# Presentation: 936503

## Jetstream 31 (J31) at Mid-Campaign in INTEX-ITCT:Measurements of Aerosol, Cloud, and Surface Radiative Properties and EffectsPhil Russell, Peter Pilewskie, Jens Redemann, Manfred Wendisch, John Livingston, Jim Eilers, Beat Schmid, Allen Chu, & The Rest Of The J31 Team

**Jetstream 31 (J31) ****at Mid-Campaign in INTEX-ITCT:****Measurements of Aerosol, Cloud, and Surface Radiative Properties and Effects****Phil Russell, Peter Pilewskie, Jens Redemann, Manfred Wendisch, John Livingston, Jim Eilers, Beat Schmid, Allen Chu, ****& The Rest Of The J31 Team**

**ICARTT Mid-Campaign Science Meeting**
**Portsmouth, NH, 24 Jul 2004**

## NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program
NASA Radiation Sciences Program
NASA Suborbital Science Program

**NASA Radiation Sciences Program**
**NASA Suborbital Science Program**

**Acknowledgments of Funding**_** **_

_**Jetstream mods & ops (Sky Research task order)**_

_**Measurements, data reduction, & archival**_

_**Integrated analyses**_

**NOAA Atmospheric Chemistry & Climate Program**
**NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program**
**NASA Radiation Sciences Program**

**NASA EOS Interdisciplinary Science Program**
**NASA Radiation Sciences Program**

## GOALS
Assess the radiative impact of the aerosols advecting from North America out over the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Clear-sky Impact: Aerosol Direct Effect
Impact Via Clouds: Aerosol Indirect Effect

Quantify the relationships between aerosol concentration/composition and aerosol radiative impact. 

Contribute water spectral albedo measurements to help improve satellite aerosol retrievals

**GOALS**
- Assess the radiative impact of the aerosols advecting from North America out over the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
- Clear-sky Impact: Aerosol Direct Effect
- Impact Via Clouds: Aerosol Indirect Effect
- Quantify the relationships between aerosol concentration/composition and aerosol radiative impact.
- Contribute water spectral albedo measurements to help improve satellite aerosol retrievals

**J31 in INTEX-ITCT – Aerosol **_**Direct & Indirect**_** Radiative Effects **

## INTEX-ITCT-ICARTT Provides a Very Fertile Context For Aerosol-Climate Studies 

**INTEX-ITCT-ICARTT Provides a Very Fertile Context For Aerosol-Climate Studies**_** **_

**Nearly All The Important Aerosol Types****Good Mix of Cloudy & Clear Conditions—Direct & Indirect**_** **_

## P3

**P3**

**J31**

**Ronald H. Brown & Chebogue Point**

**Satellites**

**NOAA Lidar**

**DC8**

## 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14). 
	Co-PIs: Phil Russell, Beat Schmid, Jens Redemann

Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR). 
	PI: Peter Pilewskie

**	****Co-PIs: Phil Russell, Beat Schmid, Jens Redemann**
**Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR). **
**	****PI: Peter Pilewskie**

**Jetstream-31 in INTEX-ITCT**_** **_

_**Primary Science Instruments**_

## 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking 
	Sunphotometer (AATS-14)

**14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking **
**	****Sunphotometer (AATS-14)**

_**Jetstream-31 in INTEX-ITCT**__** **_

_**Measures**_**: ****Solar direct-beam transmission, T, at 14 wavelengths, ********, 353-2139 nm**
_**Data products**_
**Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 13 ********, 353-2139 nm**
**Water vapor column content [using T(940 nm)]**
**Aerosol extinction, **
**	****340-2139 nm**
**Water vapor **
**	****density**

**When **
**A/C**
**flies **
**vertical **
**profiles**

- }

## NASA Ames Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR)

- wavelength range:
- 	300 nm to 1700 nm
- spectral resolution ~
- 	8-12 nm
- simultaneous zenith
- 	and nadir viewing
- hemispheric FOV
- Accuracy: ~ 3%; precision: 0.5%
- Missions: FIRE/SHEBA, DOE ARM UAV (1999, 2000, 2002), PRIDE, SAFARI-2000, ACE-Asia, CRYSTAL-FACE, DOE Aerosol IOP

**Notes:**
Instrument specs; we measure flux/irradiance with hemispheric fov for radiation budget analysys. Narrow fov more appropriate for remote sensing.

