# Presentation: 623394

## DIAGNOSTICS FOR OBSERVATION and DAMPING of   E-P  INSTABILITY

- Vadim Dudnikov
- FERMILAB, December 2005

##     Motivation

- For observation and damping of e-p and ion-beam instability it is important to use adequate diagnostics
- For verification of computer codes for instability simulation it is important to have a reliable experimental date in simple conditions.
- Experiments in small scale low energy rings can be used for quantitative verification of simulation codes and for development of methods for instability damping .
- Informative diagnostics is important for collection of necessary information.

##    Outline

- e-p instability: historical remarks and references
- Small scale Proton Storage Rings
- Diagnostics
- Observations
- Damping of e-p instability
- Production of a stable space charge compensated circulating beam with high intensity

##    Abstract

- Diagnostics for observation, identification and damping of instabilities driven by interaction with secondary plasma in storage rings and synchrotrons will be considered.
- Clearing electrodes, fast gauges, fast valves, fast extractors, repulsing electrodes, electron and ion collectors with retarding grids, particle spectrometers used for the detection of secondary particle generation and secondary particle identification will be discussed.
- Features of electrostatic and magnetic dipole and quadrupole pickups will be presented.
- The influence of nonlinear generation of secondary plasma in driving and stabilization of e-p instability will be discussed.
- Observations of anomaly in secondary particle generation will be presented.
- Conditions for accumulation of proton beam with intensity greater than space charge limit will be discussed.

## Two-stream instability, historical remarks

-  Beam instability due to compensating particles were first observed with coasting proton beam and long proton bunches at the Novosibirsk INP(1965),  the CERN ISR(1971), and  the Los Alamos PSR(1986)...
- Recently two-stream instability was observed in almost all storage rings with high beam intensity.
- Observation of two-stream instability in different conditions will be reviewed.
- Diagnostics and damping of two-stream instability will be discussed.

## Two-stream instability

- Beam interaction with elements of accelerator and secondary plasma can be the reason for instabilities, causing limited beam performance.
- Improving of vacuum chamber design and reducing of impedance by orders of magnitude relative with earlier accelerators increases threshold intensity for impedance instability.
- Two-stream effects (beam interaction with a secondary plasma) become a new limitation on the beam intensity and brightness. Electron and Antiproton beams are perturbed by accumulated positive ions.
- Proton and positron beams may be affected by electrons or negative ions generated by the beam. These secondary particles can induce very fast and strong instabilities.
- These instabilities become more severe in accelerators and storage rings operating with high current and small bunch spacing.

- .

##    This instability is a problem for heavy ion inertial fusion,     but ion beam with higher current density can be more          stable.

**   **Instability can be a reason of fast pressure rise include electron stimulated gas desorbtion, ion desorbtion, and beam loss/halo scraping. Beam induced pressure rise had limited beam intensity in CERN ISR and LEAR. Currently, it is a limiting factor in RHIC, AGS Booster, and GSI SIS. It is a relevant issue at SPS, LANL PSR, and B-factories. For projects under construction and planning, such as SNS, LHC, LEIR, GSI upgrade, and heavy ion inertial fusion, it is also of concern.

## Budker Institute of Nuclear Physicswww.inp.nsk.su

## First project of proton/antiproton collider VAPP, in the Novosibirsk INP (BINP), 1960

- Development of charge-exchange injection (and negative ion sources) for high brightness proton beam production. First observation of e-p instability.
- Development of Proton/ Antiproton converter.
- Development of electron cooling for high brightness antiproton beam production.
- Production of space charge neutralized proton beam with intensity above space charge limit. Inductance Linac, Inertial Fusion, Neutron Generators.

