# Presentation: 721394

## ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007

**U.S. Department of Energy****Building Energy Codes Program**

## Why is Standard 90.1-2007 Important?

- It replaces ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004
- It will be the reference standard for the 2009 IECC
- It is the professional “standard of care” set by ASHRAE consensus

**Notes:**
IECC – International Energy Conservation Code
IESNA – Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

## How Can I Get a Copy?

- Standard 90.1-2007 and the Standard 90.1-2007 User’s Manual are available from ASHRAE

**www.ashrae.org**

- 404-636-8400

**Notes:**
The User’s Manual provides great examples that help explain provisions in the Standard.

## Standard 90.1-2007

- Section 1 - Purpose
- Section 2 - Scope
- Section 3 - Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
- Section 4 - Administration and Enforcement
- Section 5 - Building Envelope
- Section 6 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

**Notes:**
This presentation goes through the Standard in the order in which it is printed.

## Standard 90.1-2007

- Section 7 - Service Water Heating
- Section 8 - Power
- Section 9 - Lighting
- Section 10 - Other Equipment
- Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method
- Section 12 - Normative References

## Standard 90.1-2007 Appendices

***A*** – Rated R-Value of Insulation and Assembly U-Factor, C-Factor, and F-Factor Determinations
***B*** – Building Envelope Climate Criteria
***C*** – Methodology for Building Envelope Trade-Off Option in Subsection 5.6
***D*** – Climatic Data
***E*** – Informative References
***F*** – Addenda Description Information (Informative)
***G*** – Performance Rating Method (Informative)

**Notes:**
Appendices A-D are normative appendices and are part of the Standard and are included in the appendix as a matter of convenience.  Appendices F and G are informative appendices and are just for information and are not considered part of the Standard.

## Section 1 - Purpose

- To provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential buildings

**Notes:**
Written in building code language and specifies reasonable design practices and technologies that minimize energy consumption without sacrificing either the comfort or producitivity of the occupants.

## Section 2 - Scope

- New buildings and their systems
- New *portions* of buildings and their systems (additions)
- New systems and equipment in *existing* buildings (alterations)

## Section 2 – Scope (cont’d)

- Envelope
- if heated by a heating system with an output  capacity ≥ 3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or
- if cooled by a cooling system with a sensible output capacity ≥ 5 Btu/h-ft2
- Virtually all mechanical, power, and lighting systems are covered

**Notes:**
Virtually ALL heating and cooling systems in buildings are large enough so that the building would be required to meet envelope requirements.  However, there is a specific set of envelope requirements for buildings with heating systems larger than 3.4 btu/h-ft2, but not large enough to maintain “comfort conditions”.  See discussion of semiheated envelope requirements.  

## Scope Exceptions

**Scope Exceptions**

- Too little heating or cooling
- Single-family, multifamily of three stories or less, manufactured or modular homes
- Buildings that don’t use electricity or fossil fuel
- Equipment and portions of building systems that use energy primarily for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial processes

## Section 3 - Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

- 10 pages of definitions
- 1 page of abbreviations and acronyms
- Defined terms are italicized in text of standard

**Notes:**
Italicized terms in the Standard are defined in this section.  ASHRAE only defines terms when the term is considered to be particularly important, so it’s important to reference the definition.

## Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement

**Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement**

- New buildings, additions to existing buildings, and alterations to existing buildings
- Replacement of portions of existing buildings
- Changes in space conditioning

**Notes:**
Standard applies when previously unconditioned space or semiheated space is converted to conditioned space (either heated or cooled).  Note that if a space is already heated (i.e., conditioned), then adding mechanical cooling doesn’t trigger this requirement.

Alterations – “if you touch it, it must comply”

Repairs – don’t usually need to comply (e.g., replacing a broken window)

## Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement

**Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement**

- Compliance documentation
- Labeling of materials and equipment
- Fenestration, doors, insulation, mechanical equipment, and packaged terminal air conditioners
- Alternative materials and methods of construction
- Inspections

**Notes:**
Labeling
	Fenestration – U-factor, SHGC, and air leakage rate for all manufactured fenestration products must be identified on a permanent nameplate installed on the product by the manufacturer (if no nameplate, installer or supplier must provide a signed and dated certification)
	Doors – U-factor and air leakage rate for all manufactured doors used in the exterior or semi-exterior must be identified on a permanent nameplate installed on the product by the manufacturer (if no nameplate, installer or supplier must provide a signed and dated certification)
	Insulation – the rated R-value must be clearly indicated by an identification mark applied by the manufacturer to each piece of building envelope insulation (certificate for blown-in insulation listing the type of insulation, the manufacturer, rated R-value, and where appropriate, the initial installed thickness, and the coverage area)
	Mechanical Equipment – if not covered by NAECA, must carry a permanent label installed by the manufacturer stating that the equipment complies with the Standard
	Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners – Units with sleeve sizes less than 16 in. x 42 in. must be factory labeled “Manufactured for replacement applications only:  not to be installed in new construction projects.”

Field Inspections – items for inspection include at least:  wall insulation, roof/ceiling insulation, vapor retarders, slab/foundation insulation, mechanical systems, electrical equipment and systems must be available for inspection after installation but before concealment.  Fenestration products must be available for inspection after installation.

## Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement

**Section 4 – Administration and Enforcement**

- Section 4 merely provides the overall statement that new buildings, additions, alterations, replacements, and changes in space conditioning fall under the requirements of the Standard
- Details of which requirements the building must actually meet in various situations are discussed in the technical sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 in the X.1 section named “General”

## Section 4 – Exceptions for Alterations

**Section 4 – Exceptions for Alterations**

**Buildings that are specifically designated as historic **
**by the adopting authority or **
**on the National Register of Historic Places or **
**eligible for listing by the U.S. Secretary of Interior**
**If the the building’s annual energy consumption is the same as a building that meets the requirements of Sections 5-10 **
**verified by a design professional using methods acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction**

**Notes:**
If it’s historic, you don’t have to follow Standard 90.1.

If what you want to do is as good as Standard 90.1 requires, you can probably do it, if you can prove it.  

## Compliance Approaches

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**Other**

**Compliance Approaches**

## Envelope Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**Envelope Compliance**

**Other**

**Notes:**
Grayed out option under Compliance Option is not available for Envelope.  

## Section 5 – Building Envelope

**Section 5 – Building Envelope**

- General *(Section 5.1)*
- Scope
- Space-Conditioning Categories
- Envelope Alterations
- Climate
- Compliance Methods *(Section 5.2)*
- Simplified Building *(Section 5.3)* Not Used
- Mandatory Provisions *(Section 5.4)*
- Insulation
- Fenestration and Doors
- Air Leakage

## Section 5 – Building Envelope (cont’d)

**Section 5 – Building Envelope *****(cont’d)***

- Prescriptive Building Envelope Option *(Section 5.5)*
- Opaque Areas
- Fenestration
- Building Envelope Trade-Off Option *(Section 5.6)*
- Submittals *(Section 5.7)*
- Product Information and Installation Requirements *(Section 5.8)*

## Scope

- Envelope components that enclose
- Conditioned space
- Semiheated space
- Has a heating system with a capacity > 3.4 Btu/h·ft2 of floor area but is not conditioned space
- Requirements apply to three types of spaces
- Nonresidential
- Residential
- Semiheated
- Exceptions

- Section 5.1.2

**Notes:**
Defining characteristic of nonresidential is they aren’t continuously conditioned

Unconditioned spaces are enclosed spaces within a building that are not conditioned or semiheated; must be completely enclosed by walls, roofs, floors, and/or other envelope components and space must qualify as a cooled space, heated space, or an indirectly conditioned space.

## Building Envelope

**Notes:**
The gray areas represent the semi-exterior envelope, and the red areas represent exterior envelope.

Semi-exterior envelope is defined under “building envelope” in Section 3:  the elements of a building that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space or that enclose semiheated spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from conditioned spaces.  

Note that “unconditioned spaces” such as the ventilated attic or the ventilated crawlspace do not have any envelope requirements between these spaces and the exterior BUT there are requirements for the envelope between these spaces and any conditioned or “semi-conditioned” spaces.  The presence of unconditioned spaces or “semi-conditioned” spaces greatly complicates the definition of the building envelope.  

## Space-Conditioning Categories and Basis Envelope Requirements Are Specified by Space-Conditioning Categories 

- Each space to be included in a category
- Nonresidential conditioned space
- Residential conditioned space
- Semiheated space
- Spaces in climate zones 3-8 assumed to be conditioned space unless
- Space will only be semiheated or unconditioned _and_
- Approved as such by the building official

- Section 5.1.2

**Notes:**
By SPACE, not BUILDING

cooled space – has a cooling system with a sensible output capacity > 5 Btu/hft2 of floor area
	heated space – has a heating system with an output capacity greater than or equal to the thresholds listed in Table 5-G (User’s Guide)
	indirectly conditioned space – has no heating or cooling system but is indirectly heated or cooled due to its proximity to spaces that are heated or cooled
		if heat transfer rate to conditioned space is > heat transfer rate to the exterior
		if there is an air transfer rate between the space and conditioned space that is > 3 air changes per hour

Semi-heated is heated, but not to comfort levels like conditioned space

## Semiheated Space

- Has a heating system with a capacity > 3.4 Btu/h.ft2 (10 W/m2) of floor area but is not conditioned space
- Space is not cooled at all

- Definition

**Notes:**
Semi-heated is heated, but not to comfort levels like conditioned space

## Envelope Alterations

**Envelope Alterations**

- Alterations to the building envelope shall comply with the requirements of Section 5
- Exceptions that are allowed if they don’t increase energy usage of building

- Installation of storm windows
- Replacement of glazing in existing sash and frame
- Alterations to envelope cavities provided they are insulated to full depth with a nominal R-3.0 per in.
- Roof and floor alterations where no new cavities are created

- Replacement of roof membranes
- Replacement of existing doors
- Replacement of existing fenestration, provided area of replacement is no more than 25% of total fenestration area

**Notes:**
Roof membranes – if the roof is stripped down to the level of sheathing or insulation, then the roof must be insulated to the Standard (unless there is insulation below the sheathing).

Replacing exterior doors doesn’t trigger requirement for vestibule or revolving door, however, if a vestibule or revolving door exists, it can’t be removed.

## Climate

**Climate**

- Zones based on several climatic parameters
- Locations listed in Appendix B on county-by-county basis for United States

- Section 5.1.4

**Notes:**
There are 8 thermal climate zones.  

Climate Zone 1 is the warmest.
Climate Zone 8 is the coldest.

Locations are also defined by their wetness or humidity; identified by a letter A, B, or C.

A = moist – areas where AC is usually required in summer to remove water from outdoor air for comfort.
B = dry – humidity control is generally not an issue
C = marine – cool coasts strongly influenced by cold Pacific Ocean waters.

The building envelope criteria depend only on the thermal zones, not the moisture zones.

## Envelope Compliance Paths

- Section 5.2
- You have to follow Sections
- 5.1 (General),
- 5.4 (Mandatory Provisions),
- 5.7 (Submittals), and
- 5.8 (Product Information and Installation Requirements),
- and THEN you can either follow
- Section 5.5 (Prescriptive) or Section 5.6 (Trade-off)
- Alternatively, you can follow Section 11 (ECB), in which case Section 5.4 is mandatory
- However, Section 5.4 merely refers to Section 5.8

## Mandatory Provisions

- Insulation *(Section 5.8.1)*
- Labeling *(Section 5.8.1.1)*
- Substantial Contact *(Section 5.8.1.5)*
- Recessed Equipment *(Section 5.8.1.6)*
- Insulation Protection *(Section 5.8.1.7)*
- Insulation Above Suspended Ceilings *(Section 5.8.1.8) *
- Fenestration and Doors *(Section 5.8.2)*
- Air Leakage *(Section 5.4.3)*

- Section 5.4

- Envelope - MP

**Notes:**
All mandatory provisions must be satisfied regardless of which compliance path (prescriptive, building envelope trade-off, or energy cost budget) is used.

Note that while Mandatory Provisions are discussed in Section 5.4, many of the actual requirements in Section 5.4 are shown in Section 5.8 and referenced back in Section 5.4.  This was an attempt on the part of the Format and Compliance subcommittee of the Standing Standards Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1 to move the “meat” of each technical section up front.  Thus, Section 5.4.1 Insulation actually just refers to Section 5.8.1.  Note also that Section 5.7 Submittals is “mandatory” as well, 

## Air Leakage

- Seal, caulk, gasket, or weather-strip
- Openings and joints in building envelope
- Fenestration and doors per NFRC 400
- Loading docks in climate zones 4-8
- Vestibules and doors separating conditioned space from exterior

- Envelope - MP

- Section 5.4.3

**Notes:**
Climate-dependent requirements shown in purple font.  

Goal is to limit the uncontrolled entry of outdoor air into the building.

