# Presentation: 106731

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## Guidance for Estimating the Indirect Effects of Proposed Transportation Projects	

- Presented by
- (Name of Presenter)
- for NCHRP Instructional Course

**Notes:**
Opening Remarks:

1. Host agency welcomes participants (if applicable).

2. Instructors introduce themselves with brief statement of qualifications.

3. Instructors lead round of introductions by participants which will include:
  Name
  Job and relationship to subject matter
  One learning objective for the course
     Instructors should make notes of student learning objectives on flipchart or whiteboard so that coverage of class concerns can be reviewed at the end of each day of the course. 

4.  Confirm that participants have course materials.

5.  Review the course agenda.

## 	Course Module 1

- 	Introduction

**Notes:**
Notes:

Module 1 provides an introduction to indirect effects analysis.

## NCHRP Report 403

- Includes results of research from 		NCHRP Project 25-10
- Contains:
- 1.  Guidance & Framework for Defining 	  	 Indirect Effects
- 2.  Identifies Tools for Analysis
- 3.  Case Studies
- 4.  Results of Over 50 Interviews with
- 		 Practitioners

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Introduce the Course:
This instructional course is based on research conducted for National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 25-10: Guidance for Estimating the Indirect Effects of Proposed Transportation Projects.  Research was conducted in 1996 and 1997.  NCHRP Report 403 was published by the Transportation Research Board in 1998.  The desk reference used in this course was based on this work and updated with the latest techniques and literature in the field.

## The Indirect Impact Enigma

- For Want of A Nail
*or*
- Why The Dodgers Left

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Two illustrations of indirect effects:

Nursery rhyme:
"For want of a nail, the shoe was lost;
 For want of the shoe, the horse was lost;
 For want of the horse, the rider was lost;
 For want of the rider, the battle was lost; 
 For want of the battle, the kingdom was lost;
 And all for the want of a nail."

Chain of events leading to 1994 Major League Baseball Strike:
Introduction of jet liner and improved airport facilities in late 1950s reduces transcontinental travel times.
Burgeoning population in the West and quick travel times appeal to sports franchise owners.
Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants franchises move to West Coast without consent of other owners.

## Lesson Topics

- Definitions of Important Terms
- Legal & Regulatory Context
- Literature on Indirect Effects
- Summary of State Guidance
- Review of Case Law
- Eight Steps to Indirect Effects Analysis

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Definitions of important terms, legal and regulatory context, and literature review are covered in Module 1.
State guidance outlines are available in the Desk Reference for independent review.

Review of case law is available in Module 2.

Remainder of the course (Modules 3 through 10) covers the eight-step analysis process.

Workshop exercises that allow the class to apply the lessons to sample case scenarios will be presented on the second day.

## An Eight-Step Process

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Indirect Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Eight steps to indirect effects analysis are covered in Modules 3 through 10.

## Course Objective

- 	The objective of this course is to provide a step-by-step guide to assessing the indirect environmental impacts of transportation projects.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Note:
The course will discuss the issues involved and provide an overview of the technical methods used for determining the indirect effects of transportation projects.

## In the BeginningThere Was Terminology

-    Direct Effects* -* Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations state direct effects are “caused by the action and occur at the same time and place.”
-    Direct effects are directly linked to the project and highly predictable.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Ask for examples of direct effects that can stem from highway or transit improvement projects.  

Compare to examples on following slide.

(Desk Reference:  Page 2)

## Examples of Direct Effects

_**Project Action**_
- Right-of-Way Acquisition
- New Highway
- Lanes Added

_**Direct Effect**_
- Displacing Local Businesses
- Severing Access
- Increased Speed

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**

Notes:

Right-of-way acquisition results in displacement of local businesses and housing.

New limited access highway severs direct access between residential area and school.

Lanes added to an existing facility result in increased speed, traffic moved closer to residences, and noise impacts.

(Desk Reference:  Page 2)

## Terminology

- 	Indirect Effects* -*  CEQ definition: indirect effects are “caused by the action and occur later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable.”
- 	Indirect Effects may include growth-inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in land use, population density or growth rates, and the ecosystem.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Can you name examples of indirect effects that can stem from highway or transit improvement projects? 

Note the responses on flipchart or whiteboard.

Compare to examples on following slide.

## Three Categories of Indirect Effects

- 1.  Alteration of the behavior and functioning of the affected environment caused by encroachment.
- 2.  Project-influenced development effects.
- 3.  Effects related to project-influenced development effects.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Note:
The three categories of indirect effects outlined on the slide will be explained in more detail in Module 7.

Encroachment/Alteration:  related to direct encroachment/alteration effects but removed in time or distance.

Project-influenced development effects: improvements in access can attract development of commercial facilities and housing.

Project-influenced development effects can produce indirect effects on the environment that are attributable to the improved access.

Ask the Participants:
Ask for examples of indirect effects related to encroachment/alteration and project-influenced development effect.

Note the responses on flipchart or whiteboard.

Compare to examples on next slide and Overhead of Figure 1-3.

## Examples of Indirect Effects

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Note:
Bypass highway brings improved access to a rural area, and farmland becomes attractive to developers as a site for residential housing. New housing produces new labor force which attracts new businesses. 

New light rail line brings improved access to a developed area; new businesses open in existing spaces and produce demand for redevelopment producing jobs and taxes.

New highway brings improved access to an historic area;  increased access and traffic prompt opening of highway-related businesses altering the character of the historic area. Improved access also attracts visitors, who contribute to preservation of the historic area.

Ask the participants: Can you think of other examples of beneficial/adverse indirect effects?

## Terminology

- 	Cumulative Impacts* -* CEQ defines as “the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions.”

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 3)

Regulatory and Agency Definitions of Cumulative Impacts.

## Terminology

- 	EPA and US DOT guidance states that “other actions” include not only actions of the sponsoring agency but actions by other government agencies, private citizens, and corporations.
- 	Cumulative impact assessment often incorporated with indirect effect assessment.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**

Ask the participants: Can you suggest examples of past, present, and future actions that together would have a cumulative effect ?

Note the responses on flipchart or whiteboard and compare to Slide 15.

## Examples of Cumulative Effects

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 3)

Notes:

New highway coupled with expanded airport leads to increased industrial development that would not have been likely in the absence of one of the improvements. Resource impact: development consumes farmland and habitat; increase in impervious surface from development results in degradation of surface water quality.

New commuter rail line in a neighborhood of low rise buildings is coupled with a zoning change to encourage density around stations. Resource impact: taller buildings developed cast shadows on residential area and small park.

New interchange coupled with a proposed shopping mall results in increased weekend traffic in nearby residential areas. Resource impact: increased local air pollution, noise impacts, and safety impacts in residential neighborhood.

New highway coupled with a new residential development in a suburban fringe area results eventually in more suburban development, increased traffic, increased highway congestion, and reduced accessibility.

## Terminology

*	*Secondary Effects* -* the terms secondary effects and indirect effects are used interchangeably.  Some differentiate by equating secondary effects with induced development and related effects.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Terminology can be confusing.

## 	Reasonably Foreseeable- definition provided by the courts - Terms “likely” and “reasonably foreseeable” mean the impacts are sufficiently likely to occur that a person of ordinary prudence would take it into account in making a decision.

	Effects that are classified as possible but not probable may be excluded from consideration.

	Direct effects are often inevitable while indirect effects are probable.

- 	Effects that are classified as possible but not probable may be excluded from consideration.
- 	Direct effects are often inevitable while indirect effects are probable.

- Terminology

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Ask the participants: Can you give an example of:
a reasonably foreseeable event? 
a possible but not probable event?

Note the responses on flipchart or whiteboard. 

## Terminology

- 	Induced Growth* -* Changes in land use intensity caused by an action or project. For transportation projects, induced growth is attributed to changes in accessibility due to the project, which influences where development occurs.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Note:

Transportation improvements influence the location of development, but other factors including land availability and suitable price, appropriate land use controls, favorable political conditions/regulations, and a positive regional economy are also necessary to facilitate development and growth.

## Terminology

*	*Accessibility - The ease of movement between places.  Accessibility can be measured in terms of time or money.
*	*Major Activity Center* -* A geographic area characterized by a large transient population and heavy traffic volumes and densities.  Examples include the central business district, air terminals, universities, etc.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Ask the participants: 
Any examples of different types of accessibility modes? Transportation and electronic.
Note the responses on flipchart or whiteboard. 

## Examples

- Distinctions Between Types of Effects (Figure 1-1)
- Examples of Indirect or Secondary Effects by Various Agencies (Figure 1-2)
- Examples of Indirect Effects (Figure 1-3)

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Briefly refer to Figures 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 by showing overheads of each.

Figure 1-1  (Desk Reference Page 3)

Figure 1-2 (Desk Reference Page 4)

Figure 1-3 (Desk Reference Page 5)  was presented in discussion of indirect effects examples (Slide 11).

## Classic Indirect Effects Literature

- 	Vlachos (1976 US DOT Study):
- 	Direct effects are those which result from physical construction of the facility, and may be short or long in duration.  Indirect effects are those not readily apparent, but are generated by the construction, maintenance, or use of the facility.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 6 and 7)

## More Classic Literature

- 	Beale’s 1993 work presents time-distance parameters in his definitions that are consistent with those of the CEQ:
- 	Direct effects occur at the same time and place while indirect effects are late in time or farther removed in distance but still reasonably foreseeable.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 7)

- Time-Distance Differentiation of Various Impact Categories (Figure 1-5)
- Definitions and Examples for Direct and Non-Direct Impacts by Source (Figure 1-6)
- Definitions of Indirect Effects Compared with CEQ (Figure 1-7)

- Examples

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Briefly refer to Figures 1-5, 1-6, 1-7 by showing overheads of each.

Figure 1-5  (Desk Reference Page 8)
Distinctions between direct, indirect, and cumulative effects.

Figure 1-6 (Desk Reference Page 9)
Reference for discussions in the literature and examples of effects.

Figure 1-7 (Desk Reference Page 10)
How definitions of indirect effects have varied over time and been influenced by CEQ regulations.

## The Question Is Why? 

- NEPA Process and Implementing Regulations
- ISTEA/TEA-21
- Environmental Justice
- State and Local Requirements
- Community and Public Concern
- Good Planning Practice

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
Several reasons for integrating indirect effects analysis in the review of transportation plans or projects are summarized in the slides that follow.

## National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

- Section 101(b) & Section 102(c)
- Assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings....[and] preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage......
- Include in every recommendation or report....a detailed statement....on the environmental impact of the action

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 11)

## Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

- 	CEQ’s NEPA regulation elements that are relevant to indirect effects analysis include:
- 	A.  Integration of Compliance Procedures
- 	B.  Inclusion of Interested Parties
- 	C.  Time of Compliance
- 	D.  Interagency Cooperation
- 	E.  Order of Events

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 11 through 12)

Integration of compliance:  Concurrent review to reduce project delay requires consideration of indirect effects as early in process as possible.

