# Presentation: 177786

## Global Carbon Cycle Plan (GCCP)

**Project Manager:  Dr. Chuck McClain**
**Project Scientist:  Dr. Scott Denning**
**Mission Systems Engineer:Jaime Esper**
**Study Scientists:  Drs. Jim Abshire, Jim Collatz, Watson Gregg, Forrest Hall, James Hansen, Randy Kawa, Bob Knox, Antonio Mannino, Betsy Middleton,  and Compton Tucker**
** **

**January 10, 2003**

**BROWN BAG LUNCH**

**Global Carbon Cycle Plan (GCCP)**

## Project Description:GCCP

**Mission Objective: **multi-year mission to determine the Geographic Distribution and the Seasonal and Interannual Variation of Global Carbon Exchange between the Earth’s Atmosphere, its Land Masses and Oceans; to determine the Effect of Climate Variation and Secular Trends on the Geographic and Temporal Dynamics of the Global Carbon Cycle; and to provide Information Supportive of Policy Decisions and Mitigation Approaches
**Organizations:  **Lead: Goddard Space Flight Center designated lead by HQ  Partners:  Other NASA Centers, other federal agencies, and university scientists  Program Scientist:  Scott Denning
**Mission Description:  **Five to seven missions in (primarily) sun-synchronous orbits measure atmospheric carbon dioxide, aerosols, ocean and coastal carbon productivity, and low and high density land biomass.
**Launch:  **To be launched on two-year centers starting in 2010
- Pathfinder CO2    Ocean Carbon    Low Density Biomass High Density Biomass Advanced CO2

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## What Drives Change in the Climate System?

- _Greenhouse Gases_
- Carbon dioxide CO2
- Methane CH4
- Water Vapor H2O
- Nitrous Oxide N2O
- Chloroflorocarbons  CFC’s
- Ozone O3
- _Absorbing Aerosols_
- Smoke
- Soot

-  _*Warming*_*:*
-  Greenhouse gases
-  Absorbing aerosols

_*Cooling:*_
- Reflective aerosols
- Natural carbon sequestration

**Earth’s Heat Balance** = **Warming** - **Cooling**

**Clouds**

**Soot**

**Greenhouse Gases**

- _Reflective Aerosols_
- Impact on cloud formation
- Dust
- Volcanic aerosols SO2
- _Natural carbon sequestration_
- Forests/Soils
- Air-sea CO2 equilibrium
- Ocean Biota

**What Drives Change in the Climate System?**

**Carbon**

**Smoke**

**Heat**

## Carbon - Distribution, Transport & Prediction

- Emission of carbon from the combustion of fossil  fuels  - nearly 7 petagrams/yr
- Annual increase in atmospheric CO2 - about 3 petagrams/yr (Pg/yr)
- Roughly half of carbon is absorbed by the land (2 Pg/yr) and oceans (2 Pg/yr)
- The reasons for this capacity of the Earth’s land and oceans to absorb carbon dioxide are not adequately understood, and future uptake by the land and ocean cannot be estimated.  Given the importance of forecasting climate change to the nation, it is of utmost urgency to find out.

## Carbon Cycle: Living With A Planet

**Carbon Cycle: Living With A Planet**

## Net Flux of Carbon (Pg C/yr)

**8**

**6**

**4**

**2**

**0**

**-2**

**-4**

**-6**

**1850**

**1870**

**1890**

**1910**

**1930**

**1950**

**1970**

**1990**

**-8**

**Releases**

**Accumulations**

**Emissions from Fossil Fuels**
**Net release from land-use change**
**Unidentified sink**
**Oceanic uptake**
**Atmospheric accumulation**

## Uncertain Futures

**Uncertain Futures**

- As CO2 emissions have increased, the land and oceans have absorbed more and more carbon.
- Projections of future CO2 levels depend on our knowledge of the biosphere and how it interacts with climate
- Given identical human emissions, different models project dramatically different futures.
***Which is correct?  How can we know?***

## IPCC

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

- WCRP
- World Climate Research Program

- IGBP
- International Geosphere/Biosphere Program

- IDHP
- International Human Dimensions Program
- on Global Environmental Change

- Water/Energy Cycle

- Carbon Cycle

- IGOS-P Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership

- Atmosphere
- Land
- Ocean

- NASA

- NOAA

- DOE

- DOI

- NSF

- USDA

- USGCRP

- SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS

- US AGENCIES

- AND PROGRAMS

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## Plan Development Process

- Associate Administrator of the Office of Earth Science (Code Y), Dr. Ghassem Asrar requested that a team of scientists and engineers from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center lead a planning activity for future studies of the sources, sinks, and transport of carbon in the atmosphere, on land, and in the oceans.
- Between October 2000 and June 2001, an agency-wide planning effort was organized by elements of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to define future carbon research and technology development activities .
- The primary points of contact were Dr. Mary Cleave, Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Planning at NASA HQ and Dr. Charles McClain of the Office of Global Carbon Studies (Code 970.2) at GSFC.

