# Presentation: 877023

##  GPS Modernization

*** ******GPS Modernization***

## Constellation Status
GPS Modernization 
GPS III Program
Challenges
Summary

**GPS Modernization **
**GPS III Program**
**Challenges**
**Summary**

*** ******Overview***

**Notes:**
MEO:  Medium Earth Orbit
CONOPS:  Concept of Operations

## 22 Block II/IIA operational satellites
Block IIA life expectancy reduced slightly (to 10.23 years)
6 Block IIR satellites on orbit
Last launch 31 Jan 01
14 of 21 Block IIR satellites available
Modernizing up to 12 Block IIR satellites
Next Launch:  Mar 02
Tentative launch dates:  Jun 02;  Oct 02
Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need

- Block IIA life expectancy reduced slightly (to 10.23 years)
**6 Block IIR satellites on orbit**
- Last launch 31 Jan 01
- 14 of 21 Block IIR satellites available
- Modernizing up to 12 Block IIR satellites
**Next Launch:  Mar 02**
**Tentative launch dates:  Jun 02;  Oct 02**
**Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need**

- 28 Operating Satellites

*** ******Constellation Status***

##  GPS Constellation Snapshot

**YEARS**
**OPERATIONAL**

**SV NUMBER**

**BLOCK II**

**BLOCK IIA**

**BLOCK IIR**

**DEACTIVATED**

***Predicted  ***
***Mean Mission Duration (MMD*****)**

**Block II **
**9.2****yrs**

** ****Block IIA**
**10.23 yrs**

**Block IIR **
**10 yrs (estimated)**

*** ******GPS Constellation Snapshot***

## Constellation Status
GPS Modernization 
GPS III Program
Challenges
Summary

**Constellation Status**
**GPS Modernization **
**GPS III Program**
**Challenges**
**Summary**

**Notes:**
MEO:  Medium Earth Orbit
CONOPS:  Concept of Operations

##   GPS Modernization 

**SAASM**

**M-Code**

**Hi-Power**

**System**
**Milestones**

**Space Segment**

**Control Segment**
**Functionality**

**User Equipment**

**18**

**01****	**

**02**

**03**

**04**

**05**

**06**

**07**

**08**

**09**

**10**

**11**

**12**

**13**

**14**

**15**

**16**

**17**

**19**

**FY**

**M-Code (IIRM/IIF) Launches**

**UE Fielding**

**Heritage Launches**

**SAASM Capable **

**M-Code Capable **

**SAASM UE**
**Capability**

**Hi-Power**
**FOC**

**Hi-Power**
**IOC**

**GPS III Launches**

**1st IIR Mod**

**1st IIF**

**GPS III Launches**

**L5**
**IOC**

**L5**
**FOC**

**EMD**

**Development**

**Test**

**Dev.**

**SAASM UE  Producton / Platform Installs**

**1st LRIP RCVRs**

**M-Code + Power Capable **

**Dev**

**Test**

**Initial**

**Upgrade**

**Legacy**

**V 5.2**

**V 6.0**

**V 5.5**

**SAASM IOC**

**SAASM**
**OA**

**M-Code UE Development**

**Production / Platform Installs**

**1****st ****Hi-Power SV**

**1****st**
**L5 SV**

**1****st**
**M-Code SV**

**Full-Rate Production**

**1st GPS III**

**1st Platform to Use**
**SAASM (CSEL)**

*** ****** *****GPS Modernization**** **
***GPS Enterprise Perspective***

***Tecolote Research, Inc.***

**GPS JPO Schedule Management**

**Jun 01**

- FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY

**M-Code**
**IOC**

**M-Code**
**FOC**

## GPS Space and ControlBlock IIR Modernization

_**Pre-Modernization**_
**Heritage Signals**
-  L1 C/A
-  L1, L2 P(Y)
**Design Life**
-  10 Years

_**Post Modernization**_
**Modernized Signals**
- Higher Power
- L1 C/A, L2 Second Civil
- L1, L2 P(Y)
- L1, L2 M-Code
**Design Life**
- 10 Years

## GPS Space and ControlBlock IIF Modernization

_**Pre-Modernization**_
**Heritage Signals**
- L1, L2 C/A
- L1, L2 P(Y)
**Design Life**
- 15 Years
**1 Rubidium and****3 Cesium Clocks**
**33 Satellite Production Run**

_**Post Modernization**_
**Modernized Signals ***
- Similar Power
- L1 C/A, L2Civil Signal
- L1, L2 P(Y)
- L1, L2 M-Code
- L5 New Civil Signal
**Design Life**
- 12 Years
- 10 Year MMD
**2 Rubidium Clocks and 1 Cesium**
**12 Satellite Production Run**

