# Presentation: 582959

## The Global Positioning SystemA Worldwide Information Utility

**April 11, 2002**
**Jason Y. Kim****Office of Space Commercialization****U.S. Department of Commerce****www.ta.doc.gov/space**

## Overview

**What is GPS?**
**Applications & Markets**
**GPS Modernization**
**International Cooperation**
**Spectrum Protection**

## What is GPS?

## The System

**24+ satellites operated by USAF provide 24-hour, all-weather, global coverage**
**Satellites are equipped with atomic clocks**
**Precise time signals are broadcast on L-band radio frequencies**
**Four satellite signals enable receivers to triangulate position**

## How It Works

**Satellites broadcast**
**•****	****Precise time**
**•****	****Orbit data**
**•****	****Satellite health**

**Receiver measures time delay from satellites, and by triangulation calculates**
**• ****Location**
**• ****Elevation**
**• ****Velocity**

## GPS is a Dual-Use System

**Cold War spinoff**
**Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces**
**Prominent in Gulf War, Kosovo**
**After KAL-007, civilians gained free access to Standard Positioning Service**
**Commercial use now dwarfs military use**
**GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)**

## Interagency GPS Executive Board

**Agriculture**

**Commerce**

**State**

**Interior**

**NASA**

**Justice**

**Joint Chiefs ****      of Staff**

**Interagency GPS Executive Board**

**Defense**

**Transportation**

## United States GPS Policy

**Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998**
**GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free of direct user fees**
**U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a world standard**
**Selective Availability -- ended May 2000**
**IGEB to manage GPS as a national asset**

## United States GPS Policy, cont’d.

**Encourage private sector investment in/use of GPS technologies and services**
**Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fields**
**Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposes**
**Advance scientific and technical capabilities**
**Strengthen and maintain national security**

## Applications & Markets

## Worldwide GPS Hardware Sales Expected to Exceed $9B by 2002

**Worldwide GPS Hardware Sales Expected to Exceed $9B by 2002**

**$Billions**

**Source: OSC, 2001**

**(Projected)**

**Notes:**
Figures represent GPS hardware producer revenues.  They do not include revenues from the space segment or from value-added services.  Previous studies included value-added services, which is why these numbers seem lower.

## Global Sales by Market Segment

**Source: ITA, 1998**

- $ Millions

## Car Navigation

**On-board navigation**
**Fleet management**
**Roadside assistance**
**Stolen vehicle recovery**
**Enhanced services**
**Mass market dominated by Japan**
**Dataquest: Unit sales of chips for car navigation to reach 11.3M in 2001**

## Consumer/Recreational

**Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc.**
**Recreational facilities -- golf courses, ski resorts**
**Integration of GPS into cellular phones**
**E-911 requirement**

## Surveying/Mapping/GIS

**Sub-centimeter accuracy**
**100%-300% savings in time, cost, & labor**
**Control survey point: $10,000 in 1986; $250 in 1997**
**Rural electrification**
**Telecom tower placement**
**Pipelines**
**Oil, gas, and mineral exploration**
**Flood plain mapping**

## Tracking/Machine Control

**Tracking/Machine Control**

**Package/cargo delivery**
**Fleet and asset management**
**Theft recovery**
**Public safety and services**
**Farming, mining, and construction equipment**
**DGPS/RTK required for many applications**

## Public Services

**City planning**
**Transportation infrastructure**
**Road Billing Network (ROBIN)**
**Snowplows**
**Emergency response**
**Law enforcement**
**Fire fighting**
**Search and rescue**
**Paramedics**
**Disaster relief**

## Aviation

**GPS approved for ****en-route navigation**
**More efficient flight routing leads to fuel savings**
**Better tracking of aircraft enhances safety**
**Closer spacing of planes increases airspace capacity**

## Maritime Navigation

**GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterways**
**Improved safety increases maritime commerce**
**Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countries**

