# Presentation: 258102

## National Communications System (NCS)

**Satellite and Microwave Transmission**
**ESF2 Training**
**May 23, 2006**
**David Cavossa, Executive Director, Satellite Industry Association**
**Peter Hill, Senior Engineer, ARTEL Inc.**
**	****	****	****	****www.sia.org**

## Operability Before Interoperability

**1**

- Satellite Communications Overview
- Microwave Transmission Overview
- Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure
- Questions?

**OUTLINE**

## Operability Before Interoperability

**Following a disaster you need basic **_**OPERABILITY**_** before **_**Interoperability**_
**SATELLITES = **_**OPERABILITY**_** when terrestrial communications infrastructure is damaged or destroyed**
**Satellites Communications are;**
**Highly Survivable (Physical Survivability and Robustness)**
**Independent of Terrestrial Infrastructure**
**Truly “Air Gapped” and Quickly Provisioned/ Restored **
**Suitable for Fixed and Transportable User Locations**
**Satellites Provide:**
**Added Layer of Path Diversity and Link Availability**
**Backup, Load Sharing, Surge Capacity Solution for Larger Sites**
**Unique Multicast and Broadcast Capabilities**

## Satellite Is Part of the Solution

**First Responders and Public Safety need a non-terrestrial back-up communications infrastructure that is;**
**Independent of the Public Infrastructure**
**Pre-positioned**
**Included in First Responder Training Programs**
**The Department of Homeland Security is currently examining a range of emergency communication proposals, including proposals to ensure interoperability.  Satellite systems should be emphasized and included in the early planning of these initiatives.**
- The required capacity and equipment is available _today_ from commercial satellite operators to corporations, first responders, and consumers across the globe.

## Commercial Satellite Industry

** ****Launch Vehicles   Ground Equipment   Insurance   Manufacturing**

**  **_**Infrastructure / Support Services**_

_**Remote Sensing**_
** ****Pipeline Monitoring**
** ****Infrastructure Planning**
** ****Forest Fire Prevention**
** ****Urban Planning**
** ****Flood and Storm watches**
** ****Air  Pollution Management**
** ****Geo-spatial Services**

_**GPS/Navigation**_
** ****Position Location**
** ****Timing**
** ****Search and Rescue**
** ****Mapping**
** ****Fleet Management**
** ****Security & Database Access**
** ****Emergency Services **

_**Direct-To-Consumer **_
** ****Broadband IP **
** ****DTH/DBS Television**
** ****Digital Audio Radio**
** ****Interactive Entertainment & Games**
** ****Video & Data to handhelds**

_**Voice/Video/Data Communications**_
** ****Rural Telephony**
** ****News Gathering/Distribution**
** ****Internet Trunking**
** ****Corporate VSAT Networks**
** ****Tele-Medicine**
** ****Distance-Learning**
** ****Mobile Telephony***** ***
*** *****Videoconferencing**
** ****Business Television**
** ****Broadcast and Cable Relay**
** ****VOIP & Multi-media over IP**

**Notes:**
EXPANSION OF SATELLITE SERVICES
The growth of satellite communications services continues to expand with new applications particularly coming from new military, defense and security needs and from the “hybridization” or “integration” of the many service categories summarized above but with Voice over IP and Multi-Media over IP allowing the combination of many services via digital modulation and encoding.  
Currently the industry is rebounding from a sluggish start to the 2000s. Today there is new growth fueled by mergers and consolidations, security applications, IP based services, and increased financial capitalization in the industry. In short,  there is now recovery from the market failures of some satellite systems of the late 1990s and early 2000s. In addition new satellite and user terminal technologies are creating a resurgence in the industry. 
Nevertheless there are areas of some concern. These include worries about the rate of growth of new Ka-band satellite systems, the still modest growth of mobile satellite systems, the decrease in the number of launches (in part because new satellites are larger and more capable) and the launch insurance industry that is recovering from some large claims.

## Value of Satellite Services 

**1**

**Value of Satellite Services **

** **

- Satellite systems perform most effectively when:
- interconnecting _widely distributed networks_,
- providing _broadcasting_ services over very wide areas such as a country, region, or entire hemisphere
- providing connectivity for the _“last mile”_ in cases where fiber networks are simply not available for interactive services.
- providing _mobile_ wideband and narrow band communications
- satellites are best and most reliable form of communications in the case of natural disasters or terrorist attacks - fiber networks or even terrestrial wireless can be disrupted by tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.. _i.e. satellites are instant infrastructure_

## Satellite Components

**1**

**Satellite Components**

** **

- Bus
- Power Subsystem
- Telemetry and Command Subsystem
- Attitude and Control Subsystem
- Propulsion Subsystem
- Payload
- Communications Subsystem
-  Transponders

## Transponders

**1**

**Transponders**

** **

**The transponder is the “workhorse” of the satellite - provides the connection between the satellite’s receive and transmit antennas. **
**Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending on the size of the satellite and the desired transmission power. **
**A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz, or 72 MHz or even wider. **
**A transponders function is to: **
**Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted)**
**Filter out noise, **
**Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid  interference w/uplink)**
**Amplify for retransmission to ground***** ***

