# Presentation: 125097

## ESA Missions and Related Activities in the ILWS Framework 

***Hermann J. Opgenoorth***
*** ******Solar System Missions Division***
***Research and Science Support Department***
***ESA - ESTEC***

## Ulysses

**Exploring the Heliosphere in 4 Dimensions**

##  Ulysses Milestones

- Launch:** 6 Oct 1990 by space shuttle *****Discovery***
- Polar Passes:** **
**1994 (south) / 1995 (north)**
**2000 (south) / 2001 (north)**
**2006/7 (south) / 2007/8 (north)**
- End of Prime Mission: **30 Sep 1995**
- ESA Extensions of Scientific Operations**:  **
**Jun 1993 SPC: 1 Oct 1995 – 31 Dec 2001 (6.2 yrs)**
**Jun 2000 SPC: 1 Jan 2002 – 30 Sep 2004 (2.75 yrs)**
**Feb 2004 SPC: 1 Oct 2004 – 31 Mar 2008 (3.5 yrs)**
**Nov 2007 SPC: 1 Apr 2008 – early 2009  (on contingency funds to support Great Observatory)**
- On 15 Jan 2008 loss of X-band transmitter - continued operation on S-Band
- ...with slowly freezing hydrazine because of absent X-band transmitter heat output.
**June 12, 2008: ****END-OF-MISSION**** ****Press Event**** in Paris ESA-HQ   -   ****Orbit in Peace - Ulysses !!!**

## Ulysses 3rd round over the sun’s poles

## Ulysses: still measuring the polar solar wind

- X-band Anomaly (15 Jan 2008)

- [ Max. N latitude (80°) reached on 14 Jan 2008 ]

- Fast wind from the **S polar coronal hole**

## 1st Orbit (1992 –1998)

- 2nd Orbit (1998 –2004)

- 3rd Orbit (2004 –2008)

- Polar diagrams for the 3 Ulysses out-of-ecliptic orbits, showing solar wind speed in km/s vs. spacecraft heliolatitude. Colour-coding indicates the polarity of the heliospheric magnetic field (red: positive, blue: negative, green: recent data)

**S/C motion**

## SOHO - our eye on the Sun

**SOHO - our eye on the Sun**

**Notes:**
SOHO: on vacation from June - September 1998
Mass: 1850 kg
9 European Pis, 3 American ones
Halo orbit: longest axis of ellipsoid: 666 000 km

## Imaging the Far-Side of the Sun

- _Idea:_ Combine observed magnetic flux from the near-side of the Sun with proxy flux from the far-side
- _Technique:_ Helioseismic holography
- _Physics:_ Acoustic waves speed up in areas of strong magnetic field (t 12 sec in a total travel time of 6h)
- Daily far-side maps at*http://soi.stanford.edu/data/farside*
*	**/index.html*

**Notes:**
inferred from sound travel time analysis

Two-skip
 In the meantime, the astonishing has become routine, with 
Data: medium-l MDI data
Lindsey&Braun, Science 2000

## Imaging the Far-Side of the Sun

- _Idea:_ Combine observed magnetic flux from the near-side of the Sun with proxy flux from the far-side
- _Technique:_ Helioseismic holography
- _Physics:_ Acoustic waves speed up in areas of strong magnetic field (t 12 sec in a total travel time of 6h)
- Daily far-side maps at*http://soi.stanford.edu/data/**farside/index.html*

**Notes:**
inferred from sound travel time analysis

Two-skip
 In the meantime, the astonishing has become routine, with 
Data: medium-l MDI data
Lindsey&Braun, Science 2000

## SOHO’s Future

-    **Current mission extension until 12/2009**
**   ****Joint programs with HINODE  and STEREO**
**   ****08/2008: Launch of “next-generation SOHO”:  SDO**
**   ****2009: cross-calibration of MDI/EIT with SDO**
**   ****> 2010: reduced automated mission **
**	****(Bonus/Bogart mission)**
**        ****	****(coronagraphs, TSI,...)**
**    ****Recent Senior review outcome: **
**	****continued operation to 2013      (See NASA presentation)**
** **
**    ****ESA decision pending - presentation to Nov 2008 SPC (in competition)**
**         **

