# Presentation: 604637

## CERES-II

**CERES-II**
**Kory J. Priestley**
**Climate Science Peer Review**
- NASA Langley Research Center
- June 6 th, 2007

## NPP and NPOESS

- NPOESS had planned to fly CERES follow-on instruments (i.e ERBS) in 1:30 orbit with launches on C1 and C3 platforms 2010 and 2015.
- NPOESS seriously over budget and behind schedule: triggered Nunn-McCurdy review in U.S. congress  - completed June 2006.
- ERBS instrument development **Cancelled**.
- Directed to fly CERES FM-5 on C1 platform, but now delayed to ~ 2013.
- U.S. Office of Science and Technology Programs (OSTP) requested NASA and NOAA produce a white paper on how to deal with the NPOESS climate instrument deletion
- Joint NASA/NOAA white paper submitted to OSTP Jan 2007: recommended moving CERES FM-5 up to flight on NPP mission in 2009, **build CERES-II instruments to fly on the NPOESS platforms in 2013 and 2018.**
- NOAA and NASA budgets do not currently include such funding, it remains to be seen how this is dealt with.  Answers needed within 3-4 months.
- Feasibility studies of CERES on NPP for spacecraft, instrument, & ground data system modifications are underway.
- So far no show stoppers: more detailed studies expected with decision on go/no-go in late summer this year.

## Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule

**Original Plan**
*- Circa 2000 -*

## Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule

**Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule**
**Current Scenario**

**CERES**
**FM3,4**

**CERES**
**FM5**

**CERES**
**PFM**

**CERES**
**FM1,2**

## Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule

**Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule**
**Climate Instrument ‘Recovery’ Plan**

**CERES**
**FM3,4**

**CERES**
**FM5**

**CERES II**
**FM1**

**CERES II**
**FM2**

**CERES**
**PFM**

**CERES**
**FM1,2**

## Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule

**Earth Radiation Budget Measurement Flight Schedule**
**Climate Instrument ‘Recovery’ Plan**

**CERES**
**FM3,4**

**CERES**
**FM5**

**CERES II**
**FM1**

**CERES II**
**FM2**

**CERES**
**PFM**

**CERES**
**FM1,2**

## Radiometric Performance Requirements

**Requirements per Ohring et. al. are more stringent than CERES by a factor of 3-5**

| Spectral Regions | Solar |  | Terrestrial |  | Atmospheric Window |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wavelengths | 0.3 - 5.0 m |  | 5.0 - 200 m |  | 8 - 12 m |
| Scene levels | <100 w/m2-sr | >100 w/m2-sr | <100 w/m2-sr | >100 w/m2-sr | All Levels |
| Accuracy Requirements | 0.8 w/m2-sr | 1.0 % | 0.8 w/m2-sr | 0.5 % | 0.3 w/m2-sr |
| Stability Requirements |  | < 0.14%/yr |  | < 0.1%/yr |  |
| Climate
Stability Goals |  | < 0.6 w/m2/dec
< 0.03 %/yr |  | < 0.2 w/m2/dec
< 0.02%/yr |  |

**Radiometric Performance Requirements**

**5-Year CERES II Mission Lifetime**

## ‘CERES II’ Instrument

**Philosophy**
- Evolutionary update of existing CERES hardware/Design.
- Emphasis will be on accuracy/performance improvements and not increased measurement capability.
- Capitalize on experiences and ‘Lessons-Learned’ of CERES Program.
- Implement a two-pronged approach
* **Hardware*
* **Programmatics*

**‘****CERES II’ Instrument**

## ‘CERES II’ Instrument

**Philosophy**
- Evolutionary update of existing CERES hardware/Design.
- Emphasis will be on accuracy/performance improvements and not increased measurement capability.
- Capitalize on experiences and ‘Lessons-Learned’ of CERES Program.
- Implement a two-pronged approach
* **Hardware*
* **Programmatics*
**Constraints**
- Already driven by Schedule
- NPOESS C1 Launch Scheduled for January, 2013
- Spacecraft Need date typically L - 18months = June, 2011
- Instrument Build requires a ~ 36 month schedule (I.e. L-54 months) - June, 2008 Contract Start Date.
- Procurements in excess of $100M require a 12 month process...
- Instrument Specification, SOW, and commitment from Agency needed ASAP!

