# Presentation: 255775

## Bisphenol-A and Phthalate Esters: Potential Sources of Resin Components in the Everyday Environments of Preschool Children 

**M.K. Morgan****1****, L.S. Sheldon****1****, N.K. Wilson****2****, J.C. Chuang****3****, C. Lyu****2****, **
**C.W. Croghan****1****, P.A. Jones****1****, and R.C. Fortmann****1****.  **
**1****National Exposure Research Laboratory, RTP, NC; ****2****Battelle, Durham, NC; ****3****Battelle, Columbus, OH.**
**Emerging Pollutants Workshop**
**Chicago, IL**
**August 12, 2003**

## Past Research

-  Exposure routes differ depending on the classes of chemicals:
- 	- ***Inhalation > indirect ingestion >> dietary ingestion**** *
*                      *PCBs
*         **	**- ****Dietary ingestion > indirect ingestion > inhalation***
*                     *B2 PAHs*, *phthalate esters,  2,4-D herbicide*    *
*         **	**- ****Dietary ingestion > inhalation > indirect ingestion***
*	**      *Total PAHs, phenols, OP & OC pesticides
-   Potential doses may be greater for children than adults in the same
-     households.

**Past Research**

## Slide 3

## Pilot study involving approximately 260 preschool children in North Carolina and Ohio.  

- Pilot study involving approximately 260 preschool children in North Carolina and Ohio.
- Large multimedia and multipathway exposure study
-     of young children.
- Potential exposures that preschool children may have to common pollutants in their everyday environments.

**The Children’s Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides &**
** ****Other Persistent Organic Pollutants ‘****C****T****E****P****P****’ Study**

## CTEPP : Significance

-  Greater understanding of children’s aggregate exposure
-    to pollutants.
-  Important sources and pathways of exposure that contribute
-   to children’s exposures to pollutants.
-  Improved approaches for estimating children’s exposures
-   and potential doses to pollutants.
-  Fill in critical data gaps under the Food Quality Protection
-   Act of 1996.

##  CTEPP

- Objectives
- Measure the aggregate exposures of a small set of preschool children to persistent pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments.
- Apportion the exposure pathways and identify important exposure media.
- Identify and formulate important hypotheses to be tested in future research.

##  Study Design

**Involved approximately 260 preschool children and their adult caregivers.**
- 	      **States :** 		            	North Carolina and Ohio
-             **Counties:**	    		Six in both states; 4 urban and 2 rural
-             **Sampling site :** 	    	Child day care centers and residential settings
-             **Socioeconomic status:**    	Low-income and middle/upper-income
-  **Stratification**
- 		*- Child day care vs. home         *
*	**	**- Urban vs. rural*
*	**	**- Low-income vs. middle/upper-income*
-           **	****	**

## Study Procedures

**  ****periods:**
-        **- ****Food****	****	****- Drinking Water****	****- ****Hand Wipes**
**       ****- ****Beverages****	****- Indoor Air****	****	****- Play Area Soil**
**       ****- ****Urine****	****	****- Outdoor Air****	****	****- Indoor Floor Dust**

**Study Procedures**

## Sample Collection

- 	Play Area Soil
- 	Outdoor and Indoor Air
- 	Indoor Floor Dust

## SOIL SAMPLE

**SOIL SAMPLE**

## OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLE

**OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLE**

## INDOOR AIR SAMPLE

**INDOOR AIR SAMPLE**

## INDOOR FLOOR DUST SAMPLE

**INDOOR FLOOR DUST SAMPLE**

## Sample Collection

**Primary adult caregiver and child:**
- 	Hand Wipes
- 	Duplicate Diets
- 	Urine Samples

## HAND WIPE SAMPLE

**HAND WIPE SAMPLE**

## SOLID AND LIQUID FOOD SAMPLES

**SOLID AND LIQUID FOOD SAMPLES**

## URINE SAMPLE

**URINE SAMPLE**

## Additional Sampling

**If pesticide(s) were applied within 7 days of or during the 48-hr monitoring period:**
**         **PUF Roller for Transferable Residues
-  	Hard Floor Surface Wipe
-  	Food Preparation Surface Wipe
-  	Urine (not pooled)