## Jetstream-31 (J31) in INTEX-ITCT

**ICARTT Mid-Campaign Science Meeting**
**Portsmouth, NH, 19 Jul 2004**

## AATS-14 Science Objectives

**Satellite Validation**
**Testing Closure (Consistency) among Suborbital Results**
**Testing Chemical-Transport Models Using AOD Profiles**
**Assessing Regional Radiative Forcing by Combining Satellite and Suborbital Results**

**Deriving Aerosol Radiative Forcing from Simultaneously Measured Radiative Flux and AOD Gradients**
**Providing Over-Cloud AOD Spectra for Analysis with SSFR Measurements of Cloud Albedo**
**Deriving Spectra of Aerosol Absorbing Fraction (1-SSA) from Spectra of Radiative Flux and AOD**

**- **_**Joint with SSFR**_

## ICARTT SSFR J-31 Objectives

**Cloud Remote Sensing and Aerosol Indirect Radiative Forcing**
- Retrieve cloud droplet radius, optical depth, and liquid water path
- Compare/validate with P-3 MIDAS, P-3 microphysics, with satellite retrievals (MODIS), microwave/radar retrievals from the Ron Brown.
- Influence of aerosols on cloud radiative forcing: AATS-14 extinction above cloud, RB lidar extinction below

## ICARTT SSFR J-31 Objectives

**Cloud-Free Column Closure Studies**
- Measuring spectrally and vertically resolved net solar irradiance  link aerosol radiative effects to optical, microphysical and chemical properties
- Determine column solar radiative boundary conditions for modeling studies
- Combine with AATS-14 aerosol optical depth spectra, derive spectra of aerosol absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo for thick polluted layers.
- Quantify aerosol direct radiative forcing

## ICARTT SSFR J-31 Objectives

**Water-Leaving Irradiance: MISR Validation**
- MISR typically uses only the red and near-infrared “dark water” bands for its aerosol retrievals
- Ocean surface reflectance is ***assumed*** negligible in dark bands; not always negligible in the green and the blue, especially for low aerosol optical depth
- MISR team is developing an algorithm to simultaneously retrieve surface reflectance and aerosol properties over shallow polluted waters
- For low aerosol optical depth cases the sea surface albedo contributes the largest uncertainty.

## R/V Ron Brown Operations Area

**R/V Ron Brown Operations Area**

## Flight Patterns, J31 in INTEX-ITCT

**Survey Vertical Profile. (2) Minimum- Altitude Transect. **
**(3) Parking Garage. (4) Above-Cloud Transect.**

**Flight Patterns, J31 in INTEX-ITCT**

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes.  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## Example Results

**3 Cloud-Free Results (Aerosol Direct Effect)**
**2 Cloud-Oriented Results (Aerosol Indirect Effect)**

**- Plus a P-3 Cloud Result**

**- Plus a Water Surface Albedo Spectrum Result**

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes.  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## J31 Flight 7, 12 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 7, 12 July 2004**_

## J31 Flight 7, 12 July 2004AATS Results

_**J31 Flight 7, 12 July 2004**__**AATS Results**_

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes.  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004**_

## J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004**_

**MODIS-Terra AODs courtesy of  Allen Chu **

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes.  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004**_

## MODIS Aqua 21 July 2004, 1805 UT“Smoke From Alaskan Wildfires”

**MODIS Aqua 21 July 2004, 1805 UT****“****Smoke From Alaskan Wildfires”**

## J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004: Aerosol Gradient SSFR Downwelling Flux vs AATS AOD

_**J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004: Aerosol Gradient **_**SSFR Downwelling Flux vs AATS AOD**

