# Presentation: 702779

## If you do not have a copy of the SWTRs handouts, a copy can be downloaded from the Encounter Collaborative meeting page:https://ei.e2c.com/enc/enc-pc.pmtg 

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**Notes:**
Ed start

## Happy Sweet Sixteen!!!!!!!!

- June 29, 1989

- June 29, 2005

## Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTRs)

**U.S. EPA **
**Webcast Training Session **
**June 29, 2005**
**2:00-4:00pm EST **

## SWTRs	

- SWTRs Training encompasses requirements of the following regulations:
- Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)
- Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)
- Long Term Enhanced 1 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)
- Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)

**Notes:**
The SWTR was promulgated in 1989 and required all PWSs to meet disinfection and turbidity requirements. 

With the passage of the IESWTR in 1998, systems serving 10,000 or greater that filter were expected to comply with additional requirements to protect public health.  The LTI rule, passed in 2002 requires systems serving fewer than 10,000 that filter to meet standards similar to those required by the IESWTR.  The IESWTR and LT1ESWTR created more stringent Combined filter effluent (CFE) turbidity standards and established a new individual filter effluent (IFE) monitoring requirement to address cryptosporidium.  

The FBRR, promulgated in 2001 adds requirements for systems that use conventional or direct filtration.

## SWTRs 	

| Size | Filtration Type | SWTR
1989 | IESWTR
1998 | LT1
2002 | FBRR
2001 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 
Serving at least 10,000 | Conventional or Direct Filtration |  |  |  |  |
|  | Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration |  |  |  |  |
|  | Unfiltered Systems |  |  |  |  |
| 
Serving fewer than 10,000
 | Conventional or Direct Filtration |  |  |  |  |
|  | Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration |  |  |  |  |
|  | Unfiltered Systems |  |  |  |  |

**Notes:**
Matrix of general requirements by system size or filtration type.

## SWTRs Purpose

- Purpose:  To improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants, including requirements for removal and/or inactivation of:
- Viruses
*Giardia Lamblia *
*Cryptosporidium *

## SWTRs Scope

- Scope:
- Applies to all public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI), otherwise known as “Subpart H systems.”
- Require all Subpart H systems to:
- Disinfect
- Filter
- Individual filter monitoring & establishes CFE limits
- Apply treatment technique requirements for control of microbials.
- Exception – Systems meeting Filter Avoidance Criteria only need to disinfect

## Outline 

- History of Microbials
- Overview of  SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR Requirements
- Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
- Lessons Learned in the Process (City of Manassas, VA)
- Other Requirements under the SWTR
- Turbidity Requirements
- Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems
- Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration
- Unfiltered Systems
- Case Studies
- Additional Resources

- Overview

**Notes:**
Explain boxes in bottom corner

## Applicability to Systems

- This presentation covers:
- Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems
- Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Systems
- Unfiltered Systems

- Overview

## Presenters

- Ed Moriarty, U.S. EPA
- Maria Lopez, U.S. EPA
- Linda Hills, The Cadmus Group, Inc.

- Tom Grubbs, U.S. EPA
- Mike Finn, U.S. EPA

- Panelists

- Overview

## Disclaimer

- The examples included in this presentation are intended for discussion purposes only.  Throughout this presentation, the terms “state” or “states” are used to refer to all types of primacy agencies including U.S. territories, Indian tribes, and EPA Regions. The statutory provisions and EPA regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This presentation is not a regulation itself, nor does it change or substitute for those provisions and regulations. Thus, it does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states, or public water systems. This guidance does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this presentation, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this presentation and any statute or regulation, this presentation would not be controlling.

- Overview

## Public Health & Regulated Pathogens

- Regulated Pathogens:
- Viruses
*Giardia*
*Cryptosporidium*

- In excess amounts:
- Nausea
- Cramps
- Diarrhea
- Associated headaches
- More serious health effects for infants, elderly or other immune-compromised people

- Overview

## History of Microbials

## The Challenge of Microbial Organisms

- What They Do Was Known Before What They Are
- Hippocrates: Boil and Strain Water  ~300BC
- Chlorination to Prevent ‘Child Bed Fever’ - 1846
- John Snow Closes the Broad Street Well, London, 1854 - Terminates Cholera Epidemic
- What They Do Was Known Before How To Detect Them In Drinking Water

- Overview

**Notes:**
The challenge of addressing microbial organisms in drinking water is unique.  Historically, we have been able to determine the health effects of microbial pathogens long before we have had reliable methods to identify them and recover them from contaminated water.  Contrast this pattern to that for chemical contaminants – where the chemicals are relatively easily identified down to minute concentrations in water,  yet their health effects may remain more elusive.

Early reports of health protection measures for microbial organisms included boiling, straining and chlorinating water to avoid exposure to the unknown agents of disease.  Improvements in the understanding of the transmission of disease included the classic epidemiological study of John Snow, where in 1854 he revealed a large number of cholera cases centered around the location of the Broad Street well.  Rendering the well unusable resulted in a significant reduction in the number of cholera cases by local residents previously reliant on the well.  

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

**1974 – Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)**

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**1976 – National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR): Coliform and Turbidity**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**1986 – Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWA Amendments)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**1989 – Total Coliform Rule (TCR); Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**1996 – Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWA Amendments)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**1998 – Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR); Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (S1DBPR)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**2001 – Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**2002 – Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)**

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## History of M-DBP Regulations

**THM – 1979 **

**NPIDWRs – 1976 **

**SDWA – 1974 **

**MA *****Giardia***** Outbreak – 1985 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1986**

**GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 **

**MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989 **

**TCR and SWTR – 1989 **

**WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 **

**SDWA Amendments – 1996**

**IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 **

**FBRR – 2001  **

**2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR**

**200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR           **

**LT1ESTWR – 2002 **

- Overview

**Notes:**
*** Only talking about 1974, 1976,86,96,98, 2001, 02** The rest of them are faded. Making each of them bolded, show up as a box**

## National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) 

- Effective from 1975 to 1986 SDWA Amendments
- Total Coliform Monitoring and MCL Based on USPHS Drinking Water Regulations of 1962
- Turbidity MCL for Surface Water
- Recognized Underreporting of Outbreaks

- Overview

**Notes:**
The National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations were implemented in response to the original Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974.  These regulations were in effect from 1975 until the implementation of the 1986 SDWA amendments occurred.

