# Presentation: 354151

## Product diversification in the European banking industry : Risk and loan pricing implications

- Presentation for
**Product diversification in the European banking**** ****industry**** ****: Risk and loan pricing**** implications**

**Laetitia LEPETIT****, ****Emmanuelle NYS****, ****Philippe ROUS****, ****Amine TARAZI**
***LAPE, University of Limoges***
***tarazi@unilim.fr***

## BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH MOTIVATION

**Functional Diversification**
- 	and expansion into non-traditionnal fee-based activities (share of non-interest income in total income 43% in 1998 against 26% in 1989 date of ECB Directive).

**Higher Competition** on the loan market with a drop in interest rates and interest margins. Are banks underpricing credit facilities to increase market shares and gain more fees?

- Implications for the safety of the banking system
- It is not clear whether by widening their range of products banks improve their risk/return trade off and their **default risk**.
-  The provision of a larger set of products increases the incentives for **cross-subsidisation** which may distort **risk exposure**

## AIM OF THE PAPER

- 	To assess the risk implications of product diversification
- 	extending the earlier work by
- Considering the case of European banks while previous work on bank diversification was essentially dedicated to U.S. banks.
-  Raising the issue of cross-selling among traditional and non-traditional activities and incentives to underprice loans and credit risk whereas previous papers focused on portfolio diversification effects.
-  Introducing the impact of non-interest activities in the bank interest margin literature.
- 	 To explore whether banks engaged in diversification underprice loans using them as a loss leader which could be linked with the higher risk reported in some studies (De Young and Roland,  2001; Stiroh, 2004).

## PRESENTATION 

-  1. Relationship between the changing structure of bank income and risk in the European banking industry
- 		Recent US studies find no gains from diversification and in some 	cases higher risk (De Young and Roland 2001; Stiroh, 2004). Do we 	obtain similar results for Europe?

- 2.  Lending rate and non traditional activities
- 		Do banks more engaged in non-interest activities set a lower interest 	margin and/or charge a lower lending rate then they should?
- 		Do banks more engaged in non-interest activities underprice credit risk?
- 3. Conclusion

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

## 1. Bank risk and product diversification

- Sample period : 1996 to 2002
- Database:
-  Annual income statements and balance sheets for individual banks
- 	 Bankscope Fitch IBCA.
-   Daily stock indexes and individual bank stock prices
- 	 Datastream International
- Two samples of European commercial and cooperative banks (14 countries) are used:
-  Banks for which sufficient information is reported in Bankscope for the purpose of our study throughout the 7 years we consider. This sample contains **951 banks**.
-  **156 listed banks**

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

***Data set***

## 1. Bank risk and product diversification

-          diversified banks for which the value of the NNII ratio is higher than the third quartile (Q75),
-          non diversified banks with a NNII ratio lower than the first quartile (Q25).

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**1. Bank**__** **__**risk and product diversification**_

***Degree of diversification ******: an income structure approach***

- Our diversification criteria is also disaggregated to allow for deeper insights.
- We distinguish two components of NNI:
-        -  ratio of net commission and fee income to net operating income (COM)
-        -  ratio of net trading income to net operating income (TRAD)

## 1. Bank risk and product diversification

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**1. Bank risk and product diversification**_

***Degree of diversification and risk****** : stylised facts***

- We conduct univariate mean tests and spearman rank correlation tests :
- Using a set of risk measures and probability of failure measures based on
-  accounting data
- SDROA, SDROE, CVROA, CVROE, LLP, Z-scores
- and
-  market data
- SD daily returns, BETA, Specific Risk, Z-scores, Distance to Default
-  H0 : The level of risk of diversified banks is not higher than the level of risk of non diversified banks
-  H1 : The level of risk of diversified banks is higher than the level of risk of non diversified banks

## Product diversification, risk and default risk : results based on daily market data (1996-2002)

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

## Product diversification, risk and default risk : results based on daily market data and for the two components, trading income and commission and fee income (1996-2002)  

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

- Product diversification, risk and default risk : results based on daily market data and for the two components, trading income and commission and fee income (1996-2002)

## 1. Bank risk and product diversification

-  To study the link between the shift towards non interest income and bank risk we conduct tests based on high frequency data (market data)
-  As a first step we investigate if banks with a high annual growth rate in non traditional activities (NNII > 3% per year) exhibit a higher increase in risk than banks with a relatively low annual growth rate of NNII (NNII < 1% per year). 			***Faster diversification***
- As a second step we control for the relative position of each bank with respect to the average level of diversification in our sample by excluding  banks with a diversification level lower than the sample mean reached in 2002.				 ***Faster AND Higher diversification***
-  A similar procedure is adopted for the two components of net non interest income (COM and TRAD).

