# Presentation: 884277

**A**frican **M**onsoon **M**ultidisciplinary **A**nalyses
**A**frikanske** M**onsun**: M**ultidisiplinære** A**nalyser
**A**frikaanse **M**oesson **M**ultidisciplinaire **A**nalyse
**A**nalisi **M**ultidisciplinare per il **M**onsone **A**fricano
**A**frikanischer **M**onsun: **M**ultidisziplinäre **A**nalysen
**A**nalisis **M**ultidiciplinar de los **M**onzones **A**fricanos
**A**nalyses **M**ultidisciplinaires de la **M**ousson **A**fricaine

## 	1. AMMA Overview and US Planning 	Chris Thorncroft

- 	2. THORPEX linkages 			Dave Parsons

**Today’s Presentation**

## 1. What is AMMA?

**1. What is AMMA?**

- African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a coordinated international project to improve our knowledge and understanding of the ***West African monsoon*** (WAM) and its variability with an emphasis on ***daily-to-interannual timescales***. AMMA is motivated by fundamental scientific issues and by the societal need for improved prediction of West African and American nations. International aims are:
**To improve our understanding of the WAM and its influence on the physical, chemical and biological environment regionally and globally.**

-     1.1 Introduction and Objectives

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.1 Introduction and Objectives

- African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a coordinated international project to improve our knowledge and understanding of the ***West African monsoon*** (WAM) and its variability with an emphasis on ***daily-to-interannual timescales***. AMMA is motivated by fundamental scientific issues and by the societal need for improved prediction of West African and American nations. International aims are:
- To improve our understanding of the WAM and its influence on the physical, chemical and biological environment regionally and globally.
**To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to issues of health, water resources, food security and demography for West African nations and defining and implementing relevant monitoring and prediction strategies.**

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.1 Introduction and Objectives

- African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a coordinated international project to improve our knowledge and understanding of the ***West African monsoon*** (WAM) and its variability with an emphasis on ***daily-to-interannual timescales***. AMMA is motivated by fundamental scientific issues and by the societal need for improved prediction of West African and American nations. International aims are:
- To improve our understanding of the WAM and its influence on the physical, chemical and biological environment regionally and globally.
- To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to issues of health, water resources, food security and demography for West African nations and defining and implementing relevant monitoring and prediction strategies.
**To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to Atlantic tropical cyclone variability and its impacts on the Americas and defining and implementing relevant monitoring and prediction strategies.**

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.1 Introduction and Objectives

- African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) is a coordinated international project to improve our knowledge and understanding of the ***West African monsoon*** (WAM) and its variability with an emphasis on ***daily-to-interannual timescales***. AMMA is motivated by fundamental scientific issues and by the societal need for improved prediction of West African and American nations. International aims are:
- To improve our understanding of the WAM and its influence on the physical, chemical and biological environment regionally and globally.
- To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to issues of health, water resources, food security and demography for West African nations and defining and implementing relevant monitoring and prediction strategies.
- To provide the underpinning science that relates variability of the WAM to Atlantic tropical cyclone variability and its impacts on the Americas and defining and implementing relevant monitoring and prediction strategies.
**To ensure that the multidisciplinary research carried out in AMMA is effectively integrated with prediction and decision making activity.**

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.2 International Planning
- Science plan on WAM produced by French community in 2001
- Workshops have taken place in UK (June 2001), US (Nov. 2001, 2002), Niger (Feb. 2002), Nice (April 2003) and Cologne (July 2003)
- Scientists from more than 25 institutions in 15 countries in Africa, Europe and the US are now involved.
- 	Benin		Burkina Faso	Cameroon	Chad
- 	France		Germany		Ghana		Ivory Coast
- 	Mali		Niger		Nigeria		Senegal
- 	Togo		UK		US		EU
-  AMMANET – African scientists developing African Science Plan
-  Has received endorsement from WCRP (CLIVAR and GEWEX)