## Haze above “clean layer” over Gulf of Maine, 22 July 2004 

**Haze above “clean layer” over ****Gulf of Maine, 22 July 2004**** **

**Clean ****Layer**

**J31 Wing**

## Example Results

**3 Cloud-Free Results (Aerosol Direct Effect)**
**2 Cloud-Oriented Results (Aerosol Indirect Effect)**

**- Plus a P-3 Cloud Result**

**- **_**Plus a Water Surface Albedo Spectrum Result**_

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes?  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## RV Ron Brown as seen from J31 flyby at 200 ft altitude, 17 July 2004  

**RV Ron Brown as seen from J31 flyby at 200 ft altitude, 17 July 2004 **** **

## J-31: 17 July 2004

## Example Results

**3 Cloud-Free Results (Aerosol Direct Effect)**
_**2 Cloud-Oriented Results (Aerosol Indirect Effect)**_

**- Plus a P-3 Cloud Result**

**- Plus a Water Surface Albedo Spectrum Result**

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes?  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004**_

## J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004**_

**MODIS AOD, COT & J31 Track: L. Gumley, A. Chu, C. Kittaka, B. Pierce**

**0.0        0.2        0.4         0.6        0.8         1.0**
**Aerosol Optical Depth (550 nm)**

**     ****0       10     20      30     40      50      60    70**
**Cloud Optical Thickness (670 nm)**

**MODIS Terra  1525 UT**

## J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004SSFR Results

_**J31 Flight 8, 15 July 2004**__**SSFR Results**_

## J31 Science Flights out of Portsmouth

| Flt 
No. | Date,
Jul 04 | Track | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | 12 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles, Ron Brown rendezvous |
| 8 | 15 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra, profiles with 2 RB sondes and Aqua  |
| 9 | 16 | Western & Central Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua & near Ron Brown & its sonde |
| 10 | 17 | Western Gulf of Maine | Profiles and near-surface leg with Terra & near Ron Brown  |
| 11 | 20 | Western Gulf of Maine | Stratus clouds with Ron Brown & Terra (MISR local mode).  |
| 12 | 21 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Aqua. Aerosol gradient at several altitudes?  |
| 13 | 22 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aerosol profiles and near-surface leg with Ron Brown, DC-8, & Terra (MISR local mode). |
| 14 | 23 | Western Gulf of Maine | Aqua underflight with profiles |

## J31 Flight 11, 20 July 2004: SSFR ResultsStratus cloud optical depth and effective radius retrieved from irradiance spectra above cloud 

_**J31 Flight 11, 20 July 2004: SSFR Results**_**Stratus cloud optical depth and effective radius retrieved from irradiance spectra above cloud**_** **_

## Example Results

**3 Cloud-Free Results (Aerosol Direct Effect)**
**2 Cloud-Oriented Results (Aerosol Indirect Effect)**

**- **_**Plus a P-3 Cloud Result**_

**- Plus a Water Surface Albedo Spectrum Result**

## Cloud Retrievals: P-3

## Looking Forward: What do we want to do more of in 2nd half of campaign?(In rough priority order—highest first)

**Profiles in or near lidar beams (Ron Brown, DC-3, DC-8)**
**Profiles with sondes **
**MISR Local Mode with DC-8**
**P-3 below & in cloud with J31 above**
**More cases with AOD gradient.  Can they be predicted?**
**Flybys of Chebogue and/or AERONET sites**
**Other Satellites: e.g., SCIAMACHY cloud retrievals**

_**Looking Forward**_**: What do we want to do more of in 2****nd**** half of campaign?****(In rough priority order—highest first)**

