# Presentation: 048980

## Strength Through Science

***Strength Through Science***

*University Research Association Policy Forum*
**Leadership and Cooperation in the Physical Sciences**
- Dr. Mildred S. Dresselhaus
- Former Director, Office of Science
- U.S. Department of Energy
*January 31, 2001*

## DOE Mission Areas

**Environmental Quality **
***- ****To**** ****Repair the Environmental Consequences of the Cold War*

**Energy Resources***** ******- ****To **Foster a Secure and Reliable National Energy Supply*

**National Security*** **- To Maintain the Safety and Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile*

**Science...**

## Office of Science Organization

**Office of Science Organization**

**Office of Basic**
**Energy Sciences**
**Associate Director**
**Patricia Dehmer**

**Office of **
**Biological and **
**Environmental Res.**
**Associate Director**
**Aristides Patrinos**

**Office of **
**High Energy and**
**Nuclear Physics**
**Associate Director**
**S. Peter Rosen**

**Office of Fusion**
**Energy Sciences**
**Associate Director**
**N. Anne Davies**

**Office of Advanced**
**Scientific**
**Computing Res.**
**Associate Director**
**C. Edward Oliver**

**Office of Resource**
**Management**
**Associate Director**
**John Rodney Clark**

**Office of Planning**
**and Analysis**
**Director**
**William J. Valdez**

**Office of**
**Laboratory Policy**
**Director**
**Antoinette Joseph**

**Office of Lab.**
**Operations and **
**ES&H**
**Associate Director**
**James Turi**

**Chicago**
**Operations Office**
**Manager**
**Marvin Gunn**

**Oak Ridge**
**Operations Office**
**Manager**
**Leah Dever**

**Director **
- vacant
**Principal Deputy Director **
**James F. Decker**
**Deputy Director for Operations**
**Milton Johnson**

**BESAC**
**BERAC**
**HEPAP**
**NSAC**
**FESAC**
**ASCAC**

**Berkeley **
**Site Office**
**Manager**
**Richard Nolan**

**Stanford **
**Site Office**
**Manager**
**John Muhlestein**

## The Department of Energy is a Science Agency

- <date/time>

- 1. NASA (1,051)
- 2. NSF (481)
- 3. DOD (383)
- 4. INTERIOR (364)
- 5. Energy (335)

- 1. NASA (1,948)
- 2. DOD (1,837)
- 3. Energy (851)
- 4. NSF (484)
- 5. TRANS  (323)

- 1. DOD (657)
- 2. Energy (623)
- 3. NSF (399)
- 4. HHS (127)
- 5. COMMERCE (89)

** ****Physical ****	****     Earth and          Mathematics     Engineering        Life   ****	****        R&D**
**Sciences     Environmental     & Computing****	****                       Sciences      Facilities**
**	****	****     ****Sciences**

**  Numbers are FY 1999 Dollars in Millions - Source: NSF -- Preliminary Federal obligations for research, by agency and field of science and engineering: fiscal year 1999*
*** Numbers are FY 1999 Dollars in Millions - Source: OMB*

- 1. Energy (2,012)
- 2. NASA (1, 019)
- 3. NSF (515)
- 4. DOD (412)
- 5. HHS (205)

**The Department of Energy is a Science Agency**

_***Top Five Government Research Organizations for*:***_

- 1. HHS (11,838)
- 2. USDA (1,215)
- 3. DOD (519)
- 4. NSF (403)
- 5. Energy (288)

- 1. Energy (939)
- 2. NASA (403)
- 3. DOD (386)
- 4. NSF (271)
- 5. HHS (227)

## DOE is the Physical Sciences Agency

*Source: NSF - Division of Statistical Research Services*

**Federal Support for the Physical Sciences**

## Percent of Federal Funding of Research by Field

**Federal Obligations for Basic Research**

**0%**

**10%**

**20%**

**30%**

**40%**

**50%**

**1970**

**1975**

**1980**

**1985**

**1990**

**1995**

**Share of Federal Funds**

**Life Sciences**

**Physical Sciences**

**Math & Computer Science**

**Environmental  Sciences**

**Engineering**

_**Source**_: OMB Analysis of data from the NSF publication* “Federal Funds for Research and Development, Federal Obligations for Research by Agency and Detailed Field of Science and Engineering, Fiscal Years 1970-2000 (NSF 01-306)”  *

- *

-  * Includes - Atmospheric & Geological sciences, Oceanography & Environmental sciences, n.e.c.