These interim requirements were largely based on the Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations of 1962 – which regulated interstate carriers of water. 

The regulations were relatively limited in scope, addressing total coliforms, turbidity, and a limited number of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants.  By 1986, there was a recognized underreporting of waterborne disease outbreaks as well as the occurrence of outbreaks in water systems meeting the requirements of the SDWA.

##  1996 SDWA Amendments

- No Significant Changes to the Total Coliform Rule
- Required Promulgation of Microbial/Disinfection Byproduct Regulations
- IESWTR, LT1ESWTR, FBRR, LT2ESWTR
- Stage 1 and 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules

- Overview

**Notes:**
The 1996 amendments added regulation of Cryptosporidium to the list of regulated contaminants and required promulgation of regulations governing disinfection byproducts.  These changes were to be implemented through:
The IESWTR (affecting systems serving 10,000 or more people and using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water); 
The Final IESWTR (now the LT1 and LT2 ESWTR); and 
Two phases of rules addressing disinfection byproducts.

Disinfection byproducts had become more important due to increasing knowledge of their health effects.  This was combined with the application of water treatment practices of relatively high doses of disinfectant held in water for significant periods of time for inactivation of disinfectant-resistant organisms.  

This cluster of regulations governing both microbial control and disinfection byproducts was devised to balance the health risks of disinfection byproducts with the health benefits of using disinfectants to protect the public health from microbial pathogens. 

## 6-Year Review Cycle

- SDWA Requires Review of Existing Regulations
- The Total Coliform Rule is Under Review
- Schedule to Be Determined

- Overview

**Notes:**
As required by the SDWA, each regulation is to be reviewed every 6-years after promulgation.  As of 2001, a review of the Total Coliform Rule was underway.  As of June, 2001 the schedule for the completion of the review and any potential proposed revisions had not been determined.

## Types of Filtration:

- Conventional Filtration
- Direct Filtration
- Slow Sand Filtration
- Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
- Alternative Filtration Technologies

- Overview

## Requirements for Filtered Systems

- Removal/Inactivation Requirements for Certain Pathogens
- Residual Disinfectant Requirements
- Turbidity Treatment Techniques
- Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
- Sanitary Surveys
- Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
- Operator Certification

- Overview

## Requirements for Unfiltered Systems

- Inactivation Requirements for Certain Pathogens
- Residual Disinfectant Requirements
- Filtration Avoidance Criteria
- Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
- Sanitary Surveys
- Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
- Operator Certification

- Overview

**Notes:**
Speaker: don’t forget to talk about Filtration Avoidance criteria

## Questions

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Overview of SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR Requirements

**Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems **
**Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration**
**Unfiltered Systems**

## General Requirements

- All Subpart H systems must comply with the following requirements:
- Removal/inactivation requirements for viruses, *Giardia*, and *Cryptosporidium*
- Residual disinfectant monitoring
- Disinfection profiling and benchmarking
- Sanitary surveys
- Covered finished reservoirs/water storage facilities
- Qualified operators

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

## Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements)

- All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens.  The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows:

| Microbial | MCLG | Removal/Inactivation Requirements |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Viruses |  | 99.99% (4-log) |

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
Cryptosporidium must be removed by filtration and not inactivation credits are currently given for disinfection. Systems must also comply with the maximum residual disinfection level (MRDL) requirements specified in the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR).

Unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The system’s watershed control program must minimize the potential for contamination by Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses in source water unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Any system that fails to meet Cryptosporidium site-specific requirements must install filtration within 18 months.

## Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements)

- All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens.  The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows:

| Microbial | MCLG | Removal/Inactivation Requirements |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Viruses |  | 99.99% (4-log) |
| Giardia Lamblia | Zero | 99.9% (3-log) |

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
Cryptosporidium must be removed by filtration and not inactivation credits are currently given for disinfection. Systems must also comply with the maximum residual disinfection level (MRDL) requirements specified in the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR).

Unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The system’s watershed control program must minimize the potential for contamination by Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses in source water unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Any system that fails to meet Cryptosporidium site-specific requirements must install filtration within 18 months.

## Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements)

- All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens.  The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows:

| Microbial | MCLG | Removal/Inactivation Requirements |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Viruses |  | 99.99% (4-log) |
| Giardia Lamblia | Zero | 99.9% (3-log) |
| Cryptosporidium | Zero | 99% (2-log) (removal only) |

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
Cryptosporidium must be removed by filtration and not inactivation credits are currently given for disinfection. Systems must also comply with the maximum residual disinfection level (MRDL) requirements specified in the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR).

Unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The system’s watershed control program must minimize the potential for contamination by Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses in source water unfiltered systems must also include or update their watershed control programs to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. Any system that fails to meet Cryptosporidium site-specific requirements must install filtration within 18 months.

## Residual Disinfectant Monitoring Requirements

| Population | Entrance to Distribution System | In Distribution System |
| --- | --- | --- |
| All Subpart H Systems | Cannot be < 0.2 mg/L  for more than 4 hours1 | Detectable in at least 95% of samples in a month for any 2 consecutive months |

- 1 Residual monitored continuously.  A state may allow systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons to take grab samples from 1-4 times per day, depending on system size.

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
All subpart H systems must monitor for disinfectant residuals at the entry point to the distribution system and in the distribution system.  

The concentration for disinfectant residuals at the entry point cannot be <0.2 mg/L for more than 4 hours.  
Systems must monitor for disinfectant residuals continuously. States may allow systems serving fewer than 3,300 persons to take grab samples from 1-4 times per day, depending on system size.

All subpart H systems must monitor for disinfectant residuals in the distribution system.

Systems may measure HPC in lieu of disinfectant residuals.  If HPC is < 500 colonies/ml, the site has “detectable residual.”  

Distribution system monitoring must take place at the same location and frequency as Total Coliform Rule (TCR) sampling.  Residual disinfectant concentrations must be detected in at least 95% of the samples each month for two consecutive months.  For the purposes of this rule, Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) < 500/mL is deemed to have detectable residual disinfectant.

