# Presentation: 370850

## Residential Ventilation Systems And ASHRAE 62.2 (and other fun ideas)

**National Workshop on State Building Energy Codes**
**August 1, 2006**

## President Tamarack Technologies, Inc. Buzzards Bay, MA
Member SSPC 62.2
Voting member IAQ Subcommittee
Board Member Home Ventilating Institute (HVI)
Chief Investigator Heyoka Solutions, Inc.

- President Tamarack Technologies, Inc. Buzzards Bay, MA
- Member SSPC 62.2
- Voting member IAQ Subcommittee
- Board Member Home Ventilating Institute (HVI)
- Chief Investigator Heyoka Solutions, Inc.

## What we’re talking about today.

- ASHRAE 62.2 2003
- IAQ and Pressure Differences

- Problem is bad IAQ – air in the home is used and reused;
- Air moves;
- ASHRAE 62.2-2003 is a national, single issue, ‘Band-aid’ solution.  The simple answer to make sure that some air is constantly moving from the outside to the inside of the home.

## ASHRAE 62-1989
Based on 15 cfm/person or 0.35 ACH
Allowed leakiness to provide IAQ ventilation
SPC 62
Formed in 1993 to revise ASHRAE 62-1989
First Public Review of 62R in 1995
13,000+ comments on residential portion
Residential broken off as new ASHRAE 
    SPC 62.2

- ASHRAE 62-1989
- Based on 15 cfm/person or 0.35 ACH
- Allowed leakiness to provide IAQ ventilation
- SPC 62
- Formed in 1993 to revise ASHRAE 62-1989
- First Public Review of 62R in 1995
- 13,000+ comments on residential portion
- Residential broken off as new ASHRAE
-     SPC 62.2

## Publication of ASHRAE 62.2-2003
Approved by ASHRAE Standards Committee and Board     October, 2003
Published in December, 2003
Received ANSI approval March, 2004
Reissued as ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2-2004

- Publication of ASHRAE 62.2-2003
- Approved by ASHRAE Standards Committee and Board     October, 2003
- Published in December, 2003
- Received ANSI approval March, 2004
- Reissued as ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2-2004

## Background (cont)

- SSPC 62.2
- Formed in January, 2004 for continuous maintenance of “high profile” standard

## Infiltration
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Source Control
Dilution Ventilation
Local Exhaust
Pressurization/Depressurization and Climate

- Infiltration
- Natural Ventilation
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Source Control
- Dilution Ventilation
- Local Exhaust
- Pressurization/Depressurization and Climate

## Uncontrolled inward leakage of air through cracks and interstices.
Generally caused by wind and stack effects.

- Uncontrolled inward leakage of air through cracks and interstices.
- Generally caused by wind and stack effects.

- 50 CFM In
- Passively

- 50 CFM Out
- Passively

## Ventilation occurring as a result of only natural forces through intentional openings such as doors and windows.

## The active process of supplying air to or removing air from an indoor space by powered equipment such as fans and blowers.
Does not include non-powered ventilation devices.

- The active process of supplying air to or removing air from an indoor space by powered equipment such as fans and blowers.
- Does not include non-powered ventilation devices.

## The concept of limiting the sources of indoor air pollution by limiting the amount of polluting materials and capturing the pollutants at the source. 

- The concept of limiting the sources of indoor air pollution by limiting the amount of polluting materials and capturing the pollutants at the source.

## The concept of bringing in enough outdoor “good” or “fresh” air to dilute whatever pollutants are in the house.
Depends on the quality of the outdoor air and the strength of the pollutant.

- The concept of bringing in enough outdoor “good” or “fresh” air to dilute whatever pollutants are in the house.
- Depends on the quality of the outdoor air and the strength of the pollutant.

## The concept of exhausting air to capture the pollutant(s) at the source.
Examples include bath or utility room exhaust and kitchen exhaust.
May be accomplished with dedicated fans in the ceiling or wall or remote fans ducted from the grille to the fan.
Remote fans may have a single pickup or be multiport fans that exhaust from several locations.

