# Presentation: 622993

## ISS-detectors

- “Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems with a view to defining a baseline set of detection systems to be taken forward in a subsequent conceptual-design phase”
- “Provide a research-and-development program required to deliver the baseline design 
- Funding request for four years of detector R&D “2007-2010” (but more likely  “2008-2011”)

**The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more than one detector on the same beam line!**

**Missions:**

## Organization

**Detector ‘council’  (i.e. steering group) **
**role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives**
**Alain Blondel (Geneva)**
**Alan Bross (Fermilab)**
**Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR)**
**Paolo Strolin (INFN)**
**Paul Soler (Glasgow)**
**Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics)                         **

- _[http://](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[dpnc](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[.](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[unige](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[.](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[ch](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[/users/](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[blondel](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[/detectors/detector-study.](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)__[htm](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm)_

## Working groups

- _Kenji Kaneyuki,_ Jean-Eric Campagne
- Magnetic Sampling Detectors
- Jeff Nelson --> _Anselmo Cervera_
- _[http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm)__[htm](http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm)_
- TASD _Malcolm Ellis_
- Large Magnet _Alan Bross_
- Liquid Argon TPC http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/
- _Scott Menary_, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni  (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’)
- Emulsion Detectors _[http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html](http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html)_
- _Pasquale Migliozzi _
- Near Detectors http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html
- _Paul Soler  _

**Working groups**

**Detector Technology will be associated with detector type for now**** **
**dedicated detector technology session at ISS2 in KEK Jan06. **

## MAGNETIC

**NON MAGNETIC**

**MAGNETIC**

## ISS detector mailing list  (78)

## Executive summary: I. baseline detectors

| beam | Far detector
 | R&D needed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| sub-GeV
BB and SB 
(MEMPHYS, T2K) | Megaton WC | photosensors!
cavern and infrastructure |
| 1-2 GeV
BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high  BB, WBB) | no established baseline
TASD (NOvA-like)
or 
Liquid Argon TPC
or Megaton WC | 
photosensors and detectors
long drifts, 
long wires, LEMs |
| Neutrino Factory 
(20-50 GeV, 
2500-7000km) | ~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden)

+ ~10 kton 
non-magnetic ECC (silver) | straightforward from MINOS
simulation+physics studies
ibid vs OPERA |

## Executive summary

**II. beyond the baseline,**** ****(but should be studied)**

| beam | Far detector
 | R&D needed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| sub-GeV
BB and SB 
(MEMPHYS, T2K) | Liquid Argon TPC
(100kton)
 | clarify what is the advantage wrt WC?  |
| 1-2 GeV
BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high  BB) | no established baseline |  |
| Neutrino Factory 
(20-50 GeV, 
2500-7000km) | platinum detectors!  
large coil around 
TASD
Larg 
ECC | engineering study
for magnet!
simulations and physics evaluation;
photosensors, 
long drift, etc...  |

## Executive summary: 

**III: near detector, beam instrumentation**

| beam | BI, ND | R&D needed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| sub-GeV BB and SB 
(MEMPHYS, T2K) | 
T2K example.... CONCEPT for precision measurements? | concept  simulations
theory |
| 1-2 GeV BB and SB
(off axis NUMI, high  BB) | NOvA example..  
CONCEPT for 
precision measurements? | ibid |
| Neutrino Factory 
(20-50 GeV, 
2500-7000km) | beam intensity (BCT)
beam energy +polarization
beam divergence meast
shielding
leptonic detector
hadronic detector | need study
--
need study
need concept
simul+study
simul+study+
Vtx det R&D |

## FAR SITES

**two contributions of far sites that would welcome a neutrino factory beam**
**1. Pihäsalmi  Finland (Juha Peltoniemi) **
**2. INO Indian Neutrino Observatory (****PUSHEP at Tamilnadu)  Naba Mondal**
**we also know of Canary Islands**
**This is a subject that will need to be pursued**

**FAR SITES**

## Highlights

**1. WATER CHERENKOV **
**-- First cost estimate of Frejus Megaton detector**
**-- T2KK idea**
**2. MAGNETIZED IRON CALORIMETER **
**-- realistic design and cost estimate **
**-- revision of golden analysis ==> much better efficiency at low Energy**
**3. LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME **
**-- a new concept **
**-- MECC detector could demonstrably do platimum channel**
**4. Liquid Argon **
**-- impressive R&D efforts (long drift, long wires)**
**5. systematic related discussions**
**-- matter effect for NUFACT**
**-- nuclear effects for Low Energy beam **
**6. Began first simulations of NuFACT near detectors**

## review of far detector options

**-- Water Cherenkov**
**-- Liquid argon (non magnetic)**
**-- magnetized iron calorimeter**
**-- ECC **
**-- large magnetic volumes **
**     ****-- for TASD **
**     ****-- for ECC**
**     ****-- for liquid argon**
**-- detector technology**

## Water Cerenkov

- -- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton)
- -- very well known technology
- -- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos,
- atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzook, etc...
- -- cannot be magnetized easily-- pattern recognition limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos)
- -- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos.
- -- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS
- -- community organized and coordinated in its own

## The MEMPHYS Project

- Excavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5 shafts

**Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus**

- CERN to Fréjus
- Neutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam

## Possible experimental set-up

- JPARC

- Off-axis angle

- 2.5deg.off-axis beam  @Kamioka

- Distance from
- the target (km)

- 2.5 deg. off axis

- 2.5 deg. off axis

- Total cost must be similar to the baseline design.

