# Presentation: 376446

## 2008 Aerosol Update

**2008 Aerosol Update**
- Goddard Space Flight Center
- Peter Colarco, Code 613.3
- Robert Levy, SSAI/Code 613.2
- Santiago Gassó, GEST/Code 613.2
- Ellsworth Welton, Code 613.1
- Tom Eck, GEST/Code 614.4

## Update Agenda

**Purpose****	****	**What is Aerocenter?
**	****	****	****	**What have we been up to?
**	****	****	****	**What do we think about the future?
**Context****	**	Synthesis talks around four science questions
*How is the atmospheric aerosol changing on global and**	**	*Ralph Kahn
*	**regional scales?*
*How do aerosols affect storms and the hydrologic cycle?**	**	*William Lau
*How do aerosols and clouds affect the polar climate?**	**	**	*Dorothy Koch
*How do aerosols affect air quality, the human environment, **	**	*Mian Chin
*	**and natural ecosystems?*
**Wrap-Up**		Where do we go from here?
*Summary**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	** **	**	*Robert Levy
*Additional Aerosol/Cloud/Ecosystem (ACE) Concept Studies**	**	*Mark Schoeberl

## History of Aerocenter

**History of Aerocenter**

- Yoram Kaufman proposed the idea for Aerocenter as a Center of Excellence for Aerosol Research in an unsolicited proposal to NASA HQ in August 2000
- data center for distributing data and tools
- organize the people already here in a cross-disciplinary way
- visitor’s program to provide constant new people and ideas to Goddard
- Coincided with Franco Einaudi’s cross-cutting themes for Earth Sciences Division
- Seminar series began in 2001
- Visitor program funded for 2002
- First Aerosol Update in 2003
- Web site: http://aerocenter.gsfc.nasa.gov
- Email list: 170 subscribers
- 	1⁄3 NASA, 1⁄3 GEST, 1⁄3 other
- Bi-weekly seminar series, paper discussions

## Aerosol Levers on Climate System

- IPCC AR4 Working Group, 2007

- Aerosols

## Aerosol Compositional Challenge

**Sulfate - SU**
**Nitrate - NO3**
**Ammonium - NH4**
**Water - H2O**
**Black carbon - BC**
**Organic carbon- OC**
**Dust - DU**
**Sea Salt - SS**

- Bauer et al, submitted to *Atmos. Chem Phys.* 2008: The Multiconfiguration Aerosol TRacker of mIXing state MATRIX, an aerosol microphysical module for global atmospheric models

**Aerosol Compositional Challenge**

## Aerosol Models

- Quick-look forecasts products available at a web site: http://hyperion.gsfc.nasa.gov/People/Colarco/Mission_Support

- Fill in temporal and spatial gaps in our observations (assimilation)
- Inform selection of measurement strageties (OSSEs)
- Short-term chemical weather forecasting (mission support)
- Prediction of future climate

**Aerosol Models**

**Notes:**
Aerosol particles (like dust and smoke) and carbon monoxide are important pollutants in the lower atmosphere and contribute to degraded air quality.  Additionally, aerosol particles scatter and absorb sunlight and infrared radiation and interact with clouds, impacting the Earth radiation budget and complicating the interpretation of satellite observations.

To support NASA satellite and field missions, the NASA GSFC GEOS-4 model is run with an embedded aerosol and carbon monoxide module.  The model is initialized with GMAO data assimilation products and a “chemical weather” forecast is performed, much as a meteorological forecast is done.  The model has run continuously at NASA GSFC since February 2006, generating two 5-day forecasts per day.

Above is a snapshot of the global aerosol distribution from the forecasts on March 20, 2006.  Orange colors are dust; Blue is sea salt; Green is smoke and sulfate; Other colors are mixtures, with the color saturation reflecting the amount of each species.

## Models Need Data

- Huisheng Bian, GEST-UMBC/NASA GSFC Code 613.3

**Models Need Data**

**Evaluate models**

**Say something about climate**

## Synergy of Models and Data

- C. Ichoku, L. Giglio, M. J. Wooster, and L. A. Remer, Global characterization of biomass-burning patterns using satellite measurements of Fire Radiative Energy. Remote Sens. Environ., (In Press), 2008.

