# Presentation: 756929

## Overview of Ocean Based Buoys and Drifters: Present Applications and Future Needs  16th AMS IIPS Symposiumand4th AMS Integrated Observing System SymposiumSpecial Joint Session on Technology for Buoy Observing Systems 

**12 January 2000, Long Beach, CA**

***Overview of Ocean Based Buoys and Drifters: Present Applications and Future Needs  ******16th AMS IIPS Symposium******and******4******th****** AMS Integrated Observing System Symposium******Special Joint Session ******on Technology for Buoy Observing Systems ***

**Nancy N. Soreide**
**NOAA/PMEL**
**Catherine E. Woody**
**NOAA/NDBC**
** ****Stephen M. Holt**
**  ****Mitretek Systems, Inc.**

**Notes:**
This is a copy of the Alternate Title Page.  Use this slide when you need special logos in your presentation. 
To copy the slide:
Select Slide Sorter from the View Menu.
Select the Alternate Title Page slide.
Select Copy from the Edit Menu. 
Switch to your briefing file from the Window menu.
Select Slide Sorter from the View Menu.
Position the cursor at the appropriate location.
Select Paste from the Edit Menu. 
Be sure to place the logos as close to the center of the Alternate Title Page as possible; you may want to use the Show Guides feature from the Arrange menu.  Refer to the Updated Vugraph Standards section in The Mitretek Manual for Documentation (MMD), M89-93.

## Purpose of this Buoy Technology Session

**Examine buoy technologies:**
**Buoys, Buoy Arrays, Drifting Buoy Programs**
**Buoy data**
**Data acquisition and signal processing, **
**Data product generation**
**Data displays (graphics, animations, 3D renderings)**
**Data and information distribution**
**Examine trends in buoy technology for the 21st century **

## Session Summary:

**High level overview of buoy technology and usage**
**Followed by an all-day session of 29 papers on:**
**Buoy arrays and drifting buoy programs **
**Buoy technologies **
**Data processing and data access methodologies**
**Emerging trends for the future in these thematic areas   **

## Definition and Types of Buoys

**Definition of a Buoy**
**It is a buoyant platform, usually attached to a specific location on the bottom of the sea to some submerged object**
**Also used in applications to gather data while freely floating **
**Applications of Buoys**
**For navigation**
**possessing visual markings or electronic and acoustic transmitters**
**For communications **
**For research**

## Ancient History of Buoys

**First use of floating markers or barrels associated with canals and lighthouses   **
**Grand Canal of China**
**1800 kilometers long from Hangzhou to Beijing**
**From 486 BC on**
**Great Canal of Darius the Great (Persia)**
**From 5th century BC on**
**Colossus of Rhodes (Entrance of Mandraki Harbor, Greece)**
**From 286 BC on**
**Lighthouse of Alexandria (Island of Pharos, Egypt)**
**From 285 BC on**

## Medieval History of Buoys

**Norman Invasion of England (1066 AD)**
**Use of casks or iron banded wood staves**
**First written account in La Compasso de Navigare (13th century **
**In Guadalquirir River (for Sevilla, Spain)**
**First buoys in Nothern Europe described in mid-13th century**
**for Vlie River (empties into Zuider Zee on into Amsterdam) **
** **

## Modern History of Buoys

**Trinity House formed in England by Henry VIII (1514 AD)**
**By mid-1500s, buoys used in most major ports and harbors throughout Europe**
**By early 1600s, first different colored and shaped buoys used by Germans on Baltic Coast**
**Cask buoys used in American waters since 1767 in Delaware River**
**G. W. Lennox in England designed the first iron buoy in 1845**
**Iron buoys painted to provide directives to sailors**** **
**In 1889, Trinity House convened first conference on buoys **

## Modern History of Buoys (Con’t)

**By late 1880s, warning and navigational buoys began being instrumented**
**Lights (Charles Babbage of England in 1851)**
**Bells and chimes (R. Brown of USA in 1850s)**
**Whistles (John Courtnay of England in 1875 **
**Gas Lights (John Foster of USA in 1883)**
**Compressed gas (Tom Willson of Canada in 1913)**
**Joseph Henry’s experiments (Smithsonian Institution)**
**Sophisticated radar reflectors and radio beacons used on buoys by mid-20th century   **
** **

## Trinity Buoys 

## Additional Historical References

**“****A History of Buoys and Tenders”, by Amy K. Marshall (U.S. Coast Guard)**
**http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/history/h_bouys.html**
**Article on “Lighthouses” in Encyclopedia Britannica (on-line)**
**http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/5/0,5716,127655+1,00.html**

## Advances in Buoy Technology

**Decade: 1940**
**Agency: USCGS**
**Buoy/ Purpose: Tested buoy designs to observe tidal currents**
**Data Transmission: Radio**
**Decade: 1950 **
**Agency: U. S. Navy, *****[WHOI]***
**Buoy/Purpose: Continued test of designs, 4-M aluminum hull, boat shaped to support meteorological data, developed 6-M NOMAD; *****[Torroid, 3-M discus for ocean data]***
**Data Transmission: Morse code every 3 hours using high frequency radio**

## Advances in Buoy Technology (Con’t)

**Decade:1960**
**Agency: ONR**
**Buoy/Purpose: 12-M discus to support ocean and atmospheric data (diesel)**
**Data Transmission: High Frequency Radio**
**Decade: 1970**
**Agency: NDBC**
**Buoy/Purpose: 10-M discus to support marine weather data (batteries)**
**Data Transmission: High Frequency Radio**
**Decade: 1980**
**Agency: PMEL **
**Buoy/Purpose: ATLAS buoys to support tropical atmospheric measurements****	**
**Data Transmission: ARGOS**
**Decade: 1980-2000**
**Buoy/Purpose: 3, 10, 12-M discus, 6-M NOMAD, Torroid ****	**
**Data Transmission: GOES/ARGOS**
** **

## Slide 13

## NextGeneration ATLAS Buoy

**http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/nxatlas.html**

## Tsunami Warning Buoy

**The deep-ocean detectors depend on high-tech sensors stationed on the seafloor.  When one of these instruments senses a tsunami wave overhead, it will send acoustic signals to a buoy at the surface, such as the one being launched in the photograph,   which will then relay the warning via satellite to the officials who are responsible for sounding an alarm.**

**http://corona.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/servlets/WaveWatcher**

## NeMO Seafloor Observatory

**The camera on the seafloor unit takes a picture every 4 days and measures temperature once an hour at a hydrothermally active area on the seafloor.**

**http://newport.pmel.noaa.gov/nemo/realtime****/**

## Buoy Technology Session Summary:

***Buoy Technology Session Summary:***

**High level overview of buoy technology and usage**
**Followed by an all-day session of 29 papers on:**
**Buoy arrays and drifting buoy programs **
**Buoy technologies **
**Data processing and data access methodologies**
**Emerging trends for the future in these thematic areas   **