# Presentation: 789265

## Outline for Heavy Quark DR Review, 8:30A -1:00P, 
Thursday April 26, 2007, Canyon Complex Room 167

Introduction to heavy quark program - Pat McGaughey 	(20+10 min.)  	 8:30-9:00

Experiment :
Simulations of physics performance - Hubert van Hecke 	(10+5 min.)  	 9:00-9:15
Vertex detector and front end electronics - Gary Grim 	(15+5 min.)  	 9:15-9:35
Pixel planes and high density interconnect - Gerd Kunde 	(20+5 min)  	 9:35-10:00
Readout electronics - Mark Prokop 			(10+5 min.)	 10:00-10:15
Break : 						(10 min.)		10:15-10:25

Theory :
	Theory intro, Non-equilibrium studies of QGP - Emil  Mottola (20+5 min.) 	 10:25-10:50
	Energy loss and flow of heavy quarks - Ivan  Vitev (15+5 min.)  		 10:50-11:10
	Lattice calculations of heavy quarks and EOS - Rajan  Gupta (15+5 min.)  	 11:10-11:30

Wrapup - Pat  (5 min.)  						11:30-11:35

Closed committee session : (30 min.) 					11:35-12:05
Lunch, meeting with PI and committee  		 		12:05-1:00

**Thursday April 26, 2007, Canyon Complex Room 167**
**Introduction to heavy quark program** - Pat McGaughey 	(20+10 min.)  	 8:30-9:00
**Experiment :**
- Simulations of physics performance - Hubert van Hecke 	(10+5 min.)  	 9:00-9:15
- Vertex detector and front end electronics - Gary Grim 	(15+5 min.)  	 9:15-9:35
- Pixel planes and high density interconnect - Gerd Kunde 	(20+5 min)  	 9:35-10:00
- Readout electronics - Mark Prokop 			(10+5 min.)	 10:00-10:15
**Break **: 						(10 min.)		10:15-10:25
**Theory :**
- 	Theory intro, Non-equilibrium studies of QGP - Emil  Mottola (20+5 min.) 	 10:25-10:50
- 	Energy loss and flow of heavy quarks - Ivan  Vitev (15+5 min.)  		 10:50-11:10
- 	Lattice calculations of heavy quarks and EOS - Rajan  Gupta (15+5 min.)  	 11:10-11:30
**Wrapup** - Pat  (5 min.)  						11:30-11:35
**Closed committee session **: (30 min.) 					11:35-12:05
**Lunch, **meeting with PI and committee  		 		12:05-1:00

## Heavy Quarks as a Probe of a New State of Matter 

**Heavy Quarks as a Probe of a ****New State of Matter**

**DR Review 4/26/07**

**Project Goals : **
** ****Measure heavy quark suppression and flow to determine the properties of QGP, **
**   ****using a state-of-the-art silicon vertex detector**
** ****Develop theoretical tools necessary to **
**   ****interpret the data.**

**Supported by LANL LDRD Grant, ~1.25 M$ / yr for FY06-08**
**LANL groups P-23, P-25, T-8, T-16**

**PI : Patrick L. McGaughey, P-25**

**A ****new state of matter****, the quark-gluon plasma (****QGP****) has been detected in relativistic heavy ion collisions at BNL**

## The Relativistic Heavy Ion Program

**The Relativistic Heavy Ion Program**

**H.Politzer, Phys.Rev.Lett. 30, (1973)**

**D. Gross, H.D.Politzer, F.Wilczek**

** ****Fundamental theory**** (QCD) predicts the existence of  **
**  ****a new state of matter - the ****quark-gluon plasma****  (QGP)**

**2004 Nobel Prize in QCD Physics:**

*** ******Are there new states of matter at exceedingly ***
***   ******high density and temperature?***

**From : National Research Council**

**One of the Eleven Science Questions **
**for the 21st Century -**

** ****Most extreme**** and ****strongly  interacting**** **
**   ****matter yet created**
** ****Recreates conditions of ****early Universe****  **
** ****Q****uantitatively establishes**** QGP properties**
** ****Highest priority**** of national nuclear physics  **
**  ****program**

