# Presentation: 756003

**Jay Feuquay, USGS**
**Ted Hammer, NASA**
**Stan Schneider, NASA/NPOESS**
**ASPRS Conference**
**Baltimore MD**
**10 March 2005**

**Landsat Data Continuity Briefing**

**Deforestation: Amazon**

*Courtesy TRFIC–MSU, Houghton et al, 2000.*

## Background

Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status

Interagency Working Group

Data Continuity Strategy

Landsat on NPOESS

Summary

**Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status**
**Interagency Working Group**
**Data Continuity Strategy**
**Landsat on NPOESS**
**Summary**

**Agenda**

## Background

**“****The Secretary of the Interior shall provide for long-term storage, maintenance, and upgrading of a basic, global land remote sensing data set....” P.L. 102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992**
**NASA and DOI/USGS established as Landsat Program Management via Presidential Decision Directive NSTC-3 signed 5/5/94; amended 10/16/00 **
**NASA built, then launched Landsat 7 in 1999; USGS operates satellite and manages national long-term satellite data archive**
**Over 250 Landsat 7 scenes (nearly 8 million square kilometers) obtained **_**per**_** **_**day**_** by USGS**

## Background, con’t.

**NASA and USGS develop a schedule for seasonal, global coverage, ensuring archive imagery for long-term land-cover record and before/after imagery of floods, forest fires, hurricanes, etc. anywhere on Earth**

**Pre Tsunami             Post Tsunami            Population Impact**

## Background, con’t.

**Landsat Archive**
**33 Years and Counting***:*
**Over 1.7 million Landsat scenes**
**Over 630 terabytes of data **
**Note: terabyte = 109 DVD movies**** **
**Grows by over 320 gigabytes/day**
**Fire History: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado**

**Background, con’t.**

## Background, con’t.

**AVHRR/**
**MODIS**

- • spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m

**2048 km swath**

**183 km**

**Landsat**

- • spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m

- • spatial resolution, 15m, 30m

- • global coverage, 2 days

- • 16 day orbital repeat

- • seasonal global coverage

**Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing**

**~ 10 km**

- • spatial resolution ~ 1m

** ****Commercial Systems**

**ASTER**

**60 km**

**MISR**

- • spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m

**360 km**

- • global coverage, 9 days

**3300 km swath**

**VIIRS**

- • spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR))

- • global coverage, 2x/day/satellite

## Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing

- Landsat remote sensing plays an important role in that...
- It gives us the "big view“ (183 by 170 km)
- It gives us a consistent, historical context and record
- It provides complete multispectral coverage (visible to infrared)
- It permits us to map geophysical parameters on regional, continental and global scales
- It permits characterization of global land changes
- Monitoring of gradual changes in ecosystems requires long-term, scientifically valid satellite coverage -- only Landsat provides that record
- Landsat-resolution data are required to:
- precisely assess the area(s) affected
- separate human disturbances from those having natural origins
- bridge the gap between field observations and global monitoring

## Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status

**Landsat 5 and its Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor are 18 years past 3-year design life**
- Data transmitted real-time direct downlink only; no onboard payload data recorder
- Full US and partial global coverage
- Fuel depleted in Spring, 2009
**Landsat 7 and its Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+) sensor surpassed original design life of 5 years on April 15, 2004**
- ETM+  scan line corrector (SLC) failure occurred on May 31, 2003
- The Landsat 7 images contain gaps
- USGS developed Gap-Filled products
- May 2004 failure of 1 of 3 gyros; no impact to imaging, but risk to extend operations increased
- Fuel depleted in Spring, 2010

## Landsat 7 Merged-Scene Product

- Post-anomaly
- Landsat 7 image

- Gaps filled with
- next image of same site

## Risk of Landsat 7 Failure

- NASA engineers in consultation with USGS Flight Operations Team conducted a risk analysis
- Used developer’s reliability analysis as a baseline
- Analyzed gyroscopes from the same manufacturer as those on Landsat 7 (L7) analyzed
**Results:**
- The predominant reliability drivers are the gyros
- Probability of L7 success decreases to 60% by second quarter CY 2005
- Probability of L7 success in mid 2010 (approximate time of Landsat 7 End-of-Fuel) is very low ~1%; probability of failure is ~ 99%

**Risk of Landsat 7 Failure**

## Landsat Data Gap Study Team

**NASA, USGS and Landsat user community representatives formed as team**
**Objective: Recommend options, using existing and near-term capabilities (not a gap filler mission), to populate the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive with science-quality data for land use/land cover change**
**Process: Identify needs, identify existing and near term capabilities, compare, synthesize methodologies, identify resources for implementation**
**Constraints and Assumptions**
- Focus on data acquisition solutions, NOT spacecraft or mission solutions
- Focus on and be consistent with Public Law 102-555
- LDCM data specification is a requirement threshold
- Though no single or combined data sources will fully meet Landsat continuity needs, team will recommend what can be done to lessen the impact of a data gap
- Assume L7 failure in 2007
- L5 limited lifetime and capability
- OLI data available 2010
**Some data sources under investigation: ResourceSat-1, DMC, CBERS, SPOT, ASTER, EO-1/ALI, RapidEye**
**Team to complete first phase in March 2005**

