# Presentation: 265406

## Energy Consumption Statistical Collection and Reporting System for Industry工业能源消费统计数据收集和报告体系

-  Stephanie J. Battles 斯蒂芬妮 J. 白特
- Energy Information Administration
- U.S. Department of Energy
- 美国能源部能源信息管理局(EIA)

##  What Does EIA Do?  EIA做什么?

- Collect national-level supply, consumption, distribution, and energy price data收集国家的总体能源供应、消费、分布和能源价格数据
- Collected by EIA staff using surveys or census由 EIA工作人员采用调研和普查的方式收集
- Collected by trade associations/other government agencies由商业协会或其政府机构收集
- Analyses of data数据分析
- Technical reports and articles技术报告和论文
- Forecasts of energy use能源使用预测
- Short term: 1.5-2 years 短期: 1.5-2 年
- Midterm: 20 years中期: 20年

## How EIA was Created (1) EIA 的建立 (1)

**1974: ****Federal Energy Administration (FEA) Act ****联邦能源署 ****(****FEA)****法令 ****(****P.L. 93-275, 15 USC 761)**
- Created the FEA and mandated it to collect, assemble, evaluate, and analyze energy information; provide energy information and projections to the Federal Government, State Governments, and the public; and provide Congress with an annual report summarizing these activities 成立了联邦能源署(FEA)并委托它收集、整理、评估和分析能源数据;向联邦政府、州政府和公众提供能源信息和反馈;向国会提供这些活动的年度报告摘要。
- It also provided FEA with data collection enforcement authority for gathering data from energy producing and consuming firms 同时指定 FEA 为数据收集权威机构,负责收集能源生产和消费公司的数据

##  How EIA was Created (2)   EIA 的建立 (2)

**1976: ****Energy Conservation and Production Act (P.L. 94-385, 15 USC 790) **1976: 节能和能源产品法令 (P.L. 94-385, 15 USC 790)
- Established within the FEA, the Office of Energy Information and Analysis (which later became the Energy Information Administration (EIA))-----
-    在FEA内部建立了能源信息和分析办公室 (即后来的能源信息管理局(EIA))-----

##  How EIA was Created (3)     EIA 的建立 (3)

**1977: ****Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act (P.L. 95-91, 42 USC 7135) **1977: 能源部 (DOE)组织机构法令 (P.L. 95-91, 42 USC 7135)
- Established EIA as the single Federal Government authority for energy information. Gave EIA independence from the rest of DOE with respect to data collection, and from the whole Government with respect to the content of EIA reports------建立 EIA,使之成为专门收集能源信息的联邦政府机构。它独立于DOE其它部门及整个政府,以保证数据收集和报告内容的公正性------

## How Does EIA Enforce Respondent Cooperation? EIA如何保证被调查方与之合作

**USC: Title 15: Sec Title 15: Sec. 797. Enforcement ****USC: ****标题**** ****15: ****第****797****节****. ****强制条款**
**(****a) Violations: It shall be unlawful for any person to violate any ****provision of**** section 2 (relating to coal conversion and allocation) or**** section 11 (****relating to energy information)**** or to violate any rule, regulation, or order ---****issued pursuant to any such provision.**** ****违法:任何人违反第****2****部分条款****(有关煤的转化和配置)****或第****11****部分(关于能源信息),或违反****任何依照上述条款制定的****任何规则、法规或命令,均是违法的。**
**(****b)(1) ****Whoever violates**** any provision -- ****of subsection**** (a) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $2,500 for each violation**.
**(2) ****Whoever willfully violates**** any provision --****of subsection**** (a) shall be fined not more than $5,000 for each violation.**** ****(****1****)****违反(****a****)****中任何条款将受到对每一条违法不超过****$2500****的民事罚款。****(2)****蓄意违反(****a****)****中任何条款将受到对每一条违法不超过****$5000****的罚款。**** **

