# Presentation: 396130

##     Office of Basic Energy Sciences18 Scientific User Facilities (  ); 1,400 Research Projects; 200 Institutions ( )

**Advanced**
**Photon Source**

**National Synchrotron**
**Light Source**

**Advanced Light **
**Source**

**National Center for**
**Electron Microscopy**

**Combustion **
**Research Facility**

**Los Alamos Neutron**
**Science Center**

**High-Flux**
**Isotope Reactor**

**Shared Research**
**Equipment Program**

**James R. MacDonald**
**Laboratory**

**Pulse Radiolysis**
**Facility**

**Surface Modification &**
**Characterization Center**

**High-Flux**
**Beam Reactor**

**Materials Preparation**
**Center**

**Electron Microscopy**
**Center for**
**Materials Research**

**Intense Pulsed**
**Neutron Source**

**Center for **
**Microanalysis**
**of Materials**

**Spallation**
**Neutron Source**

**Stanford Synchrotron**
**Radiation Laboratory**

**  ****4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources**

**  ****5 High-Flux Neutron Sources**

**  ****4 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers**

**    ****Office of Basic Energy Sciences****18 Scientific User Facilities (  ); 1,400 Research Projects; 200 Institutions (**** ****)**

## High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

**A number of activities are being undertaken at HFIR to improve neutron scattering capabilities and ensure continued operation.**
**These include replacement of the beryllium reflector (which must be changed every 10 years), installation of larger beam tubes and shutters, installation of a high-performance hydrogen cold source, installation of new beam lines with state-of-the-art neutron guide systems, and installation of new and upgraded neutron scattering instrumentation with new monochromators and monochromator drums to accommodate the larger beams.**
**When completed, HFIR will have 14 state-of-the-art neutron scattering instruments on the world’s brightest steady-state neutron beams.**
**The new beam tubes, cold source, and beam lines will be installed during a 6-month outage beginning in May, 2000, for replacement of the beryllium reflector.  The new reflector has been designed to accommodate larger beam tubes which will be flared to further increase the useful beam diameter for neutron scattering.  **
**The upgrades will incorporate three recent developments in neutron beam technology—a compact cold source that will be inserted in a beam tube, thermal neutron guides, and internal reflector wedges to enhance beam tube neutron fluxes.  The cold source concept is based in part on work performed in support of the Advanced Neutron Source project.  Thermal guide technology, an outgrowth of ORNL research on supermirror coatings in the 1980s, allows multiple high-brightness beams to be extracted from a single beam port.  Internal reflector wedges, proposed by ORNL in 1995, substantially increase neutron brightness by increasing the effective surface area of the source for large diameter beam tubes.**

## High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

**Cold Source Performance**
**The cold neutron beams from the new cold source are expected to match or exceed the brightness of the beams from the much larger liquid deuterium cold neutron sources at the ILL.**** **
**Neutron Guides**
**Neutron guide systems will be installed on two of the four neutron scattering beam ports at HFIR—HB-2 and HB-4.  The HB-2 port has the largest flange opening and will support five fully-illuminated thermal guides.  The HB-2 beams will be further enhanced by incorporating guide sections and beryllium reflector wedges inside the beam tube.  The HB-2 guide system will be extended into the beam room using a shielded enclosure with positions for four instruments.  The HB-2 guides will provide thermal neutron beams with gains of typically a factor of 3 over existing HB-2 beams (which are currently among the brightest in the world).  The HB-4 port will support three cold neutron guides that will extend into a cold beam hall adjacent to the reactor building.  The cold neutron brightness will exceed existing U.S. facilities by a factor of 10 and will be unsurpassed in the world.**** **
**Instrumentation Performance**
**The thermal instruments will have neutron fluxes at the sample position which are 1.5 to 10 times higher than currently available at HFIR and up to 3 times higher than available anywhere.  The cold neutron scattering instruments will have exceptional capability, comparable to or better than any currently existing cold instruments.**

## High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

***Thermal Neutron Instrumentation***
**HB-1, 2, and 3 triple-axis spectrometers (recently upgraded, procurement under way to replace 30-year-old monochromator drums)**
**HB-1A triple-axis spectrometer (Ames instrument)**
**Residual stress spectrometer (funded by EE)**
**WAND spectrometer (new detector funded through JAERI)**
**Powder diffractometer (currently being upgraded)**
**4-circle diffractometer (available)**
**Sample alignment station (available)**** **
***All instruments will meet or exceed ILL performance (triple-axis spectrometers will have 2–3 times higher intensity for many experiments)***

