# Presentation: 482932

## ANSI / ASHRAE / IESNA 

***Standard 90.1***
***2001 – 2004 Update***

**Presented by:**
**The Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL)**
**Texas Engineering Experiment Station (TEES)**
**The Texas A&M University System**

## Acknowledgments

- Thanks to:
- Department of Energy (U.S.DOE)
- Texas State Energy Conservation Office (SECO)

## Workshop Schedule

| Time | Contents |
| --- | --- |
| 1:00 | Part 1: Introduction to 90.1 changes in the 2004 edition and coverage of climate and envelope updates |
| 2:30 | Refreshment break |
| 2:45 | Part 2: Updates in Mechanical and Lighting Provisions and the new Performance Rating Method (Appendix G) |
| 4:00 | Q&A wrap-up and workshop evaluation forms |
| 4:30 | Adjourn |

## Introduction – 

**Document Structure**

**Sections in the document**

- Purpose
- Scope
- Definitions, Abbrev. & Acronyms
- Administration and enforcement
- Building envelope
- HVAC
- SWH
- Power
- Lighting
- Other equipment
- Energy Cost Budget (ECB)
- Normative References
-         Appendices A – G

**Technical Sections Outline**

- x.1	    General – Scope & conditions
- x.2     Compliance Paths
- x.3     Simplified Building
- x.4     Mandatory Provisions
- x.5     Prescriptive Compliance Path
- x.6     Alternative Compliance Path
- x.7     Submittals – Drawings,
-          manuals, labeling, etc.
- x.8     Product Information –
-           Equipment efficiencies,
-           installation requirements, etc.
-     “Exceptions” are common and are stated under each requirement in the standard.

## Purpose of Workshop: Examine the 90.1-2004 Updates (from 2001)

**90.1-2001                    ****vs.****                   90.1-2004**
**(90.1-2004 soon to become  the Texas State standard for State Buildings)**

## ASHRAE 90.1 Continuous Updating

- Standard 90.1 is always under “continuous maintenance”
- New versions of Standard 90.1 are issued every three years so that the latest version will be available in major code revisions

## What’s New in 90.1-2004?

- "Standard 90.1-2004 has undergone a dramatic makeover, resulting in a document with a more readable format that is easier to use for practitioners.”  					*Chair of SSPC-90.1*
- Appendix G -The guidance provided in this appendix should be beneficial to HVAC designers who are trying to achieve the required points for either a Silver or Gold Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED) certification of a facility

## What’s Different in 90.1-2004?

- 32* Addenda to the 2001 version

- * Total changes > 32 because some changes affect multiple sections

| Section | Addendum # | No. of changes * |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1.  Purpose,   2.  Scope,   3.  Definitions, Abbrev.  | -- | 0 |
| 4.  Administration & Enforcement | a | 1 |
| 5.  Building Envelope | am | 1 |
| 6.  HVAC | b-d,i,k,n,o,r-ab,ak | 17 |
| 7.  Service Water Heating | m | 1 |
| 8.  Power | -- | 0 |
| 9.  Lighting | g,j,q,t,ae,ag,ai | 7 |
| 10.  Other Equipment | -- | 0 |
| 11.  Energy Cost Budget (ECB) | e,p,t,ae | 4 |
| 12.  Normative References | h | 1 |
| App A.  R-values, U-values | -- | 0 |
| App B.  Envelope Climate Criteria | am | 1 |
| App C.  Envelope Trade-Off Methodology  | -- | 0 |
| App D.  Climate Data | ah | 1 |
|  |  |  |
| App E.  Informative References | al | 1 |
| App F.  Addenda Description | -- |  |
| App G.  Performance Rating Method | -- | 1 (new) |

**Notes:**
approved by ICC in May
smaller makes it less intimidating

## Key Elements of 90.1-2004

- Revised format
- Re-structured more like a code, with consistent numbering scheme
- Climate zones
- Reduced from 26 to 8 (17 including moisture regimes)
- Defined geographically by county lines, not by individual city or climatic Degree Days
- Metropolitan areas kept together
- IECC (2004 Supplement) has changed to use the same zones.

**Notes:**
approved by ICC in May
smaller makes it less intimidating

## Emphasis on Simplicity

- Simplified Approach Option for HVAC
- One envelope table for a climate zone
- One page Lighting requirements

- Envelope
-  HVAC
- Water
-      Heating
- Lighting

## Document comparison 90.1-2001/2004

- Purpose
- Scope
- Definitions, Abbrev. & Acronyms
- Administration and enforcement
- Building envelope
- HVAC
- SWH
- Power
- Lighting
- Other equipment
- Energy Cost Budget (ECB)
- Normative References
-         Appendices A – F

_**Ver. 2001(169 pp)**__**	**__**	**__**Ver. 2004 (179 pp)**_

- Purpose
- Scope
- Definitions, Abbrev. & Acronyms
- Administration and enforcement
**Building envelope**
**HVAC**
**SWH**
**Power**
**Lighting**
**Other equipment**
- Energy Cost Budget (ECB)
- Normative References
- Appendices A – F
**Appendix G (Performance Rating) * New**

## Document comparison (cont.)

- 169 pp

- 179 pp

## Consistent Organization of Technical Sections

- X.1 General – Scope, other special conditions
- X.2 Compliance Paths
- X.3 Simplified Building (**only used in HVAC**)
- X.4 Mandatory Provisions
- 			Must be followed for all buildings
- X.5 Prescriptive Compliance Path
- 			Must be followed or traded-off** ****w/ ECB**
- X.6 Alternative Compliance Path (**only in section 5,     Envelope, and section 9, Lighting**)
- X.7 Submittals – Drawings, manuals, labeling, etc.
- X.8 Product Information – Equipment efficiencies, installation requirements, etc.

## Section 5 Building Envelope Provisions

**Section 5 ****Building Envelope Provisions**

## Envelope Compliance Paths(Section 5.2)

**Envelope Compliance Paths*****(Section 5.2)***

- Mandatory Provisions (5.4)

- Prescriptive Option (5.5)

- Trade-Off Option (5.6)

- Compliance

**Notes:**
Mandatory provisions must be met regardless of which compliance method is followed.

## Space-Conditioning Categories(Section 5.1.2)

- Each space to be included in a category:
- Nonresidential conditioned space, or
- Residential conditioned space, or
- Semiheated space
- Spaces are assumed to be conditioned at time of construction regardless of presence of HVAC
- Spaces in climate zones 3-8 may be designated as *semiheated or unconditioned* only if approved as such by the *building official*

## Envelope Definitions(Section 3.2)

- Exterior envelope separates
- “Conditioned space” from exterior
- Cooled by systems with a sensible output capacity equal to or greater than 5 Btu/h•ft2 of floor area
- Heated by systems with output capacity relative to floor area that is equal to or greater than the criteria in Table 3.1 (varies from 5 to 25 Btu/h•ft2, depending on climate zone.)
- Semi-exterior envelope separates
- Conditioned from “Semi-heated” space or unconditioned space
- Has a heating system with a capacity _>_ 3.4 Btu/h•ft2 (10 W/m2) of floor area but is under the criteria in Table 3.1)
- Semi-heated space from either unconditioned or the exterior.

**Notes:**
Defining characteristic of nonresidential is they aren’t continuously conditioned

Unconditioned spaces are enclosed spaces within a building that are not conditioned or semiheated; must be completely enclosed by walls, roofs, floors, and/or other envelope components and space must qualify as a cooled space, heated space, or an indirectly conditioned space.
	cooled space – has a cooling system with a sensible output capacity > 5 Btu/hft2 of floor area
	heated space – has a heating system with an output capacity greater than or equal to the thresholds listed in Table 5-G (User’s Guide)
	indirectly conditioned space – has no heating or cooling system but is indirectly heated or cooled due to its proximity to spaces that are heated or cooled
		if heat transfer rate to conditioned space is > heat transfer rate to the exterior
		if there is an air transfer rate between the space and conditioned space that is > 3 air changes per hour

## Figure 5-5

## Climate Zones Changes – 90.1-2004

- The number of primary climate zones for heating and cooling was reduced to from 26 to 8. Each county in the United States has been mapped to a particular climate zone. As a result, building envelope and mechanical criteria will apply on a countywide basis, and often to many adjacent counties.
- Reducing the number of primary climate zones resulted in a reduction of the number of tables of building envelope criteria. This reduction results in simplification while minimizing the changes in the building envelope criteria.

## Building Envelope Prescriptive Option(Section 5.5)

- 8 criteria sets for different climate types
- Set = single page that summarizes all prescriptive requirements
- Insulation levels for roofs, walls floors
- Fenestration criteria

- Window Wall Ratio (WWR) _<_ 50% of gross wall areaSkylight-roof ratio _<_ 5% of roof areaEach envelope component must separately meet requirements of Table 5.5

**____________________________________________________________________________**
**Or, alternatives** are to use Trade-Off Option (Section 5.6) or the ECB Method (Section 11)

## 8 Climate Zones in 90.1-2004

**Notes:**
counties are kept together
fewer zones in each state

## Climate Zone Changes(formerly in Appendix B, now in Section 5)

| Climate 
Zone
2004 | Sample cities shown with the 90.1-2001 Climate Classification |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Climate Subcategory in Version 2004 |  |  |
|  | A (moist) | B (dry) | C (marine) |
| 1 | Miami, FL         B-2 | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia B-2 | (does not exist) |
| 2 | Houston, TX    B-5 | Phoenix, AZ                B-5 | (does not exist) |
| 3 | Memphis, TN   B-10 | El Paso, TX                 B-10 | San Francisco, CA       B-12 |
| 4 | Baltimore, MD B-13  | Albuquerque, NM       B-13 | Salem, OR                    B-14 |
| 5 | Chicago, IL      B-17 | Boise, ID                     B-17 | Amsterdam, Netherlands   B-18 |
| 6 | Burlington, VT B-19 | Helena, MT                 B-19 | (does not exist) |
| 7 | Duluth, MN (no subcategories)   B-22 |  |  |
| 8 | Fairbanks, AK (no subcategories)   B-24 |  |  |