**‘****CERES II’ Instrument**

## Design Fab, Assembly and Test Changes

_**Hardware**_
-  ***Calibration Equipment*** - Provide Additional SW Spectral Characterization Capability
-  Spectral Shortwave Internal Module (SSWIM)
-  Mirror Attenuator Mosaic (MAM) Solar Diffuser
** *****General Design***
-  Detectors - transition to Thermopiles, increased responsivity, Minimal Thermal Control req’d.
-  Replace WN channel with True LW - Increased Redundancy
-  Alternative Mirror Coatings - (Al, Ag, Al-Ag hybrid)
-  Reduced FOV - 10 km vs. 20km
_**Programmatics**_
-  ***Improved Ground Characterization***
-  Implement automated Data Acquisition System on Calibration Chamber
-  Establish collaborations with NIST
-  ***Handling Procedures***
-  Minimize Possibility of Contamination
-  Develop inspection and cleaning procedures
-  ***Even Stronger emphasis on calibration during test program***
*** ****Increase weighting/influence of Radiometric Performance in cost/schedule trades*

## CERES II Onboard SW Calibration Equipment

_**Shortwave Spectral Internal Module (SSWIM)**_
- Either lamps with spectral filters or a series of monochromatic sources
- Ability to vary strength of source preserved
- Contains independently monitoring of source output
- Design specification is 0.1% stability over 5-year mission
- Designed primarily to spectrally resolve changes in optical transmission
_**Mirror Attenuator Mosaic (MAM) Solar Diffuser**_
- Solar Diffuser plate attenuates direct solar view (~5800K Spectrum)
- MAM is currently a Nickel substrate with Aluminum coated spherical cavities or divots
- Provides a Relative calibration of the Shortwave channel and the SW portion of the Total channel
- Designed to provide a long-term on-orbit SW calibration source.

## Spectral Darkening on Earth Observing Missions

**SD degradation (accumulated at a 6-month period) as a function of wavelength**
**Faster degradation rate after fixing the SD door at “open position” **

**Yr 1**

**Yr 2**

**Yr 3**

**Yr 4**

**Yr 5**

**Wavelength / Radiometric Channel (um)**

**Wavelength / Radiometric Channel (nm)**

**MODIS Solar Diffuser**

**Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment**

**Spectral Darkening on Earth Observing Missions**

**Spectral Darkening of Optical Surfaces in the SW region is a significant concern for Climate Quality Instruments**

**Contamination and UV exposure of spare CERES Quartz filters with Penzane**

**500**

## Spectral Degradation : SWICS vs. Earth Spectra

**Spectral Degradation : SWICS vs. Earth Spectra**

**Spectral Response,**
**  ****Normalized Radiance**

**1.0**
**0.8**
**0.6**
**0.4**
**0.2**
**0.0**

**Notes:**
CERES: one telescope, one detector can be programed to view with the same viewing gemetry as GERB (hence can compare radiance measurement)

GERB: array of 256 detectors have despun image “slice” on each MSG rotation. Also on each rotation every detector views the CalMon and IBB

## SW Internal Calibration Results

## CERES SSF Ed2B SW TOA Flux Anomaly

- Clear Ocean

- Clear Desert

## Handling Procedures and the Blame Game

**Handling Procedures and the Blame Game**

- In order to fit within the launch Vehicle Fairing, Aqua spacecraft designed deployable platforms for the CERES instruments.
- The S/C Deployment Drive Actuators (DDA’s) S/C leaked penzane lubricant - a known design issue.
- CERES Project expressed concerns regarding possible contamination but had no definitive proof of possible measurement degradation...
- CERES Project’s concerns **noted...**

## Foggy Aqua CERES FM-3 MAM Contamination Cover

** ****Subsequent to spacecraft level  thermal vacuum testing, a visual inspection of the FM-3 instrument revealed a ‘fog’ on the interior surface of the FM-3 MAM contamination cover. **
** ****Visual inspection of optics revealed no visible deposition.**
** ****Testing yielded conflicting opinions of the material, most likely candidate was penzane lubricant.**

## Design Fab, Assembly and Test Changes

_**Hardware**_
-  ***Calibration Equipment*** - Provide Additional SW Spectral Characterization Capability
-  Spectral Shortwave Internal Module (SSWIM)
-  Mirror Attenuator Mosaic (MAM) Solar Diffuser
** *****General Design***
-  Detectors - transition to Thermopiles, increased responsivity, Minimal Thermal Control req’d.
-  Replace WN channel with True LW - Increased Redundancy
-  Alternative Mirror Coatings - (Al, Ag, Al-Ag hybrid)
-  Reduced FOV - 10 km vs. 20km
_**Programmatics**_
-  ***Improved Ground Characterization***
-  Implement automated Data Acquisition System on Calibration Chamber
-  Establish collaborations with NIST
-  ***Handling Procedures***
-  Minimize Possibility of Contamination
-  Develop inspection and cleaning procedures
-  ***Even Stronger emphasis on calibration during test program***
*** ****Increase weighting/influence of Radiometric Performance in cost/schedule trades*