# Presentation: 254500

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**Jim Besley & Kurt Snider**
- US Fish & Wildlife Service
*... **at your service.*

- USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference
- Cookeville, Tennessee
- May 19, 2005

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Remember:**
**Cartography is ***“The art & science of maps and mapping”*
***so . . .***
**Portions of this class may be more like an ****A****R****T**** ****class influenced by the likes, dislikes, and abilities of the teacher!**

**Disclaimer**

## What we’ll cover today

**Types of Maps**
**The Basics of Map Projections**
**The Map Design Process**
**Map Size, Scale, Content, Symbology and Typographics.**
**Map Layout using ArcView 3.2**
**Title, Legend, Scale Bar, Inset Map, Date, Informational Note, and Company Identifier.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Types of Maps

** ****Thematic Maps**

**Types of Maps**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## General Purpose Maps

**Emphasis on location**
**All data is at the same level of importance**
**Examples of General Purpose Maps**
**Topographic, Street, Atlas**

**General Purpose Maps**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Topographic Map

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Street Map

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Atlas Map

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Thematic Maps

**Two or more levels of importance**
**Data over a base map**
**Examples of Thematic Maps**
**Choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, isoline, flow, and value-by-area maps.**

**Thematic Maps**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Choropleth Map

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Dot Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Graduated Symbol Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Isoline Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Flow Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Two-Way Flow Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Value-by-Area Maps

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## The Basics of Map Projections

**UTM** - Universal Transverse Mercator
**Albers** - Albers Equal Area Conic
**Lambert** - Lambert Conformal Conic
**State Plane Coordinate System**
**Datums** - NAD27, NAD83, WGS84
**Spheroids** - Clarke 1866, GRS80

**The Basics of Map Projections**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

***All you really need to know ...***

## UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator

**Conformal**
**Scale is true along Central Meridian**
**Used extensively for quadrangle maps at scales of 24,000  from 250,000**
**60 zones, 6 degrees each.**

**UTM – ****Universal Transverse Mercator**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## UTM Zones of the Lower 48

**UTM Zones of the Lower 48**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Albers – Albers Equal Area Conic 

**Conic**
**Equal Area**
**Used for equal-area maps of regions with predominant east-west expanse, especially the United States.**

**Albers – ****Albers Equal Area Conic **

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Albers – Albers Equal Area Conic 

**Albers – ****Albers Equal Area Conic **

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Lambert – Lambert Conformal Conic 

**Conformal**
**Used for maps of countries and regions with predominant east-west expanse.**

**Lambert – ****Lambert Conformal Conic **

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Lambert – Lambert Conformal Conic 

**Lambert – ****Lambert Conformal Conic **

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## State Plane Coordinate System

**Three projections used - Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, and Oblique Mercator.**
**Originally, units in feet with NAD 27 datum, new work done in meters with NAD 83 datum.**

**State Plane Coordinate System**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## State Plane Coordinate System

**State Plane Coordinate System**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Datums

**Datums**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Datums – NAD27, NAD83, WGS84

**NAD83**** - North American Datum 1983 - based on Geodetic Reference System (GRS) 80 - Initial starting point in a sense is the  center of the earth.**
**WGS84**** – Used by most GPS systems. Very much like NAD83 but also uses a gravity model of the earth for improved accuracy.**

**Datums ****– NAD27, NAD83, WGS84**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Spheroids

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Spheroids – Clark 1866, GRS80

**Geodetic Reference System (GRS) 80 - ****Ellipsoid created with satellite information using the earth’s center of mass for calculations.  No single origin used.  Used for establishing North American Datum 1983 (NAD83).**

**Spheroids ****– Clark 1866, GRS80**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Eastings & Northings

**False Northing - The y coordinate value assigned relative to the origin point of the projection.  **

**Eastings & Northings**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Cool World Projection

**Cool World Projection**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## The Map Design Process

- Elements of a map composition
- The Design Filter
- Planar Organization of Visual Elements

**The Map Design Process**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Choosing a Map Size

**Choosing a Map Size**

**What does the end user want or need?**
**Can you physically produce the desired size? ****(i.e. output limitations?)**
**Are there publishing, framing, or laminating restrictions or limitations?**
**Will the data be legible or useful at the desired size?**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

***First ask yourself these questions:***

## If left to you to determine map size, produce it at the smallest size feasible.

**Map Size Rule of Thumb**

**If left to you to determine map size, produce it at the *****smallest***** size feasible.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Common Mapping Sizes

**Common Mapping Sizes**

**Letter  . . . . . . . . . . **8.5” x 11”
**Legal . . . . . . . . . . . **8.5” x 14”
**Ledger . . . . . . . . . . **11” x 17”
**USGS Quad****  . . . . . . . **24” x 30”
**“****2x3” . . . . . . . . . . . **24” x 36”
**“****3x4” . . . . . . . . . . . **36” x 48”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Standard Media Sizes

