# Presentation: 336181

## Upcoming International Missions to the Moon

**Brook Lakew**
**Code 693**
**Lunar Exploration Science Working Group(LESWG) member**
**Jan 11, 2007**

## Outline

- European SMART-1
- Upcoming International Missions
- Japanese missions
- Indian mission
- Chinese mission
- International Missions and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
- Conclusion

## 	Lunar Missions- 1990-2014

## Immediate past: ESA’ s Smart-1 (Sept 03- Sept 06)

**SMART-1**
**(S**mall **M**issions for **A**dvanced **R**esearch and **T**echnology)
**1 + year to get to the moon**
**18 months in operation at the moon**
**First of a planned series of low cost missions.**
**Primarily a technology demo mission**
**Intentionally crashed on the Moon in Sept 2006. **
**Objectives:**
**Demonstrate Solar-electric ion engine propulsion **
**Operate 7+ miniaturized instruments- with European PIs.**
**Conduct science measurements**

**SMART-1**

## SMART-1  Instruments 

**350 kg total**
**15 kg of science payload **
**72 kg of Xenon propellant**
**Science instruments include:**
**Autonomous onboard navigation (OBAN)**
**Imaging X-ray Spectrometer(D-CIXS)**
**Visible and near IR camera (AMIE)**
**Solar X-ray experiment (XSM)**
**Laser link experiment**
**Infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface (SIR)**

## Four Upcoming International Missions

**JAPAN****:**
***SELENE -    launch late 2007 ***
***Lunar- A-    launch TBD-2010?***
**INDIAN:**** **
**Chandrayaan -1-   launch late 2007**
**CHINA:**** **
**Chang’e-1   -  launch mid 2007**

- SELENE
- JAPAN

## Japan Space Agency (JAXA)  SELENE 

**SELENE **
**SEL**enological and **EN**gineering **E**xplorer
**Launch expected in late 2007**
**Ambitious mission**
**“****Biggest lunar exploration project since the Apollo Program**”
**13 + experiments on board**
**Preceded by “Hiten”:**
**Launched in 1990 **
**Marked the start of the Japanese lunar exploration**
**Crashed intentionally on the moon in 1993**

## SELENE -Objectives

**Objectives**
**Study lunar origins and evolution**
**Explore “possibility of future utilization of the Moon for human endeavors”**
**Develop and test technology for future lunar missions**

## SELENE - Diagram

## Slide 10

| Key science |             SELENE- Instruments | LRO |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chemical/ Mineralogical distribution | X-Ray Spectrometer(XRS)
 -Ray Spectrometer(GRS)
Spectral Profiler (SP)
Multi-band Imager(MI) | DRLE
 |
| Tectonic history/
Surface structure | Terrain Camera (TC)
Lunar Radar Sounder(LRS)
Laser Altimeter (LALT) | LOLA
LROC |
| Surface Environment | Charged Particle Spectrometer(CPS)
Plasma energy Angle and Composition Experiment(PACE)
Radio Science (RS)
HDTV imaging | CRaTER |
| Gravity field
(including far-side) | 4-Way Doppler
Differential VLBI |  |
| Magnetic field | Lunar magnetometer (LMAG) |  |
| Earth Magnetosphere | Upper atmosphere and Plasma Imager (UPI)
 |  |

## LUNAR-A  Launch 2010 ?

**Japan Space Agency (JAXA)**

## Japan Space Agency’s (JAXA)LUNAR-A- Objectives

**Launch date: No earlier than late 2007 - TBD**
**Launch delayed several times**
**Technical and budget problems**
**Dry mass: 550 kg**
**Objectives:**
**Conduct seismic study of the Moon**
**Conduct heat flow measurements **
**Determine core size - if it exists**
**Demonstrate technology for future planetary seismology**

## LUNAR-A -Instruments

**Mapping camera on the**** ****Orbiter**
**Two 13 kg penetrators**
**Dim: 75cm x14 cm **
**Deployed near the lunar Equator**
**In each penetrator:**
**seismometer **
**heat flow probe**
** ****tiltmeter**
** ****accelerometer**
**radio transmitter and an antenna.**

## Slide 14

| Key science |             Lunar- A- Instruments | LRO |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Imaging | Imaging Camera | 
LROC |
| Seismology/internal structure | Two-component seismometers |  |
| Conductivity and vertical temperature gradient | Heat flow probes |  |

## Chandrayaan-1Launch -late 2007

**Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)**

## Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)  Chandrayaan-1

**First Indian mission to the Moon.**
**Idea of a lunar mission discussed in 1999.**
**Launch expected in late 2007**
**Dry mass: 540 kg**
**Mission objectives:**
** ****Upgrade and test India's technological capabilities in space**
** ****Return scientific information on the lunar surface**.