**Synergy of Models and Data**

**Notes:**
Author: 	Charles Ichoku
		UMD/ESSIC at NASA/GSFC, Code 613.2
		Phone: 301-614-6212
		Fax: 301-614-6307
		E-mail: ichoku@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov

Data Source: MODIS (on Terra & Aqua) 

Reference:  Ichoku and Kaufman, 2005, IEEE-TGARS, vol. 43, No. 11, Nov. 2005

Figure Description: 
Left Figure: Terra-MODIS measurement of Fire Radiative Power (FRP) on 26-Oct-2003, showing how intense the California fire was relative to those measured in other parts of the world that same day. As the color scale shows, on that day, the California fire had spots with intensities (i.e. FRP values) on the order of 1660 MW per square kilometer (i.e. the size of the resolution cell), while the fires everywhere else in the world had intensities below 300 MW. 

Right Figure: Measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from MODIS on Terra and Aqua were extracted over fires, and subjected to spatial analysis in order to determine the proportion of the AOD due to smoke. Then, using assimilated wind field data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis project, this AOD smoke fraction was re-analyzed to determine the rate of emission of smoke particulates per unit time (in kg/s). Such smoke emission rates were calculated over Canada for all MODIS overpasses from Terra and Aqua throughout 2002, and plotted against corresponding FRP data (in MW or MJ/s). A least squares linear fit on the resulting scatter plot gave a simple zero-intercept linear equation with a very good correlation both for Terra and Aqua. The slope of the equation is the FRE-based smoke particulate emission coefficient (Ce), which when multiplied by FRP directly yields the rate of emission of smoke particulates or aerosols (even in near real time). Although the example shown is for Canada, the methodology has been implemented successfully in various parts of the world, and is currently being adapted for use in global estimation of smoke emissions.

## Cloud Albedo Effect

- Gassó, S. (2008), "Satellite observations of the impact of weak volcanic activity on marine clouds" , J. Geophys. Res., 113, 27, doi:10.1029/2007JD009106. (In Press, Kaufman Special Issue)

- Volcanic “ship tracks” – a natural laboratory for studying the indirect effect

## Cloud Susceptibility

- Cloud albedo response to changes in cloud microphysics

**Cloud Susceptibility**

- Platnick, S. and L. Oreopoulos, 2008: The radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations, Part I: Theoretical analysis and examples from MODIS. *J. Geophys. Res. ( in revision for Kaufman special issue).*
- Oreopoulos, L. and S. Platnick, 2008: The radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations, Part II: Global analysis from MODIS*. J. Geophys. Res. (in revision for Kaufman special issue).*

**Notes:**
S ~ tau * dR/dtau * re^3
Smaller S over bright surfaces (BB solar albedo): TOA S is higher over ocean not just because the clouds are inherently more susceptible

## Aerosols and Clouds

- Alexander Marshak, Robert Cahalan, NASA GSFC Code 613.2

**Aerosols and Clouds**

## Aerosol Composition

- J.S. Schafer, Eck T.F., Holben B.N., Artaxo P.,Duarte A.F., Characterization of the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols in Amazônia from long-term AERONET monitoring [1993-95;1999-2006], J. Geophys. Res., 2007JD009319, *in Press*.

**Aerosol Composition**

## Aerosol Composition: Aerosol Absorption in Desert Dust

**Aerosol Composition: Aerosol Absorption in Desert Dust**

- Eck, T.F., B. N. Holben, J. S. Reid, A. Sinyuk, O. Dubovik, A. Smirnov, D. Giles, O’Neill, N.T., S.-C. Tsay, Q. Ji, A. Al Mandoos, M. Ramzan Khan,  E. A. Reid, J. S. Schafer,  M. Sorokine, W. Newcomb, and I. Slutsker. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Column Integrated Aerosol Optical Properties in the Southern Arabian Gulf and United Arab Emirates in Summer, In Press, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.

