# Presentation: 865273

## Global-Scale Links with Local-Scale

- 100-km; years

- 1000-km, decades

**Two-Way Interactions**
-  Global ocean and climate dynamics strongly influence processes at local scales (and vice versa), particularly  in coastal regions

**Global-Scale Links with Local-Scale**

- In a nonlinear, coupled system, scales are linked.

## Coastal Zones: Dynamic, Interfacial Regions

- Coastal zones are dynamic regions, at the interface of land, sea and air.
- They also are typically heavily populated and often urbanized.  There is
- frequent exchange of energy and matter across boundaries, with humans
- impacting the ocean and vice versa.

**Coastal Zones: Dynamic, Interfacial Regions**

## Observational Strategies

**Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer**
**Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager**
**Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite**
**Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. along-track interferometry) **

## Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer

- High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards
- Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is
- one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget,
- complicated by significant complexity in the following realms:
- 	Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing
- 	Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols
- 	Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent

## Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer

- High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards
- Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is
- one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget,
- complicated by significant complexity in the following realms:
- 	Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing
- 	Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols
- 	Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent
- Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on
- a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS
- coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event
- coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000
- element swath; SNR 1500-500 minimum - SNR with image summing > 3000.

## Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer

- High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards
- Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is
- one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget,
- complicated by significant complexity in the following realms:
- 	Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing
- 	Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols
- 	Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent
- Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on
- a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS
- coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event
- coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000
- element swath; SNR 1500-500 minimum - SNR with image summing > 3000.
- Implementation: Short-term: pursue dedicated ESSP-class mission or potential
- instrument of opportunity - to commence development in the next 5 years.

## Geostationary Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer

- High level question(s): Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, Hazards
- Key issues: Quantifying the carbon pathways and flux in the coastal zone is
- one of the most challenging scientific problems of the global carbon budget,
- complicated by significant complexity in the following realms:
- 	Temporal: dynamic & ephemeral events, cloud cover, tidal aliasing
- 	Optical: diverse water/atm constituents - PP, SPM, CDOM; aerosols
- 	Spatial: variability often order of 100s of m to a few km in horizontal extent
- Characteristics: Spectral coverage from ~ 340nm to 1000nm with 1300nm goal on
- a single 2-D detector array; Spectral sample 2 to 4nm; Complete coastal CONUS
- coverage 4 times per day minimum; Regional repeats > 10 times per 6 hours; Event
- coverage at 15 minute intervals; Spatial foot print 50 to 200 m NADIR with >1000
- element swath; SNR 1500-500 minimum - SNR with image summing > 3000.
- Implementation: Short-term: pursue dedicated ESSP-class mission or potential
- instrument of opportunity - to commence development in the next 5 years.  Longer term:
- next generation to provide higher spatial res and/or other obs. (e.g., SST); constellations.

## Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and
- ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change.
- Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.

## Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and
- ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change.
- Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.
- Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands
- into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll
- fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric
- correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac-
- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal;
- Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath.

## Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and
- ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change.
- Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.
- Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands
- into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll
- fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric
- correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac-
- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal;
- Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity
- Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, 10-20 nm width);

## Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and
- ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change.
- Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.
- Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands
- into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll
- fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric
- correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac-
- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal;
- Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity
- Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, 10-20 nm width); *Near-term* (5-10 years
- out): pursue advanced multi-spectral, high-res global mission as single instrument ESSP
- class mission or one with additional aerosol measurement capabilities.

## Multi-Spectral High Spatial Resolution Imager

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Nearshore ecosystems/habitats are at the boundary between land and
- ocean and are continuously subject to both natural and anthropogenic sources of change.
- Remote sensing is challenging, esp. due to spatial scales ranging m’s to km’s in extent.
- Characteristics: minimum of 20 bands spanning violet through NIR with a few bands
- into the SWIR; Narrower bands are needed to better quantify solar stimulated chlorophyll
- fluorescence; Bands must also be provided to implement a research quality atmospheric
- correction procedure; resolution should be better than 100 m for benthic habitat charac-
- terization at the community level and 10 to 20 m/pixel resolution would be optimal;
- Sample around coastlines on a sun-sync polar orbit; minimum of 100 km swath.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*: pursue partnership w/Landsat Data Continuity
- Mission (e.g., add 3-6 high sensitivity bands, 10-20 nm width); *Near-term* (5-10 years
- out): pursue advanced multi-spectral, high-res global mission as single instrument ESSP
- class mission or one with additional aerosol measurement capabilities.  *Long term*: 2nd
- generation hyperspectral imager flown together with an ocean-aerosol lidar; additional
- Aerosl sensor such as a polarimeter included to provide additional off-nadir estimates.

## Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping
- and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded
- land regions, and seafloor features.  Hazardous and episodic events require repeat
- sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform
- that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations.

## Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping
- and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded
- land regions, and seafloor features.  Hazardous and episodic events require repeat
- sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform
- that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations.
- Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and
- imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to
- assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone.

## Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping
- and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded
- land regions, and seafloor features.  Hazardous and episodic events require repeat
- sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform
- that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations.
- Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and
- imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to
- assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*:  Continued development of airborne lidar and
- imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters.

## Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping
- and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded
- land regions, and seafloor features.  Hazardous and episodic events require repeat
- sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform
- that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require high-freq repeat observations.
- Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and
- imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to
- assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*:  Continued development of airborne lidar and
- imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters.  *Near-*
*term*:  Develop and implement portable sensor technologies which can be deployed on
*Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)*. Deploy the prototype coastal ocean habitat/hazard
- UAV system.

## Sub-Orbital Survey and Events UAV Suite

- High level question(s): Habitats, Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: Imagery with spatial resolution of meters or less is critical for mapping
- and tracking fine-scale features along coastal margins, including river plumes, flooded
- land regions, and seafloor features.  Hazardous and episodic events require repeat
- sampling on the order of hours and not days or weeks, and require an imaging platform
- that can be used under cloud cover. Diel processes require repeated observations.
- Characteristics: Measurements from a variety of portable sensors, including lidar and
- imaging spectrometers, flown from suborbital platforms will greatly enhance our ability to
- assess changes in the dynamic and heavily populated coastal zone.
- Implementation target: *Short-term*:  Continued development of airborne lidar and
- imaging systems for algorithm and technology improvement in coastal waters.  *Near-*
*term*:  Develop and implement portable sensor technologies which can be deployed on
*Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)*. Deploy the prototype coastal ocean habitat/hazard
- UAV system.  *Long-term*:  Development of a fleet of UAVs with portable sensors that can
- be deployed throughout the globe at a short notice to track hazards.  Development of
- optimization algorithms for deployment of UAVs.

## Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry)

- High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards
- processes/features and habitat conditions.  However, need to address issues such as:
- improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the
- identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts;
- 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from
- natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved
- parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts.

## Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry)

- High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards
- processes/features and habitat conditions.  However, need to address issues such as:
- improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the
- identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts;
- 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from
- natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved
- parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts.
- Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies.
- Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track
- interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds,
- likely in a scatterometer configuration.  The combined current/wind instrument could
- be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously.

## Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry)

- High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards
- processes/features and habitat conditions.  However, need to address issues such as:
- improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the
- identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts;
- 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from
- natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved
- parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts.
- Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies.
- Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track
- interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds,
- likely in a scatterometer configuration.  The combined current/wind instrument could
- be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously.
- Implementation target: Short-term: leverage existing/planned international SAR efforts.

## Synthetic Aperture Radar (incl. Along-Track Interferometry)

- High level question(s): Hazards, Ecosystems
- Key issues: SAR is a key approach for observing many coastal ocean hazards
- processes/features and habitat conditions.  However, need to address issues such as:
- improved temporal sampling of coastal zones; 2) explicit methodology to improve the
- identification of slicks from ambiguous detection of low winds and temperature fronts;
- 3) improve access to near-real time imagery; 4) identify the various types of slicks from
- natural seeps, stormwater plumes, oil spills, and blooms, 5) derive new and improved
- parameters, e.g., current and wind fields, 6) incorporate into models and forecasts.
- Characteristics: Improved functionality would be obtained through dual frequencies.
- Additionally, a potential mission concept would carry a dual-beam SAR along-track
- interferometer (ATI) to derive vector currents with the capability of obtaining vector winds,
- likely in a scatterometer configuration.  The combined current/wind instrument could
- be configured to use the same radar instrumentation and must operate simultaneously.
- Implementation target: Short-term: leverage existing/planned international SAR efforts.
- Longer-term: pursue development of new capabilities such as the integrated ATI-Scat
- Concept; also need constellation of platforms to provide improved coverage.