# Presentation: 655410

## 
2007 Measurement Technology Workshop 
September 11, 2007

- 2007 Measurement Technology Workshop
- September 11, 2007

***EPA Update on the ******Development of Alternative Reference Methods******for Mercury******and ******Testing Equipment***

**Jeff Ryan**
**US EPA ORD**
- _[ryan.jeff@epa.gov](mailto:ryan.jeff@epa.gov)_
**(919) 933-2998**

**Notes:**
Control of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in the U.S. is a subject of considerable interest these days.

A great deal of research on control of mercury emissions has been conducted thus far. This research has resulted in some understanding of the science behind mercury emissions control, and has led to field demonstrations of more mature control approaches. In my talk today, I will try to provide you a summary of our current understanding regarding mercury emissions controls, including some of those that may provide multipollutant reduction benefits.

## Topics

- Method 30A (IRM) approach
- IRM field testing
- Development of IRM equipment
- Method 30B (sorbent trap) approach
- Sorbent Trap RM laboratory and field testing

## Overall Approach to New RMs ...

- Performance-based
- Test program-specific (site) and matrix-specific performance verification
- Use of “Method of Standard Addition” for matrix-specific performance verification
- Gaseous dynamic spiking for IRM
- Gaseous static spiking for STRM

## Method 30A - Mercury Instrumental Reference Method (IRM)

- Timely (real-time)
- Performance-based
- Amenable to multiple and new technologies
- Site/Test program-specific verification of data quality
- FR Notice of Intent (62 FR 52098, 10/6/97)
- Consistent w/ SOx & NOx instrumental methods
- Key elements
- Interference test (optional)
- Calibration error/linearity (Hg0)
- System integrity/drift (HgCl2)
- System response time
- Dynamic spiking (HgCl2)

## Dynamic Spiking

- Nothing new
- Included in revisions to Methods 6C and 7E (optional)
- Gaseous method of “standard addition”
- Introduce known quantities of HgCl2 into probe sampling stack gas
- Spike flow minor (<20%) relative to sample flow
- Requires knowing sample flow rate or dilution ratio

## Lehigh Univ. Field Test

- Implement Conceptual (2/28/06) IRM on 4 available systems
- Use one common set of Hg gas standards for our calibrations
- Vendors still calibrated/configured their systems the way they wanted
- Determine whether performance criteria pass/fail, but without corrective action – get what we get
- Did not perform Part 75 pre-certification tests, but IRM tests very similar

## Available Systems

***Available Systems***

- 3 “stationary” Hg CEMS
- GE/PSA
- Tekran
- Thermo

## Available Systems

***Available Systems***

- 1 “portable” Hg CEMS
- Ohio Lumex (fixed mount)

## Slide 9

## Slide 10

## Slide 11

## Slide 12

## Study Conclusions ...

- Not all systems passed all IRM performance criteria, but all criteria capable of being achieved
- For the most part, minimal Hg CEM measurement biases relative to OHs ( <±10%)
- Consistent with dynamic spiking recoveries
- Lack of bias is intended outcome of dynamic spiking procedure – **dynamic spiking served its purpose!**
- Drift correction of data improved IRM data quality
- Consistent with existing methods (7E, 6C)
- Test results supportive of proposed Method 30A performance criteria

## Lehigh Tests - Practical Issues ...

- Spent significant amount of time trying to perform procedures on analyzers that aren’t optimized for doing IRM
- Not conducive to dynamic spiking (probe, flow, spiking, etc)
- Test Equipment:
- Not capable of traversing
- Required considerable set-up time
- Certainly not portable!
- IRM-specific test equipment is needed to make Method 30A viable

## Current Focus

- Develop IRM-Specific Equipment
- Simple
- Portable
- Practical
- Traversable Probes
- Less expensive
- Working with Multiple Vendors
- Perform Stratification Testing
- Perform IRM testing at multiple test sites
**Objective:  Fully perform (successfully) IRM in <2 days**

## Lumex/M&C IRM System

***Lumex/M&C IRM System***

## EPA/APEX/PSA/THERMO IRM System

***EPA/APEX/PSA/THERMO IRM System***

## Field Testing Status ...

- Well ... We’re getting there ...
- Tracer gas approach works well
- Successful dynamic spiking with new probes
- Stratification testing still a challenge due to equipment limitations
- Still struggling with equipment issues – All minor yet annoying
- Drift
- Filter
- Orifice dilution ratio
- Still early in the field testing stage
- We’re relying on vendors to develop necessary IRM equipment for us to test!

