# Presentation: 759163

**API Engine Oil Licensing****and Certification System**
- Presentation for:
- IMEAC
- San Antonio, Texas
- April 2001

**R.C. (Dick) Clark**
**1220 L St NW**
**Washington, DC 20005**
** ****Phone 1 202 682 8182**
** ****Fax     1 202 682 8051**
**e-mail clarkd@api.org**

## Presentation Outline

- History of Engine Oils
- Benefits of Licensing
- “S” Categories & “C” Categories
- Summary

## API’s Engine Oil Program

- Voluntary program
- Agreement between API and U.S. automobile manufacturers
- Licenses the use of API Marks
- Performance requirements cooperatively established

**Notes:**
Voluntary program designed to define, certify, and monitor engine oil performance deemed necessary for satisfactory equipment life and performance by vehicle and engine manufacturers 
Established through an agreement between API and U.S. automobile manufacturers
Licenses the use of API Marks on oil formulations that meet performance standards
Performance requirements, test methods, and limits cooperatively established by vehicle/engine manufacturers, technical societies (ASTM and SAE) and trade associations (CMA)

## API’s Engine Oil Program

- Licensing
- Based on performance
- Composition not a requirement
- Data filed by Licensees
- related to performance

**Notes:**
Voluntary program designed to define, certify, and monitor engine oil performance deemed necessary for satisfactory equipment life and performance by vehicle and engine manufacturers 
Established through an agreement between API and U.S. automobile manufacturers
Licenses the use of API Marks on oil formulations that meet performance standards
Performance requirements, test methods, and limits cooperatively established by vehicle/engine manufacturers, technical societies (ASTM and SAE) and trade associations (CMA)

## History of Engine Oil Licensing

- Pre 1947:	Oils classified by SAE J300 viscosity grade only
- 1947:	API defined three categories
- 		Regular	Straight mineral oil
- 		Premium	Mineral oil with oxidation inhibitors
- 		Heavy Duty	Mineral oil with oxidation inhibitors and 		detergent/dispersants
- 1952:	API defined categories for gasoline and diesel
- 		ML, MM, MS for gasoline engines
- 		DG, DM, DS for diesel engines

**Notes:**
1911-SAE classified oils by viscosity
1947-regular mostly straight mineral oils, premium contained oxidation inhibitors, and heavy duty contained oxidation inhibitors and detergent-dispersant additives
1952-Instituted by API Lubricants Subcommittee. Separated engine oils into gasoline and diesel categories: Service Categories ML, MM and MS for gasoline engines; DG, DM, DS for diesel

## Licensing History Continued

- 1960:	API added Sequence Testing to requirements
- 		Still no precise definitions of performance
- 		Company specifications and Mil specifications used
- 1970:	API, ASTM, SAE developed present classification system
- 		S and C categories introduced
- 1993:	EOLCS launched
- 		CMA Code of Practice instituted
- 		Today’s licensing program started

**Notes:**
1970-API, ASTM and SAE established new classification system to satisfy changing warranty, maintenance, and lubrication requirements of auto industry. Allowed oils to be selected based on performance characteristics and type of service
SAE determined categories
ASTM established test methods
API prepared user language
Results published in SAE J183

**Licensed****  Marks**

**API Service Symbol “Donut”**

**API Certification Mark “****Starburst****”**

## Engine Oil Program’s Value

- For government
- Stakeholders provide cost-effective, self-regulatory program
- Audit program encourages careful quality control and provides demonstration of oil quality
- Performance requirements complement government environmental initiatives and standards
- Approved oils help to conserve energy

## Engine Oil Program’s Value

- For consumers
- Identifies products that satisfy auto manufacturer recommendations
- Provides user-friendly product information and recognizable symbols
- Provides a choice of quality products from which consumers may choose
- Helps conserve energy
- Offers rigorous monitoring of products in market

## How Are Consumers Encouraged to Look for API Marks ?

- Vehicle operator’s & maintenance manuals
- Oil marketing advertisements
- API brochures, website, and literature
- Media sources (Consumer Reports,OEM Off-Highway,Equipment World)

## Slide 12

## Slide 13

## Slide 14

## Slide 15

## How Are Engine Oil Performance Standards Created in U.S? 

**New Engine Oil Performance Standard**

**Oil Industry****(API)**
**Licenses Standards**

**Engine Builders**
**Define the Need**

**Technical Societies**
**(ASTM & SAE)**
**Develop Standards**

**Additive Industry**
**         ****(CMA)**
**Provides Technology**

- How Are Engine Oil Performance Standards Created in U.S?