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**1. Bank risk and product diversification**_

***Trends in diversification and risk ******changes***

##  Faster diversification and changes in risk for European listed banks (1996-2002) 

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

-  Faster diversification and changes in risk for European listed banks (1996-2002)

****, ** and * indicate significance respectively at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels for a unilateral test.*

## Faster and higher diversification and changes in risk for European listed banks (1996-2002) 

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

- Faster and higher diversification and changes in risk for European listed banks (1996-2002)

## The European banking industry might have experienced different changes and because commission and fee activities are linked to lending activities (cross selling of products to a core customer) we further look at the relationship with bank interest margins and interest rate setting.   

- Consistent with some US studies banks with higher non-interest income share of total income exhibit higher risk but this result is driven by commission and fee based activities. Higher reliance on trading activities is not associated with higher risk. 		*Robustness checks (regressions controlling for various factors)*
- The European banking industry might have experienced different changes and because commission and fee activities are linked to lending activities (cross selling of products to a core customer) we further look at the relationship with bank interest margins and interest rate setting.
- METHOD AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
- We revisit the literature on optimal bank interest margin (Klein, 1971; Monti, 1972; Ho and Saunders, 1981; Angbazo, 1997; Wong, 1997; Saunders and Schumacher, 2000; Drakos, 2003; Maudos and Guevara, 2004)
- by AUGMENTING the traditional models with cross-selling determinants.

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

**PRODUCT MIX and LOAN PRICING**

## 2. Lending rate and non traditional activities

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**2. Lending rate and non traditional activities**_

- THE DIFFERENT STEPS
- Estimation of several standard models controlling for various factors.
- Estimation of AUGMENTED models and checking for robustness (cross section, time trend, first-order difference, size...) to test the two following hypotheses
- 	**Hypothesis 1** : Banks more heavily engaged in non interest activities 	and particularly in commission and fee activities set a lower interest 	margin and/or charge a lower lending rate.
**H****ypothesis 2** : Banks more engaged in non interest activities and particularly in commission and fee activities underprice credit risk

## MODEL SPECIFICATION

**Dependent variable**
- 1)  The risk premium on loans is first proxied by a :
- -  broad definition of the spread: W_SPREAD = the ratio of net interest income to total earning assets - the 10 year government bond rate,
- -  narrow definition of the spread: N_SPREAD = the lending rate determined as the ratio of interest from loans to net loans  -  the 10 year government bond rate.
- 2) For consistency with previous studies, we also consider two measures of the net interest margin :
- - 	a broad definition of the margin: W_MARGIN = ratio of net interest income to total earning assets,
- a narrow definition of the margin: N_MARGIN = the ratio of interest income from loans to net loans -  the ratio of interest expenses to total liabilities

##  We estimate two sets of equations :

-  We estimate two sets of equations :

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**2. Lending rate and non traditional activities**_

## 2. Lending rate and non traditional activities

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**2. Lending rate and non traditional activities**_

## 2. Lending rate and non traditional activities

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**2. Lending rate and non traditional activities**_
- (two-way fixed effect panel data estimations)

## 2. Lending rate and non traditional activities

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**2. Lending rate and non traditional activities**_
- (two-way fixed effect panel data estimations)

## 3. Conclusion (1) 

-  Our study first shows that banks which have expanded into non-interest income activities present a higher level of risk than banks which principally supply traditional intermediation activities
- 	- but a closer investigation shows that this result is driven by fee-	based activities but not trading activities.
- 	- Similar findings are obtained for the link between risk 	changes and faster diversification within our sample period.
-  Our tests for a possible cross-selling behaviour of interest and non-interest products show that higher reliance on fee-based activities is associated with
- 	- lower lending rates
- 	- and that borrower default risk might be underestimated raising the 	issue of how cross-selling strategies should be addressed by 	regulators to control for bank risk.

- Product diversification in the European banking industry: Risk and loan pricing

_**3. **__**Conclusion**__** (1) **_

## 3. Conclusion (2)

- Our findings are based on the assumption that banks do not charge higher fees when lending to more risky borrowers and that on average higher income from commission and fee activities does not serve as a buffer against default risk along with traditional instruments such as loan loss provisions.
-  A deeper investigation on this issue requires access to more detailed data on individual borrower default risk and lending conditions but also on individual prices for banking services.