## How Does EIA Assure Data Confidentiality? EIA如何做到数据保密?

- Decisions on confidentiality provisions are based on laws, regulations, and public input数据保密的规定是基于法律、法规和公众要求确立的
- On **survey materials** forms and instructions) , EIA explains confidentiality provisions and how the data will be used EIA在调查表及说明书上,解释保密规定并说明收集来的数据将被如何使用
- EIA’s provisions for confidentiality, the need for the data, and planned uses are important considerations in companies’ willingness to provide data—only provide if data confidential.EIA在制定关于保密、所需数据和有计划使用数据的规定,充分考虑到了公司提供数据的自愿性——只有在保密的前提下,公司才会提供数据。

## Collecting Manufacturing Energy Data: Authority 收集制造业能源数据: 权威机构

**Title 42: Sec. 7135. Energy Information Administration (updated)****标题 ****42:  ****第****7135****节 能源信息管理局 ****(****已更新****)**
- (i) Manufacturers energy consumption survey 制造厂能耗调查
- (1) The Administrator shall conduct and publish the results of a survey of energy consumption in the manufacturing industries in the United States at least once every two years **(three years)** and in a manner designed to **protect the confidentiality** of individual responses.** **(1)管理局至少每两年(或三年)整理和发布一次美国制造业能源消费的调查结果。管理局对每个公司提供的数据进行保密

## Why Use a Sample Instead of  a Census?为什么不用普查的方式而采用抽取样品的方式收集数据?

- Target population is large (about 400,000 manufacturing establishments)目标群体太大(约400,000 制造公司)
- Expensive in time and money时间和财力的花费太高
- Data Processing Expensive Response burden (increases the total hours filling out forms)
- 处理反馈数据的费用负担过重 (增加了总的填表时间)

## What is the Target Population for the MECS Sample? MECS(制造业能源消费调查)抽样的目标群体是什么?

- Company: Industry’s Suggestion公司:工业界的建议
- collect data using trade associations通过商业协会收集数据
- aggregate it through Trade Associations to the Company level由商业协会收集公司级的数据
- data compilation complex数据编辑
- linking problem for widespread companies分布广泛的各地公司之间的数据共享问题
- Establishment:完成:
- confidentiality concerns could be met保密条款
- establishment list available待选企业名录
- subsampling from Census Annual Survey of Manufactures’ list从制造业企业年度普查中二次抽样
- transferring economic data available from Census将普查中可用的数据转化为经济数据

## How Does EIA Obtain the MECS Sample? EIA如何抽取MECS样品(即被调查公司)?

- Sampling Frame: What is used to define the population from which the sampling units are selected.取样设计:如何定义目标群体
- Area Frame: A set of geographic areas from which the sample is chosen地域选择:列出所有可进行样品选择的地域
- List Frame: A list of sampling units from which the sample is chosen
- 名录设计:列出供选样品名录

## Questionnaire Design Issues调查表内容的设计

- Determine the data to be collected确定要收集的数据
- Federal registry notice联邦注册所要求的
- User needs用户需要的
- Federal mandate联邦政府所需的
- Is it possible to collect the data?收集数据参考方式
- Site visits现场考察
- Pretests/pilots预备调查/试点
- Focus groups集中调查
- Cognitive studies权威报告

## Questionnaire Development编写调查表 

- Use simple language使用简洁语言
- Use common concepts使用常用名词
- Only ask for manageable tasks设置易回答的问题
- Contain clear definitions for shared meanings对通用概念要有明确的界定
- Specific questions are better than general questions具体的问题比笼统的问题要好
- Use closed questions if possible如有可能,则问保密的问题
- Use open questions only when unfamiliar with all the answers当不熟悉被调查者时,只问公开的问题
- Question order may matter问题的次序也很关键

## What (or Who) Determines the Manufacturing Data EIA Collects?什么(或谁)决定了EIA收集何种制造业数据

- Benchmark needs基准需要
- User needs用户需要
- Sponsor出资方
- Major events重大事件
- Laws法规
- Budget预算

**EPACT 1992:**
- ...the Administrator shall collect
- information, including -管理局将收集的信息包括 -
- (A) quantity of fuels consumed;燃料的消耗量
- (B) energy expenditures;能源支出
- (C) fuel switching capabilities; and 燃料转换能力
- (D) use of non-purchased sources of energy, such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, waste by-products, and cogeneration. (D) 非购买能源如太阳能、风能、生物质能、地热、废物利用和热电联产的使用

