# Presentation: 170365

## Climate Change Technology Program:An Overview

- David K. Garman
- Assistant Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy
- December 3, 2002

##    The Key Challenge

**United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)**
- 	“Achieve . . . stabilization of GHG concentrations in the earth’s atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”

##    The Key Challenge

- 	“I reaffirm America’s commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention and its central goal, to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate.”
- 	“(We will) set America on a path to slow the growth of our greenhouse gas emissions and, as science justifies, to stop and then reverse the growth of emissions.”

-  - President George W. Bush
- February 14, 2002

## Approach

- Climate Change Science Program

- Climate Change Technology Program

- Interagency Working Group and Cabinet Level Committee on Climate Change S&T Integration

-  Reduce Scientific Uncertainty
-  Illuminate Risks/Benefits
-  Guide and Pace Strategy

-  Advance Technology Options
-  Improve Performance/Reduce Costs

- Pursue a Sensible, Integrated Policy

## Approach

- Climate Change Science Program

- Climate Change Technology Program

- Interagency Working Group and Cabinet Level Committee on Climate Change S&T Integration

-  Reduce Scientific Uncertainty
-  Illuminate Risks/Benefits
-  Guide and Pace Strategy

-  Advance Technology Options
-  Improve Performance/Reduce Costs

- Pursue a Sensible, Integrated Policy

## CCTP Membership

- Department of Commerce
- Department of Defense
- Department of Energy
- Department of the Interior
- Department of State
- Department of Transportation
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Department of Health and Human Services
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Science Foundation
- Office of Management and Budget
- Office of Science and Technology Policy
- U.S. Agency for International Development
- U.S. Department of Agriculture

## Energy is the Technology Focus

**Energy is the Technology Focus**

**Any effort to address GHG emissions necessarily involves energy**

*79% of GHG Emissions are Energy-related CO**2*

## Emissions and Stabilization

**Ultimately, net global GHG emissions must sharply decline and even approach zero to achieve stabilization**

- Emissions

- Stabilization

## High Degree of Difficulty

**Efforts to achieve “near zero” global GHG emissions will be:**
- A long-term undertaking
- Expensive compared to current technology
- Technologically challenging
- Politically difficult

## Current Situation (2000)

## Carbon Emitting Sources Dominate

**Carbon-Emitting Energy Sources**
- Oil 39%
- Natural Gas 24%
- Coal 23%
**Non-Emitting* Sources**
- Nuclear 8%
- Renewable 7%

- * Not including carbon emissions associated with component manufacturing, uranium enrichment, ethanol production, short-term cycles, etc.

## Electricity Mix (2000)

**Electricity from Carbon Emitting Primary Sources**
- Coal: 1.97 trillion kWh (52%)
- Natural Gas: 601 million kWh (16%)
- Oil: 111 million kWh (3%)

## Electricity Mix (2000)

**Electricity Mix (2000)**

**Electricity from Non-Emitting* Primary Sources**
- Nuclear: 754 million kWh (20%)
- Hydroelectric: 276 million kWh (7%)
- Biomass: 61 million kWh (1.64%)
- Geothermal: 14 million kWh (.368%)
- Wind and Solar: 6 million kWh (.158%)

## Efficiency is a Key Opportunity Area

**United States uses roughly 99 quadrillion BTUs (quads) of energy annually, of which approximately 58 quads is “rejected.”**

## Efficiency is a Key Opportunity Area

## Efficiency is a Key Opportunity Area

**Significant efficiency improvements are possible, but difficult to achieve due to comparatively low energy prices**
- Average retail electricity prices (all sectors) approximately 6.8 cents per kilowatt/hour
- Retail gasoline prices roughly $1.56/gallon

## Key Technology Areas

**Transform Energy Supply**
**Advance Energy Efficiency**
**Capture and Sequester GHGs**
**Measure, Monitor and Verify**

## Solar Photovoltaic

**Price of electricity from grid-connected PV systems are 20 to 30****¢/kWh**
**Down from $2.00/kWh in 1980**
**2020 R&D goal is 6****¢/kWh**

## Technology Challenges

**Improve PV cell efficiency; increase cell life; lower manufacturing cost**
**Optimize cell materials, designs, modules**
**Improve understanding of materials, processes, and devices for advanced PV options **
**Improve performance and lower cost of “balance of system” components (inverters, battery storage)**

## Wind Energy

**Current cost is 4-6****¢/kWh in best regimes**
**Down from 80****¢/kWh**** in 1980s)**
**1.7****¢/kWh**** PTC makes wind competitive**
**2010 R&D goal is 3****¢/kWh**** (unsubsidized) in class 4 wind areas (present in 37 states)**

## Technology Challenges

**Two design pathways:**
- Stiff, heavy machines that resist cyclic and extreme loads
- Lightweight, flexible machines that bend and absorb or shed loads
**Seeking 30 year life in fatigue driven environment with minimal maintenance and no major component replacement**