## Plan Development Process (Cont.)

-  GSFC hosted three workshops to define the science requirements and objectives, the observational and modeling requirements to meet the science objectives, the technology development requirements, and a cost plan for both the science program and new flight projects that will be needed for new observations beyond the present or currently planned.
- The workshops were attended by Code Y program managers from HQ, and representatives from NOAA, DOE, USDA, the Forestry Service, OMB, and the academic science community.
- The three workshops were designed to provide a stepwise progression from the definition of the science goals and objectives through the formulation of the science and technology roadmaps and budget projections.

## Proposal Development Process

**Science Questions**
**Information Products**
**Performance Metrics**
**NASA Contributions**

**Program Roadmap**
**R&D**
**Facilities**
**Missions**

**Conceptualization**

**Benchmarking**

**Science & Engineering**
**Studies**

**Costing**

**First Workshop**

**Second Workshop**

**Third Workshop**

_**GCCP Plan**_
**Options **
**Resources, Timelines**

**January 2001**

**March 2001**

**May 2001**

**June 2001**

**Proposal Development Process**

**Representative **
**Mission Concepts**

## Plan Development Process (Cont.)

- HQ received the final presentation package by mid-June 2001.
- The recommendations were ultimately refined and folded into a broader program plan, which also included climate modeling, aerosol observations, and science computing technology development, for contributing to the President’s Climate Change Research Initiative.
- The plan was presented to OMB on September 12, 2001.
- The results were also recorded in two Technical Memoranda.

## 2001 MILESTONES

- First Workshop (1/9-1/11)
- Second Workshop (3/20-3/22)
- Third Workshop (5/2-5/4)
- First Draft of Carbon Cycle Implementation Presentation (Science, Data, Missions) for Community Review - 6/01
- Carbon Cycle Presentations to Center Director 6/12, MSR 6/14, and NBC 6/14
- Carbon Cycle Implementation Presentation to HQ - 6/18
- Headquarters Capital Investment Committee Presentation - 7/18
- Department of Commerce Presentation - 8/3
- OMB Presentation - 9/12
- Carbon Cycle Implementation Plan (Technical Memorandum) and Cost Volume - 11/30
- FY02 Plan and Funding Request Presentation to HQ - 12/04

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## USGCRP Carbon Science Goals(Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group)

- Goal 1: Quantify North American carbon sources and sinks and the processes controlling their dynamics.
- Goal 2: Quantify the ocean carbon sink and the processes controlling its dynamics.
- Goal 3: Report the “state of the global carbon cycle” annually.
- Goal 4: Evaluate the impact of land use change and land and marine resource management practices on carbon sources and sinks.
- Goal 5: Forecast future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and changes in terrestrial and marine carbon sinks.
- Goal 6: Provide the scientific underpinning, and evaluations from specific test cases, for management of carbon in the environment.

## ESE Systematic Measurements & Mission Summary

## ESE Systematic Measurements & Mission Summary

## Critical Gaps 

- MISSING:
- Global time series of CO2 atmosphere-surface exchange.
- MISSING:
- Ecosystem carbon storage due to biomass and its change.
- Carbon consequences of disturbance.
- MISSING:
- Measurements of critical biochemicals mediating global ocean surface layer uptake and export of carbon.
- Models of air-sea CO2 exchange.

**SUPPORTED BY FIELD CAMPAIGNS, CALIBRATION/VALIDATION  EFFORTS, MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND**
** ****DATA ASSIMILATION RESEARCH TO FULLY UTILIZE  SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS.**

- SOLUTION:
- Design and launch satellite to measure column and profile CO2.
- Develop and use data assimilation techniques to generate surface flux fields.
- SOLUTION:
- Design and launch satellite to measure biomass and its change.
- Process on-orbit satellite data to map disturbance and recovery.
- SOLUTION:
- Develop satellite sensor to measure organic and inorganic compounds and models to compute carbon uptake.
- Develop exchange process models.

## Science Activity Roadmap

- N. American Campaign

- Land cover & biomass change, fire, CO2, ocean carbon, meteorology etc.

- Satellite Data Assimilation

- Answers, Assessments, Projections, Consequences

- New Satellite Formulation/Implementation

- Remote Sensing Techniques Development

- Calibration/Validation

- Process, Coupled and Inverse Model Development

- USGCRP Science Questions & Goals
- Research & Observation Requirements

**Current/Planned Space Assets : Landsat,  SeaWiFS,  Terra,  Aqua,  SeaWinds,  V C L,  Aura,  NPP...**

- U.S. Coastal Campaigns,         S. Ocean

-   Future

-  CO2       Ocean Carbon     Biomass

- 2001    2002   2003   2004 ...                          2007...            2010...          2012