Inclusion of interested parties:  Importance of public involvement and inclusion of all relevant federal, state, local, and tribal agencies in the analysis process.

Time of compliance:  Importance of "earliest possible time“ for identifying indirect impacts.

Interagency cooperation: Desirable to have  cooperation of agencies in identifying effects before preparation of the EIS or formal scoping.

Order of events:  First pre-scoping, followed by notice of intent, followed by requests for participation of cooperating agencies.

## Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

- 	F.  Significance of Impacts
- 	G.  Integration of Disciplines
- 	H.  Documentation of Indirect Effects - 		Indirect effects are referred to specifically 	for inclusion in the “Environmental 		Consequences” section of EIS documents.  	Both short- and long-term environmental 	effects of land use and mitigation must 	be discussed.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 11 through 12)

F./G. Significance of impacts and Integration of disciplines:  CEQ calls for "systematic interdisciplinary approach" to deal with significant issues so as to narrow the scope.

H. Documentation:  Full and thorough documentation of every step is important.

## ISTEA/TEA-21

- 	ISTEA and TEA-21 do not specifically refer to indirect effects analysis.  However there are several provisions of TEA-21 that may impact indirect effects analysis.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 12)

## ISTEA/TEA-21

- 	End of the separate MIS Requirement - Proposed regulations encourage the integration of the MIS into the general transportation planning process required of state agencies and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs).

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 12)

## ISTEA/TEA-21

- NEPA Streamlining
- Planning Considerations - 7 factors
- 1.	Economic vitality
- 2.	Increase safety and security
- 3.	Increase accessibility and mobility
- 4.	Protect and enhance the environment and energy conservation
- 5.	Enhance integration and connectivity of the transportation system

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 12)

## ISTEA/TEA-21

- 6.	Promote efficient system management and operation
- 7.	Preservation of the existing transportation system

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 12)

## ISTEA/TEA-21

- 	Planning factors can be incorporated through consideration of indirect costs and benefits of projects. These include economic vitality, accessibility and mobility, and environmental, energy conservation, and quality-of-life improvements.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 12)

## Environmental Justice

- 	Executive Order 12898 issued in 1994 calls for an evaluation of the impacts of any federal investment on minority and low income groups.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 13 through 14)

## Environmental Justice

- Environmental justice requires the identification and mitigation of disproportionately high adverse effects.
- FHWA guidance states agencies should consider multiple exposures and cumulative effects as well as direct and indirect effects.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 13 through 14)

## Environmental Justice

- 	EPA example of indirect effects in the context of environmental justice:
*	**Increased urbanization may occur around a new facility due to increased employment due to transportation system upgrades. This may result in disproportionately high and adverse effects to low-income communities due to increased air pollution, lower housing values....*

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

*(EPA Guidance on Environmental Justice, 1998)*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 13)

Ask the participants: Can you think of other examples of disproportionate adverse effects in the context of environmental justice? 

## Environmental Justice

- Indirect effects many times are disproportionate.
- Project and non-project-related indirect effects may have cumulative impacts on the population.
- Indirect benefits and costs may determine whether offsetting positive impacts are present or if mitigation or the no-build option are impracticable.

*Course Module 1 - Introduction*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 13)

After completion of Module 1, refer participants to outlines of state guidance procedures beginning on page 14 of the Desk Reference.

## 	Course Module 2

- 	Case Law Review

**Notes:**
This module discusses case law related to indirect effects.

## Case Law Review

- 	Being aware of case law standards will help ensure that practitioners construct an approach to indirect effects evaluation that will produce better projects, result in a wise use of taxpayers’ money, and withstand court scrutiny.

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Notes:

The review is focused on recent court holdings on indirect effects and the environmental impact assessment process generally.

## General Questions

- 	What is the legal basis for analysis of environmental impacts?
- NEPA requires "hard look" at all significant environmental impacts to inform decision-makers and the public -- procedural process not substantive result.

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Note:
"Hard look" includes consideration of indirect effects.

It is important to remember that courts are looking to ensure that the process for evaluating indirect effects is reasonable. If the process is seen to be unreasonable, the substantive results or conclusions of the report will be questioned.

After the "hard look"  the agency is not constrained in deciding that other values outweigh the environmental costs.

Lessons:
Comprehensive process.

Thorough documentation.

(Desk Reference:  Page 17)

## General Questions

- What are the general legal standards for review of environmental impacts?
- CEQ regulations
- NEPA EIS requirements for major federal actions
- What is a major federal action?
- Dual approach: scope and significance
- Unitary approach: any federal action with significant impacts

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Note:
NEPA and CEQ (outlined in Module 1) are general legal standards.

Major federal action:
Dual approach:  courts consider the scope of federal involvement (must be major) and the significance of effects.  Problem:  overlooks minor federal involvement with major impacts.

Unitary approach:  CEQ position - any federal involvement with major impacts is considered.

(Desk Reference:  Pages 17 through 18)

## General Questions

- What are the general requirements for the preparation of an EIS?
- Concrete proposals - plans exempt
- All connected actions - no segmentation
- When should an impact be considered significant?
- Context
- Intensity

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 19)

Example of "no segmentation" rule:  
Thomas v. Peterson (9th Cir. 1985) 25-mile timber road found to have no significant impacts but logging and transport activities that would be facilitated by the roads not considered.  These indirect actions found to be "inextricably intertwined" with the road-building activity.

Significance:

Discussed in detail in Module 7.

Significance varies with the context (e.g., local vs. regional).

Intensity of effect is most important not whether effect is direct, indirect, or cumulative.  Techniques for determining intensity the subject of this course.

## General Questions

- What standards are used to review a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)?
- Arbitrary and capricious standard - most deferential to agency technical expertise.
- What standards are used to review an EIS?
- Reasonableness standard - less deferential, EIS must be reasonably thorough discussion.

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 20 through 21)

Note:
Most deferential arbitrary and capricious standard used to review FONSI since 1989.
Courts defer to decisions unless clear that they are not supported by the evidence or agency failed to consider critical issue.

Less deferential reasonableness standard for EIS review.  No requirement for best available scientific methodology but reasonably thorough discussion of impacts is required.

## What constitutes an adequate evaluation of indirect effects?

- Level of Detail  - More than a listing of potential impacts
- Induced Growth as a Selling Point - Reliance on benefits confirms probability and significance of effects
- Adequacy of Assessment

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 21 through 22)

## 	Gloucester County Concerned Citizens v. Goldschmidt
Plaintiffs challenged lack of consideration of secondary effects.
Plaintiffs lost because they did not demonstrate that secondary impacts were significant.

- Plaintiffs challenged lack of consideration of secondary effects.
- Plaintiffs lost because they did not demonstrate that secondary impacts were significant.

- What constitutes an adequate evaluation of indirect effects?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Gloucester County Concerned Citizens v. Goldschmidt

Plaintiffs alleged lack of consideration of indirect effects:
1) how the highway would fit into the state existing network
2) what effect would it have on existing and planned mass transit
3) what effect would it have on population growth and development

Court found adequate discussion on all points including
1) maps showing place of highway in the state's network
2) statement that future rapid transit planning would incorporate the route
3) evidence that population would continue to grow with or without the planned route.

## 	City of Davis v. Coleman
Plaintiffs challenged FONSI for lack of consideration of commercial or industrial development growth resulting from the construction of an interstate interchange.
Plaintiffs won since court found the growth was reasonably foreseeable and indeed probable.

- Plaintiffs challenged FONSI for lack of consideration of commercial or industrial development growth resulting from the construction of an interstate interchange.
- Plaintiffs won since court found the growth was reasonably foreseeable and indeed probable.

- What constitutes an adequate evaluation of indirect effects?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
City of Davis v. Coleman
Evaluation of highway interchange designed to service and stimulate future growth in a rural area.

FONSI only discusses direct impacts of cloverleaf not the anticipated future growth cited as the purpose for the project.

Court found that such development was reasonably foreseeable and probable because it was the "raison d'etre" of the project.  Development would spur problems such as population, traffic, pollution, and demand for services that were not addressed in the inadequate FONSI.

## 	Coalition for Canyon Preservation v. Bowers
Involved a 10.8-mile widening project in rural communities.
EIS admitted there would be project-induced growth but did not evaluate.
Court ruled in favor of plaintiffs due to failure to evaluate foreseeable development.

- Involved a 10.8-mile widening project in rural communities.
- EIS admitted there would be project-induced growth but did not evaluate.
- Court ruled in favor of plaintiffs due to failure to evaluate foreseeable development.

- What constitutes an adequate evaluation of indirect effects?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Coalition for Canyon Preservation v. Bowers
Widening to four lanes for a 10.8-mile stretch of two-lane federal highway connecting rural towns and serving as the primary access road to Glacier National Park.  

EIS noted potential for "development along the highway... increasing at a faster pace than in the past" but did not analyze the magnitude of this development effect or its impact on other resources.

Court found failure to evaluate foreseeable development.

## 	Sierra Club v. Marsh
Court set a three-part test for situation warranting indirect effects evaluation.
Confident that impacts are likely to occur.
Can impacts be sufficiently described and specified now to allow for useful evaluation?
If impacts are not evaluated now, will future evaluation of impacts be irrelevant? 
Court held that effects identified in planning must be analyzed for project.

- Court set a three-part test for situation warranting indirect effects evaluation.
- Confident that impacts are likely to occur.
- Can impacts be sufficiently described and specified now to allow for useful evaluation?
- If impacts are not evaluated now, will future evaluation of impacts be irrelevant?
- Court held that effects identified in planning must be analyzed for project.

- What constitutes an adequate evaluation of indirect effects?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Sierra Club v. Marsh
Review of environmental impact assessment regarding a proposed port and causeway project on a rural island in Maine.  Project part of a "two-part development package" where an industrial park would follow the port development.  Planning and feasibility documents for the project outlined the potential for related industrial development but the EA did not analyze the impacts of such development.

Court constructed three-part test finding:

Planning studies noting potential for related development demonstrates confidence that the impacts would occur and the ability to sufficiently describe them to allow for evaluation (parts 1 and 2).

Once the causeway and port were built future evaluation would be irrelevant because development pressures would then be unstoppable.

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of any examples of cases in your state or facing your agency involving the adequacy of an indirect effects evaluation?

## An environmental impact would be "too speculative" for inclusion in an EIS if it cannot be described at the time of analysis with sufficient specificity to make its consideration useful to reasonable decision making.

Significant impacts are reasonably foreseeable if not too speculative or improbable.

- Significant impacts are reasonably foreseeable if not too speculative or improbable.