## Initial Screening/Data Entry初始筛选/数据输入

- Check to ensure correct establishment was surveyed保证收集数据
- Screened for completeness of form确保表格填写好
- Incomplete forms may need contact with respondents对于没有填写完的表格,需要与企业联系
- Data Coding (Convert verbal information into numbers)数据代码 (把口头信息转换成数字信息)
- Assign codes for each question对每个问题编以代码
- Data Entry数据输入
- Data keyed by hand数据手动键盘输入
- Computer transfer if used计算机转换

## Sampling Error抽样误差

- Causes--Examples原因——举例如下
- Chance May Result in Untypical Choices选取样品可能不具代表性
- It is a Sample and Not a Census—each possible sample produces different estimates of population values, depending on the set of establishments chosen只是样品而不是普查——根据被选样品估计出的整体值,会因所定估算标准的不同而不一致。

_**Sampling Error**_**: Sampling error is the difference between the sample and the population that are due solely to the particular elementary units that happen to be selected.**_**抽样误差**_**: ****是指所选样品与整体间的差异所引起的误差**

## Nonsampling Error非抽样误差

- Nonsampling Error非抽样误差

- Defects in the frame方法设计有缺陷
- Defects in the selection of the sample样品选择有缺陷
- Mistakes in the collection of the data, e.g., interviewer bias数据收集错误,如被调查者的偏见
- Nonresponse—unit establishment/item没有反馈
- Questionnaire Design调查表的设计
- Mistakes at the processing stage数据处理过程的错误

_**Nonsampling Error**_**: The error in an estimate which cannot be attributed to sample fluctuations. **_**非抽样误差:**_**非样品波动引起的误差**

## Confidentiality of Data数据保密

- Extra measures taken to assure the protection of confidentiality such as blanking and/or modifying the values of primary and secondary identifying variables采取特别的措施对数据保密,如空出或/和修改初级和次级变量的值
- Can significantly limit or reduce the value of the data collection可以很大程度限制或减少收集数据的价值

## Confidentiality of DataMECS MECS数据的保密

- Survey conducted according to the confidentiality provisions of the Bureau of the Census as specified in title 13, section 9, of the U.S. Code根据美国普查局的专门条款如美国规范第9 部分标题13,进行调查
- Under this law, responses to the MECS are onfidential根据此法律, MECS的反馈信息属于保密范畴
- Sworn Census employees have access to the data宣誓后的普查员才有机会接触数据
- Respondents are informed of both the confidentiality provisions and the mandatory nature of the survey
- 告知被调查者相关保密条文的同时,也要说明此类调查的强制性

##  Disclosure Analysis 公开分析

- A disclosure avoidance technique
-  in which the sensitive data
-  in the publication is replaced with a “W.”
- 公开发布的刊物中,为避免涉及技术内容,对敏感数据用“W”代替

## Energy Intensity in the U.S. Steel Industry 1994-1998美国钢铁业耗能情况 

- EIA: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Surveys and
- American Iron and Steel Institute, Annual Statistical Reports.
- 制造业能源消费调查和美国钢铁研究院,年度统计报告.

## Change in Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry钢铁业能耗变化 (1985 =1)

- Change in Energy Intensity in the Iron and Steel Industry钢铁业能耗变化 (1985 =1)

## Data Collection System:Important Issues数据收集体系: 重要结论

**Planning the Survey****规划好调查**
- What are the questions?需要调查的问题有哪些?
- What data are needed to answer the questions?回答问题需要什么数据?
- How best to obtain the necessary data?如何最好地获得必须的数据?
-  What level of accuracy is necessary? 所需的准确度要求?
**Consistency in:****保持以下各方面的连续性**:
- Funding资金支持
- Updating the target population更新目标群体
- Questionnaire design调查表设计
- Fielding the survey, e.g. data collection methods and editing调查领域,如数据收集方法和编辑