# Presentation: 184189

## Transportation Applications: 

***Now and Future  ***
***Session 1: ******Overview: GNSS-Based Application  Areas*** **United Nations/Zambia/ESA ****Regional Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite System Technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa*****26 June 2006, Lusaka, Zambia*****Ken Alexander****Senior Advisor****National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office**

## Augmentations Overview

**GPS is an Open Architecture service**
**Where GPS by itself does not fulfill user needs, it can be augmented**
**Public Augmentations**
**Nationwide Differential GPS (Nationwide DGPS)**
**Space Based Augmentation Systems (e.g. WAAS)**
**Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), International GNSS Service (IGS), Global Differential GPS (GDGPS)**
**Commercial Augmentations**
**Differential GPS, Sensor Integration (e.g. inertial), Cellular, etc.**
**Distinct from Value-Added Services**
**Integration of GPS with other data or services (e.g. Location-Based Services)**

**Notes:**
  The integrity requirement for enroute is 10-7 per hour, the approach integrity requirement is 10-7 per approach
  The time to alert requirement is 6 seconds for all phases of flight
  The accuracy specification for WAAS is 2.5m in both the horizontal and vertical 95% of the time.  Currently, WAAS is experiencing 1.676m vertical and 1.040m horizontal accuracy (based on the Jan – Mar 2005 PAN report)
The availability requirement is 99.5% and 100% for LPV and LNAV respectively

Gore Commission Report – February 12, 1997

## Nationwide DGPS Status

**Built upon Maritime Differential GPS network**
**Operational Since March 1999**
**Key Characteristics**
**Local differential corrections**
**Low frequency correction broadcast (good for surface reception)**
**User Base**
**Maritime, rail, survey, precision agriculture, weather forecasting, and resource management**
**International **standard in over 50 countries

## International Coverage

## GNSS Aviation Integrity

**Availability of GNSS accuracy with continuity and integrity essential to International Civil Aviation Organization Modernization Planning**
**Key to future implementation of required surveillance, communications as well as navigation performance**
**GPS Aviation Use Approved for Over a Decade**
- Aircraft Based Augmentation Systems (ABAS) – (e.g. RAIM)
**Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) since ‘03**
- U.S. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS); Others soon
**Increases air traffic while maintaining safety standards**
**GPS type signals - requires no additional hardware**

**Notes:**
Surface:  Surface traffic at airports is frequently busy.  Controlling and monitoring that traffic becomes increasingly difficult as visibility decreases.  The Civil Aviation Authorities are examining ways to use GNSS with other technologies to help identify and locate surface vehicles during all kinds of weather conditions.  That information could be used to help aviators and controllers safely navigate in the surface environment.
Departure: Aircraft departing form the terminal area must comply with set instructions that will lead them safely to their enroute departure point.  Current instrument departures are based on factors such as navigational aids available, aircraft performance, and obstructions to flight.  Because of its accurate and continuous location information, GNSS will offer more direct and flexible departure routes, ease congestion, and save time and fuel while maintaining high levels of safety.
Enroute: Control and navigation of aircraft over land must rely on the use of ground hardware.  Aircraft must normally fly from point to point to navigate to their destination.  Flight paths are rarely direct.  With the advent of GNSS, exact positional information is available to pilots, which enables direct routes, and reduced flight times.
Oceanic: Oceanic flights are out of range of ground-based surveillance systems.  Controllers rely on position reports radioed periodically from pilots.  Due to the time delays in receiving these reports, a significant distance must be kept between aircraft to maintain safety.  GNSS-equipped aircraft relay their position via digital data links through satellites to controllers.  Knowing each aircraft's real-time position enables controllers to safely reduce aircraft separation which increases capacity, reduces fuel consumption, and optimizes flight routes. 
Arrival: Aircraft arriving at the terminal area use set instructions to lead them into the local area to begin their landing approach.  The arrival routes are based upon the placement of navigational aids, aircraft performance, and obstructions to flight.  Through more accurate and continuous position information, GNSS will offer more flexible routes, easing congestion, saving time and fuel, especially at high-density airports.  
Landing: Landings based on GNSS technology will eliminate many of the time and fuel-consuming maneuvers currently in use.  This technology can be used for various types of approaches to the airfield 
Missed Approach: If an aircraft must abort a landing after it has already started its landing approach, the aircraft has to follow a set path to leave the airspace surrounding the terminal.  GNSS adds more flexibility to its path back out of the terminal area easing congestion and airspace conflicts with other aircraft in the area. 