- Regional and Global Analyses

**Data Synthesis**

- Land

- Campaigns

- Campaign

- Mission Simulation Experiments

**Notes:**
This chart shows the activity blocks and timing i.e. the program architecture that the team has developed over the past 9 months, to address the USGCRP science questions and goals and the research and observational requirements that derive from those.  I have grouped the activities, the horizontal bars, into three general groups.  The first are the ongoing and new observational data sets s required to address the goals, the second group are those activities required to convert the satellite radiances into observational parameters,  and the analysis and modeling capability required to use the biosphere parameters with other global data sets to address the questions, and perform the necessary assessments and projections.
Beginning with the current space assets, we assume that the global data products from TERRA, SeaWiFS and so on will be available to the carbon cycle program.  But we also defined a new requirement, global 30 m land cover disturbance maps  from Landsat, derived from the global ortho-rectified Landsat data set being assembled by Earth satellite corp. from the 70’s and 90’s. We would combine these with the new Landsat 7 global data and use this triplet of global images to classify the area of  disturbance in each decade, from this rates of disturbance, cause of disturbance and the age distribution.  This data set will be key to addressing changes in ecosystem carbon stocks. The TERRA, landsat and other biospheric data, would then be synthesized into global data sets, on a common grid and common format, and provided to the science community for further analysis.  (NEW MISSIONS, EARLIEST IN 2007 WITH  5 YEAR FORMULATION)
An important part of the CCP is the model development activity, that will focus on improved utilization of satellite data.  Ecosystem land and ocean process models need significant development to properly utilize the new data sets that remote sensing satellites will make available. For example, we need a better understanding of the carbon consequences of disturbance, high spatial resolution inversion models, improved inversion techniques and so on.
NASA participation in the field campaigns would focus on process model development, and calibration and validation of sensor measurements, remotely sensed parameters and model predictions.  We envisioned a series of these campaigns, beginning with N. A. and coastal areas, expanding eventually on the land to tropical areas, and Eurasia and to the southern oceans.

## Development and Validation 

***   ******Vegetation Photosynthesis***
***   ******Ocean Photosynthesis***
***   ******Meteorology***
***   ******Temperature***
***   ******Cloud Cover***

***Predicted CO******2 ***

- Developing, testing models and measurements

***Satellite  CO******2***

**Model Surface Carbon Flux, Winds**
**Data Assimilation**

***Field Campaigns ***
***     ******Validate Remote Sensing***
***           ******With Ground observations***
***           ******With Aircraft CO******2 ******Budgets***
***      ******Develop Remote Sensing  Methods ***
***   ******   ******Develop Process Models***
***      ******Validate Models******     ***
***      ******Calibrate Sensors***

-           Compare & Compute

- Development and Validation

- Accuracy

## GSFC Carbon Theme Interdisciplinary Flow

-  Satellite Data Stream
- Processing and Integration
- Calibration/Validation

- Field Studies
- Ocean (color, biogeo chem)
-  Land (biomass, disturbance)
-  Atmosphere (**CO****2**** CH****4** )

- Algorithm Development

- Modeling

- Data Assimilation

- Data Archive
- Distribution

- Data Integration
- Synthesis

- Cal/Val Products

- Ancillary Data
- Met
- Hyd
- Soils
- Topo

- Competed

-  Core

- Science
- Community

- Reqts

- Data

- Data

- Technology
-  Development

## Pathfinder Atmospheric CO2

**Launch Date: **FY 2008
**Mission Life: **3 Years
**Orbit:**  500 to 700 km polar, sun-synchronous, with a morning crossing time
**Mission Options**: Could be flown with active CO2 instrument

**Pathfinder Atmospheric CO****2**

- Description: A small satellite mission that makes high-precision (1 to 2 ppmv) global measurements of atmospheric column CO2 abundance
- Instrument: A passive spectrometer with a 10 km spatial resolution that provides high signal-to-noise ratio detection of atmospheric CO2 and O2 during the day time portion of the orbit

**Tech (Comp):  Enhanced Performance, Lower Cost**
**Trade Space: Compare grating& Fabry Perot spectrometers for **
**Technology Readiness; Space Qualification,Performance Targets**
**Mission Design: AIRS, TES and SCIAMACHYas input to Msmt. Rqmts.**
**Compare Approaches in Lab, Aircraft; Cal/Val/Alg. Dev.**

**Laboratory Breadboard **
**& Aircraft Demonstration**
**TRLs 4-6**

**Interferometer & Detector Test Bed - L2 EASI**
**(Earth Atmosphere Solar-Occultation Imager)**
**measures CO****2**** & methane**

## The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)Selected for ESSP-3

- OCO will make the first global measurements of CO2 from space with the precision and spatial resolution needed to quantify carbon sources and sinks
- Acquires simultaneous spectroscopic observations of CO2 and O2 to yield estimates of the column integrated CO2 dry air mole fraction with precisions of 1 ppm
- Flies ahead of the A-Train constellation
- 1:15 PM polar orbit, 16 day repeat cycle
- Nominal launch date: 2007
- Team Members
- Mission management: JPL
- Instrument provider: Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor Systems
- Spacecraft provider: Orbital Sciences
- Science: JPL, Caltech, Berkeley, Colorado State, UMBC, Haverford College, Harvard, Wood Hole, U. Bremen, LSCE, NIWA, CSIRO

*Artist’s concept of OCO operating in nadir viewing mode.  The groundtrack is highlighted on the surface.*

## Ocean Carbon(Options being considered)

**Ocean Carbon**(Options being considered)

- Description: A small satellite mission that makes those ocean color measurements critical to the determination of ocean biomass, primary  productivity, and dissolved organic matter
- Instrument: A rotating, scanning telescope equipped with an on-board solar calibrator that makes irradiance measurements in 10 spectral bands from the ultraviolet to the near infrared; additional bands or complementary hyperspectral instrument to obtain coastal ocean data
- Spacecraft: A small, low-cost, three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft from the RSDO catalog with a propulsion system for orbit raising, maintenance, and maneuvers