**Notes:**
Solar Orbiter: 20 yrs after SOHO’s launch (if launched 2015)
Keep SOHO as “3rd eye_x0001_”

## Slide 11

## Scientific regions visited by Cluster: dayside

- magnetopause

- cusp

- lobe

- magnetosheath

- solar
- wind

- plasma sheet

- bow shock

**Scientific regions visited by Cluster: dayside**

- February

## Scientific regions visited by Cluster: nightside

- magnetopause

- cusp

- lobe

- magnetosheath

- solar
- wind

- plasma sheet

- bow shock

**Scientific regions visited by Cluster: nightside**

- September

## Cluster milestones

- Cluster I launched by Ariane 5 (failure): **4 June 1996**
- Cluster II first Launch:** 16 July 2000 by Soyuz Fregat ****	****	****	****	****	****(first ESA spacecraft from Baikonour)**
- Second launch:** 10 August 2000 by Soyuz Fregat**
- End of Prime Mission: **1 February 2003**
- First extension:** 1 Feb. 2003 - 31 Dec. 2005 ****	****	****	****	****	****	****	****+ full orbit coverage**
- Cluster active archive startup:** Feb 2003**
- 2nd extension:** 1 Jan. 2006 - 31 Dec. 2009 ****	****	****	****	****	****   **Very successful mid-term review in **late 2007**
- Because of raised perigee no reentry until** 2013**
**New 4 year extension proposal **(including coll.
-       with Themis and Swarm)**  to be submitted to **
**      ****Nov 2008 SPC  **(decision in competition)

- 2001

- 2008-2009
- 2010-2013 decreased inclination

## Cluster observed long electron diffusion region 
near magnetic reconnection

- near magnetic reconnection

- Simulation of magnetic reconnection [Shay et al., 2007]

**Notes:**
The two opposite magnetic field represented by the horizontal lines merge in the centre of the figure and produce after some time a very long electron diffusion region (yellow redline). 

## Cluster observations in electron diffusion region

- [Phan et al., Phys. Rev. Let., 2007]

- Very good agreement between observations and simulations

- Observations

- Simulations

- B-field

- Velocity

- Density

**Notes:**
Top figure electron diffusion region (red-yellow line) crossed by Cluster (solid line)
Bottom figure left: plasma parameters measured along the satellite tracks 
Bottom figure right: comparison with simulations
Very important for future missions since this regions is 300 times larger than expected (=> higher probability to observe it)

## CME accelerate plasma above 1000 km/s near magnetosphere

- SOHO CME

- Cluster high speed flows and simulations

**Notes:**
Left: SOHO CME on 25 Nov. 2001
Right: Flows measured by Cluster in the magnetosphere and in the magnetosheath (red is accelerated flow and blue is solar wind speed)
MHD simulation: reproducing the high speed flows on the flanks of the magnetosphere (red area). The motion and deformation a field line is showed as it moved past the magnetosphere. Magnetic forces produce the acceleration of plasma.

## d

**cusp**

**tail**

**d**

**Separation distances changed every 6 months**

- 50km!

- “Multiscale”

**   ****April-May 2008: 45 deg. tilt of C3 close to C4 - first real 3-d field and wave measurements !   **

**Notes:**
Multiscale started in 2005

## ESA Support to Hinode

**	**
**	**

**ESA Support to *****Hinode***

-    ESA, in sub-contractual collaboration with the Norwegian Space Centre, provides
-     one additional downlink contact to *Hinode* for each of the 15 orbits per day
-    This support considerably improves the overall scientific data return and the cadence of
-     observations from the *Hinode *mission
-    The European scientific community is
-     catered with processed data through
-     a dedicated *Hinode* data centre
-     at the University of Oslo
-   MoU with JAXA about partnership
-   ESA commitment maintained after X-band
-    Failure and activities presently shifted to
-    increased support via S-band stations, also
-    utilising Norwegian assets in Antarctica.

