# Presentation: 469186

## REGIONAL SLIDES

**REGIONAL SLIDES**

## EUROPE

**EUROPE**

- The Black Triangle, Czech Republic
- Copşa Micâ, Romania
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident, Ukraine
- London, England
- Moskva, Russia
- Paris, France
- Atatürk Dam, Turkey
- Gabcikova, Slovakia
- Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Lappi, Finland
- Sakhalin, Russia
- Almeria, Spain
- Novovolynśk, Ukraine
- Ijsselmeer, Netherlands

## EUROPE

**EUROPE**

-  Air pollution is particularly acute in Europe's large cities. Of the 10 countries with the highest sulphur dioxide ratings 7 are in Western and Central Europe

*Sources: Global Change Game; EEA 2005*

-  Europe is one of the most urbanized continents; some 75% of Europe's population live on just 10% of its land area

-  Farmland, including arable land and permanent grassland, is one of the dominant land uses in Europe, covering more than 45% (180 million hectares)

-  Roughly 30% of the Europe’s land area is still covered by forest, recent estimates show a slight overall increase in the extent of European forests, by about 0.5% per year

**Notes:**
Global water consumption rose six-fold between 1900 and 1995 - more than double the rate of population growth 

## EUROPE

**EUROPE**

*Source: EEA, 2005.*

**Current water availability and changes expected by 2030**

**Notes:**
Global water consumption rose six-fold between 1900 and 1995 - more than double the rate of population growth 

## Coal mining in Black TriangleCzech Republic

-  1975: The gray areas are surface mines located primarily in the Czech  Republic

-  2000: The image reveals somewhat improved vegetation cover

- Coal mining in Black TriangleCzech Republic

**Notes:**
The so-called Black Triangle is an area bordered by Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic and is the site of extensive surface coal mining operations.  In the 1975 satellite image above, the gray areas are surface mines located primarily in the Czech Republic. Air-borne pollutants from coal extraction activities tended to become trapped by the mountainous terrain to the northeast and were concentrated in the area around the mines, eventually causing severe deforestation along the border between the Czech Republic and Germany. In the 2000 image, this deforestation is very obvious, appearing as large brownish patches. Interestingly, the 2000 image also reveals somewhat improved vegetation cover—a slight “greening” of the landscape—as compared to conditions in 1975. Some of this improvement may be attributable to actions taken by the three countries bordering the Black Triangle to reduce pollutants produced by the mining operations. The implementation of anti-pollution technologies, including circulating fluidized-bed boilers, clean coal technology, and nitrous oxide emission burners, appears to have reversed some, albeit not all, of the environmental damage experienced by the region as a result of the mines.

## Copşa Micâ – Environmental disaster areaRomania

-  The area is classified as “environmental disaster area”

-  In 1989, the area was exposed as one of the most polluted places

- Copşa Micâ – Environmental disaster areaRomania

**Notes:**
Copşa Micâ is a large industrial city located in the very center of Romania and is classified as an “environmental disaster area.” The environmentally damaged area covers hundreds of square kilometres of land. The main industries in Copşa Micâ are non-ferrous metalworking and chemical processing plants, and their effect on the environment has been devastating. Air pollution by heavy metals is 600 times the allowed levels. To make matters worse, a lead-smelting facility emitted fumes containing sulfur dioxide, lead, cadmium, and zinc on the town and surrounding area for 50 km2 (19 square miles). The entire town and much of the surrounding area were covered with a blanket of black soot daily until the facilities were forced to close in 1993. In 1989 Copşa Micâ was exposed as one of the most polluted places in Europe. It has the highest infant mortality rate in Europe, 30.2 per cent of children suffer reduced “lung function” and 10 per cent of the total population of 20 000 suffer “neurobehavioral problems.” The soil and the local food chain probably will remain contaminated for at least another three decades.

