# Presentation: 349375

## ENERGY STAR®: A Strategy to Improve the Efficiency of Power Supplies

- Andrew Fanara
- US EPA
- Climate Protection Partnerships Division
- ENERGY STAR Program
- Product Specifications Team Leader
- fanara.andrew@epa.gov

## Leveraging an Intersection of Interests

**Power Supply Mfrs**

**End Use Device Mfrs**

**Consumers**

**Retailers**

**Environmental Protection**

**Utilities**

## Program Basics

- Our Vision: Maximize **energy savings** to **reduce greenhouse gases** that contribute to climate change
**Government-backed label** making it easy for purchasers to identify energy-saving products
- Strict **energy performance criteria **& test procedures set by US EPA & DOE

**Voluntary** partnership
- Market-based** ingredient brand**
- Used in several other countries

## ENERGY STAR Accomplishments

**76 specifications** in > 40 ENERGY STAR product categories, many with external or internal power supplies
- 1,250 manufacturers; 400 retailers (20,000+ storefronts)
**1 billion** products purchased by American consumers
**56%** of US consumers recognize the ENERGY STAR
- In 2003 alone, ENERGY STAR:
- saved** > $9 billion **on consumer energy bills
- reduced GHG emissions equal to removing** 18 million cars  **from the road for 1 year
- saved enough electricity to power **20 million homes**

**Notes:**
18,000 ENERGY STAR qualified products
ENERGY STAR awareness in Canada: 40%

## Guiding Principles for Specification Development

- Significant **energy savings** potential
- Purchasers will **recover their investment** in increased energy efficiency within a reasonable time period
- Product **performance** can be maintained or enhanced
- Efficiency can be achieved with multiple **technology options **that are diffuse** **in the market
- Product energy consumption & performance can be **measured and verified** with testing
- Labeling would **differentiate** products & be visible to purchasers

**Notes:**
ENERGY STAR is a product differentiator: Recognizes approximately the top 25% of models in terms of energy efficiency
Level determined on a product-by-product basis depending upon market conditions; sometimes tiered specifications are necessary/preferred
Specification developed by conducting product testing, analyzing energy-efficient design options, and through dialogue with industry and international stakeholders
Periodically specifications are reassessed and may be made more stringent

## 10 Billion Power Supplies in Use Worldwide (est.)

- Computers
- Printers
- Monitors
- Scanners
- PDAs
- Barcode scanners
- Servers
- Camcorders
- CD/DVD Players
- TVs/VCRs

- Set-top boxes
- Cell phones
- Cordless phones
- Power tools
- Modems
- Medical Equipment
- Avionics/Navigation Equipment
- Test and Measurement Equip.
- Appliances
- 	**	**** ****... ****to name a few**

- 2004 CE shipments expected to be nearly $100 billion – Consumer Electronics Association, Market Research, Jan. 2004

**Notes:**
 The CEA number represents the wholesale value of products shipped to dealers – final retail purchases would exceed $100 billion.

## 5 to 10 External Power Supplies in Average US Home

## Number of Portable Products is Increasing...

**Notes:**
Doug Morris, Motorola Systems Energy Group, in a presentation entitled “State of the Battery Industry and Future of Energy Systems Market,” given at Advancements in Battery Charging, Conditioning, monitoring, and Testing Conference in Denver, Colorado, June, 2003.

## Large Opportunity for Energy Savings in US Alone

*Active Mode* accounts for** nearly 3⁄4** of all power supply energy use; focus to date has been on *Standby*
- Many current designs are **30 to 60% efficient**, but 90% or more is feasible
- Estimated savings of 32 billion kWh/year
- Cut national energy bill by $2.5 billion/year
- Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 24 million tons/year
- Displace the output of **seven large power plants**

## EPA’s Power Supply Strategy

**Guiding Vision**
- To transform the North American power supply market for key product segments by improving the **average efficiency** of **typical power supplies**
- Different, but concurrent approaches to improve the efficiencies of external and internal ac-dc power supplies

**Notes:**
Guiding Vision: To transform the North American power supply market for key product segments by improving the average efficiency of typical power supplies. 

Typical power supplies: EPA will focus on both external and internal (or embedded) AC/DC power supplies, which are commonly found in a broad array of products including cellular phones, computers, imaging products, and power tools.