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.3 International Science Steering Group

**          ****Co-Chairs**
- o       Jean-Luc Redelsperger, CNRM  (CNRS & Météo-France), France
- o       Chris Thorncroft, University at Albany (SUNY), US
-           **Members**
- o       Abel Afouda,  Université du Bénin, Benin
- o       Anton Beljaars, ECMWF
- o       Bernard Bourles, LEGOS, France
- o       Arona Diedhou, IRD, Niger
- o       Andreas Fink, University of Cologne, Germany
- o       Jim Haywood The Met Office, UK
- o       Peter Lamb, University of Oklahoma, US
- o       Thierry Lebel, LTHE, France
- o       Bob Molinari,  NOAA/AOML, US
- o       Doug Parker, University  of Leeds, UK
- o       Jan Polcher, LMD/IPSL, France
- o       Joe Prospero, University of Miami, US
- o       Claire Reeves, University of East Anglia, UK

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.4 A multidisciplinary and multiscale approach

**Global: ****	**2-way interactions between the WAM & the rest of the globe
-  (e.g role of SST patterns on WAM variability; impact of WAM on tropical
- Atlantic). _Variability from seasonal to decadal scale_s
**Regional:**** **Monsoon Dynamics and Scale Interactions,Continental Water Cycle, Land and Ocean Processes,** **Aerosols and Chemistry _Variability from intraseasonal to interannual scales _
**Mesoscale:****  **Mesoscale Convective Systems, Tropical Cyclones, Catchments and Vegetation**   **_Intraseasonal variability_
**Sub-meso (<10km)****: **Hydrological Cycle, Vegetation	 Convective rain scale=>Coupling scale with hydrology (Sahel)=>Main scale of interest for agriculture, ...

**MODELLING**

**SATELLITE**
**S**

**OBSERVATIONS**

## IMPACTS

- Land Surfaces

**Ocean**

**Aerosols**
**Chemistry**

**Monsoon Dynamics**

_**IMPACTS**_

- Water Resources

- Health Risks

- Food Security

**Multidisciplinary Research**

**WEATHER & CLIMATE PREDICTION & ITS IMPACTS**

- Medium Range     Seasonal-Interannual      Decadal     Climate Change

**DECISION MAKERS**

- African Hydrology, Energy & Agriculture Agencies
- (National & Regional)

- Health & Food Security
- Agencies,  Humanitarian
- Orgnizations

- African & Foreign
- Governments

- Socio-Economy

## 1.3 A multidisciplinary and multiscale approach

**L**ong term **O**bservation** P**eriod

- 2002

**Supra-**

**regional**

**(WA + **

**Ocean**

**)**

**Mesoscale**

**Regional**

**(WA)**

**Local**

- SPACE    (km)

- 2005

- 2006        2007       2008

- TIME    (

- Years

- )

**Catch, Idaf, Aeronet**
**Impetus, Pirata, ....**

## What is AMMA?

**What is AMMA?**

- 1.5 International Funding
-  EU proposal has been successful and is recommended to be funded at the 11.7M Euro level  (2005-2010)
-  2M Euro will be spent on radiosoundings over West Africa (05/07)
-  France has mobilised 8M Euro for AMMA
-  UK has a 2.5M Euro proposal – news expected this month
-  US SSG continues to promote US Science Proposal

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.1 The Societal need for improved weather and climate prediction over West Africa

- Time series (1941-2001) of average normalized April-October rainfall departure for 20 stations in the West African Soudano-Sahel zone (11-18N and West of 10E); following methodology of Lamb and Peppler, 1992).

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.1 The Societal need for improved weather and climate prediction over West Africa

- Dominant pattern of precipitation *error*
- associated with dominant pattern of SST prediction *error *based on persistent SST anomalies* (****Goddard & Mason**** ,Climate Dynamics, 2002)*

- Observed and modeled rainfall (with labels for onset and retreat) for Niamey based on area-average of 50 gauges and model simulated rainfall ( Lebel et al, 2000).