## History of Charge Exchange Injection  (Graham Rees, ISIS , ICFA Workshop) 

- 1.   1951	         Alvarez, LBL (H-) ;
-       1956          Moon, Birmingham Un. (H+2)
- 2.   1962-66    Budker, Dimov, Dudnikov, Novosibirsk ;
-                        first  achievements; discovery of e-p instability.IPM
- 3.   1968-70    Ron Martin, ANL ; 50 MeV injection at ZGS
- 4.   1972         Jim Simpson, ANL ; 50-200 MeV, 30 Hz booster
- 5.   1975-76   ** **Ron Martin et al, ANL ; 6 1012 ppp
- 6.   1977         Rauchas et al, ANL ; IPNS 50-500 MeV, 30 Hz
- 7.   1978         Hojvat et al, FNAL ; 0.2-8 GeV, 15 Hz booster
- 8.   1982         Barton et al, BNL ; 0.2-29 GeV, AGS
- 9.   1984         First very high intensity rings ; PSR and ISIS
- 10. 1980,85,88 IHEP, KEK booster, DESY III (HERA)
- 11. 1985-90    EHF, AHF and _KAON_ design studies. SSC
- 12. 1992         AGS 1.2 GeV booster injector
- 13. 1990's       ESS, JHF and SNS 4-5 MW sources

## History of

**Surface Plasma Sources               Development**

- BDD, G.Budker, G.Dimov, V.Dudnikov
- Charge-Exchange Injection

## INP Novosibirsk, 1965, bunched beam 

- INP Novosibirsk, 1965, bunched beam

**first observation of an e****-**** driven instability? **
**coherent betatron oscillations & beam loss**
- with bunched proton beam; **threshold** ~1-1.5x1010,
- circumference 2.5 m, **stabilized by feedback**
- (G. Budker, G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, 1965).
- F. Zimmermann

- _Other __**INP PSR 1967**_:
**coasting**
**beam instability**** **
**suppressed by**
**increasing beam**
**current****;**
- fast accumulation of
- secondary plasma
- is essential for
- stabilization;
- 1.8x1012 in 6 m

- V. Dudnikov, PAC2001,
- PAC2005

## ISR, coasting proton beam,  ~1972 

** ****Damped by extensive system of electrostatic clearing electrodes**

- ISR, coasting proton beam,  ~1972
- (R. Calder, E. Fischer, O. Grobner, E. Jones)

**excitation of nonlinear**
**resonances; gradual**
**beam blow up similar**
**to multiple scattering**

- beam induced signal
- from a pick up showing
- coupled e-p oscillation;
- beam current is 12 A and
- beam energy 26 GeV

- 2x10-11 Torr,
- 3.5% neutralization,
- Q=0.015

## Slide 14

## Slide 15

## Slide 16

## Slide 17

## PSR instability, 1988

- (D. Neuffer et al, R. Macek et al.)

**beam loss** on time scale
- of 10-100 s above
- threshold  bunch charge
- of 1.5x1013,
- circumference 90 m,
**transverse oscillations**
**at 100 MHz frequency**

- beam current and vertical oscillations;
- hor. scale is 200 s/div.

## AGS Booster, 1998/99     (M.Blaskiewicz)

- coasting beam
- vertical instability
- growth time ~3 s

- ~100 MHz
- downward shift as
- instability progresses

- beam current [A]

- 500 s

- -500 s

- 5

- y power density

- 0.2 GHz

- time

## KEKB e+ beam blow up, 2000     (H. Fukuma, et al.)

- KEKB e+ beam blow up, 2000     (H. Fukuma, et al.)

**threshold of fast**
**vertical blow up**

**slow growth**
**below threshold?**

- beam current, mA

- IP spot size

-     half of solenoids on

-    all solenoids off

-   all solenoids on

## Evidence of electron cloud build-up in DAFNE (PAC05, FPAP001,002)

- recorded in four straight section locations for the
- electron (blue dots) and positron (red dots) rings.

- Evidence of electron cloud build-up in DAFNE (PAC05, FPAP001,002)

## Evidence of electron cloud build-up in DAFNE (PAC05, FPAP001)

- recorded in 2 straight section of the positron ring where a
- 50 G solenoid field was turned on (red dots) and off
- (blue dots).

- Evidence of electron cloud build-up in DAFNE (PAC05, FPAP001)

## Simulation of electron cloud build-up in DAFNE

- Electron cloud build-up along two bunch trains
- for the drift downstream of the arc: a) simple drift, b) drift with residual magnetic field of By≈ .1 T,
- c) drift with a 50
- G solenoid. (Primary electron rate dλe/ds= 0.26)

- (PAC05, FPAP001)

## Why no e-p Instability in the ISIS?

- Exotic vacuum chamber? Defocusing, scattering of secondary electrons? Collect electrons as black body?

