# Presentation: 245208

## First OMI Measurements of Volcanic and Anthropogenic SO2 

- S.A. Carn1, N.A. Krotkov2, A.J. Krueger1, K. Yang3
- 1. Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (NASA/UMBC), UMBC, Baltimore, MD; _[scarn@umbc.edu](mailto:scarn@umbc.edu)_
- 2. Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology (GEST) Center, UMBC, Baltimore, MD
- 3. SSAI, Greenbelt, MD
- With thanks to all the OMI Science and Support Teams

## Overview

- Maximum Likelihood SO2 PGE (OMSO2) code still in development
- Band Residual Difference (BRD) algorithm developed
- Volcanic SO2 data examples
- Anthropogenic SO2 examples

## Band Residual Difference (BRD) algorithm (off-line)

- Uses OMTO3 residuals at 4 wavelengths sensitive to SO2
- SO2 Index Pair 1: res311.9 - res310.8 (min - max; <0 where SO2 present)
- SO2 Index Pair 2: res313.2 - res311.9 (max - min; >0 where SO2 present)
- SO2 Index Pair 3: res314.4 - res313.2 (min - max; <0 where SO2 present)

- *pj**pj*total column SO2 and differential SO2 absorption coefficient for pair j; *pj* differential O3 absorption coefficient for pair j; osolar zenith angle; satellite zenith angle; k = 100/ln10 (scaling factor); *res**pj*: OMTO3 residual difference for pair j; *g**pj*: estimated AMF;* **m**g*: geometric path; *H***: SO2 cloud height; *N**pj** = N(**j1**) - N(**j2**)*

## Global Sulfur Sources

|  | Northern Hemisphere | Southern Hemisphere | Global |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marine and Terrestrial DMS | 7.5 | 11.0 | 18.5 |
| Volcanic SO2 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 14.0 |
| Explosive degassing | 0.5-4 |  |  |
| Passive degassing | 5-10 |  |  |
| Biomass Burning | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.5 |
|  Fossil Fuel Use 
 and Industry | 60.5 | 6.3 | 66.8 |
| TOTAL (S, Tg) | 79.0 | 22.8 | 101.8 |

- [Bluth *et al.*, 1993; Pyle *et al.*, 1996; Graf *et al.*, 1997; Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998]

## Global Anthropogenic SO2 Emissions in 1985

## Copper smelting

- At least 1 ton of SO2 released per ton of Cu produced.
- ~50% of smelters capture <84% of SO2; 10% capture none at all.
- Most of the latter are in Australasia, South America, Africa and China.

## Global Volcanic SO2 Emissions in 1997

- [Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998]

**Volcanoes: ~15% of S emissions but ~36% of global sulfate aerosol burden **

## Manam eruption - Jan 28-31, 2005 - OMI SO2

**Notes:**
Eruption column reached ~21 km.

## Manam eruption - Jan 28, 2005 - Aqua/AIRS

- [Courtesy F. Prata, CSIRO, Australia]

## Manam eruption - Jan 28, 2005 - Aqua/AIRS

**Manam eruption - Jan 28, 2005 - Aqua/AIRS**

**Aqua/AIRS:****	****0.235Tg at 0353UT**
**Aura/OMI:****	****0.222Tg at 0411UT**

- [Courtesy F. Prata, CSIRO, Australia]

## SW Pacific volcanic SO2 emissions

**Nov 2004**
- Ambrym:      7400 td-1
- Bagana:         170 td-1
- New Britain:   100 td-1

**Dec 2004**
- Ambrym:    17000 td-1
- Bagana:         250 td-1
- New Britain:   340 td-1

**Jan 2005**
- Ambrym:    12000 td-1
- Bagana:         430 td-1
- New Britain:   700 td-1

**McGonigle ***et al.***, **GRL** [2004]**
- Bagana:         ~2000 td-1
- Ulawun:           ~640 td-1
- Tavurvur:           ~100 td-1
- Pago:                ~100 td-1

