# Presentation: 889657

## Machine Collaboration PossibilitiesonFermilab Proton Driverand Main Injector Intensity Upgrades

**Bill Foster**
**  ****BNL/FNAL Meeting**
**Nov. 14, 2005**

## The Fork in the Road

**IF ( ILC 2006 CDR looks affordable) THEN**
- Push for ILC ~2010 construction start at Fermilab
- Proceed with 120 GeV Neutrino Program at >1 MW
**ELSE**
- Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting 2008
- 30-120 GeV and 8 GeV Beams at  2-4 MW
- Stepping-Stone to delayed ILC construction start ~2012
**ENDIF**

_*Pier Oddone’s presentation to EPP 2010:*_

## What is Not in Question

**Fermilab > 1 MW Neutrino Beams**
- Using Upgrades + Recycler if fast-track ILC
- Using SCRF Proton Driver if ILC delayed
**The SCRF Proton Driver R&D Program**
- Demonstration key cost-saving features of SCRF Proton Driver Design, with beam, in next 1-2 years

## Time Scales for Machine Collaboration

**SCRF Linac Proton Driver Technical Design Report**
- June ’06 Lehman CD-1 Review
**Proton Driver Front End Beam Tests (SMTF/Meson)**
- Summer 2006 - Beam through warm front end (RFQ commissioning)
- Summer 2007 - Beam through multiple SRF cavities w/common Klystron
**Fermilab Proton Plan & Near-Term Upgrades**
- Many possibilities in HLRF, LLRF, Collimation, Beam Stacking...
**Proton Driver Construction Role?**
- Significant PED funds FY2008,  line item funding 2009?
- Cost estimate w/“SNS Rules” to support Multi-Lab collaboration
**Experimental Beam lines, Specialized Extraction, etc. (8 GeV & 120 GeV)**

## Near Term  Plans (Independent of ILC)

**AGS Permanent Magnet **
**Accumulator Ring**
**(from early NuSB LoI)**

**    ****Follow Gerry Jackson’s suggestion of using the           Fermilab Recycler as       Injection Accumulator                for Main Injector intensity >600kW after ~2009.**

- Permanent Magnet
- Accumulator Ring

- Permanent Magnet
- Recycler Ring

**AGS**

**Main Injector**

## Barrier Stacking in AGS and Recycler

- AGS Barrier Stacking ~1999

- Batch Compression

- Batch Expansion

*Fast Recycler Stacking beam tests ~ 2003*

*Barrier Pulses + *
*Linear Voltage Ramps*

## Main Injector RF Cavity Upgrades

**Design Concept for RF cavity **
**to support > 2 MW in  Main Injector**
**YIG Ferrite Loaded Tuners**
**Q Negotiable via Cu plating**
******BNL Collaboration on Prototype?**

**Existing Main Injector Cavities**
**Beam Power limited to ~1 MW**
**35 Years Old**

## LLRF & Damper Upgrades

**Modern Digital LLRF**
**for AGS/Booster/RHIC**

**FNAL Booster LLRF**
**Analog/NIM from 1970’s**

## OTHER NEAR-TERM POSSIBILITIES

**Impedance Measurements & Pallatives**
- Main Injector is ~7 yrs old
- No Impedance Measurements Yet
- Will key MI components need low-Z upgrades?
**Gamma-T Jump Systems**
- Main Injector
- Booster
**Collimation**
- Main Injector (Momentum, & Betatron)
- Recycler Stacking Collimators (Momentum & Betatron)
*All these will be valuable independent of PD *

## 8 GeV SCRF Proton Driver

**New idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, SNS, RIA, TRASCO and APT.**
- Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac designs up to 1.3 GeV
- Use  “TESLA”  Cryomodules  from  1.3 - 8 GeV
- H- Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector
** ******“Super-Beams” in Fermilab Main Injector
-  2+ MW Beam power at BOTH 8 GeV and 120 GeV
-  Small linac emittances  Small losses in Main Injector
- Very simple operation of the accelerator complex
-  Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (eventually faster)
-  MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy
- 		*	** **(flexible neutrino program)*