## Interagency Working Group convened by White House (NSC, OMB, OSTP) after commercial replacement deemed not practical

Members of LDCM Working Group:
NASA
NOAA 
USGS
NGA
NRO

Process:  6-8 months, examined over one hundred alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity, dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging requirement 

Final decision is consensus of White House and agencies

**Members of LDCM Working Group:**
- NASA
- NOAA
- USGS
- NGA
- NRO
**Process:  6-8 months, ****examined over one hundred alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity, dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging requirement**** **
**Final decision is consensus of White House and agencies**

**LDCM Interagency Working Group**

## Landsat Data Continuity Strategy

**Memorandum from EOP/OSTP issued August 13, 2004, states that:**

- Landsat is a National Asset
- The DoD, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce and NASA agree to:
- Transition Landsat measurements to an operational environment on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS)
- Plan to incorporate a Landsat imager (Operational Land Imager – OLI) on the first NPOESS (known as C-1) scheduled for a late 2009 launch date
- This strategy will be justified through the normal budget process

## Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement

Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020

Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure

Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS):

Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI

OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data

Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data

**Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020**
**Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure**
**Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS):**
- Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI
- OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data
- Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data

**OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages **

## Mission
Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capability
Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs
Incorporate new technologies from NASA
Encourage International Cooperation

**Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capability**
**Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs**
**Incorporate new technologies from NASA**
**Encourage International Cooperation**

- Local Equatorial Crossing Time

- 1730

- 1330

- 2130

**NOAA/NASA/DoD Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and Combine Environmental Satellite Activities**

## Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location

**Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location**

- Operational Land Imager (OLI)

**Direction of**

**Motion**

**Nadir**

- Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer
- Suite (VIIRS)

## NPOESS Orbit Is Reasonable Fit for Landsat Mission

| Parameter | Landsat  | NPOESS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Orbital Altitude | 705 km (438 miles) | 828 km (517 miles) |
| Type | Sun synchronous, 980 inclination | Sun synchronous, 980 inclination |
| Equatorial crossing time | 10 am +/- 15 min, descending | 930 am +/- 10 min, descending (2130 ascending) |
| Repeating Ground Track period | 16 days | 17 days |
| Landsat Worldwide Reference System  | 57,784 standard scene blocks, each 115 miles (183 km) wide by 106 miles (170 km) long, each taken at least 2x per year | NPOESS can meet this requirement via synthesis of scenes
 Non-standard scene blocks can be collected since sensor is always on |

## OLI on NPOESS Space Segment

**NASA and NOAA/Integrated Program Office (IPO) technical team working together to address detailed technical requirements, specifically to:**
**Support OLI Request for Proposal (RFP)**
**Finalize location on NPOESS spacecraft**
**Conduct trade analyses for interface**
**Refine definition of spacecraft bus and operations modifications**
**Define testing approach**
**Develop Interface Control and Requirements Documents**

## OLI/NPOESS Concept of Operations

**NPOESS SafetyNet Architecture**** **

**Landsat data are stored in a separate solid state recorder**
- NPOESS and OLI data downlinked to the SafetyNetTM sites on every pass
- Recorder has capability to store up to 250 scenes
- System capability is 400+ scenes per day
- USGS to command OLI for acquisitions
- OLI data will be forwarded to the USGS over commercial fiber cable from SafetyNet sites
- Users pick up data directly from USGS or USGS can “push” data to local users

## Successful transition of Landsat (OLI) onto the NPOESS platform requires adequate funding of partner-agency responsibilities:

USGS to develop OLI data processing system, command OLI
NASA to develop two OLI instruments
NOAA/IPO to perform OLI integration on NPOESS, transmit OLI data to USGS

The budget also requests funds for USGS to address revenue losses resulting from the failure of the Landsat 7 scan-line corrector in ETM+ instrument

Details of individual funding requests are presented in each agency’s Congressional Justification

Not providing this funding or sustaining other reductions to the NPOESS program will increase the duration of a data gap and may threaten the viability of the Landsat partnership.  

** **
**USGS to develop OLI data processing system, command OLI**
**NASA to develop two OLI instruments**
**NOAA/IPO to perform OLI integration on NPOESS, transmit OLI data to USGS**
**The budget also requests funds for USGS to address revenue losses resulting from the failure of the Landsat 7 scan-line corrector in ETM+ instrument**
**Details of individual funding requests are presented in each agency’s Congressional Justification**
**Not providing this funding or sustaining other reductions to the NPOESS program will increase the duration of a data gap and may threaten the viability of the Landsat partnership.  **

**Landsat in the President’s 2006 Budget**

## Summary

**Implementation of the Operational Landsat Imager allows:**
- Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020
- Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement
- OLI and VIIRS to provide mutually enhancing observations
**NASA and NOAA/IPO teams working detailed technical requirements for implementing OLI on an NPOESS spacecraft**
**NASA, USGS as well as other representatives from the Landsat community working to identify an approach to lessen the potential impact of a Landsat data gap**