Average efficiency: For some of its specifications, ENERGY STAR has concentrated on improving efficiency within a specific operating mode or modes, such as the sleep and off modes. With power supplies, EPA intends to develop a specification that takes into account the efficiency of the product in all modes thereby addressing the efficiency of the power supply at all loads (not simply at light or full loads).

Key product segments: For more than 10 years, EPA has dedicated significant resources to building a credible and reliable brand that consumers can count on to deliver real energy savings and environmental benefits. Given the vast volume of power supplies in the market, EPA wants to be sure that label proliferation does not lead to lower brand integrity and/or consumer confusion. As such, the plan is to start this initiative in specific product segments, which will be selected based on their estimated efficiencies and energy savings potential. 

## EPA’s Power Supply (PS) Strategy & Implementation Plan

**External PS Specification**

**Existing ENERGY STAR products**
**Ex: printers & cordless phones**

- Internal PS Specification(s)

**Non-ENERGY STAR products**** **
**Ex: PDAs, network routers & cable modems**

*In Development*
- Ex: televisions, computers & copiers

**Mobile Phones**

**Replacement Power Supplies Sold Separately**

**Future Demand Driver for ENERGY STAR External Power Supplies**

## Internal PS Strategy Builds on Recent Developments

| Specification | 20% Loading | 50% Loading | 100% Loading |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 Required | 60% | 70% | 70% |
| 2004 Recommended | 67% | 80% | 75% |

- Intel’s design guide requires OEMs to include internal power supply with improved efficiency
- Addresses _both_ partial & full loading

- For More Information:  _www.formfactors.org_

**Notes:**
Comments/Talking points from Chris Calwell:  Important to note that desktop computers have emerged in our rankings as one of the top 3 U.S. (and likely global) opportunities to save energy through more efficient power supplies.  Also important to state that computer power supplies are multi-voltage with internal cooling fans, so can be very inefficient at the low partial loads where they operate most of the time.  Finally, it's important to emphasize the message Craig offered at ITS that Energy Star is very enthusiastic about Intel's significantly higher efficiency spec (particularly at the recommended levels) and is evaluating it for possible inclusion or reference in a revised Energy Star computer spec.

## Today’s Power Supply Announcements

- Single, Standardized Test Procedure for External Power Supplies (EPS)
- Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification
- Proposed ENERGY STAR partnership with power supply manufacturers
- International Cooperation Between US and China
- Design Competition
- Will address both internal and external power supplies

## Development of Standardized EPS Test Procedure

- January 2002: First power supply workshop in San Francisco
- Summer 2003: Draft test procedure first posted for comment
- Built upon IEC 62301 and IEEE 1515-2000
- November 2003: Second power supply workshop
- Refined standardized test procedure
- December 2003: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, and US expressed support for single test procedure
- Final test procedure available at:
- _[www.efficientpowersupplies.org](http://www.efficientpowersupplies.org/)__ &_
- _www.energystar.gov/productdevelopment_

**Notes:**
IEC 62301 Ed 1: Measurement of Standby Power
IEEE 1515-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electronic Power Subsystems: Parameter Definitions, Test Conditions, and Test Methods

## Input vs. Output = Opportunity?

## Range of Average External Power Supply Efficiencies

## Minimum performance levels are based on test results from 634 EPS models using newly developed test procedure
No battery chargers; under investigation
EPS models with wattage ratings < 180 watts (subject to change)

Technical specification consists of two parts
Active and No-Load performance thresholds
Models must meet both to comply

Testing results
24.8% of models meet or exceed Active thresholds
26% of models meet or exceed No-Load threshold
No-Load levels = EU Code of Conduct Specification 1/1/05
12% of models meet both thresholds

- No battery chargers; under investigation
- EPS models with wattage ratings _<_ 180 watts (subject to change)
- Technical specification consists of two parts
- Active and No-Load performance thresholds
- Models must meet both to comply
- Testing results
- 24.8% of models meet or exceed Active thresholds
- 26% of models meet or exceed No-Load threshold
- No-Load levels = EU Code of Conduct Specification 1/1/05
- 12% of models meet both thresholds

- First Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification

**Notes:**
Nameplate Output Power (Pno)		Maximum Power in Standby/No-Load
	0 to <15 watts						< 0.3 watts
	15 to <50 watts						< 0.5 watts
	50 to <75 watts						< 0.75 watts
	75 to <150 watts						< 1.0 watts