## Slide 23

| Old 90.1-2001 Climate Zone Criteria |  |  | Some sample cities shown with new 90.1-2004 Zone numbers |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zone | HDD65 | CDD50 | Sample Climate Classifications |  |  |
| B-1 | 0-900 | >10801 | San Juan                       1A | Singapore                            1 | Dhahran                          1 |
| B-2 | 0-900 | 9001-10800 | Miami                             1A | Honolulu                           1A | Riyadh                             1 |
| B-3 | 0-900 | 7201-9000 | Brownsville                 2A | Orlando                            2A | Cairo                                2 |
| B-4 | 0-900 | 0-7200 | Brisbane                          2 | Lima                                     2 | Mexico City                      3 |
| B-5 | 901-1800 | >7200 | Houston                        2A | Phoenix                             2B | Alice Springs                   2 |
| B-6 | 901-1800 | 5401-7200 | Austin                           2A | New Orleans                     2A | Tel Aviv                             2 |
| B-7 | 901-1800 | 0-5400 | Los Angeles                 3C | Cape Town                          4 | Sydney                              3 |
| B-8 | 1801-2700 | >5400 | Dallas                           3A | Agusta                              3A | Amman                             3 |
| B-9 | 1801-2700 | 0-5400 | Santa Barbara             3C | Rome                                    4 | Buenos Aires                    3 |
| B-10 | 2701-3600 | >5400 | El Paso                       3B | Midland/Odessa            3B | Memphis                         3A |
| B-11 | 2701-3600 | 3601-5400 | Lubbock                      3B | Atlanta                            3A | Tokyo                               3 |
| B-12 | 2701-3600 | 0-3600 | San Francisco              3C | Santa Maria, CA               3C  | Santiago                           4 |
| B-13 | 3601-5400 | >3600 | Amarillo                        4B | NY City                             4A | Seoul                                 4 |
| B-14 | 3601-5400 | 1801-3600 | Atlantic City                 4A | London                                4 | Paris                                  4 |
| B-15 | 3601-5400 | 0-1800 | Eureka, CA                  4B | Everett, WA                       4C |  |
| B-16 | 5401-7200 | >3600 | Hannibal, MO               5A | Champaign, IL                  5A | Grand Junction, CO      5B |
| B-17 | 5401-7200 | 1801-3600 | Chicago                         5A | Denver                          5B | Berlin                                 5 |
| B-18 | 5401-7200 | 0-1800 | Olympia, WA              4C | Baker, OR                          5B | Hamburg, Ger                   5 |
| B-19 | 7201-9000 | >1800 | Minneapolis                 6A | Bismarck                          6A | Montreal                            6 |
| B-20 | 7201-9000 | 0-1800 | Juneau                            7 | Halifax                                  6 | Stockholm                         6 |
| B-21 | 9001-10800 | >1800 | Fargo                               7 | Grand Forks                        7 | Portage La Prairie, MB     7 |
| B-22 | 9001-10800 | 0-1800 | Anchorage                       7 | Duluth                                  7 | Calgary                               7 |
| B-23 | 10801-12600 | any | Winnipeg                         7 | Edmonton                            7 | Saskatoon                          7 |
| B-24 | 12601-16200 | any | Fairbanks                        8 | Whitehorse, YT                   8 | Yellowknife, NW                8 |
| B-25 | 16201-19800 | any | Churchill, MB                  8 | Inuvik, NW                          8 |  |
| B-26 | >19800 | any | Barrow                             8 | Resolute, NW                     8 |  |

## Texas Climate Zones

- Insulation not required for non-residential “mass walls” in locations below the “warm-humid” line.

## Are there impacts on U-factor requirements due to changes in climate zone designations?

**** Some, but mostly negligible impacts****

## Roof UF Requirements in Texas

| Sample Cities from the 90.1 documents.  | Climate |  | 90.1-2001 roof UF
attic / concrete deck |  |  | 90.1-2004 roof UF
attic / concrete deck |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2001
(7 bins) | 2004
(3 zones) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Non-res.  | Resi-
dential | Semi-
heated | Non-res.  | Resi-
dential | Semi-
heated |
| Brownsville
Harlingen, McAllen | B-3 | 2A | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .614 *
1.282 * | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081 *
.218 * |
| Del Rio
Laredo | B-5 | 2B | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Corpus Christi, Galveston,
Victoria, Houston Hobby | B-5 | 2A | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Beaumont, Port Arthur
Houston AP, San Antonio, Austin | B-6 | 2A | .034
.063 | .034
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Dallas, Fort Worth
San Angelo, Waco | B-8 | 3A | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Abilene | B-8 | 3B | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Huntsville | B-8 | 2A | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Big Spring, El Paso
Midland, Wichita Falls | B-10 | 3B | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Lubbock | B-11 | 3B | .034
.063 | .034 *
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027 *
.063 | .081
.218 |
| Amarillo | B-13 | 4B | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 | .034
.063 | .027
.063 | .081
.218 |

- * Only values to change between 2001 and 2004 versions.

## Envelope U-Factor (example, Section 5.5.3.1)(exception to roof UF requirement when solar reflectance ≥ 0.7 and emittance ≥ 0.75 *)(no adjustment if ventilated attic or semi-heated spaces) 

| HDD65 | Roof U-factor multiplier |
| --- | --- |
| 0-900 | 0.77 |
| 901-1800 | 0.83 |
| 1801-2700 | 0.85 |
| 2701-3600 | 0.86 |
| >3600 | 1.00 |

| Climate Zone | Roof U-factor multiplier |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 0.77 |
| 2 | 0.83 |
| 3 | 0.85 |
| 4 thru 8 | 1.00 |

**Ver. 2001                                                         Ver. 2004**
**Table 5.3.1.1B                                                   Table 5.5.3.1**

- * Tested by one of the specified ASTM methods.

## Table 5.5-2, p 23 (Opaque elements)

- Bldg Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 2 (a,b)

## Envelope UF dependence on climate zone assignment

| Assigned Climate Zone Influence on UF in Selected Cities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Illustrated
Cities | Climate Zone |  | Roof UF w/ attic, 2001
(from Appendix B) |  |  | Wood-framed wall UF, 2001
(from Appendix B) |  |  |
|  | 2001 | 2004 | Non-res.  | Resi-
dential | Semi-
heated | Non-res.  | Resi-
dential | Semi-
heated |
| Cape Town | B-7 | 4 | .034 | .034 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .292 |
| Rome | B-9 | 4 | .034 | .034 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .292 |
| London | B-14 | 4 | .034 | .034 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .089 |
| Amarillo | B-13 | 4B | .034 | .027 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .089 |
| Atlantic City | B-14 | 4A | .034 | .034 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .089 |
| Eureka, CA | B-15 | 4B | .034 | .034 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .089 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| In 90.1-2004, all in Zone 4, 
Table 5.5-4 |  |  | .034 | .027 | .081 | .089 | .089 | .089 |

## Envelope Prescriptive OptionFenestration SHGC limits (Section 5.5.4.4)

- SHGC of vertical fenestration and skylights to be ≤ maximum SHGC values in Table 5.5-z for “all” orientations.
- 	Exceptions:
**North-oriented fenestration when Lat.>10****°**
**For overhangs, the SHGC is reduced by multiplier in Table 5.5.4.4.1**
**On street side, street level, if story ht. **_**<**_**20’, and overhang >0.5PF, and WWR<0.75**
- Observation:
- No SHGC requirements for ***semiheated*** ***spaces in*** ***any*** climate zone nor for any building type in ***climate zone 8***.

**Notes:**
In latitudes > 10 degrees, SHGC for north-oriented vertical fenestration shall be calculated separately and not be > specified in Table 5.3 for north-oriented fenestration.  If exception is used, fenestration area used in selecting criteria shall be calculated separately for north-oriented and all other-oriented fenestration.
 For demonstrating compliance for vertical fenestration only, the SHGC in the proposed building shall be reduced by using the multipliers in Table 5.3.2.3 for each fenestration product shaded by permanent projections that will last as long as the building itself.
 Vertical fenestration that is located on the street side of the street=level story only, provided that (1) the street side of the street-level story does not exceed 20 ft in height, (2) the fenestration has a continuous overhang with a weighted average projection factor greater than 0.5, and (3) the fenestration area for the street side of the street-level story is less than 75% of the gross wall area for the street side of the street-level story.  When this exception is utilized, separate calculations shall be performed for these sections of the building envelope and these values shall not be averaged with any others for compliance purposes.  No credit shall be given here or elsewhere in the building for not fully utilizing the fenestration area allowed.  This exception does not apply to the building envelope trade-off option in 5.4 or the energy cost budget option in 11.

## Overhangs

- Credit is given for permanent overhangs by adjustment to SHGC (Table 5.5.4.4.1)
- Size of credit is determined by projection factor

## Table 5.5-2, p 23 (Fenestration)Bldg Envelope Requirements for Climate Zone 2 (a,b)

- SHGCall-0.29
- SHGFnorth-0.41

- SHGCall-0.61
- SHGFnorth-0.61

## Product InformationSolar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)(Section 5.8.2.5)

- “The SHGC for the overall fenestration area shall be determined in accordance with NFRC 200.”
- Exceptions – one of these alternatives:
- SC (from NFRC 300) x 0.86 is acceptable for overall fenestration area.
- SHGC of center of glass (spectral data file per NFRC 300 certified by manufacturer) is acceptable for overall fenestration area.
- SHGC from Table A8.1 for unlabeled skylights.
- SHGC from Table A8.2 for other unlabeled vertical fenestration.

- Notes:
- NFRC (National Fenestration Rating Council) test procedures:
- 100: U-Factors
- 200: Solar Heat Gain Coefficients (SHGC)
- 300: Solar Optical properties, incl. SC (Shading Coefficient)
- 400: Air leakage rates

## Appendix A

- Includes pre-calculated U-factors, C-factors and F-factors for
- Above-grade walls
- Below-grade walls
- Floors
- Slab-on-grade floors
- Opaque doors
- Fenestration

## Building EnvelopeTrade-off Option(Section 5.6)

- Building complies if
- It satisfies the provisions of 5.1, 5.4, 5.7 and 5.8, and
- Envelope performance factor (EPF) of proposed building is _<_ EPF of budget building.
- EPF considers only the building envelope components and is calculated using procedures in Normative Appendix C (ENVSTD software).
- Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power, occupant density, and mechanical systems to be the same for both the proposed building and the budget building.

