# Presentation: 737093

## Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings

**by Michael Lane, LC**

## Michael Lane, LC

**Lead lighting specialist at the Lighting Design Lab and has been with the Lab since its inception in 1989. **
**Received Bachelor of Architecture from Washington State University in 1982, and has specialized in the lighting field for over 22 years. **
**Is a member of the IESNA and was in the first class to be Lighting Certified (LC) by NCQLP. **
**Serves on the IESNA Educational Materials, Sustainable Lighting & Energy Management Committees, the ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Committee and the LEED Sustainable Sites Committee. **
**michael@lightingdesignlab.com**

## The “Guide” is intended to provide a simple and easy approach for use by contractors and designers who design and construct office buildings up to 20,000 ft2.

**Notes:**
Building Size: The design guide will focus on small office buildings of 20,000 ft2 or less.  Small buildings (less than 20,000 sq. ft.) comprise the highest percentage of new projects; frequently use the design services of small to mid-size contractors or builders ; and oftentimes do not make use of design professionals. 

Audience.  The primary users and therefore the target audience of the guideline will be the builder and/or designer of small buildings as opposed to the building owner or design professionals typically employed on larger projects.  
Oftentimes construction companies and small 2-3 person design firms do not have sufficient design capabilities to evaluate energy saving design alternatives. They are the ones with the greatest needs for design assistance.  
This audience is also believed to be predominant in the design and construction of small office buildings up to 20,000 sq. ft. - the initial building type addressed by the guide. 
It is hoped that the design assistance offered may be of value to small A&E firms that have little or no opportunity to do research on more efficient design options, who lack extra staff to investigate leading edge solutions, who are looking for value-added concepts to present to project owners, and who wish to differentiate their services and expertise in a competitive market place. 

## Application of the recommendations in the Guide should result in small office buildings with 30% energy savings when compared to those same office buildings designed to the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.

**Notes:**
The 30 percent energy savings value was set to be consistent with LEED criteria.  It is desired that this Guide will be able to be used for LEED compliance. 

## Why the ‘99 version?

**DOE Determination:**
*DOE has issued a determination that the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 will save energy in commercial buildings. This process was completed and signed on July 15, 2002. *
**State Certification**
*Certifications or Requests for Extension of Deadlines, with regard to Standard 90.1-1999, are due at DOE on or before July 15, 2004.*

**Notes:**
The 2001 version will probably not be adopted by DOE as saving energy over the 1999 version. It is more than likely that DOE will fine that the 2004 version will save energy over the 1999 version. Note that it took DOE 2 1⁄2 years to make the 1999 determination and States then had 2 years to show that their standard is as stringent as ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.

## Guiding principles

**Provide a way, **_**but not the only way**_** of achieving 30% energy savings**
**Use energy savings as the independent variable vs. cost effectiveness**
**Use practical, off-the-shelf technology**
**Produce a useful document in a timely manner**
*October 2003 to February 2005 *

**Notes:**
The most important thing to remember is that the guide describes one way to achieve 30% energy savings. There are other ways to achieve the 30% savings which may be just as viable.

Energy savings was the driving factor in the choice of the equipment chosen for this guide. The only cost consideration was that all equipment chosen was available from at least two manufacturers. 

While the document was produced very quickly it did go through three public review periods.    

## The Guide has specific recommendations for...

**Building Envelope**
*Roofs*
*Walls*
*Floors*
*Slabs*
*Doors*
*Vertical Glazing*
*Skylights*
**Lighting**
*Daylighting*
*Interior Electric Lighting*
*Controls*

**HVAC Equipment and Systems**
*Cooling Equipment Efficiencies*
*Heating Equipment Efficiencies*
*Supply Fans*
*Ventilation Control*
*Ducts*
**Service Water Heating**
*Equipment efficiencies*
*Pipe insulation*
**In addition, “Bonus Savings” strategies to improve energy efficiency beyond the 30% are included for:**
*Exterior Façade Lighting*
*Parking Lot Lighting*
*Plug Loads*

**Notes:**
This guide is more than just lighting, it covers the entire building. We will focus on the Lighting aspects of the guide. 