## 8 GeV Superconducting LinacWith X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory

- 8 GeV Superconducting LinacWith X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory

**Anti-**
**Proton**

## The Baseline Missions:Super Beams in the Main Injector & ILC Test Bed

**1.5 % ILC Test Bed**

## 120 GeV Main Injector Cycle with 8 GeV Synchrotron

## 120 GeV Main Injector Cycle with 8 GeV Linac, e- and P

## Linac Allows Reduced MI Beam Energy without Compromising Beam Power

- MI cycles to 40 GeV at 2Hz,
- Retains 2 MW MI beam power

- # neutrino evts.         ~ same vs. E
- Reduces tail at higher neutrino energies.
*Permits Flexible Neutrino Program*

**2MW @40 GeV**
**NOT SPECIFIED **
**FOR SYNCHROTRON**

## Similarities Between BNL & FNAL Super-Beam Proposals

- Single Stage Superconducting Injector Linac Replacing Booster Synchrotron
- Linac Advantages:
- Faster Cycle Time
- Lower Uncontrolled Losses
- Simplicity of Operation
- Upgrade paths >2 MW w/ linac injection
- Lots of work needed in rest of complex to keep pace with more powerful injector

## Parameter Similarities BNL / FNAL

- Charge per pulse:
- 	1E14 vs. 1.5E14
- Linac Rep Rate (upgrade)
- 	2.5 Hz(5 Hz) vs. 2.5 Hz(10 Hz)
- Number of Injection Turns
- 	240 vs. 270
- Linac Current (avg. in macro pulse)
- 	21 mA vs. 25 mA

## Parameter Differences BNL / FNAL

- Linac Energy
- 1.5 GeV vs. 8 GeV
- Stand-Alone Linac Power
- <100kW vs 0.52 MW  (8 GeV physics prog.)
- Superconducting Transition
- 400 MeV vs. 10 MeV
- SRF Technology Base (linac Frequency)
- SNS (805/1610) vs. ILC (325/1300)

## Other Uses (beyond the Baseline)of the 8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver

- Using Recycler as 8 GeV Stretcher Ring
-  Continuous 8 GeV Slow Extracted Beams
-  Bursts of beam every 5-10 usec
- ILC Gradients:  8 GeV 12-15 GeV Linac
- Using Tevatron Tunnel for Stretcher Ring
-  Continuous 120 GeV Slow Extracted Beams

## 8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver

- A Bridge Program to the Linear Collider
- Near Term Physics Program (neutrinos+)
- Multiple HEP Destinations & Off-Ramps
- A seed project for inter-lab SCRF Collaboration
- A seed project for Industrial Participation
*50 cryomodules, 12 RF stations, ~1.5% of LC*

## TESLA LINAC

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- 36 Cavites / Klystron

**TESLA LINAC**

*8 Klystrons*
*288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules *

- 1300 MHz  β=1

**β****<1**** TESLA LINAC**

*2 Klystrons*
*96 Elliptical Cavities*
*12 Cryomodules** *

- 1300 MHz     0.1-1.2 GeV

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- β=1

- Modulator

- 10 MW
- TESLA
- Multi-Beam
- Klystrons

- 48 Cavites / Klystron

- β=.81

- Modulator

- β=.81

- β=.81

- β=.81

- β=.81

- β=.81

- 8 Cavites / Cryomodule

**0.5 MW Initial **
**8 GeV Linac**

- 11  Klystrons  (2 types)
- 449 Cavities
- 51  Cryomodules

**“****PULSED RIA”**
- Front End Linac
- 325 MHz
- 0-110 MeV

- H-

- RFQ

- MEBT

- RTSR

- SSR

- DSR

- Single
- 3 MW
- JPARC
- Klystron

- Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavity
- Phase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners

