as a Unique Vantage Point for Solar System Exploration

_***Cornerstone for Early Planetary Processes***_
- Preserves the remnants of one style of planetary differentiation: Magma Ocean.
- Illustrates a style of early planetary asymmetry that is related to early differentiation processes.
- Illustrates a pathway of planetary evolution that is related to a style of planetary accretion and differentiation.
- Illustrates the full crustal formational and magmatic history of a cooling planetary body.
- Recorded and preserved the early impact environment of the inner solar system.
- Interactions between a planetary surface and space are preserved in the lunar regolith.

_**FINDING**_:  The Moon offers a unique vantage point for certain aspects of Solar System exploration
- Cornerstone for Early Planetary Processes
- Volatile Record and Reservoirs
- Testbed for Scientific Exploration of the Solar System
- Astrobiology

## Volatile Record and Reservoirs
Moon is an planetary end-member for volatile abundance. 
Three primary sources of volatiles:
Endogenous
Volcanism, volcanic degassing
Exogenous 
Solar wind and galactic cosmic rays
Impacts of comets and asteroids
Lunar surface contains all three, although endogenous volatiles are in very low abundance.  The lunar surface is unprotected from space exposure.
Lunar surface records solar wind, galactic cosmic ray history.  Polar cold traps may record the more volatile species from volcanic eruptions and impacts.
Martian surface contains abundant endogenous volatiles and is protected by atmosphere and potentially larger ancient magnetic field.
Volatiles on Mars, especially water, present at poles, in megaregolith, in atmosphere, bound in minerals, etc.

- Moon is an planetary end-member for volatile abundance.
- Three primary sources of volatiles:
- Endogenous
- Volcanism, volcanic degassing
- Exogenous
- Solar wind and galactic cosmic rays
- Impacts of comets and asteroids
- Lunar surface contains all three, although endogenous volatiles are in very low abundance.  The lunar surface is unprotected from space exposure.
- Lunar surface records solar wind, galactic cosmic ray history.  Polar cold traps may record the more volatile species from volcanic eruptions and impacts.
- Martian surface contains abundant endogenous volatiles and is protected by atmosphere and potentially larger ancient magnetic field.
- Volatiles on Mars, especially water, present at poles, in megaregolith, in atmosphere, bound in minerals, etc.

**The Moon as a Unique Vantage Point for Solar System Exploration**

## Testbed for Scientific Exploration of the Solar System
The Moon has a number of unique testbed attributes:
Close proximity to Earth.
Hostile environment.
Atmosphere
Temperature
Low volatile content
Dust
Reduced gravity levels.
Low seismicity. 
Planetary-scale sterile environment.

- The Moon has a number of unique testbed attributes:
- Close proximity to Earth.
- Hostile environment.
*Atmosphere*
*Temperature*
*Low volatile content*
*Dust*
- Reduced gravity levels.
- Low seismicity.
- Planetary-scale sterile environment.

**The Moon as a Unique Vantage Point for Solar System Exploration**

## Astrobiology
The Moon preserves unique historical information about events and processes that affected the habitability of the entire inner Solar System, a record obscured on Earth and Mars.

Impact chronology (esp. first billion years)
Composition of impactors, IDPs flux, etc.
Delivery of exogenous volatiles and organics
Nearby supernovae and Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) events
Solar activity (solar wind; flares)

The Moon provides a uniquely accessible planetary-scale sterile environment useful for assessing engineering goals of astrobiological importance, especially for life detection and planetary protection.

Control experiments for life-detection technologies (extinct and extant)
Quantify “forward contamination” by robotic and human explorers	

- The Moon preserves unique historical information about events and processes that affected the habitability of the entire inner Solar System, a record obscured on Earth and Mars.
*Impact chronology (esp. first billion years)*
*Composition of impactors, IDPs flux, etc.*
*Delivery of exogenous volatiles and organics*
*Nearby supernovae and Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) events*
*Solar activity (solar wind; flares)*
- The Moon provides a uniquely accessible planetary-scale sterile environment useful for assessing engineering goals of astrobiological importance, especially for life detection and planetary protection.
*Control experiments for life-detection technologies (extinct and extant)*
*Quantify “forward contamination” by robotic and human explorers*