## Air Leakage - Building Envelope Sealing

- Joints around fenestration and door frames
- Junctions between walls
- and foundations
- at building corners
- and structural floors or roofs
- and roof or wall panels
- Openings for utility services through roofs, walls, and floors
- Site-built fenestration and doors
- Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums
- Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders
- All other openings in the building envelope

- Envelope - MP

- Section 5.4.3.1

**Notes:**
Construction drawings and specifications should require sealing, but special attention is required during construction so attention to detail is given.

## Air Leakage - Fenestration and Doors

- NFRC 400
- Labeled and certified by manufacturer
- Glazed swinging entrance doors and revolving doors – not to exceed 1.0 cfm/ft2
- All other products – not to exceed 0.4 cfm/ft2
- Exceptions
- Field-fabricated fenestration and doors
- Garage doors – ANSI/DASMA 105

- Envelope - MP

- Section 5.4.3.2

**Notes:**
DASMA – Door and Access Systems Manufacturers Association

## Air Leakage - Loading Dock Weatherseals

- In climate zones 4-8
- Cargo doors and loading dock doors equipped with weatherseals
- To restrict infiltration when vehicles are parked in the doorway

- Envelope - MP

- Section 5.4.3.3

**Notes:**
Climate dependent requirements shown in purple font

Usually consists of a vinyl-wrapped compressible foam block that’s mounted around the perimeter of the door and forms a seal between the truck and the dock when the truck is parked at the dock.

## Air Leakage - Vestibules

- Required in
- Climate Zones 3-4 for entrances in >4 story buildings > 10,000 ft2
- Climate Zones 5-8 for entrances in buildings > 1000 ft2
- Vestibules must have:
- Self-closing doors
- Interior and exterior doors not open at the same time
- Distance between interior and exterior doors not < 7 ft when in closed position (remember ADA!)

- Envelope - MP

- Section 5.4.3.4

**Notes:**
Climate dependent requirements shown in purple font

## Air Leakage - Vestibule Exceptions

- Non-entrance doors
- Building entrances with revolving doors
- All building entrances in climate zones 1 and 2 **OR** in buildings < 4 stories and < 10,000 ft2 in climate zones 3 and 4 **OR** in buildings < 1000 ft2 in climate zones 5-8
- All doors that open from spaces < 3000 ft2  (separate from building entrance) **OR** from dwelling units

**Notes:**
Climate dependent requirements shown in purple font

Not required < 4 stories because stack effect is smaller and stack effect (along with wind effects) is one of the main drivers of infiltration.  Also, low-rise buildings are generally smaller and there is less traffic through the door.  However, large, low-rise buildings have more foot traffic so they are not exempt.

Doesn’t include hot and humid climates even though they could use vestibules too (less temperature gradient usually between indoor and outdoor temperatures).

## Prescriptive Building Envelope Option

- 8 criteria sets for different climate types
- Set = single page that summarizes all prescriptive requirements
- Insulation levels for roofs, walls, floors
- Fenestration criteria

**WWR ≤ 40% of gross wall area****Skylight-roof ratio ≤ 5% of roof area****Each envelope component must separately meet requirements**

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5

**Notes:**
This section is where actual requirements are for glazing

## Designers

- Specify
- R-values for walls, floors, and roofs
- U-factors for opaque doors
- U-factor and SHGC for fenestration, OR
- Use
- Pre-calculated assemblies from Appendix A

## Opaque Areas

- Compliance
- Meet or exceed minimum R-values in table
- Only R-value of insulation, not to include air films, etc
**OR**
- Meet maximum U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor for the entire assembly
**OR**
- Perform area-weighted average U-factor, C-factor, or F-factor
- Only if there are multiple assemblies within a _single_ class of construction for a _single_ space-conditioning category

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3

**Notes:**
C-factor (thermal conductance) = time rate of steady-state heat flow through unit area of a material or construction, induced by a unit temperature difference between the body surfaces.  Units of C are Btu/hft2.F.  Note that C-factor doesn’t include soil or air films.

F-factor – the perimeter heat loss factor for slab-on-grade floors, expressed in Btu/hft2 .F

## Roof Insulation

**Roof Insulation**

- Meet or exceed minimum R-value in table for climate zone
- Skylight curbs insulated to level of roofs with insulation entirely above deck or R-5, whichever is less
- Three types of roofs are defined:
- Roofs with insulation entirely above deck
- R-value is for continuous insulation
- Interruptions for mechanical equipment ≤ 1% of surface of the total roof area

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.1

**Notes:**
Some interruptions are inevitable and permitted up to 1%.  Interruptions are typically required to provide structural supports for mechanical or other roof-mounted equipment.

## Roof Insulation (cont’d)

**Roof Insulation *****(cont’d)***

- Metal building roofs
- First value is for insulation
- draped over purlins and then compressed when metal spanning members attached or
- hung between purlins provided there’s a min. of 1” thermal break between purlins and metal spanning members
- Second value is for double-layer installations with insulation installed parallel to the purlins
- Attics and other roofs
- R-value is for insulation installed both inside and outside the roof or entirely inside the roof cavity

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.1

**Notes:**
Double-layer – continuous insulation – it is assumed that the insulation boards are installed below the purlins and are uninterrupted by framing members.  Insulation exposed to the conditioned space or semiheated space shall have a facing and all insulation seams shall be continuously sealed to provide a continuous air barrier.

Attics and Other Roofs –

For attics – the Standard permits the insulation depth to be reduced near the eaves since this was accounted for in developing the requirements.
Single-rafter roofs – when insulation required by the Standard has a thickness too large to fit in the cavity, it’s only necessary to install insulation at a depth that will fill the cavity and still leave an inch or so for ventilation.

## High Albedo Roofs

**High Albedo Roofs**

- Roofs with a minimum total solar reflectance of 0.70 and a minimum thermal emittance of 0.75 or a minimum Solar Reflective Index of 82, other than roofs with ventilated attics or roofs of semiheated spaces or roofs over conditioned spaces that are not cooled spaces shall comply with the values in Table 5.5.3.1.
- Basically, “cool roofs” are allowed to have less insulation.

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.1

**Notes:**
Qualifying products shall be tested and labeled by the Cool Roof Rating Council.

Solar Reflectance Index must be as calculated by the ASTM E1980 procedure.

“Credit” not available for roofs with ventilated attics due to the ventilated space separating the roof surface from the interior.

## Above-Grade Wall Insulation

- Meet or exceed R-value in appropriate table for climate zone
- Four types of walls are defined:
- Mass walls
- heat capacity determined from Table A3.1B or A3.1C
- R-value is for continuous insulation or when uninterrupted by framing other than metal clips no closer than 24 in. o.c. horizontally and 16 in. o.c. vertically
- Exception – requirement of U-0.151

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.2

**Notes:**
A mass wall is a heavyweight wall, weighting more than 15 lb/ft2.  

Comply with R-value criteria or U-factor requirement for the overall assembly, including thermal bridges
	when a wall is both above grade and below grade and insulated on the interior, the above-grade insulation requirement applies to the entire wall
	when insulation is installed on the exterior of the wall or is integral to the wall (e.g., the cells of a concrete masonry wall are filled) then the wall is divided between the above-grade and below-grade portions and the separate requirements apply to each

Exception example – perlite-filled cores on concrete block; applies only when the concrete masonry units are ungrouted or partly grouted.

## Above-Grade Wall Insulation (cont’d)

- Metal building wall R-value
- for insulation compressed between metal wall panels and the steel structure
- Steel-framed wall R-value
- for uncompressed insulation installed in the cavity between steel studs
- Wood-framed and other R-value
- for uncompressed insulation installed in the cavity between wood studs; also acceptable to be continuous insulation uninterrupted by studs

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.2

## Below-Grade Wall Insulation

- Meet or exceed values in appropriate table for climate zone
- R-value is for continuous insulation
- If framing is used, compliance is based on maximum assembly C-factor

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.3

**Notes:**
Insulation not required until the HDD65 > 7200

C-factor includes all layers in the construction assembly but excludes exterior air film and soil effect.

Continuous insulation can be either on the outside or inside.

## Floor Insulation

- Meet or exceed values in appropriate table for climate zone
- 3 classes of floors over unconditioned space are defined:
- Mass floors
- R-value is for continuous insulation
- If framing is used, compliance is based on maximum assembly U-factor
- Steel-joist floors
- R-value is for uncompressed insulation or spray-on insulation, but is also acceptable for continuous insulation
- Wood-framed and others
- R-value is for uncompressed insulation, but is also acceptable for continuous insulation

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.4

**Notes:**
Waffle slab floors – floor is insulated either on interior above the slab or on all exposed surfaces of the waffle

## Slab-on-Grade Floor Insulation

- Meet or exceed values in appropriate table for climate zone (includes R-value and depth or width of insulation)
- Be installed around the perimeter to the distance specified
**Inside foundation wall** – extend downward from top of slab a minimum distance specified or to the top of the footing, whichever is less
**Outside foundation wall** – extend from top of the slab or downward to at least the bottom of the slab and then horizontally to a minimum distance specified

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.5

**Notes:**
For unheated slabs, insulation is required only for Climate Zones 7 and 8.

## Opaque Doors

**Opaque Doors**

- Meet or exceed maximum U-factors in appropriate table for climate zone

*Opaque Doors*    Swinging	   U-0.700	  U-0.700	       U-0.700    Non-Swinging	   U-1.450	  U-1.450	       U-1.450

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.3.6

**Notes:**
This shows how the tables are organized in the Standard.  Refer students to their manuals to see the complete table.

## Fenestration

- Criteria apply to fenestration, including windows, glass doors, glass block, plastic panels, and skylights
- Compliance
- Meet or exceed maximum U-factors in table
- Meet or exceed minimum SHGC in table
- Use NFRC ratings or default values in Appendix A

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.4

**Notes:**
Two classes of vertical fenestration – operable and fixed.  Operable includes:  casement windows, single-hung, double-hung, sliders, awnings, hoppers, sliding or swinging glass doors, and any other type of window or glass door with at least a portion of the sash operable.  Fixed includes windows that don’t open as well as glass block walls and translucent plastic panels.

Note:  If you use the default values in Appendix A, be aware that these are 1) conservative and 2) based only on features that the code official can check (like number of panes and frame type), hence the defaults don’t give credit for low-e, gas fill, thermal breaks, etc.

## Fenestration Area

- Total vertical fenestration area to be < 40% of gross wall area
- Including both fixed and operable vertical fenestration
- Total skylight area to be < 5% of gross roof area
- Including glass skylights, plastic skylights with a curb, and all skylights without a curb

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.4.2

**Notes:**
Buildings with vertical fenestration > 40% must use the Trade-Off Method or ECB.

For both windows and skylights, there is a maximum U-factor and a maximum SHGC.

## Fenestration U-Factor

- U-factor not greater than specified in Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.4.3

## Fenestration SHGC

- Vertical fenestration
- SHGC values < Table value for appropriate total vertical fenestration area
- Skylights
- SHGC values < Table value for appropriate total skylight area
- No SHGC requirements for semiheated spaces
- No criteria for Visible Light Transmittance in Prescriptive Building Envelope Option, but there are minimum criteria in the Trade-Off Option (Details in Appendix C)
- Exceptions

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.5.4.4

**Notes:**
Exceptions:

  For demonstrating compliance for vertical fenestration only, the SHGC in the proposed building shall be reduced by using the multipliers in Table 5.5.4.1 for each fenestration product shaded by permanent projections that will last as long as the building itself.
 For demonstrating compliance for vertical fenestration shaded by partially opaque permanent projections that will last as long as the building itself, can reduce the PF by multiplying by values in Section 5.5.4.4.1.
(c) Street-level exception only applies when using the prescriptive compliance option.

Street-level fenestration if:

Street side of the street-level story is < 20 ft in height
Fenestration has a continuous overhang with weighted average PF > 0.5 and
Street-level fenestration area is < 75% of the gross wall area.

## Overhangs

- Standard credits permanent overhangs by adjustment to SHGC
- Size of overhang is determined by projection factor

**Notes:**
Conventional overhangs are solid, however, the Standard also offers credit for louvered overhangs and overhangs made of transparent or translucent materials such as tinted or fretted glass.

Credit is offered for louvered overhangs only when the louvers are angled and spaced such that no direct sunlight passes through the louvers at solar noon on the summer solstice (June 21 in the northern hemisphere).