- DSR

- Modulator

**10 MW**
**TESLA**
**Klystrons**

## Cost Driver: Klystrons per GeV

## 8 GeV Superconducting LinacTECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM DESIGNS EXIST AND WORK

- SNS β<1 Cavites

**FNAL/TTF**
**Modulators**

**“****TTF Style” Cryomodules**

**Civil**
**Const.**
**Based on **
**FMI**

**TESLA  RF**
**Distribution **
*** w/ phase shifters**

## The Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac

** ... ****is the **_**TESLA RF Station**_**:**
** ****1  Klystron**
**  ****1  Modulator **
** ****~ 4 Cryomodules**
**36  SCRF CAVITIES**
***~***_***1 GeV of Beam Energy***_
*	**	**Proton Driver:      8  RF Stations*
*	**	**Linear Collider: 500 RF Stations*

## Slide 29

## Cold Technology Selection for the ILC 

**Since the ITRP Selection of “cold” technology,            we have standardized on ILC-compatible frequencies for the Proton Driver**
- 1300 MHz for back end of linac
- 325 MHz (=1300 MHz / 4) for front end linac
**We have begun to assemble a TESLA-like collaboration to develop a complete set of SCRF cavities and resonators at these frequencies.**

## 8 GeV Linac Klystrons – 2 Types

- Toshiba E3740A
- 325 MHz    3 MW
**(17 Delivered for JPARC**
**...****we’ve ordered one... )**

- Thales TH1801
- 1300 MHz
- 10 MW
- (~ 3 Vendors)

## 325 MHz SRF Spoke Resonators 10-400 MeV

**Well Developed Technology for RIA, APT, TRASCO...**
**Simulations indicate excellent beam dynamics**
**	******** ****Never yet tested with beam**
**Runs Pool-Boiling at 4.5K – Simple Cryosystem**
**R&D Demonstration (SMTF):  **
**	******** ****beam properties with pulsed operation.**

## β=1 cavities are identical to the ILC 
Baseline β<1 cavities       are frequency scaled from             805 MHz designs for SNS/ RIA from JLAB & MSU
“Low-Loss” beta=0.81 cavity design & prototype
Single-Crystal Nb Protos
Lab-to-Lab Collaboration so far (MSU & JLAB?)

**Baseline ****β****<1 cavities       are frequency scaled from             805 MHz designs for SNS/ RIA from JLAB & MSU**
**“****Low-Loss” beta=0.81 cavity design & prototype**
**Single-Crystal Nb Protos**
**Lab-to-Lab Collaboration so far (MSU & JLAB?)**

- 1300 MHz Elliptical Cavities

## 325 MHzFront-EndLinac

- 325 MHzFront-EndLinac

- 325 MHz Klystron – Toshiba E3740A  (JPARC)

- 115kV Pulse Transformer

**Modulator**
- Capacitor / Switch / Bouncer

- Charging
- Supply

- RFQ

- MEBT

- SCRF Spoke
- Resonator
- Cryomodules

- RF
- Distribution
- Waveguide

- Ferrite
- Tuners

- Single Klystron
- Feeds SCRF Linac
- to E > 100 MeV

## Room-Temperature Front Endfor Proton Driver at SMTF / Meson

- Room-Temperature Front Endfor Proton Driver at SMTF / Meson

- H-  Ion
- Source

- RFQ

- Alignment Rails for Beam Experiments

- Superconducting
- Solenoids

- Room Temp
- Spoke (C-H)
- Resonators

- 2-Phase LHe
- Distribution
- Header

## Toward Selecting an H- Ion Source

**The SNS Ion Source Test Bench and LEBT**

**Beam tests on the SNS RF H****-**** ion source ****(Doug Moehs)**** **
- 3.1 ms long pulse, 11.5 mA average, at 5 Hz
- The SNS routinely runs 1 ms long pulses, 30 mA at 60 Hz

**  ****Plan to test the DESY H****-**** source at 3 msec in next **
**few months**

**Notes:**
In this picture the emittance probes have been removed from the vacuum can which is pulled back reveling the electrodes of the LEBT.
The Black cage just visible is shielding for HV and the RF coupling.
Two large HV isolation cabinets (light blue) are to the very left, in the back.