## MEMPHYS: Main results of the preliminary study

- Best site (rock quality) in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe
- Cylindrical shafts feasible:  = 65 m  and a height  h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m3)
-       215 000 tons of water (4 times SK)
-      - 4 m from outside for veto and fiducial cut 146 000 tons fiducial target
_**3 modules would give 440 kilotons Fid. (like UNO) **__**BASELINE**_
- _estimated excavation cost__  __≈ 80 M€ X Nb of shafts_
- this number should be >~ doubled for photo-detectors, electronics and other infrastructure
-  (--> >~500 M€ for three shafts = 440 kton fiducial)
-                                                       -- >~G€ for a megaton --

## NB about 300 Oku-Yen should be included for the beam upgrade

## -- Liquid Argon TPC: 

**This is the particle physics equivalent of superstrings: **
**DOE (detector of everything)**
**it can do everything, can it do anything BETTER? **
**(than a dedicated standard technique)**
**to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case. **
**impressive progress from ICARUS T600**
**recent highlights **
**-- effort at FERMILAB (FLARE) **
**-- 2 efforts in EU ICARUS and GLACIER **
**-- observation of operation in magnetic field**
**-- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires **
**talks by Badertscher, Menary, Rubbia**
**INFN ICARUS  were contacted and added to mailing list with no further result. **

## considerable noise reduction can be obtained 

**considerable noise reduction can be obtained **
**by gas amplification**

## height is limited by high voltage 

**height is limited by high voltage **
**1kV/cm ******** 2 MV for 20m... **
**field degrader in liquid argon tested ******
**(Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)  **

## An ideal detector exploiting a Neutrino Factory should:

- Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden channel”) with high accuracy
- Identify and measure the charge of the electron with high accuracy (“Platinum channel”)
- Identify the  decays (“silver channel”)
- Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order to increase the signal/back ratio

**Migliozzi**

**NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS**

## e

**this is a typical NUFACT detector for E************GeV **
**                            ****GOLDEN CHANNEL  **
**experience from MINOS &NOvA**
**designs prepared for Monolith and INO**
**iron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out**
**proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$.**** **
**  **

******e**********************

## Magnetized Iron calorimeter
(baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson)
B = 1 T   = 15 m, L = 25 m
t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm 
Fiducial mass = 100 kT
Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV

- (baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson)
- B = 1 T   = 15 m, L = 25 m
- t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm
- Fiducial mass = 100 kT
- Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV

**Baseline**

**3500 Km**

**732 Km**

-  108

- 4 x 106

- 2 x 108

- 7.5 x 106

- 3.4 x 105

- 3 x 105

********** ****CC**

******e**** CC**

********  **signal ****(sin****2**** ********13****=0.01)**

- Event rates for 1020 muon decays   (<~1 year)

**(J-PARC I******** SK = 40)**

## Multi-Pixel-Photon-CounterOperation

## at 3000 km, 

**at 3000 km, **
**1****st**** max is at 6 GeV**
**2d max is at 2 GeV**

## New analysis (Cervera)

**New analysis (Cervera)**
**  **
**OLD:   P********> 5 GeV **
**NEW:  L******** > L****had ****+ 75cm**
**(shown for three different **
**purity levels down to << 10****-4 ****)**
** **

**old analysis**

**new analysis**

## ECC emulsion analysis:

**supermodule**

**Target Trackers**
**Pb/Em. target**

***ECC emulsion analysis:***
***Vertex, decay kink  e/************ ID, multiple scattering, kinematics***

***Extract selected brick******  ***

**Pb/Em. brick**

**Pb**

**1 mm**

**Basic “cell”**

**Emulsion**

* ****trigger**** and ****locate**** the neutrino interactions*
* ****muon**** identification and momentum/charge measurement*

**Electronic detectors:**

**Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p**

**Link** to muon ID,
**Candidate event**

**Spectrometer**

- p/p < 20%

## LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME

**Observing the platinum channel **
**or the silver channel for more decay channels**
**requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector **
**immersed in a large magnetic volume**