## Field data with Appendix K RATA tests very supportive 
Rapid advances of “Thermal” analysis techniques
Increased understanding of “Wet” analysis techniques
Reliable Hg0 spiking techniques

- Field data with Appendix K RATA tests very supportive
- Rapid advances of “Thermal” analysis techniques
- Increased understanding of “Wet” analysis techniques
- Reliable Hg0 spiking techniques

***Development of Hg Method 30B Sorbent Trap Reference Method***

## Sorbent Traps vs. OHM

***Sorbent Traps vs. OHM***

## Method 30B - Sorbent Trap Reference Method for Mercury

- Performance-based
- Amenable to new sorbents, equipment, and analytical technologies
- Lab verification of sorbent performance and analysis
- Site/Test program-specific verification of data quality
- Capability for timely results
- Minimization of trap spiking, especially in the field
- Description
- Known volume of stack gas is sampled through paired, in-stack 2-section sorbent traps (e.g., iodated carbon)
- Analysis by any suitable system that can meet performance criteria (e.g., leaching, digestion, thermal desorption/direct combustion coupled with UV AF, UV AA, XRF)

## Method 30B - Sorbent Trap Reference Method for Mercury, cont

- Laboratory
- Matrix interference test (for leaching analysis)
- Minimum sample mass determination
- Analytical bias test
- Field (for each test)
- Field recovery test (assess bias by static spiking)
- Paired train agreement (assess precision)
- Trap second section breakthrough

***Method 30B - Sorbent Trap Reference Method for Mercury, cont***

## Approach

- Overall focus is how to determine just how much sample must be collected that can be measured reliably
- Largely about characterizing your analytical capabilities
- How low can you go?
- Can you measure accurately at that level?
- Are there any measurement interferences?
- How does that compare to your background levels?
- Tests and criteria for characterizing measurement performance

## Analytical Tests

- Analytical Matrix Interference Test
- For “wet” analysis technique only
- Serial dilution test to determine minimum dilution ratio (if any)
- One time

## Analytical Tests

- Minimum Sample Mass Determination
- Purpose is to identify the lowest Hg mass (or concentration) that you can measure reliably that can be used to target the mass of Hg you need for sampling
- Falls within your calibration curve (≥2x lowest point)
- Factors in liquid sample volumes, sample dilutions, etc.
- Considers your detection limits, trap background levels
- Serves as lower bound for Analytical Bias Test
- Used to estimate target sample collection volumes and run times

## Analytical Tests

- Analytical Bias Test
- Purpose is to confirm that the minimum sample mass you’ve identified can be measured accurately by your intended analytical technique
- Confirm acceptable recovery of Hg0 *and* HgCl2
- Done at two levels that define the lower and upper bound that actual samples must fall within
- One time
- Can expand when needed

## Field Testing

- Field Recovery Test
- Purpose is a test-specific assessment of overall measurement performance (bias)
- Based on Field Recovery Test in Method 18
- Confirm acceptable recovery of Hg0 from 3 pairs of spiked/unspiked trains
- Analogous to dynamic spiking-the static method of standard addition
- Potential for Field Recovery Test runs to qualify as RATA runs too
- Does not have to be performed before collecting field samples, but must be successfully performed for each RATA or field test

## Field Testing

- Test Runs
- Use target sample mass, estimated stack concentration and nominal sample rate to estimate target sample volume and run time
- Minimum run time of 30 min
- For RATA testing, run time relief for stack concentrations <0.5 μg/m3
- Paired train agreement:
- ≤10% RD for Hg concentrations >1 μg/m3
- ≤20% RD for Hg concentrations <1 μg/m3 or ≤ 0.2 μg/m3 absolute difference

## Sample Analysis

- Section 1 analyses must be within valid calibrated range
- Sample analyses must be bracketed by valid Continuing Calibration Verification checks
- Section 1 analyses must also be within bounds of Analytical Bias Test
- Sorbent trap Section 2 breakthrough/background
- ≤10% of Section 1 Hg mass for Hg concentrations >1 μg/m3
- ≤20% of Section 1 Hg mass for Hg concentrations >1 μg/m3
- Additional guidance for estimating Hg levels below lowest point in calibration
- Section 2
- Section 1 where stack Hg <0.5 μg/m3

## Examples and Field Data

- EPA/ORD Thermal Analysis
- MDL ~1 ng
- Lowest point in cal curve = 10 ng
- Minimum sample mass = 20 ng
- Recoveries within 90-110% for Hg0 and HgCl2
- Nominal sample flow rates:  400, 800 cc/min
- Estimated run time for 0.5 μg/m3 stack Hg @ 400 cc/min sample rate = 100 min
- Estimated run time for 0.5 μg/m3 stack Hg @ 800 cc/min sample rate = 50 min

## Field Recovery Tests

- Quad probes, paired spiked/unspiked trains at 400, 800cc/min, 1 hour runs
- Recoveries:  avg = 104%, range 97-114%, n = 8
- Average stack Hg concentration = 0.79 μg/m3
- Average @ 400 cc/min = 0.78 μg/m3
- Average @ 800 cc/min = 0.75 μg/m3
- Average unspiked = 0.76 μg/m3
- Average spike subtracted = 0.81 μg/m3
- RDs:  All RDs <10% and < 0.2 μg/m3 absolute dif.
- Breakthroughs <2%
- Analyses were **not** performed in the field!

## What Should You Know?

- Focus on RM performance criteria
- Most is consistent with existing RMs
- Method 30B is largely analytically-oriented
- Guidance and training will come!
- CAMD training
- Web sites for guidance documents and lessons learned
- Data reports

## Questions ...

- IRM?
- IRM Equipment?
- Sorbent Trap RM?
- Other?