# Presentation: 271235

## Electron Clouds in Present and Future High Intensity Hadron Machines

- Mike Blaskiewicz
*SNS/BNL Accelerator Physics**** ***
*Thanks to: P.Channell, V.A. Danilov, R. Davidson, W. Fischer, *
*M. Furman, K. Harkay, H.C Hseuh, G. Lambertson, Y.Y. Lee, *
*R. Macek, M. Pivi, A. Ruggiero, H. Qin, T.S. Wang, J. Wei, S.Y. Zhang*

- May, 2003

## Hadron Machines with Electron Clouds 

|  | LANL 
PSR | CERN 
PS | CERN 
SPS   | BINP 
PSR | CERN 
ISR | BNL RHIC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Main Symptom | Instability  | Diagnostic problems | Instability | Instability 1966 | Pressure
rise + | Pressure rise |
|  | 70 | 7 | 7 | 0.5 | 20 | 2 |
|  | 6.3e-4 | 1.9e-5 |  2.6e-6 | 1.3e-2 | 1.4e-4 |  4.e-6 |
|  | 7.6 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2 | 2 |
| Kinetic energy | 787 MeV (storage) | 26 GeV (extraction) | 26 GeV (injection) | 1 MeV (storage) | 30 GeV | 11 GeV/A (Au inj) |
|  | 50 | h=70,v=35 | h=70, v=23 | h=60,v=40 | h=70,v=35  | 30 |
|  | 2.2 | 6.25 | 26.6 | 0.7 | 8.9 | 28.2 |

## High Intensity Hadron Machines under construction

|  | ORNL SNS | J-PARC 3 GeV | J-PARC 50 GeV |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Primary concern | Instability | Instability
Pressure rise? | Instability
Pressure rise? |
|  | 80 | injection
38 extraction | injection
196 extraction |
|  | 5.5e-4 | 5.9e-3 injection
3.2e-4 extraction | 4.1e-4 injection
3.3e-6 extraction |
|  | 14  | 19 injection
12 extraction | 11 injection
5 extraction |
| Kinetic energy | 1 GeV | 375 MeV inj
3 GeV ext | 3 GeV inj
50 GeV ext |
|  | 100 | 125 | 65 |
|  | 6.3   | 4.2 | 22.2 |

## Origin of Electron Cloud

- Primary electrons due to losses
-  and gas stripping.
- Loss generated electrons more
-  likely to multipactor
- Approximate conservation of
- adiabatic invariant (long bunch)
- For sufficient strike energy
-  multiplication occurs.
- Secondary Emission Yield =

## Simulations for PSR

- CSEC compared with M. Furman’s POSINST.
- POSINST is 3 dimensional and shows a larger number of electrons surviving the gap.

## SEY is a distribution of distributions

- Coupons manufactured by BNL vacuum group, High pressure magnetron DC
- sputtering. Measurements done by CERN vacuum group during January 2001
- No baking or electron beam conditioning.
- Fit CSEC  model to data. Symbols are worst  fit.

## SNS electron clouds in straight sections

- CSEC uses cylindrical symmetry and variable charge macroparticles  (2D)
- Loss rate  I(t), 20 electrons per lost proton and 1% loss gives 2.e8 e/m/turn
- Also done by Furman and Pivi  in PRSTAB 034201 with smaller SEY.

## Electron current into wall for 2 MW SNS

- Total charge deposited ranges from 40 to 700 pC/cm^2/turn
- Between 10 and 50 pC/cm^2/turn for energy > 100 eV

## Calculations for  J-PARC 3 GeV RCS

- Did simulations using CSEC for SEY shown and 0.1% loss over 2000 turns.
- Larger losses had little effect on electron density in beam; saturation.
- Ohmi, Toyama, and Ohmori did a similar calculation neglecting electron-electron forces and reflected electrons,

## SEY conditioning rates

- Henrist et. al. in EPAC02 report conditioning rates for Cu
- Kijima et. al.  in SRF2001 shows data for wetted then e- conditioned TiN
- Substrates of OFHC , Cu plated SS, and Nb (600 eV data)
- Hilleret finds that the
- dependence on
- electron energy is
- at most linear (SF00)
- The last question is
- whether machines will be
- stable enough to allow
- for significant conditioning.