- When are significant impacts reasonably foreseeable?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 19)

## Agency reliance on existing planning studies in indirect effects analysis has been upheld in the courts.

Agency reliance on local zoning and land use regulations that would prohibit induced growth has also been upheld where there is no evidence of likelihood of change in regulations. 

- Agency reliance on local zoning and land use regulations that would prohibit induced growth has also been upheld where there is no evidence of likelihood of change in regulations.

- What are the effects of land use and zoning controls on indirect impact analysis?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Lesson:
Reliance on existing planning documents and local zoning and land use regulations is permissible, but agency should investigate the likelihood for change in regulations by reviewing past patterns of variances and zoning changes in the local community. 

(Desk Reference:  Pages 22 through 23)

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of any examples of cases in your state or facing your agency involving the reliance on existing regulations in an indirect effects analysis?

## 	Florida Wildlife Foundation v. Goldschmidt
Plaintiffs claimed political pressure made existing land use planning controls ineffective in limiting development.
Court held that the Land Use Plan was valid and there was no evidentiary support that the project would induce development beyond what was inevitable.

- Plaintiffs claimed political pressure made existing land use planning controls ineffective in limiting development.
- Court held that the Land Use Plan was valid and there was no evidentiary support that the project would induce development beyond what was inevitable.

- What is the effect of land use and zoning controls on indirect impact analysis?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Florida Wildlife Foundation v. Goldschmidt

Case involving the extension of Interstate 75 in Broward County, Florida.

Plaintiff alleged pressure for land development in the corridor would render existing land use regulations ineffective at preventing induced growth.  

Court supported defendant's assertion that the land use plan would be effective in preventing induced growth and therefore no analysis of induced growth effects was necessary.   The plan had the full force of law and was developed over three years with substantial study and public input.  The process for amendments to the plan was stringent and court found that the plaintiffs did not show sufficient evidence that the land use plan would not continue to be enforced in the future.

(Desk Reference:  Pages 22 through 23)

## 	Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council
Agencies participating in the NEPA process obligated to advise local agencies of land use regulatory policies that would mitigate indirect effects identified in the NEPA process.

- Agencies participating in the NEPA process obligated to advise local agencies of land use regulatory policies that would mitigate indirect effects identified in the NEPA process.

- What are the effects of land use and zoning controls on indirect impact analysis?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Robertson v. Methow

Case involving the NEPA review of a special permit to be issued by the Forest Service allowing development activity by a private party.

Court ruled that Forest Service was not obligated to delay issuance of a permit until local agencies had decided upon land mitigation measures within their jurisdiction.

The agency was obligated, however, to advise state and local agencies of regulatory polices and mitigation efforts outside its jurisdiction that would be appropriate to mitigate against indirect effects identified in the NEPA process.

## 	Challenges of disproportionately high and adverse impacts to minority and low income populations are based on:
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1964
Title VIII of the Fair Housing Act of 1968

- Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
- Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1964
- Title VIII of the Fair Housing Act of 1968

- Where do the courts stand on the issue of environmental justice?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 23)

## Most cases deal with direct adverse impacts.
Transportation cases involving environmental justice claims are in the early stages.
Issues to watch:
	Benefits and Burdens Analysis
	Facility-Siting impacts

- Transportation cases involving environmental justice claims are in the early stages.
- Issues to watch:
- 	Benefits and Burdens Analysis
- 	Facility-Siting impacts

- Where do the courts stand on the issue of environmental justice?

*Course Module 2 - Case Law Review*

**Notes:**
Example of issues to watch:

Challenges are based on inequitable distribution of benefits and burdens of transportation improvements.  Who benefits most from potential improvements in accessibility and economic development?  Who is harmed by the environmental effects?

Challenges are based on indirect effects of facility siting.

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of any examples of environmental justice issues that involve indirect effects?

Can you think of any examples of cases in your state or facing your department involving indirect effects?

## 	Course Module 3

- 	Step 1 - Initial Scoping

**Notes:**
This course module discusses the scoping process for assessing indirect effects of transportation improvements.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
This section discusses the first step in the analysis process.

## Course Module 3 - Step 1Initial Scoping

- This module will:
- Outline general scoping considerations.
- Identify issues involved in determining the general approach and level of effort.
- Provide project categorization checklists   	and a decision tree for scoping	potentially significant indirect effects.
- Describe techniques for setting	 study area boundaries.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Desk Reference: Page 26 

## Step 1 - Initial Scoping

- 	Initial Scoping Consists of Three Tasks:
- 1. Identify the purpose and need of the project.
- 2. Determine the level of effort and general   approach required to complete the study.
- 3. Determine the location and extent of the study area.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Note:

This step may need to be revisited after completion of impact-causing identification step.

## Step 1 - Initial Scoping

- 	Factors to consider for determining level of effort and general approach include:
- Data Availability
- Number of Potentially Significant Impacts
- Appropriate Analysis Technique
- Extensiveness of Effect

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Goal of scoping is to ensure proper resources will be dedicated to the analysis.

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of examples in which the availability of data, technique used, or the number or scope of potential impacts will effect the level of effort in a study?

Data Availability - Data may be available from a previous stage in the process, or previous studies in the area.  Watch for currency and study area match.  Quantitative techniques may require extensive data gathering efforts.

Number of Impacts - Decision tree to guide estimation.

Appropriate Technique - Large complex projects may be best analyzed by detailed qualitative or quantitative measures requiring staff time, field work.

Extensiveness of effect - Greater effects associated with large linear projects and new projects in areas with few transportation resources.

Briefly review Figure 3-1 overhead (Desk Reference Page 27).

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- Project Overview
- New Interchange at Major Interstate
- New 4-lane Connector Roadway
- Other connectors widened to 4 lanes
- Rural area on outer edge of metro commute
- Part of major airport improvement plan

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Hand out case example and decision tree to class and give participants a few minutes to read.  
(see “Case Study Scenario: Airport Access Improvement” in Web Document 43-Part 2: Supporting Materials)

Review scoping steps that follow by applying scoping questions to the case study example.

## Project Purpose and Need

- If a project’s purpose is to encourage economic development, impacts resulting from the development are “reasonably foreseeable” and should be considered for “environmental full disclosure.”
- Effects of development include increase in population, pollution, and demand for utilities, education, police, fire, and park services.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Note:

This slide sets the stage for the next decision tree slide. 

Elements of Decision Tree for Scoping (Figure 3-2, Desk Reference Pages 28 through 29)

1. Project Purpose and Need
2. Planning Context
3. Project Description - Systems Context
4. Environmental Context
5. Project Description - Design Context

## Scoping Decision Tree

- Explicit economic development purpose?

- Yes

- Detailed analysis of induced growth effects required
- Skip to Step 3 to determine type

- No,
- Proceed to Step 2

*Scoping Decision Tree*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
No.
Stated purpose of Airport Access Project was to provide better connection to the airport from interstate and state highways.  Part of general airport improvement plan.

## Planning Context

- Consistency with local plans is one of the project criteria for NEPA.
- Inconsistency between plans and indirect and cumulative effects is a significant issue.
- Understanding the local economic, social, and environmental goals will help frame the nature of indirect effects.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 28)

## Scoping Decision Tree

- Conflict with local plan?

- Yes

- Detailed analysis of induced growth effects required
- Skip to Step 3 to determine type

- No,
- Proceed to Step 2

*Scoping Decision Tree*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
No.
Airport-related industrial growth is compatible with the zoning for the area and the goals of county comprehensive plan and the airport properties master plan.

## Three Types of Induced Growth:

Project Planned to Serve Specific Development
Complementary Development
Intraregional Development Shifts

- Project Planned to Serve Specific Development
- Complementary Development
- Intraregional Development Shifts

- Project Description -Transportation System Context

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Can you think of examples of the three types of induced growth?

Specific Development - an interchange planned to serve a new office or retail complex; a road widening to accommodate traffic for a new housing development.

Complementary Development - highway-oriented businesses (gas stations, truck stops, convenience stores, hotels); transit-oriented businesses (dry cleaners, newsstands, restaurants).

Intraregional Development Shifts - office parks, commercial development, warehouse uses, industrial plants.

More about these patterns in Module 7.

(Desk Reference:  Page 29)

## Project Description -Transportation System Context

- 	Projects must evaluated to determine if they would produce a measurable change in the travel demand or travel patterns. Figures 3-3 and 3-4 provide checklists for categorizing new projects.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 3-3 (Desk Reference Pages 31 through 32) and Figure 3-4 (Desk Reference Page 33) as overheads to illustrate criteria for assessing regional significance of projects.

(Desk Reference:  Page 29)

## Scoping Decision Tree

- Planned to serve specific development?

- Yes

- Detailed analysis of this type of induced growth required
- Proceed to Step 4

- No

*Scoping Decision Tree*

- Likely to stimulate land development having complementary functions?

- Likely to influence intraregional land development location decisions?

- No

- No, Proceed to Step 4

- Yes

- Yes

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Project planned to serve existing airport but not designed explicitly with other projects in mind.

The project is, however, likely to stimulate development of complementary uses.   Expanded airport facilities and improved access are likely to encourage development of property to host airport-related businesses--warehousing, freight forwarding, value-added, light industry, and similar commercial functions.  Analysis of likelihood and extent of this development type should be conducted.

Some firms considering expansion or location in other parts of the region may be attracted to expanded facilities and improved access at the airport.

## Environmental Context

- Indirect effects related to encroachment-alteration should be considered in scoping.
- Notable features of ecological, social, and physical environments must be present.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Note:
Information of compiling inventory of notable features is discussed in Module 5.

(Desk Reference:  Page 30)

## Scoping Decision Tree

- Notable feature present in impact area?

- Yes

- Proceed to Step 5

- No

*Scoping Decision Tree*

- Detailed analysis of encroachment-alteration effects not required.
**End significance evaluation.**

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Several notable features present including:

Multi-use open space
Wetlands
Sensitive species habitat
Public water supply reservoirs
Historic farmsteads
Active agricultural lands
Contaminated sites

## Scoping Decision Tree

- Notable feature significantly impacted?

- Yes

- Detailed analysis of encroachment-alteration effects required.

- No

*Scoping Decision Tree*

- Detailed analysis of encroachment-alteration effects not required.
**End significance evaluation.**

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Given location of the transportation improvement, impacts are possible.  Likelihood of induced growth in sensitive locations should be examined.

## Determining the Location and Extent of the Study Area

- 	Boundary setting techniques include:
- Political/Geographic Boundaries
- Commuteshed Boundaries
- Growth Boundaries/Service Limits
- Watershed/Habitat Boundaries
- Interview/Public Involvement

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference: Pages 31 through 35)

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of examples of political, geographic, or environmental boundaries in your area? 

## Remember the Goldilocks Rule of Boundaries:

Not too big and not too small but just right.

- Not too big and not too small but just right.