**Key Technologies: **selection of bands not generally used in land applications, improvements in sensor design, and the use of onboard data processing to optimize data retrieval

**Launch Date: **FY 2009
**Mission Life:** 5 Years
**Orbit: **705 km polar, sun-synchronous, with a 12:00 noon crossing time** **
**Space Access: **Pegasus XL or equivalent class launch vehicle
**Mission Options:** A single instrument mission

## Low Density Biomass/Coastal Ocean

**Launch Date:** FY 2010
**Mission Life:**5 Years
**Orbit:**  705 km circular sun-synchronous with a 10:30 a.m. descending node
**Space Access:** Taurus or equivalent class launch vehicle

**Key Technologies:**  Large area focal plane arrays, large capacity on-board recorders, and high rate downlink systems for improved mission performance

**Low Density Biomass/Coastal Ocean**

- Description: A satellite mission that provides a synoptic view of the Earth’s ecosystems, their spatial distribution, and temporal dynamics with global measurements of land cover, land cover change, and ocean surface chlorophyll
- Instrument: A hyperspectral imager providing high signal-to-noise ratios and covering a frequency range from 450 to 2350 nm with a SWIR bandwidth of 10 nm and a VNIR  bandwidth of 5 nm
- Spacecraft: A low-cost, three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft from the RSDO catalog with a propulsion system sized to allow formation flying with other land imaging platforms

## High Density Biomass

**High Density Biomass**

- Description: A satellite mission that provides improved regional and global estimates of vegetation biomass and carbon stocks, studies the response of  terrestrial ecosystems to major disturbances, and measures the rate of recovery
- Instruments: A P-band SAR operating at 0.44 GHz and a multi-track, 1.064 micron, imaging laser altimeter with a capability of resolving 0.5 m differences in vegetation height
- Spacecraft: A three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft from the RSDO catalog modified to accommodate a large propulsion system and an X-band phased array

**Key Technologies:**
- High resolution P-band polarimetric SAR, pixelated detectors, a high-accuracy attitude & position knowledge package, laser diode efficiency & lifetime improvements, & an S-band low power transceiver

**Launch Date:**FY 2011
**Mission Life:** 3 Years
**Orbit:  **400 km polar sun-synchronous with a 6:00 p.m. ascending node
**Space Access: **Delta II or equivalent class launch vehicle

## Advanced Atmospheric CO2

- 1570 nm lidar sensor development, lightweight precision spectrometer development, S-band low power transceiver

**Advanced Atmospheric CO****2**

- (may require separate platforms; integration with other missions being considered)
- Description: A small satellite mission that measures the global concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lower troposphere
- Instruments: A pulsed, dual frequency, tunable laser sounder operating in the 1570 nm band for carbon dioxide detection and in the 770 nm band for oxygen detection, coupled with lightweight passive spectrometer for measuring absorption of reflected sunlight* in the same spectral regions
- Spacecraft: A low-cost, three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft from the RSDO catalog with a propulsion system and appropriate subsystem modifications

**Launch Date:** FY 2012** **
**Mission Life: **3 Years
**Orbit:  **590 km circular sun-synchronous with a 7:00 a.m. or 7:00 p.m. ascending node
**Space Access: **Delta 2320-10
- or equivalent class launch vehicle

- *Passive sensor may require fully sunlit orbit

## Current Instrument Systems, Concepts, & Component Development Activities

**Oceans**
- Particulate lidar (Behrenfeld)
- Bicarbonate lidar (Hoge)
- Pulse & probe fluorescence lidar (Chekalyuk)
**Land**
- Dual-frequency biomas lidar (Rall & Knox)
- Laser vegetation imaging sensor (Blair)
**Atmosphere**
- CO2 lidar (Abshire & Kranacs)
- Fabry-Perot CO2 interferometer (Heaps & Kawa)
- Raman scattering CO2 lidar (Whitman)
**Components**:  laser transmitters, laser diodes, wavelength conversion, injection seeding

## Vegetation Canopy Lidar

- Description: A satellite mission that provides the first globally consistent estimates of terrestrial biomass via forest canopy measurement
- Instrument: A multi-beam laser altimeter, with 25m resolution and 1m vegetation height accuracy
- Spacecraft: A three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft

**Key Technologies:**
- 1064 nm lasers operating at 242 pulses per second with 15mJ per pulse.

**Launch Date: **FY 2005
**Mission Life:  **2 Years
**Orbit: **390-410 km at 67 inclination
**Space Access: **
- Taurus-class launch vehicle or shared** **Delta II class
**Mission Option:**
- complete mission originally selected under ESSP

##  Aerosols Mission

** ****Aerosols Mission**

- Description: A small satellite mission that measures the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosols on a global scale and determines their effect on the Earth’s energy balance
- Instrument: Multi-angle, multi-spectral, scanning photopolarimeter with an on-board calibrator operating at 100% duty cycle during the day time portion of the chosen orbit
- Spacecraft: A small, low-cost, three-axis stabilized, nadir pointing spacecraft from the RSDO catalog with no propulsion system