## Jetstream-31 in INTEX-ITCT 

_**End of Presentation**__**(Remaining slides are backup)**_

## MODIS Aqua 21 July 2004, 1805 UT“Smoke From Alaskan Wildfires”

**MODIS Aqua 21 July 2004, 1805 UT****“****Smoke From Alaskan Wildfires”**

## J31 Flight 9, 16 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 9, 16 July 2004**_

## J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 10, 17 July 2004**_

**MODIS AOD, COT & J31 Track: L. Gumley, A. Chu, C. Kittaka, B. Pierce**

**0.0        0.2        0.4         0.6        0.8         1.0**
**Aerosol Optical Depth (550 nm)**

**     ****0       10     20      30     40      50      60    70**
**Cloud Optical Thickness (670 nm)**

**MODIS Terra  1513 UT**

## J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004**_

**MODIS AOD, COT & J31 Track: L. Gumley, A. Chu, C. Kittaka, B. Pierce**

**0.0        0.2        0.4         0.6        0.8         1.0**
**Aerosol Optical Depth (550 nm)**

**     ****0       10     20      30     40      50      60    70**
**Cloud Optical Thickness (670 nm)**

**MODIS Terra  1448 UT**

## J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004: SSFR ResultsIrradiances and albedo. Over the very dark ocean surface, 1800-1820; clear above for the entire flight 

_**J31 Flight 12, 21 July 2004: SSFR Results**_**Irradiances and albedo. Over the very dark ocean surface, 1800-1820; clear above for the entire flight**

## J31 Flight 13, 22 July 2004

_**J31 Flight 13, 22 July 2004**_

**Terra 1531 UT (MISR Local Mode)**** w ****Ron Brown**** & ****DC-8**

## Jetstream-31 in INTEX-ITCT 

_**Specs &**__**Performance**_

| Parameter | Specification |
| --- | --- |
| Length | 47’ 2” |
| Wingspan | 52’ |
| Ceiling | 25,000’ |
| Airspeed
  Max cruise 16,000’
  Survey | 
220 kt
150 kt |
| Range | 850 nmi |
| Endurance | 5 hr |

## Downwelling Flux: F

Upwelling Flux: F 

Net Flux: F- F

Flux Divergence (absorption):
	(F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m

Fractional absorption:
[(F- F)2000m- (F- F)43m]/ F2000m

**Upwelling Flux: F******** **
**Net Flux: F********- F******
**Flux Divergence (absorption):**
**	****(F********- F********)****2000m****- (F********- F********)****43m**
**Fractional absorption:**
**[(F********- F********)****2000m****- (F********- F********)****43m****]/ F********2000m**

**2000 m**

**43 m**

**SSFR measurements to determine absorption by an atmospheric layer**

**Notes:**
Definitions

## Pilewskie, Bergstrom, Schmid et al.

## Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum

**Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum**

**Derived from measured flux and AOD spectra**

**Wavelength, nm**

**Single scattering albedo**

**Bergstrom,Pilewskie, **
**Schmid **
**et al.**

## Slide 54

## AATS-6 measurements aboard the SPAWAR Navajo

**Science Goals**
-  Study the _radiative-climatic effects of aerosols_ in the context of
- 	the Summer 2004 experiments on transcontinental/
- 	intercontinental flows
-  Address the following _INTEX & ITCT needs_ cited by INTEX
- 	White Paper and ITCT Plan:
- - Airborne measurements of _spectral optical depth_ (INTEX Table 2, Priority 2: Very important)
- - Large-scale _continental outflow characterization_ (Flight Type 4, p. 15) using our column measurements of _aerosol OD and H__2__O._
- - _Satellite validation_ (Flight Type 8, p. 15) using the same
- - _Integrated analyses_ that _combine satellite and suborbital measurements_ to assess impacts of continental outflows on the larger-scale atmosphere and climate
- - Other INTEX & ITCT goals, including characterizing outflow from US and Canadian fires, vertical profiling over ships and fixed sites from boundary layer to free troposphere, and inter-comparisons to test and validate measurements on multiple aircraft platforms.

## Science Plans: Integrated Analyses

**Testing Closure (Consistency) among Suborbital Results**
**Testing Chemical-Transport Models**_** **_
_**Deriving Aerosol Absorbing Fraction (1-SSA) from Radiative Flux and AOD Spectra**_
**Assessing Regional Radiative Forcing by Combining Satellite and Suborbital Results**

**Science Plans: Integrated Analyses**

## Cloud Retrievals: J-31