*Hinode*

##  ILWS Future Missions  -  SWARM

**  ****ESA - EOP Living Planet 3-satellite mission to study core dynamics and  **
**    ****geodynamo processes, crustal magnetisation, and ocean circulation from**
**    ****low Earth orbit.**
**  ****Ionosphere-magnetosphere current systems and magnetic forcing of **
**    ****the upper atmosphere need to be derived and taken care of **
**    ****- “one man’s noise is another man’s data”**
**  ****Selected by Earth Obs. Program Board for Launch in 2009 (now late 2010)**
**  ****Electric Field Instrument (Ion Drift Meter) provided by  CSA in  **
**    ****collaboration with ESA Science Programme**
**  ****Plan to use new Cluster extension for collaboration in ionosphere / **
**    ****magnetosphere interaction studies during 2011-2012**
**  ****Plan to use extensive ground-based network for calibration and science**

-  **ILWS**** ****Future Missions  -  SWARM**

## Slide 21

## PROBA - 2 ESA Technology Demonstrator

**Project for On-Board Autonomy within ESA D/TEC**
- Successor of PROBA1 (launched in 2001, dedicated to Earth observation)
- ESA mission with Belgium as lead funder (through GSTP)
**Prime contractor:** Verhaert Design & Devl. (Belgium)
**Schedule:**  development 2003-2006 and expected launch in 2009
-                     into an LEO 06-18 Sun-synchronous orbit
-              Following a proposal to the ESA NLM programme
-              the Proba-2 science operation has been «adopted«
-              for a 2 year mission duration by the May 2006
-              SPC  meeting  -  at a cost of 2.8 Meuro for ESA.
- 	          Implementation of operation support presently ongoing

## KuaFu - in detailed study phase within CNSA, CMA, and PKUSolar Storm, Aurora and Space Weather Exploration 					

- Clear ESA and European memberstate
- interest to participate in this mission -
- but discussion presently on hold,
- awaiting clarity about Solar Orbiter
- payload selection

**KuaFu - in detailed study phase ****within CNSA, CMA, and PKU****Solar Storm, Aurora and Space Weather Exploration ****	**

- Launch Date: 2012

## Bepi Colombo:

**two satellites **
**to**
** ****Mercury’s **
**magnetosphere**

## Mission/Programmatic Status at present:

**two satellites **
**to**
** ****Mercury’s **
**magnetosphere**

_**Mission/Programmatic Status at present:**_
**Recent mass crisis (>500 kg) makes**
**Soyuz launcher no longer feasible**
**Due to heat load new heavier structure**
**must be developed, now using Ariane 5**
**launcher with expected date of 2014**
**Expected cost increase : order of 180 M€**
**Vote in SPC June 2008 **_**not**_** to cancel **
**the mission following SPRT recommendation**
**Other cost increases in H/P, Gaia, LPF**
**require reassessment of CV programme**
**Renewed discussion about “overheated”**
**Science Programme at next SPC (Nov 08)**
**...           ****stay tuned**

## Solar Orbiter

-   Next major Solar and
- Heliospheric mission
-  ESA ILWS flagship
- 2015 - 2025

**Now with the**
**Inner**
**Heliospheric**
**Sentinels**

## 4 Inner Heliospheric Spacecraft Orbits

- Joint Solar Orbiter / Sentinels (“SOS”)
- Science and Technology Definition
- Team (JSTDT) installed  by ESA
- and NASA evaluated synergistic
- science opportunities such a joint
- mission and defined an updated joint
- mission definition.
- Obvious science opportunities are
-   the remote sensing capabilities of
-    Solar Orbiter added to the in situ
-    Sentinels and
-   a multi-spacecraft *in-situ* heliospheric
-    connectivity to any such observations
-    on the Sun added to the Solar orbiter
-    mission
-   increased overall data return
- JSTDT report published in Autumn 2007

##  Nov SPC meeting:  Solar Orbiter confirmed in Cosmic Vision at 
	      cost cap of 300 Meuro (assumption of NASA launcher)
 Oct 2007:  Parallel AO for Solar Orbiter (ESA) 
	       and FOSO - SMEX (NASA)
 Jan/Febr 2008: Payload Proposals received by ESA and NASA
 April/May 2008: payload categorisation NASA and selection ESA
 9 June 2008: payload selection coordination meeting ESA/NASA
   (announcement around time of next ESA NASA Bilateral, 16 July 08)
 Status within ESA at present:
	- Crisis of Bepi Colombo may spill over to SO 
	              in terms of cost and time schedule
	- Solar Orbiter may enter timeframe of new Cosmic Vision
	- At present activities continued with launch option 2015, 
	              but newly initiated cost and schedule reassessment.