**Key Technologies:**
- S-band LPT & other enhancing technologies at the subsystem or component level

**Launch Date:** FY 2008
**Mission Life: **2-5 Years
**Orbit: **550 km circular with an inclination of 60 degrees
**Space Access: **Pegasus XL or equivalent class launch vehicle
**Mission Options:** Obtain through ESSP program, dual spacecraft in LEO and sun-synchronous orbits, or flight of instrument as a payload of opportunity on other spacecraft

## Slide 33

## Slide 34

## Slide 35

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## GSFC Carbon Cycle Theme Team  

- Carbon Theme Chair:  Chuck McClain
- Atmosphere:  Randy Kawa
- Ocean: Watson Gregg
- Land: Jim Collatz

**ESD Organization Representatives**
- DAO: Steve Pawson
- NSIPP: Michele Rienecker
- Ocean Color Processing: Gene Feldman
- SIMBIOS: Giulietta Fargion
- DAAC: Steve Wharton
- Land Processing: Ed Masuoka , Jeff Masek
- Climate Modeling: Jim Hansen
- Supercomputing: Ricky Rood
- Instrumentation: Jim Abshire, Frank Hoge, Bob Knox
- CO2 Cross-Calibration & Merger: Arlyn Andrews
- Other Theme Representatives:
- Hydrologic cycle: Paul Houser
- Atmospheric chemistry: Arlyn Andrews
- Aerosols: Yoram Kaufman
- Climate: Jim Hansen

**Other Key GSFC Carbon Scientists**
- Atmosphere:  Chris Barnet (UMD)
- Land: Jim Tucker, Jon Ranson, Jim Irons, Jeff Privette, Betsy Middleton
- Oceans: John Moisan, Tiffany Moisan, Alex Chekalyuk, Mike Behrenfeld, Antonio Mannino, David Adamec, Stan Hooker, Wayne Esaias, Doug Vandermark
- Technology:  Bill Heaps (500), Carbon Lidar Working Group*

- Science Advisor: Forrest Hall (UMD)
- Mission Formulation: Jan Gervin (400)
- Technology: Bob Connerton
- Systems Engng.:  Jamie Esper (500)
- Applications Advisor:  Shahid Habib

**Discipline Leads and Advisors**

*** Carbon Lidar Working Group:** A. Andrews, J. Abshire, J. Burris, M. Behrenfeld, B. Blair, A. Chekalyuk, J. Degnan, D. Harding, F. Hoge, R. Kawa, R. Knox, J. Rall, D. Whiteman, P. Dabney, W. Heaps, B. Gentry, R. Nelson, F. Hall, C. McClain

## Carbon Theme Specific Objectives

- Inspire new interdisciplinary carbon cycle research at GSFC.
- Assume responsibility for key “core” data processing, calibration/validation, and data assimilation activities.
- Enhance communication & understanding of the global carbon cycle across discipline lines (ocean, land and atmosphere).
- Facilitate formation of interdisciplinary teams for research on the carbon cycle.
- Promote new instrument concepts and development addressing carbon-cycle research priorities.
- Engender creative concepts for future missions.
- Support working groups engaged in carbon-related program and project planning.
- Provide interface for Earth Sciences Directorate (ESD) scientists to related activities within GSFC (flight projects, technology development programs etc.)
- Identify program gaps and priorities for carbon cycle work in the ESD.
- Coordinate responses to NASA HQ and other external  requests for information about carbon-cycle activities, and participation in agency planning.
- Recommend to NASA HQ new carbon cycle science and technology development activities and approaches.

## GSFC Carbon Theme Activity Priorities

**Core Activities**
**North American Carbon Program (NACP)**
- NASA program coordination
**In situ carbon observation support (Land, Ocean, Atmos.)**
- Field measurement protocol development
- Ocean color ongoing*; Land & atmospheric carbon protocols to be defined
- In situ instrument evaluation & development
- Ocean color ongoing*; Land & atmospheric carbon measurement activities TBD
- Calibration round robins
-  Ocean color ongoing*; EOS program ongoing
**Carbon data processing**
- Ocean color data processing facility**
- Land data processing facility**
- Carbon data synthesis and distribution
**Carbon data assimilation*****
- Atmospheric data: DAO
- Land & ocean data: NSIPP

- * *Includes basic sensor calibration,
- product validation & quality control
- analyses.

- * ** Includes resources for implementation
- of process models designed for carbon data
- assimilation in collaboration with science
- team (competed).

- *Presently supported under SIMBIOS
- which ends after FY03.

## GSFC Carbon Theme Activity Priorities (cont.)

**Competed Activities**
**NACP**
- Ocean, land, & atmosphere field observations
- Ocean, land, & oceans modeling & data assimilation
**Land and ocean carbon cycle process model development**
**Land, ocean, & atmosphere mission calibration/validation (activities not covered under “core” & algorithm development)**
- Ocean:  MODIS, NPP/VIIRS
- Land: MODIS, NPP/VIIRS
- Atmosphere: AIRS
**Land, ocean, & atmosphere technology development and carbon missions**
- Atmospheric CO2 (active & passive)
- Land cover and biomass (active & passive)
- Ocean carbon (active & passive)

- Measurement concept &/or
- instrument development underway
- in all cases.