*** L2 Civil Signal design supports varying code length ****	****and data structure**

## GPS Space and ControlControl Segment Modernization

_** **__**Pre-Modernization**_
** ****Upgrade Schedule**
- Version 3/4
- 1402 KSLOC
- Delivery Sep 01
- Version 5
- 269 KSLOC
- Single Delivery Sep 03 / Ops Jan 05
- High Risk
- Version 6
- Size 34 KSLOC
- Delivery Sep 05 / Ops Mar 07

_** **__**Post-Modernization**_
** ****Upgrade Schedule**
- Version 3/4
-  1402 KSLOC
-  Delivery Sep 01
- Mod Test Legacy Upgrade
- Version 5
-  300 KSLOC
-  Incremental Deliveries begin Jun 02; Ops Jan 05
- M-Code Test Only
-  Moderate Risk
- Version 6
-  Size 184 KSLOC
-  Delivery Sep 05 /  Ops Mar 07

## Constellation Status
GPS Modernization 
GPS III Program
Challenges
Summary

**GPS Modernization **
**GPS III Program**
**Challenges**
**Summary**

***  ******Overview***

**Notes:**
MEO:  Medium Earth Orbit
CONOPS:  Concept of Operations

## Mission and System Description

**Second Civil Signal**

**Maintain Space User**
**Service**

**Third Civil Signal**

**The GPS III**
**System**

**Relook at entire GPS Architecture to:**
**Achieve long term GPS performance goals**
**Reduce long term total ownership costs**
**Ensure GPS system properly assesses****and is synergized with**
**Military and Civil Needs/Systems**
**Possible augmentation opportunities**
**Ensure best GPS system for the nation for the next 30 years**

***GPS III***
***Mission and System Description***

## Contractor Studies – Nearing completion (07 Nov 01)
Alternative System Reviews (ASR’s) completed
Significant parallel conclusions
 Mid-Earth Orbit (MEO) is the best
6 plane vs. 3 plane (24 vs. 27 satellites)
 Crosslinks are key to accuracy and reduced Age of Data (AOD)
 No major UE impacts for Operational Requirements Document threshold 
 25+dB from space
Alternative System Reviews completed
Baseline architectures identified
Contractors Recommended Performance based requirements
Government activity – “On Schedule”
Acquisition strategy roundtables, GTRs, OSD IPT prep
 Draft acquisition strategy in-review (11 Sep ASP Cycle begins)
 Initial Single Acquisition Mgmt Plan and Acquisition Program Baseline in review
 Draft System Specification will be ready for 5 Nov RFP
 Draft Test and Evaluation Master Plan in work
3 GTRs, 3 IFOR, and 3 Acquisition WIPTs held

**Alternative System Reviews (ASR’s) completed**
**Significant parallel**** ****conclusions**
-  Mid-Earth Orbit (MEO) is the best
- 6 plane vs. 3 plane (24 vs. 27 satellites)
-  Crosslinks are key to accuracy and reduced Age of Data (AOD)
-  No major UE impacts for Operational Requirements Document threshold
-  25+dB from space
**Alternative System Reviews completed**
- Baseline architectures identified
- Contractors Recommended Performance based requirements
**Government activity – “On Schedule”**
**Acquisition strategy roundtables, GTRs, OSD IPT prep**
-  Draft acquisition strategy in-review (11 Sep ASP Cycle begins)
-  Initial Single Acquisition Mgmt Plan and Acquisition Program Baseline in review
-  Draft System Specification will be ready for 5 Nov RFP
-  Draft Test and Evaluation Master Plan in work
- 3 GTRs, 3 IFOR, and 3 Acquisition WIPTs held

***System Architecture/Requirements***
***Development (SARD) Status***

***GPS III***

## Program Schedule

**CAD SS**

**Down Select**

**System Definition & Risk Reduction (SDRR) **
**(Two Contractors)**

**Production & Deployment**

**Demo Vehicles**

**System Development & Demonstration**

**Concept**
**Exploration**

**LSI IPT**
**Scopes LSI**

**LSI Phase-in**

**Timing of event**
**Defined by contractors**

**Contract Award**

**Qual Vehicle**

**Implement LSI**

**Ktrs - LSI Plan**
**Development**

**NOTIONAL**

**NOTIONAL**

**Defined by contractor that wins downselect**

***GPS III ***
***Program Schedule***

## Increased, sub-meter, accuracy support for Vision Force highly precise Precision Guided Munitions
Precision timing for high speed communications throughput and data transfers
Integrity enhancements support  Civil/DOT/FAA Safety-of-Life and assured targeting reliability