## Normative Appendix C

- Specifies the trade-off methodology to be followed.
- ENVSTD
- A windows-based computer program for applying Appendix C
- Covers all building envelope components
- Drop down menus
- Output demonstrates compliance

## ENVSTD Description(in Appendix C)

- ENVSTD performs an “energy performance factor” trade-off based on a series of regressions of building load simulations by envelope component.
- ENVSTD is _not_ a simulation approach nor should the EPF be used as an indication of anything other than envelope compliance.

## Section 6 - HVAC Compliance

## Mechanical changes for 2004

- The mechanical section has been reorganized to make it easier to read. New climate zone data further simplifies many of the mechanical requirements from economizer requirements to duct insulation
- In addition, energy efficiencies were increased for fans, single package vertical units and three-phase air-cooled air conditioners

## Mechanical changes (cont.)

- Sets minimum efficiencies aligned with DOE regs for:
- single-package vertical AC and heat pumps (SPVAC & HP)
- single-phase AC and heat pumps under 65,000 Btu/h
- Part-Load Fan Power Limitation
- Ventilation fan and zone/loop controllers
- Adds return duct insulation
- Pressure-sensitive tapes
- Certification program for product performance verification

**Notes:**
approved by ICC in May
smaller makes it less intimidating

## Simplified Approach Option(Section 6.3)

- Limited to...
- Buildings with 1 or 2 stories and with < 25,000ft2, and that meet 15 criteria:
-  Single-zone systems
-  Air-cooled or evaporatively-cooled unitary/split per Tables 6.8.1A, B, D
-  Economizer required per Table 6.5.1
- But, no economizer required if system meets or exceeds conditions in Table 6.3.2
- Heating required per Tables 6.8.1B, D, E, F
- OA  3000 cfm and < 70% of SA at minimum OA design, unless ERV

**Notes:**
Buildings must meet ALL of these requirements before the simplified approach option may be used.

The Simplified Approach was included so that small buildings could comply with the standard with minimal effort, but be subjected to the same stringency as is in the rest of the standard. Since the requirements fit on two pages it is ideal for a small commercial building. The committee included this simplified approach because 80 to 85% of the building stock is this type of building. 

## Simplified (cont’d)

- Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat.
- Controls on supplemental heaters on heat pumps.
- Prevent reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control
- Time clocks (except hotel/motel...); details in 6.3.2, part i.
- Pipe insulated per Table 6.8.3
- Ductwork and plenums insulated per Tables 6.8.2A & 6.8.2B.
- Ducted system to be air balanced to industry standards
- Interlocked t-stats to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling
- Exhaust systems > 300 cfm that do *not* operate continuously have automatic dampers that close when not in use
- Optimum start controls (design supply air capacity > 10,000 cfm)

**Notes:**
It is important to remember that the simplified approach has the same stringency as the rest of the standard, they have just been put on two pages for single-zone air- or evaporatively-cooled systems. In doing this the committee had to balance simplicity (fewer pages) with which requirements to include. Therefore some systems, such as those requiring heat recovery or water cooled systems are not included in the simplified approach.

## Table 6.3.2  Eliminate Required Economizer by Increasing Cooling Efficiency. 

|  | Unitary systems w/ heat pump heating |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| System size
(kBtu/h) | Mandatory minimum EER | Climate Zones |  |  |  |
|  |  | 5 to 8 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
|  |  | Minimum cooling efficiency required (EER) |  |  |  |
| ≥65 and <135 | 10.1 | N/A * | 12.1 | 11.6 | 11.1 |
| ≥135 and ≤240 | 9.3 | N/A * | 11.3 | 10.8 | 10.4 |
| >240 and <760 | 9.0 | N/A * | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.0 |
| * N/A means “No exemption Allowed.” |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Other Unitary Systems |  |  |  |  |
| System size
(kBtu/h) | Mandatory minimum EER | Climate Zones |  |  |  |
|  |  | 5 to 8 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
|  |  | Minimum cooling efficiency required (EER) |  |  |  |
| ≥65 and <135 | 10.3 | N/A * | 12.5 | 12.0 | 11.5 |
| ≥135 and ≤240 | 9.7 | N/A * | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.6 |
| ≥65 and <135 | 9.5 | N/A * | 11.2 | 10.7 | 10.3 |

**Notes:**
Buildings must meet ALL of these requirements before the simplified approach option may be used.

The Simplified Approach was included so that small buildings could comply with the standard with minimal effort, but be subjected to the same stringency as is in the rest of the standard. Since the requirements fit on two pages it is ideal for a small commercial building. The committee included this simplified approach because 80 to 85% of the building stock is this type of building. 

## HVAC Mandatory ProvisionsMechanical Equipment Efficiency  (Standard Conditions, Sect. 6.4.1.1)

- Table 6.8.1A – Air conditioners and condensing units
- Table 6.8.1B – Heat pumps
- Table 6.8.1C – Standard water chillers
- Table 6.8.1D – PTAC and PTHP
- Table 6.8.1E – Furnaces, duct furnaces, and unit heaters
- Table 6.8.1F – Boilers
- Table 6.8.1G – Heat rejection equipment
- All furnaces with input ratings ≥ 225,000 Btu/h, including electric furnaces, that are not located in the conditioned space shall have have jacket losses  0.75% of the input rating”

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used
Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Exceptions – water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI Standard 550 test conditions (and thus can’t be tested to meet the requirements in the Table); chillers designed to operate outside of the ranges in the table are not covered by the Standard

## Table 6.8.1A (partial)Air Conditioners and Condensing Units – Minimum Efficiency Requirements for listed equipment with standard rating and operation conditions

| Equipment type | Size category | Heating section type | Sub-category or rating condition | Minimum efficiency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air conditioner,
air cooled | >65,000 Btu/h &
<135,000 Btu/h | Elec. Resistance (or none) | Split system & single package | EER 10.3 |
|  |  | All others | Split system & single package | EER 10.1 |
|  | <65,000 Btu/h | All | Split System | SEER 10 * |
|  |  |  | Single Package | SEER 9.7 * |
| Through-the-wall, air cooled | <30,000 Btu/h | All | Split System | SEER 10 * |
|  |  |  | Single Package | SEER 9.7* |
| *  Federal regulation dictates SEER 13 on 1/23/2006 |  |  |  |  |

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used
Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Exceptions – water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI Standard 550 test conditions (and thus can’t be tested to meet the requirements in the Table); chillers designed to operate outside of the ranges in the table are not covered by the Standard

## Table 6.8.1B (partial)Electrically Operated Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps – Minimum Efficiency Requirements

| Equip. Type
(air-cooled, cooling mode) | Size Category
(Btu/h) | Htg Section Type | Sub-category or Rating condition | Minimum Efficiency | Minimum
Eff. after 
1/23/2006 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air-cooled
(Package and
split) | <65,000 | All | Split system | SEER 10  | SEER 12 |
|  |  |  | Single package | SEER 9.7 | SEER 12 |
|  | 65-135,000 | Elec. Resist. | Split & single | EER 10.1 |  |
|  |  | All other | Split & single | EER 9.9 |  |
|  | 135-240,000 | Elec. Resist. | Split & single | EER 9.3 |  |
|  |  | All other | Split & single | EER 9.1 |  |
|  | >240,000 | Elec. Resist. | Split & single | EER 9.0
IPLV 9.2 |  |
|  |  | All other | Split & single | EER 8.8
IPLV 9.0 |  |
| Thru-wall | <30,000 | All | Split system | SEER 10  | SEER 10.9 * |
|  |  |  | Single package | SEER 9.7 | SEER 10.6 * |
| Small-duct high velocity | <65,000 | All | Split system | SEER 10 |  |
| *  Federal regulation dictates SEER 13 on 1/23/2006 |  |  |  |  |  |

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used
Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Exceptions – water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI Standard 550 test conditions (and thus can’t be tested to meet the requirements in the Table); chillers designed to operate outside of the ranges in the table are not covered by the Standard

## Table 6.8.1C (partial)Water Chilling Packages – Minimum Efficiency Requirements

| Equipment Type | Size Category | Subcat or Rating Cond. | Minimum Efficiency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Air Cooled, with Condenser, Electrically Operated | All sizes |  | 2.80 COP, 3.05 IPLV |
| Air Cooled without condenser | All sizes |  | 3.10 COP, 3.45 IPLV |

| Air cooled, elec. Operated, positive displacement, recip. | All sizes |  | 4.20 COP, 5.05 IPLV |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Water cooled, elec. Operated, positive displacement, rotary | <150 tons |  | 4.45 COP, 5.20 IPLV |
|  | 150-300 tons |  | 4.90 COP, 5.60 IPLV |
|  | >300 tons |  | 5.50 COP, 6.15 IPLV |
| Water cooled, elec. Operated, positive displacement, rotary | <150 tons |  | 5.00 COP, 5.25 IPLV |
|  | 150-300 tons |  | 5.55 COP, 5.90 IPLV |
|  | >300 tons |  | 6.10 COP, 6.40 IPLV |

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used
Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Exceptions – water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI Standard 550 test conditions (and thus can’t be tested to meet the requirements in the Table); chillers designed to operate outside of the ranges in the table are not covered by the Standard

## Table 6.8.1D (partial)Packaged terminal air conditioners, heat pumps, vertical air conditioners, room a.c. – Minimum Efficiency Requirements

| Equipment type * | Size category (input) | Subcategory or rating condition | Minimum efficiency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SPVAC (clg mode) * | All capacities | 95Fdb/75Fwb | EER 8.6 |
| SPVHP (clg mode) * | All capacities | 95Fdb/75Fwb | EER 8.6 |
| SPVHP (htg mode) * | All capacities | 47Fdb/43Fwb | COP 2.7 |
| Room a.c. w/ louvered sides * | <6000 Btu/h |  | SEER 9.7 |
|  | 6000-8000 Btu/h |  | EER 9.7 |
| *  These were added in the 90.1-2004 version |  |  |  |

## Table 6.8.1E (partial)Warm Air Furnaces and Combination Warm Air Furnaces/Air-Conditioning Units, Warm Air Duct Furnaces and Unit Heaters

**Notes:****	*****E******t***** = thermal efficiency**
**	*****E******c***** = combustion efficiency (100% - flue losses)**

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used
Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Exceptions – water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages that are not designed for operation at ARI Standard 550 test conditions (and thus can’t be tested to meet the requirements in the Table); chillers designed to operate outside of the ranges in the table are not covered by the Standard

## Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers (Section 6.4.1.2)

- The _**six**_ tables (Tables 6.2.1-H, I, J, K, L, and M) in the 90.1-2001 standard have been reduced to _**three**_ tables (Tables 6.8.1-H, I, and J) in the 90.1-2004 standard
- The Non-standard Part Load Values (NPLV) have been integrated with the standard COP’s within each table, thus the columns have a double set of numbers

## Table 6.8.1H  Min. efficiency for centrifugal chillers <150 tons

| Centrifugal Chillers < 150 tons, COPstd = 5.00; IPLVstd = 5.25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Condenser Flow Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | 2 gpm/ton | 2.5 gpm/ton | 3 gpm/ton | 4 gpm/ton | 5 gpm/ton | 6 gpm/ton |
| Lv chilled water temp (F) | Ent. Cond. Water temp (F) | Lift (F) | COP   NPLV | COP   NPLV | COP   NPLV | COP   NPLV | COP   NPLV | COP   NPLV |
| 40 | 75 | 35 | 5.11  5.35 | 5.33  5.58 | 5.48  5.73 | 5.67  5.93 | 5.79  6.06 | 5.88  6.15 |
| 42 | 80 | 38 | 4.84  5.06 | 5.10  5.33 | 5.25  5.49 | 5.43  5.67 | 5.53  5.79 | 5.61  5.87 |
| 44 | 85 | 41 | 4.49  4.69 | 4.82  5.04 | 5.00  5.25 | 5.20  5.43 | 5.30  5.55 | 5.38  5.62 |
| 46 | 75 | 29 | 5.58  5.84 | 5.83  6.10 | 6.03  6.30 | 6.32  6.61 | 6.54  6.84 | 6.70  7.00 |
| 48 | 85 | 37 | 4.94  5.16 | 5.18  5.42 | 5.32  5.57 | 5.50  5.76 | 5.62  5.87 | 5.70  5.96 |

## HVAC Mandatory ProvisionsControls (Section 6.4.3)

- Zone Thermostatic controls *(Section 6.4.3.1)*
- Required for each zone
- Dead Band controls
- Set Point Overlap Restrictions
- Off-Hour controls
*	**(Section 6.4.3.2)*
- Automatic Shutdown
- Setback Controls
- Optimum Start Controls
- Zone Isolation

**Notes:**
A dwelling unit can be considered a single zone.  Exterior walls are considered to have different orientations if the directions they face differ by more than 45 degrees.

Whole idea is to maintain control of energy use; keep thermal control; shut off stuff when it’s not needed.  These only cover presence of controls – nothing in the Standard says how you use them.

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsDead Band (Section 6.4.3.1.2)

- Thermostats must have a dead band of at least 5°F.
- Exceptions
- “Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes.
- Special occupancy or applications where wide temperature ranges aren’t acceptable” (e.g., retirement homes) and approved by adopting authority.

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsOff-Hour Controls(Section 6.4.3.2)

- HVAC systems shall have the following off-hour controls:
- 	- automatic shutdown
- 	- setback controls
- 	- optimum start controls
- 	- zone isolation
- Exceptions, HVAC systems
- serving hotel/motel guestrooms, or
- intended to operate continuously, or
- having <15,000 Btu/h heating & cooling capacity w/ manual on-off controls. *
- _________________________
- * Was ≤65,000 Btu/h and 3⁄4 h.p. system fan power in 2001 edition.

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsAutomatic Shutdown(Section 6.4.3.2.1)

- Controls to operate on different time schedules for seven different day-types per week and retain programming and time setting during loss of power for at least 10 hrs, or
- An occupant sensor, or
- A manually-operated timer with maximum two hour duration, or
- An interlock to security system

**Notes:**
Occupancy sensor to shut off system if no occupancy for up to 30 minutes
Interlock to security system that shuts off system when security system is activated

Controls to keep the information because people likely wouldn’t reprogram them if they didn’t and programmed settings were lost

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsSetback Controls(Section 6.4.3.2.2)

- Applies to heating systems located in all climates except zone 1, with heating set point adjustable to  55°F
- Applies to cooling systems in climate zones 1b, 2b, & 3b, with set point adjustable to at least 90°F or to prevent high space humidity levels
- Exception
- “Radiant floor and ceiling heating systems”

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsOptimum Start Controls(Section 6.4.3.2.3)

- Individual heating and cooling air distribution systems with total design supply air capacity > 10,000 cfm
- Control algorithm to at least “be a function of difference between space temperature and occupied setpoint and amount of time prior to scheduled occupancy”

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsGravity Hoods, Vents, and Ventilators(Section 6.4.3.3.2)

- “All o.a. supply & exhaust vents shall be equipped with motorized dampers to automatically shut when spaces served are not in use”
- Exceptions
- Gravity dampers o.k. in bldgs:
- < 3 stories in height
- of any height in climate zones 1, 2, and 3
- Ventilation systems serving unconditioned spaces

## Maximum Damper Leakage

| 90.1-2001 (Table 6.2.3.3.4) |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Climate or
Climate zones | Maximum damper leakage at 1” w.g. 
(cfm per sq.ft. of damper area) |  |
|  | Motorized | Non-motorized |
| HDD65>7200 or
CDD50>7200 | 4 | Not allowed |
| HDD65<3701 and
CDD50<3601 | 20 | 20 * |
| All others | 10 | 20 * |
|  |  |  |
| 90.1-2004 (Table 6.4.3.3.4) |  |  |
| 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 | 4 | Not allowed |
| All others | 10 | 20 * |
| *  Dampers < 24” in any dimension may have leakage of 40 cfm/sq.ft. |  |  |

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/ControlsVentilation Fan Controls(Section 6.4.3.3.5 added in 90.1-2004)

- Fans with motors > 3⁄4 h.p. (0.5 kW) shall have automatic controls complying with section 6.4.3.2.1 that are capable of shutting off fans when not required *
- *  Section 6.4.3.2.1 (automatic shutdown of HVAC systems) stipulates either: time schedule controls, occupant sensors, adjustable timer, or interlock to a security system that shuts system off when security system is activated

## Mandatory HVAC System Construction and InsulationDuct and Plenum Insulation(Section 6.4.4.1.2)

- All supply and return ducts and plenums to be insulated per Tables 6.8.2A and 6.8.2B
- Four exceptions

## Duct insulation exceptions:

- “Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as part of HVAC equipment
- Ducts or plenums located in heated, semi-heated, or cooled spaces
- For runouts < 10 ft in length to air terminals or air outlets, the R-value need not exceed R-3.5
- Backs of air outlets and outlet plenums exposed to unconditioned or indirectly conditioned spaces with face areas > 5 ft2 need not exceed R-2; those  5 ft2 need not be insulated”

## Table 6.8.2B   Min. duct insulation R-value – heating, cooling and return air

| Climate 
Zone | Duct Location |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Exterior | Ventilated
attic | Unvented
attic above
Insulated
ceiling | Unvented
attic w/
roof
insulation | Un-
conditioned
space | Indirectly
conditioned
space | Buried |
| Supply ducts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1 | R-6 | R-6 | R-8 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 2 | R-6 | R-6 | R-6 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 3 | R-6 | R-6 | R-6 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 4 | R-6 | R-6 | R-6 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 5 | R-6 | R-6 | R-6 | R-1.9 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 6 | R-8 | R-6 | R-6 | R-1.9 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 7 | R-8 | R-6 | R-6 | R-1.9 | R-3.5 | none | R-3.5 |
| 8 | R-8 | R-8 | R-8 | R-1.9 | R-6 | none | R-6 |
| Return ducts * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1 to 8 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | R-3.5 | none | none | none | none |
| * Added in 90.1-2004 version |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Mandatory HVAC System Construction and Insulation Duct Sealing(Section 6.4.4.2.1)

- Table 6.4.4.2A
- Seal level based on duct type (supply, exhaust, return) and duct location (outdoors, unconditioned spaces, conditioned spaces)
- Table 6.4.4.2B
- lists sealing requirements based on seal level from Table 6.4.4.2A
- Requirements of 6.4.4.2.2 (leakage tests)
- Standard industry practice

## Table 6.4.4.2A	  Minimum Duct Seal Level 

***Table ******6.4.4.2B*** ***Duct Seal Levels***

| Seal Level | Sealing Requirement |
| --- | --- |
| A | All transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations. * |
| B | All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. * |
| C | Transverse joints only. |

******* ****Unless certified in compliance with UL-181A or UL-181B by independent test lab.**

## Mandatory HVAC System Construction and Insulation Duct Leakage Tests(Section 6.4.4.2.2)

- Designed > 3 in. w.c.
- Leak tested
- Representative sections > 25% of the total installed duct area shall be tested
- Ratings > 3 in. w.c. to be identified on drawings
- Maximum permitted duct leakage

## Permitted Duct Leakage

**“**
- Where, *L*max = maximum permitted leakage in cfm/100 ft2 duct surface area”
- 	CL = leakage class, cfm/100 sq.ft. @ 1” w.g.
- 			 = 6 for rectangular duct
- 			 = 3 for round duct
- 	P   = Test (design) pressure, in “ w.g.