## Chandrayaan-1

**Payload/ Instruments**
**5 Indian**
**3 European**
**1 Bulgarian**
**2 US**
** ****Selection of international instruments via an AO by ISRO.**

## Slide 18

| Key Science | Chandrayaan-1 Instruments | LRO/
LCROSS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chemistry/ mineralogy/ geology | Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI)
High Energy X-Ray Spectrometer (HEX)
Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)
Near IR Spectrometer (SIR-2)
Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-Cube) |  |
| Surface Structure/
Topography | Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC)
Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument(LLRI) | LOLA
LROC |
| Surface environment/
solar wind interaction/ magnetism | Sub-Kev Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) |  |
| Near Moon radiation environment | Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment (RADOM) | CRaTER |
| Water Ice | Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (MiniSAR)  | LAMP |
| Impactor | Moon Impact Probe (MIP) | LCROSS |

## Chang’E- 1Launch - 2007

**Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation**

## Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology CorporationChang’E- 1

**Named after an angel in a Chinese fairy tale **
**First of 3 planned missions**
**Launch: As early as April 2007 or later in 2007**
**Dry mass: 2000 kg **
**Science payload 150 kg**
**Objectives**
**Test technology for future missions**
**Study lunar environment and surface regolith**** **

## Slide 21

| Key Science | Chang’E -1 Instruments | LRO/
LCROSS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Imaging | Stereo camera system | LROC |
| Topography /
regolith thickness  | Altimeter 
Microwave radiometer | LOLA |
| Surface particle environment/Solar wind interaction | Gamma/ X-Ray Spectrometer
Space environment monitors
 | CRaTER |

## Science Instruments on Upcoming Missions

| 
INSTRUMENTS | SMART-1
(ESA) | Chang’E
(CAST) | SELENE
(JAXA) | Chandrayaan-1
(ISRO) | LRO/
LCROSS
(NASA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stereo imager |  | X | X | X | X |
| Visible- Near-IR camera |  |  |  | X |  |
| UV Imager |  |  |  |  | X |
| IR spectrometer | X |  |  | X |  |
| Magnetometer |  |  | X |  |  |
| X-ray spectrometer |  | X | X | X | X |
| -ray experiment |  | X | X |  |  |
| Neutron detector |  |  |  |  | X |
| Laser altimeter | X | X | X | X | X |
| Plasma/Ion experiments | X | X | X | X | X |
| Sub-Kev atom reflecting analyzer |  |  |  | X |  |
| Microwave sounder |  | X | X |  |  |
| Gravity field/seismology/heat flow |  |  |  |  |  |
| Thermal emission radiometer |  |  |  |  | X |
| Radiation dose monitor |  |  |  |  | X |
| Mineralogy experiment |  |  |  | X |  |
| Penetrator/Impactor |  |  |  | X | X |

## Follow on missions and international participation

|  | SMART-1
(ESA) | Chang’E-1
(CAST) | SELENE
(JAXA) | Chandrayaan-1
(ISRO) | LRO
(NASA) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dry mass | 305 kg | 2000 kg | 1984 kg | 590 kg | 500 kg |
| Launch | 2003-2006 | 2007 | 2007 | 2007 | 2008 |
| Follow on mission | TBD
Instruments on Chandrayaan-1 | Chang’E-2 lander - rover/
Sample return/
Humans on moon | TBD
Lunar -A,
Rover | TBD | More robotic missions/
LPRP/
Lunar base/humans on the Moon  |
| International participation | X |  |  | X |  |
| Release of data to the community | X |  |  | X | X |

**Follow on missions and international participation**

## Conclusion

- 2007-2010- busy end of decade.
- All technology demo missions.
- US clearly has large lead.
- US and China have identified follow on missions.
-  Science and utilization of the Moon for economic gain are now intertwined.

## NASA/Goddard’s NSSDC moon page 

**http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.html**