## Where is the Energy Used?

**Notes:**
This slide shows the annual energy use of 4 of the 15 cities that were modeled.
Click 1 – Lighting – note that the lighting is the same for all cities. 5th line in each city is the energy saving percent for each measure for that city.
Click 2 – Cooling, Heating, Fans & Service Water Heating savings. These are all climate dependant and change.
Click 3 – Plug Loads. There was a question if plug loads (computers/fax/copiers) should be included, in the end it was included but no savings were attributed to it, however it does assume the use on some Energy Star Equipment
Click 4 – Total energy use. Note that Seattle only achieved a 25.6% savings but look at the total energy use. Seattle had the lowest initial energy use of these 4 cities (3rd lowest of the 15 cities)

The 15 cities were (in lowest to highest energy use) San Francisco, El Paso, Seattle, Albuquerque, Houston, Memphis, Miami, Phoenix, Baltimore, Boise, Helena, Chicago, Burlington, Duluth,  Fairbanks	

## Climate Zones

**Notes:**
While it is not a factor for lighting

## What are the savings

**Notes:**
EUI is energy per square foot (1000 Btu/sq.ft.) 3.413
This chart is an average of the 5,000 SF and 20,000 SF data for all climate zones.

3 of the modeled sites didn’t achieve the 30% savings. El Paso, Memphis and Seattle if plug loads were included. The committee was initially tasked with including all of the energy in the building, including plug loads. The difficulty of this is that plug loads are very hard to control - they are put in after the building is done, it is almost impossible to control wasn’t the tenant will bring into the space, and how do you measure the base. Use example of computer CRT versus LCD – energy use versus cost versus other benefits (glare on computer screens).

Note that the 3 sites that didn’t meet the 30% savings were generally the lowest energy use per square foot. So a building built to this guide in Seattle would save 27.2% over the ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Standard and use 29400 Btu’s per square foot while the same building built in Chicago would use 39100 Btu’s per square foot (almost 33% more energy), but saved 31.7% over a building built to the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard.

## Baseline assumptions

**Notes:**
Here are the baseline assumptions for Lighting

As per ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 the LPD is 1.3 watts/sf.

Uses the 90.1 office lighting models (we will see these later)
Assumes 70 series T8 lamps and first generation electronic ballasts (62 watts per 2-lamp fixture)

No occupancy or daylight control

## Advanced assumptions

**Notes:**
Light source is High-Performance T8 (See later slide)

0.9 w/sf was the target to go beyond the requirements of 1.0 w/sf in the 90.1-2004 Standard. Note this was a big sticking point among many in the industry because many states will follow the 2004 numbers for their code.

Modified OFF_M-F_LIGHT is that the schedule has been modified to take the occupancy sensors into account. It was also recommended that private offices and support areas be placed on the east and west facades where daylight is harder to control.

Daylight dimming North and South in 12 foot daylight zone. 

## Baseline LPD

- 90.1-1999 LPD

**Notes:**
Floor space allocation is the % of the floor area in a typical office space for that space type.

The LPD’s are the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 model LPD’s

Other - restrooms, electrical/mechanical rooms, stairways, workshops, and others

## Advanced LPD

- AEDG LPD

**Notes:**
Floor space allocation is the % of the floor area in a typical office space for that space type.

The LPD’s are the Advanced Energy Design Guide calculated LPD’s

## Slide 15

## Slide 16

## Lighting Recommendations

## Recommendations for Daylighting Controls

**Dimming controls. **
*In office work areas, continuously dim rather than switch electric lights. *
*Automatic multi-level daylight switching may be used in non-office environments such as hallways, storage, restrooms, lounges, lobbies, etc. *
*Locate luminaires in rows parallel to the window wall and wire each row separately. *
*The daylighting control system and/or photosensor should include a five-minute time delay or other means to avoid cycling.*

**Daylighting**

- PGE Earth Advantage Center; Tualatin, OR

**Notes:**
DL9 Expanded Recommendations for Daylighting Controls (Climate Zones: all)
The following recommendations will be necessary to achieve the 30% energy savings calculated for buildings with a 25% window-wall ratio or higher.
• Dimming controls. In office work areas, continuously dim rather than switch electric lights in response to daylight to minimize employee distraction. Specify dimming ballasts that dim down to at least 20% of full output. Automatic multi-level daylight switching may be used in non-office environments such as hallways, storage, restrooms, lounges, lobbies, etc. Locate luminaires in rows parallel to the window wall and wire each row separately, if located in the daylight zone (within 12 ft from the window wall). The daylighting control system and/or photosensor should include a five-minute time delay or other means to avoid cycling caused by rapidly changing sky conditions and a one-minute fade rate to change the light levels by dimming.

