# Presentation: 822775

## New Paths to Fundamental Physical Law

- R. Cahn
- LBNL
- April APS Meeting 2008

## Particle Physics Isn’t Just About Accelerators

- We seek Fundamental Physical Law wherever our questions take us.
- They take us to extremes, to extreme energy, to extreme temperature, into space, and deep underground.
- It turns out that Nature doesn’t respect the categories established by government agencies.

- SuperK

- SNAP

- DUSEL

- CDMS

- KamLAND

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**Notes:**
Replace dusel?

## For one question we follow the usual path: Why is the W heavy and the photon massless?

- One definitive program resides in collapsed tunnels near Waxahachie.
- Another reached the edge of the anticipated discovery domain.
- Yet another might find some sign just as it ends.
- But finally we have a firm path to the answer: LHC.

- ?

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## LHC will likely reveal new particles and pose new questions, but non-accelerator experiments will remain central to addressing basic puzzles before us today:

- Dark matter.
- Baryon-antibaryon asymmetry.
- Strong CP problem.
- Cosmological constant vs. dark energy.

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## Dark Matter: It’s there.

- WMAP-5 results:
- How much?
- Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP)?

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**Notes:**
Understand halo distribution
Check out wmapp-3  is rho_c cold dark matter

## XENON10 (Gran Sasso)

**E**GC

- Cathode

- Grid

- Anode

**E**AG

**E**AG **>**  **E**GC

- Liquid phase

- Gas phase

- PMT Array(not all tubes shown)

**Light Signal****UV ~175 nm****photons**

**Time**

**Primary**

**Proportional**

- Interaction (WIMP or Electron)

- Liq. Surface

- Electron Drift~2 mm/μs

- ~40 ns width

- ~1 μs width

- (*Animation by Rick Gaitskell*)

- PRL 100, 021303 (2008)

- SUSY

- XENON10

- CDMSII

- Cross section limits inferred from “known” local dark matter density and velocity distribution.

- WIMP-like

- Background-like

- log(prop/primary)

- recoil energy

- More ionization

- More scintillation

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**Notes:**
Go over this with Gaitskell?

Limits on cross section used assumed flux of wimps from halo.
Nuclear recoil gives light from scintillation, but not much ionization.

## CDMS II        (Cold Dark Matter Survey: Soudan)

- weakly interacting

- massive

- CDMS compares phonon (WIMP) yield to ionization (background) in Ge detectors. (arXiv 0802:3530)

- SUSY

- CDMS-II

- After cut to remove surface events

- signal region

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## Baryon-Antibaryon Asymmetry

- Baryon-antibaryon asymmetry requires
- Baryon-number violation
- 2.   CP violation
- 3.   Non-equilibrium

- Leptogenesis: CP violation in heavy right-handed neutrino decay.

*Not the CP Violation in light lepton sector. *
*Lepton asymmetry gets transferred to baryons.*

- A. D. Sakharov

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**Notes:**
Review sphaleron business?

## Neutrino Mixing:Is there any e in 3?

- 3

- e

- e

- 

- 

- CP violation comes from            .

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## Reactor Neutrino Experiments

- idealized

- actual

- Daya Bay

- KamLAND

- Chooz II

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**Notes:**
Look at chooz ii figures

## Neutrino Masses and See-Saw

- Dirac: one particle, four degrees of freedom.

- Majorana: two particles, two degrees of freedom each.

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## Neutrino Spectrum:Normal?            Inverted?

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## Neutrinoless  Decay

- Neutrinoless  Decay

- Lepton-number violation = Majorana neutrino.

**normal**

**inverted**

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**Notes:**
Exclude region disfavored by cosmology: seljak limit is <0.19 eV

## CUORICINO(  CUORE)

- CUORICINO(  CUORE)

- Thermometer
- NTD Ge-thermistor

*(A. Giuliani,TAUP 2007)*

- 130TeO2

- FWHM≈3.9 keV

**sum electron energy / Q**

- Cuore

- Cuoricino

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**Notes:**
What is the bb decay?
Describe detector
Go over with Stuart

## Accelerators needed to study CP Violation in Neutrinos 

- T2K

- NOvA

- Measure

- normal

- inverted

- determine , hierarchy.

- ,

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## Strong CP Problem

- No sign of CP violation in strong interactions but should be there in principle:
- No electric dipole moment of neutron means
- Solution (Peccei & Quinn):        is dynamical and chooses to be zero.
- Consequence (Wilczek, Weinberg): there is a new light pseudoscalar boson - the axion.

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## Finding the Axion

- A very light, feebly interacting neutral “pion”:

- nucleus

- axion

- static magnetic field

- resonant microwave mode

- Primakoff effect

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**Notes:**
Go over relation between mass and coupling
Different kinds of axions

## Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX):Berkeley-Florida-LLNL-NRAO-U.Washington

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**Notes:**
Explain limits on axion mass
What about axion as dark matter?
    how could it be cold dark matter?

## ADMX Results Now Excluding Some Models over Interesting Mass Range

- Future at new UW home

- SN-1987a

- Overclosure

- Input halo density 450 MeV/cm3

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**Notes:**
Explain excluded mass region
g^2 proportional to m^2

## Cosmological Constant vs. Dark Energy

- scale size of universe

- cosmological constant

- Acceleration requires

- Redshift - distance relations:

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## Supernovae

-       M
- 1	  0
- 0.72  0.28
- 0       1

*fainter*

*Kowalski et al., ApJ submitted*

- The Union SNe Compilation

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**Notes:**
Confirm order of curves

## Baryon Acoustic Oscillations

- BAO seen in CMB
- (WMAP)

- BAO seen in SDSS
- Galaxy correlations
- (Eisenstein et al)

- SDSS Telescope at Apache Point

- Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS)

- 150 Mpc

- angular scale 

- Sound wave propagated 150 Mpc (comoving) in plasma before neutralization at z=1089 at t=300,000 y. BAO uses that marker to measure H(z), D(z).

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## Weak Lensing

- Need to discern patterns of elongation and rotation amidst “noise” of non-spherical galaxies.  Measure redshift, shape, and orientation of one billion galaxies.  Infer matter distribution between source galaxies and ourselves.

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## JDEM Competition

- SNAP

- DESTINY

- ADEPT

- Weak Lensing              SuperNovae           BAO

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## Particle Physics Timeline

- Cosmic rays

- Cosmic rays

- Cosmology/Optical

- Cosmology/CMB

- Nuclear Physics

- Nuclear Physics

- Accelerators

- Accelerators

- 1950

- 2000

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## New Paths=Old Paths

- Celestial Motion

- Radioactivity

- Cosmic Rays

- Dark Matter

- Dark Energy

-  Decay

- Reactor  Oscillations

- Atmospheric  Oscillations

- WIMPs

- Axions

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## a

- 

*w*

- ~

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