# Presentation: 570117

## Lighting 101 and Beyond  A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting

**Lighting 101 and Beyond *** **A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting*

- Name of Trainer
- Company Name
- Date of Presentation

## Course Objectives

- 	Provide information about energy efficient lighting technologies and how BPA promotes them
- Program information that encourages customers to install these technologies
- Technical information about lighting and control technology eligible for incentives

## Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting Improvements

- For the Customer:
- Lower energy bills
- Reduced cooling requirements
- Less frequent bulb replacements (resulting in O&M cost savings)
- Improved work environment (leading to increased employee productivity and morale)
- Positive reactions from those visiting facilities where technologies are installed
- For the Utility:
- Reduced energy use and related energy supply needs
- Reduced environmental impact due to energy use

## Course Overview

- Lighting technologies discussion
- Program information
- Incentives available
- Requirements
- Customer eligibility
- Equipment eligibility
- Funding availability
- Steps customers take to participate

## Lighting Technologies Discussion

## Lighting Technology Categories

- Incandescent – burns a thin tungsten filament
- Fluorescent – mercury ions excite phosphors
- T12, T8, T5, CFLs,  (1/8th inch)
- High intensity discharge – arc welding
- Mercury Vapor – old HID technology
- High Pressure Sodium – poor HID technology
- Metal Halide – best HID product
- Light emitting diode (LED) – silicon chip
- Induction lamp – radio frequency (RF)

## Some Basic Lighting Terminology

## Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

- Measures the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light source’s appearance in degrees Kelvin (K) against reference light sources
- Incandescent color temperatures are about 2,700o K
- Daylight lamp color temperatures are 5,000o  K +
- Indirectly relates to energy savings
- Higher color temperature lamps appear brighter
- A subjective index depending on personal preference

## Color Rendering Index (CRI)

- A measure of a light source's ability to render the color of objects "correctly," as compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature
- The scale is between 0 and 100
- Generally, the higher the number, the better
- Color swatches used to determine CRI are red, green, and blue
- A subjective index: depends on personal preference

**Notes:**
CRI is compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature.  Therefore, a CRI of 100 in an incandescent is not necessarily better light than a CRI of 86 in fluorescent.  It’s somewhat of a bogus measurement.  

## Other Important Lighting Definitions

- Lamp – generic term for a light source
- Ballast – electronic device that drives the lamp(s)
- Lumen – total amount of light produced
- Foot-candle – one lumen/square foot
- Light Level – synonymous with foot-candle
- Efficacy (lighting efficiency) - lumens/watt
- HO – high output fluorescent lamp
- VHO – very high output fluorescent lamp
- HP – High Performance T8 lighting system

## Color Rendering of Various Lighting Technologies

## Human Perception

- Higher CRI lamps improve visual perception
- For instance, 50 foot-candles of fluorescent light (CRI 86) will seem much brighter and better than 50 foot-candles of an HPS source (CRI 21)
- Using this theory, it is possible to lower ambient light levels and save energy
- Higher CCT lamps appear brighter
- Higher CCT lamps improve reading

## What is Meant by the “Visible Spectrum?”

***The title gives this away***
- The visible spectrum of light includes all of the wavelengths of light that our eyes are capable of seeing
- The human eye can see light only between about 380 and 780 nanometers wavelength
- Infrared goggles allow our eyes to see into the infrared region of light (above 780 nanometers)

## The Primary Colors of Light

_**The Primary Colors of Light**_

- A combination of all three primary colors of light (red, green and blue) appears white.  Combinations of two primaries produce the “secondary” colors – magenta, cyan and yellow.  The three primary colors can be mixed to create almost any other color light.

- Source:  Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
Covers the spectrum well.  Can be mixed to create almost any other color.  These are the colors humans see the best.  Same colors used in TV screens (CRT).

- Source: Osram Sylvania

## Source: Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
As you can tell, incandescent is not an ideal light source.  Even though everybody uses incandescent as a standard.  

## Source: Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
Spikes are due to mercury ions getting extra excited.  

## Source: Osram Sylvania

## Source: Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
Cool White equivalent

## Source: Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
Warm White equivalent.  As you can tell, this is not a great light source.  A lot of dead space between spikes.  