**The Moon as a Unique Vantage Point for Solar System Exploration**

## MoonMars Linkages

_**FINDING**_:  We have identified three categories of linkages between possible lunar exploration activities and a future benefit to martian science.  These are organized as:
_**Category A**_**.  Investigations related to processes of terrestrial planet formation and evolution**
_**Category B**_**.  Human-related resource issues**
_**Category C**_**.  Demonstrations of scientific methods and capabilities**

## Category A. 

_**Investigations**_ related to the processes of terrestrial planet formation and evolution (experienced by both Moon and Mars)
- The Moon provides an ancient record of the early evolution of the terrestrial planets that is partially to totally erased on Mars.
- Early evolution of the solar system - volatiles, comet abundance, solar history

## A1. Interior Planetary Structure

- Place constraints on the mechanism of martian differentiation and early dynamical processes of the martian interior.
- Characterize the current structure and dynamics of the martian interior.
- Determine the origin and history of the magnetic field.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Provide constraints for the bulk composition of the Moon, its origin, and the manner in which it differentiated.
- Characterize crust, mantle, core structural domains, to anchor our understanding of lunar asymmetry, mantle dynamics, magnetic field and current thermal state.

- Understanding the structure of planetary interiors is fundamental for understanding the origin and differentiation of a planet, dynamical processes, surface evolution, tectonics, magmatism, and magnetic field.

- Moon-wide seismic array.
- Far side gravity field measurements.
- Detailed topography measurements
- Ranging to Transponders on Surface

## A2. Early Planetary Differentiation

- Characterize mechanisms of the martian primary differentiation event and its influence on further evolution.
- Characterize the nature and origin of the primary martian crust.
- Determine relation of crust formation and surface manifestations of the martian magnetic field.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Seismic network to understand the deep and shallow structure of the Moon.
- Ages & geochemistry of farside lunar highlands rocks
- Sample analyses of the deep lunar crust at large impact craters/basins

- Mechanisms of primary differentiation (i.e. Magma Ocean).
- Duration of primary differentiation.
- Origin of the earliest crust.
- Mechanisms of core formation.

- Mars and the Moon both differentiated.  A complete understanding of the general process will benefit from observations at both places.
- Different products of differentiation are preserved and exposed on the two bodies.

## A3. Thermal and Magmatic Evolution

- Evaluate igneous processes and evolution through time.
- Evaluate the extent, level, locations and persistence of geothermal heat that might have supported a subsurface biosphere.
- Determine vertical structure, chemical and mineralogical composition of the crust and its variations.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Heat flow outside the PKT.
- Distribution, composition and age of basalts that predate basin formation and that represent the last stages of mare volcanism.
- Distribution of heat-producing elements.
- Mineralogic & isotopic analysis of samples outside the PKT

- Dynamics of the lunar interior and changes in those processes with time.
- Nature and location of basalt sources with time.
- Variation of magma production rate versus time.
- History of crust and lithosphere growth.

- Deciphering the thermal and magmatic evolution is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of planetary interiors and the expression of mantle processes on a planet’s surface.
- Thermal and magmatic processes may have provided energy and suitable habitats for life.

## A4. Planetary Asymmetry

- Characterize post-accretion differentiation, including the role of a magma ocean.
- Determine the origin and history of southern highlands & northern lowlands.
- Examine early convection and plate tectonics, and their effects on subsequent thermal and volcanic history.
- Establish the potential role of late accreting large impactors.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Geophysics (gravity, seismology, topography) for crustal thickness and paleo-heat flow, especially lunar farside.
- Geochemistry (global and in-situ) to determine crustal compositions and lateral & vertical variability.
- Heat flow (multiple distributed locations) to determine distribution of heat sources with location and depth.

- Mechanisms of early global differentiation. Distribution of magma ocean products.
- Segregation of KREEP.
- Role of late accreting large impactors in modifying crust.

- Mars exhibits a north-south hemispheric dichotomy and Moon exhibits a nearside/farside asymmetry.  Lunar geochemistry is also asymmetric.
- In both cases, asymmetry is related to early differentiation/convection or bombardment history, and likely played a key role in subsequent thermal and magmatic evolution.