**Precision **_**timing**_** for high speed communications throughput and data transfers**
_**Integrity **_**enhancements support  Civil/DOT/FAA Safety-of-Life and assured targeting reliability**

***Increase Warfighter Capability ***
***while Satisfying Civil Needs***

***GPS III ***
***Promising Opportunities***

## Constellation Status
GPS Modernization 
GPS III Program
Challenges
Summary

**GPS Modernization **
**GPS III Program**
**Challenges**
**Summary**

***  ***
***Overview***

**Notes:**
MEO:  Medium Earth Orbit
CONOPS:  Concept of Operations

## Significant Issues building on GPS Spectrum
Power flux density limits
Radar Limitations
If GPS loses, could prevent all modernization efforts from proceeding
Increased US focus will be key to success
Crucial that the GPS community gets on board to protect our interests

- Power flux density limits
- Radar Limitations
**If GPS loses, could prevent all modernization efforts from proceeding**
- Increased US focus will be key to success
**Crucial that the GPS community gets on board to protect our interests**

***  ***
***GPS Spectrum***

## Maintain a healthy constellation while adding system capabilities
Constellation sustainment strategies
Operational Control Segment (OCS) upgrades
Testing / validating new signals - design and operations
Transition to modernized OCS
Adequate expression of future GPS user needs - military and civil 
Best way to understand military operational needs and civil “value added” needs
Flexibility in procurement strategies to allow for future growth
Ability to forecast GPS user requirements through 2030
Reducing Total Ownership Costs
Weigh costs and benefits to make the right system trade-offs

- Constellation sustainment strategies
- Operational Control Segment (OCS) upgrades
- Testing / validating new signals - design and operations
- Transition to modernized OCS
**Adequate expression of future GPS user needs - military and civil **
- Best way to understand military operational needs and civil “value added” needs
**Flexibility in procurement strategies to allow for future growth**
- Ability to forecast GPS user requirements through 2030
**Reducing Total Ownership Costs**
- Weigh costs and benefits to make the right system trade-offs

***  ***
***GPS JPO Challenges***

## Constellation Status
GPS Modernization
GPS III Program
Challenges
Summary

**GPS Modernization**
**GPS III Program**
**Challenges**
**Summary**

***  ***
***Overview***

**Notes:**
MEO:  Medium Earth Orbit
CONOPS:  Concept of Operations

## GPS Modernization activities well underway
GPS Modernization offers superb opportunity to satisfy military requirements and civil needs
GPS III exploring complementary DoD/civil augmentation opportunities
Working through challenges
GPS III Architecture – Working hard toward a robust, supportable, flexible, national RNSS capability for the next 30 years

**GPS Modernization offers superb opportunity to satisfy military requirements and civil needs**
- GPS III exploring complementary DoD/civil augmentation opportunities
**Working through challenges**
**GPS III Architecture – Working hard toward a robust, supportable, flexible, national RNSS capability for the next 30 years**

***  ***
***Summary***

## Backup Charts

## Recent Accomplishments
Highly successful Modernization Critical Design Review (CDR) held
Successfully completed L-Band component testing
MOD/IPA and L1/L2 Transmitter Proof-of Design units demonstratedneeded efficiencies
L-Band Engineering Development Model (EDM) heat-pipe panel completed thermal, structuraland fit check tests
Payload Control Electronics EDM board built and integrated intoflight unit for test
Electric Power Subsystem successfully characterized for supportof higher loads
Successfully completed Antenna Panel performance testing
High-fidelity L-Band Panel harness mockup completed
Current/On-going Effort
CDRs scheduled for software (Nov 01) and Waveform Generators/Mod-IPA/Converter (WGMIC) (Jan 02)
Production effort underway
Assessment
Changes in M-code security requirements have delayed development by about 3 months
All other IIR related work on schedule and doing well

- Highly successful Modernization Critical Design Review (CDR) held
- Successfully completed L-Band component testing
- MOD/IPA and L1/L2 Transmitter Proof-of Design units demonstratedneeded efficiencies
- L-Band Engineering Development Model (EDM) heat-pipe panel completed thermal, structuraland fit check tests
- Payload Control Electronics EDM board built and integrated intoflight unit for test
- Electric Power Subsystem successfully characterized for supportof higher loads
- Successfully completed Antenna Panel performance testing
- High-fidelity L-Band Panel harness mockup completed
**Current/On-going Effort**
- CDRs scheduled for software (Nov 01) and Waveform Generators/Mod-IPA/Converter (WGMIC) (Jan 02)
- Production effort underway
**Assessment**
- Changes in M-code security requirements have delayed development by about 3 months
- All other IIR related work on schedule and doing well

