# Presentation: 842335

## Children and Families in Diverse Settings 

- Margaret Burchinal
- University of California-Irvine
- (UNC)

## Overview

- Examine three large studies
- NICHD SECCYD (1991-1997)
- NHES 1997, 2001, 2005
- NCEDL Pre-Kindergarten Evaluation (2001,2003)
- Describe associations between child care experiences and child outcomes
- Report descriptive statistics about proportion of children in diverse settings and identify family predictors of type, amount, and quality of care

## NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development- Sample                  

- NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development- Sample

**1,364 eligible births occurring during 1991**
**Sampling designed to assure adequate representation of major  socio-demographic niches**
**Ten data collection sites **
**24 hospitals **

**Location of participating families**

## 				         	Child Age (in months)			

- 				         	Child Age (in months)
- Assessment Setting		1		6		15		24		 36		54
**Home****	****	****	****	****      ********	****	**** ********	****	**** ********	****	**** ********	****	****  ******** ****	****	******** ****	**
**Child Care****	****	****	****	****     ****	****	**** ********	****	**** ********	****	**** ********	**** ****	****  ******** ****	****	******** ****	**
**Laboratory****	****	****	****	****	**** ****	****	**** ********	****	**** ********	****	****  ********	****	****  ********	****	**** ******
**Phone****	****	****	****         ********	****	**** ********	**** ******** ******** ********	**** ******** ******** ******** ******** ******** ********	**** ******** ****	**** **

- Schedule of Assessments

## Child Care and 54m Outcomes- Standardized Mean Differences

- Adjusting for site, gender, ethnicity, family income,  maternal education and depression

## Child Care and Longitudinal Outcomes effect sizes computed from regression coefficients

- Adjusting for site, gender, ethnicity, family income,  maternal education and depression

## Child Care and Longitudinal Outcomes effect sizes computed from regression coefficients

- Adjusting for site, gender, ethnicity, family income,  maternal education and depression

## NICHD SECCYD – Type of Care by Age (1992-1997)

- 10 or more hours/week per setting aside from mother care, multiple settings per child

## Diversity – Families and Child Care

- Predictors of type of care
- Age
- decrease in exclusive maternal care
- increase in center care
- Ethnicity
- In infancy – AA children more likely to be with mother or grandparent
- At PreK – AA children more likely to be in a center
- Income
- Less income – more likely to be in maternal care
- More income – more likely to be in a center or child care home

## NICHD SECCYD – Ethnicity and Type of Care 

- 10 or more hours/week per setting aside from mother care, multiple settings per child

## NICHD SECCYD – Family Income and Type of Care 

- 10 or more hours/week per setting aside from mother care, multiple settings per child

## Predicting Use of Center Care

|  | 6m
(9%) | 15m
(11%) | 24m
(17%) | 36m
(27%) | 54m
(53%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male | 1.55 | 1.25 |   .90 | 1.02 |   .96 |
| Ethnic | ns | ns | ns | Ns | W<AA* |
| Income | 1.14*** | 1.09*** | 1.12*** | 1.18*** | 1.13*** |
| M educ | 1.08 | 1.10* | 1.09* | 1.08* | 1.10** |
| Partner |   .74 |   .67 |   .45** |   .40*** |   .59** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## Predicting Use of Child Care Homes

|  | 6m
(23%) | 15m
(24%) | 24m
(24%) | 36m
(20%) | 54m
(13%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male | 1.04 |   .94 |   .97 | 1.10 |   .93 |
| Ethnic | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Income | 1.05 | 1.07** | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| M educ | 1.07* | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.02 |
| Partner |   .48*** |   .53** |   .53** |   .69* |   .52** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## Predicting Exclusive Maternal Care

|  | 6m
(36%) | 15m
(30%) | 24m
(28%) | 36m
(21%) | 54m
(11%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |   .93 | 1.02 | 1.15 |   .91 | 1.03 |
| Ethnic | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Income |   .78*** |   .77*** |   .74*** |   .67*** |   .62*** |
| M educ |   .90*** |   .91** |   .91** |   .89** |   .95 |
| Partner | 3.03** | 1.85** | 2.12*** | 2.43*** | 1.89* |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## Hours per Week of Child Care

