# Presentation: 185699

## How Searchis Transforming Government:	Toward Effective Search 	of Government Information 

- How *Search*is Transforming Government:	*Toward Effective Search **	**of Government Information *

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline

A Government-wide Success Story

The Information Search Imperative
How does Search Work?
Moving to Interoperable Search
Interoperable Search Recommendation
Interoperable Search Benefits

##  A Government-wide Success Story:Spatial Data Infrastructures

- Federal Geographic Data Committee
- Consensus standards developed among all levels of U.S. government (states, counties, cities)
- E-Government Act and OMB Circular A-16
- Spatial Data Infrastructures
- 50+ NSDI's in the Global SDI
- Implemented as Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

**Notes:**
The E-Government Act established in law the authorities and responsibilities of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). The FGDC was already active for many years and operates under a governing board with representatives from all levels of government. It also maintains strong ties to industry and academia. 
The law requires FGDC to develop common protocols for the acquisition, distribution, and application of geographic information. 
OMB Circular A-16 "provides direction for federal agencies that produce, maintain or use spatial data either directly or indirectly". Circular A-16 directs such agencies to actively participate in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), so that spatial information is readily shared among all users.
Agencies are required to use FGDC data and metadata standards, and to make such metadata available online through the Clearinghouse of the NSDI.
The Clearinghouse has more than 50 other nations participating in the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. It supports about 400 host servers around the world, with hundreds of thousands of metadata entries about available geospatial data. 
All of this metadata is searchable through al standard search service, ISO 23950. This is one of several standards that are key to broad-scale interoperability as implemented through the techniques of "Services Oriented Architecture".

## SOA Example: Web Map Service (“getMap”)

**	**_**[http://](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__**[gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__**[=133urban&_x000b_request=](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__**[getMap&version](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__**[=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&_x000b_format=image/](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__**[jpeg&](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)**__[bBox](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)__[=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)__[&_x000b_layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&](http://gisdata.usgs.net/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?servicename=133urban&request=getMap&version=1.1.1&srs=EPSG:4326&width=1000&height=500&format=image/jpeg&bBox=-77.02,38.885,-77.01,38.895&layers=UA_ORTHO_Washington01&)_

**Notes:**
Here is an example Web Service, in case you are not familiar with the term "Service Oriented Architecture".
A Web Service is defined by the parameters recognized by a service provider on the Web. Here, the URL identifies the host service in the first line. 
For the "getMap" request using the Web Map Service, we specify a few parameters such as:
- the names of the map layers, here the name is on the last line
- the picture format for the map (here, "jpeg")
- the width and height of the map
- the "Bounding Box" coordinates (here, latitude and longitude for the mall in Washington DC)
By simply changing the values of the bounding box, we could scan across the city or the world. By changing the names of the layers, we could see demographic data, environmental data, or watch disaster events happening in real time.
The beauty of a Web service is that most of the difficult technology to do very sophisticated applications is already deployed in freely available Web servers and Web browsers. 
Making a new service is just a matter of agreeing on a set of parameters. That's a trivial task if the Web service is just for yourself, but it's a huge task if the service is to meant to operate on a global scale,  like the access to all of the world's geospatial data. 

## Spatial Data Infrastructures: Key Information Technology Standards

- Syntax (XML, ASN.1)
- Semantics (ISO 11179, metadata registries)
- Services Interface Definition Language(CORBA IDL, ebXML, WSDL, UML)
- Spatial (OGC Web Map Service, Web Coverage Service, Web Feature Service)
- Search service (ISO 23950 information search and retrieval)

**Notes:**
When we talk about interoperability, the mantra should be "What few things need to be the same so that everything else can be different?" We don't want uniformity--we need diversity to be sustainable over the long term.
These are the key standards for interoperability--five things that have to be the same. They address: syntax, semantics, services, spatial, and search:
 Syntax (XML, ASN.1)
 Semantics (ISO 11179, metadata registries)
 Services Interface Definition Language(CORBA IDL, ebXML, WSDL, UML)
 Spatial (OGC Web Map Service, Web Coverage Service, Web Feature Service)
 Search service (ISO 23950 information search and retrieval)
These are the standards adopted for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. 
They were also adopted recently as the architectural principles underlying the "Global Earth Observations System of Systems", which includes 60 nations and 40 international organizations. 
This set of key standards for interoperability was strongly endorsed as well by the Industry Advisory Council, which represents about 500 of the leading IT companies. 