## A5. Impactor Flux vs. Time

- Constrain martian cratering rate, provide absolute timing of martian events.
- Establish the duration of formation of large impact basins and highlands.
- Examine the effects of the impact flux on environments necessary for the development of life.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Determine ages of impact craters and basins.
- Radiometric ages of melts, exposure age of ejecta.
- Radiometric age of lava flows with well-documented crater density.
- Determine trace element composition in impact melts.

- Determine nature of terminal lunar bombardment.
- Constrain cratering rate, provide absolute timing for lunar events.
- Time period over which large impact basins and highlands formed.
- Determine composition of early impactors.

- Planetary surfaces in the inner solar system bombarded by a common population of impactors.
- Understanding lunar impact history tells us about terrestrial and martian impact history.
- First ~1 Gyr is pivotal to understanding early planetary evolution and the origin of life.  Later, large terrestrial impacts have environmental consequences.

## A6. Regolith History

**A6. Regolith History**

- Orbital sounding radar.
- Surface ground penetrating radar, seismic reflection / refraction or electrical methods.
- Shallow drilling.
- Understand alteration from exposure to space environment.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Understand regolith formation and mixing processes.
- Understand time scale and rates of regolith formation.
- Understand regolith depth and rock population in areas targeted for resource extraction.

- Mars and Moon covered by regolith of physically comminuted and chemically altered materials.
- Regolith records environmental history.
- Regolith may contain mineral and/or volatile resources.

_***What is the Linkage?***_

- Understand mechanical regolith formation processes and time scales.
- Determine near-surface exposure and mixing history using tracers of cosmic particle interactions.
- Understand chemical alteration processes and time scales.

**Notes:**
While the surface of Mars has formed by a wider range of processes than the Moon (most especially through the action of wind and water), the two bodies are similar in being covered over large regions, and to depths of many meters, with fine-grained material.  Understanding the distribution and thickness of this material, and its intrinsic physical properties (density, rock population, composition with respect to the basement), are crucial issues in targeting eventual sites for Mars exploration and sample return.

 Orbital probing by long-wavelength imaging radar (in contrast to sounders, which lack the vertical resolution and clutter suppression to study the upper few 10’s of meters).  Imaging radar is used in terrestrial settings to penetrate sand sheets, and could be used for both the Moon and Mars to study the distribution, physical characteristics, and relative depth of fine-grained surface cover .  
 Integration of shallow probing methods (<100 m depth) - electrical, magnetic, seismic, ground-penetrating radar.  The Moon can serve to establish the minimum suite of instruments needed to obtain a reliable 3-d model for terrain formed by overlapping processes such as volcanism and impact. 

## A7. Energetic Particle History

- Characterize the role of energetic particle irradiation in atmospheric evolution and loss processes.
- Determine whether and which martian volatile compositions began at solar levels.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Composition of solar wind and flares in fossil regoliths.
- Composition of cosmic radiation induced and implanted species.
- Develop techniques to access regoliths.

- Characterize early solar wind composition and distinguish those species from lunar species.
- Characterize intensity of early solar and cosmic irradiation.

- Inner solar system bodies irradiated over time by similar populations of energetic charged particles (solar and cosmic).
- Fossil regoliths and breccias on the Moon and Mars may contain records of those populations.

## A8. Endogenic Volatiles

- Characterize exogenous and endogenous volatile component on Mars.
- Origin and evolution of martian atmosphere.
- Evolution of surface volatile composition through time.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Characterize polar volatiles; identify endogenic species.
- Characterize pyroclastic deposits.
- Study composition, depths of origin of surficial volatile species

- Understand volatile amount and composition released from interior.
- Characterize depth of origin of volatile species.
- Understand volatile loss processes.

- Moon is largely volatile depleted; Mars enriched.
- Sampled minerals, gases released from lunar interior water poor.
- Minerals, gases released from martian interior could be more water-rich.

## A9. Exogenous Volatiles

- Establish the importance of exogenous input as source of water and organics, and their relevance for  pre-biotic chemistry.
- Determine the origin and evolution of the martian atmosphere.
- Examine the evolution of surface volatile composition through time.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Characterize polar volatiles; identify exogenous species.
- Determine stratigraphic relationships of volatile deposits.

- Characterize polar volatiles, especially water, as possible resource.
- Understand volatile transport on airless body.