## Original Equipment Manufacturers

**Chipsets**
**Electronic boards**
**Antennas, components**
**Standalone receivers**

## Military

**GPS is a recognized NATO standard**
**GPS is required on all U.S. military systems**
**Precision munitions widely used during Gulf War, Kosovo**

## Timing

**GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipment**
**Telecommunications network  synchronization & management**
**Phones, pagers, wireless systems**
**LANs, WANs, Internet**
**Financial transactions**
**Electrical power grid management & fault location**
**Digital signatures for e-commerce**

## Scientific Research

**Monitoring geological change**
**Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes**
**Wildlife behavior**
**Atmospheric modeling**
**Water vapor content**
**Oceanic studies**
**Tidal patterns**
**Surface mapping**
**Time transfer**

## Environmental Management

**Forestry**
**Wetlands management**
**Natural resource management**
**Fisheries boundary enforcement**
**Endangered species and habitat preservation**
**Hazardous material cleanup**
**Oil spills, toxic waste**

## Emerging GPS Applications

**Entrepreneurs and scientific researchers invent new applications almost every day**
**Higher precision is necessary for many cutting-edge applications**
**Differential GPS (DGPS)**
**Relative DGPS**
**Carrier phase positioning**
**Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)**
**Post-processing**

## Precision Agriculture

**Maximize use of resources**
**Optimized plowing of crop rows**
**Tailored applications of seeds, fertilizer, water, pesticides**
**Improved management of land, machinery, personnel, time**
**Greater crop yields**
**Net benefit: $5-14 per acre**
**Minimize environmental impacts**
**Localized identification and treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical use**
**Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff**

## Open Pit Mining

**Enhanced management of assets, equipment**
**Progress tracked in real-time, remotely**
**Improved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance ****and fuel consumption, prevents accidents**
**Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes**
**Smaller, more empowered workforce**

## Space Applications

**Improved orbit and attitude control for spacecraft, International Space Station**
**Space Station return vehicle**
**Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar maps**
**Satellite formation flying**
**Space launch range safety**

## Construction

**Machinery, asset, and personnel management**
**Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc.**
**Accident prevention**
**Remote control of machinery possible**
**Japanese volcano dam**

- GPS/RTK technology was used in the
- construction of the Øresund Bridge
- between Denmark and Sweden

## The Market is Wide Open

**Civil signals are freely available, right now**
**Openly published GPS specifications allow anyone to build receivers (no licensing fees)**
**Hardware is becoming a commodity**
**Huge potential exists in value-added services**
**Software development**
**Embedded applications**
**Localized GIS databases**
**Internet integration**
**Wireless markets**

## Unit Cost of Receivers is Falling at ~30% Per Year

**Source: GPS Industry Council, 1995**

**0**

**$200**

**$400**

**$600**

**$800**

**1991**

**1993**

**1995**

**1997**

**1999**

## Relative Market Share Projections

**Source: ITA, 1998**

## GPS Modernization

## Background

**1996 Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) and 1998/99 Vice Presidential announcements committed US to modernization and improvement path**
**Selective Availability (SA) turned to zero NLT 2006**
**Two new civil signals and new military signals**
**Free world-wide use**
**Move from studies to action initiated in FY 2000**
**SA discontinued in May 2000**
**Deputy Secretary of Defense directed changes to existing and future satellites**
**OMB directed TOA transfer from DoT to DoD**
**Block IIF program terminated at 12 satellites and GPS III development began**

**Modernization Now in Full Swing**

## The End of Selective AvailabilityMay 2, 2000

## Modernized Signal Evolution

**Modernized Signal Evolution**

- Present Signal
- (Block II/IIA/IIR)