## History of Magnetron at BNL

- Need: ~45mA in 0.25pi mm-mrad

***Circular Aperture magnetron is good candidate H- Source for PD***

## Slide 38

## Linac PD Collaboration Possibilities

**Transfer Line (based on BNL SNS AP Design)**
**Transfer Line Collimation Systems**
**H- Injection Design**
**H- Foil R&D (Diamond Foils, etc)**
**Laser H- Wire Scanner ******** inside ILC Cryostats**
**Front End Ion Source**
**Scope: **
- Design (up to June Lehman Rev)
- Hardware (discuss after CD-1: finalize PEP, etc)

## BNL/SNS Transfer Line, Collimation, Injection

**Proton Driver H- beam line is patterned on BNL/SNS HEBT **
**BNL Construction Responsibility**

## Proton Driver Collaborators

- ANL  (weekly meetings & parallel worker contacts)
- Spoke Cavity Design & Proto
- Test Cryostats (two copies, one for ANL & one for Meson Lab)
- 325 MHz high power RF couplers
- Design of 10-cavity cryomodules
- Accelerator Physics Design
- RFQ & Warm Front End Design
- CERN
- Fast 325 MHz bunch-by-bunch chopper (collaboration with SPL: 352 MHz chopper)
- Fast, High rep-rate Electronic Pulser is main effort
- DESY:
- H- Source Design (preferred option at present; test pending)
- Standing offer for Ferrite Vector Modulator Test @DESY
- JPARC / KEK
- 325 MHz RFQ / Front end construction drawings; indirect help with Klystron
- LANL
- LEDA beam analysis equipment  SMTF Proton Driver Front End Tests?
- MSU
- Low-loss beta=0.81 Design & Proto
- LLNL
- High Power RF Coupler Design [under discussion]
- NIU
- Instrumentation for front end beam tests @ meson lab
- SNS / LBL
- H- Ion Source Tests
- Construction Drawings
- Accelerator Physics Design
- SLAC
- Ongoing: Construction of Redundant IGBT switches & control for 2 modulators
- [Concept:] Unitary RF fanout Assembly containing 1 leg of RF fanout w/ferrite control workshop
- [Under Discussion:] non-contacting-warm-to-cold RF Coupler prototype
- INDIA: [CAT+others?]  interested in building a sister machine w/shared design & parts

## Proton Driver R&D Goals

- Extend TESLA-style RF split to Proton Linacs
- Drive Linac up to 110 MeV with _*single klystron*_
- Beam test of fast Ferrite Vector Modulators -* key for Proton Driver*
- Challenging Mix of Copper and SCRF loads for LLRF
- Transition to Superconducting RF at 15 MeV (perhaps 10 MeV)
- Much lower than e.g. SNS - 186 MeV
- First beam test of SCRF Spoke Resonators
- Transverse Focusing with Superconducting Solenoids
- Axisymmetric beams from 3 MeV RFQ to 110 MeV
- Better emittance growth & Halo properties predicted
- Reduce downstream mitigation costs for PD Project
- Prototype Next-Generation “Bouncer” Modulator
- Prototype a suite of “ILC-compatible” beta<1 cavites and resonators
- 3 msec pulse width tests for Klystrons and SCRF
- Actually make a 325 MHz bunch-by-bunch chopper work
- Collaboration with CERN (SPL: 352 MHz)
- 1300 MHz β=1 Cryomodule with phase shifters
- - Beam Test & Coupler Processing
- Prototype Program for 1300 MHz β=0.81 low-loss cavities

- 325 MHz PD Front End Tests @Meson

- 1300 MHz

## Ferrite Vector Modulator R&D

- Provides fast, flexible drive to individual cavites                                of a proton linac,  when one is using a                             TESLA-style RF fanout.  *(1 klystron feeds 36 cavities) *
- Also needed if Linac alternates between e- and P.
- This R&D was started by SNS but dropped due to lack of time.  SNS went to one-klystron-per-cavity which cost them a lot of money ($20M - $60M).
***Making this technology work is important to the financial feasibility of the 8 GeV Linac.***