- The concept of exhausting air to capture the pollutant(s) at the source.
- Examples include bath or utility room exhaust and kitchen exhaust.
- May be accomplished with dedicated fans in the ceiling or wall or remote fans ducted from the grille to the fan.
- Remote fans may have a single pickup or be multiport fans that exhaust from several locations.

## Local Exhaust

- Fantech

- Aupu

- Monodraught

- Tamarack

## Ventilation systems must be selected to reduce the potential for causing problems in the building due to pressurization or depressurization.

This is a function of the local climate conditions, the ventilation system, the heating system, and the building shell components.

- Ventilation systems must be selected to reduce the potential for causing problems in the building due to pressurization or depressurization.
- This is a function of the local climate conditions, the ventilation system, the heating system, and the building shell components.

## Pressurization/Depressurization Issues and Local Climate (cont)

- In general, condensation and the potential for mold can be reduced by:
- Avoiding positive pressurization of the building in cold climates.
- Avoiding depressurization of the building in hot, humid climates.
- Temperate climates can tolerate a higher level of differential pressure.

## In cold climates, supply ventilation systems can provide too much air and therefore too much pressurization of the building, driving moisture-laden household air into the building envelope where the moisture can condense on the cold surfaces.  

- In cold climates, supply ventilation systems can provide too much air and therefore too much pressurization of the building, driving moisture-laden household air into the building envelope where the moisture can condense on the cold surfaces.

## Pressurization/Depressurization Issues and Local Climate (cont)

- In hot, humid climates with air conditioning, too much exhaust ventilation can pull air into the wall assembly where it can condense on the back side of the drywall, causing mold and deterioration of the building materials.

## Pressurization/Depressurization Issues and Local Climate (cont)

- Too much depressurization by large mechanical exhaust devices can reverse the flow in chimneys.  This can cause backdrafting or spillage of combustion gases from naturally vented appliances, even when the device fires.

## What’s too much pressurization/depressurization and what are the causes?

## 7 Day Depressurization & CO Observations (Grimsrud & Hadlick, 1995)

## Depressurization from Exhaust Equipment (Grimsrud and Hadlich, 1995)

## Depressurization from ducting

- Holes in supply ducts allow air to escape before it is delivered to the conditioned space;
- More air is being taken out by the return ducts, putting the house under negative pressure.
- If the ducts run through the attic, the system is attempting to air condition the outdoors!

## Pressurization from ducting

- Holes in the return ducts pull air from unconditioned spaces;
- More air is supplied than is returned, putting the house under positive pressure.

## Depressurization and Pressurization from inadequate or blocked returns

- Unbalancing can even occur by simply closing a room door!
- Mechanically induced infiltration dwarfs natural infiltration.

## Think about it;

- Consider transfer grilles;
- Make sure the ducts are sealed;
- Make sure there is an adequate return;
- Move the air handler out of the garage;
- Detach the garage;
- The Attached Garage is _not_ outside the living space!  It is just another room.

## Privacy insert in

- wall sleeve impedes
- light and sound transfer.

## Scope
Definitions
Whole Building Ventilation
Local Exhaust
Other Requirements
Air-Moving Equipment
Venting of Combustion Appliances
Operations and Maintenance

- Scope
- Definitions
- Whole Building Ventilation
- Local Exhaust
- Other Requirements
- Air-Moving Equipment
- Venting of Combustion Appliances
- Operations and Maintenance

## 
“This standard applies to spaces intended for human occupancy within single-family houses and multifamily structures of three stories or fewer above grade, including manufactured and modular houses.  This standard does not apply to transient housing such as hotels, motels, nursing homes, dormitories or jails.”

- “This standard applies to spaces intended for human occupancy within **single-family houses** and **multifamily structures of three stories or fewer** above grade, including manufactured and modular houses.  This standard does not apply to transient housing such as hotels, motels, nursing homes, dormitories or jails.”

## Scope (cont)

- It does not address high-polluting events such as hobbies, painting, cleaning, or smoking.
- It does not address unvented combustion space heaters such as unvented decorative gas appliances.

## 
acceptable indoor air quality: air toward which a substantial majority of occupants express no dissatisfaction with respect to odor and sensory irritation and in which there are not likely to be  contaminants at concentrations that are known to pose a health risk.