## Slide 28

## X 10 Magnets

**X 10 Magnets**
**=140-600M$**

**conventional SC magnet:**** **

## x ~ a few X0=14cm.... 

**x ~ a few X0=14cm.... **
**B > 0.5 T**

## Slide 31

## FIRST CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD 

**FIRST CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD **
**BE USED! **

## SYSTEMATICS - related topics

## A revealing comparison:

**A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed **
**by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds**
**-- GLOBES was used. **
- -- T2HK from LOI:  1000kt , 4MW beam power,
- 6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years  neutrinos.
- systematic errors on  background and signal: 5%.
**-- ****The ****beta****-****beam**** 5.8 10****18**** He d****k/****year 2.2 10****18**** Ne d****k/****year ****(5 +5yrs)  **
**The ****Superbeam**** ****from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW.**
**Same 500kton detector**
**S****ystematic errors ****on**** signal efficiency**** ****(or cross-sections) and bkg****s**** are 2% or 5%.**** **
**--****NUFACT****  ****3.1 10****20**** ********+**** **** ****and**** ****3.1 10****20**** ********+**** ****per year for 10 years**** **
**100 kton ****iron-scintillator**** at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km**** (e.g. INO)****. ****(old type!)**
_**The **__**matter **__**density errors**_** ****of**** the two baselines ****(****uncorrelated****):  2 to 5% **** **
**The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated. **
**all correlations, ambiguities, etc... taken into account**

## What do we learn?

**Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases.**
**2.  combination of BB+SB is really powerful. **
**3.  for sin****2****2************below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone**
**4. for large values of ************ systematic errors dominate. **
**Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams.**
**This is because we are at first maximum or above, ******** CP asymmetry is small!**** **

**matter effect for NUFACT**

## Such a study, 

**Such a study, **
**in collaboration with geophysicists**
**will be needed for candidate LBL sites**

**ISS-3 at RAL  ****Warner**

## -- Near detectors and flux instrumentation

**-- flux and cross-section determinations **
**-- other neutrino physics **
**a completely new, yet essential aspect of **
**superbeam, beta-beam and neutrino factory**
**NO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHOULD BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY UNTIL THE NEAR DETECTOR CONCEPTS HAVE BEEN LAYED DOWN! **

**Soler, Sanchez tomorrow**

## P(e) - P(e)

**=  A****CP   ********  **

**sin****2**** ****************solar term...**

**sin********sin (********m****2****12 ****L/4E) sin ************sin **********

**P(********e************) - P(********e************)**

**P(********e************) + P(********e************) **

**Near detector gives ********e**** diff. cross-section*detection-eff *****flux   ****and ibid for bkg**
**BUT: need to know ************ and ************   diff. cross-section* detection-eff **
**with small (relative) systematic errors. **
**knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required **
**knowledge of flux!**
**interchange role of ********e  ****and ************for superbeam**

**ex. beta-beam or nufact:**

## and of course the fluxes... but the product flux*sig is measured in the near detector

** **

**experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background**

**and of course the fluxes... but the product flux*********sig ****is measured in the near detector**

**this is not a totally trivial quantity as **
**there is somethig particular in each of **
**these cross-sections:**
**for instance the effects of muon mass **
**as well as nuclear effects are different for **
**neutrinos and anti-neutrinos **
**while e.g. pion threshold is different for **
**muon and electron neutrinos **

## 3.5 GeV SPL

**3.5 GeV SPL**
******beam**

**-- low proton energy: **
**no Kaons ******** ********e**** background is low**
**--region below pion threshold **
**(low bkg from pions)**
**but:**
**low event rate and **
**uncertainties on cross-sections**

## at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94

**at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94**
**according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?)**
**Hope to improve results with e.g. monochromatic k-capture beam    **

## FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10-3 

**see NUFACT YELLOW REPORT**
**this was studied including **
**-- principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration**
**-- principle design of angular divergence measurement**
**-- radiative corrections to muon decay**
**-- absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions **
**   ****(event number etc... considered)**
** **
**this is true for **

## Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT

**Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT**

**BCT**

## CONCLUSIONS -I

**The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world. **
**A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined.**
** **

_**For low energy beams**_**, the**** Water Cherenkov**** can be considered as baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain. **
**1Mton~(0.5-1) G€**
_**For medium energy**_** (1-2 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not **
**obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost.**

## CONCLUSIONS II

_**For the neutrino factory**_** a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a cost of <~200 M$ for the golden channel. **
**New analysis of low E muons should improve sensitivities. **
**An non magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for tau detection can straightforwardly be added with a mass of >~5 kton **
**There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a ****Large Magnetic Volume.**** At first sight difficulties and cost are **
**very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign **
**determination up to 10 GeV has been demonstrated for MECC, and studies are ongoing for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector. **

## CONCLUSIONS III

**Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements are**
**absolutely required. The precision measurements such as CP constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation.**
**For the super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented. **
**There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study. **
**NUFACT flux and cross sections should be calibrated with a precision of 10****-3****. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy is unknown at this point) **
**Finally matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists. **

## THANKS! 

**The next generation of efforts should see a first go at the design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino  experiments**
**There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this activity should grow. **

**THANKS! **