- 2nd Civil; M-Code
- Block IIR-M

- 3rd Civil
- Block IIF

**1176 MHz**
**(L5)**

**1227 MHz**
**(L2)**

**1575 MHz**
**(L1)**

## New Civil Signal Rollout

**Second Civil Signal (L2C) - Block IIR-M Satellites**
**First launch in 2003, then every satellite thereafter**
**Provides a redundant signal for civil users **
**Improved continuity in case L1 signal reception is lost**
**Improved accuracy via dual-frequency ionosphere correction**
**Wide-lane for extremely-precise local area differential GPS**
**Third Civil Signal (L5) - Block IIF Satellites**
**First launch in 2005, then subsequent satellites thereafter**
**Provides redundant dual-frequency capability for civil users **
**Improved continuity in case L1 or L2 signal reception is lost**
**Improved accuracy via triple-frequency ionosphere correction**
**Tri-lane for ultra-precise local area differential GPS**
**Provides an interference-resistant signal for civil users**

## New Civil Code on L2

**Advantages of a New Signal**
**Improved cross-correlation properties  **
**Improved tracking capability -- 3dB higher power than Coarse Acquisition (C/A) on L2**
**Signal Characteristics**
**Two codes: one with data (medium code); one without (long code)**
**Codes longer than C/A code to minimize cross correlation**
**Separated by time -- Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)**
**Overcome some limitations of current C/A coded signals**

## Basic Positioning: Today

**Before May 2000:**
**25-100 m**

**6-10 m**

**C/A Code on L1**

## Basic Positioning: Tomorrow

**1-5 m**

**C/A Code on L1**
**L2C Code on L2**
**New Code on L5**** **

**Better resistance to interference**

**Eliminates need for costly DGPS in many non-safety applications**

## Advanced Positioning: Today

**L1 Code and Carrier**
**L2 Carrier**
**Data Link**

**10 km**

**2 cm accuracy**

## Advanced Positioning: Tomorrow

**L1 Code and Carrier**
**L2 Code and Carrier**
**L5 Code and Carrier**
**Data Link**

**100+ km**

**Faster recovery following signal interruptions ****(ex., under bridges)**

**2 cm accuracy**

**Fewer base stations needed**

## GPS III

**Second Civil Signal**

**Maintain Space User**
**Service**

**Third Civil Signal**

**The GPS III**
**System**

**Relook at entire GPS architecture to:**
**Achieve long term GPS performance goals**
**Reduce long term total ownership costs**
**Ensure GPS is synergized with**
**Military and civil needs/systems**
**Possible augmentation opportunities**
**Build best GPS system for the next 30 years**

**GPS III**

**Notes:**
The last part of the modernization program is GPS III.

The program for GPS III is currently underway.  We are looking to review the entire GPS architecture to achieve long term performance goals and to integrate both civil and military requirements in the dual-use system.

The ambitious goal of the GPS III program is to ensure the best GPS system for the next 30 years.

## GPS Modernization at a Glance

**GPS IIA/IIR**

**GPS III**

**GPS IIR-M, IIF**

_**IIR-M**_**:  Improved on all IIA capabilities and added**
**2nd Civil Signal on L2**
**New L1 & L2 M-Code**
_**IIF:**_**  IIR-M capability and:**
**Add 3rd Civil Signal on L5**

**Standard Service (~100 m)**
**Precise Service (~16 m)**
**Two Nav frequencies **
**	****L1: Civil (C/A) &****Precise (P) Code**
**	****L2: P-Code**

_**GPS-III:**_
**Improved Anti-jam (+20dB)**
**Increased Accuracy**
**Greater Availability**
**Controlled Integrity**
**Greater Survivability **
_**Other Transformational needs **_
**Blue Force Tracking**
**Nav-related Messaging**
**Responsive Ops**

**Basic GPS**

**L2C on L2**
**M-Code (Earth)**

**NAVWAR Capable**
**Full Civil Rqmts**
**Add’l Capabilities**

**New Civil Signal – L5**

**GPS Modernization at a Glance**

**Increasing ****System Capabilities**
**Increasing ****Civil/Defense Benefit**

**SA Set**
**to 0**

**Notes:**
GMSP concept is afforded by GPS-III modernization. As a GPS-III augmentation alternative, GMSP may provide a more efficient way to satisfy multiple space needs. 

