# Presentation: 119282

## Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems

**Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems**
**Sept, 2003**
**Ellen Liu**
**GE Global Research**

## Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production

**Wind Power  for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great Potential**

-  The Opportunity:  Renewable routes to Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and green house gas emissions and improve urban air quality
-  The Competition:  Gasoline-inexpensive at $1.50/Gal: $14/MBTU or 5 ¢/kWh.
-  The Goal:  US DOE Hydrogen cost target-$2/kg or 6 ¢/kWh.
-  The Candidate:  Wind power is commercially viable - COE reduced to ~ 4 ¢/kWh

*  **1.2 B$ Freedom CAR (****C****ooperative ****A****utomotive ****R****esearch) Initiative will create large demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply*

-  Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery systems
- US Today:  84% of hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming w/o carbon sequestration

- GM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell Car

## Wind-Hydrogen System Concept

**Wind-Hydrogen System Concept**

**Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically Feasible**

## Opportunity Assessment:  NY State Wind-H2

**New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year)**

**FEASIBLE:  Replace 50% of NY Oil use with Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Power is Vital**

**NY Wind Potentials:**
** ****4GW onshore**
** ****8GW offshore**

**NY Wind Map**

**Potential Wind Farms**

## H2 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse)

- Hydrogen
- Buffer Storage

**O****2**** Gas**

- 200 MW

- 4500 kg/hr, 25 bar

- 3 gal/kg H2

- 350 bar

**Plateau-Syracuse: 30 miles**
- Hydrogen pipeline
- 10” Diameter, 25 bar
- $1MM /mile
-  ~99% (30 miles)

- 200 MW
- $1000/kW
-  ~75%

- 4500kg (150 MWh)
- $100/kWh
-  ~ 99%

**H****2**** Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse)**

- 500 MW
- $1000/kW
-   ~ 40%

**Water Consumption**
**324,000 gal/day**

**H****2**** production:**
**107,000 kg/day**
**@ $3.5/kg**

- 6 MW
- $1000/kW
-  ~80%

##  Offshore Wind - Onshore H2 Production (Long Island)

** ****Offshore Wind - Onshore H****2**** Production (Long Island)**

- Hydrogen
- Buffer Storage

**O****2**** Gas**

- 220 MW

- 4950kg/hr, 25 bar

- 220 MW
- ~ $1000/kW
-  ~75%

- 4950kg (150 MWh)
- ~ $100/kWh
-  ~99%

- 500 MW
- ~ $1200/kW
-  ~45%

**Water Consumption**
**356,400 gal/day**

- 150 kV AC sub-sea cable
- ~ $1.2 MM/mile
-  ~ 98%

- 8 miles

**GH****2**

- ~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck)
- ~ 60,000/truck
-  ~85% (40miles)

- 3 gal/kg H2

- 6 MW
-  ~80%

- 350 bar

*NOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H**2*

##  North Dakota:  The “Saudi Arabia” of Wind

-  Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower 48 states.
-  No major load centers – need to transmit power to remote locations
-  Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago:
*Electricity (through power transmission lines)*
*Hydrogen (through pipelines) *

**Opportunity Assessment:  ND Wind-H****2**

**Wind Resources & Infrastructure Challenges**

## H2 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago)

- Hydrogen
- Buffer Storage

**O****2**** Gas**

- 200 MW

- 4500 kg/hr, 25 bar

- 350 bar

- 10” Diameter, 25 bar
- $1MM /mile
-  ~85% (1000 miles)

- 200 MW
- $1000/kW
-  ~75%

- 4500 kg (150 MWh)
- $100/kWh

**H****2**** Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago)**

- 500 MW
- $1000/kW
- util. 40%

**Water Consumption**
**324,000 gal/day**

**H****2**** production:**
**91,809  kg/day**
**@ $8.9/kg**

- 100 miles

- 1 MW

- 1 MW

- 6 MW
- $1000/kW
-  ~80%

- North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
- Hydrogen pipeline

- 3 gal/kg H2

*NOTE: Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered by H**2*

##  HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – H2 Production 

- Buffer Storage

**O****2**** Gas**

- 200 MW

- 3825 kg/hr, 25 bar

- 350 bar

- North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles

- 170 MW
- $1000/kW
-  ~75%

- 3060 kg (102 MWh)
- $100/kWh

** ****HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – H****2**** Production **

- 500 MW
- $1000/kW
- util. 40%

**Water**
**275,427 gal/day**

**H****2**** Production**
**91,810 kg/day**
**@ $8.85/kg**

- HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable
- 2/3 Overhead:  $0.8 MM/mile
- 1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile
-  ~85% (1000 miles)