## High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

***Cold Neutron Instrumentation***
**State-of-the-art 35m SANS with large area detector (new)**
**State-of-the-art cold triple-axis spectrometer (new) **
**Biology SANS instrument with nuclear spin polarization (DOE-BER proposal)**
**Ultrahigh resolution SANS (available)**
**Reflectometer (available)**
**16m SANS (truncated version of existing upstairs unit)**** **
- 	***Cold source brightness comparable to the world’s best***

## High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

** **
**                       *****Performance of Cold Neutron Scattering Instruments***
**	****	****                                     *****Performance Gain Over****	****   *Performance Gain Over**
**	****Instrument****	****                    Current HFIR Instrument ****	****     Current State-of-the-Art**
**	****CN-1 cold triple-axis****	****	****new****	****	****	****1–3**
**	****CN-2 35m SANS****	****	****	****>100****	****	****	****1–1.5**
**	****CN-3 biology SANS (pending)****	****new****	****	****	****not applicable**
**	****CN-4 cold neutron test station****	****—****	****	****	****—**
**	****CN-5 reflectometer****	****	****10****	****	****	****1–1.5**
**	****HB-4A USANS****	****	****	****10****	****	****	****not applicable**
**	****HB-4U 16m SANS****	****	****10****	****	****	****not applicable**
**       *****Relative performance based on available flux at sample position.**

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

**The LANSCE enhancement project is a joint DP-ER effort to upgrade the short-pulse spallation source at LANSCE by replacing the ion source, improving the RF bunching (both DP at a total cost of $16.7 M), and designing and constructing a suite of four new instruments for neutron science research (BES at a total cost of $20.5 M).  Accelerator improvements will provide 80 kW this year and 160 kW by 2001 with better than 85% reliabilty.**** **
**The selection of instruments to be funded by BES was based on peer review.  The following instruments were chosen.  The first two instruments are under construction; the latter two are in the design phase.**
**	****    ****SMARTS - (Spectrometer for MAterials Research at Temperature and Stress)**
**	****	****Principal Participating Institutions:**
**	****	****	****LANL (Materials Science and Technology Division), Northwestern,  and CalTech**
**	****	****PI’s: ****	****Mark Bourke, David Dunand, Ersan Ustundag**
**	****    ****HIPPO - (HI Pressure, Preferred Orientation)**
**	****	****Principal Participating Institutions:**
**	****	****	****UC Berkeley, LANSCE**
**	****	****PI: ****	****Rudy Wenk**
**	****    ****HERMES - (High Resolution Crystal Backscattering Spectrometer) ****	****	**
**	****	****Principal Participating Institutions:**
**	****	****	****BNL, ANL, LANL**
**	****	****PI: ****	****John Larese**
**	****    ****HELIOS - (High Intensity Chopper Spectrometer)**
**	****	****Principal Participating Institutions:**
**	****	****	****Johns Hopkins, ORNL, Cal Tech, ANL**
**	****	****PI’s: ****	****Collin Broholm, Thom Mason, Brent Fultz**
**The funding profile for the four BES instruments is ($ in millions):****	****FY1998****	****FY1999****	****FY2000****	****FY2001****	****FY2002****	****    4.5****	****    4.5****	****    6.0****	****    3.5****	****    2.0**

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

**The LANSCE enhancement project is a joint DP-ER effort to upgrade the short-pulse spallation source at LANSCE by replacing the ion source, improving the RF bunching (both DP at a total cost of $16.7 M), and designing and constructing a suite of four new instruments for neutron science research (BES at a total cost of $20.5 M).  Accelerator improvements will provide 80 kW this year and 160 kW by 2001 with better than 85% reliabilty.**** **
**In January 1997, this process was initiated through a call for letters of intent to build and operate new spectrometers at LANSCE.  Nineteen letters were received and reviewed by a Proposal Evaluation Committee (PEC) in June.  Of the nineteen Spectrometer Development Teams (SDT), four were asked to submit full proposals for accelerated construction in October 1997, and five were invited to submit proposals in January 1998.  On October 22, 1997, the PEC met to consider the four proposals for accelerated spectrometer design, construction, and deployment.  The Committee recommended that the SMARTS and the HIPPO instruments be considered for accelerated construction.  In March 1998, the PEC met to consider the remaining proposals and recommended the HERMES and HELIOS instruments, with suggestions for modifications to the instrument design and capabilities.  The SDT Management Steering Committee has agreed to proceed with both instruments as well.**