- Determining the Location and Extent of the Study Area

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
What are some drawbacks of a study area that is too small?
Too big?

Undersized - overlook important notable features, habitats, or potential areas for induced growth

Oversized - regional focus may minimize the significance of local notable features or effects;  more effort on data gathering and analysis

(Desk Reference:  Page 33)

## Political/Geographic Boundaries

- 	Use of political/geographic boundaries common because:
- Familiarity
- Local regulations
- Availability of data

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 31 through 32)

Existing data sources such as plans and population are delineated by political jurisdictions.
Public is familiar with geo/political boundaries.
Land use regulations are enacted at the local level.

## Examples

- Counties
- Minor civil divisions
- Tribal lands
- Planning districts or enterprise zones
- Census tracts or block groups
- Traffic analysis zones or districts
- Rivers, water bodies, mountain ranges

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 33)

Examples of political and geographical boundaries.

## Commuteshed Boundaries

- A project may change accessibility to major employment centers and the size of the commute area.
- Commuteshed boundaries can be determined by using:
- Census Data - Journey to Work
- Origin and Destination Surveys
- Travel Demand Model Output

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 33 through 34)

## Growth/Service Boundaries

- 	Some jurisdictions have already delineated an area where growth is either permitted or likely in the future
- Growth management plans/regulations
- Infrastructure plans/concurrency rules
- Current water/sewer service limits

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:  
Are there any examples of growth management or concurrency rules in your region?

(Desk Reference:  Page 34)

## Watershed/Habitat Boundaries

- 	Encroachment-alteration effects related to the project or induced growth can have an impact throughout an ecosystem and boundaries may need to reflect that.

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 34)

Ask the Participants:  
Can anyone suggest an example of a watershed or habitat area? 

## Other Boundary Considerations

- Stakeholder Interviews
- Timeframe Considerations

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 34)

Stakeholder interviews, expert panel techniques, task forces or other public involvement efforts may assist in identifying/confirming boundaries.

Timeframe Considerations -  The Goldilocks Time Rule - Not too long and not too short but just right.  May set indirect effects equal to project life - 20 to 25 years is typical.

## Study Area Techniques

- 	Combination of techniques is often the most comprehensive approach

- Commuteshed + Growth Boundary + Habitat/Watershed

- Choose political jurisdiction(s) that encompass these areas

- Confirm with Task Force/Public Involvement

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Simplified example outlining how techniques may be combined.

## Study Area Techniques

*City Center*

*Project*

*Project Area*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Example:

Project to widen a highway in an area on the suburban/rural fringe, connects a major regional highway with the city center.  

## Study Area Techniques

*City Center*

*Project*

*Political Boundaries*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Project lies in more than one municipal jurisdiction, and affects several municipal areas in the county.

## Study Area Techniques

*Project*

*Commuteshed*

*City Center*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Circle represents average regional commute time.

## Study Area Techniques

*Habitat Area*

*Project*

*City Center*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Important habitat area for an endangered species.

## Study Area Techniques

*Urban Growth Boundary*

*Project*

*City Center*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
20-year urban growth boundary and infrastructure concurrency plan.

## Study Area Techniques

*Final Study Area Boundary*

*Project*

*City Center*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Final study area boundary in this highly simplified example is set to the largest political jurisdiction (county) that encompasses all of the boundaries developed with the other techniques.  

If political jurisdiction does not incorporate important boundary types, then a radius or other method should be used to ensure that the entire area of influence is considered.

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- 	What criteria would you employ for study area determination?

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
What criteria would you employ for study area determination?

(Study area map on following slide.)

## Airport 

**Airport **
**Access Project**
**Study Area**

**Notes:**
Airport Study Area determination:

3-mile radius drawn:

Presence of other interchanges and transportation facilities limits influence of proposed project on land uses to immediate project area.  

Location of airport and vacant airport-owned lands would focus development to proscribed area.  Study area draw to incorporate airport-owned lands.

Study area radius incorporates major notable features in project area.

Data available for area.

## 	Course Module 4

- 	Step 2 - 	Identify Study Area
- 		Direction and Goals

**Notes:**
This module discusses directions and goals identification.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
This is step 2 of the analysis process.

## Course Module 4 - Step 2Identify Study Area Direction and Goals

- This module will:
- 	1.  Outline the types of goals and trends.
- 	2.  Highlight potential sources of 			information.
- 	3.  Describe data gathering and public 		involvement techniques.
- 	4.  Checklists

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference: Page 36)

## Considerations

- Timing - Coincides with problem identification and needs assessment, the first step in the transportation process.
- Data Collection - Goals are typically spelled out in plans or policies. CEQ has outlined general goals.  See Figure 4-1.

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 4-1 (Desk Reference Page 37) as overhead.

Note:
CEQ goals would apply to all areas, local/regional goals obtained through local data collection efforts described in this module.

## Considerations

- When using available plans to determine goals keep in mind:
- 	1.  Age of the Plan.
- 	2.  Geographic Coverage of the Plan.
- 	3.  Plan Preparers.
- 	4.  Importance Ascribed to the Plan.

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Age of the Plan - current goals may not be reflected in an older plan.

Geographic Coverage - must fall in study area, may not apply to unincorporated lands.

Preparers - if plan produced by an outside agency do locals agree?

Importance Ascribed - influences acceptance and likelihood of enforcement or change in the future.

(Desk Reference:  Page 37)

## Methods

- Data Collection
- 	There are three general sources of data:
- 	1.  Local and Regional Trend Data
- 	2.  Land Use Plans/Comprehensive Plans
- 	3.  Local Regional Development Regs
- See Figures 4-2, 4-3, and 4-4.

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 4-2 (Desk Reference Pages 38 through 40), 4-3 (Page 41) and 4-4 (Page 42) as overheads.  Highlight range of data sources and key items on checklists.

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of additional data sources or important sources of information specific to your region?

## Methods

- Public Involvement	Techniques relevant for identifying goals include:
- 	1.  Visioning
- 	2.  Citizen Survey
- 	3.  Focus Group
- 	4.  Collaborative Task Force

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Visioning - series of meetings on long-range issues with wide range of stakeholders; focus on vision of future conditions, goals, and strategies, rather than particular plans, regulations, or policies.

Citizen Survey - by phone, in-person, or online; for statistical significance major effort may be required (sample size, stratification).

Focus Group - small group discussion with professional leadership; random or non-random selection.

Collaborative Task Force - group of community leaders and private citizens for study direction and consultation and confirmation of assumptions and results.

(Desk Reference:  Pages 40 and 43)

## Methods

- Potential Public Involvement Participants

- Municipal or County Legislative Leaders
- Mayors and County Executives
- Tribal Leaders/Representatives
- MPO Representatives
- Regional Planning Authority Reps
- Zoning/Planning Board Members
- Local Transportation/Transit Officials
- Public Safety Officials
- Public Works Officials
- Board of Education Officials
- Economic Development Officers
- Utility Representatives

- Community/Neighborhood Group Leaders
- Environmental Organizations
- Land Conservation Organizations
- Religious Leaders
- Business Owners and Executives
- Chamber of Commerce Representatives
- Realtors
- Bankers
- Developers
- Farmers
- Building Managers/Business Park Operators
- Other Private Citizens

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Can you think of any other public involvement participants? 

## Methods

- An excellent  public involvement resource is US DOT’s document, *Innovations in Public Involvement for Transportation Planning *(1994)
- FHWA/FTA resource *Public Involvement Techniques for Transportation Decision-making* (1996) available at www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/pittd/cover.htm

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**

Useful federal resources on public involvement.

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- What information would you gather?
- From the information given in the case study, name some regional goals relevant to indirect effects evaluation.

*Course Module 4 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals*

**Notes:**
Give participants a few moments to refer to the case study, then pose questions presented on the slide.

Project Goals Analysis:

Census data and existing MPO studies
Analysis of airport master plan for airside/landside and off-airport trends and development projects
Review of county and town master plans and interviews with municipal and airport officials
Plans reserve most of land adjacent to the project area and airport for industrial growth
Area west of new roadway is an important open space resource for the community
Quality of drinking water must be maintained
Maintenance of agricultural uses an important quality-of-life concern.

## 	Course Module 5

- 	Step 3 - 	Inventory Notable Features

**Notes:**
This module discusses inventorying notable features in the study area.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
This is step 3 in the analysis process.

## Course Module 5 - Step  3 Inventory of Notable Features

- This module will:
- 	1.  Discuss general considerations in 		developing an inventory.
- 	2.  Define the range of notable features.
- 	3.  Review data sources and methods.
- 	4.  Provide checklists.

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
Lessons provided by this module.

## Considerations

- 	Notable features* *encompass various terms found in the literature.  The term includes the following human environment aspects:
- Sensitive species and habitats

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 45)

Species requiring high survival rates rather than high reproduction rates.
Intrinsic rates of increase fluctuate greatly.
Communities with vulnerable keystone predators or mutualists.

## Considerations

- Valued environmental components -
- 	“characteristic or attribute of the environment that society seeks to use, protect, or enhance.”
- Uniqueness, recovery time, unusual landscape features
- Vulnerable elements of the population

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 45)

Note:
Valued environmental components include:
community facilities
historic/archaeological resources
valued land uses (parks, agriculture, woodlands, open space)

Unique landscape features include valued ecosystems, such as a major river. 

Vulnerable elements of the population could include low-income and minority communities protected under Title VI and environmental justice regulations.

## Notable Features

- Depend on perspective - Cast as wide a net as possible to incorporate other disciplines.
- Depend on scale of study area - CEQ notes significance varies with context.

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 45)

## Methods

- 	Step 3A - Assemble Inventory of Ecosystem Conditions

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**

(Desk Reference:  Page 46)

## Data Sources

- Nature Conservancy data through state Natural Heritage programs
- U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division
- U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)
- State land management agencies
- State fish, wildlife, and conservation agencies
- State agricultural and forestry agencies
- Tribal natural resource offices

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 46)

## Methods

- 	Step 3B - Assemble Inventory of Socioeconomic Conditions

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 46 through 47)
Notes:
Potentially useful sources include:
Published statistics - Census, Covered Employment (ES-202), MPO data
Other published statistics - comprehensive plans, historical studies, newspaper articles
Interviews
Public Involvement
Field Work

## Methods

- 	Step 3C - Assemble Inventory of Community Facilities and  Historical/Archaeological Features

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 48)

Notes:
Potentially useful sources include:
Local Officials/Community Groups
State Historic Preservation Officer/Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO/THPO)
National Register of Historic Places 
Field Work

## Methods

- 	Step 3D - Assemble Inventory of Notable Features

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 47)

Notes:
A project study area may contain a number of possible notable features and differing views of what is notable.  It is important, therefore, to get as many interested parties involved as possible.