**RHIC  Physics**

## The Big Bang and Little Bang

**Recreating the Early Universe in the Laboratory**

- 10-24s

- 10-22s

- 10-8s

**Understanding matter at extreme density and temperature**

**QGP**

**Au+Au**

- 1012 deg

- , K

- Detected tracks

## Introduction

**A ****new state of matter****, the quark-gluon plasma (****QGP****),      is being probed in collisions of heavy ions at RHIC. QGP is composed of de-confined quarks and gluons**
**Heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are the cleanest probe of QGP. Next frontier of QGP physics**
**We are constructing a forward silicon micro-vertex detector (iFVTX) ******** unique heavy quark experimental capability. State-of-the-art detectors and electronics**
**Close collaboration between theory, simulation and experiment**
** **
**Detailed determination**** of QGP properties**

## Evidence for Strongly Interacting Opaque Plasma

**Au+Au**

**d+Au**

**Energetic quarks undergo **
**large energy loss**** in the QGP**

**Au******

******Au**

**R****AA**

**Strong suppression**** of pions **
**from Au+Au versus p+p and d+Au collisions**

**Evidence for Strongly Interacting Opaque Plasma**

**Data – PHENIX (from cover of PRL!) **
**Predictions – Vitev, LANL JRO**

**Absence of QGP effect**** **

-  production

**QGP**

## Evidence for the Quark-Gluon Plasma –  Hydrodynamic Flow

**Evidence for the Quark-Gluon Plasma ****–  Hydrodynamic Flow**

- First time hydro limit with
- QGP equation-of-state is reached in heavy ion collisions!

- No Flow

- Au

- Au

- QGP

**What is flow? - Asymmetry in direction of **
**produced particles due to pressure gradients **
**in collision region**** ******** ****hydrodynamic behavior**
****** ****v****2**** > 0**

## Why Measure Heavy Quarks ?

-   **Charm and beauty quarks produced ****early**** in the**
**   ****collision.  ****Survive**** throughout plasma formation and decay.**
**  ****Large masses ****(~1.5, 5 GeV)**** ******** precise calculations.**
**  ****Mass dependence of heavy quark diffusion determines QGP**
**   ****properties ******** ****viscosity and conductivity.**
**  ****Yields of bound heavy quark pairs compared with lattice simulations  ******** ****energy density and temperature.**** **
**  ****Light versus heavy quark suppression distinguishes between   **
**   ****energy loss**** models for the QGP.**

** ****= momentum transfer**
****** ****= mean free path**

- c  120m

## Heavy Flavor Suppression in Au+Au

**Heavy Flavor Suppression in Au+Au**

- D, B  e + X

- Suppression

**Indications of heavy quark **
**suppression and flow in Au+Au **
**collisions at y=0, but :**
**Large systematic errors due to **
**	****poor signal/background.**** (measures sum of all electron sources)**
**Separation of charm from**
**	****beauty was not possible.**
**Rapidity dependence needed to separate QGP effects from cold nuclear matter.**

- Transverse Momentum

- Precise measurements of charm and beauty are needed!
- Can best be done by measuring their lifetime with vertex detector

##  - NLO resummation technique proven correct for QED & QCD

Have calculated Damping Rate / Mean Free Path of electrons in QED plasma, e.g. the damping rate is:  
                        Im HTL = T (2.70)
Method is general : relevant for relaxation processes of QGP which can be determined from microscopic QCD

**E. Mottola et al.**

**I. Vitev et al.**

-  **Thermal field theory studies of the transport coefficients (conductivity and ****   viscosity) in the quark-gluon plasma**

-                          **Theoretical Effort**

-  - NLO resummation technique proven correct for QED & ***QCD***
- Have calculated Damping Rate / Mean Free Path of electrons in QED plasma, e.g. the damping rate is:
-                         Im HTL = T (2.70)
- Method is general : relevant for relaxation processes of QGP which can be determined from microscopic QCD

-  [ Fractional momentum
- loss per unit time ]

-  - Have calculated Drag and diffusion
-    coefficients, confirming partial
-    charm quark thermalization in QGP

-  - Langevin simulations of heavy quark thermalization, suppression and flow

##  Lattice QCD studies of the critical temp. for the QGP phase transition 

- Susceptibility for light quarks, showing
- evidence for QGP transition temp of ~ 190 MeV

- Lattice Size = 8time 323232space
- More realistic quark masses

-  **Lattice QCD studies of the critical temp. for the QGP phase transition**** **

**R. Gupta et al.**

- Status: susceptibilities:  Ntime = 6, 8(Action, Polyakov loop, condensates)

- Goals: Tc, equation of state,
-   spectral functions

-  - Novel heavy flavor suppression mechanism:
-    Collisional dissociation of D, B-mesons in QGP

-    Phenomenological comparison to the large
-    quenching of the electrons, surprisingly similar
-    to that seen for light quarks.