***acceptable indoor air quality****:* air toward which a substantial majority of occupants express no dissatisfaction with respect to odor and sensory irritation and in which there are not likely to be  contaminants at concentrations that are known to pose a health risk.

## Definitions (cont)

***pressure boundary*****: **primary air enclosure boundary separating indoor and outdoor air. For example, a volume that has more leakage to the outside than to the conditioned space would be considered outside the pressure boundary.

## Applies to all low-rise residential single family and multifamily buildings.
Exemption to mechanical IAQ ventilation for Southern tier states.
Sound rating of 1.0 sones or less is required for exposed whole building ventilation fans.

- Applies to all low-rise residential single family and multifamily buildings.
- Exemption to mechanical IAQ ventilation for Southern tier states.
- Sound rating of 1.0 sones or less is required for exposed whole building ventilation fans.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont)

- Sizing Table 4.1a is provided based on 7.5 cfm/person plus 1 cfm/100 ft**2 **of conditioned space
- 62.2-2003 assumes 2 people in the master bedroom like ASHRAE 62-1989.
- Table 4.1a reduces ventilation of larger residences compared to old 0.35 ACH method.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont) Table 4.1a (cfm)

| Number of
Bedrooms | 0-1 | 2-3 | 4-5 | 6-7 | >7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| <1500 ft2 | 30 | 45 | 60 | 75 | 90 |
| 1501-3000 | 45 | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 |
| 3001-4500 | 60 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 |
| 4501-6000 | 75 | 90 | 105 | 120 | 135 |
| 6001-7500 | 90 | 105 | 120 | 135 | 150 |
| >7500 ft2 | 105 | 120 | 135 | 150 | 165 |

## This level of ventilation is intended to be provided continuously whenever the building is occupiable.
Can be supply ventilation, exhaust ventilation, or balanced ventilation.
Level was set including a default credit of 2 cfm/100 ft2 for infiltration.

- This level of ventilation is intended to be provided continuously whenever the building is occupiable.
- Can be supply ventilation, exhaust ventilation, or balanced ventilation.
- Level was set including a default credit of 2 cfm/100 ft**2** for infiltration.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont)

- Operating *time* for the whole building ventilation can be reduced if the fan is increased in size and a control is used to control the on-time of the fan.
- Requires increasing the fan size by a factor larger than the on-time factor.
- The fan size and on-time can be calculated and evaluated in the design phase.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont)

- Ventilation effectiveness is a measure of the amount of intermittent ventilation required to maintain the same level of IAQ that would be provided by continuous ventilation.
- It takes into account the lead and lag times of intermittent IAQ ventilation.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont)

- Intermittent Fan Flow Rate can be calculated by the following formula:
- 			Q**f**=Q**r**/(εƒ)
- Where Q**f** equals the fan flow rate.
- Q**r** equals the ventilation air requirement.
- ε equals the ventilation effectiveness.
- ƒ equals the fractional on time.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont) Table 4.2

| Daily Fractional 
On-Time, ƒ | Ventilation Effectiveness, ε |
| --- | --- |
| ƒ≤35% | 0.33 |
| 35% ≤ƒ<60% | 0.50 |
| 60%≤ƒ<80% | 0.75 |
| 80%≤ƒ | 1.0 |

- Less than 8.4 hours on time.

- Between 8.4 and 14.4 hours on time.

- Between 14.4 and 19.2 hours on time.

- Greater than 19.2 hours on time.

## Whole Building Ventilation Requirements (cont)

- If system runs at least once every three hours, the ventilation effectiveness ε can be claimed as 1.0. *(If the fan runs for some portion of every hour, **ε** can be claimed as 1.0.)*
- Example:
- House is 2400 ft**2** with 3 bedrooms, so 60 cfm continuous
- Fan operates 30% of every 4 hours (or on for 72 minutes and off for 168 minutes)
- Ventilation effectiveness is 33%
- 60 cfm/(0.33 x .30) = 606 cfm
- If operated once every 3 hours (or 1 hour on and 2 hours off), would be 180 cfm (or 20 minutes of each hour 60cfm/.33 = 180 cfm).

