# Presentation: 205899

## Presented by Serdar Z. Elgun

**Harnessing The Sun's Energy**

**Presented by Serdar Z. Elgun**
**M. Issapour  -  Y. Dathatri  -  A. Filios**
**Farmingdale State College **
**State University of New York**
**Solar Energy Center**

## Airports are typically large, isolated, shade-free structures that are visited by millions of people every year presenting the perfect

**platform for new technologies such as solar power  in terms of available solar resources and for awareness raising of the technology with the public.**
**During 2006, worldwide air passenger traffic reached 4.2 billion. (World’s population in 2006: 6.6 billion people)**
**Air passenger traffic is expected to increase at an average 5 % per year. Average annual population growth worldwide: under 2 % **

## Air passenger growth is more than twice as high as the world’s population growth. 

**How can this be used to solve the world’s energy crisis? **
**Can we create a multi-billion dollar energy market through the utilization of the airports?**
**Can we make our airport terminals as a showcase for green energy platform and  Green Building Design?**

## Today, air travel is responsible for 1.6% of carbon dioxide emissions. (It is projected to be tripled by 2050 if the air travel grows at a steady annual rate of 5 %)

**Today, air travel is responsible for 1.6% of carbon dioxide emissions. (It is projected to be tripled by 2050 if the air travel grows at a steady annual rate of 5 %)**
**Additional outputs such as nitrous oxide and particulates magnify the emissions to much higher levels which cause green house effect.**

## 12% of global aviation CO2 emissions could be saved if air traffic control systems were made more efficient. 

**12% of global aviation CO****2**** emissions could be saved if air traffic control systems were made more efficient. **

## International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that aviation accounts for around 3.5% of the total human contribution to climate change. 

**By 2050, the IPCC estimates  that aviation will account for up to 15% of the human contribution to climate change.**

## Aircraft are becoming greener !

**Aircraft are becoming greener !**

**     ****Aircraft    manufacturers    have     delivered impressive improvements in fuel efficiency  over the past 30 years. European manufacturers have set a target for new aircraft in 2020 to be  50% more efficient than those built  in 2000.**

## Boeing uses composite materials to  build a large part of the Boeing 787.    (Boeing 787 Dreamliner will use 20%  less fuel per passenger )

**The  Airbus  A380  has  a  very  low   fuel consumption  of  just  3  litres per passenger per 100 km. It generates as little as 75 grams CO****2**** per passenger  km. By comparison, the European car industry is aiming to reach 140 grams  of CO****2**** per km in 2009.**

**The aviation industry is developing and testing other potential alternative fuels for aviation (biofuels).**

## Airport terminals  are becoming greener too!

**Existing airports are being refurbished to be more energy-efficient. For example, Munich Airport uses roof top solar-panels which are connected to the airport power grid. The system generates around 520,000 kilowatt hours of electricity from the sun. Over its expected life this system will save about 14,000 tonnes of emitted CO****2**

**Airport terminals  are becoming greener too!**

## Many vehicles move around an airport transporting people, baggage, catering and fuel. Many airports are retrofitting or replacing such vehicles with ones that run on alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas or electricity. For example, Frankfurt International Airport, is currently conducting a field trial of hydrogen-powered vehicles in a real operational environment.

## TOTAL :        1.4 Billion Passengers

**TOTAL :        1.4 Billion Passengers**

## World’s Top 30 Busiest Airports (Based on Total Passenger Traffic)

**Busiest        USA Airport Terminals**
** ****767,000,000 passengers**
**( 55  %)**

**World’s Top 30 Busiest Airports (Based on Total Passenger Traffic)**

**Busiest        Other Airport Terminals  Worldwide**
**630,000,000 passengers**
**( 45  %)**

## North    America        1.5 Billion passengers

**North    America        1.5 Billion passengers**
** ****35.7 %**

**Europe             1.3 Billion passengers**
**31 %**

**ROW          1.4 Billion passengers**
**33.3 %**

**Worldwide Airline Passenger Traffic (2006)                                       **Courtesy of  AIRPORT Council International (ACI)

## At the top 30 busiest airports with more than 30 million passenger traffic annually, the share of HVAC and lighting can be as high as 85 % of the energy demand

**At the top 30 busiest airports with more than 30 million passenger traffic annually, the share of HVAC and lighting can be as high as 85 % of the energy demand**

## JFK  Airport  consists of 4,930 acres, including 880 acres in the Central Terminal Area (CTA). 

- 6th busiest US airport with an annual passenger traffic of 49 million. (Ranks 13th among the world’s busiest airports)
*JFK Airport Power Plant*Uses gas-fired electric generation technology
- Generates more than enough electricity for the entire airport
- Plant output : 90 megawatts
***Does not use any renewable energy source.***

## The  amount   of solar radiation  striking  the  earth every  72  hours is equivalent to all the energy  stored  in  the planet’s coal, oil,  and natural  gas  reserves combined.