## Task Lighting

**Use “articulated” task lights (i.e., adjustable in three planes by the worker) with compact fluorescent sources for desktops. **
**Provide local switches on task lighting, or connect them to specialized plugstrips controlled by local occupancy sensors. **
**Hardwire the lower output level of a two-stepped T8 electronic ballast for under-cabinet lighting.**

**Electric Lighting**

- Courtesy: Watt Stopper, Luxo

**Notes:**
EL2 Task Lighting (Climate Zones: all)
Consider hardwiring the lower output level of a two-stepped T8 electronic ballast (ballast factor 0.40 to 0.50) for undercabinet lighting, since full output is too bright and wastes energy. Use “articulated” task lights (i.e., adjustable in three planes by the worker) with compact fluorescent sources for desktops. Provide local switches on task lighting, or connect them to specialized plugstrips controlled by local occupancy sensors.

## Reflectance

**A 90% ceiling reflectance is preferred for indirect luminaires and daylighting. **
** ****Avoid shiny surfaces (mirrors, polished metals, or stone) in work areas.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL3 Reflectances (Climate Zones: all)
A 90% ceiling reflectance is preferred for indirect luminaires and daylighting. Reflectance values are available from paint and fabric manufacturers. Reflectances should be verified by the quality assurance provider. Avoid shiny surfaces (mirrors, polished metals, or stone) in work areas. See DL3.

## Lamps and Ballasts

**To achieve the maximum 0.9 W/ft****2**** connected load recommended in chapter 3, “high performance” T8 lamps and program start ballasts were assumed.**

**Premium / Super / Enhanced / High-Lumen T8 lamps:**
**Produce 3,100 initial lumens or more **
**Maintain 2,915 or greater mean lumens **
**Provide 85 or greater Color Rendering Index **
**Achieve a rated life of 24,000 hours or greater (under standard testing procedures).**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL4 Lamps and Ballasts (Climate Zones: all)
To achieve the maximum 0.9 W/ft2 connected load recommended in chapter 3, “high performance” T8 lamps and instant start ballasts were assumed. High-performance T8 lamps are defined, for the purpose of this document, as having a lamp/ballast efficacy of 92 lumens per watt, based on “mean lumens” (published in the lamp catalogs as the degraded lumen output occurring at 40% of the lamp’s rated life) and the input watts of a very efficient two-lamp parallel Instant Start electronic ballast. High-performance T8s also are defined as having a CRI of 85 or higher and a 92% lumen maintenance over their rated life. The higher performance is achieved either by increasing the output (3100 lumens) while keeping the same 32-watt input as standard T8s or by reducing the wattage while keeping the light output similar to standard T8s (e.g., 2750 lumens for 28 watts or 2850 lumens for 30 watts). The higher output 3100-lumen versions are visibly brighter than standard T8s, but a ballast with a BF of 0.77 may be used to provide a more comfortable lamp brightness above work stations without sacrificing efficiency. Program Start ballasts are recommended on frequently switched lamps (switched on and off more than five times a day) because they greatly extend lamp life over frequently switched Instant Start ballasts. Instant Start T8 ballasts typically provide greater energy savings and are the least costly option, plus the parallel operation allows one lamp to operate even if the other burns out. However, an Instant Start ballast may reduce lamp life, especially when controlled by occupancy sensors in rooms such as corridors, toilets, and interior offices. T5 ballasts should always be Program Start.

## Occupancy Sensors

**In private offices, infrared wall box sensors should be pre-set for manual On automatic Off operation. **
**Automatic time scheduling is an alternative to occupancy sensors in open plan offices. **
**In nondaylighted areas, ceiling-mounted occupancy sensors are preferred.**
**Occupancy sensors should be set for medium to high sensitivity and a 15-minute time delay.**

**Electric Lighting**

- Courtesy: Leviton

**Notes:**
EL5 Occupancy Sensors (Climate Zones: all)
The greatest energy savings are achieved with manual On, automatic Off occupancy sensors in daylighted spaces. This avoids unnecessary operation when electric lights are not needed and greatly reduces the frequency of switching. In open plan offices, ceiling-mounted ultrasonic sensors should be connected to an automatic or momentary contact switch so that the operation always reverts to manual On after either manual or automatic turn Off. Automatic time scheduling is an alternative to occupancy sensors in open plan offices. In private offices, infrared wall box sensors should be pre-set for manual On automatic Off operation. In nondaylighted areas, ceiling-mounted occupancy sensors are preferred. In every application it should not be possible for the occupant to override the automatic Off setting, even if set for manual On. Unless otherwise recommended, factory-set occupancy sensors should be set for medium to high sensitivity and a 15-minute time delay (the optimum time to achieve energy savings without excessive loss of lamp life). Work with the manufacturer for proper placement, especially when partial-height partitions are present.

