# Presentation: 622994

## A Double, 480 GeV, Fast Cycling Proton Accelerator for Production of Neutrino Beams at Fermilab  

**Outline**
**Motivation**
**Physics potential of long-baseline neutrino experiments**
**Possible detector sites for Fermilab long-baseline neutrino beams**
**Proposed new Fermilab accelerator complex**
**Magnets for fast cycling DSF-MR accelerator**
**Power supply system for DSF-MR**
**Neutrino production beam lines**
**Projected cost and timeline**
**Summary and conclusions**
**     **
**           ****More details in:**
**           ****Fermilab Note TM-2381-AD-TD**
**           **_**[http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/DSF-MR.doc](http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/DSF-MR.doc)**_
**   ****I would like to acknowledge invaluable contributions of:**
**   ****Steven L. Hays, Yuenian Huang, Vadim Kashikhin, Gijs de Rijk and Lucio Rossi**
**   ****as well as helpful discussions with ****Sacha Kopp and Bob Zwaska****  **

## Motivation

**Startup of LHC in 2008 brings end to the Tevatron**
**ILC with its primary motivation to study Higgs must wait for Higgs discovery to determine necessary mass reach**
**It is likely to take few years for LHC to confirm or deny existence of SM Higgs (M ****Higgs**** < 0.8 TeV)**
**The US high-energy physics community must have an intermediate, high-profile, accelerator-based program**
**Intermediate program should be of moderate cost, so not to affect potential ILC construction in the future**
**Long-baseline neutrino oscillation search experiments may match the requirement of a high-profile physics at a moderate cost **

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Physics potential of long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments 

**As limits on ∆ m****(****ν****α****,****ν****β****) get smaller the baseline, L, must be increased as:**
**                                            ****P****(****ν****α****->****ν****β****)**** ~ ∆ m****(****ν****α****,****ν****β****)**** x L x 1/E****ν**** **
**At current longest baselines (750 km, or so), the interpretation of results is uncertain due to 8-fold degeneracy of theory parameters   **
**It has been shown recently that there exist baseline at which parameter degeneracy is suppressed, and e.g. angle ****Θ**** (****ν****μ->****ν****e) ****will be directly measured. This “magic” baseline depends only on   matter density:                **
**                                    ****L magic = 32726 / ****ρ**** [g/cm****3****] => ~ 7250 km **
**                                    ****for ****ρ**** = 4.3 g/cm****3****   ****of Earth’s density profile**
**In addition, a combination of results at ~7500 km and ~3000 km allows to increase parameters sensitivity by > 3 order of magnitude  (****Peter Huber and Walter Winter, MTP-PhT/2003-05****) **

| Experiment |   Baseline
     [km] |   Sin2 θ13  |      δCP  | Mass
hierarchy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MINOS |     735 |   > 0.05 |      NO |      NO |
| CNGS |     732 |   > 0.02 |      NO |      NO |
|  New Exp. |    7500 +    
   3000 |  0.00005 |     YES |     YES |

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Long baseline neutrino detector sites considered for CERN neutrino beams

**Magic baseline**
**    ****INO – Indian Neutrino Observatory, 2 sites considered:        **
**                         ****1. Ramman, N 27.4, E 88.1**
**                         ****2. Pushep, N 11.5, E 76.6**
**                ****Distance to CERN for both ~ 7125 km**
**   ****INO is a serious, well documented proposal of 2006 !**
**The “~3000 km” baseline**
**               ****- Santa Cruz (Canary Islands, Spain), 2750 km**
**               ****- Longyearbyen (Iceland, Norway), 3590 km**
**               ****- Pyhaesalami (Finland), 1995 km**

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Potential detector sites for 7500 km baseline from Fermilab

**Only in Europe ****(excluding permafrost region of Chukotka),****     **
**        ****-  e.g. Gran Sasso in Italy: ~750 km from CERN,**
**           ****and ~ 7500 km from Fermilab**

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Potential detector site at ~ 3000 km

**The ~ 3000 km baseline must be found within US**
**Mount Whitney: peak 4348 m, prominence ~ 3000 m, granite, non-seismic. At its foothill – city of Loan Pine, CA 93545 (airport, golf, hotels) => seems to be a perfect site for a neutrino detector at 2700 km away from FNAL**

- Sierra Nevada Mountain Ridge with MT Whitney (center)

- Baseline from FNAL to Loan Pine

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Potential detector site at ~ 1500 km, and possible use of MINOS and Nova

**Henderson, Co (39.29N, 104.865W), ~ 1500 km from Fermilab**
**Mount Harrison, mostly granite, 3968 m (prominence 1550 m)**
**Existing mine considered for the Underground Neutrino Observatory**

- The MINOS experiment (735 km) and Nova (810 km) would also greatly benefit from the multi-fold increased neutrino beam intensity with DSF-MR !!!