## Passenger Car Categories

- _Category__	__Years__	__AKA__	__Major Distinctions_
- 	SA	Pre 1930	ML
- 	SB	1930–1963	MM
- 	SC	1964–1967	MS
- 	SD	1968–1971
- 	SE	1972–1979
- 	SF	1980–1988
- 	SG	1989–1993		Fuel economy and phos limits
- 	SH	1994–1996		CMA Code & EOLCS
- 	SJ	1996		Lower phos, tighter volatility, fuel economy
- 	SL	2001		New wear & oxidation tests, tighter 				volatility, improved fuel economy

## Current API Passenger Car Engine Oil Categories

- API GF-2: Designed for improved fuel economy, improved emissions system durability, and increased performance over GF-1
- API SJ: Designed for improved emissions system durability and increased performance over API SH
- Energy Conserving: Denotes engine oils that meet fuel economy performance requirements

**Notes:**
Energy conserving based on performance in Sequence VIA test: 1.4% improvement for 0W-20 and 5W-20; 1.1% for other 0W and 5W multiviscosity; 0.5% for 10W multiviscosity and other grades

## API GF-2 Requirements 

- Viscosity requirements: SAE 0W, 5W, 10W
- Engine test requirements:
- Sequence IID	engine rust
- Sequence IIIE	oxidation, deposits, wear
- Sequence VE	sludge, varnish, wear
- Sequence VIA	fuel economy
- L-38	bearing corrosion
- Phosphorous limit: 0.10 mass %

## API GF-2 RequirementsContinued

- Bench test requirements:
- Shear stability	–	Volatility
- Homogeneity & miscibility	–	Filterability
- High temperature deposits	–	Foaming
- Catalyst compatibility	–	Flash point
- “GF” categories incorporate auto-industry recommendations on performance, fuel economy, _and_ viscosity-grade within same classification and carry API Starburst

## Requirements for API SJ

- Engine test requirements:
- Sequence IID	engine rust
- Sequence IIIE	oxidation, deposits, wear
- Sequence VE	sludge, varnish, wear
- Sequence VIA	fuel economy
-  L-38	bearing corrosion
- Phosphorous limit: 0.10 mass % for SAE 0W-20, 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30

## Requirements for API SJ Continued

- Bench test requirements:
- Shear stability	–	Volatility
- Homogeneity & miscibility	–	Filterability
- High temperature deposits	–	Foaming
- Catalyst compatibility	–	Flash point
- API “S” category criteria separate fuel economy requirements from performance requirements.  These oils carry the API Donut

## Requirements for API Energy Conserving

- API SJ
- Sequence VIA engine test for fuel economy

## GF-3/SL  The Next Category

- Performance enhancements targeted toward a longer category lifespan:
- Improved fuel economy and its retention
- Improved emissions system protection
- Improved high temperature deposits and foaming control and general increased “robustness”
- Lower oil consumption

**Notes:**
For 0W-20 and 5W-20: 2.0% min after 16 hours, 1.7% min after 96 hours
For 0W-30 and 5W-30: 1.7% min after 16 hours, 1.4% min after 96 hours
For 10W-30 and higher: 1.0% min after 16 hours, 0.7% min after 96 hours

## GF-3 Engine Tests

- Ball Rust Test	engine rusting
- Sequence IIIF	oil thickening, wear, and	high temperature piston deposits
- 		(represents ~7,500 mile oil drain)
- Sequence IVA	valve train wear
- Sequence VG	low temperature sludge and varnish
- Sequence VIB	fuel economy (new and used oil)
- 		(4,000 to 6,000 miles of use)
- Sequence VIII	bearing corrosion (unleaded fuel)
- TEOST MHT	high temperature deposits

## More Demanding GF-3Bench Tests

- Tighter volatility limits by evaporation loss and simulated distillation
- Tighter high temperature foaming limits
- 50% max flow reduction on modifiedGM EOFT

