# Presentation: 763334

## DoD Climate ProgramsBrief to the CCSPO31 July 2002

- Dr. James Andrews
- Office of Naval Research

## DoD RELIANCE

**DoD RELIANCE**
**Basic Research Plan & Defense Technical Area Plans**

- NB:  DoD does not do Climate Change Research.  But DoD research intersects
- the Climate Change Programs in areas of sensors, observations, models,
- and databases.

**BATTLESPACE ENVIRONMENT**

**Terrestrial**
**Sciences**

**Ocean **
**Battlespace**
**Sciences**

**Upper **
**Atmosphere**
**& Space Sciences**

**Lower **
**Atmosphere**
**Sciences**

## Slide 3

## Service-Specific Interests 

**Terrestrial Sciences**

| Subarea | Army | Navy | Air Force |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Terrestrial Sciences |  |  |  |
| Terrain Properties & Characterization | Terrain data generation & analysis
Properties of natural materials
Site characterization | Continental terraces | None |
| Terrestrial Processes & Landscape Dynamics | Surficial processes and geomorphology
Hydrometeorology and hydrology
Coastal erosion and engineering
Groundwater flow and mass transport | Near-shore sediment processes | None |
| Terrestrial System Modeling and Model Integration | Tactical mobility and logistics-over-the-shore (LOTS)
Sustainable testing and training lands
Contaminant remediation |  | None |

## Service-Specific Interests 

| Ocean Sciences |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Subarea | Army | Navy | Air Force |
| Oceanography | None | Physical, chemical, biological, optical modeling, and prediction | None |
| Ocean Acoustics | None | Shallow-water acoustics
High-frequency acoustics
Long-range propagation | None |
| Ocean Geophysics | LOTS
Coastal engineering
Coastal erosion | Continental terraces
Sediment processes | None |

**Service-Specific Interests **
** ****Ocean Sciences**

## Service-Specific Interests 

**Atmospheric and Space Sciences**

| Subarea | Army (A) | Navy (N) |  | Air Force (AF) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Meteorology | Continental boundary layer
Transport and diffusion
Chemical/biological defense 
Clouds and obscurations | Marine boundary layer
Maritime and coastal meteorology
Major storms, worldwide, with particular emphasis on tropical cyclones
Synoptic to mesoscale prediction |  | None |
|  | Areas of Common Interest: coherent structures (A, N); subgrid scale parameterization (A, N); large eddy simulation (A, N); nested models of all scales (A, N); surface energy balance (A, N); cloud formation and processes (A, N) data assimilation (A, N) |  |  |  |
| Space Science | None | Precision time
Space-based solar observation
Wave–particle interactions
Astrometry | Ground-based solar observations
Energetic solar events
Ionospheric structure & transport
Optical characterization |  |

## Service-Specific Interests and Commonality  in 

| 
Subarea | Army (A) | 
Navy (N) | 
Air Force (AF) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Space Science
 |  | Areas of Common Interest: neutral density (N, AF); ionospheric C3I impacts (N, AF); celestial background (N, AF); geomagnetic activity (N, AF) |  |
| Remote Sensing | Fine-scale measurement of wind, temperature, and humidity fields and fluxes
Chemical/biological detection and identification
Atmospheric acoustics | Marine refractivity profiles, especially in coastal zone
Aerosol modeling
Convective and stratus clouds
Air–sea interfacial flow | None. |
|  | Areas of Common Interest: atmospheric profiles of temperature, humidity, winds, aerosol concentration (A, N); aerosol effects (A, N); atmospheric transmission (A, N); radiative energy transfer (A, N); contrast transmission (A, N).  |  |  |

**Service-Specific Interests and Commonality  in **
**Atmospheric and Space Sciences**

## Program Inventory

- High Latitudes Program
- Marine Meteorology
- Climate Science and Modeling
- Interagency Baseline Databases to support climate research
- Integrated Surface Hourly Data Set (FNMOD Asheville)
- Master Environmental Library
- Satellite Sensor programs
- Tri-agency (DOD, NOAA, NASA) Satellite Sensors, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environment Satellite System (NPOESS)

## Slide 9

## Arctic Change 

**Observed and Forecasted **
-  **Submarine data reveal a 40% decrease ****	****in arctic sea ice volume.**
- Satellite passive microwave data since the 1970s demonstrate a decrease in sea ice extent of 3% per decade.  Model data suggest that a sea ice thickness decrease of 30% and an ice volume decrease between 15% and 40% by 2050.