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.1 The Societal need for improved weather and climate prediction over West Africa

**Above**: Coupled model systematic error in equatorial SST simulation

- Note systematic error in west-east gradient

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.2 The societal need for improved predictions of Atlantic hurricane activity
- The WAM impacts TC activity on daily-to-interannual timescales
- At interannual timescales WAM rainfall variability impacts major hurricane activity more strongly than ENSO (Goldenberg and Shapiro, 1996)

-  A majority of tropical cyclones form from African weather systems – but which one?

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.3 The WAM system is an ideal laboratory to study scale interactions in monsoons

- NDVI image for 21-31 August 2000, from Pathfinder AVHRR, highlighting the marked meridional gradients in surface conditions over tropical North Africa and zonal symmetry.

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.3 The WAM system is an ideal laboratory to study scale interactions in monsoons

- Zonal Wind at 600hPa  for 21-31 August 2000

- African Easterly Jet (AEJ)

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.3 The WAM system is an ideal laboratory to study scale interactions in monsoons

## 2. 	Why do we need AMMA?

**2. ****	****Why do we need AMMA?**

- 2.4 North Africa is the world’s major source of mineral dust aerosol

- Dust outbreak along the coast of West Africa, 16 June 1999. A SeaWiFS image shows a large dust outbreak passing over Dakar (on the peninsula projecting from the coast) and extending in a broad arc over the Cape Verde Islands. Dust is also seen blowing from sources along the coast of Mauritania north of Dakar. The inset is a TOMS Absorbing Aerosol Product image on the same day. The TOMS product has an advantage over SeaWiFS in that it shows the distribution of dust over land thereby serving as a useful tool for identifying dust sources and transport paths.

## A Proposal for US Participation in the 

**A Proposal for US Participation in the **
**African Monsoon  Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Project**

**Prepared by the US-AMMA SSG **
**December 2003 **

## US-AMMA SSG

**Peter Lamb (University of Oklahoma), Co-Chair**
**James Carton (University of Maryland)**
**Silvia L. Garzoli (NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory)**
**Robert Houze (University of Washington)**
**Barry Huebert (University of Hawaii)**
**Gregory Jenkins (Pennsylvania State University)**
**Frank Marks (NOAA/ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory)**
**Bob Molinari (NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory)**
**Joseph Prospero (University of Miami)**
**Steven Rutledge (Colorado State University)**
**Brad Smull (University of Washington)**
**Peter Webster (Georgia Tech.)**
**Chidong Zhang (University of Miami)**
** **

**US-AMMA SSG**

## 3. US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. US-Science Overview and Objectives**

- The US proposal to participate in AMMA emphasizes contributions to research on ***climate***, ***weather*** and related ***aerosol*** issues.
- The US SSG continues to promote the US contribution to AMMA.
- Not all components will take place in 2006.

## 3. 	Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****Science Overview and Objectives**

- AEJ

- Cold Tongue

- SAL

- ITCZ

- Heat Low

- Key features of the West African Monsoon Climate System during Boreal summer

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

- North-South Section along the Greenwich Meridian

- θ

- 50oC

- 20oC

- θ

- θe

- 90oC

- 60oC

- θe

- AEJ

**Notes:**
AEJ

## US AMMA

**US AMMA**

## 3.   US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3.   US-Science Overview and Objectives**

- North-South Section along 20o-30oW showing the marine ITCZ

- θ

- 20oC

- θ

- θe

- 90oC

- 60oC

- θe

- 50oC

- AEJ

## Tropical Atlantic Climate System

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.1 Climate System and Processes**
**	*** **To improve our understanding of key physical and dynamical processes that determine: **
**	****	*****the WAM seasonal cycle***
***	******	******the seasonal evolution of the cold tongue-ITCZ-WAM system***
***	******	******the seasonal evolution of the heat low-AEJ-ITCZ system***
***	******	******the differences between the ITCZ over the continent and ocean***
***	******	******the impacts of the WAM on tropical Atlantic climate***
** **
**	***** To improve our understanding of the role these processes and the dominant SST modes play in determining the interannual**** ****variability of the WAM**

