# Presentation: 506274

## Internet Trends and the Cost of Connectivity

- 1st BroadSky Workshop,  Lacco Ameno, Italy
- November  6, 2003
- Will Ivancic –  wivancic@grc.nasa.gov

## Experimental Satellites  (70s – early 90s)
Maintain US preeminence in satellite communication
Focused on Commercial Communications Satellites
Space Communications (mid 90s +)
NASA Mission Focused
Earth Science
Computer Information and Communications Technology (CICT)
Human Exploration and Development of Space
Aeronautics  (2000 +)
Capacity (Air Traffic Management)
Safety (Weather and Security)

- Maintain US preeminence in satellite communication
- Focused on Commercial Communications Satellites
- Space Communications (mid 90s +)
- NASA Mission Focused
- Earth Science
- Computer Information and Communications Technology (CICT)
- Human Exploration and Development of Space
- Aeronautics  (2000 +)
- Capacity (Air Traffic Management)
- Safety (Weather and Security)

- NASA Glenn’s Space Communications Program

- $$$

- $$$

- $$$

## Aeronautics

- Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (Low Data-Rate Requirements)
- Delivery via VHF and/or Satellite
- Command and Control requires a reliable transport protocol
- Current protocols
- Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
- Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN)
- Moving Toward IPv6 (commercial standards)
- Weather (Low Data-Rate Requirements)
- Possible use of multicasting and broadcasting protocols
- Low Bandwidth requirements
- May use non-reliable transport protocols (no feedback)
- Others (Medium to High Data-Rate Requirements)
- Entertainment
- Maintenance
- Video Surveillance
- Black Box Data
- eBusiness (Records, manuals, maps, etc...)

## Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

- Currently the Dominant Reliable Transport Protocol in the Internet
- Designed to be fair and operate over shared infrastructure (Congestion Dominates most end-to-end links)
- Slow Start (Exponential Increase) to probe for bandwidth
- Rate Halving when packet is lost (Multiplicative Decrease)
- Rate Increase by 1 packet per round trip (Additive Increase)
- Parameters Affecting Throughput
- Bandwidth-Delay Product
- Congestion
- Errors
- File Size

## Round Trip Time (RTT) Delay

- US to Japan Terrestrial
- 20 – 100 msec
- GEO Satellite
- 550 msec (Theory)
- Real Systems 0.8 - 1.5 sec
- 802.11 Wireless Ethernet
- Negligible (Network Delay Dominates)
- G2 / G3 Cellular
- ~1 Second using General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) from T-Mobile
- LEO
- ~1 – 2.5 Seconds (Using Globalstar)

## Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs)

- Middleware deployed to help TCP performance over links with large bandwidth-delay products
- Attempt to optimize control loops
- Often breaks end-to-end architecture
- If so, breaks end-to-end reliability (at lease at the transport layer)
- Difficulty working with Security (IPSec, Virtual Private Networks)

**Control Loop 1**

**Control Loop 3**

**Control Loop 2**

**End-to-End Control Loop**

## Reliable Transport Protocol Developments 

- TCP Swift Start
- Improves Slow Start Performance
- TCP Westwood
- Attacks Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) problem
- Cumulative Explicit Transport Error Notification
- Attacks Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) problem
- Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP)
- New Reliable Transport Protocol
- Incorporates many proposed improvements to TCP
- Byte Counting
- Selective Acknowledgements
- Non-Blocking of multiple streams

## Internet Trends

- Inexpensive Broadband Connectivity
- Cable Modem, DSL, WiFi, G2.5/G3/G4
- Always On Connectivity
- Peer-to-Peer networking
- Symmetric Links (no longer highly asymmetric)
- Conversation may be initiated from outside your network!
- eBusiness
- Web replaces paper forms (e.g. eNASA, eCoast Guard)
- Network Centric Warfare
- Mobile Networking
- Maintain connections when crossing networks
- IPv6
- Security
- Network Address Translation and Proxies can really mess things up, but are probably here to stay.
- Ad Hoc Networking

## What is Mobile-IP and Mobile Networking?

- Mobile IP is a routing protocol that enables IPnodes (hosts and routers) using either IPv4 or IPv6 to seamlessly “roam" among IP subnetworks.
- Supports transparency above the IP layer, including the maintenance ofactive TCP connections and UDP port bindings.
- Link Independent
- Supports Multi-Homing (connections to more than one route and/or media type)

## Mobile Router uses

**FA**
**Port A**

**NOC HA **
**Carnival Cruise**

**FA**

**FA**
**PortB**

**Ethernet**

**Ethernet**

**Time**

## Military Applications

- Intelligence Control
- Center

- Battle Group Command Center (BGCC)

- Home-Agent
- deployed in
- BGCC

- Foreign-Agent
- deployed in UAV

- Foreign-Agent deployed in
- Tracked Command Post Carrier.
- Unit deployed in vicinity of  the
- battlefield.

- Tactical data forwarded from
- surveillance satellites to the BGCC.