## Combining Data Sources

- Atmospheric correction to retrieve surface

- Surface reflectance to retrieve atmosphere

- 12

- Sinyuk, A., O. Dubovik, B. Holben, T.F. Eck, F-M Breon, J. Martonchik, R. Kahn, D. J. Diner, E. F. Vermote, J-C Roger, T. Lapyonok, and I. Slutsker, Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and surface properties from a combination of AERONET and satellite, Rem. Sens. of Env., 107, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.022.

**Notes:**
Aerosol particles (like dust and smoke) and carbon monoxide are important pollutants in the lower atmosphere and contribute to degraded air quality.  Additionally, aerosol particles scatter and absorb sunlight and infrared radiation and interact with clouds, impacting the Earth radiation budget and complicating the interpretation of satellite observations.

To support NASA satellite and field missions, the NASA GSFC GEOS-4 model is run with an embedded aerosol and carbon monoxide module.  The model is initialized with GMAO data assimilation products and a “chemical weather” forecast is performed, much as a meteorological forecast is done.  The model has run continuously at NASA GSFC since February 2006, generating two 5-day forecasts per day.

Above is a snapshot of the global aerosol distribution from the forecasts on March 20, 2006.  Orange colors are dust; Blue is sea salt; Green is smoke and sulfate; Other colors are mixtures, with the color saturation reflecting the amount of each species.

## Active and Passive Aerosol Physical Property Measurements, Inverse Retrieval Studies and In-Situ Validation, Investigators: Whiteman/GSFC, Veselovskii/UMBC, Ogren/NOAA, Andrews/CIRES, Collaborators: Sinyuk/SSAI, Dubovik/CNRS, Holben/GSFC, Ferrare/LaRC, Hostetler/LaRC, Müller/IfTP, GermanyRecently funded by NASA Radiation Sciences Program

- Joint retrieval of lidar and sun photometer
- Aerosol size distribution measured by lidar at three altitudes

- Raman Lidar Lab
- B33/F421B

- AERONET gives you total columnar information.

**Joint Lidar/AERONET Vertical Composition Information**

- Lidar gives you the vertical information

- Validation campaigns with NOAA AAO, 2009 and 2010

## TAU_ABS  as SSA 

**Aerosol Composition: Enhanced UV Aerosol Absorption**

**TAU_ABS ******** as SSA ******

- Nick Krotkov et al., *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, manuscript in preparation
- Nick Krotkov et al., Aerosol ultraviolet absorption experiment (2002 to 2004) , part 2: absorption optical thickness, refractive index, and single scatter albedo, *Optical Engineering*, 44(4) 041005, 2005.

**Shadowband**

**Shadowband**

- Measurements reveal
- aerosol absorption differences between VIS and UV
- aerosol is more absorbing than black carbon

**Notes:**
Aerosol absorption was larger at UV wavelengths than in VIS !

This could be due to secondary organic aerosols 

## MODIS/OMI Combination to Retrieve Aerosol Height

- S.K. Sateesh, India Institute of Science on sabbatical at GSFC with ORAU

**Notes:**
Aerosol particles (like dust and smoke) and carbon monoxide are important pollutants in the lower atmosphere and contribute to degraded air quality.  Additionally, aerosol particles scatter and absorb sunlight and infrared radiation and interact with clouds, impacting the Earth radiation budget and complicating the interpretation of satellite observations.

To support NASA satellite and field missions, the NASA GSFC GEOS-4 model is run with an embedded aerosol and carbon monoxide module.  The model is initialized with GMAO data assimilation products and a “chemical weather” forecast is performed, much as a meteorological forecast is done.  The model has run continuously at NASA GSFC since February 2006, generating two 5-day forecasts per day.

Above is a snapshot of the global aerosol distribution from the forecasts on March 20, 2006.  Orange colors are dust; Blue is sea salt; Green is smoke and sulfate; Other colors are mixtures, with the color saturation reflecting the amount of each species.

## Summary

## What is a Mission?

- Comprehensive mission involves also
- Extensive calibration and validation
- Ground-based and airborne supporting measurements
- Modeling
- Doing science to answer our questions

**What is a Mission?**

## Slide 20

## Hard Times Café, College Park

**Hard Times Café, College Park**