## BACK UP

## Gap Filler Mission deemed too high risk based upon cost and schedule analysis 
Proposed Plan: Implement a Gap Filler mission that will fly in a 705 WRS-2 orbit 
Does not address long term transition of Landsat to an operational measurement
Option needed to procure a Landsat instrument for delayed implementation on NPOESS (target NPOESS C-4 in the 2014 timeframe)
Cost and schedule benefit analysis resulted in low return for investment
Cost: 
Additional funds required to procure instrument for a delayed implementation on NPOESS
Schedule:
Provides only one year of operational capability before NPOESS solution

- Proposed Plan: Implement a Gap Filler mission that will fly in a 705 WRS-2 orbit
- Does not address long term transition of Landsat to an operational measurement
- Option needed to procure a Landsat instrument for delayed implementation on NPOESS (target NPOESS C-4 in the 2014 timeframe)
- Cost and schedule benefit analysis resulted in low return for investment
- Cost:
- Additional funds required to procure instrument for a delayed implementation on NPOESS
- Schedule:
- Provides only one year of operational capability before NPOESS solution

**Gap Filler Mission Option Decision**

## Slide 24

## Atmospheric Vertical Temperature ProfileHighly accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of temperature in the atmosphere in layers from the surface to 0.01 mb

**Major Applications **
**Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction Models**
**Complementary data for derivation of moisture/pressure profiles and cloud properties  **

**Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) Example**

** ****Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Users Needs are Met**

## Pre-Planned  Product Improvement (P3I) EDR Candidates

**Pre-Planned  Product Improvement (P3I) EDR Candidates**

## NPOESS Operational Concept

**NPOESS Operational Concept**

**1. Sense Phenomena**

**2. Downlink Raw Data**

**3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing **

**Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements**

**4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to Centrals**

**Full Capability at each Central **

**Field Terminals**

**SafetyNet****TM****Receptors**

**Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to Centrals**

**MMC (Suitland) **

**NESDIS/NCEP**

**AFWA**

**FNMOC**

**NAVO**

**	****Schriever MMC**

## NPOESS Top Level Architecture

**Space****Segment**

**Command****& Control****Segment**

**NPP**(1030)

**NPOESS**1330

**NPOESS**1730

**NPOESS**2130

**Mission Management****Center (MMC)**at Suitland

**Alternate MMC**at Schriever AFB

**Interface Data Processing Segment**

**15 Globally Distributed****Receptor Sites**

**Field ****Terminal Segment**

-  FNMOC

-  NAVOCEANO

- AFWA

- NESDIS/NCEP

- GPS

- Low Rate Data/High Rate Data(LRD/HRD)

**NPP Science Data Segment**

**CLASS**

** ****NPP Data & Control Flow**

** ****NPOESS Data & Control Flow**

**CLASS**

**NOAA Comprehensive Large ****Array Data Stewardship System**

**Svalbard**

**EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls**

## NPOESS Satellite and Sensors

**NPOESS Satellite and Sensors**

** ****Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration**

**X = changed since award**

**	****1330   ****	****1730****	****2130**
**VIIRS****	****X****	****X****	**** X**
**CMIS****	****X****	****X****	**** X**
**CrIS****	****X****	****X****	**
**ATMS****	****X****	****X****	**
**SESS****	****X****	****X*** ***	****  ****X**
**OMPS****	****X**
**ADCS****	****X****	****X**
**SARSAT****	****X****	****X****	****   X**
**ERBS****	****X**
**SS****	****X****	****X****	****   X****	**
**ALT****	****	****X****	**
**TSIS****	****	****X**
**APS****	****	****	****   ****X**

**X**

**X**

**X**

**X**

**NPP**

**Landsat**

**X**

## SafetyNetTM –Low Data Latency and High Data Availability

**SafetyNet****TM**** -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via commercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availability**

**75% of NPOESS Data Products at the Nation’s Weather **
**Centrals within 15 min........the rest in under 30 min**

***Forteleza***

***Spain***

***Perth***

## Program Schedule

**2002****	****A&O Contract Award**
**2003****	****NPP Delta Critical Design Review**
**2005****	****NPOESS ********Preliminary Design Review ****	**
**2006****	****NPOESS Critical Design Review**
**	****	****NPP Ground Readiness**
**2007****	****NPP Launch**
**2009****	****NPOESS Ground Readiness**
**2009****	****NPOESS C1 Launch**
**2011 ****	****NPOESS C2 Launch**
**	****	****Field Terminal Segment Readiness**
**	****	****Initial Operational Capability**
**2013****	****NPOESS C3 Launch**
**2015****	****NPOESS C4 Launch**
**2017****	****NPOESS C5 Launch**
**2020 ****	****End of Program**
**	****	****	****	****	****	**

**Reliable and timely collection, delivery,  and processing of quality environmental data**