- Both Moon and Mars experienced asteroid and comet bombardment.
- Both provide a variety of volatiles (e.g., water, organics).
- Late stage cometary flux may be the source of crustal volatiles.

## A10. Interpreting Geologic Environments

- Determine past & present geologic and environmental conditions including chemical weathering.
- Identify mineral hosts for bio- logically important C-H-O-N-P-S group of elements.
- Identify & determine distribution of hydrous & hydrothermal minerals.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- On-surface, in-situ mineralogical analysis from fixed or mobile platforms.
- On-surface remote sensing (stand-off analytical methods from fixed or mobile platforms).
- Orbital measurements with high mineral specificity/spatial resolution.

- Determine types, provenance, and origin of rock fragments and soils, and relate them to specific geologic formations or settings.
- Establish global distribution of rock types to evaluate crust formation and modification scenarios.

- Determining how materials found at the planet’s surface formed is key to understanding past and present geologic environments.
- Rock and mineral compositions are tracers of geologic processes.
- Links on-surface measurements to orbital science and to field geology.

**Notes:**
Links to orbital science; links to field geology

## Category B. 

- Evaluate lunar resources to be used to support exploration activities on the Moon and beyond.
- 			Critical Resources:
- 	H and O (both as water and elementally).
- 	Regolith.
- 	CH4
- 	Metals
- Objectives:
- 	Identification, concentration, distribution.
- 	Characterization of mining properties.
- 	Demonstration of use.

## B1. Water as a Resource

- Demonstrate use of in situ derived water for life support activities.
- Develop/demonstrate exploration approaches to determining chemical and physical properties of volatile deposits.

_***Relevance to Mars Exploration***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Exploration***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Characterize of hydrogen in lunar polar regions – form, concentration, extractability.
- Develop efficient technologies for excavating regolith and extracting H2/H2O.
- Develop technologies for purification and storage.

- Determine locations and physical/ chemical form of lunar water
- Utilize water-rich layers as tracers for lunar regolith processes.
- Utilize lunar propellant to support Moon-space transportation.

- Water is critical to life support for human missions to both bodies.
- Moon and Mars may contain accessible water in various forms.
- Exploration questions are similar: What is form, concentration, extraction processes.

## B2. In-situ fuel sources

- Propellant production.
- Demonstrate H / O production from H2O.  Possibly demonstrate CH4 production.
- Demonstrate the use of in-situ resources in fuel cells or as propellant for surface vehicle engines.

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Relevant propellants are H, O, CH4, SiH4.
-  C, H distribution in lunar soil.
-  H2O content in polar ice.
-  Excavation and extraction technology demonstrations.

- Provides fuel for transfer from LEO to Moon or Mars.
- Lunar surface operations.

- Propellant production from lunar resources reduces the fuel mass launched from Earth for lunar and martian flights.
- Energy needed from the Moon to LEO is less than from the Earth’s surface to LEO.
- Potentially similar extraction techniques for regolith-bound water.

_***Relevance to Mars Exploration***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Exploration***_

## B3. Exploration and Processing of Planetary Materials

- Surface techniques needed to establish mineralogy of martian resource materials (e.g. X-ray diffraction; differential thermal analysis).
- Wide variety of products can be made from regolith – glass, ceramics, composites.

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Distribution of significant potential resources established through regolith studies.
- Extraction of minor / trace constituents from lunar regolith through physical beneficiation and chemical extraction.
- Demonstration of manufacturing.

- Wide variety of products can be made from regolith – glass, ceramics, composites.
- Exploration for the distribution of resources from orbit and with new techniques on surface is needed.

- Demonstration of viability of in situ resources on Moon can validate their use on Mars.
- Non-volatile materials can be manufactured from natural oxides and silicates.
- Processing systems must operate in similar environments – low ambient pressure, partial – g.

_***Relevance to Mars Exploration***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Exploration***_

## Category C. 

- Demonstrations at the Moon to gain experience, mitigate risk, improve performance, confirm capability.
- Scientific instruments and experiments.
- Tools (e.g., sample acquisition, manipulation).
- Exploration strategies and operations.
- Long-term surface operations.
- Autonomous and controlled robotic operations (e.g., telepresence).
- Resource extraction (e.g., regolith processing).