***GPS Space and Control******Block IIR Status***

## Advantages of a New Signal
Improved cross-correlation properties -- ~45dB of “protection” 
Improved tracking capability -- 3dB higher power than Course Acquisition (C/A) on L2
Improved data demodulation -- ~3 dB better capability 
Acquisition capability not limited by code, only by user equipment
Signal Characteristics
Two codes - one with data (medium code); one without (long code)
Codes longer than C/A code to minimize cross correlation
Separated by time - Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
Narrow band signal - spectral separation
Improved data structure - enhanced data demodulation
Assessment
Overcome some limitations of current C/A coded signals
C/A code was designed as an acquisition code
Does not limit future GPS signal designs by what is implementedon Block IIF and Block IIR

- Improved cross-correlation properties -- ~45dB of “protection”
- Improved tracking capability -- 3dB higher power than Course Acquisition (C/A) on L2
- Improved data demodulation -- ~3 dB better capability
- Acquisition capability not limited by code, only by user equipment
**Signal Characteristics**
- Two codes - one with data (medium code); one without (long code)
- Codes longer than C/A code to minimize cross correlation
- Separated by time - Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
- Narrow band signal - spectral separation
- Improved data structure - enhanced data demodulation
**Assessment**
- Overcome some limitations of current C/A coded signals
- C/A code was designed as an acquisition code
- Does not limit future GPS signal designs by what is implementedon Block IIF and Block IIR

***GPS Space and Control ****** ******New Civil Code on L2***

## GPS Space and ControlBlock IIF Modernization Status

**Recent Accomplishments**
- System Requirements Review (SRR) and Design Baseline settled
- Crosslink fixes defined and costed
- Development Proposal received 19 Jul 01 and in review
**Current/On-going Effort**
- L5 Interface Control Document (ICD) Prepared and in ICWG coordination
- M-code ICD approved by JPO Configuration Control Board (CCB)
- Modernization Production Proposal due EOM Sep 01
- Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Scheduled for early Oct 01
**Assessment**
- High schedule risk to complete crosslink fix for first IIF
- IIF modernized satellite design allow use of either basic or enhanced crosslink radio
- Program proceeding to first IIF satellite delivery in Sep 04 and launch capable in Mar 05

## GPS Space and Control Current OCS Delivery Status

**Recent Accomplishments**
- Version 3/4 -  Non-Operational  Architecture Evolution Plan (AEP) Development and Requirement Verification Test (RVT) complete
- Version 5 - Operational AEP (IIF Launch Baseline / M-Code DT&E / SAASM) development in progress
- Nav Driver complete
- Aggressive CAIV effort underway to control costs
**Current/On-Going Effort**
- Version 3/4 System Test at Schriever begins Sep 01
- Revised Version 5 incremental delivery approach now turned on
- Station Computer System Replacement/Monitor Station Receiver Element (SCSR/MSRE) effort in full swing - - Kwajalein install complete
**Assessment**
- Version 3/4 success bodes well for AEP - - system test will be critical
- Cost of modernization still high risk area
- Proposal effort in work

**Other Military Missions (over 240 total)**

**Other Military Missions**

-  Small smart bomb delivery against hard target
-  TDOA/FDOA emitter location by platforms of opportunity
-  Precision autonomous targeting with SAR sensor
-  Computing/communications network synchronization
-  Barrel pointing measurement for test and training range tube weapon simulation
-  Precision landing in low visibility conditions to unimproved sites
-  Dismounted infantry navigation
-  Tube launched guided munition
-  Cruise missile (operating nap of the earth for terrain shielding against jammers)
-  Miniature unmanned vehicle systems guidance
-  Logistics asset tracking
-  Orbit rendezvous 3-D position and velocity determination

***Stressing Military Missions***

- .

- .

- .

***GPS III***
***Stressing Military Missions***

**Other Civil Missions (over 140 total)**** **

**Other Civil Missions**

- Category IIIB/C instrument landing at approved airport
- Precision automatic highway vehicle guidance (including collision avoidance), including in urban canyon conditions
- Mobile personal systems wireless communications synchronization for advanced performance signaling protocols
- Computing/communications network synchronization
- Electric power grid synchronization
- Precision construction equipment guidance
- Construction surveying
- Crustal motion monitoring
- Weather monitoring (tropospheric water content)
- Scientific instrument synchronization
- Open loop antenna pointing for mobile satcomm users, other instrument pointing
- Hiker navigation
- Civilian spacecraft position and attitude determination for sensor pointing

***Stressing Civil Missions***

- .