## Example: Geospatial One-Stophttp://www.geodata.gov

**Notes:**
A Spatial Data Infrastructure is a fairly abstract construct, encompassing organizations, policies, and technologies as well as data and information. 
To make this easier to visualize, here is the search screen from the Geospatial One-Stop. This is one example of a user interface to the U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure at the Federal level. 
Although the contracted technology is to be provided primarily by ESRI and Google, the interoperability standards assure that we can add or change functions with minimal disruption.  
Also, because of the interoperability standards, there are many such interfaces around the country and around the world. Each is customized to the particular interest of its primary audience, and localized as to language, level of detail exposed, and target form factor (PC Web browser, Blackberry, cell phone, emergency vehicle, etc.)

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline (TIME: 10)

A Government-wide Success Story

The Information Search Imperative

How does Search Work?
Moving to Interoperable Search
Interoperable Search Recommendation
Interoperable Search Benefits

## The Information Search ImperativeSocietal Perspective

- Public access to government information is the basis of effective, accountable, and transparent government
- Open societies demand Government information to be accessible through diverse providers

**Notes:**
Societal Perspective on the Information Search Imperative:
Public access to government information is the basis of effective, accountable, and transparent government
Open societies demand Government information to be accessible through diverse providers
Also, we now have a Declaration stating that access to information is a basic human right. This was signed by the World Summit on the Information Society representing nearly all nations of the world.

## The Information Search ImperativeSearcher Perspective

- Searchers want to find all types of government information:
- catalogs of government publications
- directories of Government organizations
- news feeds, press releases, alerts
- atlases of all kinds of maps
- text of Web pages on the Internet
- ...
- Across all government organizations(local, state, national, regional, international)

**Notes:**
Searcher Perspective on the Information Search Imperative:
Searchers want to find all types of government information:
catalogs of government publications
directories of Government organizations
news feeds, press releases, alerts
atlases of all kinds of maps
text of Web pages on the Internet
...
Across all government organizations(local, state, national, regional, international)

## The Information Search ImperativeAgency Perspective

- Governments across all levels need greater information sharing and easier merging
- Agencies need to minimize migration and legacy costs as search technologies change

**Notes:**
Agency Perspective on the Information Search Imperative: 
Governments across all levels need greater information sharing and easier merging (Effectiveness)
Agencies need to minimize migration and legacy costs as search technologies change (Efficiency)

## Today, most search sources are "stovepipes"

| Web pages |  |  |  | Web pages |  | Web pages |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Catalogs |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Directories
 |  |  |  |  |
| News feeds |  |  |  |  |  | News feeds |
|  |  |  |  | Map atlases |  |  |

**Notes:**
Today, most search sources are "stovepipes"

## Searchers need to search across stovepipes

| Web pages |  |  |  | Web pages |  | Web pages |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Catalogs |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Directories
 |  |  |  |  |
| News feeds |  |  |  |  |  | News feeds |
|  |  |  |  | Map atlases |  |  |

**Notes:**
Searchers need to search across stovepipes
Note: This is NOT to imply that we always was to hide distinctions among sources of information. Such distinctions are often critically important in understanding how appropriate the results really are. 
So, we need to preserve the fact that each source is distinct and separate, yet not let those distinctions be a barrier to the task of searching across those separate sources. This is the essence of interoperability.

## The Current Situation

- Searchers today get only partial, questionable results
- Analysts miss opportunities for synthesis across sources
- Governments miss opportunities to leverage each others' information resources

**Notes:**
The Current Situation
Searchers today get only partial, questionable results
Analysts miss opportunities for synthesis across sources
Governments miss opportunities to leverage each others' information resources

## The Current Situation

- Centralization and single-vendor approaches are not feasible government-wide, due to public policy constraints and the diversity of government information
- Lack of conformance to common standards inhibits the evolution of search technology

**Notes:**
The Current Situation
Centralization and single-vendor approaches are not feasible government-wide, due to public policy constraints and the diversity of government information
Lack of conformance to common standards inhibits the evolution of search technology
Note: search technology is at a very primitive stage--we are somewhat effective at handling searches that are easily anticipated but we really need to handle searches that cannot be anticipated. For example,
 When a new event occurs, we need to find its precedents
 The data needs to alert us when an interesting pattern emerges

## Deja Vu All Over AgainA Lesson from Libraries 

- Libraries worldwide faced similar issues:
- limited funds for an expansive mandate
- huge volume and diversity of resources
- wide range of searcher needs
- hundreds of deployed technologies
- The solution, over many decades: interoperable search standards negotiated, enforced, evolved

**Notes:**
Deja Vu All Over AgainA Lesson from Libraries 
Libraries worldwide faced similar issues:
limited funds for an expansive mandate
huge volume and diversity of resources
wide range of searcher needs
hundreds of deployed technologies
The solution, over many decades:
	interoperable search standards 
	negotiated, enforced, evolved

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline (TIME: 20)

A Government-wide Success Story
The Information Search Imperative

How does Search Work?

