# Presentation: 406349

## eScience for All: Not If, But WhenJeannette M. Wing
Assistant Director, NSF CISE
President’s Professor of Computer Science, CMU

- Assistant Director, NSF CISE
- President’s Professor of Computer Science, CMU

## By and For Whom: Scientists

- What
- Facilities, instruments, data, software, cyber-infrastructure (CI)
- How
- Policy: Open, shared access
- Technology: Virtual organizations
- Why: Discovery and Learning
- No Choice
- Global (borderless) nature of science, expense of equipment, remote location of instruments, multiple “eyes” for validation of observations, ...
- Collaboration
- Science diplomacy

## By and For Whom: Citizens

- What
- Facilities, instruments, data, software (?), cyber-infrastructure (CI)
- How
- Open, shared access: read (everything), write (some things)
- Virtual organizations
- Why
- Learning
- Discovery

## Issues for Scientists

- Technical
- Interoperability: need to support federation across heterogeneous X
- X = Data, S/W, CI -- within and across disciplines
- Veracity of data and scientific claims
- Non-Technical
- Ownership
- Credit
- Publication

## Issues for Scientists with Citizen Participation

- Technical
- Interoperability: need to support federation across heterogeneous X
- X = Data, S/W, CI -- within and across disciplines
- Veracity and volume of data and scientific claims
- Non-Technical
- Ownership
- Credit
- Publication

- Examples

## Slide 7

**Notes:**

LIGO and its successor, Advanced LIGO, are instruments whole sole goal is to detect gravitational waves (of cosmic origin).  Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity predicted the existence of gravitational waves but we have never observed them.  These instruments are made up of lots and lots of mirrors in such a way that simplistically speaking if a gravitational wave passed through it would perturb a light beam from a laser.

The international LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) is a growing group of researchers, some 600 individuals at roughly 40 institutions, working to analyze the data from LIGO and other detectors.

LIGO's mission is to directly observe gravitational waves of cosmic origin. These waves were first predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity in 1916, when the technology necessary for their detection did not yet exist. 

## Slide 8

**Notes:**
The Einstein@Home program processes data from the LIGO and GEO instruments using Fast Fourier Transforms. The resulting signals are then analyzed using a method called matched filtering. This method involves the computation of hypothetical signals that might result if there were a physically plausible source of gravitational waves in the part of the sky being examined. The measured signal is then compared to the hypothetical signal. A matching signal is a candidate for further examination by more sophisticated analysis. 

## Slide 9

**Notes:**
The goal is to detect neutrinos in the high energy range.  The instrument is made up of an array of strings of optical sensors, each string inserted into a a big hole in the ice.

The IceCube Neutrino Detector is a neutrino telescope currently under construction at the South Pole. Like its predecessor, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), IceCube is being constructed in deep Antarctic ice by deploying thousands of spherical optical sensors (photomultiplier tubes, or PMTs) at depths between 1,450 and 2,450 meters. The sensors are deployed on "strings" of sixty modules each, into holes in the ice melted using a hot water drill. 

## Slide 10

## Slide 11

**Notes:**
One hope is that the LHC will be able to observe the Higgs Boson which would then confirm predictions and fill in the gaps in the Standard Model of theoretical physics.  The verification of the Higgs Boson would be a step in the search for a Grand Unified Theory (in particular the Higgs boson would help explain why gravitation is weak compared to the other three forces).

The LHC is a huge circular tunnel of superconducting magnets where you shoot two proton beams in opposite directions toward each other to cause the collision.

It is estimated to generate 15 PB annually once in operation.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator complex intended to collide opposing beams of 7 TeV protons. Its main purpose is to explore the validity and limitations of the standard model, the current theoretical picture for particle physics. This model is known to break down at a certain high energy level. 

## Slide 12

**Notes:**
ALMA is a telescope made up of 80 antennas looking into the celestial sky, to probe the cold Universe (regions that are optically dark but shine brightly in the millimeter portion of the electromagnetic spectrum), making observations possibly only now in space.  At its finest resolution, it will reach a factor of ten better than the Hubble Space Telescope.

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), will be a single research instrument composed of up to 80 high-precision antennas, located on the Chajnantor plain of the Chilean Andes in the District of San Pedro de Atacama, 5000 m above sea level. ALMA will enable transformational research into the physics of the cold Universe, regions that are optically dark but shine brightly in the millimeter portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Providing astronomers a new window on celestial origins, ALMA will probe the first stars and galaxies, and directly image the formation of planets. 
ALMA will operate at wavelengths of 0.3 to 9.6 millimeters, where the Earths atmosphere above a high, dry site is largely transparent, and will provide astronomers unprecedented sensitivity and resolution. The up to sixty-four antennas of the 12 m Array will have reconfigurable baselines ranging from 150 m to 18 km. Resolutions as fine as 0.005" will be achieved at the highest frequencies, a factor of ten better than the Hubble Space Telescope. 

## Slide 13

**Notes:**
NEON is planned to be a continental scale set of distributed sensor networks linked by advanced cyberinfrastructure.  It is to study impacts of climate change, land-use change, and invasive species – on ecology.

It’s actually a configuration of a set of fixed towers of sensors and a movable suite of sensor arrays that will sweep the continent.

## Slide 14

**Notes:**
OOI is a networked infrastructure of sensors to be deployed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest (Juan de Fuca strait) to look at global, regional, coastal effects due to changes in many aspects of the ocean: physical, biology, chemical, ecological changes.

## Looking Ahead

- Citizens will be participating in science
- They already are in Learning, and increasingly in Discovery
- There are no intrinsic technical barriers, but lots of non-technical issues
- Science trend toward openness means growing opportunities
- Contrarian viewpoint: Does openness imply BETTER science?  Some think not.
- Multiple dimensions
- Access: Closed/Restricted/Tiered/Open
- Police/Monitor/Enforce: Master/Central Committee/Distributed
- ...
- Different models: LIGO, Wikipedia, ArXiv, Open Source, ...

## CDI: Cyber-Enabled Discovery and Innovation

- Computational Thinking for Science and Engineering
- Paradigm shift
- Not just our metal tools (transistors and wires) but also our mental tools (abstractions and methods)
- It’s about partnerships and transformative research.
- To innovate in/innovatively use computational thinking; and
- To advance more than one science/engineering discipline.
- Three dimensions
- From Data to Knowledge
- Understanding Complexity in Natural, Built, and Social Systems
- Virtual Organizations

**Notes:**
Approximately 1900 Letters of intent, 1300 preliminary proposals, 200 final proposals, for ~30 awards

~650 Data to Knowledge, 500 Understanding Complexity, < 200 Virtual Organizations

90 PDs (~35 from CISE) and 6 (4 from CISE) admin staff across the agency helped

## Credits

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