## Building Envelope Trade-Off Option

- Building complies if
- It satisfies the provisions of 5.1, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8
- Envelope performance factor (EPF) of proposed building is ≤ EPF of budget building
- EPF considers only the building envelope components and is calculated using procedures in Normative Appendix C
- Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power, occupant density, and mechanical systems to be the same for both the proposed building and the budget building

- Section 5.6

**Notes:**
EPF is a relative term that approximates the total heating and cooling energy associated with a single square foot of surface

Building Envelope Trade-Off Option cannot be used to make trade offs between the building envelope and the lighting or mechanical systems

Schedules are not “tweakable” in ENVSTD, if you want to tweak, you must use ECB method

## Product Information and Installation Requirements

- Labeling of Building Envelope Insulation *(Section 5.8.1.1)*
- Compliance with Manufacturers’ Requirements *(Section 5.8.1.2)*
- Loose-Fill Insulation Limitation *(Section 5.8.1.3)*
- Baffles *(Section 5.8.1.4)*
- Substantial Contact *(Section 5.8.1.5)*
- Recessed Equipment *(Section 5.8.1.6)*
- Insulation Protection *(Section 5.8.1.7)*
- Location of Roof Insulation *(Section 5.8.1.8)*
- Extent of Insulation *(Section 5.8.1.9)*

- Envelope - P

- Section 5.8

**Notes:**
All mandatory provisions must be satisfied regardless of which compliance path (prescriptive, building envelope trade-off, or energy cost budget) is used.

## Insulation Installation

- Per manufacturer’s instructions
- Achieve rated R-value
- No open-blown or poured loose-fill insulation when ceiling slope is > 3/12
- If eave vents installed
- Provide baffling of air vents to deflect incoming air above the surface of the insulation
- Exception
- Metal buildings – if roof and wall insulation is compressed between roof or wall skin and the structure

- Section 5.8.1

## Insulation - Substantial Contact

- Install insulation in a permanent manner in substantial contact with inside surface
- Flexible batt insulation in floor cavities
- Supported in a permanent manner by supports no more than 24 in. on center (o.c.)

- Section 5.8.1.5

**Notes:**
There is an exception for assemblies that use reflective materials and rely on an air gap next to the interior surface.

## Recessed Equipment

- Do not recess equipment to affect insulation thickness
- Lighting fixtures
- HVAC equipment (includes wall heaters, ducts, and plenums)
- Other
- Except when
- Total combined area affected (include necessary clearances) is < 1% of opaque area of the assembly, **OR**
- Entire roof, wall, or floor is covered with insulation to the full depth required, **OR**
- Effects of reduced insulation are included in area-weighted calculations

- Section 5.8.1.6

**Notes:**
Even with these exceptions, the infiltration barrier must be maintained – this generally prohibits drop-in ceilings from being used as the exterior envelope element.

## Insulation Protection

**Insulation Protection**

- Insulation Protection
- Cover exterior insulation with protective material
- Sunlight
- Moisture
- Landscaping operations
- Equipment maintenance
- Wind
- Access to attics and mechanical rooms without damaging or compressing insulation
- Insulation materials in ground contact to have a water absorption rate ≤ 0.3% (ASTM C272)

- Section 5.8.1.7

**Notes:**
Rigid insulation used at the slab perimeter shall be covered.

If equipment is installed in attics, access must be provided in a way that won’t cause compression or damage to the insulation.  This may mean using walking boards, access panels, and other techniques.

## Suspended Ceilings

- Roof Insulation
- Not installed on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels

- Section 5.8.1.8

**Notes:**
Prohibited because the insulation’s continuity is likely to be disturbed by maintenance workers.

Also, suspended ceilings don’t meet the infiltration requirements unless they’re properly sealed.

## Fenestration and Doors

- U-factors
- NFRC 100 or
- Assemblies listed in Appendix A
- SHGC
- NFRC 200 or
- Assemblies listed in Appendix A
- Visible Light Transmittance
- NFRC 200 when building envelope trade-off option is used

- Section 5.8.2

**Notes:**
This section tells user where to get the properties of fenestration and doors – it does not contain actual requirements

## U-Factor

**U-Factor**

- Skylights – determine for a slope of 20° above the horizontal
- Labeled and certified by manufacturer
- Exceptions
- Glazed wall systems in vertical fenestration and skylights – may use U-factors in A.8.1
- A8.2 acceptable for other vertical fenestration
- A7 acceptable for opaque doors
- ANSI/DASMA 105 acceptable for garage doors

**Notes:**
NFRC’s certification program shifted the basis for skylight ratings to a 20 degree slope in 2001/

## Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

- The glazing’s effectiveness in rejecting solar heat gain
- NFRC 200
- Exceptions
- SC x 0.86 is acceptable for overall fenestration area (NFRC 300)
- SHGC of center-of-glass is acceptable (NFRC 300) for overall fenestration area
- SHGC from A8.1 for glazed wall systems in vertical fenestration and skylights
- SHGC from A8.2 for other vertical fenestration

**Notes:**
SHGC must be determined in accordance with NFRC 200 and product must be labeled and certified by manufacturer.

## SHGC (cont’d)

- Part of a system for rating window performance
- used by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
- Gradually replacing shading coefficient (SC) in product literature and design standards
- convert SC to SHGC by multiplying the SC value by 0.86

**Notes:**
SHGC is the glazing’s effectiveness in rejecting solar heat gain.  SHGC is part of a system for rating window performance used by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC).  SHGC is gradually replacing the older index, shading coefficient (SC) in product literature and design standards.  If you are using glass whose performance is listed in terms of SC, you may convert to SHGC by multiplying the SC value by 0.86.
Your design must have a SHGC less than or equal to that in the prescriptive package.  The SHGC requirement is affected by the projection factor (PF) of qualifying overhangs.

## Visible Light Transmittance

- A measure of the amount of visible light that passes through fenestration
- Affected by:
- composition of the glass
- coatings
- internal shading devices
- Relationship between VLT and SHGC
- Daylighting without excessive solar gain– VLT at least 1.2 x SHGC

**Notes:**
Not regulated, but important in daylighting tradeoff

Relationship between VLT and SHGC information from User’s Manual, page 5-50

## HVAC Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**HVAC Compliance**

**Other**

**Notes:**
There are three compliance options for HVAC:  Simplified, Prescriptive Path, and ECB.  When the simplified approach is used, the Mandatory Provisions do not apply.  Grayed out option under Compliance Options is not available for HVAC.  

## HVAC Alterations

**HVAC Alterations**

- Equipment - New equipment shall meet the minimum efficiency requirements
- Cooling systems
- New cooling systems installed to serve previously uncooled spaces shall comply with this section
- Alterations to existing cooling systems shall not decrease economizer capacity (unless economizer tradeoff is used)
- Ductwork - New and replacement ductwork shall comply with applicable requirements
- Piping - New and replacement piping shall comply with applicable requirements

- Section 6.1.1.3

## HVAC Alterations

**HVAC Alterations**

- Alterations to the building HVAC system shall comply with the requirements of Section 6
- Exceptions that are allowed:
- Equipment being modified or repaired (not replaced)
- provided such modifications will not result in an increase in the annual energy consumption
- Equipment being replaced or altered which requires extensive revisions to other systems and such replaced or altered equipment is a like-for-like replacement
- Refrigerant change of existing equipment
- Relocation of existing equipment
- Ducts and pipes where there is insufficient space or access to meet these requirements

- Section 6.1.1.3

## HVAC Compliance Paths

- Section 6.2
- You have to follow Sections
- 6.1 General,
- 6.7 Submittals, and
- 6.8 Minimum Equipment Efficiency,
- And then you can follow either
- Section 6.3 Simplified Approach OR
- Sections 6.4 Mandatory Provisions and 6.5 Prescriptive Path
- 	Alternatively, you can follow Section 11 (ECB), in which case Section 6.4 is mandatory

## Simplified Approach Option

- Limited to...
- Buildings with 1 or 2 stories
- Buildings < 25,000 ft2
- Single-zone systems (unitary or split)
- Air-cooled or evaporatively cooled

- Section 6.3

**Notes:**
Buildings must meet ALL of these requirements before the simplified approach option may be used.

The Simplified Approach was included so that small buildings could comply with the standard with minimal effort, but be subjected to the same stringency as is in the rest of the standard. Since the requirements fit on two pages it is ideal for a small commercial building. The committee included this simplified approach because 80 to 85% of the building stock is this type of building. 

## Simplified Approach Option (cont’d)

**Table 6.3.2**

- The system shall have an economizer, unless the economizer Trade-off Option is used
- Limited to unitary systems
- Requires higher minimum cooling efficiency (EER)
- Trade-off EER by
- System size
- Climate zone

- Section 6.3

**Notes:**
Table 6.3.2 is the table to review for eliminating the required Economizer

## Simplified Approach Option (cont’d)

- Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat
- Heat pump supplementary control
- No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control
- Time clocks (except hotel/motel guest rooms and systems requiring continuous operation)
- Piping and ductwork insulated

- Section 6.3

**Notes:**
It is important to remember that the simplified approach has the same stringency as the rest of the standard, they have just been put on two pages for single-zone air- or evaporatively-cooled systems. In doing this the committee had to balance simplicity (fewer pages) with which requirements to include. Therefore some systems, such as those requiring heat recovery or water cooled systems are not included in the simplified approach.
Non-manually operated means to use either motorized dampers or gravity dampers

## Simplified Approach Option (cont’d)

- Balancing of ducted systems
- Interlocked thermostats for separate heating and cooling
- Exhaust > 300 cfm:  gravity or motorized dampers unless operated continuously
- System > 10,000 cfm:  optimum start controls

- Section 6.3

**Notes:**
It is important to remember that the simplified approach has the same stringency as the rest of the standard, they have just been put on two pages for single-zone air- or evaporatively-cooled systems. In doing this the committee had to balance simplicity (fewer pages) with which requirements to include. Therefore some systems, such as those requiring heat recovery or water cooled systems are not included in the simplified approach.
Non-manually operated means to use either motorized dampers or gravity dampers

## HVAC Mandatory Provisions

**HVAC Mandatory Provisions**

- Minimum Equipment Efficiency *(Section 6.4.1)*
- Load Calculations *(Section 6.4.2)*
- Controls *(Section 6.4.3)*
- HVAC System Construction and Insulation *(Section 6.4.4)*
- Completion Requirements *(Section 6.4.5)*

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4

**Notes:**
All mandatory provisions must be met regardless of whether the Prescriptive or ECB compliance path is used.

## Equipment Covered

- Package air conditioners and condensing units
- Heat pumps (air, water, and ground source)
- Packaged terminal and room air conditioners
- Chillers including absorption chillers
- Furnaces and unit heaters
- Boilers
- Heat rejection equipment

## Mechanical Equipment Efficiency

- Tables 6.8.1A – 6.8.1G
- Tables 6.8.1H-6.8.1J used for water cooled centrifugal chillers that operate at non-standard rating conditions
- Combination HVAC and water heating systems to meet all requirements for appropriate space heating or cooling category
- Gas-fired and oil-fired forced air furnaces with input ratings ≥ 225,000 Btu/h to have intermittent or interrupted ignition device and have either power venting or a flue damper
- All furnaces with input ratings ≥ 225,000 Btu/h, including electric furnaces, not located in conditioned space, to have jacket losses ≤ 0.75% of the input rating

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.1

**Notes:**
Equipment not listed in tables has no minimum performance requirements but still can be used.  Equipment covered under EPAct has no minimum efficiency requirements for operation at minimum capacity or other than standard rating conditions

Combination HVAC and water heating systems example: boiler providing both space heat and service hot water

6.8.1A – Air conditioners and condensing units
6.8.1B – Electrically operated unitary and applied heat pumps – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1C – water chilling packages – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1D – Electrically operated packaged terminal air conditioners, packaged terminal heat pumps, single-package vertical air conditioners, single-package vertical heat pumps, room air conditioners, and room air conditioner heat pumps – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1E – Warm air furnaces and combination warm air furnaces/air-conditioning units, warm air duct furnaces and unit heaters
6.8.1F – Gas- and oil-fired boilers-minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1G – Performance requirements for heat rejection equipment
6.8.1H – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers < 150 tons
6.8.1I – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers >= 150 tons <=300 tons
6.8.1J – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers > 300 tons

## Verification of Equipment Efficiencies

- Equipment efficiency information from manufacturers verified as follows:
- EPACT equipment – to comply with DOE certification requirements
- If certification program exists for covered product and includes provisions for verification and challenge of equipment efficiency ratings, product listed in program OR
- If product not listed in program, ratings verified by an independent laboratory test report OR
- If no certification program exists, equipment efficiency ratings supported by data furnished by manufacturer OR
- Where components from different manufacturers are used, system designer specifies components whose combined efficiency meets Section .4.1
- Products in Table 6.8.1G shall have efficiency ratings supported by data furnished by manufacturer.