## GPS (ABAS) Aviation Receivers

**Aviation navigation services assured to Safety of Life integrity standards**
**Over 16,000 * commercial air carrier Instrument Flight Rated (IFR) GPS receivers sold (as of 2003)**
**Additional 70,000 – 80,000 * General Aviation IFR GPS receivers sold**
- * U.S. manufacturer sales only (does not include units limited to visual situational awareness)

## GPS Aviation Ops Approvals

**42**
**2**

**GPS Aviation Ops Approvals**

- 42 Nations; many others pending

## Space Based Augmentation System (e.g. WAAS/EGNOS/GAGAN) 

**Provides integrity for all phases of flight **
**Vertically guided approaches enhance safety **
**Permits operations at airports without navigation aids**
**No ground hardware required at airport**
**Operations to all runways at all airports* **
**Expanding Globally; Can augment multiple satellite navigation constellations **
**Ranging and improved algorithm/mask angle increases availability for all applications**
**Provides Safety of Life Integrity Services today**
**Must meet other instrument flight requirements**

**Notes:**
Broadcast of WAAS Message on L5 (starting late 2006)

## WAAS Modernization

**Expansion/Availability Improvements (through 2008)**
**Two new geostationary satellites**
**On orbit (Telesat and PanAmSat)**
**L1 and L5 signals; Operational fall 2006**
**Ground network expansion in Alaska, Canada and Mexico**
**Software upgrades**
**Performance and Robustness Improvements**
**Augment GPS L5 signals for redundant service**
**Improved accuracy and integrity**
**Better ops during periods of severe solar storm activity**
**Additional security against interference **
**Enables decommission of large number of ground-based aids**
**Possibility to monitor and augment Galileo Open Service**

## SBAS (WAAS) Architecture

**Notes:**
WAAS Commissioned 10 July, 2003
- Adding 13 additional reference stations 
- Acquiring two new GEO satellite links – launched September 9th and October 13th  
- Expect operations by first quarter FY 07 and will additionally transmit new L5 signal
- 2007 Greater availability of approach with vertical guidance performance with system improvements (New approach procedure development ~ 300/yr)

USA, Canada, and Mexico Cooperating on GNSS Implementation
- Canada and Mexico Hosting Additional WAAS Reference Stations (5 Mexico & 4 Canada - Operational in 2006 and 2007 respectively) 
- Continuing International Harmonization Activities Support User Interoperability with other SBAS implementations

## International SBAS Coverage 

## WAAS APPROVED FOR NEW, LOWER MINIMUMS (March 2006)

**In 2007, WAAS procedures will provide precision approaches down to 200 feet above airport surface**
**Same as Category I Instrument Landing System (ILS)**
**Since WAAS requires no equipment at the airport, it provides a cost-effective alternative to Category I ILS**
**Increases capacity at thousands of airports without ILS**
*** Many airports currently use ILS that is costly to install and maintain**

**Notes:**
What data supported FAA’s decision to approve WAAS for these lower minimums?The FAA has been collecting WAAS performance data since WAAS commissioning in July 2003.  During that time, actual WAAS performance has far exceeded performance requirements.  As a result of this impressive performance, the FAA began looking into the possibility that WAAS could support better than 250’ minimums.  Archived WAAS performance data (over 2.4 billion WAAS signal-in-space performance observations), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)-recognized satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) flight test results, computer simulations, aircraft simulation models, wind models, and extensive monitoring and analysis of WAAS performance confirmed WAAS capable of supporting these new lower minimums.
What is the difference in the development of WAAS approaches that go as low as 250’ and those that will go to 200’?It is not procedure design that makes the difference. It is the enhancements in WAAS performance that will result with near term system upgrades. WAAS approaches to date (as low as 250’) have been designed with a “Vertical Alarm Limit”, or VAL, of 50 meters.  The new minimums will be based on a tighter 35 meter VAL. VAL is used to limit the vertical system error. VAL provides an overbound of the actual vertical error with very high integrity. Reducing the VAL significantly reduces the system vertical error that might occur.