## C1. In-situ Sample Selection and Analysis

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Chemical, mineral and physical characterization of selected surface samples is a major element of the scientific study of both Moon and Mars.
- Many to most rocks collected near the surface of both Moon and Mars are regolith fragments and can only be analyzed after separation from the regolith
- Robotic missions may demonstrate laboratory instrumentation that will be included in human exploration missions

- Basic chemical, mineral, and physical data will be needed for resource characterization and for any experiment that requires pre-selection from a large number of similar rock fragments
- On-site instruments will increase the effectiveness of human explorers
- Techniques for rapidly screening large numbers of regolith rock fragments can enable new lunar science investigations

- In-situ chemical, mineral, and physical characterization of rocks and regolith is an important tool in surface exploration
- Information on the distribution of compositions of rocks gained from in-situ analyses will improve interpretability of global remote sensing data and allow extrapolation from sample return data.

- Develop robotic instrumentation to determine approximate ages of rocks
- Develop robotic instrumentation to measure basic chemical and mineralogical character of small rock fragments from the regolith
- Develop and test techniques to rapidly screen samples for return to Earth by human missions

## C2. Communication and Ranging Systems

_***Relevance to Mars ***__***Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar ***__***Science***_

_***Possible Lunar ***__***Measurements***_

- • Seismic and electromagnetic networks
- • Moon-satellite-earth tracking and gravity measurement via geodetic S/C
- • Laser ranging to lander cornercubes
- • VLBI tracking of lunar transponders
- • Precision laser ranging to Mars transponders

- • Continuous monitoring on lunar farside (SP-Aitken) and sunlit poles
- • Precision targeting and navigation
- • Closed-loop remote robotic operation
- • Measurement of forced librations and thereby internal structure
- • Gravity mapping, particularly lunar farside

- • Continuous communication with landers and sensor networks provides a planetary “virtual presence” for robotic explorers and demonstrates emerging laser & high-rate radar technology for Telecom Orbiters
- • Stable lunar geodetic baseline facilitates tests for existence of liquid cores and tests of general relativity at solar system scale.

- • Higher-rate mission data return
- • Measurement of variations in length of day
- • Characterization of  seasonal and interannual mass transfer between lithosphere and atmosphere
- • Rotational dynamics of the Martian core
- • Improved gravity maps

## C3. Drilling Technologies

- Enable examination of possible hospitable environment for life on Mars (i.e. the subsurface).
- Develop access to subsurface aquifers for sampling for both science and resources.
- Improve performance of geophysical sensors with subsurface access.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Shallow (<10 m) Volatiles.
- “Deep” (10-50 m) Regolith stratigraphy.
- “Very deep” (>100 m) Sampling of the in situ lunar crust.

- Drilling is important as it allows the subsurface stratigraphy to be carefully sampled.  The stratigraphy holds the records of  volatile influx (e.g., at the poles) or solar flux as a function of time (paleoregoliths).

- Subsurface access, for the purpose of controlled scientific access, is important at both Mars and the Moon.
- Technologies relevant both to robotic and human missions.
- Drilling is the preferred approach for “deep” subsurface access.

## C4. Seismic Technologies/Studies

- Insights into deploying a robust seismic network on Mars.
- Evidence of continuing tectonic and magmatic activity.
- Understanding the internal structure and composition of Mars.
- Characterization of the shallow subsurface in some regions (e.g., extent of potential aquifiers).

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Define the nature and composition of the lunar interior.
- Characterization of the depth of regolith in some regions.
- Define crustal/mantle heterogeneity.
- Define the composition and size of the lunar core.
- Test the lunar magma ocean hypothesis.

- The Apollo program deployed 4 seismometers, but all were on the near-side and relatively close to each other.
- The structure and composition of the lunar deep interior is still unknown as is the crustal structure on the far-side.

- Understanding the interior structure, is important at both Mars and the Moon.
- Technologies relevant both to robotic and human missions.
- A  seismic network is required to understand the inner workings of any solid planetary body.

## C5. Assess Bio-Organic Contamination

- Quantification and characterization of contamination would minimize “false positives” or ambiguous results in investigations of extant life, extinct  life or organic precursor compounds on Mars.
- Determine the differences in the signature of contamination for robotic vs. human missions.
- Contamination data could aid in development of policies to minimize environmental impact of Mars exploration and of sample return to Earth.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Quantify and characterize organics, microbial residues and any surviving organisms  on and around spacecraft and astronauts on the lunar surface.
- Conduct control experiments of instruments designed to detect extant or extinct life or precursor compounds.
- Test technologies and protocols intended to minimize bio-organic contamination of planetary environments, particularly by human explorers.