- For “all”: N=1130-1315 and SD~20;
- For CC:  N=782-956 and SD~13

## Predicting Amount of Care

|  | 6m | 15m | 24m | 36m | 54m |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |  -.04 |   .02 |  -.02 |  -.01 |   .02 |
| Ethnic | W,H<AA | W<AA,H | W,H<AA | ns | W<AA,H |
| Income |  .10*** |   .12*** |  .08*** |  .09*** |  .02 |
| M educ | -.06 | -.05 | -.07 | -.09** | -.02 |
| Partner |  .00 | -.01 | -.08*** | -.13*** | -.06 |
| Center | .27*** |  .25*** |  .32*** |  .36*** |  .37*** |
| CC Home  | .35*** |  .30*** |  .29*** |  .36*** |  .37*** |

- Includes children with 10 or more hours of child care
- Standardized Coefficients are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## Child Care Quality

- N ranges from about 600 to 900; SD ~ .5

## Predicting Quality of Care

|  | 6m | 15m | 24m | 36m | 54m |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |  .04 |  -.13*** |  -.04 |  -.03 | -.01 |
| Ethnic | Ns | AA,H<W* | AA<W*** | AA<W*** | ns |
| Income |  .08 |  .09* |   .12** |  .05 |  .03 |
| M educ |  .06 |  .08 |  .15*** |  .11** |  .09* |
| Partner |  .06 |  .05 |  .03 | -.02 |  .10** |
| Hrs/Wk | -.05 | -.01 | -.03 | -.10** | -.16*** |
| Center | -.35*** | -.33*** | -.33*** | -.10* | .04 |
| CC Home  | -.22*** | -.15*** | -.15*** | -.07 | .02 |

- Standardized Coefficients are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## Quality: Income x Type Differences

- Looked at whether quality of care in different types of care varied depending on income (defined by poverty threshold):
- CC homes and grandparent:
- Very low (0-1.5)< lower (1.5-3) < higher (>3)
- CC center – different pattern
- 6 & 15m center  lower < very low < high
- 24, 36, 54 center – little difference in quality related to income

## National Household Educational Survey

- Cross-sectional nationally representative sample
- Asked about child care in 1996, 2000, 2004
- We divided children based on age (0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-6 years-of-age) and looked at type of care (present for at least 5 hours) and hours of child care per week

## NHES – Type of Care by Age (1998)

- Parent care if less than10 hours of child care per week, 5 hours/week other setting

## NHES – Type of Care by Age (2000)

- Parent care if less than10 hours of child care per week, 5 hours/week other setting

## NHES – Type of Care by Age (2005)

## NHES 2005

- Predicting type of care (similar pattern)
- Age
- Parental care most frequent for infants, decreases wage
- Center care increases with age
- Ethnicity
- African American children use more child care and Hispanic children use less child care, especially center care
- Income
- Higher income children use more child care, especially center care

## NHES 2005 Ethnicity and Type of Care 

- 5 or more hours/week per setting aside from mother care, multiple settings per child

## NHES 2005 Income and Type of Care 

- 5 or more hours/week per setting aside from mother care, multiple settings per child

## Predicting Center Care

|  | 0-1y
(11%) | 1-2y
(16%) | 2-3y
(26%) | 3-4y
(40%) | 4-6y
(67%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |  1.23** |  1.40** |  .97 |  .89** | 1.55*** |
| Ethnic |  AA< O < W<H |  AA< O < W<H |  AA< O < W<H |  AA< O,W,H |  AA< O,W<H |
| Income |  1.09** |  1.14** |  1.09** |  1.08** |  1.09** |
| M educ |  1.21*** |  1.06* |  1.16*** |  1.15*** |  1.15*** |
| Partner |   .45*** |   .38*** |   .37*** |   .68*** |  .63*** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001