- 5 MW

- 3 gal/kg H2

## Hydrogen Delivery Alternatives

## Wind-Hydrogen System Economics

**Wind-Hydrogen System Economics**

**COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for Hydrogen**

**System Sensibility Analysis**

***NOTE: no energy delivery considered***

**Notes:**
Excluding delivery expl.icitly?

## Viable Wind-Hydrogen System Options

** ****Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen System**
-  Dedicated hydrogen production
-  Off-peak hydrogen production
-  H2 production only during off-peak electrical demand hours when low-cost electricity is available
-  Full off-peak
-  H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak electricity demand times

** ****Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System**
-  H2 refueling station at remote, isolated area: island, rural area, Alaska, etc.
-  Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (-turbine) system, wind-reversible electrolysis
-  Wind hybrid system with H2 production

**Viable Wind-Hydrogen System Options**

## Electrolyzer Technologies

-  State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer, Efficiency: 60-70% (LHV)
-  Operating temperature: up to 80oC
-  Operating pressure: 1 atm – 25 atm
-  Cost: ~$1000/kW - $2500/kW

**Electrolyzer Technologies**

**Future Technology: ****increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost**
-  System efficiency should reach 70-80% (LHV) by advanced electrolyzer technology
-  Industrial size electrolyzer (MW level)
-  Cost should be reduced to $300/kW - $500/kW (COH at $2/kg)
-  Integration with renewables (wind, PV, geothermal, etc.)

**New Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale Electrolyzer**

## Industrial Scale H2 Stationary Storage Challenge

** ****Compression Processes**
-  High energy consumption: losses 15-30%
-  High capital cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW
-  Pressure to 200 - 350 bar
** ****Liquefaction Processes**
-  High energy consumption: losses 40-50%
-  High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW
**  ****Compressed Storage**
-  Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure (5000 psi now)
**  ****Liquid Storage**
-  Boil-off: 0.1-0.3%/day
**Advanced Storage Technologies:**
** ****Low pressure “solid state” : Metal Hydrides, Chemical Hydrides**
** ****Large capacity :  underground tankage**
** ****Low cost: storage material systems design, compression & liquefaction processes**

**Currently:  Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle Storage**
**Future: Effort Required for Industrial Scale Storage**

**Industrial Scale H****2**** Stationary Storage Challenge**

## Hydrogen Delivery:  Pipelines

**Hydrogen Delivery:  Pipelines**

**Current Status**:

| Hydrogen Pipeline | Oil & Natural Gas Pipeline |
| --- | --- |
| 450 miles in US | Oil: 200,000 miles
Natural Gas: 1.3 million miles |
| $500K - $1.5 million /mile | $200K- $800K/mile |
| H2 pipeline efficiency is comparable with Natural Gas Pipeline |  |

**Future Needs**:
-  Reduce pipeline cost: increase system life, solve embrittlement
-  Explore the options: modify NG or oil pipelines to carry H2
-  High pressure H2:  new pipe materials & systems
-  H2 pipeline safety management

**Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but Expensive**

## Wind Power-H2 Generation Summary

-  Commercial Viability:  Current technologies are immature or high cost
-  System Optimization Required:  Integrating electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the current and future energy infrastructure
-  New Technology Opportunities:
-  MW scale, high efficiency and low cost electrolyzers with variable power capability
-  Electrolyzer integration and optimization with wind turbine generator
-  Large-scale, high density/pressure, low cost hydrogen storage
-  Energy efficient and cost effective compression and liquefaction processes
-  Reliable, Low Cost hydrogen energy delivery
-  High pressure, low cost hydrogen pipelines (pipe materials of construction, infrastructure, etc.)
-  Electricity transmission with distributed H2 production
-  Fuel Flexible IC & GT engines capable of utilizing hydrogen and other fuels

**Wind Power-H****2**** Generation Summary**

**Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution.**
**Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are required.**