## TRANSFERABLE RESIDUE  SAMPLE

**TRANSFERABLE RESIDUE  SAMPLE**

## HARD FLOOR SURFACE WIPE SAMPLE

**HARD FLOOR SURFACE WIPE SAMPLE**

## FOOD PREPARATION SURFACE WIPE SAMPLE

**FOOD PREPARATION SURFACE WIPE SAMPLE**

## Study Procedures

- 	- Food diaries
-        	- Child day care menus
-        	- Activity diaries
-        	- Videotape 10% of children
-   **Information on aggregate exposures and absorbed **
**   ****doses**
- - Urine as biomarker of exposure

**Study Procedures**

##    North Carolina

-   Six counties:
- 	- Urban: *Buncombe, Durham, Edgecombe, Mecklenburg*
- 	- Rural:  *Jones, Lee*
-  Recruitment: February 2000 - February 2001
-  Field sampling: July 2000 - March 2001
-  Sample analysis: completed February 2003
-  Final NC CTEPP database: completed August 2003

**   ****North Carolina**

## Slide 24

## NC Recruitment Results

**Final Response Rates:  Home  59%, Day care  53%**

**	**

##    North Carolina

-  Six counties:
- 	- Urban: *Buncombe, Durham, Edgecombe, Mecklenburg*
- 	- Rural:  *Jones, Lee*
-  Recruitment: February 2000 - February 2001
-  Field sampling: July 2000 - March 2001
-  Sample analysis: completed February 2003
-  Final NC CTEPP database: completed August 2003

**   ****North Carolina**

## CTEPP: Targeted Pollutants

-     Phthalates (benzyl butyl, dibutyl)
-     Phenols (e.g., pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A)
-     Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
-     Organochlorine Pesticides (e.g., lindane, DDT, heptachlor)
-     Organophosphorus Pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon)
-     Acid Herbicides (e.g., 2, 4-D, dicamba)
-     Triazine Pesticide (atrazine)
-     Pyrethroid Pesticides (e.g., cyfluthrin, cis/trans-permethrin)

**CTEPP: Targeted Pollutants**

**Reason for Selection:** Compounds are possible carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, teratogens, neurotoxins, ubiquitous, or residues are common
- indoors or in food or water.

## A. Phthalate Esters

**                  ******** ****Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)**
**                  ******** ****Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)**
** ****B. Bisphenol-A ****(BPA)**** **

## Phthalate Esters

- A. Plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products:
-          floor tiles		     carpet backings
-          children’s toys	      shower curtains
-          synthetic leather              adhesives
-     -- Larger molecular weight phthalates (e.g., benzyl butyl phthalate_)_
- B.  Solvents and fixatives:
-       Personal care products (perfumes, hairsprays, nail polishes)
-     -- Smaller molecular weight phthalates (e.g., dibutyl phthalate)

## Bisphenol-A

**Bisphenol-A**

**Industrial chemical commonly used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.**
** ****	********	****Reusable bottles (bottled water, baby bottles)**
**	********	****Tableware (plates, cups) **
**	********	****Digital media (DVDs, CDs)**
**	********	****Electronics (cell phones, computers)**
**	********	****Dental sealants**
**	********	****Protective liners in metal cans (food, beverages)**

## Analytical Issues: Phthalate Esters

- A)  Background contamination of phthalates in the field and lab
-       blanks for all media.
-        _**Possible sources:**_
- 		gauze pads	solvents 		filtration cartridges			latex gloves	nitrile gloves	pipette holders
- B)  Surrogate recovery standard (SRS) – benzyl butyl phthalate-d4
-         -- major interferences in certain media (wipes, air, dust, soil)
-          -- change to alternative SRS (e.g., benzyl butyl phthalate-d10)
-              that could reduce interferences

## Analytical Issues: Bisphenol-A

- A) Surrogate recovery standard (SRS) – bisphenol-A-d6
-         -- major interferences in certain media (wipes, air, dust, solid food)
-          -- change to alternative SRS (e.g., bisphenol-A-d10) that could reduce
- 	       interferences
- B) Background contamination in the field and lab blanks
-      for a few wipe samples.