## Predicting Relative Care

|  | 0-1y
(19%) | 1-2y
(16%) | 2-3y
(15%) | 3-4y
(14%) | 4-6y
(18%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |   .99 |   .82*** |   .91** |  1.02 | 1.06** |
| Ethnic | AA<O,W<H | AA<O,W,H | AA<H<W < O | W,H< AA,O | W,AA< O,H |
| Income |  1.06*** |  .98 |  1.02 |  1.08*** |   .96** |
| M educ |   .98 |  1.13*** |  1.00 |   .94** |  1.04** |
| Married |   .52*** |   .44** |   .72*** |   .38*** |  .38*** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001

## Predicting Nonrelative Care

|  | 0-1y
(13%) | 1-2y
(16%) | 2-3y
(14%) | 3-4y
(13%) | 4-6y
(8%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |   .80** |   .77** |  1.15** |  1.43** |  1.18** |
| Ethnic | O<AA<W<H | O<H<W<AA | O < W, H < AA | O <W< H < AA | O<W<H < AA |
| Income |  1.05*** |  1.31*** | 1.09** | 1.09** | 1.09** |
| M educ |  1.18*** |  1.14*** | 1.09** | 1.15** | 1.02 |
| Married |   .44*** |   .62*** |   .84*** |   .25*** |   .53*** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001

## Predicting Exclusive Maternal Care

|  | 0-1y
(61%) | 1-2y
(51%) | 2-3y
(47%) | 3-4y
(36%) | 4-6y
(24%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |   1.02 | 1.09*** |   .99 |   .97 |   .67*** |
| Ethnic | AA,O>W>H | AA,O>W,H | AA>O,W>H | AA>O,W>H | AA>O,W>H |
| Income |   .91*** |   .89*** |   .89*** |   .86*** |   .94*** |
| M educ |   .92*** |   .87*** |   .87*** |   .90*** |   .87** |
| Married | 2.54*** | 2.84*** | 2.84*** | 3.84*** | 2.06*** |

- Odds ratios are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001, controlling for site

## NHES 2004 Hours/Week of Child Care 

- Includes children in care for 10 or more hours/week; SD ~ 19 for ALL and 15 for CC

## Predicting Amount of Care

|  | 0-1y | 1-2y | 2-3y | 3-4y | 4-6y |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male | -.12* |  -.05 |  -.07 |   .02 |  -.03 |
| Ethnic | Ns | AA<H,
O,W. | Ns
 | AA<H,
O,W | AA<H,
O,W |
| Income | -.04 |  .11* |  .09 |  -.03 |  .08* |
| M educ | -.04 | -.04 |  .00 | -.01 |  .12*** |
| M Married | -.02 | -.04 | -.18*** | -.15*** | -.28*** |
| Center |  .28*** |  .14** |  .25*** |  .06 | -.06* |
| CC Home  |  .18*** |  .07 |  .17*** |  .29*** |  .15*** |

- If in care for 10+ hrs/wk;
- Standardized Coefficients are listed, * p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001

## Diversity – Families and Child Care

- Looked at Ethnicity x Income interactions
- Type of care
- Center: none
- Relative: Hispanic – income more of a negative predictor
- Nonrelative: Other – income more of a negative predictor.  African American  – income more of a positive predictor
- Parental Care: African American  – income more of a negative predictor
- Amount of care
- African American – income more of a negative predictor

## Multi-State Study of Pre-Kindergarten & Study of State-Wide Early Education Programs (SWEEP)

- _Funded by the: _**U.S. Department of Education,**
**National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) & ****The Foundation for Child Development**

## Sampling Strategy

- Site Selection- States must have mature Pre-K program that served a substantial number of children
- Multi-State
- 6 states: 40 school/centers selected randomly, per state, stratified by: teacher credentials (BA vs. no BA), in school vs. non-school, and full/part day
- SWEEP:
- 5 states: aimed for 100 school/centers selected randomly, per state (no stratification)
- Class Selection - 1 classroom selected randomly
-     n ~ 750 classes
- Child Selection - 4 4-year-old children per class selected randomly (half girls)
- N ~ 3000 children

## States in the Study

- California, Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, Georgia, & New York

- SWEEP
- Massachusetts, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, & Wisconsin

## Pre-Kindergarten Classrooms

- Teacher education
- MA or higher   22%
- BA                   58%
- AA                   15%
- CDA only        14%
- HS                   <1%
- State Teaching Certification  57%
- Location - Public School        53%

## Child Race/Ethnicity

**Notes:**

Multi-state more African American.
SWEEP more Latino.