## Emphasis on Health Research Much More Pronounced in U.S.

- This emphasis is especially notable in support of life sciences in academic institutions.
- In 1996, the U.S. Government devoted 18% of its R&D investment to health R&D
- Health R&D support approaches 10% of total spending in the governmental R&D budgets of the United Kingdom, Italy, and Canada.

## $7.99 Billion (up 12.3% from FY2000)

## A Balanced Portfolio - Essential to Progress

**A Balanced Portfolio - ***Essential to Progress*

- Wednesday, October 4, 2000; Page A33

_*Harold Varmus*__*** ***_
- Squeeze
- On Science
- In recent weeks both presidential campaigns have      voiced their support of efforts to double the budget of the National Institutes of Health. This is an encouraging sign that the current bipartisan enthusiasm for medical re- search will continue in the next administration. But it also offers an opportunity to make an important point about the kinds of science required to achieve breakthroughs against disease.
- The NIH does a magnificent job, but it does not hold all the keys to success. The work of several science agencies is required for advances in medical sciences, and the health of some of those agencies is suffering.
- For the coming fiscal year, Congress has again--magnanimously and appropriately--slated the NIH for a major increase, its third consecutive 15 percent increase.

**“**Congress is not addressing with sufficient vigor the compelling needs of the other science agencies, especially the National Science Foundation and the **Office of Science at the Department of Energy**. This disparity in treatment undermines the balance of the sciences that is essential to progress in all spheres, including medicine.**”**

**“**Medical advances may seem like wizardry. But pull back the curtain, and sitting at the lever is a high-energy physicist, a combinational chemist or an engineer.**”**

**“**Sens. Bond and Mikulski have proposed to **double the budget** of the NSF over five years. This admirable effort should be **vigorously supported** and **extended to include the DOE's Office of Science**, which funds half of all research in the physical sciences and maintains the national laboratories that are central to biomedicine.**”**

## National Science Goals

*“ **The United States should be among the World leaders in all major areas of science.”*
- Supports World Class Research Toward National Goals
- Enables Rapid Response to Breakthroughs in other Nations
- Supports Excellence in University Science Education
- Attract Bright Young Students to Science
*“ **The United States should maintain clear leadership in some major areas of science.”*
- IF Required by National Objectives
- IF a Field is of a Broad Interest to Society
- IF a Field Significantly Affects Other Areas of Science

**National Science Goals**

## Physical Review & Physical Review Letters

- Percent of Submissions Published

- Total Submissions

- Source:  American Physical Society* - APS News August/September 2000 - **	*Letter to the Editor - Editor-in-Chief Martin Blume Replies

## Declines in DOE Research are Impacting Materials

- A COSEPUP panel of expert researchers in, and users of, materials science concluded that
- "the United States is among the world leaders in all subfields of materials science and engineering research and is the leader in some subfields, although not in the field as a whole."
- "a general area of US weakness for most subfields is in materials synthesis and processing.  Increasingly, US researchers must rely on specialty materials suppliers in Europe and Japan for bulk crystals and other specialty materials."
- The panel warned that the US position is at risk because of insufficient funding to modernize existing facilities and build new ones.