## GSFC Earth Science Mission Development

**Revisit **
**Measurement **
**Requirements**

**Develop & Evaluate **
**Laboratory **
**Breadboards**

**Refine **
**Mission Concepts**

**Perform Enabling Activities/Studies  (Mission Design, Trade Space & Technology Dev.)**

**Revisit **
**Measurement **
**Requirements**

**Develop & **
**Demonstrate**
**Aircraft/Field  **
**Campaign/Space **
**Prototypes **

**Define Mission **
**Concept**
** ****(Initial  Baseline)**

**Detailed Design &**
**Development**

**Integration &**
**Test**

**Launch**

***CHECK-OUT/***
***PRE-***
***OPERATIONS***

***OPERATIONS***

**Preliminary **
**Mission **
**(Instrument & **
**Spacecraft) Design**

**Develop Science **
**Questions & **
**Measurement**
** ****Requirements**

**Identify Innovative **
**(Breakthrough)**
**Science/Technology**
**Concepts**

**Identify Studies **
**(Mission Design, **
**Trade Space and **
**Technology **
**Development & **
**IMDC/ISAL)**

**Perform Advanced **
**(Conceptual) **
**Studies**

**Develop **
**Mission Concepts**

**Fabrication**

**Develop/**
**Release**
**Solicitation**
**& Select**

**Code 900 Primary Responsibility with Code 400/500 Support**

**Code 900 & 400/500 equal responsibility**

**Note:  Support and participation of all three organizations is absolutely essential in each phase of mission development.   **
**Constant feedback between Mission Design/Engineering Studies and Science/Measurement Requirements assures optimum scientific return (i.e., not “freezing” mission /measurement requirements too early).  In addition, Code 800 assists in sounding rocket and balloon efforts and Code 100 supports proposal preparation.  Code 300 is brought in by Codes 400/500 to oversee performance and quality assurance and safety.**

***Preformulation***

**Demonstrate **
**Mission **
**Feasibility**
**Code 100**

**Receive **
**Approval**
**of Mission**

***Formulation***

***Implementation***

**Code 400/500 Primary Responsibility with Code 900 Support**

## GSFC Earth Science Mission Funding Sources

**Develop & Evaluate **
**Laboratory **
**Breadboards**

**Refine **
**Mission Concepts**

**Perform Enabling Activities/Studies  (Mission Design, Trade Space & Technology Dev.)**

**Develop & **
**Demonstrate**
**Aircraft/Field  **
**Campaign/Space **
**Prototypes **

**Define Mission **
**Concept**
** ****(Initial  Baseline)**

**Perform Conceptual Studies **
**(Mission Design, **
**Trade Space and **
**Technology **
**Development & **
**IMDC/ISAL)**

**Develop **
**Mission Concepts**

**Develop/**
**Release**
**Solicitation**
**& Select**

**Code 900 Primary Responsibility **
**with Code 400/500 Support**

**Code 400/500 Primary Responsibility **
**with Code 900 Support**

**Code 900 & 400/500 equal responsibility**

- Note:  Support and participation of all three organizations is absolutely essential in each phase of mission development. Constant feedback between Mission Design/Engineering Studies and Science/Measurement Requirements assures optimum scientific return (i.e., not “freezing” mission /measurement requirements too early). In addition, Code 800 assists in sounding rocket and balloon efforts and Code 100 supports proposal preparation.  Code 300 is brought in by Codes 400/500 to oversee performance and quality assurance and safety.

***Preformulation***

***Formulation***

***Implementation/***
***Operations***

**1, 5        Mission Design:  IRAD, DDF, 900 Discretionary (400/500 Support)**
**	****Trade Space:  IRAD, DDF, 900 Discretionary (400/500 Support)**
**	****Technology Development:  IRAD, DDF, ESTO/ACT, SBIR, Code R, Laser Initiative, Code 900**
**2, 4****	****Mission Concepts:  IRAD, DDF, 900/400/500, Bid and Proposal/Proposal Development (Code 100)**
**3.****	****Breadboards:  IRAD, DDF, ESTO/IIP, NAP, HQ Direct, Code R, Laser Initiative, ESTO Direct**
**6            Flight Prototypes:  STO/IIP, NMP, Shuttle, Space Station, Field Campaign, DOD, HQ Direct, ESSP, Other Mission (HQ)**
**7             Solicitation:  Other Missions (HQ)**
**8             Mission:  ESSP, NMP, Other Missions (HQ), Shuttle/Space Station**
**9             Implementation:  ESSP, NMP, Other Missions (HQ), Shuttle/Space Station**

*2*

*5*

*4*

*3*

*6*

*7*

*8*

*9*

*1*

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## GSFC Carbon Cycle Theme Team  

- Carbon Theme Chair:  Chuck McClain
- Atmosphere:  Randy Kawa
- Ocean: Watson Gregg
- Land: Jim Collatz

**ESD Organization Representatives**
- DAO: Steve Pawson
- NSIPP: Michele Rienecker
- Ocean Color Processing: Gene Feldman
- SIMBIOS: Giulietta Fargion
- DAAC: Steve Wharton
- Land Processing: Ed Masuoka , Jeff Masek
- Climate Modeling: Jim Hansen
- Supercomputing: Ricky Rood
- Instrumentation: Jim Abshire, Frank Hoge, Bob Knox
- CO2 Cross-Calibration & Merger: Arlyn Andrews
- Other Theme Representatives:
- Hydrologic cycle: Paul Houser
- Atmospheric chemistry: Arlyn Andrews
- Aerosols: Yoram Kaufman
- Climate: Jim Hansen