## Application to Practice

- Systems Planning Context - Regional database/GIS mapping
- Project Evaluation Context - More detail at local level

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
Notes:
Systems Planning:
Development of overlay maps or GIS database indicating the location and extent of these major socioeconomic and ecological features will facilitate anticipation of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects early in the process.

Project Evaluation:
Same techniques applied at more local scale.  May require additional fieldwork or data gathering to supplement/update regional database.

## Work Product

- 	Notable Features Checklists/Mapping

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 5-1 (Desk Reference Page 47); Figure 5-2 (Page 48); and Figure 5-3 (Page 49)  and 5-4 (Page 50) as overheads to highlight elements in each checklist.

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- 	Using the checklists and case study as a guide, what are the notable features in the Airport Access Project study area?

*Course Module 5 - Inventory Notable Features*

**Notes:**
Notable features evaluation included review of :
Notable Features
Reservoirs, watersheds, wetlands, habitats
Historic properties and archaeological sites
Agricultural lands
Contaminated sites
	Airport facilities
	Farmland
	Wooded areas and open space 

## 	Course Module 6

- 	Step 4 - 	Identify Impact-Causing Activities

**Notes:**
This module discusses impact-causing activities.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
This is step 4 in the analysis process.

## Course Module 6 - Step 4Identify Impact-Causing Activities of the Proposed Action or Alternatives

- 	Project impact-causing activities are relevant to two of the three types of indirect effects:
- Encroachment-Alteration Effects
- Access-Alteration Effects (Project-Induced Growth)

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
Project impact-causing activities are relevant to two of the three types of indirect effects:
Encroachment-Alteration Effects - Effects that alter the behavior and functioning of the physical environment are related to project design features but are indirect in nature because they can be separated from the project in time or distance.

Access-Alteration Effects (Project-Induced Growth) - Changes in traffic patterns and the alteration of accessibility attributable to the design of the project can induce  residential and commercial growth in the study area. 

Induced growth-related effects, the third type of indirect effect, are attributable to induced growth itself not project design features.

## Course Module 6

- This module will:
- 	1.	Discuss considerations involved in gathering data when project specifications are not fully developed.
- 	2.	Outline the major types of impact-causing activities.
- 	3.	Provide a framework for documentation.

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
Lessons of this module.

## Considerations

- Few design details may be known at the beginning of a project.
- Involves conceptualization not quantification.
- Understanding design standards and previous experience is important.
- Should be an evolving process as the project matures.

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 52)

## Methods

- 	Checklist to consider project impact- causing activities including:
- Modification of regime
- Land transformation and construction
- Resource extraction
- Processing
- Land alteration

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
Briefly review checklist of project impact-causing activities (Figure 6-1, Desk Reference Page 53) as overhead, highlighting examples and activities in each category on this and the following slide.

Notes:
Modification of regime - alteration of habitat, flora, hydrology
Land transformation and construction - construction method, ancillary elements
Resource extraction - excavation and dredging
Processing - storage of supplies
Land alteration - excavation, erosion control

## Methods

- Resource renewal activities
- Changes in traffic
- Waste emplacement
- Chemical treatment
- Access alteration

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
Notes:
Resource renewal activities - remediation, reforestation
Changes in traffic - traffic patterns on project and adjoining facilities
Waste emplacement - landfill, waste discharge
Chemical treatment - fertilization, de-icing
Access alteration - changes in access, circulation patterns, travel times to major attractors

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- 	Impact-causing activities evaluation

*Course Module 6 - Identify Impact Causing Activities*

**Notes:**
Notes:

Review of project description and design features
Review of literature and comparative cases
Main impact-causing activity: change in accessibility leading to 	change in study area attractiveness for business location 		decisions

## 	Course Module 7

- 	Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis

**Notes:**
This module discusses significant effects.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
This is step 5 in the analysis process.

## Module 7 - Step 5Identify Potentially Significant Indirect Effects for Analysis

- 	Identify potentially significant effects by comparing the list of project impact-causing actions with the lists of goals and notable features

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Note:
The objective of this step is to compare the list of project impact-causing actions with the lists of goals and notable features to explore potential cause-effect relationships and identify potentially significant effects that merit detailed analysis.

## This module will:
Describe encroachment-alteration effects.
Describe the major types of induced growth effects.
Summarize tools used to identify effects.
Present decision tree for evaluating significance.

- Describe encroachment-alteration effects.
- Describe the major types of induced growth effects.
- Summarize tools used to identify effects.
- Present decision tree for evaluating significance.

- Module 7

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Lessons of this module.

## Encroachment-Alteration Effects

- Ecological Effects
- Habitat Fragmentation
- Habitat Degradation
- Ecosystem Disruptions

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 7-2 (Desk Reference Page 57) as overhead for examples of effects outlined above.

## Encroachment-Alteration Effects

- Socioeconomic Effects
- Direct Effects
- Alteration of traffic patterns and access
- Relocation
- Indirect Effects
- Opportunity-Threats
- Development/Event
- Adaptation/Post-Development

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Can you name some indirect effects that can occur before project construction even begins?

Examples:
property value fluctuations as plans are announced
lack of maintenance in anticipation of construction--quality of life degradation
political/social implications of conflict over a plan

Briefly review Figure 7-3 (Desk Reference Page 58) as overhead to highlight examples of indirect effects outlined above.

## Induced Growth Effects

- Land use impacts of investment vary depending on existing conditions.
- Transportation Investment Just One Factor:
- Location Attractiveness
- Consumer Preference
- Other Infrastructure
- Local Political/Economic Conditions
- Rate and Path of Urbanization

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Note:

Investment can prompt changes that alter location and land use decisions. 

Ask the Participants:
Provide examples of location attractiveness, consumer preference, and local political and economic conditions.

Location Attractiveness (physical features; suitability for development; land price and development costs; adjacency to markets, customers, and demand generators)

Consumer Preferences (for local features, existing/anticipated development)

Local Political and Economic Conditions (tax rates, incentives, regulatory environment, availability of labor and capital)

Briefly review Figure 7-6 (Desk Reference Page 61) as overhead.

## Induced Growth Effects

- 1.  Projects Planned to Serve Specific Land
- 	  Development
- land development not just probable but highly likely
- magnitude and timing known or predictable
- details of development known and can be analyzed for environmental effects

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 59)

## Induced Growth Effects

- 2.  Projects Stimulating Complementary
-      Development
- proximity to urban or regional center
- traffic volumes on intersecting road
- frontage road
- other infrastructure

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 59)

Notes:
Patterns:
right-hand quadrants, highway businesses
transit-oriented development

## Induced Growth Effects

- 3.  Projects Influencing Intraregional
- 	  Location Decisions
**Existing transportation infrastructure**
**land availability, price, vacancy rates**
**location attractiveness**
**local political conditions, land use regs**
**state of the regional economy**
**land use controls**

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference: Page 62)

Patterns:
up to 1 mile around interchange
2 to 5 miles along major feeder roadways
up to 1/2 mile around transit station

## Induced Growth-Related Effects

- Economic
- Natural Environment
- Aesthetic and Cultural Values
- Public and Private Services

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Name some examples of effects related to induced growth in each of the categories on the slide.

Briefly review Figure 7-7 (Desk Reference Pages 63 through 64) as overhead to highlight effects and indicators for their estimation.

## Induced Growth-Related Effects

- The relationship between transportation investment, land use, and air quality merits exploration, through closer integration of transportation planning with land use planning, particularly for projects that involve the urban fringe.
- The relationship between land use and travel is complex and research results are mixed.

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 62 through 64)

Note:
Causality difficult to determine - example:
Does low-density development cause people to have more vehicle travel or do people with a proclivity toward extensive automobile use select low density areas for living?

## Methods

- Methods for Identifying Potentially
- Significant Indirect Effects include:
- Matrices
- Networks
- Cartographic Techniques - Excellent for visualization.

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Briefly review examples of matrices, network diagrams, and cartographic techniques as overheads.

Note:
Notation in matrices can be binary (checkmark, no checkmark); quantitative, or weighted to show relative ranking of impacts on a common scale.

Cartographic techniques include McHarg overlay and resource capability analysis.

(Desk Reference:  Pages 64 through 66)

## Methods

- 	Qualitative Inference - Involves a case study description of an area of concern (neighborhood or habitat) and an identification based on professional judgment.

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 66)

## Methods

- 	Comparative Case Analysis - A comparative case study involves a like area where a similar project has been completed.  The two projects must be similar in size, project type, location, design, and geographic and other characteristics.

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 66)

## Context

- Are there regional consequences of the effect?

- Does the effect conflict with study area needs and goals?

**General Considerations**

- Do transportation decision-makers need to know about the consequences of  simultaneous or subsequent development actions when considering the proposed project or plan?
- (in other words...)
- Does a decision regarding the proposed transportation project represent a decision in principle about a simultaneous or subsequent development action?

- Is the occurrence of the effect probable?

- Is the effect irreversible or of long duration?

- Can the effect be controlled?

- Is there a great degree of controversy related to the effect?

- Could the effect result in a violation of federal, state, or local law, or other requirements imposed for the protection of the environment?

- Will the effect have a significant impact on public health or safety?

**A "yes" answer to any question above indicates that further analysis may be required.  **
**Proceed to Decision Tree for Assessing the Significance of Indirect Effects.**

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Assessing Impact Importance
Ask the Participants:
Based on the information presented in the airport case study description so far, identify one encroachment-alteration effect and the type of induced growth (if any) that can be expected).

Encroachment/Alteration
Recreation patterns in open space
Perceived quality of the natural environment
Aesthetic and cultural values (farmland and historic impacts)

Induced Growth
Development complementary to airport uses:  freight-handling, warehousing, value-added, light industry

Pose the questions in Figure 7-10 (Desk Reference Page 67), displayed as overhead, for one effect in each category above.  Discuss with participants.  

## Encroachment Alteration Effects

- Is effect wholly or partially within or substantially contiguous to a notable feature (from Step 3)?

- Yes

- Proceed to next question.

- No

- Does effect impair the character of important historical, archaeological, architectural, or aesthetic resources?

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- No

- Does effect impair existing community or neighborhood character?

- No

- Does effect substantially change the capacity of the environment to support existing species, uses or functions?

- Detailed analysis of effect not required.
**End evaluation.**

- Yes

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- Yes

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- Yes

- No

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Pose the questions in Figure 7-11 (Desk Reference Pages 68 through 69), displayed as overhead, for one effect in each category above.  Discuss with participants.  

Notes:
Analysis of encroachment-alteration effects (attributable to the project or, more likely, project-induced growth) required because the effects may conflict with a notable feature, or impair the character of the area, depending upon placement.  