## Office of Science Budget History*

**Office of Science Budget History***

**Constant 2000 Dollars - ***in Millions**

**Total Science Budget (in Millions of Constant FY 2000 Dollars) - Does NOT Include Rescission*

- {

**SSC**

**$3.122 Billion Constant FY00**

**$2.788 Billion**

*$3.186 *
*Billion as Appropriated*

## DOE Office of Science Budget

**DOE Office of Science Budget**

- ($ in Millions)

- $433

- $245

- $698

- $33

- Basic
- Energy
- Sciences

- Advanced
- Scientific
- Computing
-  Research

- Fusion
- Energy
- Science

- Biological &
- Environmental
- Research

- High
- Energy
- Physics

- Nuclear
- Physics

- Multiprogram
- Energy Labs-
- Facilities
- Support

- $128

- FY 2000

- $348

- FY 2001 Appropriation with General Reduction allocated; includes $24 Million for Waste Management activities

- $992

- $483

- $248

- $712

- $30

- $166

- $361

_**Spallation Neutron Source**_

_**Congressional Mandates**_

- $772

## DOE Office of Science FY2001 Budget Highlights 

- DOE Office of Science FY2001 Budget Highlights
- (FY2001 Appropriation, change from FY2000)

- Spallation Neutron Source ($278M, +160M)
- High-Performance Computing for Science in the 21st Century -- Enhanced Capabilities ($176M, +53M)
- Scientific User Facilities Upgrades & Increased Utilization ($1,174M, +14M)
- Nanoscale Science, Engineering, & Technology ($83M, +36M)
- Life Sciences -- Understanding the Microbial Cell & Microbial Genomes and Biomedical Engineering ($40M, +25M)

## Office of Science Major Research Areas

***Chemical Sciences***
**Analytical Chemistry**
**Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics**
**Advanced Batteries & Fuel Cells**
**Chemical Kinetics**
**Chemical Physics**
**Catalysis - Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Phase**
**Combustion Dynamics**
**Electrochemistry**
**Heavy Element Chemistry**
**Interfacial Chemistry**
**Organometallic Chemistry**
**Photochemistry**
**Photosynthetic Mechanisms**
**Radiation Effects**
**Separations Science**
**Solar Energy Conversion**
**Theory, Modeling, & Computer Simulation**
**Thermophysical Properties**
***Biosciences***
**Biochemistry, Biocatalysis, Bioenergetics, Biomaterials, and Biophysics**
**Extremophilic Organisms**
**Fermentation Microbiology**
**Photosynthetic Mechanisms**
**Plant and Microbial Sciences**
**Plant Genomics**
***Physics***
**High Energy and Particle Physics**
**Heavy Ion & Medium Energy Nuclear Physics**
**Accelerator and Detector R&D**
**Particle Astrophysics**
**Physics Theory**
***Fusion Sciences***
**Experimental Plasma Physics**
**Theory, modeling, and simulation**
**Accelerator Physics**
**Plasma Diagnostics R&D**

***Materials Sciences***
**Catalysis**
**Ceramics**
**Condensed Matter Physics**
**Corrosion**
**Electronic Properties of Materials**
**Experimental Techniques & Instrument Devel.**
**Intermetallic Alloys**
**Magnetism and Magnetic Materials**
**Materials Physics and Chemistry**
**Mechanical and Physical Behavior**
**Metallic Glasses**
**Metallurgy, Metal Forming, Welding & Joining**
**Neutron and Photon Scattering**
**Nondestructive Evaluation**
**Photovoltaics**
**Polymer Science**
**Radiation Effects**
**Solid Dynamics**
**Structural Characterization**
**Superconductivity**
**Surface Science**
**Synthesis and Processing Science**
**Theory, Modeling, & Computer Simulation**
***Geosciences***
**Geochemistry of Mineral-fluid Interactions**
**Geophysical Interrogation of Earth’s Crust**
**Rock-fluid Dynamics**
**Biogeochemistry**
***Engineering Sciences***
**Materials Engineering**
**Nanotechnology and Microsystems Engineering**
**Multi-component Fluid Dynamics and Heat Flow**
**Nonlinear Dynamic Systems**