**The  amount   of solar radiation  striking  the  earth every  72  hours is equivalent to all the energy  stored  in  the planet’s coal, oil,  and natural  gas  reserves combined.**

## August 2005

**August 2005**

**FedEx activated California’s largest corporate solar power installation at its Oakland, California terminal. The 81,000 square feet of roof space at the facility is covered with more than 5,700 solar electric panels **

## This 904 kW  FedEx PV system can produce the equivalent of power used by more than 900 homes during the daytime, meeting up to 80 percent of the hub facility’s peak energy demand.

## More than 2 billion kilowatt hours of renewable energy generated by sunlight in the first two years of operation 

- More than 2 billion kilowatt hours of renewable energy generated by sunlight in the first two years of operation
- Saved 342 tons of carbon dioxide from being emitted into the atmosphere – equivalent to 96 acres of forest saved, or not driving 850,000 miles annually

## The system will reduce demand on the utility grid and will serve as an additional source of power capacity to benefit businesses and residents of California. During periods when the energy generated by the system is greater than is needed to power the facility, the surplus energy will be transferred into the utility grid for general use

**The system will reduce demand on the utility grid and will serve as an additional source of power capacity to benefit businesses and residents of California. During periods when the energy generated by the system is greater than is needed to power the facility, the surplus energy will be transferred into the utility grid for general use**

## Designed to meet the hub’s enormous electrical needs, the eco-conscious solar-powered design helps FedEx to minimize our carbon footprint and contribute towards reducing our dependence on dwindling fossil fuels.  

- Designed to meet the hub’s enormous electrical needs, the eco-conscious solar-powered design helps FedEx to minimize our carbon footprint and contribute towards reducing our dependence on dwindling fossil fuels.
- Over its 30-year life cycle this plant will offset 12,000 tons of carbon dioxide – the equivalent of removing 2,400 cars from the road.

## FedEx is building two new solar facilities in Fontana and Whittier, California, that will provide a combined 550 KW of power. 

**FedEx is building two new solar facilities in Fontana and Whittier, California, that will provide a combined 550 KW of power. **
**FedEx has partnered with a lighting manufacturer to develop a custom facility lighting solution that reduces energy consumption by up to 93%. As an EPA Energy Star partner, they've changed over 3,500 traditional bulbs for energy-efficient compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs**

## Solar Array at Denver International Airport

**Solar Array at** **Denver International Airport**
**In 2008, Denver International Airport will be home to a two-megawatt solar energy system. Currently under construction, the array will be located at the entrance to the main terminal and will consist of a series of ground-mounted tracking solar photovoltaic panels that follow the sun as it moves across the sky. **

## The array is expected to generate 3.5 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of clean electricity annually, helping to reduce DIA's energy costs and avoid pumping over five million pounds of carbon emissions into the atmosphere each year. 

**The array is expected to generate 3.5 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of clean electricity annually, helping to reduce DIA's energy costs and avoid pumping over five million pounds of carbon emissions into the atmosphere each year.**
**DIA is the fifth busiest (passenger traffic) in the United States. ( Handles 50 million passengers annually)**

**Solar Array at** **Denver International Airport**

## San Francisco International Airport  harnesses solar power

-  _[  ](file:///pointer)_
- A solar power system being installed on the roof of San Francisco International Airport's Terminal 3, together with additional planned energy efficiency projects at the airport, is expected to reduce energy use by 15 percent within a few years.

## The solar modules are expected to generate a yearly savings of 628,000 kilowatt hours, enough to provide energy for 300 homes. 

- The solar modules are expected to generate a yearly savings of 628,000 kilowatt hours, enough to provide energy for 300 homes.
- It is also expected that the solar energy will be sufficient to power all the daytime lighting at Terminal 3.
- The project is a joint effort between San Francisco International Airport and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.
- The city is planning  to install additional solar systems to generate more than 2 megawatts of power for municipal buildings by year's end.
- Which will  provide an environmental savings that is the equivalent of planting 700,000 trees.

## Project:  San Francisco International Airport is in the process of installing a 445kW solar array. The 2,832 solar panels will be placed on the roof of the Domestic Terminal 3 building. In conjunction with a newly completed project to replace over 6,000 old lighting fixtures with more efficient, brighter lighting, the solar system will provide enough power for all daytime lighting needs within Terminal 3.

**Project:  **San Francisco International Airport is in the process of installing a 445kW solar array. The 2,832 solar panels will be placed on the roof of the Domestic Terminal 3 building. In conjunction with a newly completed project to replace over 6,000 old lighting fixtures with more efficient, brighter lighting, the solar system will provide enough power for all daytime lighting needs within Terminal 3.
**Results**
- The city owned solar array will contribute approximately 628,000 kilowatt hours (kwhr) yearly of totally “green”, non-polluting electrical power while also reducing 7,200 tonnes of carbon dioxide over its 30 year life.

