# Presentation: 375566

## Chemical Storage Science: Panel co-leads: Steve Visco & Stan Whittingham

- Discovery Research    Use-inspired Basic Research

**More than Li-Ion**

- M. S. Whittingham, Chem. Rev. **104**, 4271, (2004)

## Systems scientific challenges: Can new ideas overcome them?

**Lithium Based Batteries**

*Systems scientific challenges:* Can new ideas overcome them?

**Is intercalation still the key?**
**    ****LiTiS****2**** - LiCoO****2**** - LiMn****2****O****4**** - LiFePO****4**
**    ****1973        1991**
**Why not more than 1 Li/redox ion?**
**    ****VSe****2**** - Li****2****VSe****2****; VOPO****4****-Li****2****VOPO****4**
**Can reconstructive reactions work?**
**   ****Li/CuF****2**** nanocomposite**
**What about new concepts?**
**   ****3d cells**

**Can ****sodium**** be extended beyond utilities?**
**   ****- Na/S - Zebra - ****beta alumina ****(Ford-1967)**
**What about ****magnesium**** and ****aluminum**** **
**Can ****zinc****-air be made to work?**
**   ****- High polarization**
**   ****- Zinc plating**
**   ****- The air cathode**
**What about flow systems?**
**   ****- Zinc/bromine**
**       ****- Bipolar technology**
**Need new ideas - transformational changes**

- G. Amatucci, J. Fluorine Chem, **128**, 243 (2007)

## Materials scientific challenges: Can priority research thrusts solve them

**Electrolyte**

**Cathode**

**Anode**

*Materials scientific challenges:* Can priority research thrusts solve them

**What is the ideal anode?**
**Can we ever solve the metal electroplating problem (lithium and other metals)?**
**Must Li always be contained in another substance?**
**   ****- Carbon:**
**   ****- Titanium oxide spinels**
**   ****- Sn, Si: can they be made to work**

**Charge-transfer**** at solid-solid interfaces?**
**   ****- Can we ever have an all solid-state cell? **
**What is the optimum scenario for charge transfer in composite electrodes?**
**Can we engineer and control the SEI layer?**

**What is the ideal electrolyte?**** **
**Can solvent-less systems be used?**
**   ****- Is there a role for ionic liquids?**
**Is research on polymers over?**
**The role of additives and redox couples?**

**What is the ideal cathode?**
**Is intercalation the only answer?**
**Can theory predict the ideal composition?**
**   ****- Li****1+x****(Mn****z****Ni****y****Co****1-y-z****)****1-x****O****2**
**Can characterization tell us exactly what happens in a cycling cell?**
**   ****- Which ions move, how, where and why?**
**   ****- Which ions oxidize/reduce first?**

## Materials: Do nanomaterials differ from micro?

**Lithium iron phosphate**

**SONY nano-tin anode**

*Materials:* Do nanomaterials differ from micro?

**Phase behavior different**
**   ****- Nano shows single phase behavior**
**       • ****Much enhanced cycling capacity**
**   ****- “Bulk” shows two phase behavior**

**Is nano the answer?**
**- are there reactivity issues?**
**Address the challenges?**
**New scientific discoveries?**

**Phase behavior different**
**   ****- Nano shows some single phase behavior**
**       • ****Enhanced power capability**
**   ****- “Bulk” shows two phase behavior**

- Quan Fan, Binghamton PhD Thesis

- M. S. Whittingham, J. Mater. Chem., in press (data from Kim &Kim)

## Materials and Systems: Fundamental properties

**Synthesis and Reactivity**

**Liquid Components**

**Thermodynamics**

*Materials and Systems:* Fundamental properties

**Viscosity, volatility, conductivity ****relationship**
**Wettability**
**Reactivity (beyond redox) **
**  ****-  Ionic liquids (e.g. acid-base)**
**   ****- Intercalation (into electrodes)**

**System - well studied**
**Materials - essentially no data today**
**   ****- FePO****4**** phases, stability range**
**   ****- Oxygen partial pressure of MO****2**
**   ****- The Electrolyte**

**The ‘real’ ionic mobility of key species**
**    ****- as function of state of charge**
**The mobility of phase boundaries?**
**Structural ions during charge/discharge**
**   ****- Ni in Li(MnCoNi)O****2**
**   ****- Cr in Li(Li****0.2****Cr****0.4****Mn****0.4****)O****2**
**   ****- Impact on electrochemistry**

**Impact of Synthesis on atomic order**
**   ****- LiNiMnO****2**
**   ****- LiFePO****4**
**        **** ****- Control of morphology**
**Reactivity**
**   ****- Controlled formation of films**
**   ****- With cell components, current collectors **

## Chemical Storage Science: Addressing the scientific challenges

**Characterization Challenges**

**The Cathode**

**Systems**

*Chemical Storage Science:* Addressing the scientific challenges

**The Anode/Electrolye/Interface**

**Glenn Amatucci**
- Khalil Amine
- Yet-Ming Chiang

**Michael Thackeray**
- Debra Rolison (w)
- Atsuo Yamada

**Martin Winter**
- Austen Angell
- Richard Jow
- Linda Nazar

**Gerbrand Ceder**
- Ann Marie Sastry (w)
- Venkat Srinivasan

**Clare Grey**
- Heike Gabrisch
- Robert Kostecki (w)
- Rosa Palacin

**Bold** = sub-panel leader and writer.    (w) = writer