# Presentation: 130954

## Indian Participation in LHC and a Glimpse of the Road Ahead

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Indian Participation in LHC and a**** Glimpse of the Road Ahead**

**V. C. Sahni**
** ****BARC, MUMBAI & RRCAT, INDORE, INDIA**

**RRCAT, INDORE**

**TIFR, Mumbai**

**BARC, Mumbai**

## Outline of the talk

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Outline of the talk**

**Indian Linkage with CERN & Involvement in LHC **
**Early Ties between DAE labs & CERN**
**Formal Evolution of  DAE-CERN LHC Collaboration**
**Details of Contributions to LHC as Defined in Addenda**
**Contributions to Detectors: CMS & ALICE **
**Participation in LHC Grid Computing**
**Road Beyond the LHC**
**Participation in New CERN Projects: CTF3 & Linac4 **
**Benefit to Indian Programs from CERN Collaboration   **
**New & Upcoming Collaborations: ILC; Project-X etc.**
**Concluding  Remarks**

## How the DAE-CERN collaboration started

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**How the DAE-CERN collaboration started**

**High Energy Physicists from TIFR had been doing experimental work at CERN since the 70s and took part in many studies.**
**They also contributed to the L3 detector & used it for HEP research.**
**TIFR-EHEP Group joined L3 experiment @LEP**
**Fabricated 1000 brass-tube proportional chambers for end cap HCAL; **
**Made major contributions to CORE software; **
**Important and strong participation in physics analyses for L3 **
**Line shape analysis etc. **
**Higgs searches; QCD; b-bbar physics.**
**CAT, Indore delivered some accelerator hardware for LEP**

**A formal agreement was signed in ‘91 between then **
**DG, CERN & Chair of Indian, AEC. **

## CERN-DAE  Cooperation Agreement :1991

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CERN-DAE  Cooperation Agreement :1991**

## WA93 Experiment at CERN-SPS

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**WA93 Experiment at CERN-SPS**

**In the 90s Indian High Energy Heavy Ion Team**
**Contributed to the construction of  Photon Multiplicity Detector**
**Used it for WA93 experiments (with CERN-SPS) **
**Participated in data analysis and published many papers.**
**Collaborating Indian Institutes were: **
**VEC Centre, Calcutta (Now Kolkata);  Punjab Univ, Chandigarh;   Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur ; Jammu Univ, Jammu.**
**Authors on one of the paper were: **
**Agarwal M.M.; Awes T.C.; Badyal S.K.; Bhalla K.B.; Bhatia V.S.; Chatopadhyay S.; Das A.C.; Devanand; Mazumdar M.R.D.; Ganti M.S.; Ghosh T.K.; Gupta S.K.; Gutbrod H.H.; Kachroo S.; Kolb B.W.; Kumar V.; Lokanathan S.; Mittra I.S.; Mookerjee S.; Nayak S.K.; Raniwala S.; Rao N.K.; Sambyal S.S.; Schmidt H.R.; Sinha B.C.; Trivedi M.D.; Viyogi Y.P. Source: Nuclear Physics A, Volume 590, No 1, July 1995, pp. 503C-506C(4). **

- All these developments paved the way for Indian AEC’s decision, _in 1996_,
- to take part in the construction of  LHC and also to join in building CMS &
- ALICE detectors for doing Physics studies.

## CERN-DAE Protocol: LHC Collaboration

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CERN-DAE Protocol: LHC Collaboration**

## DAE- CERN Collaboration in Particle Accelerators

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

_**DAE- CERN Collaboration in Particle Accelerators**_

**CERN-Meyrin site**

**CERN Prevessin  site**

**LHC tunnel**
**~27kM ****( ~100m under**** ground)circumference**

- Geneva Lake

- SPS Tunnel (~**7 kM cir**)

- St. Genis village (F)

- Meyrin Village (Swss)

**We have delivered subsystems & expert help for the**
**World’s Biggest Accelerator**** ****Large Hadron Collider (LHC) @CERN**
**due to start later this year with p-p collisions of 7 TeV each ****  **