## 325 MHz RF System

- M

- Pulse Transformer& Oil Tank

- IGBT Switch & Bouncer

- CAP
- BANK

- 10 kV

- 110 kV

- Charging
- Supply
- 300kW

**MODULATOR:**  FNAL/TTF Reconfigurable for 1,2 or 3 msec beam pulse

**Single**
**JPARC **
**Klystron**
**325MHz**
**3 MW**

- WR2300 Distribution Waveguide

- TOSHIBA  E3740A

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- E

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- B

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- T

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- R F Q

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- Cables to
-  Tunnel

- Fast Ferrite
- Isolated I/Q Modulators

- RF Couplers

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- R

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- R

**I**
**Q**
**M**

**400kW**

**20 kW**

- D

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- R

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- D

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- S

**I**
**Q**
**M**

- R

**I**
**Q**
**M**

**120 kW**

**10kV**

**H-**

- Medium Energy
- Beam Transport
- Copper Cavities

**Radio Frequency**
**Quadrupole**

**Cryomodule #1              Single-Spoke**
**Resonators**

**Cryomodule #2 Double-Spoke**
**Resonators**

**20 kW**

## RF Fan-out for 8 GeV Linac

## RF Fanout at Each Cavity

- ? SLAC / FNAL Collaboration
- to develop unitary
- Component containing
- All components for
- one leg of TESLA RF Fanout
- including dynamic tuning?

## ELECTRONICALLY ADJUSTABLEE-H TUNER  (1300 MHz Waveguide)

- FERRITE LOADED SHORTED STUBS
- CHANGE ELECTRICAL LENGTH DEPENDING ON DC MAGNETIC BIAS.

***TWO COILS***  PROVIDE INDEPENDENT
***PHASE AND AMPLITUDE *** CONTROL OF CAVITIES

## High Power Ferrite Modulator Test at FNAL

- 1300 MHz Klystron
- T = 250 μsec
- F = 5 Hz

**Existing A0 Klystron was used for testing**

## Coaxial Phase Shifter

- Coax design  is preferred
-   at 325MHz
-  In-house design   tested to 660kW  at 1300 MHz
-  Tested at 250 kW  at Argonne with APS 352MHz Klystron
-  Fast coil and flux  return should  respond in ~50us

## Ferrite Vector Modulator R&D Summary

**Successful full power prototypes at 1300 MHz and 325 MHz**
**Big cost savings for ****β****<1 SCRF Linacs**
**Many applications for both ILC and Proton Driver**
**Proceeding to System Tests with Beam **

## Other Information

**Project Site:**
**     **_**[http://protondriver.fnal.gov](http://protondriver.fnal.gov/)**_
**Design Study (Draft, 215 pg.) ********     **
**	**_**[http://protondriver.fnal.gov/SCRF_PD_V55.doc](http://protondriver.fnal.gov/SCRF_PD_V55.doc)**_
**Director’s Review:**
_**[http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/DirReviews/Dir'sRev_TechnicalReviewoftheProtonDriver_0315.html](http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/DirReviews/Dir'sRev_TechnicalReviewoftheProtonDriver_0315.html)**_

## Proton Driver Project Development Vision

**FY08 - FY12:  ~$100 M/yr  PD/ILC facility **
- Mostly redirected, hope for some new money
- Key milestone: factory capable of 1 CM/month by 2008
**FY12 --  start of US-ILC construction**
- U.S. $500M/yr not unreasonable following successful completion of $500M SCRF Proton Driver project
- Number of years of construction depends on progress on ILC cost reduction:
*I’m personally very hopeful on SCRF cost reduction, and the Proton Driver is the vehicle to demonstrate it.*

## Milestones for a 2008 Proton Driver Start

**NuSAG Endorsement for Fermilab PD  2005-6**
**TDR mid 2006**
**FVM  Proof-of-Principle Beam Test - 2007**
**Factory Capable of 1 Cryomodule/month  - 2008**

## What is Not in Question

**Fermilab > 1 MW Neutrino Beams**
- Using Recycler & upgrades for > 1 MW if fast ILC
- Using Proton Driver for >>2 MW if ILC delayed
**The SCRF Proton Driver R&D Program**
- Demonstration key cost-saving features of SCRF Proton Driver Design, with beam, in next 2-3 years
- Ferrite Vector Modulators to reduce number of Klystrons
- ILC-compatible component collaboration for front-end linac