- Communications link
- between BGCC and the
- Field Command Post

## Z

**Foreign**
**Agent**

**Home**
**Agent**

**HQ**

**Hostage House**

**Request from **
**Headquarters**
**to Cruser**
**when NO contact **
**via 802.11**

**Remote Command Center**

## Z

**Foreign**
**Agent**

**Home**
**Agent**

**HQ**

**Hostage House**

**Reply from Cruser **
**to Headquarters**
**when NO contact **
**via 802.11**

**Remote Command Center**

## Securing Networks 

- Constraints/Tools
- Policy
- Security Policy
- Education
- Enforcement
- Architecture
- Protocols
- Must be done up front to be done well

## Security

- Security     Bandwidth Utilization 
- Security     Performance 
- Tunnels Tunnels Tunnels and more Tunnels
- Performance    Security 
-  User turns OFF Security to make system usable!
- Thus, we need more bandwidth to ensure security.

## Conclusions Regarding Security

- Security Breaks Everything 
- At least it sometimes feels like that.
- “The ultimate Denial-of-Service attack.” – D.S.
- Need to change policy where appropriate.
- Need to develop good architectures that consider how the wireless systems and protocols operate.
- If you cannot change policy or architecture, then you must change the protocol.
- Possible solutions that should be investigated:
- Dynamic, Protocol aware firewalls and proxies.
- Possibly incorporated with Authentication and Authorization.

## Satellites and Their Competition

- The Cost of Connectivity

## RF Technologies (Mobile) 

- Globalstar (L-Band)
- Globalstar MCM-8 (Client/Server)
- Seatel MCM-3 (Client/Server)
- Qualcomm MDSS-16
- Boeing Connex (Ku-Band)
- INMARSAT Swift 64
- TrackNetTM 2.0 (Ku-Band)
- G2.5/G3/G4
- General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – 56 kbps
- 1xRTT – 110 kbps
- WiFi  (802.11)
- VHF

## Satellites vs. The World

- Advantages
- Broadcast / Multicast
- Large Coverage Area
- Physical Security
- Surveillance
- Remote Sensing
- Navigation (Supplemented by Governments and Defense Agencies)

- Disadvantage
- Cost to deploy
- Cost of Service
- Time to deploy
- Landing Rights (politics)
- Bandwidth and Frequency reuse
- Point-to-Point Costs
- Incremental deployment may be difficult
- High Link budgets
- Link Delay

## Cost of Connectivity (Examples)

## Deployment issues (mobile)

- Equipment Costs
- Service Cost
- Network Peculiarities
- Network Address Translators
- Performance Enhancing Proxies
- Security Mechanisms
- Packet Filtering
- Connection Mechanisms
- Smart Card Authentication
- MAC and/or Static Key
- (manual login is unacceptable)

## Verizon Wireless Coverage 

- Verizon Wireless Coverage

## T-Mobile Coverage

## Cingular Wireless Coverage

## GSM Coverage - TerrestrialBased on Particular Service Providers

## Satellite Coverage

**Globalstar**

**From SaVi**

**INMARSAT**

## Typical Ku-Band Coverage

## Applications, Requirements and Costs

- connected all the time?

- What is "always on"
- connectivity worth to you?

## Stratospheric Platforms – These Are Coming Soon –

- Refernece: Ryu MIURA and Masayuki OOD: “R&D Program on Telecom and Broadcasting System Using High Altitude Platform Stations,” Journal of the Communications Research Laboratory Vol.48 No.4 2001

- Stratospheric Platforms – These Are Coming Soon –

## High Altitude Airships (Platforms) - Coming Soon -

- 500 feet long, 160 feet in diameter
- Volume of 5.2 million cubic feet, about 25 times larger than the blimps seen at athletic events.
- 21.33 km (70,000 feet) elevation
- Payload 1814 kilograms (4000 pounds)
- 10 kWatts power

- www.lockheedmartin.com/akron/protech/aeroweb/aerostat/haa.htm

- The Missile Defense Agency today (Sept 29.2003) awarded Lockheed Martin (NYSE: _[LMT](http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=lmt&d=t)__ - __[News](http://biz.yahoo.com/n/l/lmt.html)__) a $40 million design and risk reduction contract as the next phase of the advanced technology concept demonstration to deliver a high altitude airship (HAA) prototype in 2006 _

## www.elec.york.ac.uk/comms/presentations/HAPsmainpres2000/HAPSmainpres.pdf

## Comments Relative to Mobile Networking

- Fixed Flat-Rate pricing or die
- Price per bit or connect time
- Not manageable
- Impossible to budget
- Voice, Video and Data are all just bits
- Cost of satellite equipment and services justifies:
- Development of new technologies (e.g. Ad Hoc Networks, High Altitude Airships and Stratospheric Platforms)
- Deployment of new infrastructure

## Papers and Presentations

- http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/papers_presentations/papers.html
- or
- http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/
- and pick
- “Papers and Presentations”