# Presentation: 748815

##  Large Vessels Air Emission Reduction Project  A Federal, State, and Local Partnership 

**Daniel J. Gore**
**Office of Shipbuilding and Marine Technology**
**Maritime Administration**
**&**
**Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting Department of Transportation**

- Presented to EPA State and Local Climate Change Partner’s Conference,  November 21,  2002

## Contents

**Why Reduce Emissions on Large Vessels?**
**Motivation for the Project**
**Background: Marine Air Emission Issues **
**International, Federal, State and Local Perspective**
**Relevant Maritime Statistics**
**Cargo Volume and Fuel Consumption **
**Vessels Emission Reduction Project Description**
**Goals, Project Partners, and Status**
**Related Emission Trading Analysis **
**Observations**
**MARAD’s Energy & Emissions Program **

## Why Reduce Emissions  on Large Vessels?

## Why Reduce Emissions on Large Vessels? Motivations for the Project

- Southern California has NOx and PM Non-Attainment Areas
- Ports of L.A./L.B. Considered Primary Pollution Sources
- L.A./L.B. Cargo Traffic to Increase 300% by 2020
- Port of L.A. Vowing No NOx Increase CY 2002 - 2020
- S.B. County’s Largest Source of NOx - Coastal Foreign Ships
- GHG Reduction is Becoming Significant California Issue
- Increasing Fuel Efficiency Reduces GHG Emissions.
- Fuel is Major Cost ($4M/yr/vessel typical) for Large Cargo Vessels
- IMO/EPA Regulations will _Not_ Impact Near Term Emissions
- Technology Demonstrations and Incentives are Necessary to Encourage Near Term Vessel Emission Reductions

## Background:Marine Air Emission Issues

## Marine Air Emission Issues:International, Federal, State and Local

- Marine Vessels Share of Emissions Increasing
- Land Transportation Emissions Reduced for Twenty-Five Years
- Now Maritime is in the Spotlight
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Seeking to Ratify Annex 6 for New Marine Engines (NOx and SOx)
- Recommending Voluntary Measures to Reduce Green House Gases
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- CY 99 & 02 Marine Engine Regulations for US Vessels
- State & Local Air Quality Impacted
- Ports of L.A. / L.B., Santa Barbara County, State of Alaska, Port of Houston and Port of New York
- Highway Congestion may Increase Water Transport
- Could decrease GHG emissions but NOx and PM are uncertain

## Marine Air Emission Issues:Ozone Nonattainment Areas

- Source:  EPA Office of Air & Radiation, AIR Database

**Marine Air Emission Issues:****Ozone Nonattainment Areas**

## Marine Air Emission Issues:              Geographic Distribution of

**Marine Air Emission Issues:****              Geographic Distribution of**
**Global Nitrogen Emissions**

- Scale is defined to increase resolution for ocean regions; see Corbett, J. J. and P. S. Fischbeck (1997). “Emissions From Ships.” _Science_ **278**(5339): 823-824; and Corbett, J. J., P. S. Fischbeck, et al. (1999). “Global Nitrogen and Sulfur Emissions Inventories for Oceangoing Ships.” _Journal of Geophysical Research_ **104**(D3): 3457-3470

- SEA nitrogen         data only

- SEA nitrogen data with GEIA data

**Notes:**
Geographic characterization developed from COADS (spel), summarizes weather observations provided at six-hour intervals from all commercial ships.  (From NOAA’s Climate Data Center)

I analyzed the COADS air temp data set to get ship traffic density profile.  Observe higher densities along trade routes -- counters prior assumptions that ships were widely distributed across ocean surface.  2 degree by 2 degree resolution.

Averaged my estimates across total number of observations, and mapped according to ship density for 1993.  This application of COADS has not been performed before my work -- of interest to CDC.

Note the significant emission density in Northern Hemisphere, particularly around developed, high population centers.  