## Atmosphere and Space S&T

-  **Rationale for Investment**
-  **The environment affects all aspects of Naval operations.  These programs cover fundamental, mechanistic studies to understand the physical, chemical and dynamic processes in the ocean, atmosphere and space **
** ****Links to Naval applications and predictions (feeds TDA development) **
** ****Investigate the processes that will provide new knowledge to develop predictive models of the maritime environment (e.g. coupled atmosphere-ocean models)**
** ****Process studies to improve the accuracy of existing prediction systems (e.g. NOGAPS)**
** ****Thrusts:**
-  **Marine boundary layer processes, coastal phenomena, tropical cyclones, atmospheric predictability, effects on EM/EO propagation**
** ****Remote sensing, oceanography, meteorology, space sciences**
** ****Goal is to develop improved predictive capabilities for environmental parameters that affect naval operations**

**Atmosphere and Space S&T**

**KEY Driver:**  Linkage to operational systems help guide S&T strategy

**Notes:**
Overall S&T Vision & Investment Strategy:
Sponsor the best integrated basic, applied, and developmental atmospheric research.
Improve understanding and prediction of environmental parameters critical to USN and USMC platform, sensor, and weapon performance in littoral zones worldwide.

## Lower Atmosphere Program Integration

**Sensor Demonstration**
**Validation & Engineering**

- Basic
- Research
- 6.1

- Exploratory
- Development
- 6.2

- Demonstration
- & Validation
- 6.4

- Operational
- Transitions

**High Resolution**
**Met. Models**

**Data Fusion &**
**Assimilation**

**Env. Assessment & Characterization**

**Virtual Atmosphere**

**Chem/Bio Models**

**Shipboard Visualization**
**& Analysis**

**System Development**

**Atmospheric Dynamics**
- Tropical Cyclone Dynamics
- Coastal Meteorology
- Atmospheric Predictability

**Marine Boundary Layer**
- Atmospheric Aerosols
- Air-Sea Fluxes
- Marine Stratus
- Boundary Layer Structure

**Atmospheric Analysis**
**& Prediction**
- Atmospheric Models
- Data Assim/Analysis
- Sensing & Sensors

**Global **
**Prediction**

**Mesoscale**
**Prediction**

**TDA’s**
**Simulation**
**Visualization**

**Atmospheric Effects**
**Assessment**
- EM Propagation
- EO Propagation
- Coastal Characterization

**Notes:**
Linkage to Operational context:  Helps guide S&T investment strategy
 Marine Boundary Layer Processes
  Coastal Prediction and Processes
  Large-Scale Processes
  Atmospheric Effects Assessment

## Marine Meteorology

_**Program Highlights**_

- Systematic approach to Tropical Cyclone fore-casting and NOGAPS cumulus cloud parameterizations resulted in best-ever WESTPAC Tropical Cyclone forecasts.
- Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS).
- Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) Departmental Research Initiative (DRI)

_**Program Objectives**_

- Understand, sense, and predict atmospheric parameters critical to USN and USMC platform, sensor, and weapon performance.
- Develop real-time, high-resolution techniques to enhance environmental support for operations, training, mission planning, and system development.
- Focus on support to tactical sensors and world-wide littoral zone operations.
- Customers: SPAWAR (PMW155), CNMOC, NAVSEA (PMS400), NAVAIR (TAMPS/JSOW), STRATCOM, CIA, DTRA, NOAA

**African Sandstorm 23 Feb 2001**

**Notes:**
Accs:
Developed new methods of estimating cloud absorbtion and retrieval of cloud liquid water using LES modeling of aerosol and drizzle effects in marine stratus clouds.
Demonstrated global one-year continuous simulation of tropospheric aerosols with excellent agreement with satellite and field measurements.
Successfully tested 3.5D-Var wind and temp retrieval scheme using SPY-1 and NEXRAD radar data.

