# Presentation: 942662

## USE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN MINOR SPECIES IN LATINOAMERICA

- Jorge O. Errecalde
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Faculty of Veterinary Science
- University of La Plata
- Argentina

## Major and Minor Species

- Major species:
- Cattle			-Sheep??
- Pigs
- Hens
- Turkeys
- Horses
- Dogs
- Cats

## How to classify minor species?

- Minor species serve man because of company, ornamental, illustrative or productive reasons.
- A classification should take into account these factors
- However, probably the public would understand better a zoological classification
- Follows an attempt of classification:

## Zoological classification of minor species

- 	Inferior animals
- Honey bees
- Earthworms
- Snails
- Aquatic animals
- -Fish (ornamental)		-Prawns
- -Fish (production)		-King prawns

## Amphibians and reptiles

- -Frog
- -Non-poisonous snakes
- (snake parks, pets)
- -Poisonous snakes
- (snake parks, venom extraction)
- -Turtles
- -Lizards
- -Cayman

## Birds

- -Canaries
- -Parrots
- -Pigeons
- -Other ornamental or company birds
- -Pheasants (ornamental and productive)
- -Turkeys (ornamental and productive)
- -Ducks
- -Goose
- -Swans
- -Rheas

## Rodents

- -Hamsters
- -Guinea Pigs
- (laboratory and pets)
- -Rats and mice
- (laboratory and pets)
- -Capibaras
- -Minks
- -Chinchillas
- 	-Rabbits

## Small ruminants, 

- Small ruminants,
- south american camelids, deers
- -Goats
- -Guanacos
- -Llamas
- -Alpacas
- -Vicuñas
- -Deers

## WILD AND ZOO ANIMALS

**WILD AND ZOO ANIMALS**

## Honey Bees

- Diseases of economical importance
- Foulbrood
- American: Burning of hives, eventually oxytetracycline
- European: Management. Antibiotics: Not preventive. Light infection: Oxytetracicline, neomycin. Heavy infection: Incineration. 1 Gram oxytetracicline in 100 grams sugar, three times weekly per hive.
- Varroa
- Pyrethroids. Impregnated wood strips (1 strip every 5 frames), patties
- Coumaphos
- Amitraz. 70 mL of 1.25 % solution in smoker. 6 % in strips.
- Formic acid in 10 % strips or applicators. Rotenone, timol
- Nosemosis
- Fumagylin (Fugiprin “B” –fumagilin 2%) in patty or syrup (1 L per hive, three times at weekly intervals)

## Snails

- 	Diseases of snails:
- 		1. Infections: Pseudomonas. Tetracyclins?
- 		2. Nematode infections
- 3. Protozoa infections
- 4. Teatments: Calcium carbonate sprinkled to harden shells. Oxytetracycline salts sprinkled to control infections

## Prawns

- Infectious diseases common in intensive exploitaitions. Antimicrobials used: penicillin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, eritromycin, chloramphenicol, tiamphenicol, nalidixic acid, flumequine, trimetoprim, tetracyclins
- Protozoa: Acriflavin, copper sulphate
- Ectoparasites: Ivermectin, organophosphates.
- PROBLEM: Persistence of antimicrobials in sediment: Resistence.

## Infectious diseases in SALMON

| Disease | Drug | Dose | Route | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Septicemia | Oxytetracycline | 20 mg/kg | injection | Several days |
| Septicemia | Oxytetracycline | 80-160 mg/kg/day | Food | 10 days |
| Septicemia
(Aeromonas) | Oxytetracycline | 100 mg/L
100 /mg/fish | Bath
Food | 3 days
14 days |
| Septicemia and others | Enrofloxacin
(Baytril)       | 5 mg/kg | injection | Unique dose |
| Septicemia and others | Chloramphenicol | 50-150 mg/kg/day | Food | 10 days |
| Forunculosis | Amoxycillin | 40/80 mg/kg/day | Food | 10 days |
| Various | Chloramphenicol | 10 mg/kg | injection | Unique dose |
| Various | Eritromycin | 100 mg/kg | Food | 20 days |

## Chile: 100 registered products for fish

| Product | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Antibiotics | 64 |  |
| Vaccines | 10 |  |
| Parasiticydes | 6 |  |
| Fungicydes | 5 |  |
| Anesthetics | 8 |  |
| Antiseptics | 4 |  |
| Hormones  | 3 |  |
| Total | 100 |  |

## Chile: distribution of 64 antibiotics 

- Chile: distribution of 64 antibiotics

| Antibiotic | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Quinolones | 41 | 64.06 |
| Oxytetracycline | 13 | 20.30 |
| Macrolides | 7 | 10.94 |
| Sulfa+trimetoprim | 1 | 1.56 |
| Fenicols | 1 | 1.56 |
| ß Lactams | 1 | 1.56 |
| Total | 64 | 99.98 |

## Amphibians and reptiles

- Amphibians and reptiles

- Cayman
- Mycoplasmosis (Pneumonia, swollen joints), stress. Tetracycline injection
- Clamydiosis (C. Psitacci)
- Acute: Death
- Ocular: Blindness. In this case: Tetracyclines
- Salmonellosis: Enteritis, septicemia: Hygienic measures plus wide-spectrum antibiotics
- Non-specific septicemia: Antibacterials in early stages
- Coccidiosis: Fibrinous enteritis. Sulfas.