## Mandatory HVAC System Construction and Insulation Piping Insulation(Section 6.4.4.1.3)

- Table 6.8.3
- Minimum pipe insulation thickness based on fluid design operating temperature range, insulation conductivity, nominal pipe or tube size, and system type (Heating, SWH, Cooling)
- Exceptions
- Factory-installed
- Piping conveying fluids between 600F and 1050F
- Piping conveying fluids not heated or cooled with purchased energy.
- “Hot water piping between shut off valve and coil, ≤ 4 ft in length, when located in conditioned spaces
- Pipe unions in heating systems (steam, steam condensate, and hot water)”

## HVAC Prescriptive Path/Air EconomizersDesign Capacity (Section 6.5.1.1.1)

**	**“System capable of modulating outside air and return air dampers to provide up to 100% of the design supply air quantity as outside air for cooling”

- 100% Outside Air

- 100% Exhaust Air @ 80° F

- Minimum outside air

- 55o F

- 55o F

- 80o F

## Table 6.5.1Minimum System Size for Which an Economizer is Required

| Climate Zones | Cooling capacity for which an economizer is required |
| --- | --- |
| 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a | No economizer requirement |
| 2b, 5a, 6a, 7, 8 | ≥135,000 Btu/h |
| 3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b | ≥65,000 Btu/h |

## Economizer Requirement(Consolidated Tables 6.3.2 and 6.5.1)

| Economizer requirements based on climate zone and system size |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| (Simple and Complex Systems) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| System
Size | Min.
Eff. | Climate Zone |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| kBtu/h | EER | 1
2a
3a
4a | 2b | 3bc | 4bc | 5a | 5bc | 6a | 6b | 7,8 |
|  |  |  | Min. EER for exemption in simple systems only |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| <65 | 10.0 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
| 65-135 | 10.1 HP
10.3 O | ** | ** | 11.6 HP
12.0 O | 12.1 HP
12.5 O | ** | RQ | ** | RQ | ** |
| 135-240 | 9.3 HP
9.7 O | ** | 10.4 HP
10.6 O | 10.8 HP
11.1 O | 11.3 HP
11.5 O | RQ | RQ | RQ | RQ | RQ |
| >240 | 9.0 HP
9.5 O | ** | 10.0 HP
10.3 O | 10.5 HP
10.7 O | 10.9 HP
11.2 O | RQ | RQ | RQ | RQ | RQ |
| ** No economizer required in any system.   All other cells, economizer required in complex systems. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| RQ = Economizer required in simple and complex systems |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| HP = EER value for exempting unitary “Heat Pumps” |  |  |  |  | O = EER value for exempting “Other” unitary systems |  |  |  |  |  |

## HVAC Prescriptive Path/Air EconomizersHigh Limit Shutoff (Section 6.5.1.1.3)

- Automatically reduce *outdoor air* intake to the design mimimum *outdoor air* quantity when outside air intake will no longer reduce cooling energy usage”
- High-limit shutoff control types for specific climates from Table 6.5.1.1.3A
- High-limit settings from Table 6.5.1.1.3B

## Table 6.5.1.1.3A High-limit shutoff control options for air economizers

| Climate zones | Allowed control types | Prohibited control types |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1b, 2b, 3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7, 8 | Fixed dry bulb (DB)
Differential dry bulb
Electronic enthalpy
Differential enthalpy
DP and DB temperature | Fixed enthalpy |
| 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a | Fixed dry bulb (DB)
Fixed enthalpy
Electronic enthalpy
Differential enthalpy
DP and DB temperature | Differential dry bulb |
| All other climates
 | Fixed dry bulb (DB)
Differential dry bulb
Fixed enthalpy
Electronic enthalpy
Differential enthalpy
DP and DB temperature |  |
| * DP= Dew Point Temperature; DB= Dry Bulb Temperature |  |  |

## Table 6.5.1.1.3B High-limit shutoff control settings for air economizers

| Device type | Climate | Required high limit (economizer off when..) |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Equation | Description |
| Fixed DB | 1b,2b,3b,3c,4b,4c,
5b,5c,6b,7,8 | Toa > 75F | o.a. temp. exceeds 75F |
|  | 5a,6a,7a | Toa > 70F | o.a. temp. exceeds 70F |
|  | All other zones | Toa > 65F | o.a. temp. exceeds 65F |
| Differential DB | 1b,2b,3b,3c,4b,4c,
5b,5c,6a,6b,7,8 | Toa > Tra | o.a. temp exceeds ret. air temp |
| Fixed enthalpy | All | Hoa > 28 Btu | o.a. enthalpy exceeds 28 Btu/lb. |
| Electronic
enthalpy | All | (Toa, RHoa) >A | o.a. temp/RH exceeds the “A” set point curve. |
| Differential
enthalpy | All | Hoa > Hra | Outdoor enthalpy exceeds return air enthalpy |
| DP and 
DB temp. | All | DPoa > 55F,
or Toa > 75F | Outdoor DP exceeds 55F (65
gr/lb.) or outdoor DB > 75F |
| *  DP and DB control settings added for 90.1-2004 |  |  |  |

## HVAC Prescriptive Path/Air EconomizersDampers (Section 6.5.1.1.4)

- return air and outside air dampers to meet the damper leakage specified in 6.4.3.3.4

| Table 6.4.3.3.4 |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Climate or
Climate zones | Maximum damper leakage at 1” w.g. 
(cfm per sq.ft. of damper area) |  |
|  | Motorized | Non-motorized |
| 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 | 4 | Not allowed |
| All others | 10 | 20 * |
| *  Dampers < 24” in any dimension may have leakage of 40 cfm/sq.ft. |  |  |

**Notes:**
Requirement in 90.1-1999 changes to second bullet (the requirement in 90.1-2001)

## HVAC Prescriptive PathSimultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation (Section 6.5.2)

- Zone controls capable of operating in sequence the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone to prevent:
- reheating,
- recooling,
- mixing, or
- simultaneously supplying air previously heated or cooled
- Hydronic system controls to prevent reheating or re-cooling of fluids

## HVAC Prescriptive PathZone Controls - Exceptions

- “Zones for which volume of air that is reheated, recooled, or mixed is no greater than the larger of the following:
- Volume of outside air to meet Section 6.1.3 of ASHRAE 62 for the zone
- 0.4 cfm/ft2 of zone conditioned floor area
- 30% of zone design peak supply
- 300 cfm for zones whose peak flow rate totals no more than 10% of the total fan system flow rate
- Any higher rate that can be demonstrated to jurisdiction to reduce overall system annual energy usage...
- Zones where special pressurization relationships, cross-contamination requirements, or code-required minimum circulation rates are such that the variable air volume systems are impractical
- Zones where at least 75% of the energy for reheating or for providing warm air in mixing systems is provided from a *site-recovered* or *site- solar energy source*”

## HVAC Prescriptive PathThree-Pipe System (Section 6.5.2.2.1)

**	****No common return system for both hot and chilled water.**

## HVAC Prescriptive PathTwo-Pipe Changeover System(Section 6.5.2.2.2)

**	**Common distribution system acceptable if:
- deadband from one mode to another is ≥ 15°F outside air temperature
- controls to allow operation of ≥ 4 hours before changing over
- reset controls that allow heating and cooling supply temperatures at changeover point to be ≤ 30°F apart

## HVAC Prescriptive PathHydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems (Section 6.5.2.2.3)

- Controls to provide “heat pump water supply temperature deadband of at least 20°F between initiation of heat rejection and heat addition by central devices”
- In climate zones 3-8, cooling tower bypass or cooling tower isolation dampers
- Exception
- If system loop temperature optimization controller is used, deadband < 20°F is allowed

## HVAC Prescriptive PathFan Power Limitation(Section 6.5.3.1)

- Table 6.5.3.1
- By supply air volume and allowable nameplate motor power (constant volume and variable volume)

**Notes:**
Where air systems require air treatment or filtering systems with pressure drops > 1 in. w.c. when filters are clean, or heat recovery coils or devices, or direct evaporative humidifiers/coolers, or other devices to serve process loads in the airstream
If 
design room temperature – supply air temp at cooling design condition = > 20°F

## HVAC Prescriptive PathFan Power Limitation(Section 6.5.3.1)

- Allowable fan system power may be _adjusted_ when:
-  Special filtering causes pressure drop > 1” w.g.
-  Temp diff between room and supply air > 20F
- Adjusted Allowable Fan Power = (Table 6.5.3.1 value) x (temperature ratio) + (pressure credit) + (relief fan credit).  (See section 6.5.3.1, pp 39-40)

**Notes:**
Where air systems require air treatment or filtering systems with pressure drops > 1 in. w.c. when filters are clean, or heat recovery coils or devices, or direct evaporative humidifiers/coolers, or other devices to serve process loads in the airstream
If 
design room temperature – supply air temp at cooling design condition = > 20°F

## HVAC Prescriptive PathPart-Load Fan Power Limitation(Section 6.5.3.2.1)

- Individual VAV fans with motors ≥ 15 hp *
- Shall have VSD, or
- Shall be vane-axial w/ variable pitch blades, or
- Shall have other controls and devices to result in fan motor demand  30% of design wattage at 50% of design air volume when static pressure set point = 1/3 of total design static pressure, based on *manufacturer’s* certified fan data
- *  Was 30 hp in 90.1-2001

## HVAC Prescriptive PathExhaust Air Energy Recovery(Section 6.5.6.1)

- Incorporate exhaust air energy recovery in systems with
-  ≥ 70% outside air and ≥ 5000 cfm total
-  At least 50% energy recovery effectiveness
- Nine exceptions ...
- (on page 41)

**Notes:**
At least 50% recovery effectiveness required for individual fan systems with both a design supply air capacity  5000 cfm and minimum outside air supply of  70% of design supply air quantity
50% energy recovery effectiveness = a change in enthalpy of outdoor air supply = 50% of difference between outdoor air and return air at design conditions

## Exceptions

- Laboratory fume hoods systems meeting Section 6.3.7.2
- Systems serving uncooled spaces and are heated to < 60°F
- Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint or corrosive fumes or dust
*Commercial kitchen hoods classified as Type 1 by NFPA 96**....*Commercial kitchen hoods used for collecting and removing grease vapors and smoke. (90.1-2004)
- Where > 60% of outdoor heating energy is provided from site-recovered or site solar energy
- Heating systems in climate zones 1 through 3
- Cooling systems in climate zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7, & 8
- Where largest exhaust source is < 75% of the design *outdoor air *flow
- Systems requiring dehumidification that employ series-style energy recovery coils wrapped around the cooling coil

## HVAC Prescriptive PathHeat Recovery for Service Water Heating (Section 6.5.6.2)

- Condenser recovery required if:
- Used 24 hrs per day and
- Heat rejection > 6,000,000 Btu/h (approx. 375 tons) and
- SWH load > 1,000,000 Btu/h

**Notes:**
Condenser heat recovery systems installed for heating or preheating of shw provided all of the following are true
24 hr/day facility operation
Total installed heat rejection capacity of the water-cooled systems > 6,000,000 Btu/h of heat rejection
Design swh load > 1,000,000 Btu/h
Required system to have capacity to provide the smaller of
Facilities that
Employ condenser heat recovery for space heating with a heat recovery design > 30% of the peak water-cooled condenser load at design conditions
Provide 60% of their swh from site solar or site recovered energy or from other sources