** ****This is being developed in collaboration with the Atlantic Marine ITCZ (AMI) project  - Science Plan in Preparation – Due at end of Summer 2004**

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

- Key weather systems in the West African and Tropical Atlantic regions

- AEWs

- MCSs

- SAL

- TC

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.2 Weather Systems and Processes**

- Our knowledge of African easterly waves (AEWs) is dominated by GATE composites (e.g. Reed et al. 1977)
- These composites do not help us to understand the interactions between AEWs and convection and in particular the ubiquitous mesoscale convective systems (MCSs)

- 2-3,000km Wavelength

- Relative Vorticity 700hPa (10-5s-1)

- 11-12oN

- African Easterly Wave trough

- Average precipitation rate (mm/day)

- Peak rainfall ahead of trough

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.2 Weather Systems and Processes**

**TRMM based MCS climatology over Africa and tropical Atlantic for June-July-August**

- Rainfall

- Percentage of MCSs with significant ice scattering

- Stratiform Rain Fraction

- Average Lightning flash density

## An intense AEW that became Alberto 2000

-  Water Vapour channel shows coherent westward propagating region of convection.
-  Begins over elevated terrain of Darfur (Sudan)
-  Undergoes a series of growth and decay cycles.
-  Becomes associated with TS (later Hurricane) Alberto over Atlantic ocean.

## Mean State: 16th July – 15th August 2000.

**925hPa ******

**315K PV**

-  Strong baroclinic zone 10o-20oN

-  PV ‘strip’ present on the cyclonic shear side of AEJ.

**925hPa ********e**

-  High ******e** strip exists near 15oN

- Mean State supports Baroclinic waves and MCSs!

## (((((((())))))))

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

- 1/8/00 00UTC

**(((((((())))))))**

-  PV structure very different to mean – meandering strip with embedded PV maxima.

## (((((())))))

- 1/8/00 12UTC

**(((((())))))**

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

-  System retains baroclinic growth configuration, PV maxima  intensified by convection, 925hPa cyclonic flow strengthens.

## (((((()))))))

- 2/8/00 00UTC

**(((((()))))))**

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

-  7K  anomaly, with strong (nearly 20ms-1) 925hPa circulation.
-  PV generated over Guinea highlands.

## ((((((((()))))))))

- 2/8/00 12UTC

**((((((((()))))))))**

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

-  Disintegration of baroclinic structure.
-  Interaction between system PV and Guinea Highlands PV.

## (((((((())))))))

- 3/8/00 00UTC

**(((((((())))))))**

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

-  Merger of PV maxima establishes a 925hPa circulation.
-   anomaly moves to North and West.

## ((((()))))

- 3/8/00 12UTC

**((((()))))**

- 315K (~650hPa) **PV** (Shaded), 925hPa ****** anomaly** (contour), 925hPa **Wind** vectors.

-  Further development of PV maxima gives a strong vortex with significant circulation at 925hPa (22ms-1 on East side).

|  | 

1989
High activity in MDR |
| --- | --- |
|  | 

1994
Low activity in MDR |

**What is the variability of the storm tracks?**

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.2 Weather Systems and Processes**

- GOES SAL tracking imagery time series showing Hurricane Erin’s interaction with the dry, hot, aerosol-laden Saharan Air Layer (SAL).
**Courtesy Jason Dunion**

