# Presentation: 186711

## Airport Surface Marking Project:PVD Field Demonstration

**Bob David**
_**[Bob.David@](mailto:Bob.David@faa.gov)**__**[faa](mailto:Bob.David@faa.gov)**__**[.](mailto:Bob.David@faa.gov)**__**[gov](mailto:Bob.David@faa.gov)**_** **
**Oscar Olmos**
_**[olmos](mailto:olmos@mitre.org)**__**[@](mailto:olmos@mitre.org)**__**[mitre](mailto:olmos@mitre.org)**__**[.org](mailto:olmos@mitre.org)**_

## Runway Incursions

**A runway incursion is any occurrence on an airport runway involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of required separation with an aircraft taking off, landing, or intending to land.**
** ****The FAA investigates runway incursions and attributes the occurrence to one or more of the following error types:**
**Operational Error**
**Pilot Deviation**
**Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation**

## Types of Pilot Deviation Runway Incursions (1997-2001)

**There were 970 Pilot Deviation Runway Incursions **
**719 of these Pilot Deviations were able to be evaluated**
**Other pilot deviations included landing over aircraft in position and landing/departing on closed runways**

- 95 from pilots departing after acknowledging “taxi into position and hold” instructions

## Situational Awareness

**Loss of situational awareness by the pilot is a factor in many of the runway incursions that result from pilot deviations.**

## Surface Marking Project: Objectives

**Investigate applications of airfield surface markings to assist pilots in determining their location on the airport surface**
**Initiative from the FAA’s Office of Runway Safety and the Office of Airport Safety and Standards**
**Scope**
**Assume current signage and lighting system**
**Identify potential enhancements to standards identified within AC 150/5350-1H *****Standards for Airport Marking***
**Why Surface Markings?**
**Enhancements to marking scheme may provide the simplest approach to increasing pilot surface awareness**
**Surface markings are available at almost all airports **
**Surface markings are relatively inexpensive compared to other incursion reduction initiatives (e..g, modification of lights, signs)**

## Focus Areas

**Primary focus is on assessing markings within the Taxiway/Runway intersection environment**

## Overview of 2002 Activities

**March 27th: FAA/Industry Work Shop #1**
**Identified initial marking concepts for taxiway/runway environment**
**Human Factors team provided focused assessment of proposed markings**
**July 10 – 11th: FAA/Industry Work Shop #2**
**Review and refine initial marking proposals (lab demonstration)**
**August 7 – 8th: FAA/Industry Work Shop #3**
**Develop final recommendations for lab evaluation (lab demonstration)**
**September/October: Pilot simulation evaluation of final marking proposals (Commercial and GA participants)**
**December 4 – 5th: FAA/Industry Work Shop #4**
**Review simulation results and identify next steps**
**Consensus to move forward with field demonstration**

## Proposals Prior to Holding Position Markings: Modified Taxiway Centerline

**Modified centerlines implemented 150’ prior to holding position marking (where applicable)**
**At taxi speed of 14kts, provides ~6 seconds of preview information for upcoming holding position marking**
**Supplement taxiway centerline with dashed yellow lines**
**Dashed portion consists of 3:1 ratio (3 meters yellow / 1 meter black)**
**Increases visibility and counteracts effect of foreshortening (e.g., dashed pattern blending into a single line)**
**Advantages**
**Provides operator with advance notice of upcoming holding position marking**
**Unique pattern prior to holding position marking**
**Maintains “core” taxiway centerline and coloring scheme (i.e., use of yellow)**

## Dimensions for Modified Taxiway Centerline

- 3’ (0.91 m)

- 9’ (3 m)

- 150’ (45.72 m)

- 2’ (0.67 m)

- 3” (7.62 cm)

- 6” (15.24 cm)

- 12” (30cm)

- 3’ (0.91 m)

- 6” (15.24 cm)

- Note: Regardless of whether the centerline is 6 inches or 12 inches wide,
- the dashes will always be 6 inches wide.

## Proposals for Holding Position Markings

**Surface Painted Holding Signs**
**Implement surface painted holding signs as defined by AC 150/5350-1H but on both sides of taxiway centerline and at less than 200’ width**
**Salient and Incorporates directionality**
**Extend holding position markings onto paved shoulders **
**Help pilots of transport aircraft to better position aircraft with respect to holding position marking**
**Can better view position markings from sides of the cockpit**
**Incorporate “White” into Holding Position Markings**
**Use white in the dashed portion of the holding position markings to convey directionality**
**White portion of holding position markings painted on runway side (where white is primarily used) with yellow portion on taxiway side (where yellow is primarily used)**

## Dimensions for Extended Holding Position Marking

## Dimensions for Surface Painted Holding Signs

- 3’ (0.91 m)

- 9-27

- 9-27

- 2’-4’ (0.67-1.34 m)

- 3’ (0.91 m)

- 15” (38 cm)

- 9-12’
- (3 - 3.67 m)

- 2’-4’ (0.67-1.34 m)

- The inscription is to have a height of 12’(3.67m),
- however it may be reduced, as necessary to the
- minimum height of 9’ (3m).
- The width of the boxes range typically from 3.5
- for an 11.5 foot high inscription to 4 feet 9 inches.
- Overall width is typically 35 feet each for a 14.5 foot high box.
- In rare cases, where there are two runway intersections,
- the width could be even wider.

## Summary of Proposals: After Holding Position Markings

_**No marking proposals for area in the post-hold environment**_

## Surface Marking Proposal: Summary

*Drawing not to scale*

## Field Demonstration: Overview

**Rhode Island Airport Corporation has volunteered PVD as a field demonstration site of enhanced markings**
**Findings from field demonstration will be used to determine if marking concepts are incorporated into AC 150/5350-1H **
**Field Demonstration**
**Modify all holding position markings on taxiways with enhanced markings**
**Surface markings on runways will NOT be modified**
**Avoids implementation of mixed markings (e.g., some with current, some with enhancements)**
**Application of enhanced surface markings expected to begin in May and continue through mid-June**
**Data will be collected from user population during July and August**