## HVAC Mandatory ProvisionsCompletion Requirements (Section 6.7.2)

- Record drawings
- Operating and maintenance manuals
- System balancing
- System commissioning

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/Completion Reqmt’sDrawings(Section 6.7.2.1)

- Record drawings of actual installation to building owner within 90 days of system acceptance and include, as a minimum:
- “Location and performance data on each piece of equipment
- General configuration of duct and pipe distribution system including sizes
- Terminal air or water design flow rates”

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/Completion RequirementsManuals (Section 6.7.2.2)

**	****Operating and maintenance manuals to building**
**	****owner within 90 days of system acceptance and include, as a **_**minimum:**_
**	**Equipment size and selected options
- 	Operation manuals for each piece of equipment 				requiring maintenance with actions clearly identified
- 	Names & address of at least one service agency
- 	HVAC Control system maintenance information
- 	A complete narrative of how each system is intended to 			operate

**Notes:**
To include 
	submittal data stating equipment size and selected options for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance
	operation manuals and maintenance manuals for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance, except equipment not furnished as part of the project.  Required routine maintenance actions shall be clearly identified
	names and addresses of at least one service agency
	HVAC controls system maintenance and calibration information, including wiring diagrams, schematics, and control sequence descriptions.  Desired or field determined set points shall be permanently recorded on control drawings at control devices or, for digital control systems, in programming comments.
	a complete narrative of how each system is intended to operate, including suggested set points

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/Completion RequirementsSystem Balancing(Section 6.7.2.3)

- HVAC systems balanced in accordance with standards in Appendix E
- Written report for conditioned spaces > 5000 ft2

**Notes:**
In accordance with generally accepted engineering standards

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/Completion RequirementsAir System Balancing(Section 6.7.2.3.2)

- Minimize throttling losses
- For fans with system power > 1 hp shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/Completion RegulationsHydronic System Balancing(Section 6.7.2.3.3)

- Proportionately balanced to minimize throttling losses
- Pump impeller trimmed or pump speed adjusted to meet design flow conditions
- Exceptions

## Exceptions

- “Pumps with pump motors ≤ 10 hp
- When throttling results in ≤ 5% of the nameplate hp draw, or 3 hp, whichever is greater, above that required if the impeller was trimmed”

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions/SubmittalsSystem Commissioning(Section 6.7.2.4)

- “Ensure that control elements are calibrated, adjusted, and in proper working condition”
- In plans and specs, provide detailed instructions for commissioning of projects > 50,000 ft2 of conditioned area
- Except warehouses and semiheated spaces

## Service Water Heating Compliance (Section 7)

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsSizing of Systems --Load Calculations (Section 7.4.1)

- 	In accordance with manufacturer’s published sizing guidelines or generally accepted engineering standards and handbooks acceptable to the adopting authority (e.g., ASHRAE – HVAC Applications Handbook)

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsEquipment Efficiency(Section 7.4.2)

- Minimum efficiencies are shown in Table 7.8
- Equipment not listed in Table 7.8 has no minimum performance requirements
- Exception:  Water heaters and hot water supply boilers > 140 gal storage capacity don’t have to meet _*standby loss*_ (SL) requirements when
- tank surface is thermally insulated to R-12.5, **and**
- a standing pilot light isn’t installed, **and**
- gas- or oil-fired water heaters have a flue damper or fan-assisted combustion”

## Table 7.8 (partial)Performance Requirements for Water Heating Equipment

| Heat pump pool heater | All |  | COP 4.0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsService Hot Water Piping Insulation (Section 7.4.3)

- The following shall comply with Table 6.8.3 in the HVAC Section 6:
- Circulating tank type system
- Recirculating system piping, including supply and return piping
- Nonrecirculating storage system
- First 8 ft of outlet piping
- Inlet pipe between storage tank and heat trap
- Externally-heated pipes (heat trace or impedance heating)

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsCirculating Pump Controls(Section 7.4.4.4)

- 	To limit operation to “a period from the start of the heating cycle to a maximum of five minutes after the end of the heating cycle”

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsPools (Section 7.4.5)

- Pool heaters to have readily accessible on-off switch
- Pool heaters fired by natural gas - NO continuously burning pilot lights
- Vapor retardant pool covers required (unless 60% heat is recovered or solar heat).  Pools kept >90F require R-12 insulation cover
- Time switches required

**Notes:**
Pools heated to > 90°F to have pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-12
Time Switch Exception
Pools deriving > 60% of energy for heating from site-recovered energy or solar energy source
Exceptions
Where public health standards require 24-hr pump operation
Where pumps are required to operate solar and waste heat recovery pool heating systems

## SWH Mandatory ProvisionsHeat Traps (Section 7.4.6)

- 	Non-recirculating systems to have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to storage tank (if no integral heat traps)
- Either a device specifically designed for this purpose or
- “Arrangement of tubing that forms a loop of 360° or piping that from the point of connection to the water heater includes a length of piping directed downward before connection to the vertical piping of the supply water or hot water distribution system, as applicable”

- Insulation level per Table 6.8.3

## SWH Prescriptive Path7.5.1  Standby Loss Equation

- 	Standby loss not exceeding
- 	 where* pmd *is probable maximum demand in gal/h and* n *is the fraction of the year when outdoor daily mean temperature is > 64.9°F

**Notes:**
Unclear where users can get published n values.
Standby loss not exceeding
(13.3 x pmd + 400) / n; where pmd is probable maximum demand in gal/h and n is the fraction of the year when outdoor daily mean temperature is > 64.9°F

90.1 User’s Manual:  “Unfortunately, this value (n) cannot be found in either Appendix D of the Standard or in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.  It can be calculated from an hourly weather file as follows:  1) Assign a day number (from 1 to 365) to all of the dry-bulb values in an annual hourly (8760 hr/yr) weather file.  2) Average the outdoor dry-bulb temperatures for each day to create daily mean dry-bulb temperatures.  3) Count the daily mean dry-bulb temperatures that are greater than 64.9°F and n is that number divided by 365.”

## Section 8 - Power

- Voltage drop
- Completion requirements

- Mandatory Provisions

**Notes:**
Section 8 covers voltage drop and completion requirements (both of these requirements are mandatory).  These two topics will be covered in the next slides.

## Voltage Drop(Section 8.4.1)

**Voltage Drop*****(Section 8.4.1)***

- Two types of conductors
- Feeder conductors
- Run between the service entrance equipment and the branch circuit distribution equipment
- 2% maximum voltage drop allowed
- Branch circuit conductors
- Run from the final circuit breaker to the outlet or load
- 3% maximum voltage drop allowed

**Notes:**
Voltage drop requirements currently in Standard only a recommendation in NEC.
Two problems associated with voltage drop (User’s Manual Pg 8-3)
Standard does not consider power loss in transformers, therefore, meeting voltage drop requirements doesn’t guarantee proper equipment operation

## Submittals (Section 8.7)

**Submittals *****(Section 8.7)***

- 	Owner gets information about the building’s electrical system
- 8.7.1 Record drawings of actual installation within 30 days
- 8.7.2  Manuals

**Notes:**
Standard doesn’t designate who is responsible for providing this information, but it’s normally assigned to the system installer
Record drawings include:
	- single-line diagram of electrical distribution system
	- floor plans showing location of distribution equipment and areas served by equipment
Manuals:
	- submittal data stating equipment nameplate rating
	- O&M manuals for equipment
	- qualified service agency contacts provided
	- complete narrative and schematic of system as it’s normally intended to operate

## 9. Lighting Compliance

- 9.5 Building area method

- 9.6 Space-by-space method

## Section 9 – Lighting

- Provides two options for regulating interior lighting power
- Building Area Method (9.5)
- Space-By-Space Method (9.6)
- Provides additional interior lighting power allowances for specific situations

## Section 9 - Lighting

- General Application *(Section 9.1)*
- Mandatory Provisions *(Section 9.4)*
- Lighting controls
- Tandem wiring
- Exit signs
- Installed interior lighting power
- Luminaire wattage
- Exterior building grounds lighting
- Building Area Compliance Path *(Section 9.5)*
- Space-by-Space Compliance Path (*Section 9.6*)

## Lighting

- Power limits added for exterior lighting categories (e.g. – walkways, parking lots, ATMs)
- Exit signs wattage reduced to 5W per face
- Interior power allowances significantly reduced

**Notes:**
approved by ICC in May
smaller makes it less intimidating

## Reduced Lighting Power Allowances

- Wattage reduced 20%-25% overall
- Achievable with current off-the-shelf technologies
- Accounts for most of the savings over 90.1-2001

## Lighting Changes

- Revised interior lighting power limits are generally more restrictive than the 2001 standard values. The values are an average of 25% more stringent and will require more careful lighting design in some applications
- A new exterior lighting section includes specific lighting power limits for a variety of exterior applications

## Lighting Powers Changes

## Lighting UPD Comparison

*****

*****

## Lighting General ProvisionsLuminaire Wattage(Section 9.1.4)

- Standard incandescent = maximum labeled wattage of the luminaire
- Luminaires with ballasts = wattage of the lamp/ballast combination
- Line voltage track = minimum 30 W per foot
- Low voltage track = transformer wattage
- All others as specified

_**Example:**_
- Calculate the total lighting Wattage of a
- room containing the following fixtures:

_**Lighting Mandatory Provisions**_**Luminaire Wattage*****(Section 9.1.4)***

- A. Eight 2’x 4’ Fluorescent Fixtures
-  Three 4’ fluorescent T8 lamps per fixture, 32 Watts
-  1 three-lamp electronic ballast
-   Ballast Input Wattage - 90 watts
- B.  6 Incandescent Downlights
-  Specified Lamps - 60 Watt, A-line, Medium Screw Base
-  Maximum labeled wattage of fixture - 75 Watts
- C.  16 Feet of  Line Voltage Track
-  Specified - 5 Track Heads
-  90 Watt Halogen PAR38 lamps

_**Solution:**_  Total Lighting Wattage Calculation

_**Wrong Way!**_
-  8 Fixtures x 3 Lamps x 32 Watts per Lamp     =  768 Watts
-  6 Downlights x 60 Watts/A-line lamp             =  360 Watts
-  _5 Track Heads x 90 Watts/Halogen Par Lamp =  450 Watts_
-                                                   Total Wattage  = 1578 Watts