## Source: Osram Sylvania

**Notes:**
As you can tell this light source over accentuates yellows and greens.  

## Source: Osram Sylvania

## Information on Energy Efficient Lighting/Control Technologies

## Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

- Source:  www.luxlite.com

## Retrofit Incandescent Lamps withENERGY STAR-rated CFLs

- Benefits:
- Lasts up to 10 times longer than incandescents reducing maintenance costs
- Up to 75 percent energy savings
- Less heat means reduced air conditioning load

## Types of CFLs

- Spiral or Twist
- Capsule – A-lamp, bullet, globe, torpedo
- Bi-ax – twin-tube, tri-tube, U-tube
- Reflector – not ready for prime time yet

## Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts -  T8s and T5HOs

## Types of Fluorescent Lamps

- Normal light Output (NLO)
- High light output  (HO)
- Very high light output (VHO):
- 	An inefficient lamp targeted by Energy Efficiency for change-outs!
- Energy saver – reduced light output

- Source: Philips

## Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature

**F****32****T****8 ****/ ****ADV****8****41 ****/ ****ALTO**
**F** stands for fluorescent
**32** indicates a nominal 32-watt tube
**T** indicates a tube shaped lamp
**8** indicates a lamp 8/8th inch diameter
**ADV** indicates High Performance lamp
**8** indicates CRI
**41** indicates a CCT of 4,100 Kelvin
**ALTO** is Philips’ designation for low mercury

## Retrofit Older T12 Ceiling Lights with T8 Fluorescent Lamps

- Benefits:
- Lighting efficiency can range up to 80 lumens per watt (T12s range only to 56 lumens)
- Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy
- Provides better color rendering
- Standard for new construction

## Even Better, Retrofit Older T12 Lights With High Performance T8 Lamps

- Benefits:
- Lighting efficiency can range up to 100 lumens per watt (T12s range to 56 lumens)
- Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy
- Provides better color rendering
- Latest generation
- Higher light level from a 32-watt
- Average life is 20 percent or more longer than standard T8

## Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Lamps

- Philips **Advantage** Lamp Series
- 		F32T8/**ADV**841/ALTO
- GE High Lumen Starcoat Lamp Series
- 		F32T8/XL/SPX41/**HL**EC
- Sylvania **Extreme** Lamp Series
- 		FO32/841**XPS**/ECO

## Replace Hi-Bay HID Fixtures with T5 High Output Fluorescent Fixtures 

- Benefits:
- Up to 35 percent energy savings
- Holds 95 percent of their light level, compared to
-     65 percent for metal halides
- Instant on
- Offers reduced glare
- No color shifting
- On-off controls such as occupancy sensors or manual switching

## T5HO Specifications

| Ordering Code | Initial Lumens | Mean Lumens | Life @ 
3 hrs./start | CRI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F54T5/830/HO | 5,000 | 4,740 | 20,000 | 85 |
| F54T5/835/HO |  |  |  |  |
| F54T5/841/HO |  |  |  |  |
| F54T5/850/HO |  |  |  |  |

**Notes:**
F stands for fluorescent, 54 is the nominal wattage of the tube, T is for tube, 5 is for 5/8” diameter, 8 stands for a CRI above 80, 35 corresponds to 3500Kelvin color temperature, HO stands for High Output.  POINT OUT THE HIGHER LUMENS PER WATT, HIGHER INTENSITY.

## T5 & T8 Lamps – Considerations

- T5s are designed for an enclosed fixture where temperature can be consistent.  They are optimal at 95o F temperature.
- T8s may become too hot when enclosed and lose some lumens.  They are best at 75o F.

**Notes:**
Some installers have said this curve is not true.

## Retrofit Magnetic Ballast with Electronic Ballast 

- Benefits:
- Quiet
- Cooler, reducing air conditioning load
- No lamp flicker

## Types of Fluorescent Ballasts

**Instant-start** ballasts provide full voltage across the electrodes at start-up.
**Rapid-start** ballasts have a separate heater circuit that heats up the electrode during start-up and stays on during operation to keep electrodes warm.
**Program-start** ballasts directly heat up the electrodes before applying full voltage.  Thus, they dramatically increase lamp life for frequently switched operation (occupancy sensors).

## Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Ballasts

- Advance **Optanium** Series
- 		I**OP**-2P32-LW-SC
- GE **Ultramax** Series
- 		GE-232-**Ultramax**-L
- Universal **Ultim8** Series
**	****	****Ultim8** B232I120EL
- Sylvania Quicktronic **High Efficiency**
- 		Q**HE**/UNV ISL-SC

## Technologies Suitable for Hi-Bay Applications (Fixture more than 15’ from surface)

## Fluorescent Hi-Bay (T5s)

- Source: Philips

**Notes:**
Reference for hi-bay definition: fs_P3highbay.pdf

## High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Types

- Metal halide
- High pressure sodium
- Mercury vapor
- Low pressure sodium
- Probe-start (no incentive) vs. pulse-start
-     method (eligible for incentive)
- Glass arc-tube (no incentive) vs. ceramic arc-tube (eligible for incentive)
- Increasing trend of installing T5s in Hi-Bay
-     applications instead of metal halide

## Examples of HID Ballasts

- Constant wattage autotransformer – standard ballast used on most HID
- Linear reactor – energy saving, 277-line voltage circuits only, low voltage swing tolerance
- Regulated lag ballast – very tough ballast, handles voltage swings well
- Electronic – relatively new product, first generation had problems with premature failures which have since been corrected

## Other Choices - Induction

- Lots of wattage choices (55 to 165 watts)
- Withstands temperature extremes
- Vibration resistant
- Long life (100,000 hr.) with low maintenance
- Electrical wire connections not necessary for individual fixtures

**Up Side**

**Down Side**

- Source: Philips

- High initial cost
- Lower lumen output
- Often require more fixtures than metal halide or fluorescents

**Notes:**
Street and area lighting where expensive to change out bulbs.

## Additional Elements of a Lighting System

## To  Reflectorize or Not ...

- Specular reflectors add very little value and can increase glare problems
- White reflectors are the best choice
- Polished (specular) reflectors are relatively useless in industrial applications due to dust, blackening, and the likelihood of incorrect cleaning using abrasives
- Even in enclosed fixtures, the reflector needs to be cleaned every 18-24 months with non-abrasive solutions

## Lenses Come in Various Types . . .

- Acrylic – typical “plastic” lens with little bumps on the exterior to diffuse the light
- Prismatic – an acrylic lens with prisms or honeycombs that attempt to polarize
- Louvered – small and large cell parabolic
- Polarized – small cell parabolic design
- Indirect/direct – pushes light up to the ceiling with some downward light

## Fixtures are also Mounted in Different Ways . . . 

- Recessed – troffers, cans
- Surface – boxes, ceiling, sconces
- Pendant – hanging from ceiling
- Chain/cable/cord – great flexibility, plug cord into ceiling outlet, a flexible cord can be used to reduce vibration
- Hook & cord – Hi-Bay HID

## Treat Lighting as a System with Specific Parts: Lamp, Reflector, Ballast, Housing

## Fixture Efficiency

- A measure of the percentage of total light exiting the fixture
- For bare lamp applications, fixture efficiency is 100%
- Rarely are lumens reflected out of a fixture: typical efficiencies are in the 60-80% range
- Efficiency increases with a point or thin linear light source

## Common Lighting Opportunities

| Replacing... | with... | in... | can reduce wattage by... |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Incandescent or mercury vapor lamp | High output T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp | Hi-Bay lighting | 50-75% |
| T12 fluorescent lamp | T8 fluorescent lamp | offices, retail space, schools | 50% |
| Incandescent lamp | Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) | recessed lighting or table lamps | 75% |

## Common Lighting Opportunities (cont’d)

| Replacing... | with... | in... | can reduce wattage by... |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Outdoor incandescent lamp | Hard-wired fluorescent lamp | perimeter outdoor applications | 30-75% |
| High pressure sodium lamp | T8 or T5 fluorescent lamp | indoor applications | 50% |

## Lighting Controls Save additional energy and money

## Infrared – Occupancy/Motion

- Passive infrared sensors detect changes in infrared patterns across segmented detection regions, tuned to the region of human body temperature

- Source: Leviton

## Passive Infrared Coverage

- Source: wattstopper

## Outdoor Sensor Example

- Source: Leviton

- Designed to work outdoors – in bad weather or temperature extremes

## Dual Technology:  Motion/Occupancy

- Emits ultrasonic waves that reflect back to the sensor.  Same system a bat uses to navigate its way, only less complex.
- When a person moves in the room the frequency of the waves reflected off the person changes.  The sensor detects these changes and fixtures are turned on/off.
- Useful in conference rooms where people might sit and talk.