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.1.4

## Labeling

- Mechanical equipment (6.4.1.5.1) – equipment not covered by NAECA shall carry a permanent label stating equipment complies with 90.1
- Packaged terminal air conditioners (6.4.1.5.2) – packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps with sleeve sizes < 16 in. high and 42 in. wide shall be factory labeled as follows:
*Manufactured for replacement applications only:  not to be installed in new construction projects*

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.1.5

## Load Calculations

- Must calculate heating and cooling system design loads
- Must base calculations on generally accepted engineering standards and handbooks

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.2

**Notes:**
Load calculations required, but there’s no corresponding requirement to use the calculations for equipment sizing.

Enforcement agencies should request a summary of the load calculations (don’t need to require the entire detailed calculation package).

## Controls – Zone Thermostatic and Dead Band

- Required for each zone
- Perimeter can be treated differently
- Dead band controls
- Thermostats must have at least a 5°F dead band
- Exceptions
- Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes
- Special occupancy or applications where wide temperature ranges aren’t acceptable (e.g., retirement homes) and approved by adopting authority

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.1

**Notes:**
A dwelling unit can be considered a single zone.  Exterior walls are considered to have different orientations if the directions they face differ by more than 45 degrees.

Whole idea is to maintain control of energy use; keep thermal control; shut off stuff when it’s not needed.  These only cover presence of controls – nothing in the Standard says how you use them.
The exemption for Data Processing Centers was removed in 90.1-2007.

## Controls – Setpoint Overlap Restriction

- If limit switches, mechanical stops, or software programming for DDC systems are used
- means will be provided to prevent the heating setpoint from exceeding the cooling setpoint minus any applicable proportional band

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.2

**Notes:**
Requirement because one control zone could fight with the others if their setpoints are close to each other.

## Controls – Off-Hour

- Automatic shutdown
- Setback controls
- Optimum start
- Zone isolation
- Exceptions, HVAC systems
- with heating/cooling capacity < 15,000 Btu/h
- intended to operate continuously

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.3

**Notes:**
Whole idea is to maintain control of energy use; keep thermal control; shut off stuff when it’s not needed.  These only cover presence of controls – nothing in the Standard says how you use them.

Exemption for hotel guest room was removed in 90.1-2007 as there are several approaches available to meet this requirement.

## Controls - Automatic Shutdown

- Automatic 7-day/week time clock with 10-hour battery backup
- Exception:  2-day/week thermostat for residential applications
- Each control to have
- Occupant sensor, **OR**
- Manually-operated timer with maximum two hour duration, **OR**
- Security system interlock
- Exception
- Residential occupancies allowed to operate with only 2 different time schedules/wk

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.3.1

**Notes:**
Occupancy sensor to shut off system if no occupancy for up to 30 minutes
Interlock to security system that shuts off system when security system is activated

Controls to keep the information because people likely wouldn’t reprogram them if they didn’t and programmed settings were lost

## Controls - Setback

- Climate Zones 2-8
- Lower heating setpoint to 55oF or less
- Climate Zones 1b, 2b, 3b (hot/dry)
- Automatically restart, temporarily operate
- Raise cooling setpoint to 90oF or higher **OR**
- Prevent high space humidity levels

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.3.2

**Notes:**
Note that these are capabilities, not settings

Setback controls prevent spaces from becoming so cold or so hot during off-hours that the HVAC system can’t bring them back up to a comfortable range in a reasonable period of time.

## Controls - Optimum Start 

- Individual heating and cooling air distribution systems with
- Total design supply air capacity > 10,000 cfm
- Served by one or more supply fans
- Control algorithm to at least be a function of
- Difference between space temperature and occupied setpoint and amount of time prior to scheduled occupancy

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.3.3

**Notes:**
Ideally, optimum start controls will start the system to provide just enough warm-up or cool-down time to bring the spaces served by the system to occupied setpoint temperatures at exactly the occupied hour, no sooner and no later.

## Controls - Zone Isolation

**Controls - Zone Isolation**

- Applies to
- Each floor in a multistory building
- Maximum 25,000 ft2 zone on one floor
- Requirements
- Isolation devices to shut off outdoor and exhaust airflow when > 5,000 cfm
- Central systems shall be capable of stable operation with one isolation zone
- Capable of separate time schedules for each isolation zone

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.3.4

**Notes:**
HVAC systems serving zones intended to operate or be occupied nonsimultaneously to be divided into isolation areas

## Controls – Ventilation System (cont’d)

- Stair and Shaft Vent dampers
- Gravity Hoods, Vents, and Ventilator Dampers

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4

**Notes:**
Shut off air leakage to outdoors; don’t use heat you don’t need; don’t waste energy you don’t need to.

## Stair and Shaft Vents

- Motorized dampers
- Can be automatically closed during normal building operation
- Interlocked to open as required by fire and smoke detection systems

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.1

## Gravity Hoods, Vents, and Ventilators

- Motorized dampers to automatically shut when spaces served are not in use
- Exceptions
- Gravity dampers okay in buildings
- < 3 stories in height above grade
- Of any height in climate zones 1 - 3
- Ventilation systems serving unconditioned spaces

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.2

**Notes:**
Note on second exception – the intent of the requirement is minimize “waste” of conditioned air.  If the air being supplied is simply ventilation air, there is no conditioning involved and no waste.  

## Controls - Shutoff Damper 

- Motorized dampers for outdoor air supply and exhaust systems
- Ventilation outside air dampers to be capable of automatically shutting off during
- Preoccupancy building warm up, cool down, and setback
- (Except when ventilation reduces energy costs or when ventilation must be supplied to meet code requirements)

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.3

**Notes:**
Motorized dampers for outdoor air supply and exhaust systems to automatically shut when systems aren’t in use

## Controls - Shutoff Damper 

- Exceptions:
- Gravity dampers okay in buildings
- < 3 stories in height
- Of any height in climate zones 1-3
- Outdoor-air intake or exhaust < 300 cfm
- Table 6.4.3.3.4 provides maximum leakage rates for outdoor air supply and exhaust dampers

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.3

## Dampers

- Where OA supply and exhaust air dampers are required by Section 6.4.3.4
- They shall have a maximum leakage rate when tested in accordance with AMCA Standard 500 as indicated in Table 6.4.3.4.4

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.4

## Ventilation Fan Controls

- Fans with motors > 0.75 hp shall have automatic controls complying with Section 6.4.3.3.1 that are capable of shutting off fans when not required
- Exception
- HVAC systems intended to operate continuously

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.4.5

## Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat Control

- Controls to prevent supplementary heat when heat pump can handle the load
- Exception
- Heat pumps
- With minimum efficiency regulated by NAECA
- With HSPF rating meeting Table 6.8.1B
- (Includes all usage of internal electric resistance heating)

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.5

## Controls - Humidifier Preheat

- Automatic valve to shut off preheat when humidification isn’t required

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.6

## Controls - Humidification and Dehumidification

- Provide means to prevent simultaneous operation of humidification and dehumidification equipment
- Limit switches, mechanical stops, or software programming (DDC systems)
- Exceptions
- Zones served by desiccant systems, used with direct evaporative cooling in series
- Systems serving zones where specific humidity levels are required and approved by jurisdiction
- Museums and hospitals

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.7

**Notes:**
Exception 1 – provided because technically, this process both dehumidifies and humidifies the air

Computer rooms are no longer exempt.

## Controls - Freeze Protection and Snow/Ice

**Controls - Freeze Protection and Snow/Ice**

- Automatic controls for
- Freeze protection systems
- outside air temperatures > 40°F or when conditions of protected fluid will prevent freezing
- Snow- and ice-melting systems
- pavement temperature > 50°F and no precipitation is falling and outdoor temperature > 40°F

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.8

## Ventilation Controls for High-Occupancy Areas

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.3.9

*DCV* must be provided for each zone with a area > 500 ft2 and the design occupancy > 40 people/1000 ft2 where the HVAC system has:
- An air-side economizer,
- Automatic modulating control of the OSA dampers, or
- A design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm

*Demand control ventilation (DCV)*: a ventilation system capability that provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is less than design occupancy.

**Notes:**
Typically applies to assembly spaces such as theaters, meeting rooms, ballrooms, etc.

## Ventilation: High Occupancy Exceptions

- Exceptions:
- Systems with exhaust-air energy recovery complying with Section 6.5.6.1
- Multiple zone systems without DDC to the zone level
- Systems with a design OA airflow <1,200 cfm
- Spaces where supply-exhaust <1,200 cfm

## HVAC System Construction and Insulation

- Insulation installed in accordance with industry-accepted standards
- Insulation protection
- Duct and plenum insulation
- Piping insulation
- Duct sealing
- Duct leakage tests

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.4.4

## General

- Insulation installed in accordance with industry-accepted standards
- Insulation
- Protected from damage due to sunlight, moisture, equipment maintenance, and wind
- Exposed to weather to be suitable for outdoor service
- Covering chilled water piping, refrigerant suction piping, or cooling ducts located outside the conditioned space to include a vapor retardant located outside the insulation, all penetrations and joints of which to be sealed

- Section 6.4.4.1.1

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
An example – insulation that may be damaged by workers maintaining equipment (if it has to be walked on or over to access equipment) must be protected from damage, such as by enclosing it in plastic or metal jacket (piping) or canvas wrap (ductwork).

## Duct and Plenum Insulation

- All supply and return ducts and plenums to be insulated per Tables 6.8.2A and 6.8.2B
- Exceptions
- Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as part of HVAC equipment
- Ducts located in heated, semi-heated, or cooled spaces
- For runouts < 10 ft in length to air terminals orair outlets, the R-value need not exceed R-3.5
- Backs of air outlets and outlet plenums exposed to unconditioned or indirectly conditioned spaces with face areas > 5 ft2 need not exceed R-2; those ≤ 5 ft2 need not be insulated

- Section 6.4.4.1.2

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
Tables list duct insulation requirements as a function of the duct application (e.g., cooling-only supply duct); climate; and duct or plenum location (e.g., ventilated attic).

## Piping Insulation

- Table 6.8.3
- Exceptions
- Factory-installed
- Piping conveying fluids
- design operating temperature range between 60°F-105°F, inclusive
- that haven’t been heated or cooled through the use of nonrenewable energy or where heat gain or heat loss will not increase energy usage
- Hot water piping between shut off valve and coil, not > 4 ft in length, when located in conditioned spaces
- Pipe unions in heating systems (steam, steam condensate, and hot water)

- Section 6.4.4.1.3

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
The values in the table are minimum thicknesses of insulation having a conductivity falling in the range listed, when tested at the mean rating temperature listed, for each fluid design temperature range category.

## Duct Sealing

- Table 6.4.4.2A
- Requirements of 6.4.4.2
- Based on standard industry practice and definitions

- Section 6.4.4.2

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
These requirements are based on SMACNA requirements, but apparently one of the lines in the table is somewhat more stringent than SMACNA requirements.  

A = all joints and openings must be sealed
B = transverse and longitudinal joints must be sealed
C = only transverse joints must be sealed

## Duct Leakage Tests

- Designed > 3 in. w.c.
- Leak tested
- Representative sections ≥ 25% of the total installed duct area shall be tested
- Ratings > 3 in. w.c. to be identified on drawings
- Maximum permitted duct leakage
- Lmax = CLP0.65
- Where Lmax = maximum permitted leakage in cfm/100 ft2 duct surface area

- Section 6.4.4.2.2

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
Goes beyond SMACNA standards.

Testing is only required for duct sections of high pressure systems with a design duct pressure class rating in excess of 3 in. w.c.