**Notes:**
Wipe samples (FMBs 5/13 – 38%) and Dermal wipes (LMBs 3/13 – 23%)

## PRELIMINARY

**RESULTS**

## Mean method quantitation limits (MQLs) for 

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |

| Medium | Unit |     DBP |     BBP | BPA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Soil | ug/g | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Outdoor air | ug/m3 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.002 |
| Indoor air | ug/m3 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.002 |
| Indoor floor dust | ug/g | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.05 |
| Hand wipe | ug/sample | 0.39 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
| Liquid food | ug/mL | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.001 |
| Solid food
Floor wipe
Food prep. wipe | ug/g
ug/m2
ug/m2 | 0.24
2.7
2.7 | 0.17
5.5
5.5 | 0.002
0.20
0.20 |

**Mean method quantitation limits (MQLs) for **
**DBP, BBP and BPA in multimedia samples**

- a Sample data were adjusted for the background contamination of phthalates in all media and for bisphenol-A in wipe samples.

## Percentage of samples by medium containing detectable 

**levels of DBP at/above the method detection limit**
** ****(MDL) and method quantitation limit (MQL)**

**   ****Homes****	****             Day Care Centers**

## Percentage of samples by medium containing detectable 

**levels of BBP at/above the method detection limit**
** ****(MDL) and method quantitation limit (MQL)**

**   ****Homes****	****                Day Cares**

## Percentage of samples by medium containing detectable 

**levels of BPA at/above the method detection limit**
** ****(MDL) and method quantitation limit (MQL)**

**   ****Homes****	****                   Day Cares**

## Concentrations of DBP and BBP in indoor floor dust samples

** ****at preschool children’s homes and day care centers**

- μ g/g

- Percentiles

-            **HOMES****	****	****	****      DAY CARE CENTERS**

**DBP**

**BBP**

- a Data values below the MDL were assigned 1⁄2 the lowest MDL value by matrix.
- b BPA had a low number of detects at homes (17%) and day care centers (46%).

- N=117

- N=57

- N=116

- N=57

## Concentrations of DBP, BBP and BPA in hand wipe samples

** ****at preschool children’s homes and day care centers**

- μ g/sample

- Percentiles

-        **HOMES****	****	****	****  DAY CARE CENTERS**

**DBP**

**BBP**

**BPA**

- aData values below the MDL were assigned 1⁄2 the lowest MDL value by matrix

- N=92

- N=31

- N=76

- N=31

- N=81

- N=31

## Concentrations of DBP in indoor air samples at

** ****preschool children’s homes and day care centers**

- μ g/m

- Percentiles

**	****	****	**

- a Data values below the MDL were assigned 1⁄2 the lowest MDL value by matrix.
- b BBP had a low number of detects at homes (31%) and day care centers (21%).
- c BPA had a low number of detects at homes (52%) and day care centers (23%).

- N=128

- N=60

**3**

## Concentrations of BPA in solid food samples at

** ****preschool children’s homes and day care centers**

- μg/g

- Percentiles

**	****	****	**

- a Data values below the MDL were assigned 1⁄2 the lowest MDL value by matrix.
- b DBP had a low number of detects at homes (29%) and day care centers (20%).
- c BBP had a low number of detects at homes (3%) and day care centers (8%).

- N=61

- N=129

## Median concentrations of DBP, BBP and BPA 

**Food Preparation Wipe**

**Floor Wipe**

**Median concentrations of DBP, BBP and BPA **
**in floor and food preparation wipe samples**
** ****at preschool children’s homes**

- a Data values below the MDL were assigned 1⁄2 the lowest MDL value by matrix

- μg/m2

**18**

**28**

**13**

**26**

**15**

**28**

## Conclusions

-   DBP, BBP and BPA were detected in all media. However, they
-    were detected the most often in the following:
-         ****** ** DBP - indoor air, indoor floor dust and wipes
**        ******  BBP – indoor floor dust and wipes
**        ******  BPA – solid food and wipes
-   Hard floors (e.g., vinyl flooring) in homes may be important
-    sources of BBP exposure for preschool children.
-   The results suggest that these preschool children were potentially
-     exposed to low levels of DBP, BBP and BPA in their everyday
-     environments.

## Acknowledgements

**Acknowledgements**

**  ****U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory**
-     E. Streib, K. Thomas, E. Betz, C. Stevens
**   ****Battelle Memorial Institute**
-     S. Gordon, M. Brinkman, S. Anderson, F. Patterson, J. Satola
-    **Parents, children, and child day care centers**
* *
*Disclaimer: This work has been funded wholly by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under contract #68-D-99-011 to Battelle. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication.*

## Disclaimer: This work has been funded wholly by the

*United States Environmental Protection Agency under*
*contract #68-D-99-011 to Battelle. It has been subjected*
*to Agency review and approved for publication.*