## Technology Challenges

**Improved knowledge of wind inflow, operative aerodynamics, and structural dynamics**
**Improve fundamental understanding of interactions between wind input and among components as turbine size increases for higher performance in lower wind speed areas**
**Understand/mitigate operating system impacts on grid to better accommodate intermittent wind resource**

## Geothermal

**Current capacity is roughly 2,800 MW in US; 8,000 MW worldwide**
**Current cost is 5 to 8****¢/kWh**
**Down from 15****¢/kWh**** in 1985**
**2010 goal: 3-5 ****¢/kWh**

## Technology Challenges

**Improve methods of identifying prospective reservoirs without drilling**
**Improve methods of predicting reservoir performance/lifetime**
**Lower drilling costs**
**Improve heat recovery methods for resource areas that are deeper, less permeable, or dryer than current “commercial” quality reserves**

## Biomass

**Grid-connected capacity 6,500 MW in 2000 (mostly forest products industry CHP)**
**Biopower electricity prices generally range from 8 to 12 ****¢/kWh**
**Down from 20****¢/kWh**** in 1980)**
**2010 goal 5.5 ****¢/kWh**

## Technology Challenges

**Demonstrate/optimize operation of biomass gasifier with advanced power generation using turbines and/or fuel cells, ideally as part of an “integrated” biorefinery**
**Improve crop harvest/residue collection equipment and systems**

## The Transportation Challenge

## FreedomCAR 

**Our long term vision:  A transportation system powered by hydrogen derived from a variety of domestic resources. **

## Hydrogen from Diverse Domestic Resources

**Hydrogen from Diverse Domestic Resources**

**Non-Renewable**

**Coal**

**Nuclear**

**Natural Gas**

**Oil**

**Sequestration**

**HIGH EFFICIENCY**** & RELIABILITY**

**ZERO/NEAR ZERO****EMISSIONS**

## FreedomCAR Launch in January

**Secretary Abraham joins with leaders of General Motors, DaimlerChrysler, and Ford in announcing FreedomCAR at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on January 9, 2002.**

## FreedomCAR’s “Freedoms” 

**Freedom from foreign petroleum dependence**
**Freedom from pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions**
**Freedom for Americans to drive where they want, when they want, in the vehicle of their choice**
**Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently**

## Strategic Approach

**Develop technologies to enable mass production of affordable hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles and the hydrogen infrastructure to support them.**
**Continue support for other technologies to reduce oil consumption and environmental impacts. **
- Hybrid electric
- Clean Diesel/Advanced ICE
- Biofuels

## Technology Challenges

**Critical Path technologies with 2010 goals:**
- Hydrogen Storage (6 wt%; 1100 W-h/l)
- Hydrogen Production Cost (NG-based $1.50/gge untaxed)
- Fuel Cell Cost ($45/kW)

## Nuclear Energy

**Nuclear Energy**

## Nuclear Energy

**Potential Carbon Avoidance by Nuclear Generation**

## Advanced Clean Fossil

**Multiple Fuels**
- Coal
- Petroleum Coke
- Biomass
**CO****2**** sequestered**
**Multiple products**
- Electricity
- Fuels/Chemicals
- Process Heat

**    ****Virtually Emission Free Multi-Fuel Plant**

## Active Sequestration

**Large Potential Worldwide Storage Capacity**

## Technology Challenges

**Lower capture and sequestration costs**
- Current costs: $100-300/ton of carbon emissions avoided
- 2015 Goal: $10 or less/ton
**Assess various methods**
- Active and depleted oil and gas reservoirs
- Deep brine/saline aquifers
- Deep coal seams/coal bed methane formations

## Sequestration 

**Improved nutrients, better agricultural practices**

**Enhanced photosynthesis in algae ponds, greenhouses **

**Terrestrial**

**Ocean**

**Deepwater injection**

**Geologic**

**Advanced**

**Injection into oil reservoirs, unusable aquifers, coal seams**

**Conversion to minerals, bioconversion, etc.**

***Capture and***
***Storage of CO******2***

***Enhancing Natural ***
***CO******2****** Sinks***

## CCTP Process 

**Federal R&D Portfolio Review**
**Working Group Structure**
- Energy Production
- Energy Efficiency
- Sequestration
- Other Gases
- Monitoring and Measurement
- Supporting Basic Research
**Competitive Solicitation/RFI seeking new ideas**

## CCTP will play its role...

**Keys to the “stabilization challenge”**
- Leadership in climate science
- Leadership in climate-related technology
- Better understanding of the potential risks of climate change
- Robust set of viable technology options that address energy supply and efficiency/productivity
- Integrated understanding of both science and technology to chart future courses and actions
- Global approach... all nations must participate