## Satellite Frequencies

**1**

**Satellite Frequencies**

** **

- There are specific frequency ranges used by commercial satellites.
**L-band****	****	****	****Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)**
**1.0 – 2.0 GHz****	****	**
**S-band****	****	****	****MSS, DARS – XM, Sirius**
**2.0 – 4.0 GHz**
**C-band****	****	****	****Fixed Satellite Services (FSS), VSAT**
**4.0 – 8.0 GHz**
**X-Band****	****	****	****Military/Satellite Imagery**
**8.0 – 12.0 GHz**
**Ku-band****	****	****	****FSS, DBS, VSAT**
**12.0–15.0 GHz**
**Ka-band****	****	****	****FSS “broadband” and inter-satellite links**
**15.0 – 30.0 GHz**

## Orbital Options

- A _Geosynchronous _**(GEO) satellite orbit is high enough (22,000 miles) that it keeps pace with the earths rotation. Three satellites can provide 24/7 coverage of most of the globe. **
- _Medium earth orbit__ _**(MEO)** **satellites are closer to users on Earth but 10-18 are required for continuous coverage.**** **
- _Low earth orbit _ (LEO) **satellites are closest to users (300-500 miles) but 40-70 satellites are required for full coverage.**

_***Shorter distance results in lower power, smaller size terminals ***_

**Notes:**
BACKGROUND ON THE VARIOUS SATELLITE ORBITS WHY WOULD YOU CHOOSE A GEO, MEO OR LEO ORBIT?
The choice of a system configuration is based on a large number of factors and these include:
 Need for geographic coverage. Is it national, regional or global  
   in scope?
 Look angle or other special needs (i.e. sun synchronous)
 Earth segment characteristics (how small or portable? high gain or omni?.)
 Type of services (mobile, fixed, distributed, IP broadband, broadcast or multi-casting, emergency rescue, on-demand flexible networks, etc.)
 Whether the needed frequency allotments, orbital locations or constellation design are available at the global, regional or national level
 Projected cost and lifetime of the satellite system

## Satellite Coverage “Footprints”

**1**

**Satellite Coverage “Footprints”**

- Global Beams

- Regional Beams

- Spot Beams

## Geosynchronous Orbit 

**1**

**Geosynchronous Orbit**

## Teleports – Earth Stations

**1**

**Teleports – Earth Stations**

## Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)

**1**

**Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)**

** ****FSS Industry**
** ****Geosynchronous Spacecraft**
-  ~22,000 miles in orbit
** ****C, Ku and Ka Frequencies**
** ****Terrestrial Infrastructures**
-  Teleports
-  TT&C Centers
-  Service Platforms
-  Fiber Interconnects
** ****Diverse market-base**
-  Media Distribution
-  Telecom Infrastructure
-  Enterprise Networks
-  Government Networks & Apps
** ****~ 250 operational commercial GEO satellites in use today **
-  59 to be launched over next 3 years

##  “Typical” Fixed Satellite Service Network

**1**

** **

**Branch Offices**

_**HQ**_
**Red Cross **
**News Agency**
**Corporate**

**Corporate Offices**

**Gas Stations**

**Apartment **
**Buildings**

**Residential**

**Emergency Response**

** “****Typical” Fixed Satellite Service Network**

_**Applications**_
** ****Credit Card Validation**
** ****ATM/Pay at the Pump**
** ****Inventory Control**
** ****Store Monitoring**
** ****Electronic Pricing**
** ****Training Videos**
** ****In-Store Audio**
** ****Broadband Internet Access**
** ****Distance Learning**

## Ground Equipment 

**1**

|  |
| --- |

| Overall systems costs have decreased because of the explosion of low-cost user terminals that can now receive video via hand-held units
Omni directional antennas
Smaller, lighter, cheaper
More powerful, faster
Pocket, notebook, rugged
Application specific terminals, embedded modems
 |
| --- |

**Minimal Set-Up Time, ****Robust, Portable, Easy To Use**

**Ground Equipment**

##  Mobile Satellite Service

**1**

** ****Mobile Satellite Service**

-  Function like terrestrial wireless system with ubiquitous reach
-  Use a mix of orbit types
-  Geosynchronous (GEO)
-  Non-geosynchronous (LEO and MEO)
-  System sizes range from (1) GEO to (66) LEO
-  Use a mix of frequencies
-  Mostly L-Band / Some S-Band, UHF/VHF
-  Feeder links and some services use C, Ka, and Ku-   Band
-  Applications
-  Aeronautical
-  Maritime
-  Land

## “Typical” Mobile Satellite Network

- PSTN/ DISN

## Mobile Satellite Equipment

## Critical To The Economy

**Critical To The Economy**

- PumpGas

- WatchTV

- Shop

- Eat
- Out

- Buy & Service
- Automobile

- Transact
- Financially

- Stay at
- Hotels

## DoD Need’s Commercial SATCOM

**Radiation hardened, secure, **
**dedicated communications**

**Routine, non-classified **
**communications**

**Military owned and operated**
**Constellations (AEHF, WGS, TSAT, DSCS, MUOS etc...**
**        ****Commercial, or Milsatcom when available**