## SBAS Equipment

**Garmin GNS-480/CNX-80 - 4000 sold**
**430/530: 50,000 upgradeable units**
**Free Flight Aviation**
**Panel Mount Receiver and sensor**
**Rockwell Collins Unit**
**High end users**
**Others include: Avidyne, Chelton, CMC, Universal, Thales, and Honeywell**
**No equipment changes required to get lower minima **
**Non aviation receivers now provide SBAS at no additional cost**
**Over 6 Million receivers (U.S. manufacturers)**

**Notes:**
Additionally, Most GPS Receivers currently manufactured for sale in U.S. include WAAS (SBAS) capability 

## Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)

**Category-I through Category III (200 to zero foot Decision Height)**
**U.S. implementation: Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)**
**Boeing & Airbus Joined in Support of GBAS**
**Boeing B-737NG certified GBAS avionics; Airbus A-380 in work**
**International GBAS Development Cooperation**
**Airservices Australia cooperative agreement with FAA leverages U.S. technology investment for initial ops capability **
**DFS/Germany, AENA/Spain and other service providers interested **

## GBAS (LAAS) Development

- GBAS can support most demanding approach requirements

## Performance-Based Navigation 

**Benefits:**
**Enhanced Safety**
**Increased Capacity**
**Reduced Delays**

**Increased Flight Efficiencies **
**Increased Schedule Predictability**
**Environmentally Beneficial Procedures **

***Streamlined***

***Departures***

***Vector***

***-***

***Free***

***Arrivals***

***All***

***-***

***Weather***

***Approaches***

***Streamlined***

***Departures***

***Efficient, Flexible Routing***

***Vector***

***-***

***Free***

***Arrivals***

***All***

***-***

***Weather***

***Approaches***

**Notes:**
What Is “Performance-Based” Navigation? 
End-to-end System of Concepts and Applications Based on Performance Standards without dependence upon Specific Technologies or Equipment 
Recognizes Aircraft Capability to Operate Safely and Efficiently Using On-Board Aircraft Based Systems In Conjunction with External Signals Provided by Ground Based, Space Based systems
Objective: Fully Utilize Capabilities of All Aircraft Nav Equipment
FAA Committed to “Performance Based National Airspace System”
Cannot Afford to Sustain All Existing Navigation Services
Performance based services provides capabilities in most cost-effective manner
Implementation of GNSS Core Enabling Technology
Future Navigation Services are aligned with Performance Based Strategy

## Performance Based Navigation Implementation 

**Existing Ground Based Navigation Aids**
- DME/DME with Inertial
**GNSS (GPS)**
- ABAS (RAIM)
- Non Precision Approach
- ABAS With Inertial
- RNP .1
-  SBAS (WAAS)
- Category I
- GBAS (LAAS)
- Category II/III

## Departure Procedures Before RNAV

**Departures voice vectored**
- Headings, altitudes and speeds issued by controllers
- Large number of transmissions required
**Significant dispersions**
- Flight paths inconsistent and inefficient
**Dispersions limit number of departure exit points**

**Notes:**
Example of Aviation Navigation Improvements provided by GNSS

## Departure Procedures After RNAV

**Aircraft Fly RNAV tracks (not ATC vectors)**
- Headings, altitudes and speeds automated (via avionics)
- Voice transmissions reduced (30-50%)
**Dispersions Reduced**
- Tracks more consistent and more efficient
**Additional Exit Points**

## Automatic Dependant Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B)

- A**utomatic: Periodically transmits information with no pilot or operator input required**
- D**ependent: Position and velocity derived from GNSS or Flight Management System (FMS)**
- S**urveillance: Method of determining position of aircraft, vehicles, or other assets**
- B**roadcast: Transmitted information available to anyone with appropriate receiving equipment**
**Other ADS-B services**
- Traffic Information Service provides ADS-B equipped aircraft with position reports from surveillance radar on equipped aircraft
- Flight Information Service transmits graphical weather, and airspace flight restrictions