- Suppression of electrons from c,b decays

- Collaborative lattice calculations well underway
- at LLNL blue gene supercomputer

## The PHENIX Muon Detectors

**The PHENIX Muon Detectors**

**Muon Arm**

**Muon Arm**

- Muon trackers were designed and built by LANL

- Au

- Au

- J/+-

- iFVTX

## Pixel-based Vertex Detector (iFVTX)

**Pixel-based Vertex Detector (iFVTX)**

**LANL/ FNAL/ Columbia / UNM / NMSU / ISU collaboration**
**Measures distance of closest approach (DCA) of tracks to the primary vertex**
**4 planes of pixel tiles with FPIX chips bump bonded to silicon sensors**
**Provides a DCA resolution of ****σ****DCA**** <= 100 microns**
**Can send data to prototype trigger**
**Measures : **
**D (charm) ******** μ**** + X**** **
**B (beauty)******** μ**** + X**
**by making a vertex cut based **
**  ****on the DCA**

## iFVTX Design

****

**  ****4 Tracking stations composed **
**    ****of Si pixels **
**   ****Cover ~ 1/8 of one muon arm **
**   ****Electronics recently developed **
**    ****by FNAL. Low power, high **
**    ****speed and high resolution.**

**iFVTX Design**

**400 ********m**

**50 ********m**

**Pixels**

- 8 chip readout

**Pixel Module**

- Silicon Sensor

- HDI

- 7 cm

**Au**

**Au**

## Status - Simulations (Hubert)

**Monte-Carlo simulations of heavy quark decays - done**
**Simulation of PHENIX geometry with vertex detector - done**
**Physics performance studied:**
**Good vertex resolution (****< 100 um in DCA****)**
**Excellent charm rates**
**Good separation of heavy quark decays from backgrounds.**
**Integrated with PHENIX simulation and analysis software**

## Status - Detector Elements (Gary)

**Silicon Pixel Sensors**
**Fabricated and tested. Excellent yields (~93%)**
**Front End Chip (FPIX2)**
**Fabricated and tested. Good yield (~82%)**
**Flip Chip Assembly of Pixel Hybrids (Bump Bonding)**
**15 prototype 8-chip modules delivered, initial tests good**
**High Density Interconnect (Kapton bus)**
**Prototypes delivered, working.**

- Sensor
- wafer

- Pixel
- hybrids

## Status - Mechanical (Gerd)

**Pixel Plane (printed circuit board)**
**Designed, being fabricated**
**Mechanical Support Structure**
**Design underway**
**Finite Element Analysis of Pixel Modules Completed**
**Good stability versus temperature**
**Cooling System**
**Heat load < 200 watts removed by liquid cooling**

- Pixel
- Plane
- layout

## Status - DAQ (Mark)

**Pixel Module Test Stand and software are working**
**Calibration and monitoring system prototyped and working.**
** ****Readout designed: **
**Major elements prototyped and working.**
**Studies of pixel module completed with test stand and underway with ROC/FEM – ****excellent noise and thresholds**

## Hardware Completion Schedule

** ****FY06 : HDI designed****	****	****	****	****	****done**
** ****First pixel modules flip chip assembled****	****	****done**
** ****Si sensors delivered****	****	****	****	****done**
** ****FPIX2.1 readout chips delivered****	****	****	****done**
** ****Test bench DAQ systems****	****	****	**** done**
** ****FY07 : HDI Production****	****	****	****	****	****05/07**
** ****Pixel plane design and prototype****	****	****	****05/07**
**	**** ****Flip chip Si detectors and FPIX readout chips ****	****08/07**
** ****FY08 : Pixel plane printed circuit boards production****	****10/07**
** ****Pixel module assembly****	****	****	****	****early 08**
** ****DAQ Electronics****	****	****	****	****early 08**
** ****Final vertex detector assembly****	****	****               summer 08**
**	**
** ****FY09 : **** ****Full system testing outside of PHENIX****	****	**** late 08**
**	**** ****Ready for installation in PHENIX, needs VTX for primary**
**	**** ****vertex determination. Useful with p-p, d-Au or Au-Au beams**