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

**To significantly increase the scientific capabilities of LANSCE by installing new spectrometers at the Lujan Center;**** **
**To enhance user involvement by involving academic, national laboratory, and industrial scientists in the selection, design, construction, installation, and scientific exploitation of new spectrometers at LANSCE;**** **
**To enhance the national capability for the development and construction of neutron scattering instrumentation.**

***Spectrometer Development Project Goals***

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

**1. Powder diffraction (texture)****	****	****[HIPPO]**
**2. Powder diffraction (strain)****	****	****[SMARTS]**
**3. Crystal backscattering****	****	****[HERMES]**
**4. New SANS**
**5. SPEAR upgrade**
**6. Vertical sample reflectometer**
**7. High Intensity Chopper****	****	****[HELIOS]**
**8. NPD Upgrade**** **
**Note: One spectrometer team declined to submit a full proposal.**

***Full Proposals Considered by the PEC ***

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

***The “SDT” Model***

**“****Spectrometer Development Teams” lead the design, construction, installation, and operation of the new spectrometers.**** **
**Each SDT includes participants from academia, National Labs, and LANSCE.**** **
**LANSCE provides overall coordination of the Spectrometer Development Project.**** **
**Following installation, the Lujan Center maintains primary responsibility for the operation of the spectrometer.**** **
**A fraction of the scheduled beam time is reserved for the SDT. **

## Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE)

**SMARTS**** is a new, improved powder diffractometer for strain measurements on flight path 2.  Compared with the current instrument, NPD (which will still be in operation on flight path 1), SMARTS will have a 30x increase in count rate over NPD, an extensive array of in situ capabilities for sample environments, the ability to make measurements on both small and very large samples, and easy access to and control of the sample position.**Mark Bourke, Principal Investigator and Spokesperson (LANL-MST); Ersan Ustundag, Principal Investigator (CalTech); David Dunand, Principal Investigator (Northwestern U.); Bob Asaro (UCSD); Bimal Kad (UCSD); Aaron Krawitz (U.  of Missouri); Phillip Nash (IIT); Andy Winholtz (U.  of Missouri); Tom Holden (AECL); Cev Noyan (IBM); Ken Wright (GE); Jim Richardson (ANL-IPNS); Bjorn Clausen (LANSCE); Mark Daymond (LANSCE); Luke Daemen (LANSCE); Ray Green (LANL-ESA); Mike Prime (LANL-ESA); Partha Rangaswamy (LANL-MST); and Ravi Varma (LANL-MST).** **
**HIPPO**** is a new, improved high-intensity powder diffractometer for texture measurements on flight path 4.  Compared with HIPD (an existing powder diffractometer that will still be in operation), HIPPO offers an increased number of detectors (x10 to x20 over current capability), including backscattering detectors that may be transferred to HIPD to further augment that spectrometer, better sample environment, and an order of magnitude increase in sample throughput.  Additional components for the selection of this spectrometer were the team's goal of graduate student involvement, commitment to develop an extensive outside user program with proposals accepted year round, and the implied funding by the University of California to help defray some of the costs of building this spectrometer.  **Rudy Wenk, Principal Investigator (UC-Berkeley); Bob Von Dreele (LANSCE); Kristin Bennett (LANSCE); Paul Alivisatos (UC-Berkeley); Alan Ardell (UCLA); Bob Asaro (UCSD); David Belanger (UCSC); George Brown (UCSC); Tony Cheetham (UCSB); David Clarke (UCSB); Ray Jeanloz (UC-Berkeley); George Johnson (UC-Berkeley); Alex Zettl (UC-Berkeley); David Londono (ORNL); B.K.  Annis (ORNL); Mike Eatough (SNL); Bruno Morosin (SNL); Mark Rodriguez (SNL); Ralph Tissot (SNL); Choong-Shik Yoo (LLNL); John Bingert (LANL-MST); Rusty Gray (LANL-MST); and Yusheng Zhao (LANSCE).
**HELIOS**** is a high-intensity, direct-geometry, time-of-flight spectrometer on flight path 8.  HELIOS will be optimized to provide the highest possible neutron flux at the sample, high detection efficiency, and sufficient energy resolution to study dynamical processes in a wide variety of materials.  The spectrometer will be capable of using the full-energy spectrum of neutrons provided by a water moderator at a spallation neutron source, making it useful for studies of excitations from a few meV to several hundred meV.**Collin Broholm, Spokesperson (Johns-Hopkins); Gabe Aeppli (NEC Research); Brent Fultz (Cal-Tech); Bernhard Keimer (Princeton); Sanford Kern (Colorado State); Thom Mason (ORNL), Herb Mook (ORNL); Stephen Nagler (ORNL); Ray Osborn (ANL); and Robert Robinson (LANSCE).
**HERMES**** is crystal backscattering spectrometer, similar in concept to the IRIS spectrometer at the ISIS facility, is expected to become key in a broadly based scientific program that will include investigations of topics in biology, chemistry, geology, materials science, and physics.**John Larese, Principal Investigator (BNL); Torben Brun (LANSCE); Juergen Eckert (LANSCE); Luke Daemen (LANSCE); Colin Carlile (RAL); Jack Carpenter (ANL); F.  Trouw (ANL); Anthony Cheetham (UCSB); H.  Glyde (U.  of Delaware); Larry Passell (BNL); K.  McCall (U.  of Nevada, Reno); M.  Popovici (MURR); Paul Sokol (Penn State); H. Taub (U. of Missouri); and O. Vilches (U. of Washington).