## Completion Requirements 

- Refers to Section 6.7 for Submittal and Completion Requirements including
- Record drawings
- Operating and maintenance manuals
- System balancing
- System commissioning

- Section 6.4.5

- HVAC - MP

**Notes:**
Note: Completion Requirements in section 6.7 are referenced by section 6.4.5.

## Prescriptive Requirements

**Simplified****Approach ****Option **(§6.3)

**proposed****HVAC design**

**90.1-compliant****HVAC system**

**prescriptive****requirements**(§6.5)

**Simplified****Approach ****Option **(§6.3)

**Energy Cost****Budget Method**(ECB, §11)

- (small buildings only)

**mandatory****provisions**(§6.4)

**Notes:**
Now that we’ve addressed the mandatory provisions, let’s move on to the prescriptive requirements of 90.1.

## HVAC Prescriptive Path

- Economizers *(Section 6.5.1)*
- Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation *(Section 6.5.2)*
- Air System Design and Control *(Section 6.5.3)*
- Hydronic System Design and Control (*Section 6.5.4)*
- Heat Rejection Equipment *(Section 6.5.5)*
- Energy Recovery *(Section 6.5.6)*
- Exhaust Hoods *(Section 6.5.7)*
- Radiant Heating Systems *(Section 6.5.8)*
- Hot Gas Bypass Limitation *(Section 6.5.9)*

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5

## Economizers

**Economizers**

- Climate and size dependent (Table 6.5.1)
- There are LOTS of exceptions
- Can use air economizers
- 100% of design supply air
- Sequenced with mechanical cooling equipment
- High limit shutoff
- Dampers
- Can use water economizers
- 100% of expected system cooling load at 50°F DB, 45°F WB
- Maximum pressure drop limitation

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1

**Notes:**
Most systems have to have an economizer.

Exceptions
Individual fan-cooling units with a supply capacity < minimum listed in Table 6.5.1
Systems with air cleaning to meet requirements of 6.2.1 of ASHRAE Standard 62
Where > 25% of air designed to be supplied to the system is to spaces designed to be humidified above 35°F dewpoint temperature to satisfy process needs
Systems that include a heat recovery system required by Section 6.5.6.2
Systems serving residential spaces where the system capacity is < 5 times requirement in Table 6.5.1
Systems serving spaces whose sensible cooling load at design conditions, excluding transmission and infiltration loads, is ≤ transmission and infiltration losses at an outdoor temp of 60°F 
Systems expected to operate < 20 hr/wk
Where use of outdoor air for cooling will affect supermarket open refrigerated casework systems
Where cooling efficiency meets or exceeds efficiency requirements in Table 6.3.2.

## Economizer Exceptions

- Exceptions:
- Cooling capacity - Table 6.5.1
- Systems with gas phase air cleaning per Standard 62
- Where >25% of the air must be humidified >35°Fdp
- Systems with condenser heat recovery per 6.5.6.2
- Residential systems  <5X limits in Table 6.5.1
- Systems with a balance point <=60°F
- Systems expected to operate < 20hrs/wk
- Systems serving zones with refrigerated casework
- Where cooling efficiency exceeds Table 6.3.2

**Notes:**
Economizers are not required in all climates. In fact, the requirement is both size- and climate-dependent. 
Remember that climates go from hot (1) to cold (8), and are moist (A), dry (B), or marine (C).
When an economizer is required, it may be either an air or water economizer – at the discretion of the building owner and design team
There are numerous exceptions including:
Systems with condenser heat recovery
Systems that operate less than 20 hours per week
Supermarket systems
Where equipment efficiency has been increased to a level listed in the standard. This increased efficiency is intended to offset the reduced cost of cooling by the economizer.
Control of the economizers must be integrated so that mechanical and economizer cooling can take place simultaneously.
In all cases, the economizer must not increase the heating energy in the system. In effect, this disallows systems, such as single-fan double-duct, because they can greatly increase the heating energy usage. However, these systems could be used in locations that do not require economizers.

## Economizers (Table 6.5.1)

**Economizers (Table 6.5.1)**

- Climate zone

**1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a****	****  Economizer unnecessary**(Miami, St. Louis, Charlotte)

**2b, 5a, 6a, 7, 8****	****  ≥ 135,000 Btu/h**(Yuma, Chicago, Edmonton)

**3b, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b****	****  ≥ 65,000 Btu/h**(Denver, Lubbock, Vancouver)

**Notes:**
Here’s a chart that shows the various climate and system size combinations that require an economizer. 
By way of example, the chart also identifies several cities in each of the climate zone groupings.
These economizer requirements are simpler than in the previous version of the standard.

## Design Capacity – Air Economizers

- System capable of modulating outside air and return air dampers to provide up to 100% of the design supply air quantity as outside air for cooling

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.1

## Control Signal

- Dampers capable of being sequenced with the mechanical cooling equipment and shall not be controlled by only mixed air temperature
- Exception
- Systems controlled from space temperature (such as single-zone systems)

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.1.2

## High Limit Shutoff

- Automatically reduce outdoor air intake to minimum outdoor air quantity when outdoor air intake will no longer reduce cooling energy usage
- Control types for specific climates from Table 6.5.1.1.3A
- Settings from Table 6.5.1.1.3B

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.1.3

**Notes:**
There are several common high limit controllers:
Fixed Dry-Bulb Temperature High Limit
Differential Dry-Bulb Temperature High Limit
Fixed Enthalpy High Limit
Differential Enthalpy High Limit
Electronic Hybrid Enthalpy/Temperature Controllers
Dew Point and Dry-Bulb Temperature High Limit

## Dampers

- Return air and outdoor air dampers to meet the damper leakage specified in 6.4.3.4.4

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.1.4

**Notes:**
Section 6.5.1.1.4 references the requirements in 6.4.3.3.4, making this section both mandatory and prescriptive!

When the system is in the 100% OA mode, leakage through the return damper will increase supply air temperatures, forcing the mechanical cooling system to operate at colder OA temperatures and increases the cooling load once the mechanical cooling is on.

## Relief of Excess Outside Air

- Means to relieve excess outdoor air during economizer operation to prevent overpressurizing the building
- Outlet located to avoid recirculation into the building

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.1.5

**Notes:**
With economizer systems, without the relief, the building can become overpressurized, causing exterior doors to stand open and causing whistling at elevator and stair doors.  When these problems occur, operators are apt to disable the economizer.

## Design Capacity – Water Economizers

**Design Capacity – Water Economizers**

- System capable of cooling supply air by indirect evaporation and providing up to 100% of expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 50°F dry bulb/45°F wet bulb and below
- Exception
- You can also meet this requirement if your design can meet 100% of expected cooling load at 45°F dry bulb/40°F wet bulb

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.2.1

**Notes:**
Exception:  If the building dehumidification requirements cannot be met at the above condition, you can also meet this requirement if your design can meet 100% of expected cooling load at 45°F dry bulb/40°F wet bulb

## Maximum Pressure Drop

- Precooling coils and water-to-water heat exchangers to have either
- Water-side pressure drop of < 15 ft of water **OR**
- Bypassed when not in use

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.2.2

**Figure 6-O from****90.1 User’s Manual**

**Notes:**
Unlike airside economizers, water economizers have parasitic energy losses that reduce the cooling energy savings.  One of these losses comes from possible increases in pumping energy.  This requirement attempts to limit those losses.

## Integrated Economizer Control

- Economizers must be integrated with mechanical cooling systems and be capable of providing partial cooling even when additional mechanical cooling is required
- Some exceptions to this

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.3

**Notes:**
Exceptions include:
Direct expansion systems that include controls that reduce the quantity of outdoor air required to prevent coil frosting at the lowest step of compressor unloading, provided this lowest step is no greater than 25% of the total system capacity
Individual expansion units that have a rated cooling capacity less than 65,000 Btu/h and use nonintegrated economizer controls that preclude simultaneous operation of the economizer and mechanical cooling.
Systems in Climate Zones 1, 2, 3a, 4a, 5a, 5b, 6, 7, and 8.

## Economizer Heating System Impact

- Designed so economizer operation doesn’t increase the building heating energy use during normal operation
- Exception
- Economizers on VAV systems that cause zone level heating to increase due to a reduction in supply air temperature

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.1.4

**Notes:**
This requirement has many implications that can significantly limit HVAC selection and design.

## Zone Controls

**Zone Controls**

- Capable of operating in sequence the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone
- Controls prevent
- Reheating
- Recooling
- Mixing or simultaneously supplying air previously heated or cooled
- Other simultaneous operation of heating and cooling systems to the same zone

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.1

**Notes:**
Single-zone systems will inherently meet these requirements, provided their controls are capable of sequencing typical heating and cooling.

## Zone Controls - Exceptions

- Zones for which volume of air that is reheated, recooled, or mixed is no greater than the larger of the following
- Volume of outside air to meet 6.2 of ASHRAE 62 for the zone
- 0.4 cfm/ft2 of zone conditioned floor area
- 30% of zone design peak supply
- 300 cfm for zones whose peak flow rate totals no more than 10% of the total fan system flow rate
- Any higher rate that can be demonstrated to jurisdiction to reduce overall system annual energy usage
- Zones where special pressurization relationships, cross-contamination requirements, or code-required minimum circulation rates are such that the variable air volume systems are impractical

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.1

**Notes:**
The first exception is most common for standard multiple-zone systems.

The User’s Manual provides more detail.

## Hydronic System Controls

- Limit heating and cooling of fluids previously heated or cooled mechanically per 6.5.2.2.1 through 6.5.2.2.3

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.2

## Three-Pipe System

- No common return system for both hot and chilled water

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.2.1

**Notes:**
Three-pipe systems use a common return for both hot water and chilled water and cause heated water and cooled water to be mixed with each other, increasing both heating and cooling energy usage.

## Two-Pipe Changeover System

- Common distribution system acceptable if
- Deadband from one mode to another is ≥ 15°F outside air temperature
- Controls to allow operation of ≥ 4 hours before changing over
- Reset controls so heating and cooling supply temperatures at changeover point no more than 30°F apart

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.2.2

**Notes:**
Two-pipe changeover systems use a common distribution system to alternately supply heated or chilled water to fan-coils and air-handlers.

## Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems

- Controls to provide heat pump water supply temperature deadband of at least 20°F between initiation of heat rejection and heat addition by central devices
- Cooling tower bypass or cooling tower isolation dampers
- A two-position valve at each hydronic heat pump for hydronic systems having a total pump system power > 10 hp
- Exception
- If system loop temperature optimization controller is used, deadband < 20°F is allowed

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.2.3

**Notes:**
Requirements are meant to limit the unnecessary use of the central heating and cooling sources.

## Dehumidification

- Humidistatic controls to prevent
- Reheating
- Mixing of hot and cold air streams
- Heating and cooling of same air stream

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.3

## Dehumidification Exceptions

- Systems capable of reducing supply air flow to 50%, or to minimum ventilation
- Systems under 6.67 tons that can unload at least 50%
- Systems smaller than 3.3 tons
- Process applications
- 75% of reheat or recool energy is recovered or solar

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.3

## Humidification

- Systems with hydronic cooling and humidification systems designed to maintain inside humidity at > 35°F dewpoint temperature shall use a water economizer if required by 6.5.1

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.2.4

**Notes:**
This requirement is limited to hydronic cooling systems; it doesn’t apply to direct-expansion cooling systems.
(Hydronic systems are more readily fitted with a water economizer than direct-expansion systems.)

## Air System Design and Control

- HVAC systems with total fan system power > 5 hp to meet 6.5.3.1 through 6.5.3.2
- Fan Power Limitation
- VAV Fan Control
- Part Load Fan Power Limitation
- Static Pressure Sensor location
- Set Point Reset

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.3

**Notes:**
Fan system power is the sum of the nominal power demand (nameplate hp) of all fans in a system that are required to operate at design conditions to supply air from the heating or cooling source (such as coils) to the conditioned spaces and return it back to the source or exhaust it to the outdoors.

## Fan Power Limitation

- Table 6.5.3.1
- Allowable fan system power may be adjusted if
- Air systems require air treatment or filtering systems with pressure drops > 1 in. w.c. when filters are clean, or heat recovery coils or devices, or direct evaporative humidifiers/coolers, or other devices to serve process loads in the airstream
- design room temperature – supply air temp at cooling design condition = > 20°F, allowable fan system power may be adjusted
- Exceptions

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.3.1

**Notes:**
These are upper limits that only have a limiting impact on relatively large systems.

Table has two options:  Option 1 specifies the nameplate hp.  Option 2 specifies the limit in terms of maximum brake hp at fan shaft and including adjustments to account for special filtering or other devices.

## Motor Nameplate Horsepower

- Selected fan motor to be no larger than first available motor size greater than bhp
- Fan bhp on design documents
- Exceptions
- Fans < 6 bhp, where first available motor larger than bhp has nameplate rating within 50% of bhp, next larger nameplate motor size may be selected
- Fans ≥ 6 bhp, where first available motor larger than bhp has nameplate rating within 30% of bhp, next larger nameplate motor size may be selected

## Part-Load Fan Power Limitation

- Individual VAV fans with motors ≥ 10 hp
- Must have either:
- Variable Speed Drive
- Vane axial fan with variable-pitch fan blades
- Other controls and devices to result in fan motor demand ≤ 30% of design wattage at 50% of design air volume when static pressure set point = 1/3 of total design static pressure, based on manufacturer’s certified fan data

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.3.2.1

## Static Pressure Sensor Location

- Placed so controller set point is ≤ 1/3 the total design fan static pressure
- Except for digital control systems with zone reset capabilities where it may be at the fan discharge
- Install multiple sensors in each major branch if sensor would be located downstream of a major duct split

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.3.2.2

## Set Point Reset

- For systems with direct digital control of individual zone boxes reporting to the central control panel
- Static pressure set point reset based on zone requiring the most pressure

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.3.2.3

**Notes:**
i.e., set point is reset lower until one zone damper is nearly wide open

## Hydronic System Design and Control

- HVAC hydronic systems with total pump system power > 10 hp shall meet 6.5.4.1 – 6.5.4.4
- Hydronic Variable Flow Systems
- Pump Isolation
- Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset
- Hydronic (water-loop) Heat Pump Systems

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4

**Notes:**
Pump system power is the sum of the motor nameplate hp of all pumps that are required to operate at design conditions to supply fluid from the heating or cooling source to all heat transfer devices (e.g., coils, heat exchanger) and return it to the source.