## Sample Comparison:                              Relative Fuel Consumption and GHG Rates for Various Modes of Cargo Movement

- 12% GHG

- 29% GHG

- 100% GHG

## Relevant Maritime Statistics

## Relevant Maritime Industry Statistics:                    Cargo Volume and Fuel Consumption

- ~ 2 Billion Tons Cargo/year moved on US waterways
- ~ 95% of U.S. Overseas Trade by Ship
- ~ 95% Cargo Vessels in U.S. Ports are Foreign Flag
- Foreign Trade Expected to Double by Year 2020
- ~ 86,000 Vessels in World Fleet (Over 100 Gr. Tons)
- ~ 95% are Diesel Engine Operated (High Efficiency)
- World Fleet consumes ~ 3% World’s Petroleum Fuel
- World Fleet consumes ~ 75% of World’s Residual Fuel
- U.S. Fleet consumes ~ 5% of U.S. Transportation Energy

## Large Vessels Emission Reduction Project

## Large Vessels Emission Reduction Project: Description

- Sponsor Demonstration of Retrofit Technologies
- Air Fumigation System, Fuel Emulsion System, Additives, New Injectors, and others
- On Existing Vessels w/Category 3 Marine Engine
- Primarily Slow Speed Engines up to 60,000 hp
- and Medium Speed Auxiliary Generator Engines.
- Goal
- To Reduce NOx, PM, and CO2 In Near Term Along California Coasts and Ports

## Large Vessels Emission Reduction Project: Partners

- DOT CCCEF
- EPA Region 9
- SCAQMD
- CARB
- SBCAPCD
- BAAQMD *
- Port of L.A.
- Port of Long Beach *
- Port of Oakland *
- Vessel Operators *
- West Virginia University

***  Probable**

## Large Vessels Emission Reduction Project: Status

**Phase I**
- MARAD Agreement w\Matson Lines
- Research Technologies & Develop Implementation Plan
- Federal, State, & Local Partnerships
- Research Additional Technology Solutions
- Identify Other Commercial Partners
- Obtain Funding Commitments for Phase II
**Phase II to Commence CY 03 **
- Select Test Vessels and Technologies
- Develop Project Plans for Each Vessel
- Install & Test Emission Reduction Equipment
- Monitor Ship Emissions and Fuel Efficiency

## Large Vessels Emission Reduction Project: Related Emission Trading Analysis

- Method to Encourage Foreign Vessel Participation?
- Partners - British Petroleum and WVU
- Cargo Vessel Operators Need Incentives to Retrofit
- Technology Could Reduce NOx by 30% or so
- NOx Credits Have Traded at $19,000/Ton
- If Vessel Generates 3 Tons / Visit:
-    .33 x 3 x 20 (visits) x 19K = $380,000/yr
- Need to Evaluate Rules and Monitoring Requirements
- Submit Draft Protocol to SCAQMD and EPA

## Large Vessel Emission Reduction Project:Summary

- Example of a Federal Agency Cooperating with State and Local Needs
- Simultaneously Addresses Green House Gases and Criteria Pollutants
- Important Since Individual Criteria Pollutant Reduction Efforts and Green House Gas Reduction Efforts Often Contradict
- Economic Incentive Analyzed for Future Applications
- Integral Part of MARAD’s Energy and Emissions Program

## MARAD Energy and Emissions Program

## MARAD Energy and Emissions Program Objective

-    Promote the application of energy efficient, low emission technologies to marine power plants

## MARAD Energy and Emissions Program: Five Year Plan Overview

- Baseline Performance and Emission Testing
- Existing Vessel Data and Measurement Techniques
- Diesel Retrofit Demonstrations
- Emulsified Fuel, Additives, SCR, Particulate Traps
- Alternative Fuels Demonstrations
- Natural Gas, Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Synthetic Diesel
- Advanced Technologies Demonstrations
- Fuel Cells, High Efficiency Gas Turbines
- Supporting Studies
- Technology Evaluations, Incentives and Emission Trading
- Industry Outreach
- Newsletter, Conferences, Website, and Presentations

## MARAD Energy and Emissions Program: Five Year Plan

## MARAD Energy and Emissions Program: Partners

- _PRIME, Inc._
- M I D A S

**MARAD Energy and Emissions Program:**** Partners**

**SCX Ferries**

## Department of Transportation Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting& Maritime Administration

- Daniel J. GoreDaniel.Gore@MARAD.DOT.GOV(202) 366-1886