## Induced Growth and Related Effects

- Analysis of induced growth effects required
**Proceed to next category.**

- Yes

- No

- Detailed analysis of effect not required.
**End evaluation.**

**Induced Growth and Related Effects**

- Is there an explicit economic development purpose to the proposed transportation plan or project?

- Yes

- No

- Is a simultaneous or subsequent development action likely to be taken as a result of the project?

- Yes

- No

- Is a simultaneous or subsequent development action dependent on  the project?

- Yes

- No

- Detailed analysis of effect not required.
**End evaluation.**

- Does development action conflict with study area plans or goals?

- No

- Proceed to next question.

- Yes

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Notes:
Analysis of induced growth effect necessary because subsequent private development action is likely and would result in changes in intensity of land use and potential traffic and resource quality effects.  Induced growth may also produce encroachment-alteration effects depending upon placement as noted above.

## Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis

- Yes

- Could development cause a substantial adverse change in existing air quality, ground or surface water quality or quantity, energy usage, traffic or noise levels?

- Yes

- Could development cause a substantial increase in the potential for erosion, flooding, leaching, or drainage problems?

- Yes

- Could development cause a substantial change in the use, or intensity of use, of land?

- Yes

- Could development cause other substantially adverse encroachment-alteration effects?

- Yes

**Return to Encroachment Alteration Effects**.

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- Analysis of effect required.
- Proceed to next question.

- No

- No

- No

- No

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Notes:

Analysis of the effects resulting from induced growth effects are necessary because they may impact environmental resources.

## Work Product

- 	Evaluation Matrix for Potentially Significant Indirect Effects and supporting documentation

*Course Module 7 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 7-9 (Desk Reference Page 66) as overhead.

## 	Course Module 8

- 	Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects

**Notes:**
This module discusses analysis of indirect effects.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
This is step 6 in the analysis process.

## Course Module 8 - Step 6Analyze Indirect Effects

- This module will:
- Describe the tools available.
- Outline steps involved in using the tools.
- Detail sources for further information.
- Suggest steps for basic and detailed analysis applications.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Lessons of this module.

## Considerations

- Assess the potential and magnitude of induced growth.
- Assess impacts on the natural environment arising from development and other encroachment-alteration effects.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 71)

## Considerations

- Two forecasts are necessary:
- 	1.  Base or No-Action Forecast
- 	2.  Action Forecast - describe conditions in the future following implementation of the project alternatives or plan.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 71)

Note:
Although a simple concept, a frequent criticism of indirect effects evaluations is that the base or no-action forecast was never used or  improperly constructed.  

## Considerations

- The key in forecasting is to use logic that can produce reproducible and relatively consistent results.
- Forecasting techniques may be either qualitative or quantitative.
- Using established forecasts and control totals is an important component of forecasting.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 71)

Ask the participants:
Why is use of established forecasts and control totals important?

Consistency with previous studies and regional estimates
Ability to use regional models for sub-regional analyses
Control totals often approved through consultation with local officials
Lends credence to the study and avoids criticism for departure from accepted numbers

## Methods - Qualitative Tools

- 	Literature Review/Comparative Case Analysis
- There is a growing body of literature.
- Comparative case analysis must compare like areas.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 71 through 72)

Note:
Allows analyst to draw  on previous experience of agency in similar circumstances.

Retrospective analysis difficult however because of lack of information on conditions prior to the transportation improvement.

Long time frame between projects and potential effects, and other factors such as general economic conditions, make comparison difficult.

## Methods - Qualitative Tools

- 	Scenario Writing
- Scenarios are an outline in narrative form of possible future conditions given certain assumptions.
- Rather than predictive, attempts to establish logical sequence of events to show how future conditions might evolve.
- Level of confidence in scenario writing depends on plausibility and credibility of the argument and on the competence and qualifications of the scenario writer.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 72)

Ask the Participants:
Has anyone employed the Scenario Writing technique on a project?  Describe the process and outcome.

## Methods - Qualitative Tools

- 	Delphi Technique/Expert Panel Survey/ Public Involvement
- Delphi is a survey research technique directed toward the systematic solicitation and organization of expert intuitive thinking from a group of knowledgeable people.
- Expert panels or detailed interviews with local real estate, government, and industry may be a workable substitute.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 72 through 73)

Briefly review Figure 8-1 (Desk Reference Page 73) as overhead to outline Delphi process.

Ask the Participants:
Has anyone employed the Delphi technique or other expert panel method on a project?  Describe the process and outcome.

Note:
Delphi recently used by Texas DOT to allocate population and employment control totals to Traffic Analysis Zones.

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- Trend Extrapolation
- Simple (straight line) extrapolation
- Curve fitting (polynomial, exponential)
- Asymptotic (upper limit) curves
- Trend techniques are limited to application of the base case or no-action forecasts.
- Trends change over time.
- Simple extrapolation can be dangerous.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Notes:

Simple (straight line) extrapolation - finding a line which best fits a plot of time series data and using the linear equation for that line to project data points in future periods.
Curve fitting (polynomial, exponential) - finding a curve which best fits a plot of time series data and using the equation for that exponential relationship to project data points in future periods.
Asymptotic (upper limit) curves - finding a curve which best fits a plot of time series data with an upper limit on data values; the limit function equation allows for  projection of  the curve into the future as it approaches an upper limit.
Limit to base case-extrapolation extends current conditions into the future--future conditions will change with implementation of the plan or alternatives.
Stick to accepted forecasts whenever possible.

## Linear Equation

*Linear Equation*

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Las Vegas, Nevada is one of the fastest growing cities in the nation.  The city and surrounding Clark County have experienced an exponential rate of growth since 1940.  This type of growth is not captured well with linear curve-fitting techniques.

## Curvilinear Equation

*Curvilinear Equation*

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Curvilinear Equation: A polynomial equation provides the curve with the best fit to the data but projection of the high rate of growth in the past to the future may not be realistic.

## Asymptotic Curve

*Asymptotic Curve*

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Asymptotic Curve: Using a limit function to constrain growth to an upper limit may be more consistent with reality but the accuracy of the projection will be entirely dependent on the accuracy of the limit that has been set.  The constraint, therefore, should be based on a factor that would reasonably be expected to curtail growth, such as the carrying capacity of land, or limits of the water supply.

Lesson:
Investigate curve-fitting techniques and choose the most appropriate for the population trend in your study area.

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- 	Build-Out/Carrying Capacity Analysis
- Develop a no action scenario by analyzing current regulations and anticipated plans.
- Determine the carrying capacity for each zone and when build-out is likely.
- Determine if build-out timing will be affected by the project action-alternatives.
- Determine if the build alternatives are likely to conflict with land use regulations or create development pressure that will result in revision of the land use regulations in the no-action scenario.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 75)

Briefly review Figure 8-3 (Desk Reference Page 76) as overhead to highlight common factors used in estimating land consumption by various residential and commercial land uses.

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- 	Regression Analysis/Econometric Forecasting Techniques
- Allow a forecaster to explore the relationship between a dependent variable and several independent variables, either in time series or cross section to predict future events.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Note:
Dependent variable is often population or employment growth in a future period.
Independent variables are the factors that can influence that growth.
The goal is to ascertain what role transportation is likely to play in your study area in influencing the location of housing units or businesses.
An independent variable representing travel time (such as average travel time to major employment centers from a zone in the study area, or average travel times from one zone to all other zones) can be used.

Ask the Participants:
Can you think of other variables to represent transportation?  Would you want to use more than one?  What would you do after finding a relationship through regression techniques?

More than one variable can be used.
Once the relationship is determined in a regression equation the travel variable can be changed to represent the difference between the no-build future and conditions with one of the build alternatives.

## Uses:

*Example:*
*P**j* = 0 + 1(*A**j*) + 2(*L**j*) + 3(*H**j*) + 4(*W**j*) + 5(*C**j*) + 
- Where:
*P**j* = Population in zone *j*
*A**j* = Average travel time to major employment centers
*L**j* = Acres zone for residential use
*H**j* = Average unit purchase cost for housing
*W**j* = Presence of water/sewer service
*C**j* = Crime rate per thousand persons
- 0 = Constant (intercept)
- x = Coefficient (slope)
-  = Error term

*Uses:*
- Determine how well independent variables explain variation in the dependent variable
- Obtain indication of relative importance of each variable in the model

- Predict the independent variable for any given value of the dependent variable

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 77)

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- 	Simple Gravity Model
- The gravity model assumes that the attractiveness of a location as a destination for travel is a function of its “mass” (measured in square footage for example), and the distance to other similar regional destinations.
- Typical Application:  allocate employment (using the model or other technique) then allocate population using the gravity model.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 77 through 78)

Note:
Gravity model presented here is a simplified version of the technique used in many land use models.  The gravity model has been used for years as a tool for predicting future population trends or determining the market area for a proposed shopping center.

Gravity model can be a useful sketch-planning tool--a method to develop a quantitative estimate of future conditions to support/confirm findings of other techniques described here (comparative case, scenario writing, public involvement).

Gravity models can utilize existing four-step travel demand modes to produce a key input--estimates of time distance between zones.  This technique would involve conducting a model run for each no-action and action scenario evaluated.

## Gravity Model Example:

**Step 1: Allocate Employment Control Totals to Zones**
*Step 1A: Determine index of accessibility for each zone*
- The accessibility index (*Aj*) for a zone *j* is calculated as:
- 		*A**j* = *P**i* / *D**ij*        * i* ... *j*
- Where:
*P**i*  =  Population in each other zone *i*
*D**ij* = Time distance from zone *j* to each other zone *i* (from travel model)
-  = exponent related to friction factor (2, or derived from observation)

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
This equation estimates the accessibility of a zone to persons in all other zones.

Note:
Researchers have come up with many estimates for the friction factor--most are close to 2, the factor found in the physics equation for gravity.  The importance of distance can be expected to vary from location to location.

## Step 1B: Determine employment growth in each zone

- Employment growth in each zone (*Gj*) is calculated as:
- 		*G**j* = *G**t*(*L**j**A**j* /  *L**i**A**i*)
- Where:
*G**t* = Growth in employment in entire study area (determined exogenously)
*L**j* = Land (space) available in zone *j*
*L**i* = Land (space) available in each zone *i*
*Step 1C:* Add employment growth to employment totals and subtract some measure of available land utilized (either estimated or observed) by this growth from *L**j*.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
This equation allocates the growth in employment predicted for an entire region to sub-regional zones based on the access to population (employees) and land available for expansion.

## Step 2C: Add population growth to population totals and subtract some measure of available land utilized (either estimated or observed) by this growth from Lj. 