- None

- The Moon is the most accessible sterile planetary environment. Therefore, the extent and character of contamination by terrestrial microbes and organic molecules carried by robotic and human explorers can be assessed during lunar exploration missions.

## C6. ISRU Technology Demonstrations

**C6. ISRU Technology Demonstrations**

- Excavation technologies are required for any process that extracts useful materials from the regolith (e.g. radiation shielding, water extraction from hydrated minerals) on Mars.
- Demonstration of ISRU capability on the Moon will increase the likelihood that such approaches will be used on Mars.
- Long-term testing of systems to establish reliability and maintainability is essential because Mars applications will be difficult to repair if they fail.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Excavation technologies (and knowledge of regolith physical properties) are required for any process that extracts useful materials from the regolith (e.g. radiation shielding, oxygen production)
- Efficient thermal extraction processes needed to demonstrate feasibility of extracting minor volatile constituents from regolith (H, C, N)
- Materials handling (both solids and gases) demonstrations are needed to understand factors that will allow scale-up from robotic to human scale missions.

- Use of in-situ resources for support of human and robotic missions.
- Although there is significant differences in the surface environments that could lead to different technological approaches, at a sub-system level, there are many commonalities.
- Many processes are affected by operations at reduced gravity levels (two phase flows, scaling laws for material handling).
- Demonstrating reliability/stability/longevity of power systems and sensors in a harsh planetary environment

_***What is the Linkage?***_

-  Practical small-scale excavators.
-  Regolith thermal extraction of volatiles and gas separation and purification technologies.
-  Hydrogen or carbon reduction processing of lunar regolith to produce oxygen.
-  Demonstrations of practical use for lunar exploration, such as charging a fuel cell on a rover for long-range exploration.

**Notes:**
While the surface of Mars has formed by a wider range of processes than the Moon (most especially through the action of wind and water), the two bodies are similar in being covered over large regions, and to depths of many meters, with fine-grained material.  Understanding the distribution and thickness of this material, and its intrinsic physical properties (density, rock population, composition with respect to the basement), are crucial issues in targeting eventual sites for Mars exploration and sample return.

 Orbital probing by long-wavelength imaging radar (in contrast to sounders, which lack the vertical resolution and clutter suppression to study the upper few 10’s of meters).  Imaging radar is used in terrestrial settings to penetrate sand sheets, and could be used for both the Moon and Mars to study the distribution, physical characteristics, and relative depth of fine-grained surface cover .  
 Integration of shallow probing methods (<100 m depth) - electrical, magnetic, seismic, ground-penetrating radar.  The Moon can serve to establish the minimum suite of instruments needed to obtain a reliable 3-d model for terrain formed by overlapping processes such as volcanism and impact. 

## C7. Sample Return

- MSR missions can be conducted with currently known technologies, but technical feasibility of MSR can be advanced based on the lunar experience.
- Search for evidence of life.
- Define the nature and history of the martian crust and mantle.

_***Relevance to Mars Science***_

_***What is the Linkage?***_

_***Relevance to Lunar Science***_

_***Possible Lunar Measurements***_

- Define the variability in materials and composition of the lunar crust.
- Define the impact chronology of the inner solar system.
- Test the lunar magma ocean hypothesis.
- Decipher processes for trapping of volatiles at the poles.

- Lunar sample return missions have been conducted by robotic and human means, but all were restricted to the lunar equator on the near-side.
- Additional sample return missions can be designed to address high-priority planetary science issues.

- Sample return is a key approach for exploring both Mars and Moon.
- Sample return missions allow the full range of terrestrial analytical techniques to be used to address important planetary problems.
- Future lunar missions to sample geologically complex materials will be directly relevant to sample acquisition and return from Mars.

## MoonMars Priorities

_**FINDING**_:  We have found significant differences in the _**relative**_ priority of the identified MoonMars linkages.

- The priority of MoonMars linkages was assessed:
- From the perspective of Mars alone
- From the perspective of the Moon alone
- Results are shown in the following tables.