## Arrangement for participation in the LHC accelerator construction

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Protocol only provided for “in kind” contribution. **
**Delivery items jointly identified by DAE-CERN Joint Coordination Committee; **
**value of  items assessed @ “European cost”.**
**Joint Committee co-chaired by Directors of RRCAT & LHC, (RRCAT being the nodal DAE lab) has been meeting twice a year (once in India & once in CERN) to develop Addenda.**
** **
**Protocol adopted a 50% model **
**i.e. Half of “European cost” of each addendum value is taken as “Indian contribution to LHC”; **
**other half credited by CERN to an “Indian Fund”, **
**meant to support Indian scientists @ CERN & for other expenses.**
**Like, USA, India is an “Observer State” @ CERN. **

## Indian Contribution to CERN-LHC

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Indian Contribution to CERN-LHC**

**Indian laboratories have delivered subsystems & expert help for the World’s Biggest Accelerator Large Hadron Collider (LHC) @CERN due to start later this year with p-p collisions of 7 TeV each.**
**Overall Indian contribution to LHC accelerator is ~43 MCHF that includes**
**a variety of components and subsystems. Prominent hardware includes **
**7080 Precision Magnet Positioning Stands jacks,**
** ****~1800 SC corrector magnets, **
**5500 Quench Heater Protection Supplies,**
**1435 Local Protection Units, **
**70 Circuit Breakers etc; **
**Skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurements and help in commissioning LHC subsystems.**
**~ 125 man years towards subsystem evaluation & commissioning.**
**Many institutions (BARC, RRCAT, VECC, IGCAR, ECIL, ATL, IGTR, BHEL etc.) have contributed.  **

## Major Elements of Contributions to LHC 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Major Elements of Contributions to LHC **

| Sn. | Detail | Status |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Corrector Magnets | 626 MCDO & 1146 MCS supplied. |
| 2. | Quench Heater Power Supply (QHPS) HDS units | All 5500 QHPS Supplied to CERN.
Assembly of capacitors into 6200 QHPS completed.  |
| 3. | Manpower/expert support for magnetic measurements. | Completed with 100 man-years
 |
| 4. | PMPS Jacks                     

134                          Adaptors | Total of 7080 supplied and accepted at CERN

Supplied and accepted. |
| 5. | Circuit breaker electronics | Full supply  of 70 made to CERN. |
| 6. | Local protection units (LPU)  |  1435 All completed.  |
| 7. | Man power support for LHC hardware commissioning |  ~25 Man years. 
Some persons have completed jobs & returned;  others are @CERN for help in commissioning . |

## MCS & MCDO Magnet major specifications

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**MCS & MCDO Magnet major specifications**

|   | MCS | MCD | MCO | Unit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nominal field along the 
X-axis (m) | 1970 
x2 T/m2 | 1.2 x 106 
x4 T/m4 | 8200  
x3 T/m3 |  |
| Overall length with shield | 160 | 110 |  | mm |
| Nominal operation current | 550 | 550 | 100 | A |
| Working temperature | 1.9 | 1.9 |  | K |
| Turns per coil | 2 x 13 | 2 x 20 | 43 |  |
| Peak field | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | T |
| Theoretical quench current 
at 1.9K / 4.2K | 1300 / 950 | 1250/915 | 297/195
(MCD Inom) | A |

| Material | Nb-Ti in copper matrix |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dimensions bare conductor (mm2) | 1.13  0.61 | 0.67 x 0.32  |
| Filament diameter  (m) | 7    10 |  |
| Twist pitch (mm) | 14  2 | 18  2  |
| Cu/SC ratio | 1.6 | 4.0  0.1  |
| Critical current {5T, 4.2K} (A) |  650,  715 || |  100 ,  110 ||  |

## LHC SC Corrector Magnet Fabrication @ RRCAT

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**LHC SC Corrector Magnet Fabrication @ RRCAT**

- Cryogenic test facility at RRCAT

- Warm magnet measurement setup

- Finished Decapole & Octupole SC corrector magnet assembly

- Magnet fabrication facility for SC magnets
- using local automatic coil winding machine