## Residual Disinfectant Reporting Requirements

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

- A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable

- Lowest daily value for each day

- The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L

- When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

## Additional Disinfectant Monitoring Requirements

| Frequency | In Distribution System |
| --- | --- |
| Daily | Before or at the first customer:
Temperature
pH (if chlorine is used)
Disinfectant contact time(s) at peak hourly flow
Residual disinfectant concentration measurement(s) at peak hourly flow used in the inactivation calculation(s) |

- Unfiltered Systems

**Notes:**
Systems successfully avoiding filtration must also take daily measurements before or at the first customer at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point.  The system must measure 
temperature, 
pH (if chlorine is used), 
disinfection contact time (at peak hourly flow), and 
residual disinfectant concentration measurements (at peak hourly flow).

## Additional Disinfectant Reporting Requirements

**Daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) and disinfectant contact time(s) used for calculating the CT value(s).**

**As soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. Remember to include:**

**Instances where the residual disinfectant level entering the distribution system was < 0.2 mg/L**

- Unfiltered Systems

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

## Quiz #1: Disinfectant Residual

- Example System:
- Takes 3 routine TCR samples
- Uses Surface Water
- Has a Conventional Filtration

- In addition to taking one sample at the entry point to the distribution systems, what does this system need to do to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements?

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## Quiz #1: Disinfectant Residual

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**System needs to take: **

**3 disinfectant residual samples at the same time and place as the TCR sample**

- 40 CFR 141.74 (b)(6)(i)

**Notes:**
The system must take one disinfectant residual sample at the entry point to the distribution system and take distribution samples at the same frequency and location as TCR.  In this example, the system collects 3 routine TCR samples each month.  

## Quiz #2: Unfiltered System Reporting Requirements

- What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements?
- Daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) & disinfectant contact time(s) used for calculating the CT value(s)
- Lowest daily value for each day
- The date/duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L
- When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L
- A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable
- All of the above

- Unfiltered Systems

**Example Systems:** Unfiltered, Surface Water system that serves 12,000 people

## Quiz #2: Unfiltered System Reporting Requirements

- What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements?
- All of the above

- Unfiltered Systems

**Example Systems:** Unfiltered, Surface Water system that serves 12,000 people

## Quiz #3: Filtered System Reporting Requirement

- What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements?
- Lowest daily value for each day
- The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L
- When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L
- A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable
- All of the above

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Example Systems:** GWUDI systems that serves 4,500 people that uses slow sand filtration and measures HPC in lieu of distribution disinfectant residuals.

## Quiz #3: Filtered System Reporting Requirement

- What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements?
- All of the above

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Example Systems:** GWUDI systems that serves 4,500 people that uses slow sand filtration and measures HPC in lieu of distribution disinfectant residuals.

## How long have you worked with the surface water rules (base your response on the average in the room)

- 0-6 Months
- 7-12 Months
- 1-2 Years
- 2-4 Years
- 4+ Years

## Questions

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking

## Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking

- A “Snap-Shot”
- Ensures Microbial Protection
- 3-Step Process
- Applicability Determination
- Profiling
- Benchmarking and Consultation

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Disinfection profiling and benchmarking is a process through which water systems and States, working together, assure that there will be no unintended reduction in microbial protection as the result of significant modification to disinfection practices, particularly as a result of changes in practices that may result while a system complies with the Stage 1 DBPR.

The process involves 3 steps.  Only systems that have elevated levels of DBPs will have to complete all steps.

## Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking

- Applies to: all Subpart H PWSs
- Profiling requirements vary by system size

- Disinfection benchmark must be calculated and State must be consulted if the system is considering:
- Changes to  the point of disinfection
- Changes to the disinfecant(s) used
- Changes to the disinfection process
- Any other modification identified by the state.

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- 40 CFR 141.172  and 141.530

**Notes:**
Disinfection profile and benchmarking allows systems and states to asses whether a change in disinfection practices creates a microbial risk.  Systems should develop a disinfection profile that reflects Giardia Lamblia inactivation (systems using ozone and chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses), calculate a benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on the profile, and consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices.

All existing systems should have already completed disinfection profiling and benchmarking, however new systems will be required to comply with these requirements.  

## Why Develop a Disinfection Profile and Benchmark?

- A Regulatory Threshold to Be Achieved
- The Threshold Is Often Exceeded
- Assess Affects of Treatment Changes Upon Actual Inactivation
- Consider:
- Positive and Negative Impacts
- Acute and Chronic Health Risks
- Alternatives
- Public Health Based Decision

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
It is useful to compare the disinfection requirements of the SWTR to the disinfection profiling and benchmarking requirements of the IESWTR.
The SWTR requires subpart H systems to have a minimum level of disinfection.  This is treated by the rule as a regulatory threshold that has to be met, and shown to the primacy agency.  In many cases this threshold is vastly exceeded but not necessarily reported to the primacy agency.  In other words, a system that is required to have 1/2 log of Giardia lamblia inactivation through disinfection and contact time, may have 15 or more logs in actuality.  
An unfiltered system is required by the SWTR to have 3 log inactivation for Giardia lamblia and 4 log for viruses.  Many exceed these minimum requirements.

## Why Develop a Disinfection Profile & Benchmark?

**To Distribution**

**Filters**

**Contact Basin**

**Flocculation **
**Basins**

**Potential Chlorination **
**Points**

**Sedimentation**
**Basin**

**Lake**

- 1

- 2

- 3

- 4

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Unfiltered Systems

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
The above schematic represents a system that has the following conditions under maximum flow (which for this system is equal to peak hour flow during the critical times of the year).  This system pre-chlorinates at the raw water pumping station (point 1) and chlorinates the filtered water as it enters the clearwell or contact basin.  Based upon the CT tables in the SWTR Guidance Manual, this disinfection practice theoretically achieves 15 logs of Giardia lamblia inactivation through pre-chlorination and 0.5 log through its post-filtration disinfection.
If this system were to have elevated DBPs it might decide to forego pre-chlorination altogether to reduce the level of TTHM/HAA5 in the distribution system.  This reduces the logs of inactivation for Giardia from 15.5 to 0.5.  Disinfection profiling and benchmarking requires the system to consult with the State prior to making such a significant change to be sure the change is in the best interest of public health.  It forces systems to look for alternatives that are closer to a “best of all possible worlds” solution.