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

##  Proton and neutrino beams energy

**The beam power at the neutrino production target is directly proportional to the proton energy**
**With the increase of proton energy using higher energy neutrinos may be advantageous as shown below   **

|  | Proton Energy
  [GeV] |        L
     [km] |       E ν
    [GeV] |    POT / Y
   [ x 1019 ] |  Limit of
  Sin2 θ13  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FNAL -
NUMI | 
   120 | 
    735 | 
       3 | 
     36
 | 
  > 0.05 |
| CERN -
CNGS | 
   400 | 
    732 | 
     17.4 | 
    4.5 | 
  > 0.02 |

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Proposed new Fermilab accelerator complex

**Install two, 480 GeV, fast cycling accelerator rings in MR tunnel**
**The 4-fold energy increase and stacking 2 MI beams in DSF-MR give 8-fold increase in beam power on neutrino production target**
**Extract proton beams onto up to 5 neutrino production targets to produce interchangeably neutrino beams to detectors in Europe, Mt Whitney, Mt Harrison, No****ν****a and Minos in US  **

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Operation & timing sequence for DSF-MR beams

**LINAC and Main Injector will be “recharged” every second, and SF-MR1 and SF-MR2 will receive beam every 2 seconds**

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Beam power on target with DSF-MR

| Fermilab
Accelerator
System | Ion Source
Rep. Rate
     [Hz] |     Pulse
   Length
    [msec] |  Protons per
    Cycle
    [x 1014] |      Beam 
    Energy
     [GeV] | Beam Power
FNAL | BNL  
      [MW] |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Present
(Proton Plan) |        
      15 | 
     0.09 | 
     0.45 | 
      120 | 
 0.40   0.74 |
| Present +
DSF-MR | 
      15 | 
     0.09 | 
     0.90 | 
      480 | 
 3.20   5.90 |
| SNuMi I (R)
+ DSF-MR |       15
       |      0.09
      |      0.49
     0.98 |       120
      480 |  0.70   1.30
 5.60   10.4 |
| SNuMi II (A)
+ DSF-MR |       15
       |      0.09 |      0.83
     1.66 |       120
      480 |  1.20   2.20
 9.60   17.8 |
| 8 GeV Linac
(HINS – exp.)
         BNL | 
      10
        5 | 
     1.00
      0.5 | 
     1.50
     0.70 | 
      120
      120 | 
 2.20
           0.55           |

- This BNL  H- source (Jim Alessi) has been successfully operating for more than 2 decades.

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Sizing the detectors

|       Detector 
       and/or 
      Location |         Distance

           [km] |     Detector size –
      Proton Plan

        [kton] |   Detector size –
   Proton Plan +   
       DSF-MR
        [kton] |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MINOS, MI |           735 |           5.4 |          (0.7)  (0.4) |
| NOVA, MI |            810 |            25 |           3.1   (1.7) |
| Henderson, CO |           1500 |            22 |           2.8   (1.5) |
| Mt Whitney, CA |           2700 |            73 |           10    (5.4) |
| Gran Sasso, IT |           7500 |          573 |           66    (36) |

- Detector size is scaled relative to the data flow at MINOS
- (...) with BNL H- source

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## DSF-MR magnets

**   ****The DSF-MR accelerator main arc magnet is a combined function dipole:**
**    ****- Window frame laminated, Fe3%Si core offers high quality B-field at full 2 Tesla range,**
**       ****high mechanical stability, and a simple (cheap) assembly work**
**    ****- A superconducting transmission line powers the entire accelerator magnet string producing a 2 Tesla field in a 40 mm gap with 87 kA current in the conductor**
**    ****- There is only one power supply and one set of current leads per accelerator ring**
**    ****- Cryogenic support per accelerator ring is expected at (10-20) % of the Tevatron level**
**    ****- 3 papers on DSF-MR/SF-SPS magnet, power supply and current leads will be presented at MT21,**
**      ****Philadelphia, August 27-30, 2007**

