# Presentation: 067390

## Captain Jim Coulson, USN

- Commanding Officer
- Naval ROTC Unit
- University of Minnesota

## Agenda

- Talk about 3 subject areas
- Changing nature of warfare
- The NROTC program
- Leadership

## New World Order

- More than 3000 Americans and allies died on Sept 11th 2001
- 184 in the Pentagon
- Approximately 2000 children lost a parent
- + 25,000 escaped the Twin Towers area

## Threat	

- Moving from state vs state to state vs transnational terrorist
- Technology transfer making it difficult to track cells (chem, bio, digital)
- States still tacitly supporting terror cells, but finding out it is a dual edge sword

## Defense Strategy

- Protect US homeland and our bases overseas
- Project and sustain power
- Deny enemies sanctuary

- Protect information systems from attack
- Use network warfare to better enable joint forces
- Maintain unhindered access to space and protect our space capabilities from attack

## Your Navy Today

- OIF-  Naval aircraft flew over 7000 sorties, putting 6000 weapons on target
- NAVY-380,000 personnel, 315 ships, 4000 a/c
- Going down to around 309,000, 298 ships by 2009

## The University

- Big 10 school, 50,000 full time students
- #11 in Research
- Most engineering programs in top 15 in US...Chem Engineering is ranked #1

## NROTC at the U	

- 1939...Unit established
- 1992 Unit slated for closure (120 students)
- 1995 Closure reversed (1 instructor, 6 students)
- Today...Staff of 9, 6 Instructors, 80 Midshipmen & Navy/Marine Officer Candidates
- Cross town agreements with St Thomas and Macalester (25% are “Tommies”)

## NROTC	

- NROTC assigned to Office of Provost
- 	-Dr Craig Swan, Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education
- Oversight through Senate Committee on Educational policy, ROTC subcommittee

## Staff	

- CO, Aviator
- XO, CDR Aviator
- MOI Marine Captain
- 3/c Submariner LT
- 4/c Aviator LT

- AMOI (Gunnery Sgt)
- GS 6  Midshipman Records
- CO’s Secretary (U Employee)
- Supply SKC
- Stash Ensign

## Our Unit vs U of MN Avg

- 		NROTC
- Average SAT 1288
- 		-Math 	653
- 		-Verbal 	653
- 78% Athletes
- 70% Top 10% class
- 57% HS Awards
- 66% Honor Society

-  University Average
- 1205
- 		-600
- 		-593
- 30 %

## Officer in 2030

- Ethnically Diverse
- Greater resistance to deployments
- Digital divide possible
- Diversity may cause some competing loyalties (Religion, Partisanship)

- Lines between Officer and Enlisted blurring
- 	-Enlisted Tech expert
- 	-Officer employment of strategy
- More use of contractors/civilians
- Work force is aging

## Future concepts

- Enlisted/Officer divide disappears
- Start as enlisted in some fields
- Some fields have only senior officers (Advanced science, R&D)
- Shaping the force difficult

- We keep adding items to career path, but not flattening responsibility/gates
- Adding “technospeak” and keeping the warrior’s edge paramount...ethos, commitment

## Program Costs

**Total Annual Cost of NROTC is 147 Million Dollars**
**Tuition (75M) and military pay (43M) far exceed other costs**

- 75M

- 43M

- 14M

## Program Demographics

- This map shows current nation wide NROTC representation with unit numbers attached

- 3

- 3

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 1

- 2

- 1

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 1

- 1

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 2

- 4

- 1

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 1

## Manning and tuition trends

- **The graphs depicts little change of NROTC unit staffing while student numbers fluctuate, and tuition prices steadily increase.

## Cost per Commissionee

## Slide 18

## Why the Navy and Marines after 229 years?

- 75% of world’s population and infrastructure within 300 miles of the littorals
- Allies changing...world economy changing face of the term “ally”  Ground based air forces not able to launch during Iraqi Freedom
- Navy ships = Sovereign US Territory

## The 1990’s...decade of change

- Navy deployed at 4x the Cold War rate:
- 6 Carrier Battle Groups engaged in Desert Storm
- 1991 Start of 77,000 sorties enforcing Iraqi “No-Fly” Zone...54 crisis responses between ’92-’99

## Slide 21

## The Navy today

- 389,000 lowest since 1939
- 4000 aircraft , average age 16.2 yrs fixed wing/26 years helicopters
- 315 ships  12 CV’s/CVN’s

- EA-6B sole jamming platform down to 72 aircraft from 102
- P3/EP-3 airframe aging
- Tough Financial environment due to recapitalization effort

## Naval strategy

- Moving away from “blue water” strategy and into the littoral’s
- Surge policy to keep forces forward, surge carriers, “Sea Swap” moving crews not ships
- Second CV (N) forward deployed in the Pacific
**Remain** the country’s _**911**_ force