_**Right Way!**_
-  8 Fixtures  x  90 Ballast Input Watts                   =  720 Watts
-  6 Downlights x 75 Watt Labeled A-line Fixture =  450 Watts
-  _16’ Track  x  30 Watts/Foot                                 =  480 Watts_
-                                                   Total Wattage     = 1650 Watts

_**Lighting Mandatory Provisions**_**Luminaire Wattage*****(Section 9.1.4)***

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsAutomatic Lighting Shutoff(Section 9.4.1.1)

- Applies to buildings > 5000 ft2
- Time-scheduling devices that accommodate separate schedules for each floor or each space > 25,000 ft2, **or**
- Occupant-sensing devices that turn off lights in each controlled space within 30 minutes of last occupant detection, **or**
- Signal from another control or alarm system that indicates area is unoccupied

- Mandatory Provisions

**Notes:**
Local override capability (maximum area for override is an entire floor or 25,000 ft2, whichever is less)

Types of occupancy sensors:  wallbox units and wall and ceiling units
Two means of detecting occupancy:  passive infrared sensors and ultrasound detectors

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsSpace Control (Section 9.4.1.2)

- At least one for each room or space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions, except classrooms, conference rooms, and employee lunch rooms
- Readily accessible to occupants
- Except for safety or security
- In spaces _<_ 10,000 ft2, each control can serve a maximum of 2500 ft2
- In spaces > 10,000 ft2, each control can serve a maximum of 10,000 ft2

**Notes:**
If remote, must have an indicator light and be labeled to identify which lighting it controls

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsExterior Lighting Control(Section 9.4.1.3)

- Photocells or astronomical time switch required
- Seven-day electrically-driven, mechanical clocks with trippers, astronomical dial, and four-hour spring-wound storage
- Seven-day or calendar year, electronic programmable time switches with astronomic correction and battery backup
- Any of the timers above with a photocell (in place of astronomical correction)
- Exceptions – lighting for
- Covered vehicle entrances
- Exits from buildings or parking structures
- (where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation)

**Notes:**
Lighting controls must be able to automatically turn lights off during daylight hours or when lighting is not required.  Photocells are most commonly used for this purpose.

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsAdditional Control(Section 9.4.1.4)

- Many special lighting applications must be controlled separately
- Display/accent lighting
- Case lighting
- Hotel/motel guest room lighting
- Task lighting
- Nonvisual lighting (e.g., plant growth, food warming)
- Demonstration lighting

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsTandem Wiring (Section 9.4.2)

- When each lamp >30W

**Notes:**
Luminaires designed for use with 1 or 3 linear fluorescent lamps > 30W each shall use two-lamp tandem-wired ballasts in place of single-lamp ballasts in place of single-lamp ballasts when 2 or more luminaires are in the same space and on the same control device

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsTandem Wiring Exceptions(Section 9.4.2)

- Separated surface or pendant luminaires
- Recessed luminaires more than 10 ft apart
- Other luminaires
- With three-lamp ballasts
- On emergency lighting circuits
- With no available pair
- With one lamp, high frequency, electronic ballast

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsExit Signs (Section 9.4.3)

- Internally illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5W per face
- LED lamps okay
- Majority of incandescent lamps not okay

**Notes:**
Virtually all LED exit signs are less than 20 W and are therefore permitted (typical size is between 2 and 8 watts)

## Lighting Mandatory ProvisionsExterior Building Grounds Lighting (Section 9.4.4)

- Luminaires that operate at > 100 W require efficacy _>  _60 lumens/W
- Exceptions
- Traffic signals
- Lighting within outdoor signs
- Lighting used to illuminate public monuments or registered historic landmarks
- If an occupancy sensor or motion sensor controls the lighting application

## Lighting Mandatory Provisions9.4.5 Exterior Lighting Power

- The total exterior lighting power allowance for all exterior building applications is the sum of the individual lighting power densities permitted in Table 9.4.5 for these applications plus an additional unrestricted allowance of 5% of that sum.  Trade-offs are allowed only among exterior lighting applications listed as “tradable surfaces”

## Table 9.4.5 Lighting Power Densities for Building Exteriors

| Uncovered Parking Areas  Parking lots and drives | 0.15 W/ft2 |
| --- | --- |
| Building Grounds |  |
| Walkways < 10 feet wide | 1.0 W/lin. ft. |
| Walkways >10’ wide, plazas, special feature areas | 0.2 W/ft2 |
| Stairways | 1.0 W/ft2 |
| Building Entrances and Exits |  |
| Main entrances | 30 W/lin. ft. of door width |
| Other doors | 20 W/lin. ft. of door width |
| Canopies & Overhangs...Free standing or attached | 1.25 W/ft2 |
| Outdoor Sales |  |
| Open areas (incl. vehicle sales lots) | 0.5 W/ft2  |
| Street frontage for vehicle sales lot (additional) | 20 W/lin. ft. |
| Note: The above items are “Tradable Surfaces” among themselves.  The ones below are NOT. |  |
| Building Facades | 0.2 W/ft2 or 5.0 W/lin. ft. for ea. wall or surface |
| Automatic teller machines & night depositories | 270 W for 1st ATM plus 90 W per ATM |
| Entrances & gatehouse inspection stations | 1.25 W/ft2 of uncovered area |
| Loading areas police, fire, ambulance, etc. | 0.5 W/ft2 of uncovered area |
| Drive-up windows at fast-food restaurants | 400 W per drive-through |
| Parking near 24-hr retail entrances | 800 W per main entry |

## Exterior LightingExceptions

- 	When equipped with a control device
- Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation
- Highlighting Public monuments or Registered historic landmark structures or buildings
- Lighting integral to advertising signage

## Lighting Prescriptive PathBuilding Area Method(Section 9.5)

- Used for projects involving
- An entire building
- A single, independent, and separate occupancy in a multi-occupancy building
- Gross lighted area is multiplied by allowance from Table 9.5.1
- Limitations
- Insensitive to specific space functions and room configurations
- Generally is more restrictive
- Does not apply to all building types -  but “selection of a reasonably equivalent type” is permitted

**Notes:**
The building area method is the easiest to use but has limitations as discussed above.

## Lighting Prescriptive PathGross lighted area

- Sum of total lighted area of a building
- Measured from the exterior faces of the exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings
- Used in the building area method of determining interior lighting power allowance

**Notes:**
GLA includes basements, mezzanines and intermediate floor tiers, and penthouses, provided these spaces have a headroom height of 7.5 ft. or greater.  Excludes covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, and similar features

## Hospital            - 1.2 W/ft2
Library              - 1.3 W/ft2
Manufacturing  - 1.3 W/ft2
Museum            - 1.1 W/ft2
Office                - 1.0 W/ft2
Parking Garage - 0.3 W/ft2
Retail                - 1.5 W/ft2
School               - 1.2 W/ft2

- Library              - 1.3 W/ft2
- Manufacturing  - 1.3 W/ft2
- Museum            - 1.1 W/ft2
- Office                - 1.0 W/ft2
- Parking Garage - 0.3 W/ft2
- Retail                - 1.5 W/ft2
- School               - 1.2 W/ft2

_**Lighting Prescriptive Path**_**Building Area Allowances****(from Table 9.5.1)**

_**Example:**_
- Calculate Total Lighting Power Allowance using the
- Building Area Method:

- A. An Office Building:
-  6 Floors
-  Outside Dimensions 200’ x 350’
-  Office Building Power Allowance = 1.0 Watts/sq.ft.

_**Solution**_
-  200’ x  350’ =  70,000 sq. ft. per floor
-  6 Floors x 70,000 sq. ft per floor = 420,000 sq. ft.
-  _420,000 sq. ft. x 1.0 watts per sq. ft  =  420,000 Watts_
-   **Total Lighting Power Allowance = 420 kiloWatts *******
*** 546,000 W when using 90.1-2001 (126,000 W saved.)**

_**Lighting Prescriptive Path**_**Building Area Method*****(Section 9.5.1)***

## Lighting Prescriptive PathSpace-by-Space Method(Section 9.6)

- Identify different building types in your project
- Divide gross lighted area of the building into each of the space types
- Calculate lighting power allowance by multiplying area of space type by lighting power density for that specific space type
- Sum all the allowances
- Advantages
- More flexible
- Applicable to all building types
- Accounts for room geometry (e.g., lighting needs of enclosed office vs. open office)

## Office Building
Office Enclosed      - 1.1 W/ft2
Office Open            - 1.1 W/ft2
 Conference             - 1.3 W/ft2
 Training                 - 1.4 W/ft2
 Lobby                     - 1.3 W/ft2
Lounge                    - 1.2 W/ft2
Dining                     - 0.9 W/ft2
Food Prep               - 1.2 W/ft2
Corridor                 - 0.5 W/ft2
Restroom                - 0.9 W/ft2
Active Storage        - 0.8 W/ft2

**Office Enclosed      - 1.1 W/ft****2**
**Office Open            - 1.1 W/ft****2**
** ****Conference             - 1.3 W/ft****2**
** ****Training                 - 1.4 W/ft****2**
** ****Lobby                     - 1.3 W/ft****2**
**Lounge                    - 1.2 W/ft****2**
**Dining                     - 0.9 W/ft****2**
**Food Prep               - 1.2 W/ft****2**
**Corridor                 - 0.5 W/ft****2**
**Restroom                - 0.9 W/ft****2**
**Active Storage        - 0.8 W/ft****2**

_**Lighting Alternative Compliance Path**_**Space-by-Space Method*****(Section 9.6.1)***

## Lighting Prescriptive PathAdditional Interior Lighting Power (Section 9.6.2)

- 	An increase in the ILPA is allowed for specific space functions when using the space-by-space method
- Decorative – 1.0 W/ft2 in space used
- Fluorescent designed to eliminate glare - .35 W/ft2
- Lighting equipment installed in retail spaces specifically to highlight merchandise in specific space used
- Additional 1.6 W/ft2 _*times the area of specific display*_, or
- Additional 3.9 W/ft2 _*times the area of specific display*_ for fine merchandise

_**Example:**_
**Calculate Total Lighting Power Allowance**
**using the Space by Space Method: **

- A. Project is a Retail Building:
-  5000 sq. ft of Sales Area including 	1000 sq. ft of display counters
-  1000 sq. ft. of Active Storage Area
-  3 Enclosed Offices - 200 sq. ft. each
-  1 Conference Room - 400 sq. ft.
-  2 Rest Rooms - 150 sq. ft. each
-  Corridors - 6’ wide x  25’ long