Moving to Interoperable Search
Interoperable Search Recommendation
Interoperable Search Benefits

## How Does Search Work?Indexes are Key to Searching 

- Searching works on indexes of "**documents**"
*Documents* may be Web pages, entries in catalogs or directories, ... *any resource*

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?Indexes are Key to Searching 
Searching works on indexes of "documents"
Documents may be Web pages, entries in catalogs or directories, ... any resource

## How Does Search Work?Information Items Have Characteristics 

**Who ****made it?**

**What is ****its name?**

**What type**** is it?**

**Where is ****it stored?**

**Is it free?**

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?Information Items Have Characteristics 

## How Does Search Work?Indexes are Key to Searching 

- Indexes characterize "**content"** or "**context"**
*Content* implies patterns with a document (e.g., words, word clusters, place names, ...)
*Context* implies patterns beyond a document(e.g., hyperlinks, lineage, usage...)

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?Indexes are Key to Searching 
Indexes characterize "content" or "context"
Content implies patterns with a document (e.g., words, word clusters, place names, ...)
Context implies patterns beyond a document(e.g., hyperlinks, lineage, usage...)

## How Does Search Work?"Semantic Mapping"

- Just while searching, associate common characteristics to bibliographic concepts:

**Who made it?**

**What type is it?**

**What is its name?**

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?"Semantic Mapping"
Just while searching, associate common characteristics to bibliographic concepts:

## How Does Search Work?The Result of Searching  

- A search result set ("hit list") contains documents satisfying selection criteria
- e.g. the word "oil" occurs in the document title and the word "water" does not occur in the title
- A search result set is rank ordered according to sorting criteria, typically using "relevance ranking" or date/time
- Note: Search technologies often compete on their ranking algorithms, which may be trade secrets

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?The Result of Searching  
A search result set ("hit list") contains documents satisfying selection criteria
e.g. the word "oil" occurs in the document title and the word "water" does not occur in the title
A search result set is rank ordered according to sorting criteria, typically using "relevance ranking" or date/time
Note: Search technologies often compete on their ranking algorithms, which may be trade secrets.For example:
 Google (hyperlink analysis)
 Chemical Abstracts Service (catalysts)
 Convera (faces)    

## How Does Search Work?Example: FirstGov ("Advanced Search")

- selecting

- sorting

**Notes:**
How Does Search Work?Example: FirstGov ("Advanced Search")
These are basic Boolean operations:
 A OR B
 A AND B
 A AND NOT B

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline (TIME: 30)

A Government-wide Success Story
The Information Search Imperative
How does Search Work?

Moving to Interoperable Search

Interoperable Search Recommendation
Interoperable Search Benefits

## Moving to Interoperable Search

- No single search technology handles all potentially relevant source types (multilingual text, multi-media data, geospatial data, chemical data,  aerial photos, faces, ...)
- "Interoperable search" works with multiple, separately operated information indexes:
- an index of Web pages, a directory of technical reports, a catalog of library holdings, etc.

**Notes:**
Moving to Interoperable Search
No single search technology handles all potentially relevant source types (multilingual text, multi-media data, geospatial data, chemical data,  aerial photos, faces, ...)
"Interoperable search" works with multiple, separately operated information indexes:
an index of Web pages, a directory of technical reports, a catalog of library holdings, etc.

## Diverse and Distributed SourcesRequirement 

- 	An index is usually technology-specific and covers only one information collection...
- 	BUT,
**Requirement:** Searchers often need to search several different types of sources, supported by different search technologies

**Notes:**
Diverse and Distributed SourcesRequirement 
	An index is usually technology-specific and covers only one information collection... 
	BUT, 
Requirement: Searchers often need to search several different types of sources, supported by different search technologies

## Status Quo"One-at-a-time" search with "integrate-by-hand" results

- Status Quo*"One-at-a-time" search with "integrate-by-hand" results*

**Notes:**
Status Quo"One-at-a-time" search with "integrate-by-hand" results
 Google for example with Web pages
 Microsoft file search in the desktop file system
 Convera as an example for multimedia
 Patent and Trademarks as a government database example
Note: Again, it is very important to preserve the fact that there are many distinct and separate collections of information. But, it should not be so difficult to merge results across collections.