## Where are we going?

- Coupled air-sea modeling
- Aerosols and radiation (EO, dynamics & NWP)
- NOGAPS SkyHi (extend global skill beyond 5 days)
- Remote sensing of atmospheric parameters (exploit satellite data assimilation & radar DA)
- NOWCAST (push mesoscale modeling to higher resolution, faster time steps, on-scene, custom applications)
- METOC support to CBD, TBMD, Flight Ops, Strike Warfare, etc.
- Tactical Environmental processor for AEGIS radar (would give USN the world’s most powerful atmospheric sensing capability)
- Sub-seasonal climate prediction

## MOODS:  Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set 

- ~ 8 million temperature profiles
- ~ 2 million salinity profiles
- global multiple sources, since 1870
-             (some source data proprietary)

- MOODS Restricted to DOD
- ~ 25% Restricted Data
- ~ 75% Public Domain Data
-  1988 MOA with NODC for
- 	 Regular Exchange of Data.
-  All MOODS Public Domain Data
-                  Available through NODC.

## GDEM:  Generalized Digital Environmental Model

**GDEM:  ****Generalized Digital Environmental Model**

- Gridded T and S Profile Climotology. Monthly Means and STDDEVs.
- Sound Speed computed on extraction.

**From MOODS to GDEM** **3.0**  (Not Profile Averaging)
- 1. Evaluate MOODS profiles.
- 2. Grid: minimize slope on constant depth surfaces with vertical gradient corrections.
- 3. Modify Salinity:  use T/S relationships to compensate for data sparsity.
- 4. Adjust T/S to achieve stable density profile.
- 5. Store in NETCDF format

**GDEM is Public Domain**
-          NAVOCEANO      http://pdas.navo.navy.mil/
-          MEL         http://mel.dmso.mil/browse/Product.html
-          NAVOCEANO      by special request, a 4 CD/ROM set.

- GDEM 2.5

## MOODS & GDEM:  DOD Applications

- SONAR Performance Prediction
- Target Ranging and Detection
-          ASW / USW
-          Mine Hunting
-          Passive Surveillance
- System Development & Testing
-         Hardware
-         Acoustic & Oceanographic Modeling

**MOODS & GDEM:  ****DOD Applications**

## Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) Database, A New Resource for Global Climate Data

**FEDERAL CLIMATE COMPLEX****  **
**U. S. Navy, U. S. Air Force, **
**and Department of Commerce**

## Why ??

- Multiple data sources difficult to use
- 		-- Differing formats
- 		-- Differing time conventions (LST, 			GMT)
- 		-- Differing station numbering systems
- Need to make servicing more efficient
- Need for additional quality control
- Need for easier access and summaries

## The Results....~ 20,000 Stations Historically as early as 1900 to PresentVersion 1 & Version 2 - complete 

## Master Environmental Library

- DMSO
- http://mel.dmso.mil/
- The mission of MEL is to provide direct and timely access to natural environment information, data, and products, wherever they reside. This includes non-geospatial data such as models, algorithms, and documents, as well as basic environmental data. MEL is currently focused on DoD modeling and simulation users, but is accessible to other DoD, federal, commercial, and academic communities as well.
- For the warfighters, MEL supports a common interoperable view of the battlespace for mission planning, rehearsal, and execution.
- For the DoD decision makers, MEL supports modeling simulation for training, analysis, and acquisition, thereby helping to streamline and optimize these processes.
- The goal of MEL is to become the "One-Stop Environment Shop", where all DoD, and non-DoD, users can remotely access and request environmental resources to satisfy their diverse individual needs.