## Heavy Duty Categories

- _Category__	__Years__	__AKA__	__Major Distinctions_
- 	CA	Pre 1961	DG
- 	CB	1949–1960	DM
- 	CC	1961–1990	DM
- 	CD	1955–1990	DS
- 	CE	1987–1995
- 	CD-II	1987–1995
- 	CF-4	1990		High-speed, 4-stroke
- 	CF-2	1994		CMA Code & EOLCS; severe-duty, 2-stroke
- 	CF	1994		Off-highway, higher sulfur fuels
- 	CG-4	1995		On-highway, high-speed; 1994 emissions
- 	CH-4	1998		On-highway, high-speed; 1998 emissions
- 	PC-9	2002		On-highway, high-speed; 2004 emissions

## API CF                                        1994

- Off-road, indirect-injected engines
- including those using fuel with over 0.5% sulfur.
- Caterpillar 1M-PC	piston deposits
- L-38	bearing corrosion

## API CF-2                                    1994

- Severe-duty, 2-stroke engines
- Caterpillar 1M-PC	piston deposits
- Detroit Diesel 6V 92TA	liner scuffing, port plugging, 	ring distress
- L-38	bearing corrosion

## API CF-4                                  1990

- High-speed, 4-stroke,
- naturally aspirated and turbo-charged engines
- Caterpillar 1K	piston deposits, oil consumption
- L-38	bearing corrosion
- Mack T-6	ring wear, deposits
- Mack T-7	viscosity increase
- Cummins NTC-400	oil consumption, piston deposits
- Bench Tests	Cummins corrosion bench test 	(bearing)

## API CG-4                                   1995

- High-speed, 4-stroke engines
- Used in highway/off-road applications,
- Meets 1994 U.S. emissions standards
- Caterpillar 1N	piston deposits, oil consumption
- Mack T-8	viscosity increase due to soot (3.8%)
- L-38	bearing corrosion
- Sequence IIIE	oil oxidation
- GM 6.5 liter	roller follower wear
- Navistar HEUI	oil aeration
- Bench Tests	D892 foaming & CCBT corrosion

## API CH-4                               1998

- High-speed, 4-stroke engines
- Meets 1998 U.S. emissions standards
- Caterpillar 1K	1990 piston deposits, oil consumption
- Caterpillar 1P	1994 piston deposits, oil consumption
- Mack T-8E	viscosity increase due to soot (4.8%)
- Mack T-9	ring liner and bearing wear
- Sequence IIIE	oil oxidation
- Cummins M-11	valve train wear, filterability, sludge
- GM 6.5 Liter	roller follower wear
- Navistar HEUI	oil aeration
- Bench Tests	D892 foaming, CCBT corrosion, D2945	shear stability, D5800 volatility

## API Heavy-Duty Categories 

-  Drivers for change
- New engine designs to meet environmental regulations
- Globalization of engine technology
- Diverse applications

## US Government Emissions Regulations

- 1994	API CG-4
- 1998	API CH-4
- 2002	PC-9
- 200X?	PC-X?
- For use with ultra-low-sulfur fuels

## US Federal Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Standards

**Notes:**
CF-4 was for 1990
CG-4 was for another emissions requirement that is not shown here
CH-4 was for 1998
PC-9 will be for 2004
PC-x will be for 2008

## PC-9 Driving Force

- New emissions targets must be met by October 1, 2002
- Engine builders are using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) to achieve goal within time frame

## PC-9 Proposed Requirements

- Caterpillar 1Q (EGR)	piston deposits, oil consumption
- Mack T-10 (EGR)	ring liner wear, bearing corrosion,	oil oxidation
- Cummins M-11 (EGR)	valve train wear, filterability, sludge
- GM 6.5 Liter	roller follower wear
- Navistar HEUI	oil aeration
- Bench Tests	D892 foaming, CCBT corrosion, D2945	shear stability, D5800 volatility

**Notes:**
Exhaust Gas Recirculation may add 40 to 60 F to sump temperature (instead of 200 to 210 F--240 to 260 F)
1% ash limit proposed for Detroit Diesel 2-stroke use

## API PC-9 Challenges

- EGR will add combustion by-products back into engine
- Oil sump temperatures expected to rise 40–60oF
- Engine builders have concerns about elastomer compatibility

## How Does API Ensure That Licensed Products Meet Standards?

- After-Market Audit Program (AMAP)
- Purchases samples of licensed products from marketplace
- Tests samples to verify that they conform to originally licensed formulations & meet requirements
- Requires corrective action in thecase of non-complying results

## Summary

- API and its “Quality” marks  80+ years
- EOLCS
**Provides a standard of reference for engine oil performance. **
**Worldwide participation**
**Only engine oil certification system with enforcement**