## ISIS has much larger a and b, and low particle density. Bounce frequency is low . Only low modes of betatron oscillations are unstable. This lead to removing of electrons without beam loss.

- ISIS has much larger a and b, and low particle density. Bounce frequency is low . Only low modes of betatron oscillations are unstable. This lead to removing of electrons without beam loss.

## Referenceswww.google.com  two-stream transverse instability...

- _[http://](http://wwwslap.cern.ch/collective/electron-cloud/)__[wwwslap.cern.ch](http://wwwslap.cern.ch/collective/electron-cloud/)__[/collective/electron-cloud/](http://wwwslap.cern.ch/collective/electron-cloud/)_.

## Historical remark

- V.Dudnikov.Ph.D.thesis,1966

## References for first observation of e-p instability

- V.Dudnikov, “The intense proton beam accumulation in storage ring by charge- exchange injection method”, Ph.D.Thesis, Novosibirsk INP,1966.
- G. Budker, G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, “Experiments on production of intense proton beam by charge exchange injection method” in Proceedings of International Symposium on Electron and Positron Storage Ring, France,Sakley,1966, rep. VIII, 6.1 (1966).
- G. Budker, G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, “Experimental investigation of the intense proton beam accumulation in storage ring by charge- exchange injection method”, Soviet Atomic Energy, 22, 384 (1967).
- G.Budker, G.Dimov, V. Dudnikov, V. Shamovsky, “Experiments on electron compensation of proton beam in ring accelerator”, Proc.VI Intern. Conf. On High energy accelerators, 1967, MIT & HU,A-104, CEAL-2000, (1967).
- G.I.Dimov, V.G.Dudnikov,V.G.Shamovsky, ” Transverse instability of a proton beam due to coherent interaction with a plasma in a circular accelerator” Soviet Conference on Charge- particle accelerators”,Moscow,1968, translation from Russian, 1 1973 108565 8.
- G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, V. Shamovsky, “Investigation of the secondary charged   particles influence on the proton beam dynamic in betatron mode ”, Soviet Atomic  Energy, 29,353 (1969).
- Yu.Belchenko, G.Budker, G.Dimov, V.Dudnikov, et al. X PAC,1977.
- O.Grobner, X PAC,1977.
- E. Colton, D. Nuffer, G. Swain, R.Macek, et al., Particle Accelerators, 23,133 (1988).

## Models of two-stream instability

- The beam- induces electron cloud buildup and development of two-stream e-p instability is one of major concern for all projects with high beam intensity and brightness [1,2].
- In the discussing models of e-p instability, transverse beam oscillations is excited by relative coherent oscillation of beam particles (protons, ions, electrons) and compensating particles (electrons,ions) [3,4,5].
-  For instability a bounce frequency of electron’s oscillation in potential of proton’s beam should be close to any mode of betatron frequency of beam in the laboratory frame.
- 1.        _[http://wwwslap.cern.ch/collective/electron-cloud/](http://wwwslap.cern.ch/collective/electron-cloud/)_.
- 2.        _[http://conference.kek.jp/two-stream/](http://conference.kek.jp/two-stream/)_.
- 3.        G.I.Budker, Sov.Atomic Energy, 5,9,(1956).
- B.V. Chirikov, Sov.Atomic.Energy,19(3),239,(1965).
- Koshkarev, Zenkevich, Particle Accelerators, (1971).
- 6.        M.Giovannozzi, E.Metral, G.Metral, G.Rumolo,and F. Zimmerman , Phys.Rev.
-            ST-Accel. Beams,**6**,010101,(2003).

