# Presentation: 538106

## Fuel-Cycle Energy and Emission Impacts of Fuel-Cell Vehicles

- Michael Wang
- Center for Transportation Research
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Presentation at the EPA’s Fuel Cell Workshop
- June 27, 2001

## The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model

- A fuel cycle model to estimate per-mile energy use and emissions rates for motor vehicles
- First version was developed in 1996
- The current public version, GREET 1.5a, is on Argonne’s Transportation website at www.transportation.anl.gov/ttrdc/greet
- The beta version of GREET 1.6 is now available for evaluation

## GREET Simulates These Emission and Energy Items

**Emissions of Greenhouse Gases**
*CO**2**, CH**4**, and N**2**O*
- VOC, CO, and NOx as optional GHGs
**Emissions of Five Criteria Pollutants (Total and Urban Separately)**
- VOC, CO, *NO**x**,* PM10, and SOx
**Energy Use**
- All energy sources
*Fossil fuels*
- Petroleum

- Items in BLUE and ITALIC are discussed in this presentation.

## GREET Follows This Calculation Logic for Production of Feedstocks and Fuels

**GREET Follows This Calculation Logic for Production of Feedstocks and Fuels**

## GREET Follows This Calculation Logic for Transport of Feedstocks and Fuels

## Average Transport Mode Shares and Distance for Crude to U.S. Refineries

**Imported Crude **

**Ocean Tanker **
**(5,500 mi.)**

**Marine Terminal**

**Domestic**** ****Crude**** **

**Pipeline **
**(750 mi.)**

**Barge **
**(500 mi.)**

**Petroleum Refinery**

**Pipeline **
**(750 mi.)**

**Rail **
**(800 mi.)**

**8% (from Canada)**

**50%**

**1%**

**0%**

**35%**

**92%**

**7% (from Alaska)**

**Ocean Tanker **
**(2,100 mi.)**

## Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Naphtha Can Be Produced from Natural Gas

**NA NG Recovery**

**NA NG Processing**

**FTD and Naphtha Transportation via Pipeline, Rail, Barge, and Trucks**

**FT Diesel and Naphtha at Refueling Stations**

**FT Diesel and Naphtha at U.S. Ports**

**FT Diesel and Naphtha Transportation via Ocean Tankers**

**NNA NG and FG Processing**

**NNA NG and FG Recovery**

**FT Diesel and Naphtha Production**

**FT Diesel and Naphtha  Production**

**NA – North America**
**NNA – Non-North America**

**Steam or Electricity Export**

## GREET 1.6 Includes 48 Hydrogen Production Options for FCV Applications

**U.S. mix**
**NE U.S. mix**
**CA mix**
**Oil power plants**
**NG power plants**
**Coal power plants**
**Hydro-electricity**
**NG CC plants**
**Nuclear plants**

**U.S. mix**
**NE U.S. mix**
**CA mix**
**Oil power plants**
**NG power plants**
**Coal power plants**
**Hydro-electricity**
**NG CC plants**
**Nuclear plants**

## Central Gaseous Hydrogen Production Pathways

**NA NG Recovery**

**Compressed G. H****2**** at Refueling Stations**

**LNG Gasification in U.S. Ports**

**G.H****2**** Production**

**G. H****2**** Compression at Refueling Stations**

**LNG ****Production**

**LNG Transport via Ocean Tankers**

**NA NG Processing**

**NG Transport via Pipelines**

**G. H****2**** Transport via Pipelines**

**Steam or Electricity Export**

**NNA NG Processing**

**NNA NG Recovery**

**NA – North America**
**NNA – Non-North America**

## Central Liquid Hydrogen Production Pathways 

**NA NG Recovery**

**NA NG Processing**

**L. H****2**** at Refueling Stations**

**L.H2 Transport via Ocean Tankers**

**L.H2 Transport**

**NNA NG Recovery**

**NNA NG Processing**

**H2 Liquefaction**

**G.H2 production**

**H2 Liquefaction **

**G.H2 production**

**NA – North America**
**NNA – Non-North America**

**Steam Export**

## Distributed Production of Gaseous Hydrogen at Refueling Stations

**NA NG Recovery**

**NA NG Processing**

**G. H****2**** Compression at Refueling Stations**

**Compressed G. H****2**** at Refueling Stations**

**LNG Gasification in U.S. Ports**

**LNG Transport via Ocean Tankers**

**LNG Production**

**G. H****2**** Production at Refueling Stations**

**NNA NG Recovery**

**NNA NG Processing**

**NG Transport via Pipelines**

**NA – North America**
**NNA – Non-North America**

## Distributed Liquid Hydrogen Production Pathways at Refueling Stations

**NA NG Recovery**

**NA NG Processing**

**NG Transport via Pipelines**

**H****2**** Liquefaction at Refueling Stations**

**L. H****2**** at Refueling Stations**

**LNG Gasification at U.S. Ports**

**LNG Transport via Ocean Tankers**

**LNG Production **

**G. H****2**** Production at Refueling Stations**

**NNA NG Recovery**

**NNA NG Processing**

**NA – North America**
**NNA – Non-North America**

## Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis Is Subject to Large Energy Efficiency Losses 