## High-Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR)

**On December 21, 1996, HFBR was shut down for normal refueling (a routine activity that occurs almost every month).  However, before the reactor's scheduled restart, DOE announced that a plume of tritiated water emanating from a leak in the spent fuel pool  was contaminating the groundwater south of the reactor.  The HFBR remains shut down pending a decision by the Secretary of Energy.**
**DOE initiated the Tritium Remediation Project (TRP) to characterize and remediate the plume.  Because the HFBR was the source of the contamination, the TRP included shipping all the stored spent fuel off site and pumping all the tritiated light water from the pool.  These TRP activities are complete.**
**On July 7-9, 1997, ER's Division of Construction Management reviewed the cost, schedule, technical feasibility, and regulatory requirements of several options addressing the future operation or shutdown of the HFBR at BNL.  Following some rework by BNL, the cost estimates and their associated contingencies were considered sound and reasonable, and these costs have been used for the FY99 and FY00 budgets.  The Committee felt that restart without an Environmental Impact Statement was not credible.**
**On October 8-9, 1997, the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (BESAC) met to review the scientific case for the HFBR.  BESAC recommended that the HFBR be restarted "at 30 MW and move up to 60 MW in a timely manner;" however, "if the start-up were to be at 30 MW with no clear plan to move to 60 MW, it should not be done."  The reason BESAC provided for the 60 MW operation is that 30 MW operation "will not provide a facility that warrants the expenditure of the funds that will be required for the restart."  BESAC also recommended a full Environmental Impact Statement. **
**The EIS process started with the issuance of the Notice of Intent on November 24, 1997.  The first public scoping meeting was held on December 10, 1997, from 4:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.  The second scoping meeting was held on January 10, 1998.  The third and final public scoping meeting was held on January 15, 1998.  The scoping process closed on January 23, 1998.  The draft EIS is ready for release.  The original date for the publication of the Draft EIS was August of 1998.  The EIS schedule has been extended because of the large number of comments that have were received during the scoping meetings and the need for further analysis.**

## Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)

**Fiscal Year 1999 (President’s Budget Request: $157 million)**
**Complete the National Environmental Policy Act process leading to a Record of Decision in spring 1999**
**Begin Title I (Preliminary) Design of the Front End, Linear Accelerator (Linac), Proton Storage Ring, Neutron Target, and Conventional Facilities**
**Place orders for certain long-lead items (e.g., various electrical components including initial klystrons, radiation shielding, control system software development)**
**Award an industrial support contract (under LANL) to assist with design, fabrication, and installation of the Linac.**
**Begin fabricating and testing prototype components for the Front End, Linac, and Ring**
**Complete site characterization**
**Complete a Preliminary Safety Analysis Report for the Target Hot Cell, and a Preliminary Safety Assessment Document for the balance of the SNS facility**** **
**Fiscal Year 2000 (DOE Request to OMB: $214 million)**
**Complete Title I Design for most major systems; commence Title II Design**
**Complete R&D to validate liquid mercury Target design**
**Carry out prototyping (e.g., klystron testing) and develop manufacturing techniques to support Linac design**
**Begin site preparation and conventional construction activities (e.g., start excavating Linac and Ring tunnels)**
**Continue with long-lead procurements **