## Fluorescent T5 Sources

**T5HO and T5 lamps may be part of a solution. **
**They have initial lumens per watt that compare favorably to the high-performance T8. **
**T5s use fewer natural resources (glass, metal, phosphors) than a comparable lumen output T8 system. **
**T5s have higher surface brightness and should not be used in open-bottom fixtures.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL9 Fluorescent T5 Sources (Climate Zones: all)
T5HO and T5 lamps may be part of a solution. They have initial lumens per watt that compare favorably to the high-performance T8. In addition to energy, T5s use fewer natural resources (glass, metal, phosphors) than a comparable lumen output T8 system. However, when evaluating the lamp and ballast at the “mean lumens” of the lamps, T5HO lamps perform more poorly. On instant start ballasts, high-performance T8s are 13% more efficient than T5s. In addition, since T5s have higher surface brightness and should not be used in open-bottom fixtures, it may be difficult to achieve the 30% savings and maintain the desired light levels using current T5 technology as the primary light source.

## Light Fixture Distribution

**Direct/indirect luminaries are use as the primary source. **
**Recessed direct fixtures may meet the watts per square foot allowance and the illuminance recommendations for offices.**
**Extensive use of totally indirect luminaires or recessed direct-indirect (coffer-type) fixtures may not achieve the desired light levels while meeting the 0.9 W/ft****2**** goal.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL10 Light Fixture Distribution (Climate Zones: all)
Recessed direct fixtures may meet the watts per square foot allowance and the illuminance recommendations for offices, but they do not provide the same quality of light as pendant direct-indirect lighting fixtures. Extensive use of totally indirect luminaires or recessed direct-indirect (coffer-type) fixtures may not achieve the desired light levels while meeting the 0.9 W/ft2 goal.

## Open Plan Office

**The target lighting in open offices is 30 average maintained footcandles for ambient lighting with a total of at least 50 footcandles provided on the desktop.**
**Use daylight dimming ballasts and photocell control in daylight zone (within 12 feet of window wall) if WWR is greater than 25% in this area. **
**Use occupancy sensor local control or scheduling on all luminaires.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL11 Open Plan Office (Climate Zones: all)
The target lighting in open offices is 30 average maintained footcandles for ambient lighting with a total of at least 50 footcandles provided on the desktop by a combination of the ambient and supplemental task lighting.
Open plan offices account for approximately 20% of the floor area. Assuming an 8 foot by 8 foot work station and a 4 foot center aisle, this layout is about 1.03 W/ft2 including task lighting wattage. Use daylight dimming ballasts and photocell control in daylight zone (within 12 feet of window wall) if WWR is greater than 25% in this area. Use occupancy sensor local control or scheduling on all luminaires.

## 1-lamp direct/indirect

**1-lamp direct/indirect**
**One under-cabinet and one articulated task light**
**41 average FC**

## Slide 27

## Private Office

**The target lighting in private offices is 30 average maintained footcandles for ambient lighting with a total of at least 50 footcandles provided on the desktop. **
**Use occupancy sensor local control.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL12 Private Office (Climate Zones: all)
The target lighting in private offices is 30 average maintained footcandles for ambient lighting with a total of at least 50 footcandles provided on the desktop by a combination of the ambient and supplemental task lighting. Private office plans account for approximately 25% of the floor area. Assuming a 10 foot by 12 foot office, this layout is about 0.94 W/ft2 including task lighting wattage. Use occupancy sensor local control.

