# Presentation: 333202

## DOE Office of ScienceHigh Energy Physics 

- Biological and Environmental Research Advisory CommitteeApril 20, 2005
- Dr. Robin Staffin, Associate Director
- Office of High Energy Physics
- Office of Science

## This is not our grandparents’ Universe

**We do not know what 96% of the universe is made of!**

**3.5%**** **

**73%**

**23%**

## Quantum Universe

***Quantum Universe*** , along with ***Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos*** and ***The Physics of the Universe***, defines the HEP program as a series of basic connected questions:
*“**To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics*”

## Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

| Question | Tools |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Are there undiscovered principles of nature:  New symmetries, new physical laws?
     The quantum ideas that so successfully describe familiar matter fail when applied to cosmic physics.  Solving the problem requires the appearance of new forces and new particles signaling the discovery of new symmetries—undiscovered principles of nature’s behavior. | Tevatron, LHC, International Linear Collider |
| 2. How can we solve the mystery of dark energy?
    The dark energy that permeates empty space and accelerates the expansion of the universe must have a quantum explanation.  Dark energy might be related to the Higgs field, a force that fills space and gives particles mass. | LHC, International Linear Collider, JDEM |
| 3. Are there extra dimensions of space?
     String theory predicts seven undiscovered dimensions of space that give rise to much of the apparent complexity of particle physics.  The discovery of extra dimensions would be an epochal event in human history; it would change our understanding of the birth and evolution of the universe.  String theory could reshape our concept of gravity. | LHC, International Linear Collider,  |
| 4. Do all the forces become one?
     At the most fundamental level all forces and particles in the universe may be related, and all the forces might be manifestations of a single grand unified force, realizing Einstein’s dream. | International Linear Collider, and Proton Decay |
| 5. Why are there so many kinds of particles?
     Why do three families of particles exist, and why do their masses differ so dramatically?  Patterns and variations in the families of elementary particles suggest undiscovered underlying principles that tie together the quarks and leptons of the Standard Model. | Tevatron, BaBar, and BTeV |

## Quantum Universe Questions and Tools for a Scientific Revolution

| Question | Tools |
| --- | --- |
| 6. What is dark matter?  How can we make it in the laboratory?
     Most of the matter in the universe is unknown dark matter, probably heavy particles produced in the big bang.  While most of these particles annihilated into pure energy, some remained.  These remaining particles should have a small enough mass to be produced and studied at accelerators. | International Linear Collider and JDEM |
| 
7. What are the neutrinos telling us?
     Of all the known particles, neutrinos are the most mysterious.  They played an           essential role in the evolution of the universe, and their tiny nonzero mass may signal new physics at very high energies. | NuMI/MINOS , Double Beta Decay Experiment and Neutrino Superbeams |
| 8. How did the universe come to be?
     According to cosmic theory, the universe began with a singular explosion followed by a burst of inflationary expansion.  Following inflation, the universe cooled, passing through a series of phase transitions and allowing the formation of stars, galaxies and life on earth.  Understanding inflation requires breakthroughs in quantum physics and quantum gravity. | LHC and RHIC |
| 9. What happened to the antimatter?
     The big bang almost certainly produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter, yet the universe seems to contain no antimatter.  How did the asymmetry arise? | BaBar, BTeV, and Neutrino Superbeams |

## Quantum Universe 	- Major U.S. Facilities

## Quantum Universe Around the World 

*Quantum Universe *Around the World* *

- Many countries are considering translating *Quantum Universe* into their languages (China, Italy, France); or converting it to reflect a picture of their country’s program (UK, Canada).

- Poised for a “Great Leap Forward”

## HEP Major Program Thrusts

| Major Questions | Physics Program |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Now | 2005 | 2010 | 2015+ |
| Are there undiscovered principles of Nature?

What is Dark Energy?

Are there extra dimensions?

Do all the forces become one?

What is Dark Matter?
 |  |  |  |  |

**     ****B-factory, Tevatron**

**LHC**

**LC**

- Blue = In operation      Orange = Approved        Purple = Proposed

**LHC**

- JDEM, LSST

**LC**

**LHC**

**CDMS, AXION**

**LC**

**LC**

**LC**

**Notes:**
*Theory and Advanced Technology R&D programs crosscut all efforts and are not shown separately
Major Tools and Physics Goals are representative, not comprehensive
Start/end dates for various efforts are meant to be indicative only (but projects do have definite start and end)
Can see transition from current  future program
But this requires : new initiatives (e.g. LC, SNAP) and/or programmatic restructuring (source)
Reading from right to left, can see explicit mapping of goals  tools  budget

## HEP Major Program Thrusts

| Major Question | Physics Program |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Now | 2005 | 2010 | 2015+ |
| What are neutrinos telling us?

How did the universe come to be?

Why so many particles?

What happened to the antimatter? |  |  |  |  |

**B-factory**

****** ****SuperBeam**

- Blue = In operation      Orange = Approved        Purple = Proposed

**LHC**

**MINOS**

**MiniBooNE**

****** ****SuperBeam**

- ??