## G-IV Mission 030913n (Isabel)

**G-IV Mission 030913n (Isabel)**

## NOAA G-IV GPS Sonde Composites

**NOAA G-IV GPS Sonde Composites**
**Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel**

- Non-SAL: 87 sondes

- SAL: 26 sondes

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.2 Weather Systems and Processes**
- 	* Improve our understanding of the processes that influence the relationship between African easterly waves and convection
- 	* Quantify the impact of MCSs on the large-scale WAM
- 	* Determine the relative roles of dynamics and aerosols on  MCSs and lightning.
- 	* Characterize the differences between continental and oceanic MCSs and assess the consequences of this for large scales
- 	* Gain a better understanding of the processes that influence the fate of AEWs and embedded MCSs downstream of West Africa
- 	* Assess the role of the SAL on tropical cyclone intensity change.
**	****AMMA is working with THORPEX on this aspect of AMMA**

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.3 Aerosol Processes**

**	**There is a need to improve our knowledge of the physical, chemical and radiative properties of aerosol and their temporal and spatial variability, key for providing a quantitative assessment of their climate impact.
- 	The West African and tropical Atlantic regions are ideal to carry out these studies

- Radiatively equivalent aerosol thickness (EAOT) over the oceans derived from NOAA AVHRR satellites. Mean EAOT for June-August, 1989-91. From Husar et al, 1997.

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.3 Aerosol Processes**

**	**The impact of the SAL on weather and climate is a key theme of AMMA. In addition to the roles played by low humidity and vertical shear, the role of aerosol will be investigated.

- Three-dimensional conceptual model of the Saharan Air Layer looking westward. (after Karyumpudi et al, 1999)

## 3. 	US-Science Overview and Objectives

**3. ****	****US-Science Overview and Objectives**

**3.3 Aerosol Processes**
- 	* Establish the relationships between the chemical, radiative and cloud-nucleating properties of aerosols
- 	* Assess the impact of aerosols on weather and climate over West Africa and the tropical Atlantic
- 	* Characterize the effect of the WAM on aerosol sources, transport and removal.

## 4. Multi-Year Observations (LOP/EOP)

**4. Multi-Year Observations (LOP/EOP)**

- Continental Observations (provided by Africans and Europeans)

## 8-10 Surface flux stations will be located on climate transect provided by Europeans

**Planned Soundings Network for EOP (05-07)**
**March-October**

- RadioSoundings on GTS

- RadioSounding not on GTS

- Planned Enhancements to current network

- The CATCH region and mesoscale sites

- AMMA-Soundings WG has been formed – working to establish ideal network for EOP – will be achieved through national and EU funding and working with WMO

## 4. Multi-Year Observations (LOP/EOP)

**4. Multi-Year Observations (LOP/EOP)**

- Atlantic Observations

**	**Long-term monitoring of tropical Atlantic is expected to be maintained for the duration of AMMA – Extension to sustained oceanic observations is proposed in the extratropics to explore effects of tropical-extratropical interactions on tropical SSTs

## 5. Special Observing Period (2006)

**5. Special Observing Period (2006)**

**pre-SOP-1 and SOP-1 (April 15 – June 30) **
- Emphasis will be on:
- 	*Seasonal evolution of the cold tongue-ITCZ-WAM system*
*	**Seasonal evolution of the heat low-AEJ-ITCZ system*

## CMM array

- EGEE CRUISES

- ATLAS moorings

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- Surface drifters

- AMMA Surface Flux mooring

- Lagrangian floats

- ADCP mooring

- Ron Brown Section SOP-I

- ATR with dropsondes

- Climate Transect: enhanced soundings and surface observations

**OVERVIEW OF SOP-1 (APRIL 15 – JUNE 30)**

## CMM array

- EGEE CRUISES

- ATLAS moorings

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- Surface drifters

- AMMA Surface Flux mooring

- Lagrangian floats

- ADCP mooring

- Ron Brown Section SOP-I

- ATR with dropsondes

- Climate Transect: enhanced soundings and surface observations

**OVERVIEW OF SOP-1 (APRIL 15 – JUNE 30)**

- Airplane dropsondes AMI-2007

## 5. Special Observing Period (2006)

**5. Special Observing Period (2006)**

**SOP-2-3 (July 1 – September 15)**

- During SOP-2/3 emphasis will be on weather systems and their interactions with the large-scale environment over the continent and ocean including the key MCS-AEW interactions over the continent and their interactions with tropical cyclones downstream.
- In collaboration with NASA (ASHE) and NOAA HRD in the US and THORPEX.