## “Guide layout”
3-lamp direct/indirect
Under Cabinet and articulated task light
42 average FC

**“****Guide layout”**
**3-lamp direct/indirect**
**Under Cabinet and articulated task light**
**42 average FC**

**Notes:**
This is the layout shown in the “Guide”. It uses a 3-lamp direct/indirect and both a under-cabinet and a desk mounted task light. Assuming 16 watts for the under-cabinet task light (Hardwire the lower output level of a two-stepped T8 electronic ballast for under-cabinet lighting), and 13 watts for a electronically ballasted desk lamp the 3-lamp pendant can use only 84 watts. 

A 3-lamp instant start uses 85 watts (hard on the lamps with the occupancy sensor)
A 3-lamp program start will use 91 watts. This would use 1.0 watts/sq.ft. not the 0.94 assumed for the private office. However, the ultimate goal is to be a 0.9 watts/sq.ft. With careful planning the ultimate goal can be achieved.

## Same layout without task light.
36 average FC

**Same layout without task light.**
**36 average FC**

## Slide 31

## Lobbies

**The target lighting in the lobby is 10-15 average maintained footcandles.**
**Highlight wall surfaces and building directory.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL13 Lobbies (Climate Zones: all)
The target lighting in the lobby is 10-15 average maintained footcandles. Highlight wall surfaces and building directory.
Lobbies account for approximately 10% of the floor area. The layout in Figure 4-26 is about 1.09 W/ft2.

## Corridors

**The target lighting in the corridors is 5-10 average maintained footcandles. **
**Choose luminaires that light the walls and provide relatively uniform illumination. **
**Optional layouts using one-lamp 1 × 4 or 26-watt CFL sconce or ceiling luminaires may be used to minimize the number of lamp types on the project. **

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL14 Corridors
The target lighting in the corridors is 5-10 average maintained footcandles. Choose luminaires that light the walls and provide relatively uniform illumination. Corridors account for approximately 10% of the floor area. Optional layouts using one-lamp 1 × 4 or 26-watt CFL sconce or ceiling luminaires may be used to minimize the number of lamp types on the project. This layout yields 0.55 W/ft2 when spaced 12 feet on center in a 5-foot-wide corridor.

## Conference/Meeting Rooms

**The target lighting in the conference room is 30-40 average maintained footcandles.**
**Use occupancy sensor local control.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL15 Conference/Meeting Rooms (Climate Zones: all)
The target lighting in the conference room is 30-40 average maintained footcandles.
Use occupancy sensor local control.
Conference rooms account for approximately 10% of the floor area. The layout in Figure 4-28 is about 1.02 W/ft2.

## Storage

**The target lighting in the storage is 5-15 average maintained footcandles.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
EL16 Storage (Climate Zones: all)
The target lighting in the storage is 5-15 average maintained footcandles.
Storage areas account for approximately 15% of the floor area. The layout in
Figure 4-29 is about 0.78 W/ft2.

Note: Lighting in remaining
10% of the office space is
composed of various functions
including restrooms, electrical/
mechanical rooms, stairways,
workshops, and others. Average
the connected load in these
spaces to 0.75 W/ft2, which is
equivalent to about one twolamp
high-performance T8
luminaire every 80 ft2. Use
occupancy sensors or timers
where appropriate.
Figure 4-29. (EL16) Layout for storage area.

## Other Areas

**Lighting in remaining 10% of the office space is composed of various functions including restrooms, electrical/mechanical rooms, stairways, workshops, and others. **
**Average the connected load in these spaces to 0.75 W/ft2, which is equivalent to about one two lamp high-performance T8 luminaire every 80 ft2. **
**Use occupancy sensors or timers where appropriate.**

**Electric Lighting**

**Notes:**
Note: Lighting in remaining 10% of the office space is composed of various functions including restrooms, electrical/mechanical rooms, stairways, workshops, and others. Average the connected load in these spaces to 0.75 W/ft2, which is equivalent to about one two lamp high-performance T8 luminaire every 80 ft2. Use occupancy sensors or timers where appropriate.

## Slide 37

## Energy Saving Ballast Comparison

- Other thoughts

## “The Lighting Design Lab works to transform the Northwest lighting market by promoting quality design and energy efficient technologies.”

*“**The Lighting Design Lab works to transform the Northwest lighting market by promoting quality design and energy efficient technologies.”*

## To reach me

- 1-800-354-3864 x26
- 206-287-5202 fax (computer)
- michael@lightingdesignlab.com
- 400 East Pine, Suite 100
- Seattle, WA  98122
- www.lightingdesignlab.com