# Presentation: 186983

## Current Measurement ParadigmPathway to the Vision

**Aqua**

_*Aqua Instruments*_
*AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder*
*AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit*
*AMSR - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer*
*CERES - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System*
*HSB - Humidity Sounder for Brazil*
*MODIS - Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer*

_*Aura Instruments*_
*HIRDLS — High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder*
*MLS — Microwave Limb Sounder*
*OMI — Ozone Monitoring Instrument*
*TES — Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer*

***The current paradigm for space-based remote sensing relies upon frequency-specific measurements in pre-defined orbits with fixed or narrowly variable detection ranges.  The suites of Earth observing instruments currently deployed or planned for deployment within the next three years typify this approach.****** ***

**Aura**

- TES - Makes ozone measurement in cloud free regions

- MODIS -
- Determines the location of clouds

- 15 minutes

## Advanced Sensors and the Sensorweb

- Continuous viewing
- Ability to autonomously detect an event
- Ability to characterize phenomena and inform appropriate organizations

- Agile imaging platforms
-  with full spectrometers

**Advanced Sensors and the Sensorweb**

- Energy balance

- Active lidars with imagers and spectrometers

## MotivationProgrammatic Limiters to the Vision

- Length of time to plan, development and deploy space-based instruments for periodic focused measurements
_*The result*_*: A decade may pass between the theoretical identification of a phenomenon and the deployment of a space-based asset ****limits measurement continuity and applicability***
- Limited budgets preclude continually launching unique instruments targeted toward specific measurement needs
_*The result*_*: Instrument designs are targeted to specific measurements and consequently ****once deployed cannot accommodate new scientific findings***

## Technology Enablers to the VisionKey Characteristics

*Miniaturized observatories*
*Robust, compact instrument architectures*
*Miniaturized/programmable components*
*Aperture synthesis*
*Deployable apertures*
*Low cost production*

**Technology Enablers to the Vision****Key Characteristics**

## Investment Areas and Enablers

- Long range weather prediction
- Climate prediction
- Biosphere & land process change
- Global air & water quality
- Natural hazards
- Efficient management of natural resources

- _Technology Investment Areas:_
- Detectors
- Ultra-Large Antennas & Telescopes
- Lidars
- Microwave Sensing

**Investment Areas and Enablers**

## Leverage OpportunitiesPartnerships

|  | Level of partnering from outside NASA |
| --- | --- |
| Detectors |  |
| Uncooled and Passively Cooled Detectors | High |
| Frequency Agile Detectors | Low |
| Lidar Systems |  |
| Doppler Winds (Coherent and Direct Detection) | Low |
| Microlaser Altimetry | Low |
| Atmospheric Chemistry, Clouds/Aerosols | Medium |
| Microwave Sensing | Medium-High |
| Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes | Medium |
| Data Processing and Storage | High |

| Typical Partners: |  |
| --- | --- |
| Department of Defense | Department of Energy |
| NOAA | NASA’s Space Science Enterprise |
| Other U. S. Government Labs | Academia & Industry |

## Passively Cooled Thermal IR Detectors

- Now

- 2005

- 2010

- Array Size

- 2020

- 256 x 256
- 100K

- 1 K x 1 K
- 120K

- 2 K x 2 K
- 130K

- 16 K x 16 K
- 150K

| Key Technologies
Advances current HgCdTe arrays
Ultimately using GaAS QWIP out to 20-microns
Quantum efficiency greater than 20% | Payoff
Less dependence on cooling
Higher efficiency can mean lower power requirements for active systems
 |
| --- | --- |

## Frequency Agile Detectors Using Non-Linear Optics

- Now

- 2010

- 2020

- Sub-mm

- Accessible Spectral Region

- SWIR

- Thermal
- Infrared

- UV

| Key Technologies
High-performance Si FPAs over broad spectral range (UV-FIR) | Payoff
Eliminates cryogenic cooling
Enables programmable and ultimately “universal” sensors
 |
| --- | --- |

## Lidar Systems Roadmap

- Now

- 2007

- 2015

- Increasing Capability

**1J @ 355nm**
**3m telescope**
**35% eff. det.**
**holographic scan**

**3J @ 355 nm**
**10m telescope**
**50% eff. det.**

- Doppler Winds
- (Direct Detection)

**500mJ, 10Hz**
**.5 m optics**

**NPOESS**
**1J, 12.5 Hz**
**0.75 - 1m optics**

- Doppler Winds
- (Coherent Detection)