## Addressing Birgeneau-Shen Recommendations

**In ****FY 1998****, the most significant change was to decrease the ALS budget by $2.5 million.  Of this, $2 million was reallocated to the NSLS for general user support at the PRT beamlines; $300K was reallocated to SSRL for general user support; and $200K was reallocated to APS for postdocs to assist with the user program.**
**In the ****FY 1999**** President’s Request, the facilities were provided cost of living increases.  (The COL increase for ALS was based on the reduced FY1998 level.)**
**	****An additional $1 million was provided NSLS for general user support, fulfilling the Birgeneau/Shen recommendation to increase the operations budget of NSLS by $3 million.**
**	****The President’s Request also includes partial support of other Birgeneau/Shen recommendations including funding for R&D for 4th generation light sources  ($2.0 million vs. the recommended $3.0 million); and for APS and NSLS beamlines, insertion devices, and front ends ($4.6 million vs. the recommended $11.0 million).  **
**In the ****FY 2000 target ****budget request, a substantial fraction of these increases are lost.**
**In the ****FY2000 overtarget ****budget request, we have provided COL increases for the facilities and have initiated the upgrade of SSRL in accordance with the recommendations of the Birgeneau/Shen Panel.**

## BES Neutron Sources

**Short pulse spallation source**
**Commissioned: 1981**
**450 MeV; 15 mA; 7 kW; 0.1 ********sec pulse length; 30 Hz; ****238****U target**
**5x10****14**** N/(cm****2****sec) peak thermal flux at 7 kW**
**12 beamlines; 14 instruments including an instrument test station**
**The first generation of virtually every pulsed source neutron scattering instrument was developed at IPNS.  Scientists at IPNS have conceived techniques such as geometric and electronic time focusing, multi-chopper phasing, multiple converging aperture collimation, and neutron reflectometry that are vital to all spallation sources.  In addition, the source technology has been pushed further at IPNS than at any other source world wide and includes uranium and enriched uranium targets, liquid hydrogen and methane moderators, solid methane moderators, and decoupled reflectors.  IPNS staff now lead the instrumentation development for the SNS and are collaborating on the design of the target and moderators for the SNS.**
**Current status:  Fully operational**

**Intense Pulsed Neutron Source**
***Argonne National Laboratory***

## BES Neutron Sources

**Short pulse spallation source**
**Commissioned: 1985**
**800 MeV; 80 mA; 60 kW; 0.25 ********sec pulse length; 20 Hz; W target**
**8x10****15**** N/(cm****2****sec) peak thermal flux at 56 kW on the WNR target**
**14 beamlines; 7 instruments currently available for neutron scattering**
**The Lujan Center provides state-of-the-art spectrometers for neutron scattering and nuclear physics.  Since its dedication in 1986, the Lujan Center has fostered research in such areas as advanced composite materials, polymers, new-generation catalysts, magnetic materials, and biomolecular structure. **
**Current status:**
**The LANSCE Reliability Improvement Project (LRIP) (1994-8) will provide more reliable operations, will extend the annual run cycle to 8 months, and will increase the Lujan Center spallation target power to 80 kW.  Funding for LRIP of $35M was provided by DOD.**
**The SPSS enhancement project will increase the Lujan Center spallation target power to 160kW (equivalent to ISIS) and add new instruments.  DP is funding accelerator upgrades ($16.7 M); BES is funding 4 instruments ($20.5 M); BER is funding 1 instrument ($4.5 M).**

**Manual Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center**
***Los Alamos Neutron Science Center***
***Los Alamos National Laboratory***

## BES Neutron Sources

**Heavy-water cooled and moderated, “under-moderated-core” reactor using HEU fuel**
**Commissioned: 1965**
**Design power: 60 MW**
**0.5x10****15**** N/(cm****2****sec) (thermal) at 30 MW**
**9 beam tubes for neutron scattering; 14 instruments (4 cold, 10 thermal); 7 thimbles for neutron irradiation and neutron activiation analysis**
**The HFBR is the world’s first reactor designed specifically for neutron scattering research.  It has international strengths in solid state and nuclear physics, chemistry, and biology.**
**Current status:  The HFBR has been shut down and in standby mode since December 21, 1996.**

