# Presentation: 536007

## Grids: The Top Ten Questions

- Jennifer M. Schopf
- Argonne National Lab
- October 31, 2003

## Questions for you-

- How many people know what Grids and Grid computing are?
- How many people are familiar with Globus (GT2/GT3)?
- How many have heard of OGSA/OGSI?

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## What is a Grid?

- Shared resources
- Coordinated problem solving
- Multiple sites (multiple institutions)

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Not A New Idea

- Late 70’s – Networked operating systems
- Late 80’s – Distributed operating system
- Early 90’s – Heterogeneous computing
- Mid 90’s - Metacomputing
- Then the “Grid” – Foster and Keselman, 1999

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Broader Context

- “Grid Computing” has much in common with major industrial thrusts
- Business-to-business, Peer-to-peer, Application Service Providers, Storage Service Providers, Distributed Computing, Internet Computing...
- Sharing issues not adequately addressed by existing technologies
- Complicated requirements: “run program X at site Y subject to community policy P, providing access to data at Z according to policy Q”
- High performance: unique demands of advanced & high-performance systems

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Elements of the Problem

- Resource sharing
- Computers, storage, sensors, networks, ...
- Sharing always conditional: issues of trust, policy, negotiation, payment, ...
- Coordinated problem solving
- Beyond client-server: distributed data analysis, computation, collaboration, ...
- Dynamic, multi-institutional virtual orgs
- Community overlays on classic org structures
- Large or small, static or dynamic

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Building the Grid (according to Ian Foster)

- Open source software
- Globus Toolkit® , UK OGSA DAI, Condor, ...
- Open standards
- OGSA, other GGF, IETF, W3C standards, ...
- Open communities
- Global Grid Forum, Globus International, collaborative projects, ...
- Open infrastructure
- UK eScience, NSF Cyberinfrastructure, StarLight, AP-Grid, ...

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Relation to Other Approaches

- Distributes computing
- Generally a client-server model
- Parallel computing
- Limited to one machine/site
- Peer-to-peer technologies
- Limited scope and mechanisms
- Enterprise-level distributed computing
- Limited cross-organizational support
- Web services
- Not dynamic

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Why Grids?

- A biochemist exploits 10,000 computers to screen 100,000 compounds in an hour
- 1,000 physicists worldwide pool resources for petaop analyses of petabytes of data
- Civil engineers collaborate to design, execute, & analyze shake table experiments
- Climate scientists visualize, annotate, & analyze terabyte simulation datasets
- An emergency response team couples real time data, weather model, population data

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Why Grids? (contd)

- A multidisciplinary analysis in aerospace couples code and data in four companies
- A home user invokes architectural design functions at an application service provider
- An application service provider purchases cycles from compute cycle providers
- Scientists working for a multinational soap company design a new product
- A community group pools members’ PCs to analyze alternative designs for a local road

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Overview

- Computational Grids are becoming more and more common
- Collaborations are being developed
- Governments are giving lots of money
- Globus seems to be _everywhere_
- Happy application scientists are few and far between

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Things heard recently...

- “Isn’t the Grid just a funding construct?”
- “No one can really define it, everyone wants an app that can do it, and companies that claim to do it are getting a lot of interest.” – SlashDot, March 2003
- Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina said in a speech that Grid computing held promise but was in danger of being overexposed and misunderstood. "Grid computing has been more hype than reality," she said. - (Fall 2003)

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Things heard recently...(cont.)

- “Cynics reckon that the Grid is merely an excuse  by computer scientists to milk the political system for more research grants so they can write yet more lines of useless code.” –Economist, June 2001
- “We tried to install Globus and found out that it was too hard to do.  So we decided to just write our own....”

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Grid2096

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## This Talk

- What is a Grid
- Overview of open issues in Grid computing, both technical and socio-political
- Topics:
- Information
- Security
- Performance
- Socio-Political
- Structure:
- Question
- Discussion
- Moral- a lesson or principle contained in or taught by a fable, a story, or an event.

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Information

- The Grid **IS** information
- How do we find out about it?
- How do we understand what it is?

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 1. Where do we get information from?

- Open question – how should I store the information about a Grid?
- Globus Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS)
- Some implementation of the Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA)
- A Grid-wide data base?
- All of these are right for some of the data, no one is right for all uses

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Need for Standard Interfaces

- Need for standard APIs and protocols to allow easier
- Access to data
- Registration of data
- Archiving tools
- Standards for what information is available
- Standards for communication of errors

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Without information about the Grid, it will not be usable
- This should be of primary importance to resolve

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 2. How do we understand information once we get it?