- 1⁄4 of magnet core

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## DSF-MR magnets

**We base the DSF-MR magnet list on the SF-SPS *) preliminary design (same circumference and beam energy):     **

| Cell type |   Magnet 
    type |   Magnet    
   length
     [m] | B- field

    [T] |  B’ –field

   [T/m] |  Number
    per
   ring |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|    Arc sections |    GF/GD
     QF
    QTF |    7.165
   0.660
   0.339 |     1.9 |   +/- 4.7
+/- 70.00
+/- 70.00 |    744
       6
       6 |
| Straight
sections |   QF/QD |    0.660 |  | +/- 70.00 |      48 |
| Total |  |  |  |  |    804 |

- *) http://tdserver1.gnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/Lumi-06-paper.doc

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## DSF-MR power systems

- -  Each DSF-MR accelerator ring supply ramps out of phase allowing to share
-    common harmonic filter and feeder systems
-  Each supply will be +/- 2 kV ramping supply at 100 kA and 198 MVA
-  Existing Tevatron power transformers can be reconfigured to support DSF-MR

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## DSF-MR power systems

**The DSF-MR power supply design is based on the MI supply. **
**     ****A 1⁄4 of the proposed DSF-MR power supply is shown below:**

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Neutrino production lines

**Sketch of neutrino production lines for 1500, 2700 and 7500 km **
**long baselines. **

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Neutrino production lines 

**The strong descent of the proton lines to the production targets is a significant civil engineering challenge. Most of the beam path (~1000 m), however, is a decay tube for ****π****/K -> μ + ****ν**** . **
**With 42****0**** descending angle the neutrino target will have to be at a depth of ~ 700 m. For comparison the Soudan detector is at ~ 700 m below the surface.**
**The Tevatron magnets may be used to construct some parts of the transfer lines from DSF-MR to neutrino production targets**

- All neutrino beam lines will fit inside
- the FNAL proper.

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Cost estimate

| DSF-MR Subsystem |      [$M] |
| --- | --- |
| Main arc magnets, including conductors, current leads and power supplies | 
         200 |
| Main arc corrector magnets |          10 |
| Main Injector to DSF-MR transfer lines |          10 |
| DSF-MR RF system (Tevatron upgrade)  |          40 |
| Beam pipe vacuum system |          15 |
| Cryogenic plant and distribution upgrade |          10 |
| Magnet & power supply R&D and prototyping |            5 |
| Total |      300 |

**Cost of three 1000 m long neutrino production lines is estimated at ~ $M 225:**
**                   ****- $M 150 (42 deg.)**
**                   ****- $M 50 (15 deg.)**
**                   ****- $M 25 (7 deg.)**
**Total cost: ~ $M 525**
**Contigency 33%: ~ $M 175 **
**Grand total: ~ $M 700**
- Outline of Magnet & Power Supply R&D and cost estimate is given in:
- _[http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/LARP-FSM-cost.doc](http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/LARP-FSM-cost.doc)_ and in:
- _[http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/Cost-ps-slh-v2.xls](http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/project/Nu-factory/Cost-ps-slh-v2.xls)_
- Magnet & Power Supply  R&D estimated at $ 0.6 M
- over 2 years !!

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Timeline

| Activity |              Time [Y] |       Lapsed time [Y] |
| --- | --- | --- |
| DSF-MR design |                    1 |                    1 |
| Magnet R&D |                    2 |                    2 |
| Power supply R&D |                    2                   |                    2 |
| DSF-MR magnet production |                    3 |                    5 |
| Magnet rings installation |                    3 |                    5 |
| Neutrino beam lines |                    2 |                    5 |
| Neutrino targets  |                    2 |                    5 |
| Neutrino detectors |                    2 |                    5 |
| DSF-MR commissioning |                    1 |                    6 |

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98

## Summary & Conclusions

**DSF-MR accelerator will:**
**     ****-  open new opportunity to probe particle mass scales well beyond the SM **
**        ****with neutrino mass reach up to ~ 0.00005 eV **** **
**     ****-  utilize and preserve the potential of Fermilab as a major US/World HEP**
**        ****Institution for the next 2 decades, or so**
**The DSF-MR can also serve as:**
**         ****(1)  Neutrino fixed target experiments (e.g. Janet Conrad’s ****ν**** ****μ**** scattering)**
**         ****(2)  480 GeV proton source for the ILC detector tests**
**         ****(3)  ****6 GeV Electron Damping Ring for ILC tests ****( only in desperation – **
**               ****with 2 Tesla DSF-MR magnets a ring of ~200 m circumference will do it)**
** **
**The cost of the DSF-MR is about the same as that of the 8 GeV HINS, and with**
**       ****3 new neutrino beam lines it is at ~ 10 % level of the ILC, so it will not impede**
**       ****the ILC, or any other next large-scale HEP project in US**

- A. Zlobin

- 2/24/98