**Specialized Materials Science**
**Tritium Science**
**Microwave Systems R&D**
**Integrated Fusion Systems**
***Life Sciences***
**Human Genome**
**Structural Biology**
**Microbial Genome**
**Low Dose Radiation Research**
**Functional Genomics**
**Human Subjects in Research**
**Structural Biology Facilities**
**Genome Instrumentation**
**Computational & Structural Biology**
***Medical Sciences***
**Molecular Radiopharmaceutical Development**
**Boron Neutron Capture Therapy**
**Molecular Nuclear Medical Imaging**
**Imaging Gene Expression**
**Biomedical Engineering**
***Environmental Sciences***
**Decade to Century Climate Modeling **
**Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)**
**Atmospheric Science & Chemistry**
**Carbon Cycle Research**
**Ocean Sciences**
**Ecosystem Function and Response**
**Information & Integration**
**Integrated Assessment of Climate Change**
**Bioremediation of Metals & Radionuclides**
**Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab**
***Mathematics and Advanced Computing***
**Linear Algebra Libraries**
**Scientific Computing & Network Testbeds**
**Advanced Computer Science**
**Applied Mathematics**
**Advanced Computing Facilities**
**Advanced Computing Software and ****Collaboratory Tools**

**BES - Basic Energy Sciences**
**HENP - High Energy and Nuclear Physics**
**FES - Fusion Energy Sciences**
**BER - Biological & Environmental Research**
**ASCR - Advanced Scientific Computing Res**

## Office of Science Scientific User Facilitiesand the Universities That Utilize Them

**Relative Heavy**
** ****Ion Collider**

**National Synchrotron**
**Light Source**

**Advanced Light **
**Source**

**National Center for**
**Electron Microscopy**

**Combustion **
**Research Facility**

**Los Alamos Neutron**
**Science Center**

**High-Flux**
**Isotope Reactor**

**Shared Research**
**Equipment Program**

**James R. MacDonald**
**Laboratory**

**Pulse Radiolysis**
**Facility**

**Surface Modification &**
**Characterization Center**

**Electron Microscopy**
**Center for**
**Materials Research**

**Intense Pulsed**
**Neutron Source**

**Spallation**
**Neutron Source**
**(under construction)**

**Stanford Synchrotron**
**Radiation Laboratory**

- Office of Science Scientific User Facilitiesand the Universities That Utilize Them

**Advanced Photon**
**Source**

**Center for**
**Microanalysis**
**of Materials**

**Environmental Molecular**
**Sciences Lab**

**88” Cyclotron**

**Holyfield Radioactive Ion**
** ****Beam  Facility**

**MIT-Bates Accelerator**
**Center**

**SC User Facilities**

**Universities that     Use SC Facilities**
**DOE EPSCOR States**

**Fermilab**

**Stanford Linear Accelerator Center**

**Continuous  Electron **
**Beam Accelerator Facility**

**Princeton Plasma Physics Lab**

_***50% of Facility Users are University Researchers***_

**General**
**Atomics**

**National Energy Research Scientific Computing Facility**

## BES Synchrotron Light Sources

- Fiscal Year

**BES Synchrotron Light Sources**

## BES Staffing Trends - Research

## Staffing Trends at Major Fusion Contractors

## FY2000 Nuclear Physics Manpower SurveyDOE Support ManpowerNational Laboratories

## FY2000 Nuclear Physics Manpower SurveyDOE Supported ManpowerLaboratories and Universities

## FY2000 Nuclear Physics Manpower SurveyPh.D.s Awarded

## High Energy Physics Staffing Trends

## High Energy Physics Graduate Student Trends*

**** Data from records of the HEP University Program***

- SC Supported University Based Graduate Students

## Where are the Students?

- In 1997, 24% of U.S.
- High School seniors
- took Physics
- but only 0.3% of U.S. Bachelors Degrees were awarded in Physics

## Attrition Starts Early

**1988-1989**
**1997-1998**

- Undergrad. 	         B.S. Physics      1st year Grad      M.S. Physics	   PhD Physics
- Physics Majors      Awarded	  Physics 	        Awarded	   Awarded
- 7116                       5033                  3132                    1781                    1112
- 5857		         3821^                2423                    1365*                  1323

**  Includes both Terminal / Professional Master’s and Master’s Enroute.*
*^  0.3% of U.S. Bachelors Degrees (both B.A. and B.S.) earned.*

- Source: AIP Statistics Division, Enrollment and Degree Report

- In 1997-1998, 24% of U.S. High School seniors took Physics