## Dual Technology Coverage

- Source: wattstopper

## Dual Technology Sensor Example

- Source: Leviton

- Wall or ceiling mount
- Useful in large conference rooms, classrooms and restrooms

## Daylight Harvesting Sensor Example

- Consider during _design_ of building
- Use with dimmable ballasts and lamps
- Not recommended for retrofits

## Case Studies of Some Recent Lighting Projects

## Cal Air Metal and Pipe Fabrication Facility 

- After Lighting Retrofit

- 400 Metal Halide – (451 watts)

- 6-lamp T8 fixtures (228 watts)

**Uses half the wattage and provides twice as much light!**

** ****50 foot-candles**

- Before Lighting Retrofit

- Source: Philips

** ****23 foot-candles**

**Notes:**
A project of Cal-Airs.  Half the connected load and twice the light.  ADD SOME MORE – SEA TAC AIRPORT & 1-2 NEW ONES

## Seattle University Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

- New T5s and T8s replaced Metal Halides and T12s, reduced energy usage by 46%
- Increased safety at the pool because reduced glare allows lifeguards to see under the surface of the water
- Reduced maintenance costs because the pool no longer needs to be drained to service lights above the pool

**Before Lighting Retrofit**

**After Lighting Retrofit**

- Source: Northwest Edison

## Everett Naval Base Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

- New T8s replaced metal halides, reduced energy usage by 60%
- Improved visibility, especially of banners and logos on or near walls
- Crisper, cleaner atmosphere
- Reduced “hot spots” of concentrated light in favor of more uniform light distribution

**Before Lighting Retrofit**

**After Lighting Retrofit**

- Source: Northwest Edison

## Gunderson Inc. Benefits from Lighting Retrofit

- New T8s and reflectors replaced T12 VHO to reduce energy usage by 76%
- Light levels increased by 40%
- Saved close to $30,000 in annual electricity costs
- Paid for itself in 5 months after incentives and tax credits

**Before Lighting Retrofit**

**After Lighting Retrofit**

- Source: Christenson Electric

## How to Decide?

## Decision Process: Key Questions

| Economics | Are incentives available? | What is the simple payback period? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lighting Levels | Are the current light levels adequate? | Is there an opportunity to lower ambient light levels and use task lighting? |
| Color Rendering | Is color rendering important? |  |
| Recommended Technologies | What does the lighting audit or software analysis recommend? | Which technologies and products apply? |
| Other Opportunities | Do occupancy levels provide opportunities for occupancy sensors? | Is there an opportunity for harvesting daylight? |

## Important Note

- There are many products on the market that meet the requirements of the utility’s program
- Some products are superior to others
- For their protection, participating customers should  research the products for quality, price, and conformity with the utility’s requirements before making their decision to buy

## Information about Commercial & Industrial Lighting Program

## Commercial and Industrial Lighting Program

- Has incentives to reduce up-front cost of efficiency improvements
- Easy program administration
- Lighting audits required
- Promotes:
- The best light sources for the application
- The highest quality light sources
- Increased energy efficiency for participating businesses

## Incentives Available through the Program

| Existing Equipment | Measure Description | $/unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| High Performance T8 Fluorescent Lamps and Electronic Ballast |  |  |
| T12 Fluorescent, T8 De-Lamp, Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 1 lamp and electronic ballast (15 to 44 input watts)	 | $15.00 |
|  | 2 to 4 lamps and electronic ballast (45 to 114 input watts) | $30.00 |
| T8 or T5 Fluorescent Lamps and Standard Electronic Ballast |  |  |
| T12 Fluorescent, T8 De-Lamp, Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 1 lamp and electronic ballast (15 to 44 input watts)	 | $8.00 |
|  | 2 to 4 lamps and electronic ballast (45 to 114 input watts) | $15.00 |
| Hardwired Compact Fluorescent (Hardwired ballast and replaceable lamp) |  |  |
| Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 7 to 49 watts (nominal lamp watts) | $30.00 |
|  | 50 to 99 watts | $50.00 |

