# Presentation: 235033

## “Newer Drugs of Abuse: Identifying Drugs of Choice for Adolescents and Young Adults to Help Students Become Drug-Free Employees.” 

- Cardwell C. Nuckols, MA, PhD
- cnuckols@elitecorp.org

## Partnership For Drug Free America, 17th Annual Survey

- 1 in 5 teens had abused prescription painkillers
- Hydrocodone
- Oxycodone
- Increase in prescription psychostimulant use
- 9% had used cough syrup or other OTC products to get high
- http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7582787

## The Rat Brain

- What “turns on” the dopamine in a rats brain.....
- SEX-200% increase in dopamine
- COCAINE-300% increase in dopamine
- METHAMPHETAMINE-1100% increase in dopamine
- This explains why rats will kill themselves to get more drug-especially methamphetamine

## Slide 4

## Slide 5

## Marijuana

- Brain cannabinoid receptor
- CB1
- Endogenous Cannabinoids
- N-arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide)
- 2-arachidonylglycerol

## Slide 8

## Anandamide

- Sanskrit ananda means “bliss”
- Chemical messenger involved in mood, memory, pain perception and appetite
- Natural molecular key
- THC fits same receptor
- Anandamide is fragile and breaks down quickly
- No intense high like THC
- Chocolate

## Anandamide

- Seems to play role in making and breaking of short term memory
- Induces forgetfulness
- Substances that keep anandamide from bonding may be used to treat memory loss
- Pigs treated with anandamide walk less and lay down more-”calm”

## Classification of Substances

- Stimulant drugs
- Opioids
- Marijuana
- Depressants
- Arylcyclohexylamines
- Hallucinogens
- Others- Club Drugs, OTC, Inhalants

## Stimulant Drugs

- Methamphetamine
- Cocaine
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
- Routes of Administration
- Oral
- IV
- Pulmonary

## Stimulant Toxicity

- Increased levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine
- Hyper-arousal
- Pleasure
- Paranoia
- Increased levels of Serotonin
- Reduced hunger
- Difficulty sleeping

##  Opioids

- Natural
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Semi-synthetic
- Heroin
- Oxycodone
- Tylox
- Percodan
- OxyContin

##  Opioids

- Semi-synthetic
- Oxymorphone
- Dilaudid
- Hydrocodone
- Vicodin
- Lortab
- Synthetics
- Methadone
- Propoxyphene (Darvon)
- Lomotil

## Toxic Effects

- Nausea and Vomiting
- Pinpoint pupils
- Constipation
- Itching
- Depressed respiration
- Possible overdose death

## Cannabis

- Marijuana
- Hashish
- Hash oil
- THC
- Routes of administration
- Pulmonary
- Oral
- Increased potency

## Hallucinogens

- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
- “Acid”
- “Microdot”
- Peyote (Mescaline)
- “Buttons”
- Psilocybe (Psilocybin)
- “Magic Mushrooms”
- “Scrooms”
- Tryptamine derivatives
- “Foxy Methoxy”
- “DMT”

## Club Drugs	

- Oral administration
- MDMA
- 3,4-methylenedioxy_methamphetamine_
- “Ecstasy”
- “XTC”

## Club Drugs	

- GHB
- Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
- “Georgia Home Boy”
- “Grievous Bodily Harm”
- Rohypnol
- “Coma caps”
- “Roofies”

## MDMA Toxicity

- Dehydration
- Hyperthermia
- Increased ANS functioning
- Seizures
- Heart and kidney failure
- “Stacking and combining”
- Serotonin damage

## GHB Toxicity

- Low dose
- Reduces anxiety
- Acts as a depressant
- Affectionate and sensual response
- Slurred speech
- Energetic
- Playful

## GHB Toxicity

- High dose
- Sleep producing
- Coma
- Overdose
- Nausea and vomiting
- Like other CNS depressant drugs (alcohol,heroin)
- Seizure activity

## Rohypnol

- Benzodiazepine
- Anterograde amnesia
- “The forget-me pill”
- 10 times more powerful than Valium
- Flunitrazepam

## Inhalants

- Volatile gases and solvents
- Aerosols
- Nitrates
- Anesthetic gases
- Chemicals
- Routes of administration
- “Huffing”
- “Sniffing”

## Volatile Gases and Solvents

- Gasoline
- Butane
- Freon
- Lighter fluid
- Nail polish remover

## Aerosols

- Cooking spray(PAM)
- Spray paint
- Gold paint(copper)
- Hair spray

## Nitrates

- Butyl Nitrate
- Rush
- Locker Room
- Amyl Nitrate
- “Poppers”
- “Snappers”

## Anesthetic Gases and Chemicals

- Anesthetic gases
- Nitrous Oxide
- Chemicals
- Toluene
- Acetone
- Benzene

## Toxic Effects

- Nausea,vomiting and headaches
- Stupor
- Mood changes
- Aggressive,violent behavior
- Inflammation around nose and mouth
- Slurred speech
- Lack of muscular control

## Overdose

- Suffocation
- Heart attack
- Coma
- Death

## Over the Counter Medications

- Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
- Dipenhydramine
- Ephedrine (Ephedra)
- Example
- Nyquil

## Phenylpropanolamine

- Medical uses
- Decrease congestion
- Suppress allergic reactions
- Decrease appetite
- Trade names
- Contac
- Sinutab

## Phenylpropanolamine Toxicity

- Hypertensive crisis
- Seizures
- Psychiatric
- Paranoid Psychosis
- Visual and auditory hallucinations
- Suicidal behavior

## Diphenhydramine

- Medical uses
- Reduces allergic reactions
- Motion sickness
- Induces sleep
- Trade names
- Benadryl
- Sominex
- Nytol

## Diphenhydramine Toxicity

- Convulsions
- Red face
- Hallucinations
- Coma

## Ephedrine(Ephedra)

- Medical uses
- Asthma
- Decongestant
- Suppresses allergic reaction
- Trade names
- Bronkaid
- Nyquil
- Tedral

## Ephedrine Toxicity

- Severe anxiety
- Confusion
- Delirium
- Muscle tremors
- Irregular heart rate

## Nyquil

- Alcohol
- Dextromethorphan (cough suppressant)
- Pseudoephedrine (decongestant)
- Doxylamine succinate (antihistamine)
- Acetaminophen (pain/fever)

## THANK YOU

- THERE IS NO COMPLETELY SAFE DRUG. TOO MUCH OF ANY SUBSTANCE-INCLUDING WATER-CAN BE HARMFUL.