## Memo from: Bruno Zotterwww.aps.anl.gov/conferences/icfa/twoo-stream/

- Subject: Summary of my own conclusions of the workshop
- 1) Go on with your plans to coat the most sensitive locations in the PSR (Al stripper chamber, sections with ceramics and with high losses) with Ti nitride - make sure that the deposition technique avoids rapid flaking off;
- 2) If this is not sufficiently successful, install a transverse feedback system based on the wide-band split cylinder pickups - Dudnikov showed an example where a simple feedback seemed to work fine on e-p. If the oscillations are kept sufficiently small by it, there may be no need for high power;

## Slide 31

## Development of Charge Exchange Injection and Production of Circulating Beam with Intensity Greater than Space Charge Limit

*V.Dudnikov. “Production of an intense proton beam in storage ring by a charge- exchange injection method”, Novosibirsk, Ph.D.Thesis,INP, 1966.*
- Development of a Charge- Exchange Injection; Accumulation of proton beam up to space charge limit; Observation and damping of synchrotron oscillation; Observation and damping of the coherent transverse instability of the bunched beam. Observation of the e-p instability of coasting beam in storage ring.
- G. Budker, G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, “Experiments on production of intense proton beam by charge exchange injection method” in Proceedings of International Symposium on Electron and Positron Storage Ring, France,Sakley,1966, rep. VIII, 6.1 (1966).
- G. Budker, G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, “Experimental investigation of the intense proton beam accumulation in storage ring by charge- exchange injection method”, Soviet Atomic Energy, 22, 384 (1967).
- G.Dimov, V.Dudnikov, “Determination of circulating proton current and current density distribution (residual gas ionization profile monotor)”, Instrum. Experimental Techniques, 5, 15 (1967).
*Dimov. “Charge- exchange injection of protons into accelerators and storage rings”, Novosibirsk, INP, 1968.*
- Development of a Charge- Exchange Injection; Accumulation of a proton beam up to the space charge limit; Observation and damping of synchrotron oscillations; Observation and damping of the coherent transverse instability of the bunched beam;.
*Shamovsky. “Investigation of the Interaction of the circulating proton beam with a residual gas”, Novosibirsk, INP, 1972. *
- Observation of transverse e-p coherent instability of the coasting beam in the storage ring, Observation of a transverse Herward’s instability, Damping of instabilities, Accumulation of a proton beam with a space charge limit.
- G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, V. Shamovsky, “Transverse instability of the proton beam  induced by coherent interaction with plasma in cyclic accelerators”, Trudy Vsesousnogo soveschaniya po uskoritelyam, Moskva, 1968, v. 2, 258 (1969).
- G. Dimov, V. Dudnikov, V. Shamovsky, “Investigation of the secondary charged particles influence on the proton beam dynamic in betatron mode ”, Soviet Atomic Energy, 29,353 (1969).
- G.Budker, G.Dimov, V. Dudnikov, V. Shamovsky, “Experiments on electron compensation of proton beam in ring accelerator”, Proc.VI Intern. Conf. On High energy accelerators, 1967, MIT & HU,A-104, CEAL-2000, (1967).
-  *Chupriyanov. “Production of intense compensated proton beam in an accelerating ring”, Novosibirsk, INP, 1982.*
- Observation and damping transverse coherent e-p instability of coasting proton beam and production of the proton beam with an intensity up to 9.2 time above a space charge limit.
- G.Dimov, V.Chupriyanov, “Compensated proton beam production in an accelerating ring at a current above the space charge limit”, Particle accelerators, 14, 155- 184 (1984). Yu.Belchenko, G.Budker, G.Dimov, V.Dudnikov, et al.X PAC,1977.

##                 General view of INP PSR         with charge exchange injection 1965

- Magnet
- Vacuum chamber
- Beam line
- 5. First stripping target
- 6. Second stripping target

## INP PSR for bunched beam accumulation by charge exchange injection

- 1-   fist stripper;
- 2-   main stripper Pulsed supersonic jet;
- 3-   gas pumping;
- 4-   pickup integral;
- 5-   accelerating drift tube;
- 6-   gas luminescent profile
-       Monitor;
- 7-   Residual gas current monitor;
- 8-   residual gas IPM;
- 9-   BPM;
- 10- transformer Current monitor;
- 11- FC;
- 12- deflector for Suppression transverse instability by negative Feedback.

- Small Radius- High beam density. Revolution 5.3 MHz. 1MeV, 0.5 mA, 1 ms.

