# Presentation: 041578

## EPA PBT MONITORING WORKSHOPA NOAA PERSPECTIVE?

- Richard S. Artz and Jawed Hameedi
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Silver Spring, Maryland

## NOAA Generally Subscribes to a Multi-Tier Measurement Philosophy to Fuel a Targeted Modeling Program

- Intensive measurements
- Routine measurements
- Remote sensing
- Closely coupled with NWS
- One member of a large partnership

## Interagency and International Cooperation

- Major ions
- NADP
- CASTNet
- International Joint Commission
- North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation
- International POPs Treaty

**Particulate Sulfate Concentrations**

- 1997-1999

**Notes:**
QA is becoming much more rigorous.  EPA and other agencies now insist that quality assurance plans be in place before programs begin – which costs money and may reduce the amount of data gathered.  However, when taken 

## Atmospheric Program

- Most NOAA air toxics programs are housed in one of the six divisions of the Air Resources Lab or at the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab
- ARL Atmospheric Sciences and Modeling Division program is driven by EPA
- ARL HQ and Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Divisions provide surface and aircraft  deposition technology to multiple agencies
- Several ARL divisions simulate transport and deposition of toxics using various meteorological modeling tools

**Notes:**
Not all ARL modeling is done in ASMD 

## NOAA / CMDL Baseline Measurement Sites

***NOAA / CMDL Baseline Measurement Sites***

**Notes:**
CMDL measures about 250 different species and parameters at the
four main  baseline stations and will do so at the new Trinidad head
station within a year or two. Mercury is measured at the Barrow station
(ARL) and at MLO (EPA).  POPS are measured at Barrow by PNL, Richland.
CMDL is open for more cooperative programs at our five stations.

## ARL/ATDD Relaxed Eddy AccumulationDirect measurements of DRY DEPOSITION for      Ammonia, Mercury, and potentially anything that can be measured using filters or denuders

**Notes:**
No need for beakers and flat plates.  We can measure deposition properly for chemicals where we can get a sufficient quantity for analysis in < 6 hours.

In June of 2001 a short intensive experiment was conducted to assess the feasibility of measuring gas and aerosol phase fluxes using relaxed eddy accumulation (REA, otherwise known as conditional sampling).  The field site was located at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in collaboration with Dr. J. Meisinger from the US Department of Agriculture.  Three three-stage sampling devices consisting of a cyclone for the removal of large particles, a chemical denuder to remove ammonia, and a filterpack to remove nitric acid and aerosols were placed in front of a pump, a mass flow controller, and a three valve manifold.  The manifold is coupled with a sonic anemometer; at any given time, only one valve is open, depending on whether the vertical wind us upward, downward, or nearly neutral.   The same system has been used by ATDD in Barrow, Alaska in joint experiments with EPA and DOE/ORNL to study speciated Hg deposition in the Arctic.

## An Airborne Investigation of Local and Regional Sources of Atmospheric Mercury Deposition to the Everglades

- MERCURY VAPOUR ANALYZER 2537A

- NOAA DeHavilland Twin Otter Aircraft

## Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division 

- Modeling effort driven by National Air Toxic Assessments addressing human health issues
- Fate and transport simulated using CMAQ Chemical Transport Model
- Atrazine
- 17 dioxins and furans
- Benzene
- Mercury
- Formaldehyde/acetaldehyde
- Neighborhood Scale
- Linking emissions-based models with ambient and exposure monitors as inputs to human exposure models at ~1 km.
- Involves collaboration with ARL/ATDD LESchem system

## EPA\OAQPS List of the 33 Urban Air Toxics

- acetaldehyde
- acrolein
- acrylonitrile
- arsenic compounds
- benzene
- beryllium Compounds
- 1,3- butadiene
- cadmium Compounds
- carbon tetrachloride
- chloroform
- chromium compounds
- coke oven emissions
- dioxin
- ethylene dibromide
- propylene dichloride
- 1,3-dichloropropene
- ethylene dichloride

- ethylene oxide
- formaldehyde
- hexachlorobenzene
- hydrazine
- lead compounds
- manganese compounds
- mercury compounds
- methylene chloride
- nickel compounds
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- polycyclic organic matter
- puinoline
- 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
- perchlorethylene
- vinyl chloride

**Notes:**
CMAQ will be used to model 4 or 5 air toxics each year or so. The ASPEN (Gaussian Plume) model will be used for the remainder.  

## ARL/HQ READY System

- Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem
- 			www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html
- HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model
- Meteorological data (forecast/archive)
- Air quality products
- Volcanic ash model (VAFTAD)
- Emergency response products

## Meteorological Analysis Tools

- Maps
- Pre-defined loops
- Interactive (Java-based)
- Cross-sections
- Meteograms
- Stability/mixing height
- Vertical profiles

## HYSPLIT Model

- Online trajectories (forward/backward)
- Online concentration/deposition calculations
- Forecast or archived global gridded meteorology
- Windows NT/98/95 available for download

## Gridded Meteorological Data

- Forecast
- Local (4-16 km): RAMS, MM5
- Regional (40-91 km): MM5, Eta, NGM, RUC
- Hemispheric (111-191 km): AVN, MRF
- Archived
- Regional (40-180 km): EDAS, NGM
- Hemispheric (191–381 km): MRF, FNL, Re-analysis

## Urban Test-Bed Concept

- Urban Observations
- High resolution winds, temperature and humidity
- Wind profilers, temperature/humidity profilers
- radar – SPY-1, WS88D
- In situ temperature and humidity
- ACARS (commercial aviation data)
- Chemical/biological sensing
- In situ Chem/Bio sensors

- Partnership with Army, Navy, DTRA, UCAR, DOD-JPO

## Examples of Efforts to track Specific Events

##      Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury to the Great Lakes

-      Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury to the Great Lakes

**Notes:**
Emissions data from U.S. EPA and Environment Canada

We have also done dioxin and atrazine...

We may do cadmium, PAH’s, benzene and maybe more 

## Primary Factors Affecting the Transport Range of Mercury Emissions to Air

- Chemical and physical forms of emission
- Physicochemical reactions in clouds
- Gas-particle partitioning of oxidized Hg
- Dry deposition of RGM and aerosol Hg
- Wet deposition
- Meteorology

**Notes:**
Eulerian framework is highly resource intensive resulting in simulations being conducted for limited periods of time.  Conversely, Lagrangian framework is much less resource intensive but imposes constraints on chemical treatment.  At the present time there is considerable discussion about the relative merits of complex chemistry versus complete meteorology for estimating loadings for periods of seasons, years, or multiple years.  

Uncertainties in modeling... points up the need for more extensive measurements... including “process” related information, e.g., speciation, phases other than precipitation, vapor/particle partitioning, concentrations at elevations other than ground level, etc...

## Atmospheric Program – Closing Thoughts

- ARL programs are well integrated with several other agencies at state, federal and international levels.
- QA efforts are becoming more rigorous.
- Modelers participate in well organized comparison efforts.
- ARL programs could be better linked               with NOAA ocean and freshwater programs.

**Notes:**
Dioxin Models Project – John Schaum, NCEA
EMEP Hg intercomparison for Europe
NYSERDA Hg model intercomparison