## International Cooperation

## International Cooperation

**U.S. GPS Policy of 1996 directed State Department to pursue cooperation with other nations to promote peaceful uses of GPS, establish it as world standard**
**Talks occurred with Russia (GLONASS), Japan (MSAS), Europe (EGNOS)**
**September 1998: Joint statement on GPS cooperation signed with Japan**

## U.S. Principles for Cooperation

**Seamless interoperability with GPS**
**No direct user fees for safety critical services**
**Open market access (non-discrimination)**
**Equal access to signal specifications**
**Equal access to user markets (free trade)**
**Market driven competition**
**Free choice for end users**
**Spectrum protection**
**Protection of national security interests**

## Official U.S. Position on Galileo

**Modernized GPS service will be sufficient to meet user needs worldwide**
**If Galileo does proceed, the U.S. could see benefits if it is designed to be truly interoperable with GPS**
**U.S. is waiting to see what path Galileo takes -- many open questions remain unanswered**
**Basic U.S. position has not changed since first articulated in 1999**

## Unanswered Questions about Galileo

**How viable is the business case?**
**Will European governments help generate revenue streams through regulations and standards that effectively mandate use of Galileo?**
**Will Galileo signals interfere with GPS?**
**Will the information needed for receiver production be made equally available to all manufacturers?**
**Will Galileo take on a strategic military role?**
**How will Europe prevent hostile misuse of Galileo?**

## Additional Questions

**Will the encrypted levels of service be truly interoperable with the free, safety-of-life services?**
**As EGNOS becomes integrated into Galileo, will it continue to provide GPS data vital to aviation?**
**How will Europe protect the sensitive encryption technology used?**

## U.S. Approach Toward Cooperation

**Phased approach to reflect growing complexity of GPS-Galileo interaction over time**
**Phase 1: Framework agreement outlining overarching principles for cooperation during Galileo development**
**Phase 2: Establishment of working groups**
**Phase 3: Follow-on agreement addressing longer-term issues and operational interactions once Galileo goes online**
**Current U.S. stance: must have framework agreement in place before technical discussions**

## U.S. Goals for Cooperation

**Protect interests and investments of GPS user base**
**No degradation of GPS service**
**No user fees**
**Freedom of choice for end users**
**Lower costs through free market competition**
**Interoperability and backwards compatibility**
**No constraint on future GPS evolution**
**Protect national security interests**
**DoD/NATO denial capabilities**
**No overlay of M-Code**
**Control technology transfer and proliferation**
**Move any discussion of military Galileo to NATO**
**Ensure level playing field for commerce**
**Maximize benefits of combined GPS-Galileo service**

## Spectrum Protection

## GPS Spectrum Importance

**Radio interference affects a wide range of users and limits growth of new capabilities and applications**
**Without backbone GPS signals, derived performances and safety of life navigation services will not function**
**GPS bands must be protected both internationally and domestically**
**ITU (one country, one vote)**
**FCC/NTIA/FAA**

## Spectrum Use

**GPS service frequencies**
**Radionavigation satellite signals currently provided in two frequency bands: 1575 MHZ (L1) and 1227 MHz (L2)**
**New civil GPS frequencies**
**New civil signals to be added at 1227 MHz (L2) and 1176 MHz (L5)**
**L5 signal to feature higher power and ARNS protection to support safety of life navigation**
**Three civil signals will increase reliability**
**Space-to-space service (satellite control & positioning)**

## Current Spectrum Issues

**International**
**Galileo proposal to overlay L1**
**U.S. objectives: No impact or degradation to current users, ****no overlay of future M-Code**
**Power Flux Density limits**
**Domestic**
**Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology**
**Interim FCC rules favorable to GPS -- but danger remains**
**Trying to protect GPS spectrum**
**General concerns over noise floor**

## For Additional Information

**For Additional Information**

**	****www.igeb.gov**
**	****Interagency GPS Executive Board****4800B Herbert C. Hoover Building****Washington, D.C. 20230****ExecSec@igeb.gov****(202) 482-5809**