## JACKS for LHC Cryo-magnets 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**JACKS for LHC Cryo-magnets**** **

**Precision alignment Jacks were Designed & Developed by a RRCAT team for LHC Cryo-magnets. **
**Each LHC cryo-magnets weighs ~32 Tons**
**Mass production done by ATL, Bangalore & IGTR, Indore & supplied under RRCAT’s responsibility**
**6800 PMPS Jacks + 280 Motorizable & Higher Precision**

- Indian made PMPS Jacks being installed in LHC

**Test Set-up @ Bangalore to demonstrate setting resolution of 0.02 mm**

## SM18 Hall at CERN

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Precision Magnet Positioning System (PMPS) Jacks****  **

**Local Protection Units  **

**Quench Heater Power Supplies( QHPS)   ****	**

**   ****DAE’s contributions  installed in LHC Tunnel  at CERN**

**  ****MCS & MCDO**

**Magnetic measurements teams- ~100 Man-years**

**QHPS @ ECIL**

**To mark DAE’s contributions, CERN Gifted a Memento to Director, RRCAT on 20/3/07 **

## Indian Participation in Hardware Tests

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Indian Teams Involved in Commissioning of Sector 7-8 AT-MEL, AT-ACR, AB-PO Groups**

**SM18 :‘Home’ for ~100 persons during 6 years ~2001 to 2007! **

**Indian Participation in Hardware Tests**

** ****Man power for magnet tests & hardware commissioning ****~125 man yrs**

## Indian Participation in LHC Commissioning

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Indian Participation in LHC Commissioning**

**Cryogenic experts from RRCAT, participated in  **_**analysis of performance data**_** generated during commissioning of LHC cryo-systems to help debug the deficiencies.**
**For example: **
**Source of excessive frosting **
**on the Distribution Feed Boxes.**
**  **
**Re-evaluation of safety valve **
**size to withstand different **
**accidental conditions **

## 4/13/08

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

## Detectors & LHC GRID Related Activities

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Detectors & LHC GRID Related Activities**

**Indian Scientists participate in CMS and ALICE detector building, installation, analysis software, detector monte carlo studies, physics simulation and analysis**
**CMS (7 TeV + 7 TeV proton-proton collisions)**
**Detector: Tracker, Preshower, ECAL, HCAL,  **
**Magnet**
**Physics Interest: mechanism of mass generation & Search for HIGGS; SUSY Search; Search for other new particles**
**ALICE (Heavy Ion experiment)**
**PMD**
**Muon Chambers**
**LHC Grid Computing**
**A project worth $8M for the period of 2002-07,extended to March 08.**
**Software development for LCG**
**Setting up Regional Tier II Centers**
**TIFR, Mumbai**
**VECC, Kolkata**
**17 Tier III Centers around India (including BARC, IOPB, SINP)**
**Project to continue during LHC operation and physics data collection**

## 4/13/08

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

## CMS Contributions

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CMS Contributions**

## Indian Contribution to ALICE

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Indian Contribution to ALICE**

## CERN DAE Collaboration on LCG 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CERN DAE Collaboration on LCG **

**LHC Grid Software Development: **
**Indian DAE signed a Protocol in 2002, **
**So that DAE can help CERN in building software for LCG (ie GRID for LHC data analysis)**
**It involved 600 man-months amounting to 7.5 MCHF to be completed by December 2007. **
**Software developed & deployed @LCG**
**Co-relation Engine - Fabric Management**
**Problem Tracking System (SHIVA)**
**Grid Operations (GRID VIEW)**
**Quattro Toolkit Enhancements **
**Data Management**
**Fortran Library Conversion      **

## Completion of 600 Man-months as per MOU

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Completion of 600 Man-months as per MOU**