**Standard Media Sizes**

**ANSI Media**
- 	**A****	****=**	  8.1” x 9.66”
- 	**B**	=	10.6” x 15.7”
- 	**C****	****=**	15.7” x 20.6”
- 	**D****	****=**	21.6” x 32.7”
- 	**E****	****=**	33.6” x 42.7”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Elements of a Map Composition

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Elements of a Map Composition

**Legend**
**Scale Bar**
**Inset Map**
**Credit Note**
**Date**
**Logo**
**North Arrow**

**Elements of a Map Composition**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Mapped and Unmapped Areas**
**Borders and Neatlines**
**Graticules and Grids**
**Map Symbols**
**Place Names and Labeling**

## Slide 39

## Title - Usually draws attention by virtue of its dominant size; serves to focus attention on the primary content of the map; may be omitted where captions are provided but are not part of the map itself.

**Title -**** ****Usually draws attention by virtue of its dominant size; serves to focus attention on the primary content of the map; may be omitted where captions are provided but are not part of the map itself.**

## Title

**Title**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Legend - The principal symbol-referent description on the map; subordinate to the title, but a key element in map reading; serves to describe all unknown symbols used.

**Legend - ****The principal symbol-referent description on the map; subordinate to the title, but a key element in map reading; serves to describe all unknown symbols used.**

## Map legend - The principal symbol-referent description on the map; subordinate to the title, but a key element in map reading; serves to describe all unknown symbols used.

## Map Scale - Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.

**Map Scale -**** ****Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.**

## Map scale is a unit of measurement on the map related to the appropriate number of same units on the Earth’s surface and is usually stated as a representative fraction.

**More on Map Scale**

**Map scale is a unit of measurement on the map related to the appropriate number of same units on the Earth’s surface and is usually stated as a representative fraction.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**For example:   1/24,000 or 1:24,000 scale  ****One (1) unit on the map represents 24,000 units on the ground ****(1 inch = 24,000 inches which equates to 1 inch = 2000 feet).**

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## SCALE YOUR MAP !!!

**Map Scale Rule of Thumb**

**If at all possible,**
**SCALE YOUR MAP !!!**
**A GIS makes it easy.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Map Scale - Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.

**Map Scale -**** ****Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.**

## Map Scale - Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.

## Inset Map or Location Diagram – This informs the map user of the context of the map, i.e. the big picture.  This will keep the user from having to guess the location of the map.

**Inset Map or Location Diagram – ****This informs the map user of the context of the map, i.e.***** the big picture*****.  This will keep the user from having to guess the location of the map****.**

## Informational or Credit Note -

**Informational or Credit Note -**
**Can Include the map’s data source, an indication of their reliability, dates, and other explanatory material.**

## Credits - Can Include the map’s data source, an indication of their reliability, dates, and other explanatory material.

## Date – Use if the time of a map’s publication is a factor.  This may also work well as part of the Sub-title.

**Date – ****Use if the time of a map’s publication is a factor.  This may also work well as part of the Sub-title.**

## Company Identifier or Logo – Take credit where credit’s due.  Make sure to use a high quality logo, especially for partnering agencies.

**Company Identifier or Logo – ****Take credit where credit’s due.  Make sure to use a high quality logo, especially for partnering agencies.**

## Slide 55

## “Too many features are too much,
too little features ain’t enough”

Rules of Thumb
Find a balance that portrays enough information without making the map appear cluttered or busy.
Show the necessary features along with enough supporting features for clarity.

**Feature Content**

**“****Too many features are too much,**
**too little features ain’t enough”**
**Rules of Thumb**
**Find a balance that portrays enough information without making the map appear cluttered or busy.**
**Show the necessary features along with enough supporting features for clarity.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Elements of a Map Composition

**Place names and labeling**** - The chief means of communicating with maps; serve to orient the reader on the map and provide important information regarding its purpose.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Elements of a Map Composition**

## Symbols represent objects that can not be depicted in their true shape or size.

**Symbols represent objects that can not be depicted in their true shape or size.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Varying sizes and colors help to distinguish the qualitative or quantitative differences among like symbols.

**Varying sizes and colors help to distinguish the qualitative or quantitative differences among like symbols.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## “Map Design and Layout”

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Text Styles Rules of Thumb

**Do not use too many typefaces on a map.**
**Avoid ornate text styles *****(difficult to read).***
**Don’t use too thin of text because it may not reproduce well.**
**Use different type sizes to show varying levels of importance of features, but no more than 4 to 6 different sizes per map.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Elements of a Map Composition

**Graticules and Grids**** - Often omitted from thematic maps today; should be included if their locational information is crucial to the map’s purpose; usually treated as background or secondary information. Grids show the same information, but display it across the body of the map and not just along the neatline.**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Elements of a Map Composition**

## Elements of a Map Composition

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Borders and Neatlines** - Both optional; borders can serve to restrain eye movement; neatlines are finer lines than borders, drawn inside them and often rendered as part of the graticule; used mostly for decoration.