- Assume we have access to information about the Grid – can we use it?
- A monitoring system says “the load on machine X is Y”
- A scheduler wants to evaluate this data
- No common language for this to be communicated
- Some effort now to come up with a common schema (GLUE schema, work with CIM in GGF) but this only touched the surface

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Without some kind of standards or agreements, all the information in the world won’t do us any good

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Overview

- What is a Grid
- Information
- Security
- Performance
- Socio-Political
- Other issues

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 3. How do we make Grids secure?

- Without security we can’t have a Grid
- EVERYTHING needs to be secure-
- Who can run on a machine
- File transfers
- What data does someone have access to	 (program data, system data)
- Who can run which tools?

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Security vs. Usability

- Users want security but don’t want to deal with it
- Most security (including Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI)) is based on public key infrastructure (PKI)
- Users have files (public and private keys) that must be secure, use reasonable passwords, etc.

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## What about...

- Multiple certificates?
- Group access?
- Dynamic policy changes?
- Scalability?
- Etc., etc., etc...

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Until security is made easier to use, it won’t be used
- Until security is made easier to manage at the group level, it won’t be used
- Without security no one will really use the Grid

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 4. What about performance?

- It’s not enough to use the Grid, it has to perform – otherwise, why bother?
- First prototypes rarely consider perf.
- MDS1–centralized LDAP
- MDS2–decentralized LDAP
- MDS3–decentralized Grid service
- Often performance is simply not known

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Performance of GIS Information Servers vs. Number of Users

- Zhang, Freschl, and Schopf, A Performance Study of Monitoring and Information Services for Distributed Systems, submitted to HPDC 2003.

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## What we found

- Performance can be a matter of deployment
- Effect of background load
- Effect of network bandwidth
- Performance can be affected by underlying infrastructure
- LDAP/JAVA strengths and weaknesses
- Performance can be improved using standard CS techniques
- Caching; multi-threading; etc.

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Performance should be analyzed early and often
- Prototypes should be recognized as such and thrown out
- Without performance, no reason to use a Grid

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 5. Socio-political Issues

- Hardest problems are often not technical ones
- Multiple administration domains means multiple policies
- Multiple countries means multiple communication styles
- Decisions are often made on non-technical basis

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Communication is hard

- Too many people in the mix
- Not everyone is informed of status updates
- Often hallway conversation becomes what people believe
- Too often assumptions are not verified
- Many communication styles can lead to misunderstandings

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Ongoing efforts to continue better communication are needed to build a global community
- When in doubt – ask someone of directly!

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Overview

- What is a Grid
- Information
- Security
- Performance
- Socio-Political
- Other issues

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 6-10+: Other open problems

- How do we make sure we have the functionality needed for users before they can use the Grid?
- Where are the benefits to encourage sharing on the Grid?
- How do we educate the funding agencies about the need for the basics?
- What cost models are needed by the Grid?
- Economic Grids are only the first step
- What do we do about variance?
- How do we make testbed setup easier?

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Progress

- Significant improvements in security infrastructure
- Basic functionality is much closer
- More funding aid for support
- Need for better-defined use cases and simpler deployment has been strengthened, as has the need for basic information and basic information services
- Over 100K downloads of Globus Toolkit v3

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Where are theperformance metrics for success?

- No more “Grid” papers, just a footnote that states “This work was achieved using the Grid”
- Supercomputer centers don’t give a user the choice of using their machines or the Grid, that line doesn’t exist
- SuperComputing demos can be run at any time of the year

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Conclusion

- Many interesting problems are left – both in terms of research and deployment issues
- Much work is being done to help address these open issues
- Next year’s open issues will be very different

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## References

- This talk:
- _[www.mcs.anl.gov/~jms/Talks](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~jms/Talks)_ (not there yet)
- Journal paper version of this talk:
- _[www.mcs.anl.gov/Pubs/jmspubs.html](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/Pubs/jmspubs.html)_
- Globus:
- _[www.globus.org](http://www.globus.org/)_
- GGF:
- _[www.ggf.org](http://www.ggf.org/)_
- GMA:
- _[www.ggf.org/Documents/GFD/GFD-I.7.pdf](http://www.ggf.org/Documents/GFD/GFD-I.7.pdf)_
- GLUE schema:
- _[http://www.hicb.org/glue/glue-schema/schema.htm](http://www.hicb.org/glue/glue-schema/schema.htm)_

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Further Information on Grids

- The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure
- Foster and Kesselman
- Grid Computing: Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality
- Berman, Fox and Hey
- Grid Resource Management: State of the Art and Future Trends
- Nabrzyski, Schopf and Weglarz
- ClusterWorld Magazine
- First issue at SC, monthly Grid column

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Contact Information

- Jennifer M. Schopf
- jms@mcs.anl.gov
- _[www.mcs.anl.gov/~jms](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~jms)_
- Support from DOE, NASA, NSF, IBM, Microsoft

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 7. What do we do about variance?