## Timer-Based Ventilation Approaches (cont)

- Time of Day timer
- Must be labeled for purpose

## ASHRAE 62.2-2004 addresses commonly-occurring IAQ sources through local ventilation in baths and kitchens.
Bathroom ventilation can operate intermittently at a minimum of 50 cfm or continuously at a minimum of 20 cfm, the same as 62-1989.

- ASHRAE 62.2-2004 addresses commonly-occurring IAQ sources through local ventilation in baths and kitchens.
- Bathroom ventilation can operate intermittently at a minimum of 50 cfm or continuously at a minimum of 20 cfm, the same as 62-1989.

## Bath fans must meet the design airflow either through on-site testing or using their certified rated flow at 0.25” water column.
Bath fans must be rated at 3.0 sones or less or be replaced by a pickup grille for a remote fan.

- Bath fans must meet the design airflow either through on-site testing or using their certified rated flow at 0.25” water column.
- Bath fans must be rated at 3.0 sones or less or be replaced by a pickup grille for a remote fan.

## Mechanical kitchen ventilation must be provided by a range hood, a microwave/hood combination, a downdraft fan, a kitchen ceiling or wall fan, or a pickup grille for a remote fan.
The fan must move at least 100 cfm if operated intermittently by the occupant or at least five air changes per hour (ACH) if operated continuously.

- Mechanical kitchen ventilation must be provided by a range hood, a microwave/hood combination, a downdraft fan, a kitchen ceiling or wall fan, or a pickup grille for a remote fan.
- The fan must move at least 100 cfm if operated intermittently by the occupant or at least five air changes per hour (ACH) if operated continuously.

## The range hood or microwave/hood combination must be rated at 3.0 sones or less at the minimum flow of 100 cfm.
Other kitchen exhaust fans must be rated at 3.0 sones or less at their required flow unless over 400 cfm.
Kitchen fans must meet the design airflow either through on-site testing or using their certified rated flow at 0.25” water column.

- The range hood or microwave/hood combination must be rated at 3.0 sones or less at the minimum flow of 100 cfm.
- Other kitchen exhaust fans must be rated at 3.0 sones or less at their required flow unless over 400 cfm.
- Kitchen fans must meet the design airflow either through on-site testing or using their certified rated flow at 0.25” water column.

## Transfer Air
Instructions and Labeling
Combustion Appliances
Garages
Minimum Filtration
Ventilation Openings

- Transfer Air
- Instructions and Labeling
- Combustion Appliances
- Garages
- Minimum Filtration
- Ventilation Openings

## Transfer Air
Ventilation air is intended to come from outdoors, not from garages or other dwelling units.
Specific air leakage measures must be taken regarding pressure management.
Instructions and Labeling
Written information on operation and maintenance must be provided.
Labels must be put on components.

- Transfer Air
- Ventilation air is intended to come from outdoors, not from garages or other dwelling units.
- Specific air leakage measures must be taken regarding pressure management.
- Instructions and Labeling
- Written information on operation and maintenance must be provided.
- Labels must be put on components.

## Combustion Appliances (naturally vented)
To avoid backdrafting, depressurization over 15 cfm/100 ft2 would require a safety test.
First addenda sets this as an upper limit and eliminates the test in Appendix A.
Garages (attached)
Doors and walls to house must be sealed.
HVAC systems in garages must be tested for duct leakage to the outside not to exceed 6% of total HVAC fan flow.

- Combustion Appliances (naturally vented)
- To avoid backdrafting, depressurization over 15 cfm/100 ft**2** would require a safety test.
- First addenda sets this as an upper limit and eliminates the test in Appendix A.
- Garages (attached)
- Doors and walls to house must be sealed.
- HVAC systems in garages must be tested for duct leakage to the outside not to exceed 6% of total HVAC fan flow.