## Hydronic Variable Flow

- HVAC pumping systems to include control valves
- Designed to modulate or step open and close as a function of load
- Designed for variable fluid flow
- Capable of reducing flow rates to ≤ 50% of design flow rate
- Individual pumps serving variable flow systems with a pump head > 100 ft and motor > 50 hp
- Have controls and/or devices resulting in pump motor demand ≤ 30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4.1

**Notes:**
Controlled as a function of desired flow or to maintain a minimum required differential pressure
Differential pressure measured at or near the most remote heat exchanger or heat exchanger requiring greatest differential pressure

## Hydronic Variable Flow - Exceptions

- Systems where
- Minimum flow is < minimum flow required by equipment manufacturer for proper operation of equipment served by the system
- Total pump system power ≤ 75 hp
- Systems that include ≤ 3 control valves

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4.1

**Notes:**
No specific type of pump flow or pressure control is required.
Pumps that ride their pump curves will still use less energy at low flows than at design flow.

## Pump Isolation

- If chilled water plant has more than one chiller or boiler plant has more than one boiler
- Provide for flow reduction when chiller or boiler is shut down

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4.2

**Notes:**
Essentially requires that flow through chillers (or boilers), when piped in parallel, must be shutoff when the chillers (or boilers) are inactive.

## Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls

**Chilled and Hot Water Temperature ****Reset Controls**

- Affects systems with design capacity > 300,000 Btu/h
- To include controls to automatically reset supply water temperatures by representative building loads (including return water temperature) or by outside air temperature
- Exceptions
- If controls would result in improper operation
- Hydronic systems with variable flow

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4.3

**Notes:**
Resetting primary chilled water or hot water temperatures at part load improves the efficiency of primary equipment and reduces energy losses through piping.

## Hydronic Heat Pump

- For heat pump loops with total pump system power > 10 hp
- Two-position valves at each hydronic heat pump must be provided and interlocked to shut off water flow to the heat pump when the compressor is off
- This basically converts the system into a variable flow system.  As such, these systems must also comply with 6.3.4.1

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.4.4

## Heat Rejection Equipment

- Applies to heat rejection equipment used in comfort cooling systems such as
- Air-cooled condensers
- Open cooling towers
- Closed-circuit cooling towers
- Evaporative condensers
- Exceptions
- Heat rejection devices included as an integral part of equipment listed devices whose energy usage is included in Tables 6.8.1A-6.8.1D

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.5

## Fan Speed Control

- Each fan powered by a motor ≥ 7.5 hp
- Have capability to operate fan at ≤ 2/3 full speed
- Have controls to automatically change the fan speed to control the leaving fluid temperature or condensing temperature/pressure of the heat rejection device
- Exceptions
- Condenser fans serving multiple refrigerant circuits or flooded condensers
- Installations located in climates zones 1 and 2
- 1/3 of the fans on a multiple fan application speed controlled

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.5.2

## Exhaust Air Energy Recovery

- Incorporate exhaust air energy recovery in systems with
- ≥ 70% outside air and ≥ 5000 cfm total
- 50% energy recovery effectiveness

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.6.1

**Notes:**
At least 50% recovery effectiveness required for individual fan systems with both a design supply air capacity ≥ 5000 cfm and minimum outside air supply of ≥ 70% of design supply air quantity
50% energy recovery effectiveness = a change in enthalpy of outdoor air supply = 50% of difference between outdoor air and return air at design conditions

## Exhaust Air Energy Recovery  Exceptions

- Lab systems meeting 6.5.7.2
- Systems serving uncooled spaces that are heated to < 60°F
- Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint or corrosive fumes or dust
- Commercial kitchen hoods used for collecting grease or smoke
- Where > 60% of outdoor heating energy is provided from site-recovered or site solar energy
- Heating systems in climate zones 1 through 3
- Cooling systems in climate zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7, and 8
- Where largest exhaust source is < 75% of the design outdoor airflow
- Systems requiring dehumidification that employ energy recovery in series with the cooling coil

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.6.1

**Notes:**
The last exception refers to systems like wrap around heat pipes providing reheat after the cooling coil.

## Heat Recovery for Service Water Heating

- Condenser recovery required if
- 24 hrs per day _**and**_
- Heat rejection > 6,000,000 Btu/h _**and**_
- SWH load > 1,000,000 Btu/h
- Exceptions

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.6.2

**Notes:**
Note:  probably only a very small percentage of buildings meet all three situations
Condenser heat recovery systems installed for heating or preheating of shw provided all of the following are true
24 hr/day facility operation
Total installed heat rejection capacity of the water-cooled systems > 6,000,000 Btu/h of heat rejection
Design swh load > 1,000,000 Btu/h
Exceptions:
Facilities that
Employ condenser heat recovery for space heating with a heat recovery design > 30% of the peak water-cooled condenser load at design conditions
Provide 60% of their swh from site solar or site recovered energy or from other sources

## Kitchen Hoods (Exhaust)

- Hoods > 5,000 cfm to be provided with makeup air sized for at least 50% of exhaust air volume that is a) unheated or heated to more than 60°F and b) uncooled or cooled without the use of mechanical cooling
- Exceptions
- Where hoods are used to exhaust ventilation air that would otherwise exfiltrate or be exhausted by other fan systems
- Certified grease extractor hoods that require a face velocity no greater than 60 fpm

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.7.1

**Notes:**
Most commonly done with hoods with integral supplies that supply air either right at the face of the hood or into the hood.

## Fume Hoods 

- Hood systems with a total exhaust rate > 15,000 cfm to have ONE of the following features
- Operation to < 50% design flow **OR**
- Direct make up at least 75% of exhaust rate at specified conditions **OR**
- Heat recovery for make-up air

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.7.2

**Notes:**
Variable air volume hood exhaust and room supply systems capable of reducing exhaust and makeup air volume to ≤ 50% of design values
Direct makeup air supply equal to at least 75% of exhaust rate
heated no warmer than 2°F below room set point, 
cooled no cooler than 3°F above room set point, 
no humidification added, and 
no simultaneous heating and cooling used for dehumidification control
Heat recovery systems to precondition makeup air from fume hood exhaust in accordance with 6.5.6.1 without using any exception

## Radiant Heating Systems

- Required for unenclosed spaces except loading docks with air curtains
- “Radiant heating systems that are used as primary or supplemental enclosed space heating must be in  conformance with the governing provisions of the standard”

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.8

**Notes:**
Second bullet basically means that you have to treat radiant heating systems used indoors in the same way that you treat other heating systems.  This affects which buildings are within the scope of the Standard, the semi-heated building vs. conditioned building spaces, zone thermostat controls, reheat, and a host of other controls related to simultaneous heating and cooling.  In all of these, radiant heating is to be considered just like any other heating system, and the requirements of 6.5.8.2 are there purely to emphasize this.

## Hot Gas Bypass Limitation

- Not used (including other evaporator pressure control systems) unless system is designed with multiple steps of unloading or continuous capacity modulation
- Exception
- Unitary packaged systems with cooling capacities ≤ 90,000 Btu/h

- HVAC - P

- Section 6.5.9

**Notes:**
With hot-gas bypass systems, hot gas from the compressor discharge is injected into the compressor suction to false load the compressor so that it will operate stably at its lowest stage of unloading.

## Submittals 

- Record drawings
- Operating and maintenance manuals
- System balancing
- System commissioning

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7

**Notes:**
Note: Completion Requirements in section 6.7 are referenced by section 6.4.5.

## Drawings

**Drawings**

- Record drawings of actual installation to building owner within 90 days of system acceptance and include, as a minimum
- Location and performance data on each piece of equipment
- General configuration of duct and pipe distribution system including sizes
- Terminal air or water design flow rates

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7.2.1

## Manuals

- Operating and maintenance manuals to building owner within 90 days of system acceptance and include several items

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7.2.2

**Notes:**
To include 
	submittal data stating equipment size and selected options for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance
	operation manuals and maintenance manuals for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance, except equipment not furnished as part of the project.  Required routine maintenance actions shall be clearly identified
	Names and addresses of at least one service agency
	HVAC controls system maintenance and calibration information, including wiring diagrams, schematics, and control sequence descriptions.  Desired or field determined set points shall be permanently recorded on control drawings at control devices or, for digital control systems, in programming comments.
	A complete narrative of how each system is intended to operate, including suggested set points

## System Balancing

- Systems shall be balanced in accordance with accepted engineering standards
- Written report for conditioned spaces > 5000 ft2
- Minimize throttling losses
- For fans with system power > 1 hp
- Adjust fan speed to meet design flow conditions

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7.2.3

**Notes:**
In accordance with generally accepted engineering standards

## Hydronic System Balancing

- Proportionately balanced to minimize throttling losses
- Pump impeller trimmed or pump speed adjusted to meet design flow conditions
- Each system to have either the ability to measure differential pressure increase across the pump or have test ports at each side of the pump
- Exceptions
- Pumps with pump motors ≤ 10 hp
- When throttling results in < 5% of the nameplate hp draw, or 3 hp, whichever is greater, above that required if the impeller was trimmed

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7.2.3.3

## System Commissioning

- Control elements are calibrated, adjusted, and in proper working condition
- > 50,000 ft2 conditioned area
- Except warehouses and semiheated spaces
- Requires commissioning instructions

- HVAC - MP

- Section 6.7.2.4

## Minimum Equipment Efficiency Tables

- Equipment efficiency tables 6.8.1A to 6.8.1J
- Duct Insulation Tables 6.8.2A and 6.8.2B
- Pipe Insulation Table 6.8.3

- Section 6.8

**Notes:**
6.8.1A – Air conditioners and condensing units
6.8.1B – Electrically operated unitary and applied heat pumps – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1C – water chilling packages – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1D – Electrically operated packaged terminal air conditioners, packaged terminal heat pumps, single-package vertical air conditioners, single-package vertical heat pumps, room air conditioners, and room air conditioner heat pumps – minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1E – Warm air furnaces and combination warm air furnaces/air-conditioning units, warm air duct furnaces and unit heaters
6.8.1F – Gas- and oil-fired boilers-minimum efficiency requirements
6.8.1G – Performance requirements for heat rejection equipment
6.8.1H – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers < 150 tons
6.8.1I – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers >= 150 tons <=300 tons
6.8.1J – Minimum efficiencies for centrifugal chillers > 300 tons

## SWH Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**SWH Compliance**

**Other**

**Notes:**
Grayed out options under Compliance Options are not available for SWH. 

There are only two compliance approaches available for SWH:  Prescriptive and ECB.  The Simplified Mechanical Approach does not require that the Mandatory Provisions be met.

## Section 7 - Service Water Heating

- General *(Section 7.1)*
- Compliance Path(s) *(Section 7.2)*
- Mandatory Provisions *(Section 7.4)*
- Load calculations
- Equipment efficiency
- Service hot water piping insulation
- System controls
- Pools
- Heat traps
- Prescriptive Path *(Section 7.5)*
- Space heating and water heating
- Service water heating equipment
- Submittals* (Section 7.7)*

- Section 7

## SWH Alterations

**SWH Alterations**

- SWH equipment installed as a direct replacement shall meet these requirements unless there is not sufficient space or access to meet these requirements

- Section 7.1.1.3

**Notes:**
Minor alterations to swh systems, such as extending the pipes to new fixtures or installing valves, wouldn’t trigger requirements.

## SWH Compliance Paths

- Section 7.2
- You have to follow Sections
- 7.1,
- 7.4,
- 7.5,
- 7.7, and
- 7.8
- Alternatively, you can follow Section 11 (ECB), in which case Section 7.4 is mandatory

## Load Calculations

- In accordance with manufacturer’s published sizing guidelines or generally accepted engineering standards and handbooks

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.1

**Notes:**
No load sizing

## Equipment Efficiency

- Section 7.4.2 refers to Table 7.8 for equipment efficiencies
- Equipment not listed in Table 7.8 has no minimum performance requirements
- Exception
- Water heaters and hot water supply boilers > 140 gal storage capacity don’t have to meet _standby loss_ requirements when
- Tank surface is thermally insulated to R-12.5, and
- A standing pilot light isn’t installed, and
- Gas- or oil-fired water heaters have a flue damper or fan-assisted combustion

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.2

**Notes:**
Table 7.8 classifies equipment by type (storage, instantaneous, etc.), fuel, capacity (input rating), input-to-volume ratio, and/or storage size.