## Diverse and Distributed Sources 

- Diverse and Distributed Sources

**Requirement:** Searchers often need to search several different types of sources, supported by several different search technologies

**Notes:**
Diverse and Distributed Sources 

Requirement: Searchers often need to search several different types of sources, supported by several different search technologies

Solution: Interoperable search using standard gateways to each source type

## Interoperable Search

**Notes:**
The Web site known as "Science.Gov" is an example of achieving interoperable search by developing gateways to the existing search services of selected information resources. Here, the gateways are created by "screen-scraping" (simply viewing the source of a Web page and writing simple adaptor code that generates the parameters expected. 
With gateways created by screen-scraping, the targeted search service provider is unaware that the gateway exists. A search from that gateway arrives just the same as if it had been entered by a human. 
From a deployment perspective, this approach can be very fast because you don't have to wait for the various service providers to establish their standard gateway. 
On the other hand, you have a continuous maintenance problem because your screen-scraped gateways stop working whenever the targeted service changes its search form Web page. Also, the search interface may not be as effective or efficient as it could be if suportedd by those who actually manage the collection and its associated search technology.

## Interoperable Search

**Notes:**
Interoperable Search
This is a screen short from Microsoft's "Longhorn"
BTW, interoperable search gateway for ISO 23950 is available to act as an adaptor for all of the different information collections that a Microsoft environment can handle: Microsoft file system, WebDAV, SQL, LDAP and directory services, Microsoft Office, including Word, Powerpoint, Excel spreadsheets, etc. 

## Connecting the DotsRequirement 

- To discover patterns among information sources, analysts need search results in standard structures

**Notes:**
Connecting the DotsRequirement 
To discover patterns among information sources, analysts need search results in standard structures

## Example 2: Connecting the Dots

- Status Quo*Clustering on just text aggregation of results*

- (Vivisimo with FirstGov data)

**Notes:**
Example 3: Connecting the Dots
Status QuoClustering on just text aggregation of results

## Example 2: Connecting the Dots 

**Requirement:** To discover patterns among information sources, analysts need search results in standard structures

**Solution:** Standard search services deliver results as standardized structures (common "schemas" with agreed semantics)

**Notes:**
Example 2: Connecting the Dots 

Requirement: To discover patterns among information sources, analysts need search results in standard structures

Solution: Standard search services deliver results as standardized structures (common "schemas" with agreed semantics)

## Example 2: Connecting the Dots

- Interoperable Search*Clustering uses the structured data in results*

- (Vivisimo with DTIC data) _[http://vivisimo.com/projects/dtic-stinet](http://vivisimo.com/projects/dtic-stinet)_

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline (TIME: 40)

A Government-wide Success Story
The Information Search Imperative
How does Search Work?
Moving to Interoperable Search

Interoperable Search Recommendation

Interoperable Search Benefits

## Interoperable Search Recommendation

- Government specifies ISO 23950search standard in acquisitions of search technology, following existing U.S. Federal policy
- Search technology vendors offer the standard gateway software (relatively minor expense for major vendors; open source is available, too)

**Notes:**
Interoperable Search Recommendation
Government specifies ISO 23950 search standard in acquisitions of search technology, following existing U.S. Federal policy
Search technology vendors offer the standard gateway software (relatively minor expense for major vendors; open source is available, too)

## Interoperable Search Recommendation

- http://www.google.com/search?**hl=en&ie=UTF‐8&oe=UTF‐8&q=fruit&btnG=Google+Search**
- http://search.yahoo.com/search?**fr=fp-pull-web-t&p=fruit**
- http://alltheweb.com/search?**cat=web&cs=utf8&q=fruit&_sb_lang=pref**
- http://www.altavista.com/web/results?**q=fruit&kgs=1&kls=0**
- http://vivisimo.com/search?**query=fruit&v%3Asources=Web&x=0&y=0**

- Today, each non-standard search service has its own syntax for search parameters

## Interoperable Search Recommendation

- http://www.google.com/search?**operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.1&query=fruit**
- http://search.yahoo.com/search?**operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.1&query=fruit**
- http://alltheweb.com/search?**operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.1&query=fruit**
- http://www.altavista.com/web/results?**operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.1&query=fruit**
- http://vivisimo.com/search?**operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.1&query=fruit**

- Proprietary search services could ALSO support ISO 23950 SRW search syntax

**Notes:**
To achieve search interoperability it is only necessary for proprietary search services to ALSO support ISO 23950 SRW search syntax. 

Here, the search parameters in the standard syntax could go though a gateway at the vendor site that operates beside the existing search service.

Such a gateway approach is very easy to engineer because it allows the current proprietary interface to continue in parallel as long as the vendor wants to maintain it.