**Elements of a Map Composition**

## N    E    B    R    A    S    K    A

***Platte   River***

***Missouri***

***River***

- Iowa

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Break here for class to make a map

## The Design Filter

**The Design Filter**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Planar Organization of the Visual Elements

**Focus of Attention**
**Internal Organization – ****“*****Intraparallelism”***
**Figure and Ground Organization**
**Contrast and Design**
**Line Contrast**

**Planar Organization of the Visual Elements**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Balance

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**The two centers of an image space. **

**The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the natural (optical) center, rather than the geometric center.**

## Slide 71

## Visual Balance

**Visual weight depends on location.**
**Elements at the center of a composition pull less weight than those lying of the tracks of the structural net.  **
**An object in the upper part of a composition is heavier than one in the lower part.**
**Objects on the right of a composition appear heavier than those on the left.**
**The weight of an object increases in proportion to its distance from the center of the composition.**

**Visual Balance**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Visual Balance

**Visual Balance**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Slide 74

## Focus of Attention

**Point of greatest natural emphasis is where a line of space division intersects either the focus or field circles of attention.**

**Focus of Attention**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Focus of Attention

**Focus of Attention**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Internal Organization

**Technique for giving structure to the graphic elements at the planar level.  **
**Reduces tension in perception.**

**Internal Organization**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Internal Organization

**Internal Organization**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Figure & Ground Organization

**Figures become the object of attention in perception, standing out from the background.**
**Objects that are intellectually important to a map should be rendered so as to make them appear as figures.**

**Figure & Ground Organization**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Internal Organization

**Internal Organization**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Contrast & Design

**Visual contrast provides the ability of the eye to discern differences.**
**Map elements that have little contrast are easily lost in the total visual package. **
***Contrast must be a major goal of the designer.***

**Contrast & Design**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Line Contrast

**Line Contrast**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Texture Contrast

**Texture Contrast**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Variation of Detail

**Variation of Detail**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Value Contrast

**Value Contrast**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Value Contrast

**Value Contrast**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Value Contrast

**Value Contrast**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Visual Hierarchy

**Objects that are important intellectually are rendered so that they are visually dominant within the map frame. **

**Visual Hierarchy**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Slide 89

## Typographics

**Map lettering is an integral part of the total design effort and should not be relegated to a minor role.  Lettering on the map functions to bring the cartographer and map reader closer together and makes communication possible.**

**Typographics**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Type Elements

**Type Elements**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Selecting Type

**Select a typeface with a relatively large x-height relative to lettering width.**
**Avoid extremely bold forms.**

**Selecting Type**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Selecting Type

**Selecting Type**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Type Size

**Specify a type size that is large enough to be easily read.**
**Professional cartographers rarely use type smaller than 4 or 5 points usually setting a lower limit of 6.**

**Type Size**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Letter Spacing

**Letter Spacing**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Word Spacing

**Word Spacing**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Lettering

**Legibility**
**Harmony**
**Suitability of reproduction**
**Economy and ease of execution**

**Lettering**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**Four major goals**

## Lettering

**General Rule:  Inside the feature, capitals; outside,  lower case with initial capital.**

**Lettering**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**The Use of CAPITALS and lowercase**

## Labeling Point Features

**Labeling Point Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Labeling Point Features

**Labeling Point Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Labeling Linear Features

**Ideal location of a label for a linear feature is above it, along a horizontal stretch if possible.**
**Labels for rivers should slant in the direction of the river’s flow (assuming the label is italic, which is preferred.)  **

**Labeling Linear Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Labeling Linear Features

**Labeling Linear Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Labeling Areal Features

**Do not hyphenate names and labels.**
**If a line of lettering is not horizontal, make certain it deviates significantly from the horizontal so that its placement will not look like a mistake.**

**Labeling Areal Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Labeling Areal Features

**Choose a plan for lettering placement of the entire map in accordance with the normal left-to-right reading pattern.**
**Never position names so that parts of them are upside down.**

**Labeling Areal Features**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Placement of Titles & Legends

**Placement of Titles & Legends**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## Placement of Titles & Legends

**Placement of Titles & Legends**

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

## The Road Ahead

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**The Road Ahead**

** ****A Great Responsibility...**

## The Road Ahead

**“****Map Design and Layout”**

**USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference**

**The Road Ahead**

** ****Suggested Reading:**

## Jim Besley

- US Fish & Wildlife Service
- 1500 Museum Rd, Suite 105
- Conway, Arkansas  72032
- (501) 513-4476
- Jim _Besley@fws.gov

- Kurt Snider
- US Fish & Wildlife Service
- 446 Neal Street
- Cookeville, Tennessee 38501
- (931) 528-6481
- Kurt_Snider@fws.gov

**Contact Information:**