# Presentation: 170588

## Recent SMART-COMMIT Observations of Smoke# and Dust@ Aerosols

_***Si-Chee Tsay***_*** ******and SMART-COMMIT Team*******	***
***NASA Goddard Space Flight Center***

****Q. Jack Ji, M-J. Jeong, Richard A. Hansell***

***@******Special thanks to U.S. Air Force Reserve for FREE C-5 contributions***

**(*****$22 K/hr ***x*** 16 hr *****=***** $352 K*****)**

***#******http://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov; Image of the week, June archive***

## Cape Verde

- Sal

- ...  “***Sal***” means salt in *Portuguese*.  Apparently, this island produces nothing but salt  even the basic two elements, air and water, for humankind are imported.  The air breezes mainly from the African continent this time of the year, especially the *SAL* (Saharan Air Layers) with airborne dust particles.  The fresh water is bottled and shipped predominantly from Portugal.

*They said *“***Cape Verde**** is the African’s Hawaii*...”

## Rationale

**Sal**

***03 September 2006***
***Terra/MODIS***

_***Saharan Air Layer***_***:***
**occurs during the late **
**	****spring through early fall**
**convergence induced by **
**	****heat lows over the Sahara**
**hot, dry, dust laden of well **
**	****mixed layer up to 500mb,**
**	****westward propagation with**
**	****African Easterly Waves**

## NAMMA: NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Activities (8/15-9/15, 2006)

***Earth Observing Satellites: Terra, A-Train, etc. ******(e.g., Deep-Blue)***
***DC-8 high-altitude research aircraft ******(based at Sal)***
***NPOL polarimetric weather research radar ******(based at Dakar)***
***TOGA C-band Doppler weather radar ******(based at Praia)***
***SMART-COMMIT ground-based mobile observatory ******(based at Sal)***

***Global precipitation anomaly*****, 1967-1998 minus 1948-1966, over land for the peak-summer months of July-August (after Hulme *****et al.,***** 1998).**

***West African precipitation anomaly*****, based on 1951-1980 mean for the Sahel (after Jenkins *****et al.,***** 2000).**

## AERONET at Sal, Cape Verde

***AERONET at Sal, Cape Verde***

## SMART-COMMIT Deployment at Sal, CV 

## Slide 7

## Slide 8

## SMART-COMMIT Goals for NAMMA

_***Remote sensing***_***:***
**detecting/retrieving *****Dust***** (in SAL) and *****Cirrus *****(aloft) properties from atmospheric emitted, as well as transmitted, radiance fields.**
_***In-situ***_***:***
**measuring surface *****aerosol *****(*****&****** precursor*****)***** properties *****and *****boundary-layer atmospheric parameters***** for *****mixing/transport***** modeling.**

_***Surface energetics ***_***:***
**developing *****radiative forcing***** approximations for measurements of coexisting *****aerosol-cloud*****.**

## Simulated nadir up-looking spectral brightness temperatures at the surface as a function of wavenumber for different dust loadings ( = 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0; 0-5 km), in conjunction with effective particle radius of 2.0 m. The cirrus cloud, located at 10 km, has an effective particle size of 15 m and an optical thickness  = 0.5.

- Simulated nadir up-looking spectral brightness temperatures at the surface as a function of wavenumber for different dust loadings ( = 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0; 0-5 km), in conjunction with effective particle radius of 2.0 m. The cirrus cloud, located at 10 km, has an effective particle size of 15 m and an optical thickness  = 0.5.

## Retrievals of Dust Properties

**Aerosol**
**Optical Thickness**

_***Retrievals of Dust Properties***_
**forward radiative transfer calculations of dust models as function of *****wavelength******,***** *****size******,****** shape******,****** and composition*****;**
************statistical optimization;**
_***Comparisons***_
**collocated **_***AERONET***_
**wavelength scaling factor as *****extinction coefficient ratio*****;**
**good results depending on choice of *****dust***** *****compositions*****.**

## Tropospheric Aerosols:

*** ******Originate by activities at/near ******Surface***
***Dust, Smoke, Air Pollution, Sea Salt, etc. ***
***Chemical, Physical, & Optical properties measurable***

*** ******Evolve in ******Planetary Boundary Layer***
***Diffusing, Mixing, Transport, etc. Processes***
***Chemical, Dynamical & Physical models available***

*** ******Signify within ******Free Troposphere***
***Diabatic Heating/Cooling, Microstructure Effects, etc. ***
***Satellite, Surface/Aircraft, Modeling synergy***

## Slide 13

## Aerosol Types:

_***Aerosol Types:***_
**Angstrom Exponent**
**Filter Color **
**Size Distribution**
**Hygroscopicity**
**Others**

## Slide 15

## or

-  ***Hypothetical, not co-existed***
*** ******Surrogate:***
-  **Monthly mean, e.g., ERBE ****	****	****(Ramanathan *****et al*****., 1989)**
** ****Reference min., e.g., INDOEX ****	****	****(Conant, 2000)**
** ****Hybrid approach**
*** ******Water vapor interactions***
*** ******Langley-like approach***

***or***

***Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing***

## Date

**Date**

**Downward Irradiance (Watt m****2****)**

**rainy**

**drizzle**