## Slide 12

## February 2005

**February 2005**
**Poor air quality in **
**S. Mariana Islands**

## Anatahan volcanic plume movie

## Anatahan volcanic plume covers Guam

## Colombia, Ecuador and Peru - a-priori SO2 emissions

## Colombia, Ecuador and Peru - OMI SO2 measurements

**Oct 2004**
- G&T: 2200 td-1
- Or:    2600 td-1
- Ilo:    3500 td-1

**Sep 2004**
- G&T: 1150 td-1
- Or:    2150 td-1
- Ilo:    4100 td-1

**Nov 2004**
- G&T: 4550 td-1
- Or:      750 td-1
- Ilo:    3600 td-1

**Dec 2004**
- G&T: 10850 td-1
- Or:        750 td-1
- Ilo:      3500 td-1

**Jan 2005**
- G&T: 5300 td-1
- Or:      500 td-1
- Ilo:    1250 td-1

**Notes:**
La Oroya at altitude in Andes; Ilo at sea level. OMI measurements suggest >1 Tg SO2 emitted by Ilo annually.

## Hawaii (Kilauea volcano) - Jan 2005

**Notes:**
Applications to volcanological studies and air quality monitoring.

## E. China - Dec 2004

**E. China - Dec 2004**

- Box contains ~50,000 tons of SO2
- 65,000 tons/day emitted in 1995 [Streets & Waldhof, 2000]

**70% of China’s energy is derived from coal burning**

**China’s SO****2**** emissions set to increase from 12 Tg (1995) to 31 Tg (2020)**

**Notes:**
SO2 emissions from China set to increase from 12 Tg in 1995 to 30.6 Tg in 2020 - provided emission controls are implemented on major power plants. If not, projected emissions could be 61 Tg in 2020.

## Summary of initial OMI SO2 analysis

- Explosive eruption clouds detected.
- Passive volcanic degassing measured.
- Preliminary validation suggests BRD algorithm produces realistic results.
- Anthropogenic SO2 emissions measured over China, Peru, USA (Ohio Valley), Europe, Central America, Uzbekistan.
- Sources generally in agreement with 1985 GEIA database.
- Anthropogenic emissions in Central & South America and China appear similar to 1985-1995, with possible recent improvements.
- Need to distinguish volcanic from anthropogenic SO2 where ‘mixing’ occurs, and account for the effects of clouds on emission measurements.

## Next steps

- BRD algorithm to be implemented as PGE
- Reflectivity corrections and error budget
- Validation of UTLS SO2 using Aqua/AIRS IR retrievals and MLS data
- Comparisons with TES SO2 retrievals?
- Validation of passive volcanic degassing using ground-based DOAS
- Volcanic plumes known to contain BrO, OH at ppb-ppm levels [Bobrowski *et al.*, Nature, 2003; Gerlach, 2004] - implicated in destruction of ozone in troposphere and stratosphere

## Applications of OMI SO2 data

- Global SO2 (and other gas) budgets and sources
- Volcano monitoring
- Air quality forecasts (combined with models)
- Trajectory model validation
- Aircraft hazard mitigation (eruption alarm)
- Near real-time system (pending) will produce OMI SO2 data ~100 minutes or less after overpass for aviation hazard mitigation

## Slide 23

## Slide 24

## Importance of SO2 measurements

- _Volcanological_
- Easiest to measure of main volcanic gases (H2O, CO2, SO2)
- Distinguishes magmatic from phreatic/hydrothermal activity
- X/SO2 ratios used to derive fluxes of other species
- Track drifting volcanic clouds - mitigate aviation hazards
- _Environmental_
- Causes acid rain - damage to plants and crops
- Contributes to poor air quality - affects humans and plants
- Precursor of sulfate aerosol which can impact climate
- Acidification of dust storms and dissolution of iron for phytoplankton uptake [Meskhidze *et al.*, JGR, 2005]