*Step 2A: Determine index of accessibility for each zone*
- The accessibility index (*Aj*) for a zone *j* is calculated as:
- 	*A**j* = *E**i* / *D**ij*         *i* ... *j*
- Where:
*E**i*  = Employment in each other zone *i* (new totals from Step 1)
*Step 2B:* Determine population growth in each zone. Population growth is calculated by using the same formula described in Step 1B, substituting estimated growth in population for the study area (*G**t*), and the new measure of accessibility to employment (*A**j*).
*Step 2C:* Add population growth to population totals and subtract some measure of available land utilized (either estimated or observed) by this growth from *L**j*.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
The steps used to locate employment growth are now used to locate growth in population which is assumed to depend in part on the location of employment opportunities.

Note:
Location of employment can be done outside the model, through a review of anticipated development applications, or discussions with an expert panel.  The gravity model can then be used to predict population allocation based on the distribution of employment.

## Methods

*Zone Boundaries*

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

*City Center*

*Project*

**Notes:**
Example of how gravity model outputs can be displayed graphically to reveal potential differences in patterns of location.

This graphic shows the zonal boundaries of a hypothetical project area.

## Methods

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

*City Center*

**Notes:**
Estimated population density at a future period without the project shows concentrations in the vicinity of the city center.

## Methods

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

*City Center*

*Project*

**Notes:**
When the gravity model is applied to future conditions with the project, population is more dispersed with higher densities in the vicinity of the project.

In this example scenario the project would have an effect on land use and locational decisions.

## Methods

*Course Module 3 - Initial Scoping*

*City Center*

*Project*

**Notes:**
When notable features identified in Step 3 are applied to the map indicating conditions with the project, potential areas of impact are revealed.  Closer investigation of the areas nearest these notable features is then required to ascertain the potential for induced growth and induced growth-related impacts.

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- 	Economic and Fiscal Impact Modeling / Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 	Four categories of impact measures:
- User Impacts
- Economic Impacts
- Fiscal Impacts
- Other Societal Impacts

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
What types of economic and fiscal effects are associated with transportation projects and the induced growth they can produce?

Examples of indirect impacts that can be estimated or discussed include:
multiplier effects of construction spending and wage spending by construction workers.
the direct and indirect impacts of the decline in economic activity as traditional business areas are bypassed by a new transportation facility.
the direct and indirect impacts of an increase in economic activity as new businesses are developed  to serve the increase in traffic attributable to a transportation improvement.
the direct and indirect impacts of an increase in tourist activity resulting from gains in accessibility attributable to the transportation improvement.
the direct and indirect impacts of an increase in economic activity as other businesses are attracted to the area by gains in accessibility and productivity attributable to the transportation improvement.
the fiscal benefits (increase in property taxes) resulting from a rise in property values attributable to project induced growth.
the adverse fiscal impacts (increase in government spending) resulting from the greater need for services (infrastructure, schooling, public safety).

## Economic/Fiscal Impacts

- 1.  User Impacts
- A.  Cost of Travel
- B.  Travel Time
- C.  Safety
- D.  Comfort, Reliability
- These are normally direct impacts.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 78 through 79)

Note:
Resource for practitioners:  (Transportation Research Circular 477: Assessing the Economic Impact of Transportation Projects: How to Choose the Appropriate Technique for Your Project. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1997)

## Economic/Fiscal Impacts

- 2.  Economic Impacts
- A.  Employment
- B.  Personal Income
- C.  Business Sales Volume
- D.  Property Values
- E.  Value Added
- F.  Business Profit
- These can be direct and indirect impacts

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 78 through 79)

Direct impacts are related to spending on construction and maintenance.

Indirect impacts are related to project-influenced growth and the multiplier effects of direct spending.

## Economic/Fiscal Impacts

- 	Economic Impact Estimation Tools:
- Input/Output Models
- Macroeconomic Simulation Models
- Business Market and Tourism Attraction Studies

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 79) 

Note:
Input/Output Models - based on accounting tables produced by the government every five years describing the linkages of sales and purchases between industries.  These production requirements tables are used to calculate multipliers that show the total effect on all industries of one dollar spent on a particular purchase.  Multipliers can be tailored to a specific region (county level or below depending upon data availability).  Multipliers allow for calculation of impacts in terms of regional industry sales, employment, and wage earnings.  Examples:  RIMS-II (US Bureau of Economic Analysis) and commercial models such as IMPLAN.

Macroeconomic Simulation Models - Include features of I/O models with other functions based on macroeconomic theories designed to predict changes in business costs, productivity, and other issues affecting competitiveness.  Commercial availability.  Example:  REMI (Regional Economic Models Inc.)

Market Studies - Capture effects of factors unique to study area:  proximity to suppliers, markets, other modes, tourist amenities.

## Economic/Fiscal Impacts

- 3.  Government Fiscal Impacts
- A. Public revenues
- B. Public expenditures
- Estimation Tools:
- Fiscal Impact Assumptions
- FHWA SCALDS Model

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 79 through 80)

Note:
Fiscal impact assumptions derived from published works or interviews with public officials designed to gain information on service standards and costs associated with community growth.

FHWA SCALDS models (Social Cost of Alternative Land Development Scenarios) provides standard estimates and a framework for entering local information to develop fiscal impact estimates.

## Economic/Fiscal Impacts

- 4.  Other Social Impacts
- A.  Air Quality
- B.  Impact to Environmental Features
- C.  Change in Societal Conditions
- Estimation Tools:
- FHWA SCALDS and STEAM models provide framework for estimating air quality impacts of induced development and other potential costs and benefits

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**

Note:
FHWA SCALDS and STEAM models include standard factors employed to estimate emissions and other environmental quality impacts (storm water, nutrient loading, sediment, etc.).

EPA SmartGrowth index also allows for estimation of environmental quality impacts.  Uses a gravity model to forecast locational impacts.

## Methods - Quantitative Tools

- 	Integrated Land Use and Transportation Models
- 	Land use models predict the effects transportation projects will have on land development and the location of households and employers.   The models use a feedback loop between travel demand models and the land use models.

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 80)

## Traditional Process

- Socioeconomic Parameters/ Land Use Patterns

- Trip Generation

- Trip Distribution

- Mode Split

- Trip Assignment

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Illustration of Traditional Four Step Travel Demand Model utilizing socioeconomic and land use variables as inputs.

## Socioeconomic Parameters/ Land Use Patterns

- Trip Generation

- Trip Distribution

- Mode Split

- Trip Assignment

*Iterative Process with Feedback Loop*

- Accessibility (Travel Times)

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Some Land Use/Transportation models incorporate feedback loop in an iterative version four-step process to account for land use changes related to changes in accessibility that projects bring about.

Ask the Participants:
Can you describe ways in which accessibility will impact the four-step modeling process?

Congestion on links
Location choices
Demographic changes
Mode split changes

## Methods

- 	Attributes of Integrated Models
- Model Theory
- Sectors Modeled
- Policies Modeled
- Data Required
- Level of Aggregation
- Platform
- Implementation Considerations

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 8-4 as overhead noting that more detailed information on the models is available in the Desk Reference along with a discussion of several other useful models not included in the table.

Note:
As indicated in the table (Figure 8-4) and Desk Reference, implementation of integrated models can be a major effort.  Indirect effects analysts should be aware of the tool, however, as more MPOs are involved in modeling efforts and as agencies such as the EPA begin to look to quantitative methods to address indirect and cumulative effects issues.  These types of tools are most applicable to large-scale projects or regional plan evaluations.

## Application to Practice

- 	Transportation Systems Planning
- Focus on regional growth patterns
- Link between land use futures and transportation planning
- Link between land use futures and the environment
- Revising and updating analyses

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 88 through 89)

Note:
Plan level information to assess effect on regional growth patterns, consider access-nodes when information is available.

Feedback between transportation choices and land use effects critical--should be accomplished through quantitative or qualitative measure described here.

Link between regional land use futures and environment most easily achieved through GIS or other cartographic techniques to illustrate intersection of notable features and land use forecasts.

Revising and updating analyses produced at the planning stages important when moving on to the project phase.  Greater attention to detail at project phase.  Regional plan assessments must also be periodically updated.

## Examples:  Systems Planning 

- 	Example 1 (Qualitative)
- Consult plans and experts to build base forecast
- Use survey or panel techniques to develop criteria for reallocation of employment and population for each action alternative
- Map forecasts and notable features
- Use findings to draft and compare scenarios

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 89)

Note:
Examples that follow offer suggestions for combining tools presented here for use in systems planning and project evaluation.

These broad outlines will require consultation of the Desk Reference and review of the literature or best practices to ensure proper implementation. 

## Examples:  Systems Planning 

- 	Example 2 (Quantitative)
- Use gravity model combined with travel demand model to allocate control totals
- Repeat gravity model exercise for each action alternative
- Map forecasts and notable features
- Use findings to draft and compare scenarios

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 89)

## Examples:  Systems Planning 

- 	Example 3 (Quantitative)
- Conduct several runs of an integrated transportation-land use model calibrated for the study region
- Map forecasts and notable features
- Use findings to draft and compare scenarios

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 89)

## Examples:  Project Evaluation 

- 	Example 1 (Qualitative)
- Use extrapolation techniques to build No- Action Scenario
- Use literature review and comparative case to predict complementary development
- Draft low-growth and high-growth scenarios

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 90)

## Examples:  Project Evaluation 

- 	Example 2 (Quantitative)
- Develop No-Action Scenario based on MPO growth projections
- Use gravity model and TDM output to allocate control totals to zones
- Map forecasts and notable features
- Use findings to draft and compare scenarios

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 90)

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- 	What methods would you choose for the case study example?

*Course Module 8 - Analyze Indirect Effects*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
Given the information presented so far on the Airport Access Case Study what methods would you think are applicable to the project?

Scenario-Building and Mapping:
Employment, Population, and Housing projections obtained from available sources and updated.
Research regarding potential developments allowed for categorization as "induced" or "not induced."  Research involved consultation with local officials (survey and interviews) and experts.
Vacant/underutilized land categorized by likelihood of being affected by project.
Amount of vacant land (developed through carrying-capacity analysis confirmed by local officials)  compared to regional demand to verify potential for conflict with notable features.
Map produced to show areas susceptible to development.

## Slide 182

**Notes:**
Potential Development Map
Red:  Proposed development affected by project.
Pink: Vacant underutilized land affected by the project.
Red Cross Hatch: Proposed development not affected by project.
Pink Cross Hatch:  Vacant underutilized land not affected by project.
Unshaded: Land already developed or development prohibited.

Map analysis revealed potential areas of conflict arising from project-induced development with notable features to the east and south of Rural Lane.

## Wetlands

***Wetlands***

***Forested Uplands***

***Multiuse Open Space***

***Agriculture and Historic Farmsteads***

**Notes:**
Map analysis revealed potential areas of conflict arising from project-induced development with notable features to the east and south of Rural Lane.

These are outlined generally above (Rural Lane in yellow).

## 	Course Module 9

- 	Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results

**Notes:**
This module discusses evaluation methods and considerations.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
This is step 7 in the analysis process.