## MEL Resource Sites

## MEL Source Sites

- Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, Site status: 	Current
- National Geophysical Data Center, Site status: 	Current
- Air Force Weather Information Network, Site status: 	Current
- Environmental Scenario Generator, Site status: 	Current
- Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment, Site status: 	Current
- National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Site status: 	Current
- Air Force Combat Climatology Center, Site status: 	Current
- MSU Engineering Research Center, Site status: 	Current
- Naval Oceanographic Office, Site status: 		Current
- Simulation DataBase Facility, Site status: 		Current
- NASA Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center,
- Site status: 					Candidate
- U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground, Site status: 	Candidate
- Army Research Laboratory, Site status: 		Inactive
- U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center,
- Site status: 					Inactive

## Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere & Ionosphere with the ARGOS Satellite

**Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere & Ionosphere with the ARGOS Satellite**

##  Thermosphere & Ionosphere - an Ideal Laboratory to Look for the First Signs of Global Change

**The Earth’s thermosphere is composed mostly of N****2****, O****2 ****and O which are not IR active and cannot radiate away heat deposited from the Sun**
**Major sink of heat is downward conduction where CO****2****, CH****4**** and O****3**** in the lower atmosphere can radiate to space**
**At solar maximum thermospheric temperatures reach 1200 K – 1800 K**
**There are no known feedback mechanisms in the upper atmosphere so a doubling of CO****2**** and CH****4**** (which might cause a 1-2 K change at the surface) will lead to a cooling of ~90K in the thermosphere (Roble, NCAR)**
**The ionosphere would drop 20km globally**
**High altitude odd nitrogen (NO, N) chemistry balance would shift by 500% or more**
**This cooling will cause the neutral density to decrease by 70% or more at some altitudes**

##  SERDP Sponsored DoD Satellite Instruments

- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) funded the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to build ultraviolet remote sensing instruments
- NRL built limb-scanning spectrographs and limb-imagers for flight on the DoD Space Test Program Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS)
- High Resolution Air Glow/Aurora Spectroscopy (HIRAAS) experiment
- Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI)
- ARGOS Satellite launched February 1991

**HIRAAS**

**GIMI**

**ARGOS**

##  Status of ARGOS Satellite Mission

- HIRAAS & GIMI measured profiles and images of airglow emission from the thermosphere & ionosphere (N2, O, O+, NO, Mg+, Fe+, N & T))
- Data analysis is underway to help determine the thermospheric & ionospheric baseline density & temperature distribution from which to look for the first signs of global change

**HIRAAS O/N2 Density Ratios**

**HIRAAS Electron Densities**

## NPOESS

- The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) merges Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Commerce (DOC) meteorological satellite systems into a single national asset.
- NPOESS Mission
- Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting, environmental remote-sensing capability
- Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD, and DOC/NOAA satellite programs
- Incorporate new technologies from NASA
- Encourage international cooperation

## NPOESS SENSORS

- Visible/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) – cloud cover/ water 	vapor
- Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS) – water vapor
- Conical MW Imager/Sounder (CMIS) – water vapor
- Ozone Mapper/Profiler Suite (OMPS) - ozone
- GPS Occultation Sensor (GPSOS) – scintillation in ionosphere
- Space Environmental Sensor Suite (SESS) – on orbit environment
- Aerosol Polarimeter (new) - aerosols
- Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS):  In        	development by NASA, will provide global observations of 	temperature and moisture profiles at high temporal resolution
- Earth Radiation Budget Sensor (NASA)
- Solar Radiation Budget Sensor (NASA)
- Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS): In development by NASA

## Backup

## Proposal and Funding

- ESDIM and OGP
- Federal Climate Complex datasets
- 		-- NCDC US surface hourly						 - *includes all Navy and Marine Corps*
- 		-- USAF global surface hourly & 	synoptic
- 		-- NCDC US hourly precipitation
- Full period of digital record
- “Merge” into one global database

## NAVY Involvement

***Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment Asheville***
- Providing funds and IT personnel 			   support in FY 2001 and FY 2002
- To Produce Online Data Summaries				- Static Tables & On-Demand Summaries    	         -  Future: Graphs of Data & Summaries

##  WHAT WE DO: Serve the modeling and simulation community as subject matter experts for air and space natural environment modeling and simulation databases including relevent standards, dynamic processes, and other applications.