## Backup slides

## Budget for FY07, FY08

**MAJOR ITEMS (Annual budget is $1.25M thru FY08):**
** ****FY07 : HDI Production****	****	****	****	****	****FNAL**
** ****Pixel plane design and prototype****	****	****	****$80K**
**	**** ****Flip chip Si detectors and FPIX readout chips ****	****$220K**
**	**** ****DAQ electronics design and prototypes****	****	****$50K**
**	**** ****Mechanical design and support structure****	****	****$100K**
**	**** ****Manpower - Experiment+Theory****	****	****$592K**
** ****FY08 : Assemble pixel modules****	****	****	****	****$$**
**	**** ****Pixel plane assembly****	****	****	****	****$$**
** ****DAQ Electronics****	****	****	****	****$$****	**
** ****Manpower - Experiment+Theory****	****	****$830K**
** ****FY09 : Will request some manpower support for installation into**
**	**** ****PHENIX, operation and data analysis**
**	**

## Why LANL?  

** ****Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics is a ****strategic priority of  LDRD****  **
**  ****DR program ****(Sec. 7.3 Nuclear matter under extreme conditions)**
** ****Extensive experience**** - P-25 developed muon physics program**
**  ****of PHENIX. We built the muon trackers at RHIC and vertex**
**  ****detectors at CERN and FNAL**
** ****Convergence of theory, simulation and experiment**** - T- 8 and **
**  ****T - 16  expertise in non-equilibrium field theory, lattice QCD   **
**  ****simulations and perturbative QCD predictions**
** ****Essential LANL capability**** development - Science Based **
**  ****Prediction for matter under extreme conditions**
** ****Recruitment of outstanding staff**** - Oppenheimer fellow **
**  ****Ivan Vitev (T-16 and P-25) is one of the world’s experts in  **
**  ****relativistic heavy-ion theory**

## Why Now?

**  ****Successful ER**** forward silicon design ****program completed**** **
**   ****(2004), electronics just now available**
**  ****First direct measurement of heavy quarks at RHIC will ****clinch **
**    ****LANL leadership role**** in national nuclear physics program**
**  ****Successful completion of this R&D expected to ****leverage **
**   ****several**** ****$M in DOE funding**** for full detector covering both **
**   ****PHENIX forward arms**
**  ****Window of opportunity** **to make the pivotal measurements **
**   ****which will ****influence the future of RHIC and heavy ion physics****.**

## Summary

**Definitive Physics of New State of Matter:**
- Charm and beauty production cross sections
- Energy loss and flow of charm and beauty in QGP
- Measurement of QGP properties – energy density, temperature, transport properties, viscosity, conductivity
**State-of-the-Art Silicon Vertex Detector:**
- Si end cap covering 1⁄4 muon arm (4 mini-strip layers)
**Unique Opportunity for new LANL Leadership Role: **
- Theory, simulation and experiment of quark-gluon plasma formation and decay in the laboratory
**Nuclear Science Advisory Council Review**:
- Recommends highest priority of RHIC upgrades for PHENIX vertex detector

## PHENIX Decadal Plan

## Heavy Quark Yields*, for 1/8 of a Muon Arm

| Run | Ions | Luminos. on tape | D   triggered
counts | B   triggered
counts | BJ/   with 1  in SiVTX |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | p+p | 67 pb-1 | 28*106 | 24*103 | 240 |
| 2008 | Au+Au | 760 ub-1 | 8*106 | 6*103 | 160 |

-  Rates before application of a
-   vertex cut.

-   Z-Vertex
- Resolution,
-       m

- Muon Momentum, GeV

## FNAL Readout Chip Comparison

| Chip
All 50 μm
spacing | Noise
Threshold σ | Ministrip | Readout type
speed | Trigger possible | Power
per chan | Geometry r-phi |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SVX4
128 ch | S/N -12/1
 | yes | Pipeline
53 MHz | no | 2 mW | yes |
| FSSR
128 ch | 250 e
440 e | yes | Data push
840 Mb | yes | 3 mW | yes
 |
| FPIX
2816 ch | 220 e
125 e | no | Data Push
840 Mb | yes | 90 μW | no |

**Signal = 24000 e for 300 μm Si Sensor.**

**FSSR  and FPIX chip are good candidates for LDRD project**

## What is innovative about this silicon detector technology?  A New Readout Paradigm 

- World’s fastest chips (840 Mbit/sec), 0.25um CMOS, developed by FNAL.
- Hits are read out in real-time,  direct triggering.
- Lowest power per pixel and lowest noise (90 uW, 220e-).
- Large channel count per chip (up to 2816).
- Our vertex detector is first to use this new technology.
- Prototypes being tested at LANL and FNAL.

- FPIX2.1
- Readout
- Chip
- 128 column
-  x 22 rows