# Presentation: 663358

## IVI 

**IVI **
**Human Factors Research Focus on Rear-End Crash Prevention**
** ****Jan 12, 2004**

**Michael Perel**
**IVI Human Factors Team Leader**

**Notes:**
What’s going on in mind of these drivers?  Through our advanced technology, we know..

## Rear-End

**Rear-End**
**29%**

**Notes:**
What’s going on in mind of these drivers?  Through our advanced technology, we know..

## Slide 3

**Notes:**
What’s going on in mind of these drivers?  Through our advanced technology, we know..
Understanding causes helps identify countermeasures.
Understanding driver behavior and capabilities helps develop effective countermeasures.

## Understanding of geometric and kinematic scenarios in crashes

## Human Factors Roadmapto Rear End Crash Prevention

**Driver Aiding and Distraction Mitigation Countermeasures**
- Immediate Vehicle Control
- Tactical Driver Action
- Strategic Driving
- Long-term Driver Adaptation
- Societal Adaptation

- Model adapted from J. Lee

**Crash**

- TIME

## Immediate Vehicle Control

** ****Making warning detectable**
** ****Making warning understandable**
** ****Determining when driver needs to be warned**

**(100-5,000 ms)**

## Tactical Driver Action

**Encouraging safe headway selection**
**Designing devices to optimize driver attentional distribution**
**Assuring accurate mental model of system operation**

**5-30 s**

## Strategic Driving

**(30s – Day)**

**Understanding factors affecting driver willingness to multitask while driving**
**Trip planning (pre set preferences)**

## Long-term Adaptation

**(Day – Months)**

**Understanding factors affecting acceptance and reliance on warning system or Adaptive Cruise Control  **
**Identifying changes in driving behaviors that affect risk taking**

## Societal Adaptation

**Determining the need for interface and performance standardization between vehicles**
**Assessing usability and acceptance by broad range of driving population**

## Multiple Collision Warnings:Problem

**How will drivers respond to forward collision warnings when future vehicles also have road departure warning, lane change warning, intersection warning, etc?**
**Multiple alarms may increase driver confusion **
**Alarms in close temporal proximity may compete for driver’s attention**
**Alerting benefits may decrease due to increased numbers of false or nuisance alarms**

## Multiple Collision Warnings:Objectives

**Multiple Collision Warnings:****Objectives**

**Assess potential for and methods for overcoming driver confusion from multiple collision warnings**
**Auditory warning localization**
**Earcons**
**Master warning**
**Prioritization of warnings**
**Application of findings to guidelines for standardization and integration of multiple warning systems**

## Multiple Collision Warnings:  Approach

**Simulator study **
**Drivers using vehicle with several IVI warning system interfaces**
**Compare drivers responses to imminent collisions with single vs multiple warnings**
**Evaluate performance improvements from alternative interface options**

## Multiple Collision Warnings: Status

- Contract awarded to WESTAT and DRI
- Identified collision warning interfaces
- Developed experimental design
**Independent and dependent variables**
**Subject tasks**
**Procedures**
- Developing simulator scenarios
- Planning for data collection
- Completion:  July, 2004

## Integration of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Forward Collision Warning (FCW)

**Background**
**ACC and FCW alter the traditional driving task**
**Shared responsibility for headway maintenance and collision avoidance**
**Drivers need detectable and understandable cues to help them know when they need to take over**
**Diversity of interface and operational characteristics**
**Objective**
**How to present and coordinate ACC and FCW information and alerts**

## Integration of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Forward Collision Warning (FCW)

- Research Questions/Experiments
**How perceptible are brake pulse alerts?**
**What display modalities best convey ACC operations and FCW information—haptic and/or auditory?**
**What is the effect of ACC and FCW authority and autonomy on driver performance and acceptance? **
**What is the influence of non-useful FCW alarms on FCW effectiveness in imminent crash scenarios?**
**Status**
**Contract awarded to U of Iowa**
**Using National Advanced Driving Simulator**
**Experiments underway—completion Dec 2004**

## Voice Interface Research

- Background
**Voice interfaces proposed as solution to driver distraction from visual/manual interfaces**
- Objectives:
**Compare driving performance using  speech-based versus visual/manual interfaces**
**Assess how driver distraction is affected by voice interface characteristics**

## Voice Interface Research

**Initial “Auto PC” study at NHTSA VRTC**
**Conducted test track study in which subjects followed a car while performing voice interface tasks and a light detection task**
**Preliminary findings**
**Voice-based interface caused minor reduction in driver performance, limited to vehicle control and visual performance measures.**
**No effect of voice interface on car following performance**

## Voice Interface Research

- Current study focuses on how distraction potential is affected by ***voice interface*** ***characteristics***:
**Voice interface task complexity**
**Navigation of hierarchical menu structure**
**Voice interface error rate**
**Rate at which the system fails to recognize verbal commands**
- Test track study using a simulated 511 traveler information system accessed using a hands-free wireless phone
- Completion in Summer 2004

## Early Adopters Experiences with Advanced Technologies

**Early Adopters Experiences with Advanced Technologies**

**Objectives:**
**Determine drivers’ usage and experience with new IVI-type technologies they have purchased**
**What design and operational features enhance or detract from driver acceptance and safety**
**Application of findings:**
**Recommendations for improvements in interface design and operation **
**Identification of possible new human factors problems and research needs**
**Indications of device effectiveness for broad range of drivers and driving conditions**

## Approach

**Identify candidate commercial vehicle and passenger vehicle in-vehicle technologies**
** ****ACC, Park Aid, Night Vision, Navigation, Collision warning, Side object detection**** **
**Identify methods for contacting owners**
**Conduct interviews and surveys**
**Explore viability of instrumenting personal vehicles**

## Status

**Awarded contract to WESTAT**
**Identified available technologies**
**Adaptive Cruise Control**
**BMW, Mercedes, Jaguar,  Lexus, Infinity,Cadillac**
**Night Vision**
**Cadillac, Lexus**
**Navigation**
**Park Aid**
**Forward collision and side object warning (for trucks)**
**Developing driver questions**
**Big Challenge:  identifying drivers and gaining their cooperation**
**Completion:  December 2004 ??**

## For Further Information

- Mike.perel@nhtsa.dot.gov
- www.its.dot.gov