## Slide 64

**Notes:**
This table summarizes the Giardia log inactivation calculated weekly for one year for this system under LT1ESWTR.

## Example Disinfection Profile

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
The disinfection profile is a graph of the log inactivations achieved by a system plotted over time.

Depending on the disinfectant used, a system may need to do a profile for both Giardia and viruses.

This example profile is for a system serving fewer than 10,000 people.  
For larger systems, the units on the x-axis would be in days, not weeks.  
Also, a larger system may include more than one year of data.

## LT1ESWTR Profiler

- www.LT1P.com

## Disinfection Profile and Benchmark

**“****Lessons Learned in the Process” **
**Alexander Vanegas**
**City of Manassas**
**June 2005**

## EPA Sets Guidelines

- The purpose of developing the disinfection profile and benchmark is to provide a basis for the water system and the state primacy agency to work together to assure that any changes in disinfection practices to meet new disinfection byproduct MCLs will not result in a significant reduction in the microbial protection provided by the system.

## EPA Sets Guidelines

- In order to determine if profiling was necessary, water utilities were to conduct four quarters of "Applicability Monitoring" for TTHMs and HAAs. If the TTHM or HAA annual averages from the applicability monitoring exceeded 64 ppb or 48 ppb, respectively, the water system needed to prepare a disinfection profile.

## Crypto & Giardia Removal

- All surface water systems that serve more than l0,000 people and are required to filter must achieve at least:
- 2 log removal of Cryptosporidium or 99% removal based on treatment technique
- 3 log removal of Giardia lamblia or 99.9% removal/inactivation based on treatment technique.
- 4 log removal of viruses or 99.99% removal/inactivation based on treatment technique.

## Timeline of Problems

_**January 2002**_ - TTHM & HAA MCL reduced from 100ppb -80ppb respectively to 80-60 ppb.
_**November 2002**_ - Manganese violation (0.05 mg/L)
_**December 2002**_ - Exceeding TTHMs MCL and difficulty meeting TOC removal
_**December 2002**_ - Inverted application of Chlorine from heavy Pre-CL 2 in Rapid Mix and low concentration in clearwell to low Pre-CL 2 in Rapid Mix and higher concentration in clearwell.

## Timeline: Action Steps taken to Obviate the Situation

_**January 2003**_ - Switched coagulant from Aluminum Sulfate to Ferric Chloride to assist in TOC removal and reduce TTHMs.
_**October 2003**_ - Moved CL2 application point from rapid mix to pre-filter area after sedimentation basins.
_**January 2004**_ - Switched from Gaseous Chlorine to Sodium Hypochlorite

## Timeline: Action Steps taken to Obviate the Situation

_**September 2004**_ - Replaced GAC media
_**December 2004**_ - Lead & Copper exceeds limits requiring action. (15 ppb)
_**May 2005**_ - Switched to Ferric Sulfate.

## January 2003—Switched to Ferric Chloride

- Switched from Alum
- Common trend in industry
- Assist with TOC removal and increased NOM removal
- Implications

## October 2003—Chlorine Application

- Moved Chlorine Application Point
- Originally at Rapid Mix prior to Sedimentation
- New location prior to filters after sedimentation.

## January 2004—Switch to NaOCL

- Sodium hypochlorite, (NaOCl) offers an excellent alternative approach to disinfection. The active ingredient is the hypochlorite ion OCl—, which hydrolyzes to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl).

## January 2004—Switch to NaOCL

- Often called liquid bleach, is considered to be the second cheapest disinfectant after bulk liquid chlorine gas. Commercially available as a 12.5 percent solution, it offers most of the advantages of chlorine gas–as a disinfectant, oxidizing agent and residual disinfectant, yet it does not have transportation or storage hazards to the extent present with chlorine gas.
- Impetus driven by Vulnerability Assessment & reduction of potential hazard in area of high development.

## Disinfection Profile 2002

## Disinfection Profile 2003

## Disinfection Profile 2005

## Comparison of Water Quality

- Prior to Changes
- 2002
- TTHMs - 97 ppb RAA
- HAA5 - 35 ppb RAA
- TOC removal
- 41% highest

- After Changes
- 2004
- TTHMs - 55 ppb RAA
- HAA5 - 30 ppb RAA
- TOC removal
- 64% highest

## Is the person or persons responsible for implementing the surface water rules attending this training?  

- Yes
- No
- Not Sure.

## Questions

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Other Requirements

**Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems **
**Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration**
**Unfiltered Systems**

## Other Requirements

- Sanitary Surveys
- Community Water Systems:
- Every 3 years
- Noncommunity Water Systems:
- Every 5 Years
- Covered Finished Water Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities
- Certified Operator

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Unfiltered Systems

## Filter Backwash Recycling Rule. (FBRR)

- Purpose: To improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly microbial contaminants.
- Applies to Subpart H conventional or direct filtration systems that:
- Recycle spent filter backwash, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewaterting processes

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
The purpose of the FBRR is to improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly microbial contaminants.

The FBRR requires systems to that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system’s existing conventional or direct filtration system to an alternate location approved by the state.  

## FBRR Requirements 

- Return recycle flows through all unit processes at treatment system or alternative location approved by the states
- Collecting and retaining recycle flow information
- Completing all capital improvements associated with relocating recycle return location by June 8, 2006

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
The purpose of the FBRR is to improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly microbial contaminants.

The FBRR requires systems to that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system’s existing conventional or direct filtration system to an alternate location approved by the state.  

## PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1) 

- PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1)

- Exceedance of maximum turbidity level
- Conventional and direct filtration
- Slow sand, diatomaceous earth, and alternative filtration
- Unfiltered
- Waterborne disease outbreak

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems with TT violations involving a a single exceedance of a maximum turbidity limit under IESWTR or LT1 are required to consult with the primacy agency within 24 hours of learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the primacy agency may subsequently decided to elevate the violation to Tier 1.  If the system is unable to make contact with the primacy agency in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1.

## PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1) 

- PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1)

**Tier 1: **_**Notify the state within 24 hours**_** of the violation!**

**For turbidity, State will determine whether violation is Tier 1 or Tier 2**
**Notify customers within 24 hours if violation is Tier 1 **
**Design communication to reach all users**
**Send a copy to the state within 10 days of notifying customers**

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems with TT violations involving a a single exceedance of a maximum turbidity limit under IESWTR or LT1 are required to consult with the primacy agency within 24 hours of learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the primacy agency may subsequently decided to elevate the violation to Tier 1.  If the system is unable to make contact with the primacy agency in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1.

## Violations Requiring Tier 2 PN  

- Violations Requiring Tier 2 PN

- Turbidity violations
- Single exceedance – As determined by the state
- 95th percentile exceedance
- Failure to perform profiling
- Failure to consult with state prior to changing disinfection practices
- Inactivation violations
- > 5 percent undetectable distribution residuals
- Failure to meet avoidance criteria
- Failure to recycle to an appropriate location (FBRR)
- Failure to complete capital improvements by required schedule (FBRR)

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
If a system violates the Treatment Technique for Giardia Lamblia it must report the violation to the state within 48 hours (40 CFR 141.31(b)).  TT  violations require Tier 2 public notice as soon as practical but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the violation.  Public notifications (PN) must include the specific health effects language for Giardia Lamblia from Appendix B of Subpart Q of 40 CFR 141:

“Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.” 

If a system violates the Treatment Technique for turbidity it must report the violation to the state within 48 hours (40 CFR 141.31(b)).  TT  violations require Tier 2 public notice as soon as practical but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the violation.  Public notifications (PN) must include the specific health effects language for turbidity from Appendix B of Subpart Q of 40 CFR 141:

“Turbidity has not health effects.  However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth.  Turbidity may indicated the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.” 

Systems must provide notice to each customer receiving a bill, to other service connections to which water is delivered by the system, and to other people regularly served by the system who would not be otherwise notified (e.g., house renters, students, nursing home patients, prison inmates).  There are a variety of ways to distribute violation notices to the public: door-to-door delivery; direct mail; public postings; and newspaper or radio announcements.  Systems must confirm that all PN requirements have been met and include a copy of the PN in a letter to the state within 10 days of notifying their customers.

## PN Rule Requirements (Tier 2) 

- PN Rule Requirements (Tier 2)

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
If a system violates the Treatment Technique for Giardia Lamblia it must report the violation to the state within 48 hours (40 CFR 141.31(b)).  TT  violations require Tier 2 public notice as soon as practical but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the violation.  Public notifications (PN) must include the specific health effects language for Giardia Lamblia from Appendix B of Subpart Q of 40 CFR 141:

“Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.” 

If a system violates the Treatment Technique for turbidity it must report the violation to the state within 48 hours (40 CFR 141.31(b)).  TT  violations require Tier 2 public notice as soon as practical but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the violation.  Public notifications (PN) must include the specific health effects language for turbidity from Appendix B of Subpart Q of 40 CFR 141:

“Turbidity has not health effects.  However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth.  Turbidity may indicated the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.” 

Systems must provide notice to each customer receiving a bill, to other service connections to which water is delivered by the system, and to other people regularly served by the system who would not be otherwise notified (e.g., house renters, students, nursing home patients, prison inmates).  There are a variety of ways to distribute violation notices to the public: door-to-door delivery; direct mail; public postings; and newspaper or radio announcements.  Systems must confirm that all PN requirements have been met and include a copy of the PN in a letter to the state within 10 days of notifying their customers.

## PN Rule Requirements (Tier 3)

- All Monitoring and Reporting Violations

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
All monitoring violations must be reported to the state and to customers.  Generally, monitoring violations require Tier 3 public notice, that is, the public must be notified within 12 months of learning of the violation.  You may include the notification in your Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) if it is published in time to satisfy the 12-month deadline.  However, your state has the discretion to impose more stringent PN requirements.  Check with your state for more information on notification requirements.

## PN Rule Requirements (Tier 3)

- Unfiltered Systems

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
All monitoring violations must be reported to the state and to customers.  Generally, monitoring violations require Tier 3 public notice, that is, the public must be notified within 12 months of learning of the violation.  You may include the notification in your Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) if it is published in time to satisfy the 12-month deadline.  However, your state has the discretion to impose more stringent PN requirements.  Check with your state for more information on notification requirements.

## Questions

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Turbidity Requirements

**Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems **
**Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration**
**Unfiltered Systems**

## Turbidity 

- Combined Filter Effluent (CFE)
- Individual Filter Effluent (IFE)

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
There are two ways turbidity is measured:  combined filter effluent (CFE) and Individual Filter Effluent (IFE).

Turbidity requirements vary by population served and filtration type.  Systems using conventional and direct filtration are required to monitor for both CFE and IFE, while systems using slow sand, diatomaceous earth, or alternative filtration are required to monitor for CFE only.

## Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems 

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## CFE Requirements

| Monitoring Requirement | Monitoring Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 
CFE 95% Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
< 0.3 NTU |

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems using conventional and direct filtration must monitor both for CFE and IFE. These systems must conduct continuous monitoring at least every 4 hours, or collect grab samples to meet the equivalent of samples collected every 4 hours.  Monitoring frequency may be reduced by the state to once per day for systems serving 500 or fewer people.

Filtered water turbidity must meet 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of the systems monthly measurements.

## CFE Requirements

| Monitoring Requirement | Monitoring Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 
CFE 95% Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
< 0.3 NTU |
| 
CFE Maximum Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
1 NTU |

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems using conventional or direct filtration must also monitor for maximum CFE values. At least every 4 hours systems must conduct continuous monitoring, or collect grab samples to meet the equivalent of samples collected every 4 hours. Monitoring frequency may be reduced by the state to once per day for systems serving 500 or fewer people.

Filtered water turbidity cannot exceed 1.0 NTU.