## Garage exhaust fans

- Tm

- Tm2

## Whole Building IAQ Ventilation Examples
Continuous Ventilation Approaches
Timer-Based Ventilation Approaches
Climate Impacts on System Selection
Local Exhaust Ventilation Examples
Kitchen Ventilation
Bathroom Ventilation
Other Room Ventilation

- Whole Building IAQ Ventilation Examples
- Continuous Ventilation Approaches
- Timer-Based Ventilation Approaches
- Climate Impacts on System Selection
- Local Exhaust Ventilation Examples
- Kitchen Ventilation
- Bathroom Ventilation
- Other Room Ventilation

## 2,400 ft2 3 bedroom house
Can calculate or use Table 4.1a
3 bedrooms assumes 4 occupants
4 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 2400 ft2 x 1/100 ft2 = 54 cfm required flow

Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 1500-3000 ft2 and down from 2-3 bedrooms = 60 cfm required flow

- 2,400 ft**2** 3 bedroom house
- Can calculate or use Table 4.1a
- 3 bedrooms assumes 4 occupants
- 4 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 2400 ft**2** x 1/100 ft**2** = **54 cfm** required flow
- Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 1500-3000 ft**2** and down from 2-3 bedrooms = **60 cfm** required flow

- Table 4.1

## 7,000 ft2 4 bedroom house
4 bedrooms assumes 5 occupants
5 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 7000 ft2 x 1/100 ft2 = 108 cfm required flow

Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 6001-7500 ft2 and down from 4-5 bedrooms = 120 cfm required flow

- 7,000 ft**2 **4 bedroom house
- 4 bedrooms assumes 5 occupants
- 5 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 7000 ft**2** x 1/100 ft**2** = **108 cfm** required flow
- Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 6001-7500 ft**2 **and down from 4-5 bedrooms = **120 cfm** required flow

- Table 4.1

## 1,100 ft2 two bedroom apartment	
2 bedrooms assumes 3 occupants
3 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 1000 ft2 x 1/100 ft2 = 33 cfm required flow

Using Table 4.1a, go across table at <1500 ft2 and down from 2-3 bedrooms = 45 cfm required flow

- 1,100 ft**2** two bedroom apartment
- 2 bedrooms assumes 3 occupants
- 3 occupants x 7.5 cfm/occ + 1000 ft**2** x 1/100 ft**2** = **33 cfm** required flow
- Using Table 4.1a, go across table at <1500 ft**2** and down from 2-3 bedrooms = **45 cfm** required flow

- Table 4.1

## Exhaust Ventilation Options

- “Double Duty” Bath Fan
- Remote Inline Exhaust Fan
- Multiport Exhaust Fan

## “Double Duty” Bath Fan

- Quiet bath fan that provides both spot ventilation and whole house IAQ ventilation
- Advantages:
- Quiet, long life
- no additional fan
- Disadvantages:
- Higher first cost than basic bath fan
- Relies on negative pressure

## Ceiling fans with and without lights

## Remote Inline Exhaust Fan

- Inline fan in attic with one or two pickups
- Remote mounted so fan noise not an issue
- Advantages:
- Quiet operation if flex duct is used
- Versatile installation; may replace two fans
- Disadvantages:
- First cost
- May be noisy if metal duct is used
- Must be accessible for service

## Slide 60

## Too much exhaust flow in a hot, humid cooling climate can pull humid outdoor air into the wall assembly, causing condensation and mold
Section 4.5 limits the total exhaust in hot climates to     7.5 cfm/100 ft2
Need to “make up” air for large exhaust fans such as high-flow range hoods
Need to consider dehumidification of the introduced air 

- Too much exhaust flow in a hot, humid cooling climate can pull humid outdoor air into the wall assembly, causing condensation and mold
- Section 4.5 limits the total exhaust in hot climates to     7.5 cfm/100 ft**2**
- Need to “make up” air for large exhaust fans such as high-flow range hoods
- Need to consider dehumidification of the introduced air

## Climate Impacts on System Selection (cont) –Severe Cold

- Too much supply airflow in a severely cold climate can force humid indoor air into the wall assembly, causing condensation and mold
- Section 4.5 limits the total mechanical _supply_ flow to 7.5 cfm/100 ft**2**
- Need to “balance” the  airflows to minimize pressurization
- Need to consider conditioning of the introduced air

## Climate Impacts on System Selection (cont) –Severe Cold

- Care must be taken to avoid introducing cold air to the heat exchanger of a gas or oil furnace to avoid damage
- May need to use a Heat Recovery Ventilator or an Energy Recovery Ventilator sized to provide the minimum flow from Table 4.2 continuously at low speed and with a higher speed for times when more ventilation is needed.