## Amphibians and reptiles

- Turtles and snakes
- Gram negative bacteria more common
- Carbenicilin: 200-400 mg/kg every 48 hours (animals at 25 degrees Celsius)
- Doxicyclin: 50 mg/kg every 72 hours (at 20 degrees Celsius)
- Amikacin: 5 mg/kg every 48 hours (at 30 degrees Celsius
- Enrofloxacin: 10 mg/kg every 24/48 hours (at 30 degrees Celsius)
- Metronidazol (anaerobes): 20 mg/kg every 48 hours

## BirdsPigeons, canaries (Parasites)

| Disease | Drug | Dose | Route | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ascaridiasis | Levamisol | 1,5 g in 5 L  | Oral | 3 days |
| Capilariasis | Levamisol
Ivermectin | 1,5 g in 5L
200 μg/kg | Oral
Injectable | 3 days
One dose
 |
| Teniasis | Praziquantel | 10 mg/bird | Oral or SC | One dose |
| Trichomoniasis | Ronidazole

Metronidazol | 400 mg in 5L
100 mg/bird | Oral

Oral | 7 days

7 days |
| Coccidia | Sulfamethazine | 12-15 g in 5 L | Oral | 3 days, rest 3 d, 3 days |
| Lice | Cipermethrin | 5 mL/L water | Spray | Day 0 and 15 |

- BirdsPigeons, canaries (Parasites)

## BirdsPigeons, canaries (Virus and bacteria)

| Disease | Drug | Dose | Route | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paramixovirus | Vaccine |  |  |  |
| Adenovirus | Homeopathy |  |  |  |
| Herpes virus | Homeopathy |  |  |  |
| Paratifosis | Trivalent vaccine |  |  |  |
| Strepto and Staphylococcus in canary foot | Chlortetracycline | 1,5 g in 5 L | Oral | 7-14 days |
| Mycotic proventriculitis | Ketoconazol |  | Oral |  |

- BirdsPigeons, canaries (Virus and bacteria)

## BIRDS

- Rheas
- Enteritis: Antibiogram, probiotics, antimicrobials
- Rhino-tracheitis (Dust + Mycoplasma in feed-lots). Oxytetracycline
- Gastric verminosis: Levamisole, fenbendazole, avermectins
- Ectoparasites: Pyrethroids, amitraz, avermectins

## Rodents

- Rabbits
- Skin problems
- Mange: Acaricides or injectable ivermectin (400μg/kg)
- Ringworm: Iodines.
- Internal parasites: Injectable ivermectin.
- Respiratory system
- Rhinitis: Better environmental conditions. If not: Enrofloxacin.
- Contagious rhinitis: Enrofloxacin, oxytetracyclin.
- Reproductive system
- Mastitis: Enrofloxacin, oxytetracyclin, others.
- Metritis: Idem.
- Digestive system
- Enterotoxemia: In case of antibiotic use, antibiogram is required.
- Colibacilosis: In case of antibiotic use, antibiogram is required.
- Coccidiosis: As a preventive robenidin in food used with pre-slaughter withdrawal (similar to chickens). Therapeutic use: sulfonamides in drinking water.

## CHINCHILLAS

**CHINCHILLAS**

| Drug | Pups 45-60 days | Pups 5 months | 9 months and more | Breeders | Post-partum | All animals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ivermectin 1% | 0,02 cc oral | 0,02 cc oral | 0,02 cc oral | 0,02 cc oral JUN and DEC |  | 1 cc/L of water 5 days |
| Oxitocina |  |  |  |  | 0,1 mL after partum |  |
| Oxytetracycline |  | Deaths with neumonia symptoms |  |  |  | 2-3 g/L during 7 days |
| Formaldehyde |  | Once a month |  |  |  | 150 mL/L water
Spray al over |
| Enrofloxacin |  | Deaths without diagnosis. Depressed animals with no diagnosis. |  |  |  | 0,5 mL/L of water 5 days |
| Zeranol |  | 8-9 months. To  “favors” maturation of hair |  |  |  | 1⁄2 pellet |

## South american camelids

- South american mammal fauna is rich in bats and rodents but poor in large native herbivorous. That is why the “South Cone” of America is an excellent example of ecologically non saturated fauna. New world camelids are the most important native herbivores. Because of its ecological dominance, its contribution to man has been major in the past and currently (Franklin, 1982)
- Llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña.
- Theory of evolution
- Quality of fiber
- Inca chiefs used vicuña clothes whereas the normal citizens used guanaco fiber clothes
- The Incas exploited camelids very rationally
- With the arrival of Spain the exploitation became intensive and irrational
- Currently the exploitation of small familiar herds continues traditional and primitive uses
- Food requirements, rusticity

## Requirements of the SENASA Argentina to register a new drug for minor species

- Monography covering all aspects required by the MERCOSUR regulations
- Bibliography covering all aspects of safety and efficacy
- Experimental evidence on:
- Efficacy
- Withdrawal time
- Stability
- Innocuity

## Conclusions

- Conclusions

- A few species should be prioritized
- There is a lot of widespread scientific material
- Registrations should be based in scientific material already existent plus safety data

- Extremely complex subject

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## THANK YOU