- Electricity Transmission

- Water

- Refueling Station Electrolysis

- G.H2 Compression

- Compressed G.H2

- U.S. Generation Mix

- Hydro-Electric Plants

- NG Combined Cycle Power Plants

- H2 Liquefaction

- Liquid H2

## Ethanol Fuel Pathways Include Activities from Fertilizer to Ethanol at Stations

**Ethanol Fuel Pathways Include Activities from Fertilizer to Ethanol at Stations**

**Agro-Chemical Production**

**Corn Farming**

**Ethanol Production**

**Refueling Stations**

**Agro-Chemical Transport**

**Corn Transport**

**Transport, Storage, and **
**Distribution of Ethanol**

**Electricity**

**Woody Biomass Farming**

**Herbaceous Biomass Farming**

**Woody Biomass Transport**

**Herbaceous Biomass Transport**

**Ethanol Production**

**Ethanol Production**

**Animal Feed**

## GREET 1.6 Includes 47 Vehicle/Fuel Systems

**GREET 1.6 Includes 47 Vehicle/Fuel Systems**

**Conv. SI Vehicles**
*FRFG,* CARFG
- CNG, LNG, and LPG
- MeOH and EtOH
**SIDI Vehicles**
- CG, RRFG, and CA RFG
- MeOH, and EtOH
**SI HEVs: Grid-Independent and Connected**
*FRFG**,* CARFG, MeOH, EtOH
- CNG, LNG, and LPG
**CIDI Vehicles**
*LSD,* DME, *FTD,* and biodiesel

**CIDI HEVs: Grid-Independent and Connected**
*LSD,* DME, *FTD,* and biodiesel
**Battery-Powered EVs**
- U.S. generation mix
- CA generation mix
- NE U.S. generation mix
**Fuel-Cell Vehicles**
*G.H2, L.H2, MeOH, FRFG,* CARFG, LSD, *EtOH, CNG,* LNG, LPG, and *naphtha*

- Items in BLUE and ITALIC are discussed in this presentation.

## GREET Includes Many Fuels and Fuel Pathways Applicable to Fuel-Cell Vehicles

- The options in BLUE are included in this presentation.

- Gaseous H2

- Liquid H2

- Centralized
-  Plant

- Refueling
- Station

- Electricity

- Flared Gas

- On-Board
- Fuel Processor

- Methanol

- Natural Gas

- Flared Gas

- Landfill Gas

- Ethanol

- Woody
- Biomass

- Herbaceous
- Biomass

- Corn

- Gasoline

- Petroleum

- Diesel

- LPG

- CNG

- LNG

- Natural Gas

- Fuel-Cell
- Stack

- ?

- Centralized
-  Plant

- Refueling
- Station

- Naphtha

## Well-to-Wheel Energy and Emission Results: Acronyms Used in the Following Charts

- GV: gasoline vehicle
- RFG: reformulated gasoline
- CIDI: compression-ignition, direct-injection
- LSD: low-sulfur diesel
- FTD: Fischer-Tropsch diesel, produced from North American natural gas
- GI: grid independent (charge sustaining)
- GC: grid connected (charge depleting)
- HEV: hybrid electric vehicle
- EV: electric vehicle
- G.H2: gaseous hydrogen, produced from North American natural gas

- L.H2: liquid hydrogen, produced from North American natural gas
- Electro.: electrolysis, with U.S. average electricity
- MeOH: methanol, produced from North American natural gas
- Cellu. EtOH: cellulosic ethanol
- CNG: compressed natural gas, from North American natural gas
- FT naphtha: Fischer-Tropsch naphtha, produced from North American natural gas

## Total Energy Use by ICE and Electric Drive Technologies: Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Requires High Energy Use

## Total Energy Use by Fuel-Cell Vehicles: L.H2, Electrolysis H2, cellulosic ethanol, and FT Naphtha Require High Energy Use

## Fossil Energy Use by ICE and Electric Drive Technologies:  Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Requires High Energy Use

## Fossil Energy Use by Fuel-Cell Vehicles:L.H2, Electrolysis H2, and FT Naphtha Require High Fossil Use; Renewable Ethanol Has Almost Zero Fossil Use

## GHG Emissions by ICE and Electric Drive Technologies:Electric Drive Technologies Achieve Large Reductions

## GHG Emissions by Fuel-Cell Vehicles:Electrolysis H2 Increases Emissions; Renewable Ethanol Almost Eliminates Emissions

## Urban NOx Emissions by ICE and Electric Drive Technologies:CIDI Technologies Face NOx Emission Challenges

## Urban NOx Emissions by Fuel-Cell Vehicles:Refueling Station Activities Face Significant NOx Emission Challenges 

## Conclusions

- Energy and emission impacts of fuel-cell vehicles must be evaluated on the well-to-wheel basis
- Fuel-cell vehicles achieve significant energy and emission benefits
- But, emission challenges associated with refueling station activities need to be addressed