## 
Kitchen Ventilation
Bathroom Ventilation
Other Room Ventilation

- Kitchen Ventilation
- Bathroom Ventilation
- Other Room Ventilation

## Kitchens can be exhausted up from the range top with a hood or microwave/hood combination, down or laterally through a down-draft cooktop, or elsewhere in the kitchen area.
The fan can be in the hood, in the range, in the basement, in the ceiling, in the attic, in the wall, or on the roof – the required minimum flow of 100 cfm just has to be there.

- Kitchens can be exhausted up from the range top with a hood or microwave/hood combination, down or laterally through a down-draft cooktop, or elsewhere in the kitchen area.
- The fan can be in the hood, in the range, in the basement, in the ceiling, in the attic, in the wall, or on the roof – the required minimum flow of 100 cfm just has to be there.

## Kitchen ventilation equipment must be tested and certified to produce no more than 3.0 sones at the required airflow of 100 cfm.
Downdraft fans over 400 cfm and remote fans are exempt (from this sound requirement).  
Kitchen ventilation equipment must be listed and labeled for such use to avoid safety issues with grease (if within 45).

- Kitchen ventilation equipment must be tested and certified to produce no more than 3.0 sones at the required airflow of 100 cfm.
- Downdraft fans over 400 cfm and remote fans are exempt (from this sound requirement).
- Kitchen ventilation equipment must be listed and labeled for such use to avoid safety issues with grease (if within 45).

## A wide variety of intermittently-operated source specific fans are available from 50 cfm to 500 cfm.
Sizing is based on a fan providing a minimum of 50 cfm at 0.25” w.c. when operated intermittently or a minimum of 20 cfm per bathroom or utility room if operated continuously.
Maximum of 3.0 sones

- A wide variety of intermittently-operated source specific fans are available from 50 cfm to 500 cfm.
- Sizing is based on a fan providing a minimum of 50 cfm at 0.25” w.c. when operated intermittently or a minimum of 20 cfm per bathroom or utility room if operated continuously.
- Maximum of 3.0 sones

## 2,400 ft2 3 bedroom house with two baths
Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 1500-3000 ft2 and down from 2-3 bedrooms = 60 cfm required flow
Install one “quiet” double duty bath fan at 60 cfm and 1.0 sone in one bathroom and operate it continuously to act as both bath fan and whole building fan
Install a 3.0 sone 50 cfm fan in the other bath

- 2,400 ft**2** 3 bedroom house with two baths
- Using Table 4.1a, go across table at 1500-3000 ft**2** and down from 2-3 bedrooms = **60 cfm** required flow
- Install one “quiet” double duty bath fan at 60 cfm and 1.0 sone in one bathroom and operate it continuously to act as both bath fan and whole building fan
- Install a 3.0 sone 50 cfm fan in the other bath

## Bathroom Ventilation Options (cont) - Example

- Same house but with a remote fan
- Use one inline remote fan in attic to ventilate both bathrooms at 30 cfm each
- Meets both bathroom requirements and whole building requirements in one fan with one wiring job and one roof penetration

## Combined Ventilation Options  - Example

- Could choose to exhaust from both bathrooms and the kitchen with a larger remote inline fan
- 5 ACH for kitchen needed if continuous
- 10’Wx10’Lx8’H kitchen
- Flow = (LxWxH)/60 min/hr x 5ACH
- Flow = (10x10x8)/60 x 5 = 67 cfm
- 67 + 20 + 20 = **107** cfm total flow
- Works best with small enclosed kitchens such as in apartments

## www.ashrae.org
www.hvi.org 
www.energystar.gov/ia/products
www.tamtech.com

- _[www.ashrae.org](http://www.ashrae.org/)_
- _[www.hvi.org](http://www.hvi.org/)_
- _[www.energystar.gov/ia/products](http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products)_
- _[www.tamtech.com](http://www.tamtech.com/)_

## Thank you.

- Paul Raymer
- Tamarack Technologies, Inc.
- 320 Main Street
- Buzzards Bay, MA  02532
- praymer@tamtech.com