## Future Navy

- Going to 309,000 personnel by 2009
- F14, S3 retired by 2006  EA-6B in 2012
- F18 E/F (& F18G in 2009) replacing all carrier airframes except E-2/C2 and helicopters
- Boeing building Multi-mission a/c due in  2012

- Weaponry more expensive
- Personnel costs are largest controllable expense in Navy budget
- Ship/aircraft procurement “holiday” in 1990’s
- Delay to CVN (x) due to cost

## Slide 25

## Events leading to war against Muslim extremism

- Parallels to WWII
- 		-Rising Threat like Japan/Germany (Al Qaeda, Iraq, Muslim extremists)
- 		-Probing attacks like attacks on US gunboats in China (Embassies, USS Cole)
- 		-World focused on economy, not world events...calls for isolationism then and now!
- 		-Unprovoked Attack (like Pearl Harbor) on the Twin Towers

## Slide 27

## Al Qaeda...a non-state actor

- Means “The Base”
- 		-US and Saudi funding in the 1980’s to fight Soviets in Afghanistan
- 		-1990’s Sudan
- 		-1996 moved to Afghanistan to set up terror training camps with Taleban
- Operating in 40-50 countries

## Al-Queda (Continued)

- 1998 Kenya, Tanzania Embassy bombings
- 2000 USS Cole attacked in Yemen
- 2001 Suicide attacks in NYC and Washington DC

- 2002 Attack on Israelis in Mombasa, Kenya
- 2002 & 2003 bombings in Indonesia, Bali, Philippines
- 2003 & 2004 Simultaneous bomb attacks in Saudi Arabia

## The Arab Muslim Connection

- Ayman al-Zawahri, Egyptian radical wing called Islamic Jihad now the leader of Al Qaeda... Bin Laden probably in W. Pakistan
- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Jordanian leader of Iraqi attacks
- Links to Chechnia in Russia, Abu Sayyaf in Philippines, Armed Islamic group in Algeria, Islamic movement in Uzbekistan
- Radical Muslim philosophy - cannot co-exist with other religions

## Why fight at all?

- USS Cole 17 Dead

- 9/11 ~ 3400 citizens of the world
- Chance to establish Muslim democracies in Iraq, Afghanistan, Indonesia
- Perhaps head off wider conflict with countries like Syria, Iran, Pakistan

## Ample precedence

- Tripoli (1801 Barbary Pirates)
- Philippine insurrection (Moros 1899-1913)
- Achille Lauro Hijacker force down (Abbu Abbas) 1985

## Winning the war...

- Technology making smaller “non-state” actors like Al-Qaeda  more independent
- World let the terrorist training camps operate/train unopposed for ~10 years...cleaning up isn’t easy...this is a war like cleaning up Nazis without world involvement

## Winning the war

- First an end to the terrorist camps in Afghanistan, and isolate them in world community...done
- Working on a stable Iraq.  Similar to post-war Japan/Germany, but with CNN!
- Offering proof that there is hope in free and democratic society...”kid with the candy bar”

## Winning the War

- Material rewards...reestablish the middle class in Iraq and Afghanistan
- Covert operations, psychological operations (win the hearts and minds), military assistance, greater international coordination
- May take years...can we afford not to?

## The Future ?

- Evidence of additional problems
- 		-World focused on Iraq...Arab vs African conflict spreading...Sudan  50-100,000 dead due to Janjaweed Arab  Muslim militias on African

- Muslims-Evidence of Muslim extremism in Niger, Chad, Mali, Mautitania, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, possibly Libya
- Can we afford to wait again?  What if they have nuclear/biotechnology next time?

## Allies

- World economy redefining alliances
- 		-Schisms existed before Iraqi invasion due to EU competition. NATO allies using this as an excuse for economic gain
- Changing population of Europe redefining their security posture...European more socialist/leftist and less likely to rely upon US for world alliance

## Way ahead

- Al Qaeda failed to accomplish its strategy of worldwide Muslim revolution, disruption of US economy
- Dissent is normal...Revolution, Mexican war, Civil war, WW I, WW II & Vietnam all had large levels of debate
- US needs to secure its borders, pursue a win-win strategy with Muslim governments, and mobilize more public support (coherent message) by showing its successes vice failures

## Leadership	

- The Boss...
- May/May not have lead before
- Isn’t a mind reader
- Needs your help to take on projects/volunteer
- Beware the toxic leader!

## Leadership	

- The Staff...
- Set the tone you want in your work place, don’t let the tone set you
- Lead by personal example
- Watch what you say...others do!
- Fraternization/Sexual Harassment...good way for an unplanned exit the work force

## Leadership	

- Your Peers
- May not be as motivated
- Probably won’t receive leadership training
- May have different standards than you

## Leadership	

- Ethics -  What may be legal may not be ethical
- Seek increasing positions of responsibility
- Take leadership classes whenever available/possible...beware of “fads”

## Slide 45