## Module 9 - Step 7Evaluate Analysis Results

- This module will:
- Describe the issues involved in evaluating analysis results.
- Outline a basic technique for analysis evaluation.
- Discuss detailed techniques.

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
Lessons of this module.

## Considerations

- 	Each of the analysis techniques discussed earlier has a degree of uncertainty in estimating indirect effects.  These uncertainties should be estimated and communicated to the decision makers.

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 92)

## Basic Technique

- 	The key criteria for assessing the need for detailed evaluation are:
- Whether the analysts believe there is any level of uncertainty regarding the underlying assumptions used to estimate indirect or cumulative effects.
- Whether changes in the assumptions would result in significant changes in findings.

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 92)

## Detailed Techniques

- 	Sensitivity Analysis - This procedure involves changing forecast assumptions one at a time to test the sensitivity of effects to the results.

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 92 through 93)

Note:
Assumptions and judgments are often varied by arbitrary amounts instead of by reference to reasoned analysis of potential error. To avoid this, an attempt should be made to construct reasonable alternative scenarios.
The what-if assumptions or scenarios used in sensitivity analysis do not identify the probability of alternative outcomes.  This is overcome by utilizing risk-assessment techniques (see below).
Worst-case scenarios often assume the highly unlikely event that all assumptions will deviate from expectations in the same direction, providing less information to the analyst than a more probable scenario.

## Detailed Techniques

- 	Risk Analysis
- Identify variables and causal factors.
- Elicit expert/stakeholder opinion on the uncertainty of variable and causal factors.
- Enter information on range of outcomes and uncertainty into risk analysis model.
- Report results.

*Course Module 9 - Evaluate Analysis Results*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 92 through 93)

Note:
Identify variables and causal factors - this step has been performed in the identification and analysis of indirect effects.
Elicit expert/stakeholder opinion on the uncertainty of variable and causal factors - variables should be restated in ranges to reflect uncertainty, these ranges correspond to probability distributions.  This step is best completed with the assistance of spreadsheet-based risk analysis software (@RISK by Palisade Corporation is one example).
Report results - risk analysis software will take a quantitative model and find the most likely outcome based on the probability distributions of the variables.  Each output variable will be stated as a probability distribution indicating the range in which it could be expected to vary and the probabilities of those alternative outcomes.

Once the level of uncertainty in assumptions and outcomes has been properly explored and documented, the analyst may move on to assessing consequences of indirect and cumulative effects and discussing options for mitigation.

## 	Course Module 10

- 	Step 8 - Assess the Consequences and Develop
- 	            Appropriate Mitigation
- 	            and Enhancement Strategies

**Notes:**
Note:
As used in the context of indirect effects, "mitigation" has a broader definition than its application to NEPA consideration of direct effects.  Applies to recommendations on land use regulatory strategies outside the normal jurisdiction of a transportation agency as well as project elements such as access controls and design.

NCHRP panel for this project recommends the use of the term "mitigation" in the context of indirect effects.

Robertson v. Methow case ruling requiring examination of strategies to mitigate impact of induced growth effects in NEPA evaluation.

## Eight-Step Analysis Framework

- Step 1 - Initial Scoping
- Step 2 - Identify Study Area Direction and Goals
- Step 3 - Inventory Notable Features
- Step 4 - Identify Impact-Causing Activities
- Step 5 - Identify Significant Effects for Analysis
- Step 6 - Analyze Indirect Effects
- Step 7 - Evaluate Analysis Results
- Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop 		    Mitigation

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
This is the last step in the analysis process.

## Module 10 - Step 8Consequences and Mitigation

- This module will:
- Outline considerations in assessing consequences, determining the need for mitigation, and developing a plan
- Provide an illustration of the mitigation decision-making process.
- Identify indirect effects mitigation techniques that can be used by the sponsoring agency or recommended to outside agencies.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
Lessons of this module.

## Considerations

- Providing the Basis for Informed Decision Making - Important to look at all sides of an issue then apply expertise to choose course of action.
- Determining When a Potential Impact Should Be Considered Unacceptable - Goals identification is important and sometimes perception is reality.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference: Page 94)

## Considerations

- 	Mitigation for impacts to notable features may be needed if:
- Indirect effect could worsen the condition of a notable feature considered sensitive.
- Indirect effect could interfere with or delay the planned notable feature improvement.
- Indirect effect could eliminate the notable feature or render the value ordinary.
- Indirect effect is inconsistent with the law.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 94)

## Considerations

- 	Determining the Practicality of Mitigation - available and can be done within the constraints of cost, existing technology, and logistics.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 94)

## Responsibility for Mitigation

- 	Indirect effects should be considered within the control of the project agency if:
- Generally, the indirect effects are associated with the location of the project and its access provisions.
- Effects are related to how the project is constructed.
- Effects are related to how project right-of-way will be used and maintained.
- Obligation to propose mitigation for other
- effects

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 95)

Note:
The U.S. EPA, in debate on its “General Conformity Rules” suggested that Federal agencies have responsibility for mitigating impacts over which they have control or program responsibility.

Agency has responsibility to recommend appropriate mitigation for effects outside its control to agencies that do have the authority to undertake such mitigation efforts. Example: land use controls to mitigate against effects that induced growth could bring. Robertson v. Methow (See discussion in Module 2). 

## Steps 1 through 4 - Scoping and Data Gathering

- No

- Yes - Proceed to next steps

- Further analysis of effect not required.
**End evaluation.**

**Steps 1 through 4 - Scoping and Data Gathering**

- Determine study area boundaries, goals, and notable features, and identify project impact causing activities.

**Step 5 - Identify Potentially Significant Effects**

- Does the effect conflict with notable features or study area goals?

- No

**Steps 6 and 7 - Analyze Indirect Effects and Evaluate Analysis**

- Yes

- Mitigation not required.
**End evaluation.**

- Analyze potential effects to determine magnitude, duration, location, and likelihood.

**Step 8 - Assess Consequences and Develop Mitigation**

- Is mitigation practicable?

- No

- Document impracticability.
**End evaluation.**

- Yes

- Are the consequences within Agency's control?

- No

- Recommend mitigation to agencies that have jurisdiction.
- Re-evaluate effect.

- Yes

- Integrate mitigation into project/plan.
- Re-evaluate effect.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
Briefly review Figure 10-1 (Desk Reference Page 96) as overhead to illustrate process for mitigation decision making.

## Methods

- 	Mitigation for encroachment-alteration effects may involve altering:
- Facility Type and Design Features
- Facility Alignment
- Techniques Used During Construction
- Facility Maintenance

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 96 through 97)

## Techniques for Induced Growth

- Access Control
- Traffic Calming
- Context-Sensitive Design
- Zoning/Comprehensive Planning
- Transfer of Development Rights

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 97)

Ask the Participants:
Can you name some access control or traffic-calming measures that are applicable to indirect effects?

Access Control - Location of interchange, type of interchange, frontage roads, traffic patterns, curb-cut regulations, location of transit stops.
Traffic Calming- Rotaries, neck-downs, bulb-outs, speedbumps.
Context Sensitive Design -  Flexibility in standards to allow better integration of transportation facility into local context.
Zoning  - Land use regulations and comprehensive plan updates designed to channel growth away from sensitive areas.  Promotion of density, utilization of existing infrastructure.
TDR - Strict regulation of sensitive areas but provision for property owners to sell unused development potential to property owners in areas where the community would like to encourage development. Often require state enabling stature for implementation.

## Techniques for Induced Growth

- 	Growth Management Regulations
- Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances
- Development Moratoria
- Urban Growth Boundaries
- Extraterritorial Zoning/Annexation

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 98)

Adequate Facilities - Ordinance to prevent project approval until infrastructure capacity in capital improvement program is available.
Development Moratoria - halt on projects until facilities available or technique for corridor preservation.
Urban Growth Boundaries - Service area delineation or area designed to accommodate 20- to 30-year growth projection, development and densities significantly restricted outside boundary.  Portland's experience shows greenbelt preservation possible but spillover outside boundary possible.
Extraterritorial Zoning/Annexation - Some states permit zoning jurisdiction in unincorporated areas outside urban core in certain instances or facilitate the process of annexation as cities expand.  These policies assist in regulation of fringe areas.

## Techniques for Induced Growth

- Resource Management and Preservation Regulations
- Land Acquisition/Conservation Easements
- Incentives for Brownfield/Infill Development
- Development Fees and Exactions

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Pages 98 through 99)

Resource Management - Coastal zone area, watershed areas, agricultural districts, special architectural and historic districts.

Conservation easements - Transfer of land or development rights to state or non-profit groups to ensure preservation of open space, or sensitive resources.

Brownfields incentives - Tax, loan, or regulatory incentives to encourage infill development or the development of contaminated property.  Relieves pressure for greenfield development and the impacts that may cause.

Development fees - Passing the costs of infrastructure improvements onto developers dampens incentives for sprawl and its environmental effects.  

## Techniques for System Planning

- Comprehensive Performance Measures
- Vehicle Miles Traveled or Vehicle Hours Traveled.
- Accessibility to Jobs and Commercial Centers.
- Impact on Jobs/Housing Balance.
- Promoting Regional Coordination
- Controlling induced growth requires regional coordination on transportation and land use.

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
(Desk Reference:  Page 99)

Performance measures that incorporate accessibility help link transportation and land use planning, lessening the potential for indirect effects.

Regional coordination promotes early cooperation between agencies with land use and transportation responsibilities and helps eliminate uncoordinated regulatory responses to transportation projects that may work to intensify indirect effects in less regulated areas.

## Case Study - Airport Access Project

- 	What mitigation efforts (if any) would you propose in the Airport Access Case Study?

*Course Module 10 - Consequences/Mitigation*

**Notes:**
Ask the Participants:
What mitigation efforts (if any) would you propose in the Airport Access Case Study?

Conclusions in Airport Access Study
Development potential consistent with current zoning and likely to be less than carrying capacity in the area for the foreseeable future--development can be channeled where it would have the lowest impacts.
Local revenue generated by industrial development likely to exceed service demands.
Setbacks and stormwater restrictions recommended where watersheds subject to potential impact from induced growth.
Development prohibited on airport property west of proposed roadway to protect open space, habitats, and historic resources.

## 	Workshop

**Notes:**
Ask participants to divide into four groups (encourage co-worker groups to split into separate teams). 

Distribute one attached scenario to each team along with instruction sheet for exercise (see Web Document 43-Part 2: Supporting Materials).  

Reconvene class in thirty minutes and ask each team to delegate one spokesperson to present their scenario and response.  Five-to-ten minute presentation time allowance recommended for each team depending upon time remaining in course schedule.

## 	Course Evaluation

**Notes:**
See sample evaluation form in Web Document 43-Part 2: Supporting Materials.