## Devastating nuclear accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine

- The Chernobyl nuclear accident killed more than 31 people immediately

- More than 120 000 people from 213 villages and cities were relocated outside the contamination zone

- Much of the farmland surrounding the plant was heavily contaminated with radio active nuclides and subsequently abandoned

**Notes:**
The world’s worst nuclear power accident occurred at Chernobyl in the former USSR (now Ukraine) on 25-26 April 1986. While testing a reactor, numerous safety procedures were disregarded and a chain reaction resulted in explosions and a fireball, which blew off the reactor’s heavy steel and concrete lid. The explosion and fire released radioactive material that spread over parts of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, and later, Western Europe. The Chernobyl accident killed more than 31 people immediately, and as a result of the high radiation levels in the surrounding 32–km (20–mile) radius, 135 000 people had to be evacuated. Some areas were rendered uninhabitable for years. As a result of the radiation released into the atmosphere, tens of thousands of excess cancer deaths (as well as increased rates of birth defects) were expected in succeeding decades.

##  Growing London city, United Kingdom

-  Growing London city, United Kingdom

-  Over 7 million residents
-  Population projected to approach 8 million by 2021

## Expanding population in largest European city – Moskva, Russia

- 1975-2001: Images show urban expansion during the last 25 years of the 20th century

**Notes:**
Moskva—Russia’s capital city and its political and economic heart—sits on the far eastern end of Europe, roughly 1 300 km (815 miles) west of the Ural Mountains and the Asian continent. The Moskva (Moscow) River winds through the city, and the Kremlin, the seat of the Russian government, lies at its center. With a population close to 9 million and an area of 1 035 km2 (405 square miles), Moskva is believed to be the largest of all European cities.  These two images show the urban expansion Moskva experienced during the last 25 years of the 20th century. The blue-gray patches are urban areas.  The light green areas surrounding the city are farms while the brown areas are regions of sparse vegetation.

## Seine River dissecting the city of ParisFrance

- Seine River dissecting the city of ParisFrance

- 1976-2001: Images show expansion of city into the surrounding rural areas

**Notes:**
France is a large country with relatively few large metropolitan areas. Only 16 French towns and cities have populations of more than 150 000 people. Paris, the capital city of France, is the largest of these and home to roughly 2 million inhabitants. The entire Paris metropolitan area, however, includes more than 11 million people. Lying roughly 160 km (100 miles) southeast of the English Channel in northern France, Paris is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. In the images above, the Seine River can be seen winding its way through the heart of the city. Urban areas appear gray and purple. The patchwork of green, brown, tan and yellow around the city is primarily farmland. Note how the city has expanded in the years between 1987 and 2001, reaching ever-further into the surrounding rural areas.

## Atatürk Dam changes the landscape of surrounding areas, Turkey

- Atatürk Dam changes the landscape of surrounding areas, Turkey

- Transformation of the region around the dam is strikingly apparent in these images

- Right-hand corner of the 1999 image shows irrigated fields surrounding the town of Harran

**Notes:**
Built in 1990, the Atatürk Dam on the Euphrates River in southeastern Turkey is the centre piece of the Southeastern Anatolia Project. The Atatürk Dam is the largest in a series of 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric stations built on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in order to provide irrigation water and electricity to this arid region of the country. When the project’s entire system of reservoirs, power generation stations, and irrigation channels is operational (projected to occur in 2010), the irrigation of approximately 1.7 million hectares (4.2 million acres) of land will be possible..
In these two Landsat images, acquired in 1976 and 1999, respectively, the transformation of the region around the dam is strikingly apparent. The dam’s reservoir reached capacity in 1992 and has supplied sufficient water for irrigation to turn a once-arid landscape into a green one. This is especially obvious in the lower right-hand corner of the 1999 image, where irrigated fields completely surround the town of Harran. The development of the Harran region could not have occurred without the Atatürk Dam project, especially since the town is many kilometres from the river.