**MOU extended for three more years till Dec 2010**

## Regional LCG Tier-2 in India 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Regional LCG Tier-2 in India **

- CERN/Geant

- TIFR

- BARC

- VECC

- Tier 2/3 Centers in India

- 34/100 Mbps

- 2/10 Mbps

- 34/100 Mbps

- 34/100 Mbps

**Tier 0/1 Centre**

- Tier 3 and CMS Users

**Tier 2 and Alice users**

**Tier 2 Centre and CMS users**

**DAE/DST/ERNET: Geant link operational since August 2006**

- 45/622/1000 Mbps

- ALICE: Universities & Institutes Tier 3

- CMS: Universities & Institutes Tier 3

- Uses WLCG tools

- POP in Mumbai

- Internet

- 4 Mbps

- 2/10 Mbps

- Universities: Delhi, Punjab, Aligarh, Visha Bharati, IIT  Powai, Rajasthan, Jammu

## LCG Software Developed by India

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**LCG Software Developed by India**

## Road Beyond the LHC

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Road Beyond the LHC**

**Participation in New CERN Projects: CTF3 & Linac4 **
**Benefit to Indian Programs from CERN Collaboration   **
**New & Upcoming Collaborations: ILC; Project-X etc.**

## Novel Accelerator Technologies Cooperation

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Novel Accelerator Technologies Cooperation**

**Success of DAE-CERN partnership in LHC has led to a new cooperation on Novel Accelerator Technologies**
**It has led to a two way collaboration between DAE-CERN**
**DAE’s participation in CERN’s LINAC-4 & CLIC Test Facility-3 projects **
**CERN’s contribution to DAE’s programs by way of delivering hardware.**

## CERN-DAE Agreement Communication

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CERN-DAE Agreement Communication**

**After a high level scientific and technical discussion between scientists of BARC (Dr. P Singh), RRCAT (Dr.V.C. Sahni), and CERN representatives (R. Garoby and M. Vretenar), **
**CERN management sent a letter to Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy**
**Outlining elements of a formal agreement between CERN-DAE**
**Indian Interest: (CERN ******** Indian Laboratories)**
**2 LEP klystrons, probably associated with some auxiliary equipment**
**Sharing the design developments of CERN Linac4**
**Training of young scientists both in the theory and practice of proton Linacs.**
**CERN’s Interest: (Indian Laboratories ******** CERN)**
**A high voltage (100 kV – 20 A) pulsed power supply for pulsed operation of a LEP klystron **
**Support for the design of Linac4 in 2006 and 2007**
**One Indian scientist at CERN for two years, **
**for the commissioning of the 3 MeV test place in 2007 and 2008 **
**Two Indian scientists at CERN for two years.**
**Control software for the 3 MeV test place.**
**To help meet tight deadline and accelerate the realization of the power supply, CERN specialists in power converters will be involved and will support Indian team.**
** ****This device would also be valuable for DAE laboratories future tests of Linac structures.**

## RRCAT Modulator R&D for CERN

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**RRCAT Modulator R&D for CERN**

_** **_
_**Pre-design Technical report **_
_**on   **_
_**700 MICROSEC LEP KLYSTRON PULSE MODULATOR **_
_**FOR  RFQ TEST STAND OF LINAC 4 **_
_**PROJECT AT CERN**_
_** **_
_** **_
_**A DAE-CERN COLLOBORATION PROJECT**_
_** **_
_** **_
**September 2005**
** **
**Center for Advanced Technology, **
**CAT, Indore India**_** **_

_**CONTENTS**_
- Pre-design technical report on the power part
- Specifications of the klystron pulse modulator
- Specifications of the 1MW LEP klystrons
- Discussions of various schemes and final choice
- Klystron modulator pre-design:
- 4.1  Definition of the pulsed power system topology
- 4.2  Preliminary schematics of the global pulsed power circuit
- 4.3  Power supplies and klystron placement layout
- 4.4  Definition of the technological choices and study on the dimensioning parameters;
- -       Transformer technology;
- -       Transformer ratio;
- -       Ratings of the power semiconductors and associated drivers, prospective manufacturers;
- -       Ratings of the auxiliary commercial power supplies;
- -       HV line CROWBAR system and its placement (study of necessity, technical design and responsibilities).* ( This part has to be done jointly between CAT and CERN). Completion of all the tasks above includes the mutual interaction and exchange of information, details on all the relevant subsystems, components and devices.
- 4.5  Interlocks and protections considerations.
- 4.6  Definition of external signals
- 4.7  List of components to be coordinated by CERN.