## Evolution of PSR instability, beam current, stripline difference signal,  electron flux at wall. Note timing

## PSR Stability Scaling Law

- Maximum number of stored protons scales linearly with RF Voltage.
- Very weak dependence on bunch length
- In earlier work, shortening bunches increased maximum stored protons
- Significant conditioning after a month of operation

## Simple picture of ep instability

- Tune shift for cold coasting beam,
-      Keil and Zotter notation
-      simplified formula
-      is the betatron tune for electron
-      focusing alone
- Tune spread in vicinity of carrier
-       frequency
- Dispersion relation
- For a cold beam the growth rate depends on beam current only through
- electron generation.

## Effect of different momentum distributions

-                                                for a 5 pole distribution.
-                          stability diagrams for                     Points below curves are stable.
- Tails of the tune
- distribution are
- important

## Bunched Beam Eigenvalue Problem

- For typical PSR conditions the bunch length is 40 electron oscillation periods.
- Polynomial basis expansion techniques require at least 3000 by 3000 matrices.
- Solution:
-  Approximate RF by a barrier cavity, yielding: 1) a rectangular bunch profile
-   2)  momentum distribution independent of longitudinal position within bunch
-  Linearize  the electron-proton force.  Model electron frequency spread using a damped harmonic oscillator (convenience).
-                                                                                Get a matrix of dimension 40*M
-                                                                                Need a good desktop cpu

## PSR stability threshold: 1st pass

- PSR with varying amounts of electron line density (nC/m)
- Crosses are from bunched beam eigenvalue problem with 5-pole distribution.
- Lines are from coasting beam and 5-pole distribution.
- Verifies coasting beam approximation.

## PSR with finite momentum aperture

- Used a parabolic momentum distribution and coasting beam dispersion relation.
- Weak dependence on electron line density (nC/m)
- Threshold dominated by large space charge tune shift.
- Nominal PSR bunch length shown.  Error is larger for shorter bunches.
- 1 nC/m,               =3,   and cold beam gives 9 microsecond growth time

## Nonlinear space charge has a small effect

- Simple 1D analytic model  (left) suggests that space charge tune spread from betatron amplitude can reduce the impact of space charge tune shift on the stability threshold.
- Simulations of case 4 with 2D coasting beam (right)  show a 30% effect.

## SNS stability threshold estimates: 1st pass

- rms bunch length is 500 ns (700 ns true),           2 and 5 nC/m
- Took Gaussian beam cross section and thin electron cloud (same as PSR)
- Lines are coasting beam 5-pole, crosses are BB eigenmode analysis, circles are coasting beam with parabolic momentum density, design voltage is 40 kV
- 5 nC/m is present only at high intensity

## SNS stability thresholds 2nd pass

- Used coasting beam estimates with peak current and momentum distributions from full RF simulation.
- Took  equal radii for proton beam and electron cloud.
- Calculated for dual harmonic RF  (h=1 and h=2)  and for h=1 alone.

## Simulations  for SNS with 32 microcoulombs

- SNS simulations for single harmonic RF with 2 nC/m.  Same bunch length,
- peak current and rms momentum spread as RF design simulations.
- No multipacting (transparent walls) or loss driven electron generation.
- Threshold agrees well with coasting beam estimate.

## Simulations for SNS with multipacting and loss driven e-

- 2 nC/m surviving gap, 16 microcoulomb bunch, 40 kV, h=1 only, SEY = 2
- Total line densities, not just in beam.
-  this simulation has an electron wall flux  around 1000 pC/cm^2/turn.

## Conclusions

- Analytic estimates for SNS, based on equivalent rms quantities, predict stability for an electron line density of 2 nC/m. The threshold is around 5 nC/m.
- Similar estimates for PSR show ?
- The electron flux at the wall is around 50 pC/cm^2/turn with 2 nC/m line density and several hundred pC/cm^2/turn for 5 nC/m line density.
- Taking the 60 Hz rep rate, 50 pC/cm^2/turn, and 400 turns/cycle gives
-        7.2 mC/mm^2/week
- 1 mC/mm^2 reduces the peak SEY below 1.8 which gives no more than 1 nC/m  of electrons surviving the gap.
- Simulations with loss generated electrons show that the electron burst at the tail destabilizes the beam.  This may reduce the intensity threshold but scrubbing will reduce the SEY. Stability at 2 MW  should be obtained within a week.
- The weak dependence on bunch length for the PSR stability threshold is still unresolved.  The calculated intensity thresholds are smaller than the experimental values.  Linear threshold estimates for SNS should be conservative.

## Electron Cloud Generation

- Primary electrons are generated via losses and collisions with gas
- Loss created electrons at the pipe wall produce many secondaries
- Model loss rate proportional to instantaneous current
- Along with secondary emission there is also the possibility of reflection
- Reflection can be elastic or rediffused
- For true secondaries