## First Draft ENERGY STAR EPS Specification (cont.)

- Average Active Mode efficiency value is derived from measuring rated current output at 100%, 75%, 50%, & 25%
- Efficiency curve consists of 3 equations based on wattage range

| Nameplate Output Power (Pno) | Average Efficiency in Active Mode (expressed as decimal) |
| --- | --- |
| 0 to <1 watt | > 0.5 * Pno |
| 1 to 51 watts | > 0.09 * Ln (Pno) + 0.5 |
| > 51 watts | > 0.85 |

**Notes:**
Efficiency = Useful DC Output Power / Total AC Input Power

Note that an efficiency of 0.85 in decimal form corresponds to the more familiar value of 85% when expressed in percentage form.

“Ln” refers to the natural logarithm.

The algebraic order of operations requires that the natural logarithm calculation be performed first, then multiplied by 0.09, with the resulting product added to 0.5. 

## Top Quartile of Power Supplies in Active Mode

**Rated Output Power (Watts)**

## Close-up of 0-10W Units in Active Mode

**Rated Output Power (Watts)**

## Top Quartile of Power Supplies in Standby/No-Load

**Rated Output Power (DC watts)**

## EPA Wants to Partner with Power Supply Manufacturers 

- Initially, partnership in ENERGY STAR will be offered to external power supply manufacturers
- Interested manufacturers sign the ENERGY STAR Partnership Agreement (PA)
- Power supply manufacturing Partners may submit qualifying EPS models -- provided they meet the following requirements:
- Tested according to ENERGY STAR EPS Test Procedure
- Meet performance thresholds for both Active and No-Load
- Partners self-certify and submit test results for EPS model(s) to EPA
- Partners must abide by the ENERGY STAR Partner Commitments

## ENERGY STAR Partnership Agreement (PA)

**Three Expected Commitments:**
- Annual submission of available product models
- Annual submission of ENERGY STAR unit shipment or market penetration data (not sales)
- Use of the ENERGY STAR label
- At this time, expected use of the label will be limited to wholesale business to business transactions
- Label not permitted directly on external power supply
- Further specific guidance forthcoming

## Specification Time Line

**Feb. 23**: APEC announcements & request for manufacturer test data
**April 15**: Comments due to EPA on EPS Draft #1
**Early May**: Stakeholder Meeting (Date and Location TBD)
**Early June**: EPS Draft #2 released
- Subsequent Drafts & Stakeholder Meetings to follow
**Later 2004**: Target for Final Specification
- EPA will sign up **Charter** power supply manufacturing partners
- On **effective date**, partners may begin to qualify and market EPS models

## International Interest in Promoting Efficient Power Supplies

- Many countries share EPA’s interest in implementing policy measures to encourage the design & sale of energy-efficient power supplies
- Support for single Test Procedure
- Support for voluntary high efficiency and mandatory minimum efficiency specifications
- EPA will harmonize, where appropriate, on voluntary specifications

## China and US Collaboration

- Home to significant share of power supply manufacturing capacity
- World’s fastest growing market for power supplies
- Working closely with the China Certification Center for Energy Conservation Products (CECP) to:
- Employ the same EPS test procedure
- Harmonize specifications and timeline
- 		Contact:
- 		Mr. Li Tienan
- 		Director
- 		Ph: (86)10-8463-4191
- 		E-mail: _[litn](mailto:litn@cecp.org.cn)__[@cecp.org.cn](mailto:litn@cecp.org.cn)_

## Design Competition

- Cosponsored by the California Energy Commission & US EPA
- Endorsed by PSMA
- Three major competition categories to:
- Address internal & external designs
- Encourage ENERGY STAR partners to work with their vendors
- Competition will run throughout 2004
- Winners announced at APEC 2005
- Visit _www.efficientpowersupplies.org_

## For More Information

**At APEC:**
- Press Conference following Plenary Session in Coronado Room (press credentials required)
- Visit the PSMA Booth at APEC
- Attend Session 8A: Power Supply Efficiency Standards on Tuesday, Feb. 24 at 8:30 a.m.
**After APEC:**
- Andrew Fanara, US EPA
- 	Ph: (202) 343-9019
- 	E-mail: _[fanara.andrew@epa.gov](mailto:fanara.andrew@epa.gov)_
- 	Web: _[www.energystar.gov](http://www.energystar.gov/)__ _