_**Lighting Prescriptive Path**_**Space-by-Space Method*****(Section 9.6.2)***

_**Solution, Step #1:**_
**Identify the Watts per Square Foot allowed for Each Space**** **

- A. A Retail Building:
-  Sales Area – 1.7 Watts per Square Foot
-  Additional Power Allowance
- Accent Lighting - 1.6 W/ft2 of display
-  Active Storage Area – 0.8 W/ft2
-  Enclosed Offices - 1.1 W/ft2
-  Conference Room - 1.3 W/ft2
-  Rest Rooms – 0.9 W/ft2
-  Corridors - 0.5 W/ft2

_**Lighting Prescriptive Path**_**Space-by-Space Method*****(Section 9.6.2)***

-      Retail Building:
-  Sales: 1.7 W/ft2 x 5000 ft2                               = 8,500 Watts
-  Active Storage Area: 0.8 W/ft2 x 1000 ft2       =    800 Watts
-  Enclosed Offices: 1.1 W/ft2 x (3) 200 ft2         =    660 Watts
-  Conference Room: 1.3 W/ft2 x 400 ft2            =    520 Watts
-  Rest Rooms: 0.9 W/ft2 x (2) 150 ft2                 =    270 Watts
-  _Corridors: 0.5 W/ft__2__ x 6’ x 25’                        =      75 Watts_
**LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE         =   10,825 Watts**
-      Additional Power Allowance - Accent areas Only
-             1.6 W/ft2 x 1000 ft2                                   =  1,600 Watts
_**TOTAL I.L. POWER ALLOWANCE           =     12,425 Watts**_
*** ****15,105 Watts when using 90.1-2001 (2,680 W saved)**

- _Solution, Step #2:_Multiply W/ft2 allowance by the area of each space.  Add to calculate total power allowance.

_**Lighting Prescriptive Path**_**Space-by-Space Method*****(Section 9.6.2)***

## Mandatory ProvisionsSection 10 - Other Equipment

- Section 10.2 –
- Electric Motors
-     Electric motors shall comply with the Energy Policy Act of 1992, as shown in Table 10.2.  Motors not in the scope of EPA have no requirements in this section
- Table shows minimum efficiency for general purpose motors

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method

- Allows tradeoffs between building functions
- Limits allowable energy costs of the design to those of a building meeting the standard
- Whole-building performance approach

## Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method

- The ultimate trade-off method allowing you to trade-off across building systems through the use of annual, hourly simulation tools and a baseline building
- The only real way to deal with unique designs,  renewables, high-efficiency equipment, etc.
- The basis of the energy portion of the LEED rating
- Limits allowable energy costs of the design to those of a building meeting the Standard

## ECB (Limitations)

- 11.1.2 Trade-offs limited to the portion relating to the building permit
- 11.1.3 Envelope limitations: ECB results not to be submitted to jurisdictional authority prior to approval of envelope design
- 11.1.5 Documentation required for (a) ECB results, (b) list of energy-related features, (c) I/O report from the simulation software, and (d) an explanation of error messages in the output

## ECB (Section 11.1.4)

- Compliance if:
- Mandatory requirements of 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4 and 10.4 are met, and
- The *design energy cost** *does not exceed the *energy cost budget, *as calculated by the simulation program in 11.2, and
- The energy *efficiency* level of components specified in the building design meet or exceed the *efficiency* levels used to calculate the *design energy cost*

## 11.2.1 Simulation Program Requirements

- At least 1400 hours per year;
- Hourly variations in occupancy, power, lighting, etc. daily & weekly profiles;
- Thermal mass effects;
- Ten or more thermal zones;
- Part-load performance for HVAC systems;
- Capacity corrections for HVAC systems;
- Air-side & water-side economizers w/ control; and
- The *budget building design* characteristics specified in 11.1.5

## 11.2.1.3 ECB (Simulation Model Requirements)

- Also, must be able to produce or deal with:
*Design energy cost* and reports;
- Design load calculations;
- Hourly climatic data (source approved); and
- Purchased energy rate structure (except on-site renewable or site-recovered energy.)
- The two runs must use the same: (a) simulation program, (b) weather data, and (c) purchased energy rates

## 11.2.1.4 Simulation program requirements (new in 90.1-2004)

- “The simulation program shall be tested according to ASHRAE Standard 140 and the results shall be furnished by the software provider”

## Section 11.2.5 Exceptional Calculation Methods

- “Where no *simulation program *is available that adequately models a design, material, or device, the *authority having jurisdiction* may approve an exceptional calculation method to be used to demonstrate compliance with Section 11.”
- ------------------------------------
-  **Note:**** ****Method’s accuracy needs to be verified**

## 11.3  Modeling requirements for calculating Design Energy Cost (DEC) & Energy Cost Budget (ECB)

- Design Model
- Additions & alterations
- Space use classification
- Schedules
- Building envelope
- Lighting
- Thermal blocks –HVAC zones designed

- Thermal blocks –HVAC zones not designed
- Thermal blocks-multifamily
- HVAC systems
- Service hot water systems
- Miscellaneous loads
- Modeling exceptions
- Modeling limitations to the simulation program

- Must have parity between DEC & ECB w.r.t.:

## 11.3.2 HVAC System Map

## 11.3.2A Budget System Descriptions

| Syst.# | System Type | Fan control | Cooling type | Heating type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | VAV w/ parallel fan-powered boxes | VAV | Chilled H2O | Elec. Res. |
| 2 | VAV w/ reheat | VAV | Chilled H2O | h.w. boiler |
| 3 | Pkg VAV w/ par f.p. box | VAV | DX | Elec. Res. |
| 4 | Pkg VAV w/ reheat | VAV | DX | h.w. boiler |
| 5 | 2-pipe fan-coil | Const. vol. | Chilled H2O | Elec. Res. |
| 6 | Water-source heat pump | Const. vol. | DX | Ht. pump boiler |
| 7 | 4-pipe fan-coil | Const. vol. | Chilled H2O | h.w. boiler |
| 8 | PTHP | Const. vol. | DX | Elec. Res. |
| 9 | Pkg rooftop heat pump | Const. vol. | DX | Elec. Res. |
| 10 | PTAC | Const. vol. | DX | h.w. boiler |
| 11 | Pkg rooftop a.c. | Const. vol. | DX | Fossil f. boiler |

## Section 12 - Normative References

- Normative (read “mandatory”) reference documents
- Includes test methods, rating procedures, and other standards

## Appendices

- _NORMATIVE_
- A. Assembly U-, C-, and F-Factor Determination
- B.  Building Envelope Criteria
- C . Envelope Trade-Off   Methodology
- D.  Climate Data

- _INFORMATIVE_
- E.  Informative References
- Addenda Description Information
- Performance Rating Method (new)

## Assembly U-Factor, C-Factor, and F-Factor Determination(Normative Appendix A)

- Includes pre-calculated U-factors, C-factors, and F-factors
- Above-grade walls
- Below-grade walls
- Floors
- Slab-on-grade floors
- Opaque doors
- Fenestration

## Building Envelope Climate Criteria(Normative Appendix B)

- Tables B-1, B-2, and B-3 contain eight (8) climate zones designations for U.S. counties, Canadian Provinces & cities and other foreign cities.
- Table B-4 lists the climate zone criteria in terms of HDD65 and CDD50 ranges.

## Methodology for Building EnvelopeTrade-Off Option in Subsection 5.6(Normative Appendix C) 

- The gruesome details of how the envelope trade-off option is implemented
- This is the methodology in the ENVSTD trade-off software that allows trade-offs between roof and wall elements.  The “metric” of trade-off is ultimately an energy dollar trade-off

## Climatic Data(Normative Appendix D)

- 34 pages of climatic data for approx. 900 US, Canadian, and international cities
- HDD65 and CDD50
- Heating & cooling DB & WB design temperatures and the “number of hours between 8 am and 4 pm with Tdb between 55o and 69o” for HVAC calculations

## Performance Rating Method(Informative Appendix G)

- The building performance rating method is a modification of the ECB method in Section 11 and is intended for use in rating the energy *efficiency* of building designs that exceed the requirements of the standard.  It is not an alternative path for compliance; rather, it is for those wishing to quantify performance that substantially exceeds the requirements of Standard 90.1
- Like ECB, it requires the use of simulation software

## Performance Rating Method

*Informative Appendix G*
- Provides specific rules for determining degree of improvement over 90.1
- Responding to demand by LEED designers
- Distinct from Energy Cost Budget compliance method (Section 11)

## Interpretations for Standard 90.1

- 90.1 Users Manuals
- Provides much of the background
- Formal Interpretations
- Formal written interpretations take time
- Informal Interpretations
- Quick, informal answers to questions
- ASHRAE Manager of Standards (404) 636-8400

##  Where to Get More Information

- _[www.ashrae.org](http://www.ashrae.org/)_** ****and local ASHRAE chapters**
- _[www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/](http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/)_
_**www.energycodes.gov**_
_**www.nfrc.org**_
_**www.ansi.org**_
_**www.ari.org**_
_**www.icccampus.org**_
_**http://energysystems.tamu.edu**_

## Copies of the 90.1 Standards?

- Standards 90.1-1999, 2001 and 2004 and matching users  manuals are available from ASHRAE

- _[www.ashrae.org](http://www.ashrae.org/)_

- (404) 636-8400

## DOE Code Compliance Software

- Simplified Code Compliance Check
- COMcheck-EZ 3.0 Release 2b, by the U.S. DOE
- Embodies the choices of:
- 90.1-1989
- 90.1-1999
- 90.1-2001
- 1998 IECC
- 2000 IECC
- 2001 IECC
- 2003 IECC
- For free download, visit the web site:
- http://www.energycodes.gov

## Additional Information

- For additional information on code requirements, code training and adoptions in specific municipalities, please contact:
- Shirley Muns, _[shirleymuns@tees.tamus.edu](mailto:ShirleyMuns@tees.tamus.edu)_
- Code Specialist
- Energy Systems Laboratory
- Texas Engineering Experiment Station
- (Also, check out the emissions/energy calculator at: _[http://ecalc.tamu.edu](http://ecalc.tamu.edu/)_ )

## Questions