## CFE Reporting

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

**Percentage of CFE measurements **_**<**_** 95****th ****% limit **

**Date and Value of any CFE measurement that exceeded 1 NTU**

**Total number of CFE measurements**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## CFE Exceedance Reporting(Systems serving at least 10,000 people)

**Report to state as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day**

**Exceedance of 1 NTU**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## IFE Monitoring Requirements (Systems serving at least 10,000 people)

- IFE must be monitored continuously every 15 minutes

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems serving at least 10,000 people must also measure IFE values. Systems must conduct continuous monitoring every 15 minutes at individual filters. Systems with 2 or fewer filters may monitor CFE continuously in lieu of IFE.  

The measurement limits for IFE depend on 4 conditions. 
 Condition 1: 
Action 1:

## IFE Follow-up Steps (Systems serving at least 10,000 people)

|  |  | Condition | Action |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | 2 consecutive measurements >0.5 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the end of the first 4 hours of continuous filter operation after backwash/offline | Produce filter profile within 7 days (if cause is not known) |
| 2 |  | 2 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart | Produce filter profile within 7 days (if cause is not known) |
| 3 |  | 2 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 3 months in a row | Conduct a filter self-assessment within 14 days |
| 4 |  | 2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row | Arrange for a CPE within 30 days and submit report within 90 days |

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems serving at least 10,000 people must also measure IFE values. Systems must conduct continuous monitoring every 15 minutes at individual filters. Systems with 2 or fewer filters may monitor CFE continuously in lieu of IFE.  

The measurement limits for IFE depend on 4 conditions. 
 Condition 4: System has 2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row
Action 4: System must arrange for a CPE within 30 days and submit report within 90 days

## IFE Reporting – Conditions 1, 2, and 3

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

**Filter Number **

**Turbidity Value**

**Cause (if known) **_**or**_** report profile was produced**

**Date**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## IFE Reporting – Condition 4

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

**Filter Number **

**Turbidity Value**

**Date**

**Submit CPE Report**

**Schedule & conduct CPE. Report to state due within 90 days after exceedance:**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## IFE Monitoring Requirements (Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people)

- IFE must be monitored continuously every 15 minutes

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must also measure IFE values. Systems must conduct continuous monitoring every 15 minutes at individual filters. Systems with 2 or fewer filters may monitor CFE continuously in lieu of IFE.

The measurement limits for IFE for systems serving fewer than 10,000 people depend on 3 conditions. Based on each of the 3 conditions, systems must take actions and report information to the state.  The next few slides outline the action requirements based on one of three conditions.

Condition 1: System has 2 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart
Action 1: No further action is required

## IFE Follow-up Steps (Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people)

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

|  | Condition | Action |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart | Reporting only |
| 2 | 2 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 3 months in a row | Conduct a filter self-assessment within 14 days |
| 3* | 2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row | Arrange for a CPE within 60 days and submit report within 120 days |

- * Exception if a CPE was done in the last 12 months

**Notes:**
Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must also measure IFE values. Systems must conduct continuous monitoring every 15 minutes at individual filters. Systems with 2 or fewer filters may monitor CFE continuously in lieu of IFE.

The measurement limits for IFE depend on 3 conditions.
Condition 3:  System has 2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row
Action 3: The system must arrange for a CPE within 30 days and submit report within 90 days

## IFE Reporting – Condition 1

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

**Filter Number **

**Turbidity Value**

**Cause (if known)**

**Date**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## IFE Reporting – Condition 2

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month (or within 14 days of filter self-assessment being triggered if triggered in the last 4 days of the month). Conduct filter self-assessment. Report:**

**Date the filter self-assessment was triggered**

**Date the filter self-assessment was completed**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

## IFE Reporting – Condition 3

**Report to State due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Schedule & Conduct CPE. Remember to include:**

**Date CPE was triggered**

**Submit CPE Report**

**CPE report to State due within 120 days after exceedance:**

- Conventional and Direct Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems serving at least 10,000 people must also measure IFE values. Systems must conduct continuous monitoring every 15 minutes at individual filters. Systems with 2 or fewer filters may monitor CFE continuously in lieu of IFE.  

The measurement limits for IFE depend on 4 conditions. 
 Condition 4: System has 2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row
Action 4: System must arrange for a CPE within 30 days and submit report within 90 days

## Case Studies: Great View

- Filtered Surface Water System, Serving 15,000 People, Using Direct Filtration
- Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take?
- What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value?
- What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?
- Where & how many IFE samples should this system take?
- Two consecutive IFE measurements are >1.0 NTU  What is the system required to do?

- Case Study

## Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take?

- One per year at the source
- Five samples per month in the distribution system
- At least one sample every 4 hours from the combined filter effluent

## Answer

- Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take?
- At least one sample every 4 hours from the combined filter effluent

- Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000

- Case Study

## What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value?

- 1.2 mg/L
- 1.0 NTU
- <= 0.3 NTU
- None of the above

## Answer

- What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value?
- <= 0.3 NTU

- Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000

- Case Study

## What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?

- Percentage of CFE measurements <= 95th% limit
- Date and value of any CFE measurement that exceeded 1 NTU
- Total number of CFE measurements
- All of the above

## Answer

- What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?
- All of the above

- Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000

- Case Study

## Where & how many IFE samples should this system take?

- 1 sample at the entry point to the distribution system
- 2 samples in the source water
- Continuously monitor every 15 minutes from the individual filter effluent
- At least every 4 hours at the entry point to the distribution system

## Answer

- Where & how many IFE samples should this system take?
- Continuously monitor every 15 minutes from the individual filter effluent

- Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000

- Case Study

## Two consecutive IFE measurements are >1.0 NTU.  What is the system required to do?

- If the cause cannot be determined, produce a filter profile within 7 days
- Report filter number, turbidity value(s) and date by the 10th of the following month
- Report the cause, or report that a filter profile has been completed, by the 10th of the following month,
- All of the above

## Answer

- Two consecutive measurements are >1.0 NTU.  What is the system required to do?
- All of the above.

- Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000

- Case Study

## Questions

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

## CFE Requirements

| Monitoring Requirement | Monitoring Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 
CFE 95% Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
< 1 NTU |

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems using slow sand, diatomaceous earth filtration or alternative filtration must monitor for CFE. These systems must conduct continuous monitoring at least every 4 hours, or collect grab samples to meet the equivalent of samples collected every 4 hours.  Monitoring frequency may be reduced by the state to once per day for systems using slow sand or alternative filtration. 

For systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration filtered water turbidity must meet 1.0 NTU in at least 95% of the systems monthly measurements.  

For systems serving at least 10,000 and using alternative filtration such as membranes or cartridges the turbidity must meet state established limits. For systems serving fewer than 10,000 people, the state established limit cannot exceed 1.0 NTU.

For systems serving 500 or fewer people monitoring frequency may be reduced by the state to once per day regardless of the type of filtration used.

## CFE Requirements

| Monitoring Requirement | Monitoring Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 
CFE 95% Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
< 1 NTU |
| 
CFE Maximum Value | 
At least every 4 hours | 
5 NTU |

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

**Notes:**
Systems using slow sand diatomaceous earth or alternative filtration must also measure maximum CFE values. At least every 4 hours systems must conduct continuous monitoring, or collect grab samples to meet the equivalent of samples collected every 4 hours. Monitoring frequency may be reduced by the state to once per day for systems using slow sand or alternative filtration. 

For systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration filtered water turbidity cannot exceed 5.0 NTU. 

For systems serving at least 10,000 people and using alternative filtration such as membranes or cartridges the turbidity must meet state established limits.  For systems serving fewer than 10,000 people the state established limit cannot exceed 5.0 NTU.

## CFE Reporting 

**Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:**

**Total number of monthly measurements **

**Number and percent of monthly measurements less then or equal to designated 95****th**** percentile turbidity limits**

**Date and value exceeding 5 NTU for slow sand and diatomaceous earth filtration or maximum level set by the state for alternative filtration**

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

## CFE Exceedance Reporting 

**Report to state as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day** **:**

**Exceedance of 5.0 NTU for slow sand and diatomaceous earth filtration or maximum level set by the state for alternative filtration**

- Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

## Case Studies: Plain Valley

- Filtered GWUDI System, Serving 300 People, Using Slow Sand Filtration
- What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system?
- What is the maximum CFE limit?
- What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?
- What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, *Giardia Lamblia*, and *Cryptosporidium* for this system?
- How many IFE samples should this system take?

- Case Study

## What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system?

- At least every 8 hours
- One sample per day
- Continuous monitoring every 2 hours
- Four samples per day

## Answer

- What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system?
- One sample per day

- Case Study

- GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

## What is the maximum CFE limit?

- <= 1 NTU
- 5 NTU
- <= 0.3 NTU
- None of the above

## Answer

- What is the maximum CFE limit?
- 5 NTU

- Case Study

- GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

## What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?

- Total number of monthly measurements
- Number and percent less than or equal to designated 95% turbidity limits
- Date and value exceeding 5 NTU
- All of the above

## Answer

- What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days?
- All of the above

- Case Study

- GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

## What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, Giardia Lamblia, and Cryptosporidium for this system?

- Viruses - 4-log removal/inactivation, *Giardia Lamblia* - 3-log removal/inactivation, *Cryptosporidium* - 2-log removal
- Viruses - 2-log removal/inactivation, *Giardia Lamblia* - 2-log removal/inactivation, *Cryptosporidium* - 3-log removal
- Viruses - 3-log removal/inactivation, *Giardia Lamblia* - 4-log removal/inactivation, *Cryptosporidium* - 4-log removal

## Answer

- What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, *Giardia Lamblia*, and *Cryptosporidium* for this system?
- Viruses - 4-log removal/inactivation, *Giardia Lamblia* - 3-log removal/inactivation, *Cryptosporidium* - 2-log removal

- Case Study

- GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

## How many IFE samples should this system take?

- At least every 4 hours
- Continuous monitoring every 15 minutes
- Not required
- Once per day

## Answer

- How many IFE samples should this system take?
- Not required.

- Case Study

- GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

## Unfiltered Systems

## Filtration Avoidance Criteria

- Source Water Conditions
- Turbidity
- Microbial quality
- Inactivation and Disinfectant Residual
- Watershed Control and Inspection

- Unfiltered Systems

## Source Water Conditions (Turbidity)

| Requirement | Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source Water Samples | At least every 4 hours | < 5 NTU on two consecutive days |

- Unfiltered Systems

**Notes:**
Unfiltered systems must monitor source water conditions for turbidity and coliform.  In order to measure turbidity, systems must collect representative source water grab samples at least every 4 hours.  Turbidity levels cannot exceed 5.0 NTU.

## Source Water Conditions (Microbial Quality)

| Requirement | Frequency | Measurement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 
Fecal coliform | 1 – 5 samples per week depending on system size and every day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU | 
< 20/100 mL
  |
|  | 
And/Or |  |
| Total coliform | 1 – 5 samples per week depending on system size and every day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU | < 100/100 mL |

- Unfiltered Systems

**Notes:**
Depending on systems size, unfiltered systems must monitor for total coliform between 1 and 5 times

## Reporting Requirements

**Report to state within 24 hours. **

**Turbidity exceedances of   5 NTU**

**Waterborne disease outbreaks**

- Unfiltered Systems

## Upcoming Regulations

- Expected final in December 2005
- Stage 2 DBPR
- LT2ESWTR

- Additional Resources

**Notes:**
In addition to the rules already mentioned, three upcoming regulations may present simultaneous compliance issues for systems.  These rules have not yet been promulgated, but are in the draft/proposal stage and may be finalized soon. 

The Stage 2 DBPR, along with the LT2ESWTR, is intended to expand existing public health protections and address concerns about risk trade-offs between pathogens and DBPs.  Promulgating the LT2ESWTR and the Stage 2 DBPR together is necessary to ensure that adequate protection from microbial risk is maintained while systems reduce the risk from DBPs.  

In developing the Stage 2 DBPR, EPA analyzed new survey data on source water quality parameters, treatment data, and DBP occurrence.  This data, which was collected under the Information Collection Rule (ICR), Supplemental Surveys to the ICR, and additional research projects, will provide a more comprehensive and complete picture of the occurrence of DBPs and microbiological pathogens. EPA is also using new information on the health effects of exposure to DBPs to determine effective regulatory requirements for controlling risk.