## RRCAT: Long Pulse Solid State Modulator

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**RRCAT: Long Pulse Solid State Modulator**

**RRCAT has designed a state of the art long pulse Solid State modulator for 1MW klystron for RFQ of LINAC 4. **
**One modulator has been assembled and tested at CERN based on the common design, **
**Another modulator is in advanced stage of development at RRCAT. **
**One LEP klystron to be sent to India is awaiting final tests on actual load.**

**Bouncer Modulator Chassis**

**Interlock and controls**

**Power supplies integration**

## CLIC Test Facility3 (CTF3)

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**CLIC Test Facility3 (CTF3)**

**Establish the principle of a 3-5 TeV e+-e- Collider using the idea of  **
**A “drive beam” creating an “in situ 12 GHz RF  source”,**
**Extracting RF power via PETS (Power Extraction & Transport System) **
**Using this RF power to accelerate electron & positron beams that will collide.**

**RRCAT Contributions to CTF3**
**The final design of TL–2, **
**built vacuum chambers and magnets for it **
**software support & would help in CTF-3 commissioning.**

## RRCAT: Hardware for TL2-CTF3

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**RRCAT: Hardware for TL2-CTF3**

**Dipole Magnet L-1 on Measurement Bench**

**Completed vacuum chambers**

## Status of contributions to CTF3

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Status of contributions to CTF3**

| Addendum | Details of the contribution | Quantity | Status  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CTF3/M.1 | Expert support for of CTF3 controls commissioning | 5 Man months | Completed |
| 
CTF3/M.2
 | Expert support for commissioning and operation of control systems for CTF3 | 18 Man months | In progress. One officer completed job. One is on way to CERN and other will go in May 2008 |
| CTF3/B.1
 | Design, development and magnetic tests of short and long dipole magnets for TL2 | 2 Long (30.75°), 3 Short(17.2°) | One short magnet     received at CERN, two short magnets, one long magnets are in transit.      |
| CTF3/V.1
 | Design, development and vacuum tests of dipole vacuum chambers, straight vacuum chamber (Race track and circular profiles) | 5 dipole,                31 Cylindrical,          22 Race track,      03 Cylindrical bent chambers | Completed, shipped and are being installed at CERN.   |
| CTF3/T.1 | Optics design  studies, simulations, analysis and results  of  TL 2 of CTF 3   | 9 Man months | Completed.  |

## LEP Equipments for DAE Laboratories

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**LEP Equipments for DAE Laboratories**

**CERN has given LEP Cryomodule, RF Power & Wave Guide components for use by Indian Laboratories**

**LEP cryomodule being shipped from CERN**** **

## LEP Cryomodule at BARC, Mumbai

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**LEP Cryomodule at BARC, Mumbai**

**DAE intends using this CM to accelerate electron up to ~ 40 MeV, **
**Use bremstrahlung to explore different applications.**
**CERN also shipped LEP Wave guide parts**
**Are being used to compare wave guide parts built @ RRCAT with those received from CERN.**

## Indian Scientists have collaborated in a High Energy Physics Experiments from early 80’s at Fermilab and other US laboratories.

At Fermilab the collaboration started with Fixed Target Experiment and has now extended to D0 and Accelerator.

Argonne National Laboratory has collaborated with India on Superconducting cavity development.

Six Institutes from India collaborates on the STAR experiment at BNL.

Many US laboratories have worked with Indian laboratories

Indians are on staff of every US laboratories, universities and major US industries.