## Fresno Yosemite International Airport 

**Fresno Yosemite International Airport**** **
**The 2-megawatt installation of solar panels are  scheduled for completion by early 2008. It is the largest solar project at any airport in the United States.****Approximately five acres of raised solar panels will not only provide electricity but shade for rental car lots. An additional 20 acres of ground mounted photovoltaic arrays were approved by the FAA for installation in a portion of the airport's approach zone where occupied structures are not allowed, so otherwise unused real estate becomes a valuable asset.**
**Fresno Yosemite International Airport is the major air transportation center for the City of Fresno and the San Joaquin Valley region. In 2006 it connected more than 1.2 million passengers to destination throughout the United States and Mexico. **

## Munich International Airport, Germany 

**Munich International Airport, Germany **

**34 million passengers in 2007**
**  ****7****th**** busiest airport in Europe   **

## Munich International Airport, Germany 

**Munich International Airport, Germany **

**In August 2002 the photovoltaic solar panels with a 300 KW capacity was installed by BP Solar on the roof of the check-in concourse of the new Terminal 2.**

## Terminal 2

**Terminal 2**

**Munich International Airport, Germany **

** ****Terminal Roof Holds 300KW phoyovoltaic solar panels**

## Munich International Airport, Germany 

**Munich International Airport, Germany **

** ****One of the largest solar facilities of its kind**
** ****produces an average of approximately 500,000kWh per year**
** ****represents the electricity needs of about 200 households**

## The 500 kW sound-barrier with ceramic based PV modules installed next to the Munich airport.

**The 500 kW sound-barrier with ceramic based PV modules installed next to the Munich airport.**

## The Munich Airport will feature the world ́s largest parking guide system, engineered by Siemens. This parking guide system will control 15,000 parking spaces. It is already in place in the Terminal 1 parking garage and is expected to work at full capacity in 2009. 

**The Munich Airport will feature the world ́s largest parking guide system, engineered by Siemens. This parking guide system will control 15,000 parking spaces. It is already in place in the Terminal 1 parking garage and is expected to work at full capacity in 2009. **

## Munich Airport, Germany

**Munich Airport, Germany**
** ****Recycling de-icing fluid **
**	****Aircrafts are de-iced on specially designated, remote areas at the airport, which are provided with a recovery system for de-icing fluids. Sprayed fluid that falls onto the de-icing areas is channeled – along with melted ice and snow – via gutters into large subterranean storage tanks. This mixture is then trucked to the recycling facility, refined and distilled, enabling the glycol-based de-icing agent to be recovered. It is then mixed with additives to produce de-icing fluid, which, after laboratory analysis and clearance by the manufacturer, can be used again. This form of recycling produces between 60% and 70% of the airport’s annual de-icing fluid requirements. The process generates ‘waste heat’ as a by-product which helps keep Munich Airport warm. **
**Other airports that recycle the de-icing fluid are: **
**Detroit Metropolitan Airport****	**
**Seattle-Tacoma International Airport **
**Hamburg Airport, Germany ****	**
**Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, USA ****	**

## The Masdar development in Abu Dhabi

**The Masdar development in Abu Dhabi**
**World’s first zero-carbon city**

**100 megawatt solar power plant, with potential to increase to 500 MW capacity  by 2015. **

## The Masdar development in Abu Dhabi

**The Masdar development in Abu Dhabi**
**World’s first zero-carbon city**
**World’s largest scale Solar Power Plant**
**First Hydrogen Production plant**
**Wind farms**
**Fuel Cell operated vehicles **

## An Overview of

- Photovoltaic Installations

- Worldwide

## World’s Fastest Growing Renewable  Energy Sector : Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

**New York City           5 KW**

**Battery Park City, New York 33 KW**

**PV Panels as Noise Barriers, Switzerland**

**Europe’s first solar-power-assisted train. (ITALY)**

**World’s biggest stadium with an integrated solar power plant,  Switzerland. ( 850 kW)**

## Photovoltaic (PV)

**Worldwide average annual growth rate in PV installations reached 40 %.**

**Worldwide PV Installations have been tripled in the past decade by reaching close to 2.0 GW cumulative capacity .**

## Worldwide Cumulative PV Installations (2006)

## Japan’s PV Installation 2010 Target

**Japan’s PV Installation 2010 Target**

## EU’s PV Installation 2010 Target

**EU’s PV Installation 2010 Target**

## United States PV Installation          2010 Target

## Germany’s introduction of the feed-in tariff produced a dramatic jump in installed solar power systems in 2000 and following years. 