**ICESAT**
**100mJ, 40Hz**
**0.8m optics**

**x2 lifetime**
**>efficiency**
**<mass, cost**

- Laser Altimetry

**0.1 - 0.5 m**
**ht. res.**

**VCL**
**<1m ht. res.**

- Atmospheric Chemistry,
- Clouds/Aerosols

**PICASSO-CENA**
**clouds & aerosols**
**H/V res. 250m/30m**

**UV DIAL **
**O****3**** & trace gases**** **

** ****CO****2 **

**Multi-kHz**
** ****microlaser **
**altimeter**
**~cm 3D res.**

**Scanning H****2****O DIAL**

**Lidar Systems Roadmap**

**300mJ @ 355nm**
**1m telescope**
**25% eff. det.**

## Microwave Sensing

- Now

- 2007

- 2015

- Measurement Capability

**EOS**
**MLS**

**GEO**
**SAMS**
**Demo**

**P-Band**
**SAR**

**Array**
**MLS**

**Geo Synthetic**
**Aperture Sounding**

**Compact Sounder**
**For Constellations**

**Cloud**
**Radar**

**Hi-Res**
**Precip.**
**Radar**

**Sea Surface Wind**
**Radiometer**

**Scanning**
**Cloud / Precip.**
**Radars**

**Multi-Frequency**
**SAR Interferometry**

**Soil Moisture/**
**Sea Surface**
**Salinity**
**Radiometer**

| Key Technologies
MMIC low-noise submm amps
Low-noise mixers/arrays
THz mixers and LO’s
Compact, efficient transmitter devices, P- to W- band
High throughput digital processing | Payoff
New capabilities
Increased profiling sensitivity with improved spatial sampling
Reduced mass and power
Reduced launch costs
Improved global coverage |
| --- | --- |

## Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes

**Now**

- Array Area (m2)

- 2020

- 2010

- 100000

- 10

- Areal
- Density
- (kg/m2)

- 1

- 100

**Optical Telescopes**

**RF Antennas**

- 100

- 1000

- 10000

- 10

- .1

- .01

**Multifunction Membrane Structures**

**Adaptive Membrane Optics**

**50m High Resolution Imager**

**GEO High**
**Resolution **
**Thermal Imager**

**Deployable Segmented Telescopes**

**LEO Synthetic Aperture**
**Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Winds**

**LEO Synthetic Aperture**
**Sea Surface Salinity**

**300m GEO Synthetic Aperture Radiometer**
**Soil Moisture and Sea Sea Surface Winds**

**Inflatable**
**Antennas**

**Ultra-Large Antennas and Telescopes**

| Key Technologies
Inflatable Structures
Deployable Structures
Multifunctional Structures
Adaptive Control Systems
Membrane Optics and Large Deformable Mirrors | Payoff
Enables low cost, lightweight sensor web nodes
Enables large diameter instrument front ends
Enables high spatial resolution science |
| --- | --- |

## Data Processing & Storage

- 2005

- 2010

- 2015

- 2020

- 2025

- 1 Pb

- Storage Capacity

- 100 Tb

- 1 Tb

- 1T

- 10M

- 1M

- Number of Gates

- Reconfigurable computing

**Miniaturized, 3D packaging**
**2 Gb stacks**
**Low power, mass, volume**
**$1K/Gb**

**RAM-FPGA farm**
**Basic onboard processing and data compression**
**Pre-defined formats/protocols**
**COTS/DMBS**
**Direct delivery to user**

**Improved manufacturing/ packaging process**
**$5K/Tb**

**RAM-FPGA farm**
**Advanced onboard processing; algorithm uploads**
**User selectable formats**
**Direct delivery to user**

**Holographic; photorefractive**

**Distributed RAM-FPGA**
**Interoperable processing among spacecraft and DBs**
**Direct delivery to user**

** ****Bio Computing**

**Data Processing & Storage**

## Slide 13

## Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Coherent Detection

- Tech Demo
- in Space

- Now

- 2007

- 2012

- Instrument
- Capability

- Science
- Val

- 500mJ, 10Hz
- 50 cm telescope
- Diffractive optics
- scanning

- NPOESS

- 1 J @ 2 um
- .75 to 1 meter telescope
- Diffractive optics or
- lightweight telescope

- 100mJ
- @ 2 um
- 25 cm telescope

| Payoff
Add ~1 day (average) to weather predictability (2 days in southern hemisphere)
Better global climate analyses for diagnostics (El Nino, etc) |
| --- |

## Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds Direct Detection

- Now

- 2007

- 2015

- Relative Capability

- 1000

- 30

- 1

- 300 mJ @ 355
- 1 m ø telescope
- 25% eff det

- 1 J @ 355
- 3 m ø telescope
- 35% eff det
- Holographic scanning

- 3 J @ 355
- 10 m ø telescope
- 50% eff det

**Lidar Technologies -Doppler Winds ****Direct Detection**

| Payoff
Improved weather forecast
Better understanding of long- and short-term climate |  |
| --- | --- |

## Lidar Technologies -Altimetry

- Now

- 2005

- 2010

- Instrument Capability

- 10 kHz Spaceborne
- Free Flyer (550 km)

- 4 kHz Shuttle
- Demo (300 km)

- 10 kHz Aircraft
- Demo (12 km)

| Key Technologies
Multikilohertz laser transmitter (4 mJ @ 10 kHz)
Photon-counting imaging/ ranging microchannel plate photomultiplier | Payoff
Two orders of magnitude better spatial resolution and coverage
Less prone to optical damage and improved eye safety |
| --- | --- |

- _Applications_
- Surface topography (Land, Ice, Oceans)
- Tree canopy heights (Biomass)
- Cloud heights (Radiation Balance)
- Sea level