## PSR for Circulating p-Beam Production

- 1-striping gas target;
- 2-gas pulser;
- 3-FC;
- 4-Q screen;
- 5,6-moving targets;
- 7-ion collectors;
- 8-current monitor;
- 9-BPM;
- 10-Q pick ups;
- 11-magnetic BPM;
- 12-beam loss monitor;
- 13-detector of secondary particles        density;
- 14-inductor core;
- 15-gas pulsers;
- 16-gas leaks.

- Proton Energy -1 MeV; injection-up to 8 mA; bending radius-42 cm; magnetic field-3.5 kG;index-n=0.2-0.7; St. sections-106 cm;aperture-4x6 cm; revolution-1.86 MHz; circulating current up to 300mA is up to 9 time greater than a space charge limit.

## Vacuum control

- Stripping target- high dense supersonic hydrogen
-     jet (density up to e19 mol/cm3, target e17 mol/cm2 , ~1ms)
- Vacuum e-5 Torr
- Fast, open ion gauges
- Fast compact gas valves, opening of 0.1 ms.

## Fast, compact gas valve, 0.1ms, 0.8 kHz,tested for >109Pulses, operate 12 Years in BNL H- magnetron SPS

- 1 -current feedthrough;
- 2- housing; 3-clamping
- screw; 4-coil; 5- magnet
- core; 6-shield; 7-screw;
- 8-copper insert; 9-yoke;
- 10-rubber washer-
- returning springs;
- 11-ferromagnetic plate-
- armature; 12-viton stop;
- 13-viton seal; 14-sealing
-  ring; 15-aperture;
- 16-base; 17-nut.

## Photograph  of a fast, compact gas valve

## Proton beam accumulation for different injection           current (0.1-0.5 mA)

- Injected beam

- Circulating beam,
- Low injection current

- Start saturation

- Strong saturation

## Residual gas ionization beam current & profile monitors (ICM,IPM),1965

## Residual gas luminescent beam profile monitor, INP,1965

- 1- magnetic pole;
- 2- proton beam;
- 3- moving collimator
- 4- light guide;
- 5-photomultiplier;
- 6-vacuum chamber

## Beam profiles evolution during accumulation

## F.Zimmermann

## F.Zimmermann

## Modern IPM (DESY)

## Fermilab IPM

- Mark-II details

- Secondary Screen Grid

- RF Shield Over MCP

- J.Zagel

## Internal Structure, FNAL IPM 

- Main Injector
- Electrostatic Unit
-        J.Zagel

## Signal and Timing

- Typical Amplified Strip Signal
- Relative to Beam Sync Clock
- (Captured in Recycler)
- J.Zagel

## Interesting Observations

- Plate Discoloration from long term exposure to beam
- Diamondlike film deposition

## CERN Luminescence Profile Monitor

- It works with N2 injection
-     1 light channel is going to a PM for gas-luminescence studies (decay time etc.)
- 2 channels are used for profile measurements:
- The H channel is in air: it showed high background with LHC beam, due to beam losses
- The V channel is in vacuum
- The MCP has a pre-programmed variable gain over cycle
-      (it showed some problems to log on       timing events)

## CERN IPM inside

## CERN Beam profile. The Fitting Strategies

## Secondary Particles detector with repeller, INP,1967

## Mass Spectrum of Ions from the Beam

- Integral Signal (bottom), Differential Signal (top)

## Ion Detection System for High Vacuum Storage Rings.

- Ion Detection System for High Vacuum Storage Rings.

## ANL Fast collector with repeller

## Electron Sweep detector for Quadrupoles. ( R. Macek, LA NL)

## Inductive BPM, INP,1967

## Signals and spectrum from inductive BPM

## Inductive BPM (DESY)

## Transverse instability in the INP PSR, bunched beam (1965)

## Transverse instability of bunched beam in INP PSR (1965)

## Transverse instability of bunched beam with a high RF voltage

- 1-ring pickup, peak bunch
-    intensity ;
- 2-radial loss monitor.
- Beam was deflected after Instability loss.
- Two peaks structure of beam after instability loss.
- Only central part of the beam was lost

## Evolution of bunches profiles in INP PSR

- 1- 0.05 ms(100 turns);
- 2-  0.4 ms(1000 turns);
- 3-  0.8 ms (3000 turns);
- 4-  2.8 ms, before start
- transverse instability.
- Bunches period 188 ns
- coasting beam injection