## GNSS Location Based Services

**GNSS Location Based Services**

**Cargo Fleet Tracking**
- Improves safety and security
**Fleet Control/Dispatch **
- Fuel savings
- Improves asset management
**Emergency Operations **
- Reduces response times
- Reduces injury & property loss
**Road Maintenance**
**In Vehicle Navigation **
- Accurate position determination
- Reduces air pollution

**Notes:**
The capabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System, when coupled with communications and modern computerized management systems, can help to meet many of the transportation challenges facing all modes of surface transportation.  Currently, GNSS is being used to add new capabilities for automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle navigation systems. 
Cargo Fleet Tracking and Security: Truck fleets in many countries use GNSS to achieve efficient routing and scheduling.  Trucks carrying dangerous or high-value cargo can be tracked to protect against theft.
Fleet Control/Dispatch: With fleet vehicles equipped with GNSS receivers, control centers using electronic maps of their area, are able to locate all vehicles in their fleet.  This location awareness allows fleet operators to respond to client requests and improve the efficiency of their operations.  GNSS and communication data links can be used to monitor vehicle location, so effective strategies can be implemented to keep transit vehicles on schedule.  
For Taxi Services, GNSS is used to constantly update automated dispatching systems with cab locations so it can find the nearest vehicle to the caller.  GNSS-based Location Based Services also improve scheduling and management of bus fleets, subways, and other public transportation systems. 
Global Navigation Satellite System is fast becoming an industry standard for location information used by emergency and other specialty fleets.  Location and status information provided to public safety systems offers managers efficient management of emergency response teams.  The ability to effectively identify and view the location of police, fire, rescue, and individual vehicles or boats means a whole new way of managing emergency responses.
A critical component of any successful rescue operation is time, and GNSS equipped emergency vehicles coupled with two way communications to an electronic map in a control center, reduces that time and saves lives.  Many emergency response systems rely on GNSS to obtain accurate information regarding the site of emergency events and the location of their fleet vehicles in order to respond as quickly as possible.
Additionally, all over the world, GNSS-based Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems are being used to help police find stolen and hijacked cars and vehicles.
Road Maintenance: GNSS can be used to provide precise location information of roadway conditions in real time manner.  Video recorders on vehicles with GNSS receivers can record the condition of the surface while simultaneously identifying the location.  This information can facilitate maintenance tasks that would otherwise be more manpower intensive and less accurate. 
In Vehicle Navigation: Currently, GNSS is being used to add new capabilities for automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle navigation systems.  Automobiles and other surface vehicles are fitted with GNSS sensors that provide location information to a computer on-board the vehicle.  The system provides the driver with location information on an electronic map display.  The system allows drivers to input their destinations, and find their way to any location with ease. 
Surface Transportation Benefits:  Improves safety and security, Fuel Savings, Improved Asset Management, Reduced air pollution, Accurate position determination, Reduces response times, Reduces injury & property loss

## 
Situational Awareness 
Enhances safety 
Reduces accidents
Increases capacity and efficiency 
Closer train spacing reduces investments 
Reduces fuel consumption 
Rapid rail structure and condition mapping 
Improves maintenance capability

- Situational Awareness
- Enhances safety
- Reduces accidents
- Increases capacity and efficiency
- Closer train spacing reduces investments
- Reduces fuel consumption
- Rapid rail structure and condition mapping
- Improves maintenance capability

**GNSS Positive Train Control**

**Notes:**
GNSS is used to economically report train positions to control and traffic centers.  
Many rail systems are comprised of long stretches of single track.  Precise knowledge of where a train is located is essential to prevent collisions, maintain smooth flow of traffic, and minimize costly delays due to waiting for clearance for track use. GNSS provides a sound position-locating capability for rail traffic management systems be it to manage the movement of cars and engines in switch yards, or to ensure the safety of work crews.  
GNSS can satisfy the high level of accuracy needed for operations in terminal areas and rail yards where dozens of tracks that run parallel to each other and flow into operational feeder lines.  GNSS augmented by differential corrections can be used to accurately locate trains and provide positive train control for dispatchers. Positive Train Control made possible by GNSS provides high accuracy needed to help avoid collisions, since tracks are often only a few meters apart.
- Positive Train Control 
- Enhanced levels of safety 
- Increased capacity and efficiency 
- Rapid rail structure and condition mapping 

