# Presentation: 197826

## Commercial Space Travel:Proposed Training Requirements

**May 2007**

***26 Years in Space Operations***

- Derone Jenkins-Todd, PhD
- derone.i.jenkins-todd@nasa.gov

**Notes:**
Introduce self

Introduce company
Almost 30 years experience in space operations experience
Contracts at JSC, MFSC, and KSC

## Specializing in Space 

**ENGINEERING**
- Avionics
- Electrical Power
- Astrodynamics
- Vehicle Integration
- Trajectory Design
- Integrated Testing
- Systems Simulation

**SPACE OPERATIONS**
- Command & Control
**Console Operations**
**Operations Concepts**
- Requirements Definition
- Resource Planning
**Real-time Mission Support**
**Procedures**** Development**

**Information Technology**
- Software Development
- Integrated Systems Design
- Specialized Prototypes
- Database Management
- Infrastructure Services
- Network Design
- Security Management

**Notes:**
Briefly cover these experiences

## Specializing in Space Flight Training

**Training**
- Instructional Systems Design
- Requirements Analysis
- Custom Curricula Development
- Total Media Selection
- Train-the-Trainer Programs
**Evaluations-Student/Trainer**
**Personnel Certification**

**Notes:**
Developed and provided Space Flight Training since company’s inception in 1980.
Use standard training development methodology [derived from US military methods] to focus on training materials for our high-stress, rapid-response environment.
We assist in any facet of the instructional design procss – from front end training assessments, to critical-point consulting services, to full service custom development.  

Instructional Systems Design – Training materials development methodology developed by the US Air Force in the 1950s now adapted in used widely in the training industry
Requirements Analysis – Figuring out what must be trained and to what depth
Custom Curricula development – Training curricula developed for a specific client and audience
Total media selection: Choosing the most effective delivery vehicle: Classroom, simulator, CBT, etc. Specifications must be developed for these media products
Infrastructure services:
Train the trainer: Train prospective instructors in effective instructional techniques
Evaluations: Determine whether trainee has mastered task, or instructor has done good job with instruction
Personnel certification: Develop performance standards, determine whether standard has been met

## Why train at all?

- Extreme conditions
- High risk
- For most, space travel of any sort is not a known quantity

## Barrios Recommends:

- Standardized training for:
- Passengers [Persons who are aboard, but not trained to operate the vehicle.]
- Crew - [Persons aboard who are trained to operate the vehicle]
- Ground Support Personnel – [Controllers, trainers, etc.]

**Standardized training :**
- Facilitates common and repeated use aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order and consistency.
- Provides a criterion for evaluating performance and results.

## Passenger Training:What do they need to know? 

- Vehicle Familiarization
-  Safety
- Emergency Procedures
- Physiological Effects
- What to do and experience during the
-   flight

*Passenger Training:**What do they need to know? *

## The goal of vehicle familiarization training for passengers is to promote “informed consent.”  This training includes:

General explanation of vehicle operation
Description of the flight profile
Very basic description of the hardware
Instructions which include any passenger used equip:
Seats
Toilet
Galley
Cameras
Suits

- The goal of vehicle familiarization training for passengers is to promote “informed consent.”  This training includes:
- General explanation of vehicle operation
- Description of the flight profile
- Very basic description of the hardware
- Instructions which include any passenger used equip:
- Seats
- Toilet
- Galley
- Cameras
- Suits

*Passenger Vehicle Familiarization*

## Passenger Safety Training

- Passenger safety training must include minimal safety procedures, similar to airline safety training, but specific to the commercial space vehicle:

- What not to do or touch
- What company has done to ensure passenger safety

## Passenger Emergency Training

- Emergency Procedure Training
- Train survivable, rapid response emergencies:
- Fire
- Rapid depress
- Egress
- Rescue

## Common Physiological Effects

- Nausea
- Space adaptation sickness
- Weightlessness
- Congestion
- Pressure

**Notes:**
KC-135

## Prepare the Passenger for the Experience

- Weightlessness
- Great views
- Photography
- Small science experiments
- Jell-O
-  Balls of water
- Spiritual experiences

- The training program itself should be a WOW experience!