## Transverse instability in Los Alamos PSR, bunched beam (1986)

## e-p instability in LA PSR, bunched beam

- Macek, LANL

## Pickup signals and electron current in LA PSR

- R.Macek, LANL

## Electron signal and proton loss in LA PSR

- R.Macek, LANL

## PSR for beam accumulation with inductive acceleration

- 1-first stripper;
- 2-magnet pole n=0.6;
- 3-hollow copper torus
- with inductance current;
- 4-main stripper;
- 5-accelerating gap;
- 6-ring pickup;
- 7-BPMs;
- 8-Res.gas IPM;
- 9-vacuum chamber.
- FC; quartz screens;
- Retarding electron and
- ion collectors/
-  spectrometers .

## e-p instability with a low threshold in INP PSR

- 1-beam current, N>7e9p
- 2-beam potential, slow
- Accumulation of electrons
-  10mcs, and fast loss 1mcs.
- 3-retarding electron collector;
- 4,5-ion collector, ionizing
- Current Monitor;
-  6,7-ion Collectors Beam
- potential monitor;
- 8,9- negative mass Instability.
- Injection:
- Coasting beam, 1MeV, 0.1mA
- R=42 cm.

## Instability of coasting beam in AG PSR, 1967

- 1- beam current
-     monitor;
- 2- vertical proton
-     loss monitor;
- 3- radial proton loss;
- 4- detected signal of
-     vertical BPM.
- 20 mcs/div.

## e-p instability of coasting beam in the INP PSR (1967)

## e-p instability of coasting beam in LA PSR,1986

## INP PSR for beam above space charge limit

## Small Scale Proton Storage Ring for Accumulation of Proton Beam with Intensity Greater than Space Charge Limit

## Beam accumulation with clearing voltage

- Secondary plasma
-     accumulation
-     suppressed by strong
-     transverse electric field.
- Vertical instability with zero mode oscillation
-      was observed
-      (Herward instability).

## Threshold intensity N (left)  and growth rate J (right) of instability as function of gas density n

- a- hydrogen; b- helium; c- air.

## Spectrums of coasting beam instability in BINP PSR  (magnetic BPM)

## Spectrums transverse beam instability in LA PSR 

- R.Macek, LANL

## Beam accumulation with space charge neutralization

## Ionization cross sections for H

## Proton beam accumulation with intensity above space charge limit

## Proton beam accumulation with intensity grater than space charge limit. Dependence of injection current.

## Beam accumulation with a plasma generator

- on

- off

## Basic parameters and threshold of the neutralization factor for e-p instability of the proton rings (coasting beams)

## Threshold of neutralization factor for coasting beam

-              JPARC-MR     PSR      ISIS    AGS    FNAL-MI   KEK-PS
- L(m)            1567.5          90         163      202       3319          339
-                     50.9           1.85       1.07       1.2        128          12.8
- Np(x1013)        33               3             3        1.8           3            0.3
- p (x1011/m)  2.1            3.3         1.8         0.89      0.09          0.089
- r(cm)           0.35             1          3.8          1          0.17          0.5
-                 -0.0013     -0.187    -0.83      -0.65      0.002       0.022
- p/p(%)         0.25            0.4        0.5        0.5         0.03         0.3
- eL/c             7739          195         69        226       6970         246
- fth                  0.0015      0.025      0.45       0.15      0.00055   0.05

## Build-up time due to ionization for the instability

- Ionization (2x10-7 Pa)
-     Y1,i=8x10-9e-/(m.p)
- = fth/cY1,i =0.4 fth
- JPARC-MR   0.6ms
- PSR          10 ms       instability is observed
- ISIS         180 ms      no instability
- AGS booster  60 ms  instability
- AGS           10 ms     no instability
- FNAL-MI    0.2 ms
- KEK-PS     20 ms     no instability