_*Note*_*:  Assessing priority in an absolute sense requires that factors beyond the scope of this study be considered.*

## Priority of Identified Lunar Investigationsto Mars Science

- _Prioritization Criteria: _
- The intrinsic scientific value of each theme for advancing our understanding of Mars if the investigation was first carried out on the Moon.
- Degree of criticality of the possible lunar activity to one or more future Mars missions (or surface measurement activities)
- Degree of alignment with MEPAG’s priority system for Mars exploration

_**PRIORITY GROUP 1:**_A5: Impactor Flux vs. Time
- A9: Exogenous Volatiles
_**PRIORITY GROUP 2:**_A3: Thermal and Magmatic Evolution
- A10: Interpreting Geologic Environments
- A6: Regolith History
- A8: Endogenous Volatiles
_**PRIORITY GROUP 3:**_A1: Interior Planetary Structure
- A4: Planetary Asymmetry
- A2: Early Planetary Differentiation
- A7: Energetic Particle History

***RELATIVE PRIORITY***

***HIGHER***

***LOWER***

***Note:  Differences in priority within priority groups are not judged to be significant.***

## Priority of Identified Lunar Investigationsto Lunar Science

- _Prioritization Criteria: _
- Intrinsic scientific value (for the Moon).
- Degree to which identified investigations are likely to make major contributions to advancing knowledge about the important science questions.
- Feasibility within the emerging strategy for precursor robotic lunar missions in support of human exploration.

_**PRIORITY GROUP 1:**_A1. Interior Planetary StructureA2. Early Planetary DifferentiationA5. Impactor Flux vs. Time
_**PRIORITY GROUP 2: **_A3. Thermal & Magmatic EvolutionA4. Planetary Asymmetry
- A10. Interpreting Geologic Environments
- A9. Exogeneous VolatilesA6. Regolith History
_**PRIORITY GROUP 3: **_A7. Energetic Particle History	A8. Endogenic Volatiles

***RELATIVE PRIORITY***

***HIGHER***

***LOWER***

***Note:  Differences in priority within priority groups are not judged to be significant.***

## Priority of Identified Lunar InvestigationsSummary Comparison

**Priority of Identified Lunar Investigations*****Summary Comparison***

**TO MARTIAN SCIENCE**

- A1. Interior Planetary Structure

- A2. Early Planetary Differentiation

- A5. Impactor Flux vs. Time

- A4. Planetary Asymmetry

- A10. Interpreting Geologic Environments

- A9. Exogeneous Volatiles

- A6. Regolith Hist.

- A8. Endogenic Volatiles

- A7. Energetic Particle History

***RELATIVE PRIORITY***

***HIGHER***

***LOWER***

**TO LUNAR SCIENCE**

***RELATIVE PRIORITY***

***HIGHER***

***LOWER***

## Resource and Demo. Priorities

- _Prioritization Criteria: _
- 1.  If successfully carried out at the Moon, the value to our ability to correctly plan and successfully implement the future Mars exploration program.
- 2.  _Timing_:  Importance that these measurements/demonstrations be carried out by the lunar robotic program prior to 2020.
- 3.  _Cost_:  General affordability of these measurements/ demonstrations.
- 4.  _Technology readiness_:  Our technical ability to carry out these measurements/ demonstrations within the time frame specified in #2 above.

_**PRIORITY GROUP #1:**_C1:  In-situ sample selection and analysis
- C7:  Sample Return
- C3:  Drilling technologies
_**PRIORITY GROUP #2:**_C4:  Seismic technologies/Studies**	**
- B1:  Water as a Resource**	**
- B2:  In-situ fuel resources
- C5:  Assess Bio-Organic Contamination
_**PRIORITY GROUP #3:**_C6:  ISRU Technology Demonstrations** **
- C2:  Communication and ranging systems
- B3:  Other resource issues

- Test crucial instrument or strategy, or establish test bed under the proviso that (*i*) Activity cannot be done satisfactorily on Earth, or (*ii*) Moon provides a unique (or vastly superior) martian analog than does the Earth.

***RELATIVE PRIORITY***

***HIGHER***

***LOWER***

## Summary of Priority Findings

**Summary of Priority Findings**