## Transformation from natural waterway to controlled water supply – Gabcikova, Slovakia

- 1973-2000: Images show changes brought about by massive re-channeling of river water

**Notes:**
The Gabcikova-Nagymoros hydraulic project on the Danube River was started in order to generate electric power, create an inland waterway, help manage water supplies, and aid in the region’s economic development. The river was to be dammed and its water diverted into a canal. Four decades after it was initiated the Cunovo Dam began operation in Slovakia in October 1992. The dam diverted 80 to 90 per cent of Danube River water down a diversion canal to support a hydroelectric power station.  This pair of images from 1973 and 2000 reveals the striking changes the massive re-channeling of river water has brought to the region. The dam altered the hydraulic regime of the Danube River valley from a natural waterway to a controlled patchwork of channels and islands. The diversion of water by the dam brought an end to the natural, beneficial flooding that added moisture and nutrients to the soil. It also reduced the ability of wetlands and marshes to filter surface water and trap sediments. Consequently, water quality and soil nutrients levels in the region have declined. Generation of electricity has come with significant environmental cost.

## Disturbances in Arkhangelsk forest cover

-  In some places, large sections of the forest have been clear-felled

-  Other places show a block pattern, where section of relatively undisturbed forest are left between clear-felled sections

**Notes:**
The Arkhangelsk region is situated in northwestern Russia, where its 3 000-km (1 158-mile) coastline is washed by the icy waters of three Arctic seas; the White, the Barents and the Kara. The area’s proximity to the ocean contributed to its early settlement and subsequent development.  The Arkhangelsk region was once cloaked with dense boreal forests.  In comparing these three satellite images, however, the widespread forest cover disturbance is obvious. In some places, large sections of the forest have been clear-felled and the trees completely removed. Other places show a block pattern, where sections of relatively undisturbed forest are left between clear-felled sections to enhance reseeding and reforestation. In a number of areas, networks of minor access roads delineate the forest cover.  The region is also home to the Plesetsk Space Center and has been impacted by fire and pollution from falling rocket stages. Overall, forest cover in the Arkhangelsk has been heavily disturbed—even within areas designated as nature sanctuaries.

## One of the world’s most intensive forests – Lappi, Finland

- Images show a result of this logging in the northeastern areas of the country

- The patches of tan in the 2002 image signify clearcut areas

**Notes:**
Finland is the most forested country in Europe; 86 per cent of its land area, or a total of 26 million hectares (64 million acres), is covered by forest. The country is responsible for one quarter of the world’s printing and writing paper exports, and for one sixth of its paperboard exports. Feeding this massive paper industry is the Finnish forest industry
– one of the most intensive in the world. As a result, Finland’s forests—including its remaining old-growth fragments—are being exploited by clearcutting, forest thinning, road construction, and ditching of soils. The result is the severe and extensive fragmentation of natural habitat. While much of Finland’s productive forest (around 62 per cent) is in the hands of private landowners, the vast majority of its valuable old-growth forest is owned and logged by the state. These two images show a result of this logging in the northeastern areas of the country. In the 1987 image, the area has a near homogeneous forest cover (green); on the other hand, the 2002 image shows only a few patches, mainly in the protected areas with continuous forest cover. The patches of tan signify clearcut areas.

## Impact of forest fires in Sakhalin Russia 

- Impact of forest fires in Sakhalin Russia

- Area burned due to forest fire in Boreal region

**Notes:**
Mixed deciduous and evergreen needle-leaf trees dominate the boreal forests of Sakhalin Island, just off the eastern coast of Russia. The tremendous natural reserves of the boreal forests serve as “carbon sinks” that help to regulate global climate. Boreal forests are also home to a unique collection of plants and animals, including rare and endangered species such as the Amur Tiger. Fire is a natural and often vital component in maintaining the health of boreal forests. But since the 1950s, the frequency of fires has increased on Sakhalin Island as its forests have been subjected to rapid exploitation and disturbance in the acquisition of lumber, oil, coal, and peat.  As people have moved into the region in greater numbers, the risk of fires started by trains, cars, trash fires, and wood stoves has increased greatly. These satellite images show the impact of forest fires on Sakhalin Island. In 1998, roughly 300 intensely hot fires burned an area nearly the size of Luxembourg. Three people died and nearly 600 were made homeless by a very rapidly moving crown fire that consumed the town of Gorki within a few hours. The 1999 image very clearly shows the extent of the fire damage to the island’s forests near the end of that year.