## Service Hot Water Piping Insulation

- Table 6.8.3, Section 6
- Circulating water heater
- Recirculating system piping, including supply and return piping
- Nonrecirculating storage system
- First 8 ft of outlet piping
- Inlet pipe between storage tank and heat trap
- Externally-heated pipes (heat trace or impedance heating)

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.3

## Service Water Heating System Controls

- Temperature Controls
- Temperature Maintenance Controls
- Outlet Temperature Controls
- Circulating Pump Controls

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.4

## Temperature Controls

- To allow for storage temperature adjustment from 120°F or lower to a maximum temperature compatible with the intended use
- Exception
- If manufacturer’s installation instructions specify a higher minimum thermostat setting to minimize condensation and resulting corrosion

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.4.1

**Notes:**
In addition to the potential energy savings, maintaining water temperature as low as possible reduces corrosion and scaling of water heaters and components.
Another important benefit is improved safety with respect to scalding.

## Temperature Maintenance Controls

- Automatic time switches or other controls
- Set to switch off usage temperature maintenance system during extended periods when hot water is not required

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.4.2

## Outlet Temperature Controls

- Controls provided
- To limit maximum temperature of water delivered from lavatory faucets in public facility restrooms to 110°F

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.4.3

## Circulating Pump Controls

- To limit operation to a period from the start of the heating cycle to a maximum of five minutes after the end of the heating cycle

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.4.4

## Pools

- Pool heaters to have readily accessible on-off switch
- Pool heaters fired by natural gas can NOT have continuously burning pilot lights
- Vapor retardant pool covers required (unless recovered or solar heat)
- Time switches required

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.5

**Notes:**
Pools heated to > 90°F to have pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-12
Time Switch Exception
Pools deriving > 60% of energy for heating from site-recovered energy or solar energy source
Exceptions
Where public health standards require 24-hr pump operation
Where pumps are required to operate solar and waste heat recovery pool heating systems

## Heat Traps

- Noncirculating systems to have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to storage tank (if no integral heat traps)

- Either a device specifically designed for this purpose or
- Arrangement of tubing that forms a loop of 360° or piping that from the point of connection to the water heater includes a length of piping directed downward before connection to the vertical piping of the supply water or hot water distribution system, as applicable

- SWH - MP

- Section 7.4.6

**Notes:**
Storage heaters with integral heat traps on both inlet and outlet piping satisfy this requirement.

## Space Heating and Water Heating 

- Gas- or oil-fired space heating boiler system (complying with Section 6) is allowed to provide total space heating and water heating when ONE of the following conditions is met
- Single boiler or component that is heating the service water has a standby loss in Btu/h not exceeding
- (13.3 x *pmd* + 400) / *n*; where* pmd *is probable maximum demand in gal/h and* n *is the fraction of the year when outdoor daily mean temperature is > 64.9°F
- Jurisdiction agrees use of a single heat source will consume less energy than separate units
- Energy input of the combined boiler and water heater system is < 150,000 Btu/h
- Instructions for determining standby loss are included in this Section

- SWH - P

- Section 7.5.1

## Service Water Heating Equipment 

- Equipment used to provide the additional function of space heating as part of a combination (integrated) system shall satisfy all requirements for service water heating equipment

- SWH - P

- Section 7.5.2

## Service Water Heating Submittals 

- Authority having jurisdiction may require submittal of compliance documentation and supplemental information in accord with Section 4.2.2 of this standard

- SWH - P

- Section 7.7

## Power Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**Power Compliance**

**Other**

**Notes:**
Grayed out options under Compliance Options do not exist for this chapter.  For Power, there are only Mandatory Provisions and the option to use the Energy Cost Budget Method.  

## Section 8 - Power

**Section 8 - Power**

- Voltage drop
- Submittals

**Notes:**
Section 8 covers voltage drop and completion requirements (both of these requirements are mandatory). 

## Voltage Drop

- Two types of conductors
- Feeder conductors
- Connect service equipment to the branch circuit breaker panels
- 2% maximum voltage drop allowed at design load
- Branch circuit conductors
- Run from the final circuit breaker to the outlet or load
- 3% maximum voltage drop allowed at design load
- These are more stringent than non-enforceable requirements in the National Electric Code (NEC)

- Section 8.4.1

**Notes:**
Two problems associated with voltage drop (User’s Manual Pg 8-3)
Standard does not consider power loss in transformers, therefore, meeting voltage drop requirements doesn’t guarantee proper equipment operation

## Power Submittals

**Power Submittals**

- Owner gets information about the building’s electrical system
- Record drawings of actual installation within 30 days
- Single-line diagram of electrical distribution system
- Floor plans showing location and areas served for all distribution
- Manuals
- Submittal data stating equipment rating
- O&M manuals for equipment
- Qualified service agency
- Complete narrative of system as it’s normally intended to operate

- Section 8.7

## Lighting Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**Lighting Compliance**

**Notes:**
For Lighting, Prescriptive Option is really either Building Area Method or Space-by-Space Method.  Grayed out options under Compliance Options are not used.  

## Section 9 - Lighting

- General Application *(Section 9.1)*
- Scope
- Lighting Alterations
- Installed Interior Lighting Power
- Luminaire Wattage
- Compliance Path(s) *(Section 9.2)*
- Mandatory Provisions *(Section 9.4)*
- Lighting control
- Tandem wiring
- Exit signs
- Exterior building grounds lighting
- Exterior building lighting power
- Building Area Method Compliance Path (*Section 9.5)*
- Alternative Compliance Path: Space-by-Space Method *(Section 9.6)*

- Section 9

## Lighting General 

- Scope
- Interior spaces of buildings
- Exterior building features
- Exterior grounds lighting powered through building
- Exceptions
- Emergency lighting
- Lighting required by life safety statute
- Lighting within dwelling units of buildings
- Decorative gas lighting
- Lighting Alterations – New lighting and lighting controls must comply with this section, unless an alteration replaces less than 50% of luminaires in a space and that alteration does not increase the installed lighting power

## Lighting General 

- Installed Interior Lighting Power shall include all power used by the luminaires, including lamps, ballasts, transformers, and controls
**Exception**:  in the case where there are two independently operated lighting systems that are controlled to prevent simultaneous operation
- Include only the higher wattage system
- Luminaire Wattage for various systems shall determined in accordance with details in Section 9.1.4

- Section 9.1.3

## Basic Lighting Requirements

**Basic Lighting Requirements**

**Mandatory Requirements (Interior and Exterior)**

- Controls

- Switching

**Interior Lighting Power Limits**

- Whole Building

- Additional Allowances

**+**** **

- Efficiency

- Space-by-Space

- Exemptions

**Exterior Lighting Power Limits**

**+**** **

**Total Connected Power**

**Interior Lighting Power Allowance**

_**<**_

- _ _

**OR**

- Tradable

- Non-Tradable

**Notes:**
Interior lighting requirements are divided into a set of mandatory requirements, provisions that must be complied with regardless of the quantity of lighting that is installed, and two methods for determining the allowed wattage for the building.  
The Prescriptive approach contains a look up table to determine allowed wattage for each occupancy type and is divided into two categories.

The Entire Building approach can be used for a single occupancy building.

The Partial Building approach is used for a multiple occupancy building such as a strip shopping mall.    

## Luminaire Wattage

**Luminaire Wattage**

- Standard incandescent = max. labeled wattage of the luminaire
- Luminaires with ballasts or transformers = wattage of the maximum lamp/ballast combination OR max. labeled wattage of the luminaire
- Line voltage track = actual wattage with a min. 30 W per foot OR wattage limit of system’s circuit breaker OR wattage limit of other permanent-current-limiting device(s) on the system
- Low voltage track = transformer wattage
- All others as specified on equipment

- Section 9.1.4

## Mandatory: Individual Space Control

- At least one for each room or space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions
- in spaces ≤ 10,000 ft2, each control serves 2500 ft2 maximum and in spaces > 10,000 ft2, serves 10,000 ft2 maximum
- Readily accessible to occupants
- Remote location is allowed to accommodate areas where safety or security is a concern

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.1.2

## Mandatory: Additional Space Controls

- Hotel/motel guest room lighting must be controlled at room entry
- Occupancy sensors are required in:
- Classrooms (except shop, lab, K-12)
- Conference/meeting rooms
- Employee lunch/break rooms

## Mandatory: Individual Space Control

- Additional control required for:
- Display/accent lighting
- Case lighting
- Task lighting
- Nonvisual lighting
- Demonstration lighting

## Mandatory: Automatic Shutoff

- Automatic lighting shutoff control device required in all buildings larger than 5,000 ft2
- Override of automatic shutoff required for not more than 4 hours
- Exceptions to automatic shutoff:
- Lighting for 24-hour operation
- Patient care spaces
- Areas with safety or security concerns

- Section 9.4.1

## Automatic Shutoff

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.1

- Compliance options:
- Control lights on a scheduled basis (automatic time switch)
- Time-of-day controller
- Controls ≤ 25,000 ft2 and not more than one floor
- Occupant sensor
- Turn lights off within 30 minutes of occupant leaving the space
- Signal from another control or alarm that indicates the area is unoccupied

**Notes:**
Local override capability (maximum area for override is an entire floor or 25,000 ft2, whichever is less)

Types of occupancy sensors:  wallbox units and wall and ceiling units
Two means of detecting occupancy:  passive infrared sensors and ultrasound detectors

## Application of Automatic Shutoff

- 	Intent is to apply to business entities or structures where whole building control is practical
- 	Example application:
- Strip mall – individual business unit

## Exterior Lighting Control

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.1.3

- For dusk-to-dawn lighting: astronomical time switch or photosensor
- For all other: astronomical time switch **OR photosensor + time switch [REVISED!]**
- All time switches must have 10 hour battery backup
- Exceptions:
- Covered vehicle entrances
- Exits from buildings or parking structures
- (where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation)

**Notes:**
Lighting controls must be able to automatically turn lights off during daylight hours or when lighting is not required.  

## Additional Control

- Many special lighting applications must be controlled separately
- Display/accent lighting
- Case lighting
- Hotel/motel guest room lighting
- Task lighting
- Nonvisual lighting
- Demonstration lighting

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.1.4

## Tandem Wiring

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.2

- Eliminate use of single lamp, low-frequency ballast where possible

**Notes:**
Luminaires designed for use with 1 or 3 linear fluorescent lamps > 30W each shall use two-lamp tandem-wired ballasts in place of single-lamp ballasts in place of single-lamp ballasts when 2 or more luminaires are in the same space and on the same control device.  The exception is for recessed luminaires more than ten feet apart.  

## Tandem Wiring Exceptions

- Separated surface or pendant luminaires
- Recessed luminaires more than 10 ft apart
- Other luminaires
- With three-lamp ballasts
- On emergency lighting circuits
- With no available pair
- With one lamp, high frequency, electronic ballast

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.2

## Exit Signs

- Limited to 5 watts per face

- Lighting - MP

- Section 9.4.3

**Notes:**
Most LED exit signs will meet this requirement.

## Exterior Lighting Power

- Building grounds lighting luminaires over 100 watts must have lamp efficacy of at least 60 lumen/Watt
- Exterior Building Lighting Power must meet prescribed wattage limits.  Exterior applications divided into 2 categories:
**Tradable****:**  allowed wattage may be traded among these applications
**Non-Tradable****:** allowed wattage **c****annot** be traded between surfaces or with other exterior lighting

**Notes:**
Building grounds lighting – unless controlled by a motion sensor or qualifies for one of the exceptions under Section 9.1.1 or 9.4.5.

## Efficacy

- The ratio of light output to watts input
- lumens per watt
- The higher the efficacy, the more efficient the light source
- 40 watt incandescent = 480 lumens
- 40 watt fluorescent = 2640 lumens

## Efficacy

**Notes:**
This chart shows which technologies will meet the efficacy requirements.

## Exterior Building Lighting Power 

**Exterior Building Lighting Power **

- Section 9.4.5

- Lighting - P

- The total exterior lighting power allowance is the sum of the individual lighting power densities [LPD]....
- ....plus an additional unrestricted allowance of 5% of that sum. Trade-offs are allowed only among “Tradable Surfaces” applications.
- Some exemptions apply

**Notes:**
The power allowance for tradable and non-tradable lighting power applications is summed, and 5% of this total may be allocated to supplement the power budget for any of the exterior lighting allowances.