## Fast Ion-beam instability of H- beam in FNAL Linac

- BPM
- signals
- after
- preinjector
- 0.75 MeV
- 50mA

## Transverse instability in FNAL Booster, DC B, Coasting beam. Injection 400MeV, 45 mA.

## E-p instabilty in Fermilab booster

- BPM signal

- Beam intensity

## Secondary electron generation in the FERMILAB booster, normal acceleration

## Observation of anomaly in secondary electron generation in the FERMILAB Booster

- Observation of secondary particles in the booster proton beam are presented in the  Booster E-Log  at 04/06/01 .
- Reflecting plate of the Vertical Ionization Profile Monitor (VIPM) was connected to the 1 MOhm input of oscilloscope (Channel 2).
- To channel 1 is connected a signal of proton beam Charge monitor Qb, with calibration of 2 E12 p/V.
- Oscilloscope tracks of the proton beam intensity Qb (uper track) and current of secondary particles (electrons) Qe (bottom track) are shown in Fig. 1 in time scale 5 ms/div (left) and 0.25 ms/ div (right).
- The voltage on MCP plate is Vmcp=-200 V.
- It was observed strong RF signal induced by proton beam with a gap ( one long bunch). For intensity of proton beam Qb< 4E12 p electron current to the VIPM plate is low ( Qe< 0.1 V~ 1E-7 A) as corresponded to electron production by residual gas ionization by proton beam.
- For higher proton beam intensity (Qb> 4E12p) the electron current to the VIPM plate increase significantly up to Qe=15 V~ 15 E-6 A as shown in the bottom oscillogramms. This current is much greater of electron current produced by simple residual gas ionization.  This observation present an evidence of formation of high density of secondary particles in high intense proton beam in the booster, as in Los Alamos PSR and other high intense rings.
- Intense formation of secondary particles is important for the beam behavior and should be taken into account in the computer simulation.

## Instability in the Tevatron

## Instability in Tevatron

## Instability in RHIC, from PAC03

## DEPOSITS

- CATHODE DEPOSITS INDUCE DISCHARGES: cold emission

- POSITIVE IONS ACCUMULATION CREATES HIGH DIPOLE FIELD, INDUCING ELECTRON EXTRACTION (MALTER EFFECT) or sparks

## Instrumentation for observation and damping ofe-p instability 

- 1. Observation of plasma (electrons) generation and correlation with an instabilitydevelopment. Any insulated clearing electrodes could be used for detection of sufficient increase of the electron density. More sophisticated diagnostics (from ANL) is used for this application in the LANL PSR. These electrodes in different location could be used for observation of distribution of the electron generation.
- 2. For determination an importance compensating particles it is possible to use acontrolled triggering a surface breakdown by high voltage pulse on the beam pipe wall or initiation **unipolar arc**. Any high voltage feedthrough could be used for triggering of controlled discharge. Could this break down initiate an instability?
- 3. For suppression of plasma production could be used an improving of surfaceproperties around the proton beam. Cleaning of the surface from a dust and insulating films for decrease a probability of the arc discharge triggering. Deposition of the films with a low secondary emission as TiN, NEG. Transparent mesh near the wall could be used for decrease an efficient secondary electron emission and suppression of the multipactor discharge. Biased electrodes could be used for suppressing of the multipactor discharge, as in a high voltage RF cavity.
- 4. Diagnostics of the circulating beam oscillation by fast (magnetic) beam position monitors (**BPM).**
- 5. Local beam loss monitor with fast time resolution. Fast scintillator, pin diodes.
- 6. Transverse beam instability is sensitive to the RF voltage. Increase of the RF voltage is increase a delay time for instability development and smaller part of the beam is involved in the unstable oscillation development.
- 7. Instability sensitive to sextuple and octupole  component of magnetic field, chromaticity (Landau Damping), ...

## Electron generation and suppression

- Gas ionization by beam and by secondary electrons.
- Photoemission excited by SR.
- Secondary emission, RF multipactor,ion-electron emiss.
- Cold emission; Malter effect; Unipolar arc discharge (explosion emission). Artificial triggering of arc.
- Suppression:
- 1-clearind electrodes; Ultra high vacuum.
- Gaps between bunches.
- Low SEY coating: TiN, NEG.
- Transverse magnetic field.
- Arc resistant material

## Conclusion 

- Experimental dates from small scale rings can be used for verification of computer simulation.
- Stabilization of space charge compensated proton beam with a high intensity has been observed.
- It is useful to use low energy proton ring for investigation e-p instability.