**BTeV**

**LHC**

- Tevatron/B-factory

- Lattice QCD

**Notes:**
*Theory and Advanced Technology R&D programs crosscut all efforts and are not shown separately
Major Tools and Physics Goals are representative, not comprehensive
Start/end dates for various efforts are meant to be indicative only (but projects do have definite start and end)
Can see transition from current  future program
But this requires : new initiatives (e.g. LC, SNAP) and/or programmatic restructuring (source)
Reading from right to left, can see explicit mapping of goals  tools  budget

## Fermilab Tevatron 

_**“**__**Run 2” Physics**_
- Tevatron is currently the energy frontier facility in HEP both nationally and worldwide, until LHC takes over later this decade
- Addresses some of the most fundamental questions facing particle physics today
- Precision W boson and top quark masses, supersymmetry search, dark matter candidate, extra dimensions, constraining the Higgs
- Priority will be on maximizing the long-term physics output

- Near Detector: 980 tons

-   Far Detector: 5400 tons

- NuMI/MINOS

-  Neutrino oscillation experiment using 120 GeV Proton Beam
-  Construction of Beamline and two detectors completed in Jan 2005
-  Operations began, collecting neutrinos

## B Physics:  An Intriguing Hint?

- If central value remains as is, this would become ~5 sigma by 2005

- B-Factory at SLAC

## U.S. and CERN’s Large Hadron Collider

**LHC : Next energy frontier as the world’s foremost HEP research facility**
- U.S. scientific research at the frontier critically depends on participation in LHC
- U.S. contributions to LHC construction began in 1996 and have progressed on track
- A high priority for DOE is to provide adequate resources to enable U.S. physicists to analyze the vast quantity of LHC data and lead the LHC physics program
- The LHC is presently scheduled to begin commissioning in 2007

## The Next Step:International Linear Collider (ILC)

- Electron Positron Collider at 0.5-1 TeV
- ILC together with LHC
- Can establish “Higgs” mechanism generates all masses
- Can establish Supersymmetry as a new principle of nature
- Can figure out what Dark Matter really is
- Can study Extra Dimensions & measure their number, shape, geometry
- Can test Unification of Quantum Mechanics and Gravity
- Super high tech: nanometer beams
- Superconducting cavities for main accelerator
- Technology extremely challenging, yet basically at hand
- Need to complete the design
- World-wide organization and machine design in development

## LHC discovered something....but is it the Dark Matter?

**This Figure shows how a Linear Collider (along with other experiments) can ****persuasively**** identify supersymmetric particles as the Dark Matter, not just dark matter candidate**.

## ILC: the scale
(but not the location!)

- (but not the location!)

- US options study 47 km long

|                                                                                                                                                                |
| --- |

- US options study 47 km long

## Planning for the Future

- Current U.S. accelerator-based program is world-leading, but finite in lifetime
- B-factory and the Tevatron will ramp down toward the end of the decade; and a number of neutrino programs also
- Linear Collider is HEP’s highest priority for a future major facility,
- but timescale is uncertain and it cannot be done without either an increase in resources or a reduction in cost
- LHC participation will be a central piece of the program
- Hence
- 	We are planning for a portfolio of medium scale, medium term experiments to start construction in the period 2007-10
- Scientific opportunities are compelling
- neutrino physics (APS study); dark matter, dark energy...
- Resources will become available, through redirection

## Summary

- We appear to be on the verge of the next revolution in particle physics
- TeV scale: Unification, origin of mass, supersymmetry and dark matter
- Neutrinos: Determine the detailed properities of the three (?) “flavor” of neutrinos
- CP Violation: Is the Standard Model all there is?
- Where’s all the anti-matter?
- Dark Matter and Energy: Can we understand the other 90% of the universe?
- By the end of the decade, we hope to have some of the answers...and undoubtedly new questions

## BACKUP SLIDES

## Fermilab Tevatron Run2

- Run II data sample will double every 12 months or so until 2007, then run steadily until 2009.
- Total by the end of Run II will be between 4 and 8 fb-1 , or ~20x the previous sample.

- Higgs, Top and W

## International Linear Collider (ILC) and U.S. Involvement

- In August 2004 International Committee for the Future of Accelerators (ICFA) announced their technology recommendation for an ILC:
- The recommended technology choice is superconducting radio frequency acceleration in the main linacs
- World-wide collaborators are consolidating efforts toward cold technology-based world-wide R&D program.
- The Director of the world-wide Global Design Effort has been appointed: Barry Barish (U.S) by ICFA.
- The technology selection has led to a realignment of the U.S. linear collider R&D effort:
- A management realignment into the “American Directorate” as part of a Global Design Effort.
- World government meetings on how to organize international R&D.   UK, US, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, CERN, Japan, South Korea, India.

## High Energy Physics FY 2006 Budget

- ($M)

## New Initiatives

- Some medium-scale experiments that might be considered (not an exhaustive list)
- A reactor-based neutrino experiment to measure 13
- An off-axis accelerator-based neutrino experiment for 13 and to resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy
- A high intensity neutrino beam for neutrino CP-violation experiments
- A neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos
- An underground experiment to search for direct evidence of dark matter
- A ground-based dark energy experiment
- ...

- Note: JDEM, ILC are considered to be above “medium-scale.”