## Incentives Available (cont’d)

| Existing Equipment | Measure Description | $/unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ceramic Metal Halide Luminaire  (New Fixture) |  |  |
| Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 20 to 100 watts	 | $50.00 |
|  | 101 to 250 watts | $80.00 |
| Screw-in Compact Fluorescent Lamps  (Lamp Only) |  |  |
| Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 3 to 24 watts | $3.00 |
|  | 25 to 45 watts | $6.00 |
|  | Over 45 watts | $12.00 |
| LED or Cold Cathode Signs |  |  |
| Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | Retrofit kit or Replace existing incandescent sign | $30.00 |
| Induction Lamp Luminaire |  |  |
| Incandescent or Mercury Vapor | 100 watts or less (nominal lamp watts) | $60.00 |
|  | Over 100 watts | $120.00 |

## Incentives Available (cont’d)

| Existing Equipment | Measure Description | $/unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| High Output Fluorescent Luminaire  (New Fixture) |  |  |
| HV/VHO T12, or MV/HPS, or
Probe Start Metal Halide, or Incandescent | 85 to 129 watts (ballast input watts)	 | $80.00 |
|  | 130 to 189 watts | $100.00 |
|  | 190 to 249 watts | $120.00 |
|  | 250 to 600 watts | $140.00 |
| Pulse Start Metal Halide Luminaire  (New Fixture) |  |  |
| HV/HO T12, or MV/HPS, or
Probe Start Metal Halide, or Incandescent | 300 to 399 watts (nominal lamp watts) | $100.00 |
|  | 400 to 750 watts | $150.00 |

## Incentives Available (cont’d)

| Existing Equipment | Measure Description | $/unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Occupancy Sensors and/or Timers |  |  |
| Manual Control | 100 to 200 watts controlled | $35.00 |
|  | Over 200 watts controlled | $45.00 |
| Retrofit High Output Fixtures with T8 Lamps & Ballasts |  |  |
| 8’ T12 HO/VHO, or 4’ HO De-Lamp | 1 T8 8' lamp and standard electronic high output ballast  | $20.00 |
|  | (2 to 6) 4' T8 lamps and standard electronic high output ballast | $40.00 |
| Retrofit Very High Output Fixtures with T5 Lamps & Ballasts |  |  |
| 8’ T12 VHO | 2 T5 lamps and high output ballast  | $25.00 |
|  | 3-4 T5 lamps and high output ballast  | $50.00 |

## Eligibility Requirements

**Customer requirements**
- Must be a commercial or industrial customer of a participating BPA utility
- Must first have a lighting audit performed
- Must sign an agreement with their utility prior to purchasing and installing equipment
**Project requirements**
- All equipment to be installed must meet specifications and requirements _(http://www.test.bpa.gov/Energy/N/projects/Lighting/doc/EEL2007-14_TechnicalSpecs.doc)_
- For retrofit projects, the affected lighting load must be reduced by at least 30 percent

## Eligibility Requirements (cont’d)

**Incentive Constraints**
- Funds are offered on “first-come, first-served” basis
- The amount of the incentive cannot exceed 70 percent of the total project cost (including labor)
- Minimum recommended project size is $500
**Disposal Requirements**
- All materials, including PCB ballasts, must be disposed of or recycled in accordance with current environmental laws

## Steps for Participation

- Customer completes sign-up form:
- Name of business/building and address
- Owner’s and lessee’s names and telephone numbers
- Building size, number of floors and use (retail, office, etc.)
- Type of heating system
- Additional information as needed

## Steps for Participation (cont’d)

- Utility explains requirements and assesses eligibility
- Utility schedules a lighting audit
- Audit findings are reported to the customer
- If customer wishes to proceed with the project, they sign an agreement with utility

## Steps for Participation (cont’d)

- When project is completed, customer notifies utility and submits invoices and supporting information
- After utility inspects project and provides final approval, customer incentive is paid

## Questions?

- Contact us:
- ___________  Utility
- Energy Conservation Department
- P.O. Box 1234
- Anytown, WA  98765
- 800-123-4567
- www._______PUD.com