-  **WHAT WE DO:** Serve the modeling and simulation community as subject matter experts for air and space natural environment modeling and simulation databases including relevent standards, dynamic processes, and other applications.
**OUR MISSION:** Enable modeling and simulation developers and users to represent the air and space natural environment rapidly, thoroughly, and consistently in a manner that promotes cost-effectiveness, ready access, interoperability, re-use, and confidence.
**BACKGROUND:** The Department of Defense was involved in modeling and simulation activities for many years. Recent economic constraints and technological improvements have resulted in a strong, renewed commitment to modeling and simulation as the pathway to improved capabilities and decision making. An important aspect of this renewed commitment is to incorporate the effects of the natural environment (air, space, ocean, and terrain) into modeling and simulation activities.
**OUR DOMAIN:** The air and space natural environment encompasses the atmospheric, near-space, and interplanetary environments. It extends from the surface of the earth, through the troposphere, stratosphere, upper atmosphere, radiation belts, and interplanetary medium, to the surface of the sun. The natural environment includes effects and impacts caused by human activities (like smoke and dust from explosions or fires) but not those activities that cause the effects or impacts (like tanks, aircraft, etc.)

## Air Force Weather Agency

-  Air Force Weather Agency provides weather data for the Air Force. Through MEL, we provide subsets of current atmospheric aircraft, satellite, surface, upper-air observations and some forecast data.

## Environmental Scenario Generator

- The Environmental Scenario Generator is intended to provide an integrated, physically consistent environmental data set meeting a Modeling and Simulation (M&S) customer's requirements for an authoritative and realistic representation of atmospheric, oceanic, and/or space natural environment elements for specified regions, time frames, and conditions.

## Fleet Numerical Meteorology & Oceanography Detachment Asheville

- The Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master Library (OAML)
- The Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (SMGC), Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks (GTCT), Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone Tracks (NHECT) and the Upper Air Gridded Climatology (UAGC) data sets are available through this linked page with a proper UserID/Password. After obtaining a UserID/Password and accessing the data set link, users will be prompted with a download registration page. This page must be completed and submitted as a means of notifying us that you have accessed the restricted area.
- Note: OAML data sets are restricted to ALL domains. To access and download the OAML data sets customers must submit a request using the instructions. A unique userid and password will be issued pending approval.

## Mississippi State UniversityEngineering Research Center

** ****	****	****NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Computational Field Simulation (CFS) was established at Mississippi State University in 1990. Its mission is to enhance the global competitiveness of U.S. industry by reducing the time and cost for performing complex field simulations for engineering analysis and design. Through MEL, we provide ADCIRC, HRW, NCSST, MCSST, WAM, STWAVE, NSSM and bathymetry data etc.**

## Naval Oceanographic Office

-  Providing support to the Joint Warfighters in all mission areas, NAVOCEANO provides an outstanding array of products and services, backed by one of the world's largest supercomputing centers and the world's largest oceanographic library. The data used in generating these products are collected by airborne, surface, and subsurface platforms deployed worldwide. Our products are tailored to the warfighter's needs and used to support virtually every type of Fleet operation. In many ways we make things safer for the Navy and provide more information for the warfighters.
- Through MEL, we currently provide, Princeton Ocean Model and SWAFS data.

## NGDC's mission is data management in the broadest sense. 

- NGDC's mission is data management in the broadest sense.
- We play an integral role in NOAA's environmental research and stewardship,
- and provide data services to users worldwide.

## National Imagery and Mapping Agency

-  The National Imagery and Mapping Agency's mission is to provide timely, relevant, and accurate imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information in support of national security objectives. Through MEL, it provides CADRG, DTED0, DTOP, VMAP data, etc.

## Naval Research LaboratoryMonterey

-  NRL Monterey is the only scientific center in the Navy to be wholly dedicated to atmospheric research. NRL Monterey stores data from numerical weather prediction models and satellite products. Through MEL, we provide COAMPS, DAF, GFDN, NOGAPS, OTIS, SILS, TOPS, and WAM data, supplied by FNMOC, and GOES satellite imagery.

## Simulator Database Facility

-  Simulator DataBase Facility provides computer simulator databases in SIF, OpenFlight, Target, ES4000, ES450 formats.

## ADVANCED CLIMATEMODELING ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATIONS

- ACMES is a project that AFCCC uses to produce high-resolution climatological information for any region in the world; especially in regions where existing surface observational data are sparse or non-existent.  This is done by running a numerical mesoscale model, using historical climatological data, to produce hourly data for a 10-year period of record at horizontal resolutions of 44 km and 11 km, typically.  This hourly data is then summarized into standard climatological products.