Report Pages:
MS – PK: p. 43 of Dick and Oscar’s paper
SWEEP: p. 7
Combined: p. 7, 9

## Maternal Education

## Family Income

## Gains in pre-academic skills after controlling for family characteristics

- 	_Language and Literacy_
- 		Receptive 	Expressive	Rhyming   Naming  Teacher
- 		PPVT	             OWLS		       Letters    Ratings
- __________________________________________________
- n		699		683	     691	    695	  	780
- Gain	  2.63***	3.42***    1.27***    	  4.96***   	.67***
- (SE)	   (.52)		(.47)	    (.15) 	    (.31) 	(.04)
-  d		.19		.28	     .49a	    .58a	    	.83a
- Note*** p<.001
-     analyses include site, maternal education, poverty, gender as covariates.
- 	a not adjusted for normative gains over time

## Gains in pre-academic skills after controlling for family characteristics

- _Mathematics and social skills_
- 		Applied	Naming		Social 	Behavior
- 		Problems	Numbers 		Competence	Problems
- ____________________________________________________
- n			685		695			795		792
- Gain	B	2.44***	2.28***		.13***		-.03
- 	(SE)	(.54)		(.15) 			(.03)		(.02)
- 	d 		.18		.59a			.18		 -.06
- Note*** p<.001
-     analyses include site, maternal education, poverty, gender as covariates.
- 	a  not adjusted for normative gains over time

## Predicting Gains during PK Year from PK Teacher Sensitivity 

- ECERS Teaching and Interactions
- Phonemic awareness rp =.09*
- Social competence rp =.08*
- CLASS Emotional Climate
- Social competence rp =.06*
- Behavior Problems rp =-.07*
- Note these two dimensions showed highest
- correlation, r=.73
-     analyses include site, maternal education, poverty, gender as covariates.

## Predicting Gains during PK Year from PK Instruction

- CLASS Instructional Climate
- Receptive language rp =.07*
- Expressive language rp =.07*
- Phonemic awareness rp=.10**
- ECERS Provisions for Learning
- None
- Note * p<.05, ** p< .01
- analyses include site, maternal education, poverty, gender as covariates.

## Pre-K Child Activities

**Children were not engaged in any of these activities 42% of the time.**** **

## Hours per Week for a Child 

## Predicting Hours of Care

|  |      B |
| --- | --- |
| Male |   -.01 |
| Ethnicity | AA > H > O > W |
| Income |   -.18*** |
| Mat. Education |     .07*** |
| Married |    -.01 |

## Pre-K ECERS-R Distribution 

**Minimal**

**Inadequate**

**Good**

**Excellent**

## CLASS Factor Scores

## Predicting Quality

|  | ECERS-R | CLASS Emotional | CLASS Instructional |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Male |   .00 |   .00 |  -.01 |
| Ethnicity | AA< W,H,O | AA< W,H,O |   ns |
| Income |   .17*** |   .24*** |   .19*** |
| Mat. Education |   .03 |   .00 |   .02 |
| Married |   .03 |   .03* |   .04* |
| Hours/Wk |   .06*** |  -.14*** |   .03 |

## Diversity – Families and Child Care

- Looked at Ethnicity x Income interactions
- Amount of care
- None
- Quality of Care
- Income is more positive predictor of sensitivity (ECERS-R and CLASS Emotional Climate) for African American and Hispanic children than other children

## Conclusions

- Wide diversity in type, amount, and quality of child care
- Older children are more likely to be in center care and less likely to be cared for exclusively by parents
- Families with more income are more likely to use all types of child care, more care, and higher quality care
- Center care for infants higher for very poor than lower income families in SECCYD
- African American families are more likely to use parental care (adjusting for demographic characteristics) and experience lower quality care when they use child care
- Income is less strongly related to amount and more strongly related to quality for African-American families

## Conclusions

- Child care quality, quantity, and type are modestly related to some outcomes
- Limited evidence that associations stronger for at risk children