**Commercial**

_**Requirements**_

_**Solutions**_

## Satellite Industry Response to Hurricanes

**Satellite Industry Response to Hurricanes**

## Satellites and Katrina

## Satellite Communications for 

**1**

_**Satellite bandwidth**_
**   ****Can be reserved and pre-positioned ahead of time**
**   ****Or ad hoc bandwidth can be purchased when  needed**
_**Full range of transportable terminals**_
**   ****Hand Held**
**   ****Trailer-mounted terminals**
**   ****Vehicle-mounted terminals**
**   ****Flyaway terminals**
_**Terminal at other end can be**_** ...**
**   ****Teleport, with terrestrial tail circuit into customer network**
**   ****Fixed terminal at customer facility**
**   ****Another transportable/handheld terminal**

**Satellite Communications for **
**Emergency Response**

## Satellite Technology Trends

**Satellites in general are becoming more capable, with higher power and larger aperture antennas to promote frequency re-use **
**With electronically formed beams, the beam patterns can be re-formed on command to respond to needs or changing requirements that emerge in response to market demand**

**Notes:**
Satellites Have Many New Technologies to Deploy 
as Well as New Ground Systems.
Ironically, faster and more capable digital processing functions are carried out within mechanisms that are smaller in size and mass. On the other hand the antenna systems and the power systems have both growth in size to support higher and higher throughput, higher transmission power levels and the need to focus beams more tightly to support intensive re-use of frequencies by creating a “cellular-like” antenna beam pattern on the ground for fixed and mobile satellite services..

## Emerging Services/Applications

_**Broadband Connectivity to Homes/Offices**_
_**Mobile Broadband**_
**Comms’ on the Move**
**In-Flight or Ships at sea**
_**Consumer Focused**_
**Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC)**
**Satellite Radio**
_**Broadcast**_
**High Definition Television**
**Digital Video Recorders**
_**Hybrid Solutions**_
**Satellite + WiFi**
**Satellite + cellular (pico cell)**

## MICROWAVE SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS

- Propagation of Signals
- Antennas
- Microwave Radio Equipment
- Configurations
- Similarities of Satellite &
- 	Microwave
- Applications

## Line of Site Propagation

**1**

-  Free Space Loss
-  Path Profile (Clearance (Fresnel Zone))
-  Reflections, Refraction, Diffraction, Absorption
-  Ducting
-  Multipath
-  Radio Frequency Interference

**Line of Site Propagation**

## Antennas

- Isotropic Radiator
- Dipole
- Parabolic Reflector
- Polarization
- Gain

## Earth Station-Microwave-Network Connectivity

- BUC

- LNB

- MODEM

- TX

- RX

- M/W
- Tx/Rx

- M/W
- Tx/Rx

- Router

- INTERNET

- HQ

**Earth Station-Microwave-Network Connectivity**

- ARTEL. Inc.

##              Microwave Path Calculations

- G Tx = 28 dBi

- FSL = 104 dB

- FSL in dB = 36.6 + 20Log f + 20Log D
- F = Frequency in MHz
- D = Distance in miles
- Example:
- F = 2.4 GHz = 2400 MHz
- D = 1 mile
- FSL = 104.2 dB

- Tx Power = +30 dBm
- TL Loss = 5 dB
- Gain of Tx Antenna = 28 dBi
- FSL = 104 dB
- Gain Rx Antenna = 28 dBi
- RL Loss _= 5 dB_
- Total = -31 dBm
- Receiver Threshold = -90 dBm
- Margin = 59 dB
- -

- G Rx = 28 dBi

- _Link Calculation_

- Rx Signal Level (RSL) =
- Tx Power – LTx + GTx –FSL + GRx – LRx
- G = Na (4)A
-  (ft) = 984/f (in MHz) = 0.41 ft
- A = r2 = 12.57 ft2
- r = 2 ft
- G (dB) = 10Log(.65(4/(.41)2)12.57 = 27.86 dB

- LTx = 5 dB

- LRx = 5 dB

**             ****Microwave Path Calculations**

- ARTEL Inc.

## Microwave Radio Equipment

- Radio Frequency Bands
- Modulation
- Bandwidth
- Transmitted Power
- Repeaters

## Equipment Configuration

- Last Mile
- Long Haul
- Call Center Connectivity
- Point to Point & Point to Multipoint

## Similarities in Satellite & Microwave

- Satellite is (a Bent Pipe) with A Repeater in Space and Terminals on the Ground
- A Microwave Link may have repeater(s) between terminals path Propagation
- Propagation principals the same
- Antennas- Some similar
- Same frequency bands

## Applications of Satellite/Microwave 

**Voice/Video/Data Communications**
** ****Rural Telephony**
** ****News Gathering/Distribution**
** ****Internet Trunking**
** ****Tele-Medicine**
** ****Distance-Learning**
** ****Mobile Telephony***** ***
*** *****Videoconferencing**

## Network Connectivity

- Public Switched Telephone Network
- Private Network
- Corporate Network
- Internet Connectivity
- Stand Alone