## Conversion to intensive greenhouse agriculture – Almeria, Spain

-  1987: The landscape reflects rather typical rural agricultural land use

-  2000: The areas has been converted to intensive greenhouse agriculture

-  2004: Greenhouse-dominated land appears as whitish gray patches

**Notes:**
This pair of satellite images shows the impact of massive and rapid agricultural development in Almeria Province along Spain’s southern coast. In the earlier image, the landscape reflects rather typical rural agricultural land use. In the 2000 image, much of the same region—an area covering roughly 20 000 hectares (49 421 acres)—has been converted to intensive greenhouse agriculture for the mass production of market produce. (Greenhouse-dominated land appears as whitish gray patches.) In order to address increasingly complex water needs throughout Spain, the government adopted the Spanish National Hydrological Plan (SNHP) in 2001. Initially, this water redistribution plan involved the construction of 118 dams and 22 water transfer projects that would move water from parts of the country where it was relatively abundant to more arid regions. In 2004, the Spanish government announced it would begin exploring more environmentally friendly water-saving technologies, such as wastewater recycling and  seawater desalinization.

## Notably different agricultural method along Novovolynśk, Ukraine

- Notably different agricultural method along Novovolynśk, Ukraine

- 1988-2000: Apparent change in the approach to land use in Ukraine, following the patterns in Poland

**Notes:**
The unique transformation of the former USSR into today’s modern states has had a profound effect on the lay of the land in Ukraine. These images show a notable difference in the agricultural land use patterns between Poland and Ukraine, probably reflecting different policies and approaches to land use. Of particular interest are the sizes and patterns of the fields in the two countries; while Poland the farms are comparably much smaller, those in Ukraine are larger. Though the town of Novovolyns’k has not changed appreciably in size, an apparent change in the approach to land use in Ukraine has taken place; in the 2000 image, larger fields have been divided, following the pattern in Poland. The satellite images reveal quite vividly the contrast in land-use practices between the individual farms of Poland and Ukraine’s former state farm plan—and how the latter has changed over time.

## Farming along Ijsselmeer coastThe Netherlands

-  These images show the transformation of polders (areas of reclaimed land) into useable farming land

-  1973-2004: lighter blue water is the Markermeer – buffer against floodwaters

-  2004: this area of reclaimed land was covered with farms

- Farming along Ijsselmeer coastThe Netherlands

**Notes:**
The Zuiderzee is a large body of water along Holland’snortheastern coast. Between 1927 and 1932, a 30 km (19 miles) dam, known as the Afsluitdijk, was built across the Zuiderzee, separating it into the outer Waddenzee, which is open to the North Sea, and the  inner IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel) where areas of reclaimed land—called polders—are used for agriculture and as villages. Dikes built since that time created additional polders that were drained using pumps and, at one time, wind mills. These images, from 1964, 1973, and 2004, show the transformation of polders into useable farming land. The 1973 image shows a partially completed dike that, when completed allowed for the creation of the southernmost polder visible in the 1973 image. At that time, draining of the land had been completed and soil cultivation began. By 2004, this area of reclaimed land was covered with farms. The area of lighter blue water visible in the left of the 1973 and 2004 images is the Markermeer—a polder that was created but not drained. It forms a freshwater reservoir that acts as a buffer against floodwaters.

## Thank You!

- One Planet Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment

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**EUROPE**