# Presentation: 487886

## The DØ Experiment

- Don Lincoln
- Fermilab
- ‘Physics for Everyone’

## Approved

**Approved**
**Don’s Mom**
**Nov 2006**

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## High Energy Particle Physics is a study of the smallest pieces of matter.

It investigates (among other things) the nature of the universe immediately after the Big Bang.

It also explores physics at temperatures not common for the past 15 billion years (or so).

It’s a lot of fun.

- It investigates (among other things) the nature of the universe immediately after the Big Bang.
- It also explores physics at temperatures not common for the past 15 billion years (or so).
- It’s a lot of fun.

- What’s the Point?

## Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(a.k.a. Fermilab)

- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(a.k.a. *Fermilab*)

- Begun in 1968
- First beam 1972 (200, then 400 GeV)
- Upgrade 1983          (900 GeV)
- Upgrade 2001             (980 GeV)

- Jargon alert:  1 Giga Electron Volt
- (GeV) is 100,000 times more energy
- than the particle beam in your TV.
- If you made a beam the hard way,
- it would take 1,000,000,000 batteries

## Particle Acceleration

- _Vocabulary_

- electron

- 1 keV (kilo electron volt)                           1,000  x-rays, TV
- 1 MeV (mega electron volt)               1,000,000  Gamma rays
- 1 GeV (giga electron volt)          1,000,000,000  Big gamma rays
- 1 TeV (tera electron volt)    1,000,000,000,000  Fermilab!

## CDF

- DØ

## Periodic Table

- Proton

- Neutron

- Electron

- Gluons hold quarks together
- Photons hold atoms together

- Helium

- Neon

*All* atoms are made
- of protons, neutrons
- and electrons

## All particles have ‘anti-particles’, which have similar properties, but opposite electrical charge

Particles
u,c,t    +2/3
d,s,b   -1/3
e,,   -1

Anti-particles
u,c,t    -2/3
d,s,b   +1/3
e,,   +1

- Particles
- u,c,t    +2/3
- d,s,b   -1/3
- e,,   -1
- Anti-particles
- u,c,t    -2/3
- d,s,b   +1/3
- e,,   +1

- Anti-Matter

## So what’s the deal on antimatter?

- Fact
- or
- Fiction?

- Nope!

## So what’s the deal on antimatter?

**+**

**=**

- 1 gram of
- matter

- 1 gram of
- antimatter

## So what’s the deal on antimatter?

- FACT: Fermilab has the largest amount of antimatter anywhere on the planet. (10,000,000,000,000 antiprotons right now)

## ×

**×**

- Major destruction

- Houses destroyed
- 25% casualties

- You are here

## FACT: Fermilab has the largest amount of antimatter anywhere on the planet.

- Ummmm...Where’s the exit?

- Question:
- What would happen if you took all of the antimatter ever made at Fermilab and combined it with an equal amount of matter?

## Slide 14

## Consider an Ice Cube

- Heat it and it
- Melts
- Boils
- Turns to steam
- H2O breaks up into hydrogen and oxygen atoms
- The electrons get ripped off the atoms and electrons and atomic nuclei scurry around
- Atomic nuclei get broken up into protons and neutrons
- Protons and neutrons get ripped apart into particles called quarks.
- So lots of energy means very hot temperatures, which in turn means you can look at very small objects.

## Now 
(13.7 billion years)

**Now **
**(13.7 billion years)**

**Stars form**
**(1 billion years)**

**Atoms form **
**(380,000 years)**

**Nuclei form **
**(180 seconds)**

**??? (Before that)**

**Nucleons form    **
**(10****-10**** seconds)**

**Quarks differentiate             (10****-34**** seconds?)**

## How Do You Detect Collisions?

**Use one of two large multi-purpose particle detectors at Fermilab (DØ and CDF).**
**They’re designed to record collisions of protons colliding with antiprotons at nearly the speed of light.**
**They’re cameras.**
**They let us look back in                                     time.**

## DØ Ancient History

- 1985

- 1990

- 1995

- 2000

- First Meeting
- Stony Brook
- July 1983

- Baseline
- Approval from
-  DOE
- November 1984

- Design Collision
- Hall, Do Detector
- R&D (First
- Calorimeter Using
-  Liquid Argon)
- 1985-1987

- Peak Construction
- 1988-1991

- Roll In
- February 1992
- Good Beam
- September 1992

-       Fall 1993, First DØ Paper (Leptoquarks)
-          March 1995, Discovery of Top
-       Fall 2000, 100th DØ Paper (W Boson)
-                                  130th Ph.D.

- Data Taking
- 1992-1996

- Upgrade Detector
- to Utilize Main
- Injector Upgrade
- 1996-2000

- Roll In
- January 2001

## Why DØ?

- Third name: Ask famous Hollywood Star

***And it stuck.......***

## Why DØ?   The Real Reason

- AØ: The High Rise

- BØ: The Competition

- CØ: Open

- FØ: The RF

- EØ: This Space
-         For Rent

- DØ: Fermilab’s Best Detector

## DØ Detector

- Weighs 5000 tons
- Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second
- Will record ~100 collisions/second
- Records approximately 10,000,000 bytes/second
- Will record over 1015  (1,000,000,000,000,000) bytes in this run       (1 PetaByte).

- 30’

- 30’

- 50’

## Slide 22

## Spooky?

*Spooky?*

##   The Main Ring upgrade was completed in 1999.

**Increasing ‘Violence’ **
**of Collision **

**Expected**
**Number**
**of**
**Events**

**Run II**

**Run I**

**Increased reach **
**for discovery physics**
**at highest masses**

**Huge statistics **
**for precision physics**
**at low mass scales**

**Formerly rare processes**
**become high statistics**
**processes**

- 1

- 10

- 100

- 1000

******  ****The Main Ring upgrade was completed in 1999.**
**	****	**** ********  ****The new accelerator increases the number of**
**                      ****possible collisions per second by 20.**
**	****	****	****     ********  ****DØ and CDF have undertaken massive **
**                                       ****upgrades to utilize the increased **
**                                             ****collision rate.**
**	****	****	****	****                  ********  ****Run II began March 2001**

## January 2001

## Slide 26

## The  Fermilab Tevatron is delivering

- 20 times as many collisions per second as Run I (1992-1996).
- The DØ detector required an overhaul in order to cope.

## DØ Fiber Tracker

- covered with
- scintillating fiber
- are read out with
-     a novel light
-     detector (VLPCs).

- VLPCs

- See the Display!

## DØ Silicon Tracker

- 800,000 distinct detector                elements
- Very complex (fragile)
- Absolutely crucial for                    viewing the details of how particles behave near the collision.
- Particles that don’t come from                 the collision point serve as                       ‘flags’ of interesting physics.

## DØ Muon System

- DØ Muon System

- Muons                                                provide a                                                 signature of                                                 many interesting physics events.
- Muons penetrate dense material               for long distances.
- Thus muon detectors are outside              the large amount of metal that makes the rest of the detector.
- The muon system consists of many different detector technologies, and is the physically largest system.

## Run II:  What are we going to find?

*I don’t know!*

- Unlikely, but exciting prospects

- Measure known physics more accurately

## Slide 32

## Slide 33

## “What is now proved was once only imagined” 

- “What is now proved was once only imagined”
- 	            - William Blake

## www-d0.fnal.gov/~lucifer/PowerPoint/D0_Overview.ppt

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