## Observing Strategy Over the Continent

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**

## Soundings provided by US for AMMA (S-Pol in Niamey)

**Soundings provided by US for AMMA (S-Pol in Niamey)**

- RadioSoundings on GTS

- RadioSounding not on GTS

- Integrated Sounding Units (US)

- The CATCH region and mesoscale sites

- Sites with enhanced soundings (Fr, Ge, UK, US)

- GAO

- NIAMEY

- TAHOUA

- OUAGADOUGOU

- PARAKOU

- MINNA

- COTONOU

- TAMALE

- Fig. 5.4

## Supported by French and UK Aircraft with dropsondes

**Primary Doppler**
**A/C operations**

**Sounding****network**

**Extended Doppler****aircraft zone**

## NOAA and NRL P3s will be coordinated to observe the complete structure of the MCSs - including

**NOAA and NRL P3s will be coordinated to observe the complete structure of the MCSs - including**
**stratiform and convective regions  and mesoscale vortices.  **

## Observing Strategy Over the Continent

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**

## Tracking MCSs from Niamey to the coast

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

## Targeting African “Seedings” (NASA)

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

- NASA (ASHE)
- Targeted Missions with Aerosondes

## Global Hawk ~20km, Dropsondes, EDOP, microwave SST

- Greg Holland, Joanne Simpson, Peter Webster

**NASA**

- _Global Hawk ~20km, Dropsondes, EDOP, microwave SST_

**NPOL**

**Conakry?**

- _Aerosondes: Boundary Layer, 100 m, structure, fluxes_

## Targeting African “Seedings” (NASA)

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

- NASA (ASHE)
- Targeted Missions with Aerosondes

## Targeting tropical systems in the West Atlantic (NOAA)

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

- NASA (ASHE)
- Targeted Missions with Aerosondes

- NOAA P3s and G-IV
- Targeted Missions and Dropsonde flights with G-IV

## DRIFTSONDE FOR SYNOPTIC COVERAGE (THORPEX) 

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NASA (ASHE)
- Targeted Missions with Aerosondes

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

- DRIFTSONDE FOR SYNOPTIC COVERAGE (THORPEX)

- NOAA P3s and G-IV
- Targeted Missions and Dropsonde flights with G-IV

## Coordination of Aerosol measurements 

- Surface-based research radars

- Climate Transect

- NASA (ASHE)
- Targeted Missions with Aerosondes

- NRL P3 and NOAA P3 Targeted Missions
_**Solid**_**-to extend ground based radar coverage.**
_**Dashed**_** to track MCSs toward coast**

- Coordination of Aerosol measurements

- C130
- Aerosol Flights 06/07?

- NOAA P3s and G-IV
- Targeted Missions and Dropsonde flights with G-IV

## AMMA – FINAL COMMENTS

**AMMA – FINAL COMMENTS**

-  The AMMA program is a remarkable international effort that provides unprecedented opportunities. In addition to addressing the key science issues outlined above the enhanced observations will support:
- Evaluation of model analyses and predictions
- Evaluation of operational network over West Africa and the tropical Atlantic supporting recommendations for future monitoring strategies
- Evaluation of satellites
- Evaluation of the interactions between Africa and the Americas

## Temp, Synop and Airep, 28th Aug

## Soundings: Significant negative impact despite sparse network

## Soundings are important far upstream

## Removing SYNOP P and Q actually improves Analysis!

## Satellite: Small Negative Impact