## GNSS Maritime Applications 

**Large ships, fishing & recreation boats**
**Harbor entrance and approach**
- Regardless of visibility
**Hydrographic Survey**
**Buoy Positioning, etc.**

**Notes:**
The Global Navigation Satellite System provides unprecedented accuracies and capabilities for mariners and transportation managers.  Underwater surveying, buoy placement, navigational hazard location, and mapping are increasingly being executed through the use of GNSS signal data.  Commercial fishing fleets use GNSS to navigate to optimum fishing locations and to track fish migrations. Access to fast and accurate position, course, and speed information is saving time and fuel through more efficient traffic routing. 
Marine Mapping: Underwater exploring and mapping has always been an inexact science due to the lack of reliable and accurate navigation systems.  GNSS overcomes those shortcomings.  With the benefit of precise location information, mariners are now able to accurately mark the position of sunken treasures and map underwater hazards.  Underwater mapping of terrain features and exact placement of buoys using GNSS data is becoming the standard method of operation.
Marine Harbor/Docking: Busy seaports, like busy airport terminals, must find ways to efficiently and safely move vessels into and out of ports and harbors.  With the advent of GNSS and modern communications, each ship's location is known to the port control authorities, who can direct the traffic into and out of docks in a most efficient and timely manner.  GNSS-based systems are used to schedule delivery and loading of containers at many of the busiest ports in the world.
Fishing: Commercial fishing has become a very competitive business.  Knowledge of the location of international fishing boundaries as well as the location of optimum fishing sites, are critical to success.  GNSS offers fisherman precise location, speed, and direction information essential to successful harvesting at sea and flawless navigation to any spot in the open seas.
Maritime Benefits Include:  Fast and accurate position, course, and speed information; Efficient traffic routing; Rapid response to emergency and search operations; Precision buoy positioning, sweeping, surveying and dredging

## GNSS Recreation Applications

**GNSS Recreation Applications**

**Explore anywhere in the world **
- Without getting lost or eaten!
**Your favorite fishing spot**
- Every time
**Try Geocaching **
- GPS treasure hunting

**Notes:**
Portable GNSS receivers now allow users to traverse trails with confidence, to know precisely where they are at all times. Outdoorsmen use GNSS to stay apprised of location, heading, bearing, speed, distance, and time.  With GNSS, outdoor enthusiasts can accurately record any location and return to that precise spot time and again.  And, GNSS can do it anywhere, and at any time unimpeded by weather or lack of sunlight.
Hiking: The near pinpoint position information provided by GNSS allows hikers to venture safely into locations where otherwise they would be in danger of becoming lost, and return safely to their point of origin.  GNSS receivers used by adventurers today are relatively inexpensive and universally available to everyone.  
Fishing: Many recreational fishermen today are aware of the benefits of knowing exactly where they are relative to good fishing locations and having the equipment needed to guide them there and back home.  Armed with a GNSS receiver, fishermen can navigate their way flawlessly and inexpensively to their favorite sites and return again, year after year.
- Safe exploration anywhere in the world

## Summary

**GPS - Robust and operating above standards**
**Augmentations (user equipment or infrastructure based) provide additional capabilities**
**WAAS (SBAS) in operation today for instrument use; adding 200’ decision height in 2007**
- Benefits all users - even those not within Geo footprint
**Surface, Rail, and Maritime GNSS Services improve safety, security, and efficiency**
**Performance based requirements **
- Support use of one or more GNSS solutions
- Interoperability provides greater capability than from a single solution
**New constellations and augmentations on the way**

## Ken Alexander, Senior Advisor

- National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office
- Herbert C. Hoover Bldg.,  Rm. 6822
- 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW
- Washington, D.C.  20230
- Ph: (202) 482-5809
- Fax: (202) 482-4429
- _[Ken.Alexander@PNT.gov](mailto:Ken.Alexander@PNT.gov)_
- Presentation available:  http://pnt.gov
- More Info: http://gps.faa.gov