- .

- .

***GPS III ***
***Stressing Civil Missions***

## Stressing Need
Small munitions (e.g. 250 lb warhead) delivery
Opportunities
Continuous update of entire constellation
NRL improved clock technologies
High bandwidth crosslinks (low rate optical or RF) decrease age of Nav data - - allow frequent uploads
Initial results between 1.0m and 0.10m
Trade Off
More complex Master Control Station (MCS) operation
Increased Source Line of Code (SLOC) count proportionally increases cost
May need to test new clocks before implementation
Crosslink arch robustness 

- Small munitions (e.g. 250 lb warhead) delivery
**Opportunities**
- Continuous update of entire constellation
- NRL improved clock technologies
- High bandwidth crosslinks (low rate optical or RF) decrease age of Nav data - - allow frequent uploads
- Initial results between 1.0m and 0.10m
**Trade Off**
- More complex Master Control Station (MCS) operation
- Increased Source Line of Code (SLOC) count proportionally increases cost
- May need to test new clocks before implementation
- Crosslink arch robustness

***GPS III ***
***Sub-meter Accuracy***

## Military and signal missions may benefit from more accurate timing
1-2 nsec target
Some (NIST) would like 500 pS
(At most) space users and those using differential corrections may benefit from ultra-high accuracy
 Potential solutions 
Reduced age-of-data (autonav or equivalent technique)
Clock steering (less impact on user J/S)
Advanced clocks on all or some vehicles

- 1-2 nsec target
- Some (NIST) would like 500 pS
**(At most) space users and those using differential corrections may benefit from ultra-high accuracy**
** ****Potential solutions **
- Reduced age-of-data (autonav or equivalent technique)
- Clock steering (less impact on user J/S)
- Advanced clocks on all or some vehicles

***GPS III ***
***Timing***

## Integrity/assured-delivery of accuracy has vital civil and military uses
Possibilities for civil integrity cover broad range
WAAS and GPS loosely integrated with some OCS data fed to separate WAAS operations center (evolutionary approach)
WAAS and GPS tightly coupled with shared resources (including possibly crosslink)
WAAS-like signals provided by GPS using Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) or MEO:
Corrections derived using ground stations
Corrections computed from on-board monitoring and ‘autonav’
Ground-based ‘beacons’ augment cross-link measurements
Potential DOD benefits 
Self-certification of PPS signals in national airspace
Avoid collateral damage with bounded errors

**Possibilities for civil integrity cover broad range**
- WAAS and GPS loosely integrated with some OCS data fed to separate WAAS operations center (evolutionary approach)
- WAAS and GPS tightly coupled with shared resources (including possibly crosslink)
- WAAS-like signals provided by GPS using Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) or MEO:
- Corrections derived using ground stations
- Corrections computed from on-board monitoring and ‘autonav’
- Ground-based ‘beacons’ augment cross-link measurements
**Potential DOD benefits **
- Self-certification of PPS signals in national airspace
- Avoid collateral damage with bounded errors

***GPS III ***
***Integrity Channel***

## Participate through the formal DoDrequirements process
Using Command – mission needs statement (MNS)
AFSPC – GPS operational requirements (ORD)
Participate through the more informal civilrequirements process
DoD / DoT Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) –individual agency requirements processes 
GPS Civil Signal Interface Committee (CGSIC)
Federal Radio Navigation Plan (FRNP) coordination process
Constructive engagement on new GPS ICDs (GPS JPO)
Inter-agency Forum for Operational Requirements (IFOR)
Take active role industry / professional associations
GPS Industry Council (GIC)
Radio Telecommunications Commissions for Aeronautical /Maritime (RTCA/ RTCM)

- Using Command – mission needs statement (MNS)
- AFSPC – GPS operational requirements (ORD)
**Participate through the more informal civil****requirements process**
- DoD / DoT Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) –individual agency requirements processes
- GPS Civil Signal Interface Committee (CGSIC)
- Federal Radio Navigation Plan (FRNP) coordination process
- Constructive engagement on new GPS ICDs (GPS JPO)
- Inter-agency Forum for Operational Requirements (IFOR)
**Take active role industry / professional associations**
- GPS Industry Council (GIC)
- Radio Telecommunications Commissions for Aeronautical /Maritime (RTCA/ RTCM)

**Support common standards and interfaces**
*An Open Systems Architecture approach to all space-based navigation systems*

***  ***
***Your Involvement***