## Training for crews and ground support personnel

- Initial crews and ground support personnel may be the engineers that designed the vehicle, however later personnel will not come from the original teams.
- Training requirements need to match the duties of crew and controller rather than the design engineer.

**FYI:**** ****The average NASA flight/mission controller serves for five years.**

## Crew and Ground Personnel Training

- Fundamental Operation of vehicle hardware and software
- Nominal operations training
- Select number of emergency procedures that safe the vehicle and the crew
- Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)
- Train leadership skills so that the crew can manage passengers during both nominal and emergency scenarios.
- Emphasis on communication and teamwork

**Notes:**
Initial crews and ground support personnel may be the engineers that designed and built vehicle, however later ones wont.
Also want to ensure safe operations
Focus on nominal ops, because that’s really what will happen. 
 Prepare for realistic emergency situations. Train emergency skills, rather than choreographed specific situations.  
Train leadership skills so that crew can manage passengers during both nominal and emergency scenarios. 
Emphasis on communication and team work skills aspects of Crew Resource Management.

In training flt control, number one reason to turn down someone for cert is poor communication skills. 
And we recommend CRM-based training to hone/develop these skills.

Flight control:
Require CRM training as well.
Specified minimal operational knowledge of vehicle and software, but not as much as design engineer

Why not just use design engineers as crew and controllers? Too long to get to that certification level, and not necessary

Specifed knowledge for ground personnel because training for what they are going to do, and don’t need extensive knowledge of design engineer.  High rate of turnover, etc

Need to get them ready pretty quick because not around long in general.  Costs way too much to do unnecessary training.

In past, have tended to over-train at nasa.  Average controller around or trainer is around 5-6 years.

## Training Facilities for Crew and Ground Personnel 

- Training facilities must be appropriate for the training objectives.
- Scoping training facilities requirements is a crucial step in facility development.

- Would you fly with a pilot who obtained his/her training solely from a text book?

## The Most Important Element

- Certification Processes
- Measure the achievement of the training
- Make an official statement of that achievement
- Certify personnel (ground and crew) to government standards to facilitate safe and effective operations.
- Certify passengers to government standards to facilitate:
- Informed consent
- Safe experience

***Why Certify?***
- Establishes a level of competence and knowledge.
- Provides a qualitative measure of service offered
- Facilitates the screening of personnel and passengers
- Promotes an enjoyable, safe experience.

**Notes:**

Why:Guarentees level of competence and knowelege to safely operate vehicle.
Facilitates faster certification
Provides qualitative measure of service offered
Guarentees level of safety to be passenger
Screens personnel and passengers
Safety for passenger, crew, and vehicle
Promote an ejoyable, safe expereince

Need standards for:	Minimal level of education or specified type of experience
Type of education or experience
Minimal level of knowledge re vehicle and its operations
task analysis aimed at skill-based training, and technical lesson development
Evaluation and testing an important component of the certification process.  
Certification should not simply be a record of attendance

Differentiates our personnel from “barn stormers.”
Demonstrates professionalism, safety and quality

Certifying passengers:
Great marketing tool
Re-fly capability cost effective
 Informed consent definition – not as safe as airline travel
Ensure that passengers do not contribute to an accident
Certification enhances experience because it builds confidence in what’s happening and how to do things

## Recommendations from Barrios Technology - Summary

- Passenger Training:
- Vehicle Familiarization
- Safety
- Emergency Procedures
- Physiological Effects
- What to do and experience during the flight

- Crew and Ground Support Personnel Training:
- Fundamental Operation of vehicle hardware and software
- Nominal operations training
- Select number of emergency procedures that safe the vehicle and the crew
- Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)

- Whether government required or industry generated, the extreme conditions and high risk environment of commercial space flight demands standard training with certifiable outcomes for passengers, crew, and ground support personnel.

- A safe enjoyable experience is built upon effective and efficient training.