**At Fermilab the collaboration started with Fixed Target Experiment and has now extended to D0 and Accelerator.**
**Argonne National Laboratory has collaborated with India on Superconducting cavity development.**
**Six Institutes from India collaborates on the STAR experiment at BNL.**
**Many US laboratories have worked with Indian laboratories**
**Indians are on staff of every US laboratories, universities and major US industries.**

**20 Years of Indo-US HEP Collaboration**

- Slide

## Fermilab-Indian Institution, SLAC-Indian Institution Collaboration 

**Fermilab and Indian Institutions have ****Singed an Addendum MOU**** ****“Fermilab, RRCAT, BARC, IUAC and VECC Collaboration on ILC Main Linac SRF Accelerator Technology R&D”**
**Focus is on ILC Cavity and Cryomodule Development**
**Indian Institutions Infrastructure development**
**Indian Accelerator Program**
**High Intensity Proton Accelerators (SNS, ADS)**
**Radioactive Ion Beam**
**Related SRF infrastructure development**
**	**
**Collaboration on High Intensity Proton Accelerator is under discussion**
**Fermilab Proton Accelerator R&D (Project-X, HINS)**
**SLAC and Indian Institutions have signed an Addendum MOU “SLAC, RRCAT, BARC, IUAC and VECC Collaboration on ILC RF Power Sources and Beam Dump Design R&D”**

- Slide

## Developing US Collaboration With India

- Slide

## DAE  & US Laboratories MOUs

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**DAE  & US Laboratories MOUs**

## Development of 1.3 GHz Cavity Die

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Development of 1.3 GHz Cavity Die**

**Using the design from Tesla Technology Collaboration RRCAT is fabricating 1.3 GHz cavity Die for Fermilab**
**These would be put to use by US and Canadian Industries**

- Loading arrangement of dies on the 200 Ton Hydraulic Press at RRCAT

- Blank Loading for Forming

- Half cups of finally formed parts of cavity

## Frequency and E-field Measurement

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Frequency and E-field Measurement**

**RRCAT: Trial Prototype Elliptical 1.3 GHz Cavity Made of Two Cu Half Cells**

## SC Cavity End Group - Design for Manufacturing 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**SC Cavity End Group - Design for Manufacturing**** **

**~50% of Superconducting 1.3 GHz ILC cavity cost is **
**Due to expensive fabrication required for end groups**
**Larger manufacturing time,  due to many e-beam weld steps needed.**
**Concept 1: **
**Prune cost by reducing the manufacturing time that is machine the entire end group from a single Nb block.**
**It will also minimize EB welding & pre weld processing which are costly & time consuming.**
**Extensive prototyping and testing is now on @ RRCAT.**
**If successful, SC Cavity cost can be reduced by 30-40%.**
**Status: First 2 prototypes made from single Cu block ready.**

- END GROUP

- End Group Prototypes made from Cu

## HGR Pipe:  Design for Manufacturing 

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**HGR Pipe:  Design for Manufacturing **

**In the ILC/Project-X Cryomodule design the Helium Gas Return (HRG) pipe supports all cavities. **
**The HRG has to be manufactured with great precision as cavity alignment depends on it. **
**Needs straightness 3 mm in 12 m length. So an expensive approach**
**New cavity hanger design to utilize commercially available pipes.**

**Existing Scheme**

**New Concept**

## EB welding Fixture- Design for Manufacturing

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**EB welding Fixture- Design for Manufacturing**

**Goals**
**Eliminate one cycle of EB welding.**
**This will significantly (10%) lower the cost of SC Cavity. **
**Control of welding distortion possible.**
**Status**
**Design is complete.**
**First set of fixtures under fabrication.**
**Strategy**
**Control distortion by changing sequence of tacking & compensating pressure.**
**By preheating with e-beam.**

## DAE Addendum with SLAC, USA

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**DAE Addendum with SLAC, USA**

- Goal of Addendum

## The World's Biggest Catcher's Mitt

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

- March 20, 2008

**The World's Biggest Catcher's Mitt**

## Concluding Remarks

- APS Meeting, St. Louis

**Concluding Remarks**

- Partnership of Indian DAE lab scientists in 70s & 80s *(that grew out of individual level contacts)* with groups in accelerator labs overseas, have blossomed into strong inter Institutional Collaborations.
- This has now evolved in to two way partnership:
- Enabling Indian labs to contribute to Accelerator based International Mega Science High Energy Physics Projects, and through sharing of ideas, bring  benefit to programs in India as well as those that are being pursued in labs abroad.