**Other Key GSFC Carbon Scientists**
- Atmosphere:  Chris Barnet (UMD)
- Land: Jim Tucker, Jon Ranson, Jim Irons, Jeff Privette, Betsy Middleton
- Oceans: John Moisan, Tiffany Moisan, Alex Chekalyuk, Mike Behrenfeld, Antonio Mannino, David Adamec, Stan Hooker, Wayne Esaias, Doug Vandermark
- Technology:  Bill Heaps (500), Carbon Lidar Working Group*

- Science Advisor: Forrest Hall (UMD)
- Mission Formulation: Jan Gervin (400)
- Technology: Bob Connerton
- Systems Engng.:  Jamie Esper (500)
- Applications Advisor:  Shahid Habib

**Discipline Leads and Advisors**

*** Carbon Lidar Working Group:** A. Andrews, J. Abshire, J. Burris, M. Behrenfeld, B. Blair, A. Chekalyuk, J. Degnan, D. Harding, F. Hoge, R. Kawa, R. Knox, J. Rall, D. Whiteman, P. Dabney, W. Heaps, B. Gentry, R. Nelson, F. Hall, C. McClain

## Earth Science Themes

***Global Carbon Cycle***

***Climate and Weather***

***Chemistry-Climate ***
***Connection***

***Solid Earth & Natural ***
***Hazards***

**Earth Sciences Directorate Themes**

**Earth Science Enterprise Themes**

**Aerosols**

**Carbon Cycle**

**Global Water and **
**Energy Cycle**

**Long Term **
**Climate Change**

**Weather and Short **
**Term Climate **
**Forecasting**

**Atmospheric **
**Chemistry**

**Geodynamics and **
**Other Solid Earth **
**Activities**

**Earth Science Themes**

**Climate Change Science Program**

***Key Uncertainties:******Aerosols, NA sources-sinks, Feedbacks ***
***Climate Quality Observations, Monitoring, and Data Management  ***
***Decision Support Resources***

***Atmospheric Composition ***
***Climate Variability ******and Change***
***Water Cycle***
***Land Use/Land ******Cover Change ***
***Carbon Cycle ***
***Ecosystems ***
***Human Contributions ******and Responses ***
***Grand Challenges***

- CCRI

- USGCRP

## Code 900 Theme Connections

- Carbon Cycle

- Atmospheric
- Chemistry

- Aerosols

- Hydrologic Cycle

- CO2, CO
- CH4, O3, UTH*

- Aeolian Fe
- Black Carbon

- Albedo
- Evapotranspiration
- Precipitation
- Soil Moisture
- Soil Freeze/Thaw State
- Ocean Salinity

- UTH: Upper Tropospheric Humidity

- Climate

- Carbon fluxes & pools
- Carbon sources/sinks
- Carbon process models

- Ecology

## Earth Science Directorate Carbon Theme Elements

**GSFC**
**Carbon Theme**
**Round Table**

**Other**
**Themes**

- Atmospheric CO2
- Assimilation

- Land/Ocean
- Data Assimilation

**Hydrologic Cycle, Aerosols,**
**Atmos. Chemistry, Climate**

- Land Use/Land Cover
- Change & Biomass

- Ocean Color Cross-
- Calibration & Merger

- CO2 Research

- Ocean Color
- Data Processing

- Climate
- Model Development

- Supercomputing
- Support

- Archival  &
- Dissemination

**Coupled **
**Model  Dev. **
**923, 971, **
**974**

**Climate**
** ****Modeling**
**940**

**NSIPP**
**971**

**DAO**
**910.3**

- Instrument Development
**(Links to ESTO & Code 500)**

**Computing**
**930**

**Data**
**Archive**
**902**

**Land**
**Processing**
**922, 923**

**Ocean **
**Color**
**Processing**
**970.2**

**SIMBIOS**
**970.2**

**Atmos**
**CO****2**
**916**

**Instru-**
**mentation**
**916, 924, 972**

- Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical
- Process Models

## Product-Oriented Mission Development Process & Interfaces: In or out-of-house

**Product-Oriented Mission Development ****Process**** & Interfaces: In or out-of-house**

**Technology**
**Requirements /Planning**

**Mission/ System-Level Requirements**

- Codes 600, 900, Universities

**Advanced**
**Mission/ System**
**Concepts**

**Mission**
**Systems**
**Engineering**

- Code 530

**Instrument/ Subsystem**
**Concept**

- Code 556

**Discipline Engineering & Other Organizations**

- Rest of
- Code 500

- Code 400

**Systems Safety & Mission Assurance**

- Code 300

- Code 531

- Codes 532, 533

**Science Data**

**Project Formulation**

**Pre-Formulation**

**Implementation**

**Flight Projects**
**(Missions)**

**New Opportunities Office**

- Code 100

**Technology Validation**

**Science**
**Goals**

**AETD** (Technical Design and Implementation)

**Operations**

- Non-GSFC
- Missions

- GSFC Missions

- Carbon Cycle Plan

**NOO**

- Code 100

## GSFC Carbon Theme Interfaces & Functions

**Interagency **
**Coordination**
**CCIWG**

**DAACS**

**Core Science**
**Activities**

**Flight Projects**

**Outreach**

**Technology**
**Development**
**ESTO • IIP • SBIR**

**Science **
**Teams**

**NASA Centers**
**Science, Engrg.,**
**Data Management**

**GSFC**
**100, 400, 500, 900**

**NASA HQ**

_***Coordination Functions***_
** ****Science Team Participation**
** ****Funding Opportunities**
** ****Mission Formulation**
** ****Technology Development Inputs **
** ****Field Programs**
**Outreach and Documentation**

