# Presentation: 535634

## Talking Freight Seminar

- Paul Bubbosh
- Environmental Protection Agency
- July 21, 2004

## Overview

- Background
- Idling Emission Impacts
- Idle Reduction Technologies
- EPA’s Efforts

## Why do trucks idle?

- Two types of idling:
- Unavoidable:  traffic light, long lines, congestion
- Avoidable:  overnight rest period
- Reasons for for long duration idling:
- Cab comfort – need for heat or air conditioning while driver rests
- Engine protection – need to heat engine & fuel in extremely cold temperatures
- On-board appliances – need to operate tv, refrigerator
- Habit – desire not to turn diesel engine off

## Where do trucks idle?

- As close as possible to their pick-up or drop-off location
- Private truck stops (restaurant, shower, fuel)
- Public rest areas (fuel, proximity to interstate)
- Border crossings
- Ports
- Side of the road

## Who idles?

- Long haul truckers
- School & transit buses
- Agriculture and construction equipment
- Locomotives (freight and passenger)
- Aircraft
- Marine vessels

## Idling Impacts

- Air pollution
- Fuel consumption
- Engine maintenance/life
- Driver health & safety

## Extent of Idling

- Population of long haul trucks:
- 500,000 – 1,000,000
- Idling hours per year:
- 1,800 – 2,400
- Fuel consumption per truck
- .80 – 1.20 gallons per idle hour
- Maintenance costs
- $1.14 per day at idle
- Population of locomotives
- “Switch yard” locomotives – 5,000

## Air Impacts

- Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Air Toxics (e.g., formaldehyde)

## Pollutants of Concern

- Long Haul Trucks:
- NOx:  180,000 tons per year
- PM:     5,000 tons per year
- CO2:   11 million tons
- Fuel:    1 billion gallons
- Switch Yard Locomotives
- NOx:   13,000 tons per year
- PM:      430 tons per year
- CO2:    .75 million tons
- Fuel:    65 million gallons

## Mobile & Idling Emissions 

- Ozone Nonattainment Areas
- 31 states
- 474 counties
- 159 million people
- Mobile emissions:  1/3 of all NOx emissions
- Idling:  5-10% of all NOx emissions

## Cost Effectiveness

- Idle Reduction Technologies
- $2,500 per ton of NOx reduced
- Assumes 10 year life of technology
- Averages use of auxiliary engine and electrification costs and benefits
- Does not include fuel savings which accrue to truck owner and which make the cost effectiveness a positive savings
- For locomotives, cost effectiveness is $1,500 per ton of NOx reduced

## Alternatives

- On-Board Technologies
- Off-Board Technologies
- Behavior

## On-Board Technologies

| Technology | Cost | Pros/Cons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Engine Control Module | 0  | No extra cost; avail. from engine mnfr.   Does not address cab comfort needs. |
| Auto. Shut-Down/Turn-On System | <$1,000 | Low cost; avail. from engine mnfr.  Low driver acceptance. |
| Fuel Fired Heaters | $900-$1,200 | Low cost, lightweight, avail. from engine mnfr.  Heat only. |
| Auxiliary Power Units/Generator Sets
 | $5,000-$7,000 | Provides all needs.  Expensive, heavy, noisy, maintenance, after-market retrofit. |
| Battery Powered Heating/AC | $7,000-$8,000 | Provides all needs, zero air emissions.  Heavy. |

## Picture of an APU

## Off-Board Technologies

| Technology | Cost | Pros/Cons |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Electrified Parking Spaces – RV Model | $6,000 per space | Lower cost.  Requires modifications to truck (electric heat/AC, inverter/charger |
| Electrified Parking Spaces –All Inclusive | $18,000 per space | No truck modifications needed.  Very expensive. |

## Pictures of Electrified Parking

## Electrification On-Board Needs

## Behavior

- Driver Incentives/Bonuses
- Differs per trucking company
- State/Local Anti-Idling Law
- Lack of enforcement; fines add revenue
- Personal Choice

## Driver Health & Safety

- Truck drivers
- Resting in vehicle idling or nearby other idling vehicles
- Exposure to harmful pollutants
- Potential health problems & disturbed sleep
- EPA funded project
- Study exposure of pollutants on truck drivers
- Partners:  DOE (Oak Ridge) & Univ. of Tenn.
- Location:  I-40 in Knoxville, TN
- Anticipated Results:  Dec., 2004

## EPA’s Objective

- Presidential Directive (May, 2001):
- Develop ways to reduce demand for petroleum transportation fuels by:
- Working with the trucking industry to establish a program to reduce emissions and fuel consumption form long-haul trucks at truck stops by:
- Implementing alternatives to idling, such as electrification and auxiliary power units.
- Developing partnership agreements with trucking fleets, truck stops, and manufacturers of idle reducing technologies.

## EPA’s Idle Reduction Program

- Research, Testing, and Assessment
- Education and Outreach
- Air Quality Guidance
- Demonstration Projects
- Innovative Funding and Incentive Opportunities
- Partnerships and Relationship Management

## EPA’s Idle Reduction Program

- Emissions Testing
- 1st Federal agency to comprehensively examine extent of idling emissions from trucks
- Future efforts will examine school and transit buses
- http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingimpacts.htm
- Education and Outreach
- Hosted conferences and workshops to educate industry and reach consensus on idling issues
- Future efforts will focus on smaller workshops targeting innovative funding opportunities
- http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm

## EPA’s Program

- State Efforts – Air Quality Guidance
- Mobile Emission Reduction Credits
- Published landmark guidance for quantifying and using idle emission reductions in SIPs, transportation and general conformity, and NSR offset credits
- http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm
- Future efforts will target working with States to create harmonization of anti-idling laws
- Need to avoid patchwork of inconsistent state laws

## EPA’s Program

- Industry Efforts
- Launched SmartWay Transport Partnership this year
- Voluntary program that encourages energy efficiency, energy security, emission reductions, and greenhouse gas reductions
- Rewards successful partners with EPA recognition
- Targets ground freight shippers and carriers (truck and rail)
- Partners include:  Fed Ex, UPS, Swift, Schneider, J.B. Hunt, Roadway, Ikea, Home Depot, Cannon, Michelin, Nike, Coca-Cola, Yellow, etc.
- To join:  www.epa.gov/smartway
- Expanding program to include truck stops and rest areas for implementing off-board idle reduction technology or no-idle zones.

## EPA’s Program

- Grant Programs – Demonstration Projects
- Awarded over $1.3 million in grants to deploy:
- On-board technologies
- Off-board technologies
- Locomotive on-board technologies
- Leveraged over 50 demonstration projects in 20 States
- Future focus on loan programs

## EPA’s Program

- Partnership and Relationship Management
- Working closely with:
- Technology manufacturers – see web listing of all commercially available idle reduction technologies at:http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingalternatives.htm
- States:  held 4 regional workshops, and planning 3-5 more
- Federal gov’t:  working closely with DOT/FHWA, DOE (Clean Cities & ANL)