**	****      ****cost cap of 300 Meuro (assumption of NASA launcher)**
** **_**Oct 2007:**_**  Parallel AO for Solar Orbiter (ESA) **
**	****       ****and FOSO - SMEX (NASA)**
** **_**Jan/Febr 2008:**_** Payload Proposals received by ESA and NASA**
** **_**April/May 2008:**_** payload categorisation NASA and selection ESA**
** **_**9 June 2008:**_** payload selection coordination meeting ESA/NASA**
**   ****(announcement around time of next ESA NASA Bilateral, 16 July 08)**
** ****Status within ESA at present:**
**	****- Crisis of Bepi Colombo may spill over to SO **
**	****              ****in terms of cost and time schedule**
**	****- Solar Orbiter may enter timeframe of new Cosmic Vision**
**	****- At present activities continued with launch option 2015, **
**	****              ****but newly initiated cost and schedule reassessment.**

**Solar Orbiter**
-   Mission Status

## COSMIC VISION 2015-2025

- Overwhelming response to Cosmic Vision call  ca 90 proposals (~50 for SS)
- In Solar System area down-selection to 2 M class and 2 L class missions
- M - Class Missions (300 M€ envelope):
- Marco Polo - sample return mission to asteroid
- _Cross Scale_ - true multi-scale mission for general space plasma physics
- considerable interest for ILWS  and international collaboration (_see next slides_)
- L - Class Missions (650 M€ envelope): to be down-selected to only 1 in late 2009
- Laplace - Jovian system       and          Tandem - Kronian system missions

## Euclid-400-51b

- In Astronomy area similar down-selection to M-missions:
- Plato (extra-solar planet finder), Euclid (dark energy) and
- Spica (Infrared Space telescope with JAXA) and
- L-Mission:  Xeus (X-ray observatory)

- After parallel studies of all competitors in 2009/10 final down-selection to
- one M- and one L-mission (possibly two M-missions with larger envelope)

- Competetive L-mission from present programme

## Three scales of plasmas – shocks as an example

## Cross-Scale – key concepts

- Multiple spacecraft clusters /constellations on a hierarchy of scales
**Electron** group
- Electron instruments
- 3 axis electric and magnetic fields
**Ion** group
- Fast ion instruments
- Magnetic field instruments
**Fluid** group
- Bulk plasma and field instruments
- Energetic particles
- Note
- Need different instrumentation at each scale
**Other agencies** could provide one or more scales

## Mission requirements

- Key Concepts
- Behaviour ≠ Behaviour of 
- Simultaneous multi-scale
- Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma laboratory
- Mission Design
- Electron Scale: Comprehensive payload
- Ion Scale: Targeted payload
- Fluid Scale: Context payload
- Focus: coupling between scales

## Mission requirements

- Key Concepts
- Behaviour ≠ Behaviour of 
- Simultaneous multi-scale
- Near-Earth: unique in situ plasma laboratory
- Mission Design
**Electron** Scale: Comprehensive payload
**Ion** Scale: Targeted payload
**Fluid **Scale: Context payload
- Focus: coupling between scales
- Extensive payload at electron scale: JAXA **SCOPE**

## Alternative configurations

- Three tetrahedra

- Shared corner

## Orbit/Launch

- Near-Earth space contains
- Shocks
- Reconnection
- Turbulence
- Orbit: 1.4x25 Re or 10x25 Re (14 deg. inclination)
- Launch up to 10 s/c via dispenser,
- presently studying 5 and 7 s/c options.
- Separate SCOPE launch for 2 JAXA + 3rd party
- Extendable by other agencies

