# Presentation: 249739

## Slide 1

## RANKING FLAMMABILITY USING SMALL SCALE TEST 

**OUTLINE OF TALK**

**Flammability**
** ****Ignition Resistance (0********, 90********, 60********,45******** Bunsen burner)**
** ****Fire Behavior  (OSU, seat cushion test, radiant panel)**
**Microscale Combustion Calorimetry**
** ****Operation and Theory**
** ****Comparison of Results for Hidden Materials**
** ****Heat Release Rate (OSU)**
** ****Bunsen Burner tests**
** ****Smoke Density**
** ****Radiant Panel**
** ****1/4-scale tests**

## FAA FLAMMABILITY TESTS

**Seat Cushion**
**Oil Burner Test**

**Radiant Panel Test**

**OSU HRR Test**

**Bunsen Burner Tests**

## SCALES OF FLAMMABILITY TESTING

**SAMPLE SIZE**

***Flame***
***Tests ***

***Fire Tests***

**Bench-Scale**

**Component-Scale**

***Microscale***
***Combustion ***
***Calorimetry***

- Kilogram

- Metric Ton

- Gram

- Milligram

## STEADY BURNING: Nylon 6 data

**500**

**1000**

**1500**

**2000**

**0**

**20**

**40**

**60**

**80**

**100**

**120**

- PA6

**External Heat Flux, kW/m****2**

- _HRP_

- 14

- 21

- Slopes = HRP

- Intercepts = HRR0

- _HRR_0
- (kW/m2)

- 230

- 148

**Heat Release Rate, kW/m****2**

***Ignitability***

***Fire Response ***

## UL 94 Rating

- -400

- -200

- 0

- 200

- 400

- 600

- V0

- V1

- V2

- HB

**UL 94 Rating**

**HRR****0****, kW/m****2**** (in cone calorimeter)**

***Self-Propagating ***

***Self-Extinguishing ***

**IGNITABILITY: UL 94 vs. HRR****0**

**41 polymers,**
**blends, and**
**composites.**

## HRR 	=  () HRC

**HEAT RELEASE *****RATE***** AND HEAT RELEAE *****CAPACITY ***

**The Heat Release Capacity (HRC), is related to the heat release rate (HRR) in flaming combustion**

**HRR ****	****=  (********) HRC**
**	********  ****HRC**

** ****= Flaming combustion**
**efficiency**

****** ****= Density**

****** ****= Pyrolysis depth**

****** ****= Surface heating rate**

## HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY AND FLAMMABILITY

**HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY AND FLAMMABILITY**

**HRR****0**** ******** HRR* = HRC***

_**HEAT RELEASE RATE**_

_**IGNITABILITY**_

**HRR ******** HRC***

***Self extinguishing when:***

***For a particular heat flux (e.g., 3.5 W/cm******2******):***

## MEASURING HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY 

**Flaming Combustion **

**Pyrolysis-Combustion**
**Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) **

**Exhaust**

**DAQ**

**O****2**

**Pyrolysis**

**Combustion**

** **

**Sample**

**Gas**
**Scrubber**

**Gas Flow-**
**meter**

**O****2**
**Meter**

**N****2**

## FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MILLIGRAM SAMPLES

**Stand Alone Device**

***FAA/Galaxy***
*** ******Invention  ***

***TGA Combustion***
***Accessory ***

## HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY FROM PCFC

**HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY FROM PCFC**

## PCFC DATA & FIRE TESTS

**Heat  Release Rate (W/g)**

**Temperature (°C)**

**PCFC DATA & FIRE TESTS**

** ****OSU HRR**
** ****Bunsen Burner Ignition**
** ****Radiant Panel**
** ****Oil Burner Seat Test**

** ****Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter**

** ****Setchkins Furnace**
** ****Glow Wire Ignition**

_**Relevant FAA**_
_**Flammability Test**_

**Burning Rate**

**Heat of Combustion**

**Ignition**
**Temperature**

**PMMA**

_**Combustion Calorimetry Data**_

## IGNITION RESISTANCE (UL 94) AND HRC

- 10

- 100

- 1000

- 10,000

**HB**

**V2**

**V1**

**V0**

**Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K**

**UL 94**

_**Rating**_

-  Flammability

## IGNITION RESISTANCE (LOI) AND HRC

- 0

- 20

- 40

- 60

- 80

- 100

- 10

- 100

- 1000

**Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), %O****2**

**Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K**

- 10,000

## 12 SECOND VERTICAL BURN TEST AND HRC

**-2**

**0**

**2**

**4**

**6**

**8**

**10**

**Burn Length (cm)**

**Burn Time (seconds)**

**HRC (J/g-K)**

***Hidden Materials***

## HRP

- Engineering Plastics

- Commodity Plastics

- Hidden Area Components

**HEAT RELEASE PARAMETER**

**HRC (J/g-K)**

**FIRE (HRP) AND MATERIAL (HRC) PROPERTIES**

**HRP**

**= **

**HRC**

****

**q********net**

****** **

****

**c****p**** **

***Slope should be relatively***
***constant for plastics for***
***well-ventilated burning ***

## HRR (OSU PEAK) AND HRC

**OSU Peak HRR, kW/m****2**

**Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K**

**R = 0.72**

***Engineering Thermoplastics***
***(0.060 inch sheet)***

**HRR (OSU PEAK) AND HRC**

## NBS SMOKE DENSITY AND HRC

**Smoke Density, D**

- s

**HRC (J/g-K)**

**NBS SMOKE DENSITY AND HRC**

***Hidden Materials***

## RADIANT PANEL TEST AND HRC

**BURN TIME, seconds**

**HRC (J/g-K)**

**RADIANT PANEL TEST AND HRC**

***Hidden Materials***

## TEMPERATURE RISE AND HRC OF INSULATION BAGS

**INTERMEDIATE SCALE TEST AND HRC**

## HIDDEN MATERIALS:  Accident Investigation

- Metalized Mylar Bag

- Hook & Loop (married)

- Cockpit Headliner

- GRP Duct

- Plastic Conduit

- Ceiling Panel (back)

- Flexside Duct

- Ceiling Panel (face)

- Silicone Rubber

- Foam Core Duct

***SwissAir 111 Database ***

**HRC (J/g-K)**

**HIDDEN MATERIALS:  Accident Investigation**

**Pass**
**OSU**
**HRR**

**Pass**
**Bunsen**
**Burner**

**F**
**L**
**A**
**M****M****A**
**B**
**L**
**E**

## Flammability 

**Flammability **

** ****(J/g-K)**

- PP

- PE

- PS

- PET

- ABS

- PMMA

- Epoxy

- POM

- NYLON 66

- PC

- PPO

- PU

- Polyarylate

- PPSF

- PPS

- PES

- PEI

- LCP's

- PAI

- PEK

- PEEK

**0.1**

**1**

**10**

**100**

**Price of Plastic ($/lb)**

- Phenolic

- (KAPTON) PI

**1000**

**10**

**100**

- PVF (TEDLAR)

***Specialty Plastics***

- Polysulfone

- PVC (rigid)

***FAA Research Plastics***

***Common Plastics ***

**Current Aircraft**

***FAA Goal ***

**FLAMMABILITY (HRC) RANKING BY COST**

***Resin ***

***Plastic ***

**Flammable**

## CONCLUSIONS

**CONCLUSIONS**

**Heat release capacity HRC is a qualitative predictor of fire performance and flammability of aircraft materials**
**Swelling, dripping, and barrier formation influence flame/fire tests but do not effect HRC.**