**High-Flux Beam Reactor**
***Brookhaven National Laboratory***

## BES Neutron Sources

**Be-reflected, light-water-cooled and moderated “flux-trap” reactor using HEU fuel**
**Commissioned: 1966**
**Design power: 100 MW**
**2.3x10****15**** N/(cm****2****sec) (central flux trap) at 85 MW****1.2x10****15**** N/(cm****2****sec) (thermal flux at beam tubes) at 85 MW**
**4 beam tubes for neutron scattering & 12 instruments; 70 target positions (36 in central flux trap, 34 in Be reflector) for isotope production, materials irradiation, and neutron activiation analysis.  **
**HFIR has the world’s highest steady-state thermal neutron flux.  HFIR is used for isotope production, materials irradiation, neutron activation analysis, and neutron scattering.  Californium-252 and other transuranium isotopes for research, industrial, and medical applications are produced in the flux trap in the center of the fuel element; additional irradiation facilities are also provided in the beryllium reflector.  HFIR is also used for neutron-scattering experiments to reveal the structure and dynamics of a very wide range of materials.  The neutron-scattering instruments installed on the horizontal beam tubes are used in fundamental studies of materials of interest to solid-state physicists, chemists, biologists, polymer scientists, metallurgists, and colloid scientists.**
**Current status:  A number of improvements are underway in conjunction with the regularly scheduled change of the Be reflector.**

**High-Flux Isotope Reactor**
***Oak Ridge National Laboratory***

## The Characteristics of Neutrons

**NEUTRONS HAVE NO ELECTRICAL CHARGE**
**Neutron cross sections for interaction with materials are small.  Therefore, neutrons are highly penetrating, nondestructive probes.  BUT, ... experiments are extremely flux limited.**
**Neutron interactions are known with great accuracy.  Therefore, neutron scattering data are more easily interpreted than comparable photon or electron scattering data.**
**NEUTRONS ARE SCATTERED BY NUCLEI, NOT BY ELECTRONS**
**Neutrons "see" both light and heavy atoms and can distinguish neighboring atoms in the periodic table.**
**Neutrons can distinguish isotopes of the same element, enabling isotopic substitution and contrast variation.**
**The large difference in neutron scattering cross sections for H and D facilitates studies of biological samples.**
**NEUTRONS ARE SPIN 1/2 PARTICLES**
**Spin polarized beams can be produced.**
**The neutron’s magnetic moment can probe microscopic magnetic structure and magnetic fluctuations.**
**NEUTRON WAVELENGTHS ARE COMPARABLE TO INTERATOMIC SPACINGS**
**Neutrons provide structural information over nine orders of magnitude (10****-5 ****to 10****4 ****Å), making them useful probes for distance scales ranging from the wavefunction of atomic hydrogen to those of macromolecules.**
**NEUTRON ENERGIES ARE COMPARABLE TO EXCITATIONS IN SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS**
**Neutrons provide energetic information on materials for transitions from the nanoelectron volt  to electron volts.**
**NEUTRON BEAMS HAVE LOW BRILLIANCE**

## Why High Flux?

**              *****HIGH FLUX MOVES EXPERIMENTS FROM:***
**	****• ****time constrained to  ...**
**	****	****	****	****...  doable**
**	****• ****cross sections to  ...**
**	****	****	****	****...  structures to  ...**
**	****	****	****	****	****...  dynamics to  ...**
**	****	****	****	****	****	****...  process and function**
**	****• ****simple systems to  ...**
**	****	****	****	****...  complex systems**

## Combustion accounts for 85% of the energy generated and used in the U.S.  The goal of the combustion research program is to provide predictive tools for the design of efficient, low-polluting combustion systems.  This requires basic to applied research using concepts from chemistry, physics, non-linear optics, engineering,  fluid dynamics, and applied mathematics.

**Combustion accounts for 85% of the energy generated and used in the U.S.  The goal of the combustion research program is to provide predictive tools for the design of efficient, low-polluting combustion systems.  This requires basic to applied research using concepts from chemistry, physics, non-linear optics, engineering,  fluid dynamics, and applied mathematics.**

***Combustion Research***

**The 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to****Y.T. Lee for “dynamics of chemical elemental processes”**

**Combustion Research Facility (CRF)**The CRF houses research in laser-based diagnostics, combustion chemistry, and reacting flows.  The facility integrates fundamental and applied research focused on combustion systems such as internal combustion engines, coal and biomass combustion, industrial burners for process heat, and high-temperature materials processing and manufacturing.  Laser-based optical diagnostics are used for measurements of chemical and fluid-mechanical parameters.  The facility accommodates collaborations with U. S. industry through collocated applied research projects normally funded by DOE technology offices.

**Burner Engineering Lab**

**Femtosecond laser**