## Planning

- Selected for further study in October 2007
- Science Study Team composition (Nov 2007)
- Concurrent Design Facility study (Dec 2007)
- Invitation to tender to Industry (Mar 2008)
- Selection of 2 parallel studies (May/June 2008)
- Industrial Study for 1 year
- Selection of one M and one L or alternatively
-     two M missions in late 2009

## Other ESA News

**Science Directorate**** (D/Sci)  will cease to exist  on 15 June 2008**
**New ****Directorate of Science and Robotic Exploration**** (D/SRE)**
**Director remains the same: ****D. Southwood**** re-appointed 1+2 yrs to April 2011**
**Main effect initially:**** ExoMARS**** will fall in D/SRE responsibility area**
**RSSD split into Sci-S (****Scientific part****, mainly in ESTEC, NL) **
**and Sci-O (****Operational part****, mainly in ESAC, Spain)  (VN’s out June 11, 2008)**
**“****Nationally Led Missions****” concept will continue, biennial calls for proposals**
**SOLAR Payload Suite**** has started to operate on ISS Columbus module**
**New  ESA Council proposal  for  ****Space  Situation  Awareness  Programme****  **
**(incl. SW) to Conf. of Ministers in Nov. 2008    (see A. Glover, End-User TG)**
**Proba-3**** continues within ESA Technology Directorate (D/TEC): **
**Formation Flying Demonstrator with possibly a coronagraph on main spacecraft and separate occulter on second spacecraft.**

## European ILWS Strategy in an Overview

|  | 
 Major ESA Support
     or ESA – led
 | 

Modest ESA Support | 
Strong  ESA/SCI endorsement
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1    Sun and Solar Wind
      Energy Source | Soho & Ulysses ext.
Solar Orbiter 
BC–MMO SolarSent. | Solar – B grnd. stat.
Coronagraph (MoO)
Stereo grnd. stat | L1 mission(s)
Solar - ISS  
Proba - 2   |
| 2a  Ionosphere -
      Thermosphere
      Energy deposition | 
Swarm  | 
To be identified | Demeter
Ravens |
| 2b Magnetosphere 
      Energy conversion | Cluster / DSP extension
M 3    development | NLM’s
candidates tbi | Orbitals
Frisbee
National Multi-Sats |
| 3    Sun and Climate
      End-to-End Observ. |              _ | TSI M of Opp / C-Ph
Picard & Earthshine |            _ |
| 4    Data Exploitation,
     Analysis & Models | Cluster Active Archive (CAA) | SDO DB or EN-SVO 
Stereo / Solar–B GrSt | Model and Theory 
Space Weather / GB |

## European ILWS Strategy in an Overview

|  | 
 Major ESA Support
     or ESA – led
 | 

Modest ESA Support | 
Strong  ESA/SCI endorsement
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1    Sun and Solar Wind
      Energy Source | Soho & Ulysses ext.
Solar Orbiter        <==
BC–MMO SolarSent. | Solar – B grnd. stat.
Coronagraph (Soho Bonus Miss.)
Stereo grnd. stat.                          <=  | L1 mission(s)> KuaFu A
Solar - ISS (D/HME)  
== Proba - 2   |
| 2a  Ionosphere -
      Thermosphere
      Energy deposition | 
Swarm  | 
To be identified | Demeter
Ravens -> KuaFu B |
| 2b Magnetosphere 
      Energy conversion | Cluster / DSP extension
Cross-Scale (CV15-25) | NLM’s  (?)
candidates tbi | Orbitals -> RBSP ?
Frisbee (?)
Natnl. Multi-Sats(?) |
| 3    Sun and Climate
      End-to-End Observ. |  SOHO Bonus  <== 
Mission   (TSI)  | TSI - Mission of Opp. 
Earthshine (?) | Picard (CNES)  |
| 4    Data Exploitation,
     Analysis & Models | Cluster Active Archive (CAA) | SDO DB or EN-SVO 
Stereo / Solar–B GrSt | Model and Theory 
Space Weather / GB |