The technical feasibility of this approach has been validated through comments by most of the major search technology vendors. The cost of implementing such gateways  is a small fraction of the price paid for typical government search applications. In fact, for many search technologies today such gateways are available as freeware (e.g., "Zoogle")  

## Interoperable Search Recommendation

- Many government information sources (libraries, information services, geospatial) are already highly interoperable using this search standard
- Other source types may start with basic interoperability; innovate and compete on higher-level functions

**Notes:**
How would this Interoperable Search Recommendation play out? 
Many government information sources (libraries, information services, geospatial) are already highly interoperable using this search standard
Other source types may start with basic interoperability, and they will certainly innovate and compete on higher-level functions. 

It makes no sense for every new style of search technology to re-invent the wheel with regard to the syntax and semantics of the search service itself. 

The standard search service should be adopted as a common piece of the global information infrastructure. 

## Interoperable Search Recommendation per E-Government Act, Section 207(d)

- Recommendation on Interoperable Search (prepared in 2004 with public input, per E-Government Act, Section 207 "Accessibility, Usability, and Preservation of Government Information"): http://www.search.gov/interop/recommendation.html
- Received Comments reported and addressed at: http://www.search.gov/interop/rec-comments.html

**Notes:**
The Recommendation on Interoperable Search was prepared in 2004 with public input, as required under E-Government Act, Section 207 "Accessibility, Usability, and Preservation of Government Information". It is summarized in your conference book and the full text is available at this URL 

Received Comments are reported and addressed at this URL

## Presentation Outline

- A Government-wide Success Story
- The Information Search Imperative
- How does Search Work?
- Moving to Interoperable Search
- Interoperable Search Recommendation
- Interoperable Search Benefits

**Notes:**
Presentation Outline (TIME: 50)

A Government-wide Success Story
The Information Search Imperative
How does Search Work?
Moving to Interoperable Search
Interoperable Search Recommendation

Interoperable Search Benefits

## Interoperable Search Benefits

- Societies benefit when government information is more accessible through diverse providers
- Government efficiency improves with greater sharing and easier merging from multiple sources

**Notes:**
Interoperable Search Benefits

Societies benefit when government information is more accessible through diverse providers

Government efficiency improves with greater sharing and easier merging from multiple sources

## Interoperable Search Benefits

- Agencies save migration and legacy costs as search technologies change regularly
- Governments foster a fair and competitive intermediary market for information services by promoting open, international standards that are non-proprietary, fair, and stable

**Notes:**
Interoperable Search Benefits, continued

Agencies save migration and legacy costs as search technologies change regularly
(This could be stated as "interoperability over time")

Governments foster a fair and competitive intermediary market for information services by promoting open, international standards that are non-proprietary, fair, and stable

## Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits 

- "It's the 'Wild West' out there. But, search vendors now understand that 'federated search' is essential."
-   - Paul Norcini, Verity

**Notes:**
Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits 
"It's the 'Wild West' out there. But, search vendors now understand that 'federated search' is essential."
  - Paul Norcini, Verity 

## Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits

- "benefits to standards:1. information sources could evolve   faster and independently2. search applications across sources   could be implemented   ten times faster/cheaper"- Raul Valdes-Perez, Vivisimo CEO

**Notes:**
Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits
"benefits to standards:1. information sources could evolve faster and independently2. search applications across sources could be implemented   ten times faster/cheaper"- Raul Valdes-Perez, Vivisimo CEO

## Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits

- "Clearly the more we in government across the globe implement this standard then the better chance we have of meeting our stated goal of true interoperability."- John Borras, Director of Technology Policy, e-Government Unit, UK

**Notes:**
Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits
"Clearly the more we in government across the globe implement this standard then the better chance we have of meeting our stated goal of true interoperability."- John Borras, Director of Technology Policy, e-Government Unit, UK

## Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits

- "The cost savings achieved through improved information sharing between federal agencies and other entities (state and local governments, private sector entities, etc.) would be staggering"
-   		- Andy Hoskinson, Unisys and IAC

**Notes:**
Conclusion:Interoperable Search Benefits
"The cost savings achieved through improved information sharing between federal agencies and other entities (state and local governments, private sector entities, etc.) would be staggering"
  		- Andy Hoskinson, Unisys and IAC  

## References

- ISO 23950 (identical to ANSI Z39.50) http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/
- SRW (Search and Retrieve for the Web)http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/zing/
- E-Gov Act Recommendation to Interagency Committee on Government Information http://www.search.gov/interop/recommendation.html
- Interoperability Strategy (IAC, April 2003) http://www.search.gov/IAC-Interoperability.pdf