***         ***_***NASA Core Science***_
**Observations**
**Processing, Archival, &                              Synthesis of Carbon Data**
**Modeling & Data Assimilation**

**GSFC Carbon Theme Interfaces & Functions**

**GSFC**
**Carbon Theme**

## Goddard Carbon Theme External Links *

- Processing, Archiving and Synthesis of Carbon Data
- Integration of Satellite Data Streams
- IPO/NPP & NPOESS
- USGS/EDC, LCDM, EarthSat, MEA
- MERIS, POLDER, GLI, etc. (ESA, France, Japan, etc.)
- Land Cover, Land Cover Change Protocols
- USGS/EDC            •UMD/CP
- MEA
- FIA (USFS)
- Data Synthesis
- GEWEX
- IGBP
- NODC, NIDC (NOAA)
- CDIAC (DOE)
- Modeling & Data Assimilation
- NCAR (NSF)                • UCLA/Rutgers/SIO
- GFDL (NOAA)
- DAO & NSIPP Science Teams
- GODAE
- Georgia Institute of Technology (A)
- UMD/CP

- Observations, Field Experiments, Data Networks
- Ocean Biogeochemistry Science Team
- Combined Cal/Val & Applications
- MODIS Ocean & Land Teams
- AIRS Team
- SIMBIOS Team
- NACP (USGCRP)
- NOAA: PMEL, AOML, CMDL
- CO2: LaRC, Drexel U.
- CarboEurope
- TOGA TAO (O; NOAA)
- JGOFS follow on (O; NSF)
- PIRATA (O; Brazil, France)
- Global Ocean Observing System
- Global Terrestrial Observing System
- AERONET

- * Unless otherwise noted, links apply for oceans, land, atmospheres (O,L,A)

- Note:  Code Y has or is working on MOUs which
- include Carbon Cycle collaborations with NASDA,
- ASI, CNES, CSA, and the EU.

## OVERVIEW

**Introduction - Why Study Carbon?**
**Background - How Did We Get Involved?**
**Results of the Agency-Wide Study**
**Goddard Activities Post September 11**
**A New Organizational Paradigm**
**Ongoing Activities**

## Preliminary Mission Design Study Timeline& Beyond: Strategic Program Schedule

- Programmatic
- Setup

- LD Biomass /
- Coastal Ocean

- Ocean Carbon

- HD Biomass

- Advanced CO2

- Integrated
- Summary &
- Action Plan

- Preliminary Mission Design Study

- Continued
- Pre-Formulation
- Studies (IMDC / ISAL)

**01/04**

- Determine Programmatic
- Feasibility (is it sellable?)

**04/04**

- Submit Unsolicited
- or AO
- Proposal (s)

**05/04** (FY06 Start)

- Secure additional
- funding to proceed if
- not competitively
- selected

**09/04**

## Recent Carbon Theme Activities

- ‘02 SBIR Solicitation Inputs
- 900 Carbon Theme Review
- Carbon Lidar Workshop and Report
- Core Discipline Processing Formulations
- Land and Oceans
- Proposal Development
- IIP’s			1
- DDF’s			6
- AIST’s			2
- REASoN		4

## Responses to Recent Solicitations

- IIP
- Kawa & Heaps:  Passive CO2 Fabry-Perot Interferometer aircraft demonstration
- DDF (selected proposals)
- Hoge:  Bicarbonate Lidar (second year requestz0
- T. Moisan:  Ocean color curriculum applications
- Mannino: Optical properties of black carbon and CDOM in coastal ocean
- Knox & Rall: Spectral ratio biospheric lidar
- Behrenfeld: Particulate organic carbon lidar
- AIST
- Code 500 & 972:  multi-platform autonomous platform command & control S/W
- Code 500 & 972:  OSSE S/W development for coastal oceans
- REASON CAN (in preparation)
- Hall: Carbon, water, and energy data set synthesis & validation
- Masek et al.: North American 30-yr land disturbance satellite data record development
- Gregg et al.: Ocean color time series development & maintenance
- Knox et al.:  Geographic hot spot detection & prioritization
- EOS Instrument Team Recompetition (several proposals expected; MODIS & AIRS)
- EOS Atmos. NRA (open) & Upcoming Ocean/Land IDS NRA

## Issues & Recommendations

**HQ fractured funding scenario does not accommodate large coordinated efforts**
**Leads to many disconnected activities**
**GSFC management often by-passed in HQ-discipline science interactions**
**Complicates implementation of strategic plans**
**Define formal links among themes**
**Institute data synthesis across themes**
**Establish core discipline atmospheric data processing activities (e.g., NPP)**
**Increase mission preformulation & formulation funding and streamline funding process**
**Consider a Global Ecology Theme**