## Exterior Building Lighting Power 

- Lighting used for the following exterior applications is exempt when equipped with a control device independent of the control of the nonexempt lighting:
- specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation;
- lighting that is integral to advertising signage or directional signage;
- lighting that is integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed by its manufacturer;
- lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film, and video production;
- lighting for athletic playing areas;
- temporary lighting;
- lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation sites, and associated storage areas;
- theme elements in theme/amusement parks;
- lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic landmark structures or buildings.

- Section 9.4.5

- Lighting - P

## Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007

| Applications | Lighting Power Densities |
| --- | --- |
| Tradable Surfaces 
(Lighting Power Densities for open parking areas, building grounds, building entrances and exits, canopies and overhangs, and outdoor sales areas may be traded) |  |
| Uncovered Parking Areas |  |
| Parking lots and drives | 0.15 W/ft2 |
| Building Grounds |  |
| Walkways less than 10 feet wide | 1.0 W/linear foot |
| Walkways 10 feet wide or greater, Plaza areas and Special feature areas | 0.2 W/ft2 |
| Stairways | 1.0 W/ft2 |

## Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007

| Applications | Lighting Power Densities |
| --- | --- |
| More Tradable Surfaces... |  |
| Building Entrances and Exits  |  |
| Main entries | 30 W/linear foot of door width |
| Other doors  | 20 W/linear foot of door width |
| Canopies and Overhangs |  |
| Canopies (free standing & attached) and overhangs | 1.25 W/ft2 |
| Outdoor Sales |  |
| Open areas (including vehicle sales lots) | 0.5 W/ft2 |
| Street frontage for vehicle sales lots in addition to “open area” allowance | 20 W/linear foot |

## Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007

| Applications | Lighting Power Densities |
| --- | --- |
| Non-Tradable Surfaces (Lighting Power Density calculations for the following applications can only be used for the specific application and cannot be traded between surfaces or with other exterior lighting. The following allowances are in addition to any allowance otherwise permitted in the Tradable Surfaces section of this table.) |  |
| Building facades | 0.2 W/ft2 for each illuminated wall or surface or 5.0 W/linear foot for each illuminated wall or surface length  |
| Automated teller machines & night depositories | 270 W per location plus 90 watts per additional ATM per location  |
| Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at guarded facilities
 | 1.25 W/ft2 of uncovered area (covered areas are included in the Canopies and Overhangs section of Tradable Surfaces)  |

**Notes:**
Façade lighting would also include emitted light

## Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007

| Applications | Lighting Power Densities |
| --- | --- |
| Non-Tradable Surfaces |  |
| Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, ambulance and other emergency service vehicles | 0.5 W/ft2 of uncovered area (covered areas are included in the Canopies and Overhangs section of Tradable Surfaces) |
| Drive-up windows at fast food restaurants | 400 W per drive through  |
| Parking near 24-hour retail entrances | 800 W per main entry |

## Interior Lighting Power

**Interior Lighting Power**

- Lots of exemptions
- Calculation methods
- Building area
- Space-by-space
- Trade-offs of interior lighting power allowance among portions of the building for which a different calculation method has been used is not permitted

- Lighting - P

**Notes:**
Exemptions are listed on next slide.

## Lighting Power Allowance Exemptions

- Theatrical, stage, film, and video production
- Medical and dental procedures
- Exhibit displays for museums, monuments, and galleries
- Plant growth or maintenance
- Integral to equipment or instrumentation installed by manufacturer
- Integral to both open and glass-enclosed refrigerator and freezer cases
- Retail display windows, provided the display is enclosed by ceiling-height partitions
- Food warming and food preparation equipment

- Interior spaces specifically designated as registered interior historic landmarks
- Integral part of advertising or directional signage
- Exit signs
- Sale or lighting educational demonstration systems
- Lighting for television broadcasting in sporting activity areas
- Casino gaming areas
- Furniture-mounted supplemental task lighting controlled by automatic shutoff and complying with 9.4.1.4(d)
- For use in areas specifically designed for occupants with special needs

**Notes:**
Last item specifically states “including visual impairment and other medical or age-related issues”

## Exemption Example

**Notes:**
In this example, all of the display lighting in the windows is exempt because the area is enclosed by ceiling-height partitions (but still must have a separate control per the Mandatory Provisions).  The display lighting on the mall side is not exempt because it is visually connected to the sales area of the store.  Display lighting that is intermingled in the sales area must also have a separate control.

## Building Area Method of Calculating Interior Lighting Power Allowance

- Used for projects involving
- An entire building
- A single, independent, and separate occupancy in a multi-occupancy building
- Gross lighted area is multiplied by allowance from Table 9.5.1
- Limitations
- Insensitive to specific space functions and room configurations
- Generally is more restrictive
- Does not apply to all building types -  but “selection of a reasonably equivalent type” is permitted

- Lighting - P

- Section 9.5.1

**Notes:**
The building area method is the easiest to use but has limitations as discussed above.

## Gross Lighted Area

- Sum of total lighted area of a building
- Measured from the exterior faces of the exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings, but excluding a long list of areas.  (See Standard).
- Used in the building area method of determining interior lighting power allowance

- Lighting - P

**Notes:**
GLA includes basements, mezzanines and intermediate floor tiers, and penthouses, provided these spaces have a headroom height of 7.5 ft. or greater.  Excludes covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, and similar features

## Building Area Allowances

- Table 9.5.1

- 1.0

- Exercise Center

- 1.0

- Dormitory

- 1.6

- Dining:  Family

- 1.4

- Dining:  Cafeteria/Fast Food

- 1.3

- Dining:  Bar Lounge/Leisure

- 1.2

- Court House

- 1.2

- Convention Center

- 0.9

- Automotive Facility

**Lighting Power Density (W/ft****2****)**

**Building Type**

- Lighting - P

## Space-by-Space Method of Calculating Interior Lighting Power Allowance

- Identify different building types in your project
- Divide gross lighted area of the building into each of the space types
- Calculate lighting power allowance by multiplying area of space type by lighting power density for that specific space type
- Sum all the allowances
- Advantages
- More flexible
- Applicable to all building types
- Accounts for room geometry (e.g., lighting needs of enclosed office vs. open office)

- Lighting - P

- Section 9.6.1

**Notes:**
Multi-occupancy building – if both space-by-space and building area methods are used, trade-offs are not permitted between the two building occupancies; each building occupancy must comply separately.

## Additional Interior Lighting Power

- An increase in the ILPA is allowed for specific space functions when using the space-by-space method.  Applications must be automatically controlled, separately from the general lighting, to be turned off during non-business hours
- Decorative in addition to general lighting – 1.0 W/ft2 in space used
- Fluorescent designed to eliminate computer screen glare – 0.35 W/ft2
- Retail display lighting

- Lighting - P

- Section 9.6.2

**Notes:**
The additional allowance for VDT was eliminated in 90.1-2007.

## Retail Display Lighting

- Additional Interior Lighting Power Allowance = 1000 watts +
- (Retail Area 1 x 1.0 W/ft2) +
- (Retail Area 2 x 1.7 W/ft2) +
- (Retail Area 3 x 2.6 W/ft2) +
- (Retail Area 4 x 4.2 W/ft2),
- Where:
-     Retail Area 1 = the floor area for all products not listed in Retail Area 2, 3 or 4.
-     Retail Area 2 = the floor area used for the sale of vehicles, sporting goods and small electronics.
-     Retail Area 3 = the floor area used for the sale of furniture, clothing, cosmetics and artwork.
-     Retail Area 4 = the floor area used for the sale of jewelry, crystal, and china.
- 	Exception: Other merchandise categories may be included in Retail Areas 2 through 4 above, provided that justification documenting the need for additional lighting power based on visual inspection, contrast, or other critical display is approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

**Notes:**
This additional display lighting must be separately circuited, switched, and automatically controlled.

## Submittals

- There are no submittals associated with the lighting requirements

- Lighting - P

- Section 9.7

## Other Compliance

**Mandatory **
**Provisions**
**(required for most compliance options)**

**Building System**

**Compliance Options**

- Energy Code Compliance

- Prescriptive Option

- Energy Cost Budget

- Trade Off Option

- Simplified

**Envelope**

**HVAC**

**Lighting**

**SWH**

**Power**

**Other Compliance**

**Other**

## Section 10 - Other Equipment

- Motor efficiency levels correspond to Energy Policy Act of 1992 manufacturing standards
- Mandatory provisions are for General Purpose Design A and Design B motors only
- Motors in new buildings, additions to existing buildings, and alterations to existing buildings must comply
- Relocated or reused existing motors do not have to meet these requirements
- No small building option, no prescriptive compliance path, no alternative compliance paths, no submittals

- Section 10

**Notes:**
Covers electric motor efficiency requirements.  The User’s Manual states that compliance with this section is the responsibility of the equipment manufacturers and importers, not the responsibility of designers and builders.

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

- The ultimate trade-off method allowing you to trade-off across building systems through the use of annual, hourly simulation tools and a baseline building
- The only real way to deal with unique designs, renewables, high-efficiency equipment, etc.
- The basis of the energy portion of the LEED rating
- Limits allowable energy costs of the design to those of a building meeting the Standard
- Buildings must still meet all mandatory requirements (Section X.4)

- Section 11

**Notes:**
Mandatory provisions are always Section X.4.  Example:  Building Envelope Mandatory Provisions are in Section 5.4 and HVAC Mandatory Provisions are in Section 6.4.

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

- Tradeoff limited to building permit
- You have to have an approved building envelope design prior to ECB submittal
- You must meet all the X.4 sections AND the design energy cost cannot exceed the energy cost budget AND the energy efficiency level of components must meet or exceed the levels used to calculate the design energy cost
- You must document all this in great detail

- Section 11.1

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

- Use a good and approved simulation program
- Use appropriate and approved climate data
- Use appropriate and approved purchased energy rates
- Use the same simulation program, climate data, and purchased energy rates for both the design energy cost and energy cost budget
- Get approval to deal with exceptional calculations that aren’t covered in the simulation program

- Section 11.2

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

- Develop your proposed building design and budget building design in accordance with Table 11.3.1
- This table “locks down” a number of building design parameters
- Choose your budget building HVAC system from Figure 11.3.2 and Table 11.3.2A

- Section 11.3

## Section 11 - Energy Cost Budget Method

- If you are attempting to show that your building goes “above code” (say, for instance, for LEED energy points) as opposed to simply using ECB as a very flexible and complex code compliance tradeoff option,
- be sure to see Informative Appendix G, which contains many of the same elements as Section 11, but with modifications to accommodate the needs of “above code” programs

- Section 11

## Section 12 - Normative References

**Section 12 - Normative References**

- Normative (read “mandatory”) reference documents
- Includes test methods, rating procedures, and other standards

- Section 12

## Rated R-Value of Insulation and Assembly U-Factor, C-Factor, and F-Factor Determinations

- Includes pre-calculated U-factors, C-factors, and F-factors
- Above-grade walls
- Below-grade walls
- Floors
- Slab-on-grade floors
- Opaque doors
- Fenestration

- Normative Appendix A

**Notes:**
This appendix includes the “base assumptions” for the assemblies that let you use the R-value tables.

## Building Envelope Climate Criteria

- Defines which of the envelope criteria tables (Tables 5.5-X) to use for your location
- General
- Climate Zone Map
- U.S. Climate Zones (by County)
- Canadian Climatic Zones (by City)
- International Climate Zone (by City)
- Major Climate Type Definitions (for use with non-U.S. locations)

- Normative Appendix B

## Methodology for Building EnvelopeTrade-Off Option in Subsection 5.6 

- The details of how the envelope trade-off option referenced in Section 5.6 is implemented
- This methodology is implemented in the ENVSTD software distributed with the 90.1 Users Manual

- Normative Appendix C

## Climate Data

- Climatic data for a number of US, Canadian, and international locations
- HDD65 and CDD50
- Heating and cooling design temperatures
- “number of hours between 8 am and 4 pm with Tdb between 55 and 69”
- Used exclusively for HVAC calculations

- Normative Appendix D

## Informative References

**Informative References**

- Other useful references that are not mandatory, but are useful as examples for the user of Standard 90.1-2007
- In general, these are not consensus documents so ASHRAE procedures do not allow them to be mandatory references

- Normative Appendix E

## Addenda Description Information

- Information on addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE/IENSA Standard 90.1-2004 (the predecessor to Standard 90.1-2007)
- ASHRAE issued 44 addenda to Standard 90.1-2004
- Standard 90.1-2004 plus these addenda forms the basis of Standard 90.1-2007

- Informative Appendix F

## Performance Rating Method

**Performance Rating Method**

- Instructions for using the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Cost Budget Method in conjunction with the U.S. Green Buildings Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program

- Informative Appendix G

**PNNL-SA-63097**