EPA has designed the LT2ESWTR to expand on the LT1ESWTR by incorporating new survey data on microbial pathogens in source and finished waters, as well as data on parameters which could serve as indicators of microbial risk.  This data will provide a substantially more comprehensive and complete picture of the occurrence of waterborne pathogens. EPA is also using new data on both the efficiency of treatment processes in removing and inactivating microorganisms and the pathogenicity of certain pathogens to determine effective regulatory requirements for controlling microbial risk.

The Ground Water Rule (GWR) was proposed in August 2000.  It is intended to extend requirements similar to the LT1ESWTR and the IESWTR to ground water systems in order to protect public health. The proposed rule calls for periodic sanitary surveys of ground water systems; hydrogeologic assessments to identify wells sensitive to fecal contamination; source water monitoring; and correction of significant deficiencies and fecal contamination.

## LT2ESWTR Preview

- Objective: Risk-based targeting approach to reduce exposure to *Cryptosporidium* in public water systems.
- Target filtered systems with high source water *Cryptosporidium* levels where 99% (2-log) removal is not sufficient treatment
- Target all unfiltered systems, which currently provide no treatment
- Components of LT2ESWTR:
-  Filtered systems assigned to different “risk bins” based on results of source water *Cryptosporidium *monitoring
- Additional *Cryptosporidium* treatment based on bin classification
- “Microbial Toolbox” of options – flexibility in  meeting additional treatment requirements

**Notes:**
The Stage 2 DBPR will apply to the same systems as the Stage 1 DBPR (though it will clarify the requirements for consecutive systems and systems purchasing water).  Its requirements will be designed to reduce DBP occurrence peaks in distribution systems.  These changes will further reduce negative reproductive and developmental health effects, as well as reduce cancer rates. 

EPA hopes to reduce peak DBP concentrations in part by changing the monitoring locations set by the Stage 1 DBPR.  To determine new monitoring locations, most systems will be required to perform an Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE), or a study to select new compliance monitoring locations that better represent high TTHM and HAA5 concentrations in distribution systems. This is especially true for HAA5, which generally decomposes in the distribution system before it reaches the end of the system.  The Stage 2 DBPR will ensure that customers located throughout the entire distribution system will receive water with low levels of DBPs.

EPA will coordinate the implementation of the LT2ESWTR and the Stage 2 DBPR because coordination ensures that protection against microbial pathogens is not compromised by efforts to reduce DBP formation.  The LT2ESWTR will apply to all Subpart H systems.  This rule will provide further protection of public health by requiring systems that are highly vulnerable to Cryptosporidium to provide additional treatment for this pathogen.

## LT2ESWTR Preview

- Additional LT2ESWTR requirements:
- Specific requirements for uncovered finished water reservoirs and unfiltered systems.
- Second round of monitoring 6 years following initial bin assignment.
- Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.

## Evaluation Form – 

- Available on the web at:
- _[http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/surveyhome?openform](http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/surveyhome?openform)_
- Enter code: survey07
- Please email _[webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com](mailto:webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com)__ if you have questions_

**Join us for Data Verification Webcast Training **
**Wednesday, July 27, 2005, 2 – 4 PM**

## Questions?

**Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right.**

- Q & A

## Additional Resources

## Webcast Materials

- Drinking Water Academy Web site: _[www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa.html](http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa.html)__ _
- Webcast Presentation Slides
- Written Q&A from Webcast
- Will Be Emailed To All Registered Participants

- Additional Resources

**Notes:**
Under DWA Calendar for future Webcast Trainings

## Additional Resources

- Quick Reference Guides:
- IESWTR (EPA 816-F-01-011)
- LT1ESWTR (EPA 816-F-02-001)
- FBRR (EPA 816-F-01-019)
- Technical guidance documents:
- Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-014)
- Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-013)
- Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-010)

## Additional Resources

- Technical guidance documents (continued):
- Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions (EPA 815-R-99-010)
- Guidance Manual for Conducting Sanitary Surveys of Public Water Systems; Surface Water and Ground Water Under the Direct Influence (GWUDI) (EPA 815-R-99-016)
- M/DBP Simultaneous Compliance Manual (EPA-815-R-99-015)
- Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-011)

## Additional Resources

- Technical guidance documents (continued):
- Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Implementation Turbidity Provisions - Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-04-007)
- Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-03-004)
- Filter Backwash Recycling Rule Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-02-014)
- Technical Fact Sheet: Final Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (EPA 815-F-01-001)

## Additional Resources

- Implementation guidance documents:
- IESWTR Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-01-011)
- LT1 Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-04-008)
- FBRR Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-04-006)
- IESWTR Plain English Guidance (EPA 816-R-01-014)
- Profiling and Benchmarking Fact Sheet (EPA 816-F-98-017b)
- IESWTR Fact Sheet (EPA 816-F-01-013)

## EPA Resources Available

- All documents available through
- EPA’s Web site
- _[http://www.epa.gov/safewater/](http://www.epa.gov/safewater/)__ _
- 	OR
- By calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline
- 1-800-426-4791

- Additional Resources

## For More Questions

- Send Your State’s SWTRs Questions or Situations to:
- MDBP_OGWDW@epa.gov
- SWTRs Questions:  Call your EPA Regional Office or Ed Moriarty, US EPA HQ 202-564-3864

- Additional Resources

## Next Webcast: Data Verifications

- July 27, 2005, 2 – 4 PM (EST)
- For State Staff Only
- Overview of the EPA Headquarters-sponsored DV process
- Example of process using TCR and Stage 1 DBPR as examples
- Send your DV questions via email to: _[webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com](mailto:webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com)__ _

- Additional Resources

## Webcast Series

- See Handout or DWA Calendar for Upcoming 2005 Webcasts
- _[http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/calendar.html](http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/calendar.html)__ _
- Future Webcasts will:
- Cover a Variety of Subjects and Rules
- Be Held Last Wednesday of the Month from 2-4 PM (Eastern Time)
- Have the Same Registration Process as for SWTRs
- Will Open for Registration Six Weeks Prior to Each Webcast

- Additional Resources