**Germany’s introduction of the feed-in tariff produced a dramatic jump in installed solar power systems in 2000 and following years. **

## Japan’s solar power program has reduced solar power system prices by more than 50% and increased the number of installations from 500 systems to more than 100,000 in just 10 years, 

## How can we create  rapid growth in PV installations  in the United States?

**                                                                      **
**2. By introducing the Feed-in-law that encourages private businesses to invest in the  large scale PV systems (This is widely used in Europe)**
**3. By encouraging home owners to take advantage of  the rebates offered by the local utility companies for the installation of residential PV systems .**

**How can we create  rapid growth in PV installations  in the United States?**

## California PV Market

**California is the dominant PV market in the US ( more than 70 % of US installations) and the THIRD fastest growing PV market in the world. **
**The California Public Utilities Commission recently created an 11-year, $3.2 billion program to provide homeowners and businesses with rebates for installing grid-connected PV. **
**Within three years, the annual PV market in California will exceed the entire US market in 2005.**

**California PV Market**

## California is the leader of US Grid-Tied  PV Market

**California is the leader of US Grid-Tied  PV Market**

**Building Integrated PV (BIPV) **
**Lehrter Bahnhof **
**Berlin, Germany**
**325 KW capacity**

## 11,000 PV modules – 2.0 MW GERMANY)

**11,000 PV modules – 2.0 MW GERMANY)**

**2.0 MW  PV FARM - GERMANY**

## Amersfoort  Project, the Netherlands

**Amersfoort  Project, the Netherlands**
**1 MW Solar Photovoltaic Electric, 500 Homes**

## Amersfoort  Project, the Netherlands

**Amersfoort  Project, the Netherlands**

## 3.6 MW plant -Tuscon, ARIZONA

**3.6 MW plant -Tuscon, ARIZONA**

## PV-shaded Parking Lots 

***PV-shaded parking in Los Angeles, California***** **

***PV-shaded parking in San Diego, California***** **

**PV-shaded Parking Lots **

## Solar Groves

## Solar Groves

## Solar Park, Bavaria Germany, 10 MW capacity

**Solar Park, Bavaria Germany, 10 MW capacity**

## BMW Showroom

**BMW Showroom**

**Roof Integrated Solar PV Panels with 325 KW capacity**

## Serpa Power Plant, Portugal - 11 MW 

**Serpa Power Plant, Portugal - 11 MW **

## Nellis Air Force Base, NV - 15 MW 

**Nellis Air Force Base, NV - 15 MW **

## Isla Mayor Power Plant, Spain - 8.4 MW 

**Isla Mayor Power Plant, Spain - 8.4 MW **

## Spain 

**Spain **

## Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) encourage the large scale PV and Wind Projects

**Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) encourage the large scale PV and Wind Projects**

**Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (May 2006) © DSIRE**

## Solar Airports

- Can they be a  Multi-billion Dollar PV Market ?

## Airports are typically large, isolated, shade-free structures that are visited by millions of people every year presenting the perfect

**platform for PV both in terms of available solar resource and for awareness raising of the technology with the public. **

## Since the airports are typically shade-free structures, it is very attractive to install PV panels where the system will work more efficiently without a shading factor than any other solar PV  applications .

**Airports consume very large amounts of electricity  and installing the Solar Panels right next to the terminals, will cut down the power transmission losses which normally can reach as high as 30 %.**

## 60 % of the electricity in the United States is used for lighting. Large airports are the best examples for continuous lighting which makes the airports one of the best candidates for solar PV installations.

## Ricardo Ruther and Priscila Braun suggest in their publication “Solar Airports – A Future Multibillion Euro PV Market” that a small amount of surcharge paid by each airline passenger, (2 Euros / passenger / flight) can convert all airports in Brazil to 100 % solar in 10 years. 

## Using a polluter-pays approach, levying passengers

- through a surcharge in airport departure taxes can straightforwardly finance BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) in airports. This  surcharge would be enough to make each and every airport 100 % solar worldwide ina period of 10 to 15 years without the need for any external funding.
- The potential is huge and could trigger the economies of
- scale that PV is still lacking in order to become  mainstream.
- Considering worldwide 4.2 billion air passenger traffic in 2006, if such surcharge existed, an 8.4 billion euros ( $ 14 Billion US Dollars) of renewable energy fund could be created. This would  correspond to approximately 2 GW yearly additional installation and generation of solar power worldwide.

## Bibliography:

**http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/cs_ca_substation.html **
**http://www.pvresources.com/en/top50pv.php**
**http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=473225. **
**http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update52_data.htm#table6**

**Bibliography:**

** ****6.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic#2007**
**_year_to_date_statistics**

** ****7.    http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/PR_030706_**
**May_Stats.pdf**

**8. http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Publications/ACI%20Annual%20Report%202006%20**
**FINAL.pdf**

**9. http://www.panynj.gov/aviation/jhisfram.htm**

**10. http://www.panynj.gov/aviation/oaframe.HTM (other airports)**