- Resources on the Grid change with time
- Bandwidth
- CPU load
- Disk space
- Memory usage
- Queue sizes

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Variance – technical problem

- How do you tell if something is slow versus broken?
- How do you make a prediction?

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Variance – socio-political

- Users want the same application to take roughly the same amount of time every time you run it
- Our experience – a longer running time that’s more predictable is preferred to a high variance, high risk situation

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Variance is here to live with, we need techniques to take advantage of it

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 8. How do we set up a Grid testbed?

- Bill Johnson, LBNL, talks about this often, based on IPG experience
- Get the sys admins involved
- Have a standard set-up
- Make this a priority at the start of a project
- Accounting – open issue
- Installs are easier: from SlashDot (www.slashdot.com) last week: “Globus is f**king trivial to install (and I'm not on their staff).“
- However many still disagree

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Users are building testbeds, but this is still hard
- Need to have rule of thumb published for assistance with this
- Upcoming book by Bill Johnson

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Users

- User-level
- tools

- User
- Scenarios

- Basic
- Functionality

- Information –
- Access and
- Understanding

- Security

- Accounting

- SW Setup

- Testbeds

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 1. Why aren’t there users?

- FACT: Original Grid Forum Applications group folded because they couldn’t get application developers involved (this has been started again, and is more successful, but still challenging)
- FACT: A very few applications (CMS, ATLAS, CACTUS, and a couple others) are the only ones who are really getting production use out of Grid computing

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Move from sequential to parallel computing

- Parallel computing showed us that they “If you build it they will come” scenario just won’t work
- Until debuggers, fast compilers, languages, libraries, etc. the users didn’t want to use parallel machines
- Many hundreds, even thousand, of hours went into re-writing codes for parallel machines

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Heroic Effort Required for the Grid

- There is the impression (right or wrong) that only heroic efforts will allow you to use a Grid
- Some re-writing of code required
- Access to resources isn’t easy even once code is changed

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral: To get users we need

- To get users we need
- User-level tools
- Better usage scenarios

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 2. Where are the user level tools?

- What a user would like:
- “Run my job, finish by lunch”
- “Get a data set that has these attributes”
- “Tell me when that simulation will finish”
- Where are we today:
- Specify exact machines, data files, explicit data transfers, etc
- Little (or no) dynamic information or prediction

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## The “Ideal” Grid (F&K, 1999)

- Pervasive
- Dependable
- Consistent
- Inexpensive

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## How are Grids being used today?

- Grid successes are:
- EP : Seti@home, Napster, Condor (sort of)
- Resource selection: Genie project (NPACI)
- Supercomputing demos
- Limited production runs by dedicated groups of heroic users (CACTUS, ATLAS, CMS)

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Users will only come when they have decent tools
- simple enough for “easy” use
- robust enough for “stupid” use
- still allow work arounds for “hard-core” use
- But until we have basic functionality, we can’t have tools

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 3. What about basic functionality on the Grid?

- Can’t have higher level tools until you have the basic functionality
- Eg scheduling (brokers):
- Resource discovery
- Information access (meta information)
- Job startup and monitoring
- Migration, fault tolerance
- All the trouble associated with data

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Examples of basic functionality

- Ability to run a job on any system with the same command
- Ability to transfer files seamlessly
- Easy access to current dynamic information

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Basic OS functions

- Process control, scheduling
- File system
- Memory management
- Security
- Accounting

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Globus as an example

- Process control
- globusrun, GRAM
- No higher-level scheduling
- File systems –
- Data replica work is almost a read-only FS
- Memory management
-  GASS and GridFTP for file transfers
- mpich-g2 for communication
- Security – in a couple slides
- Accounting- open issue

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Without basic functionality, there cannot be user level tools

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Overview-FIX

- Overview of open issues in Grid computing, both technical and socio-political
- Topics:
- Information
- Security
- Performance
- Socio-Political
- Structure:
- Question
- Discussion
- Moral- a lesson or principle contained in or taught by a fable, a story, or an event.

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## A grain of salt

- Many of the problems I’ll discuss are in the process of being addressed by various groups
- There may be on-going work or solutions that I don’t know about, I’ll apologize now
- These are my opinions, not those of Argonne National Lab, the Globus Project,  etc...

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## 4. Why don’t we have usage scenarios?

- Software often doesn’t do what a user wants
- One example- original replica catalogue from Globus, logical name to physical file name mapping
- The way the developer envisioned the software being used was/is very different from how the user wants to use it

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## What is a usage scenario?

- Information from the user about a specific use case
- What’s the right level of detail?
- What’s a “general” use case?
- Who does this?
- Application scientists and computer scientists speak different languages (eg. C. Pancake)

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf

## Moral:

- Without better _communication_ between developers and users, the Grid cannot succeed
- Grid is about people, not just machines

- 10 Open Issues in Grid Computing, Jennifer Schopf