# Presentation: 940739

**SOUTHERN REGION**
**METAR/TAF**
**BRIEFING**
**SPRING 1996**

**Notes:**
INTRODUCTION

## An Introduction to theICAO Format

**Notes:**

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## ICAO Weather 

**OBJECTIVE**
**Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather products.**
**MOTIVATION**
**US will comply with ICAO procedures by  July 1, 1996.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]
Our “Objective” is to “be able to interpret and disseminate ICAO weather products.”
[CLICK]
Our “Motivation” is that the “U.S. will comply with ICAO procedures by June, 1996.”

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## ICAO Weather 

**METAR****	****      **
**Aviation Routine Weather report**
**SPECI  ****         **
**Special Aviation Weather report**
**TAF****               **
**Terminal Forecast**
**TAF AMD     **
**Amended Terminal Forecast**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  A METAR is a routine aviation weather report that replaces the current SAO.
[CLICK]  A SPECI is a special aviation weather report which replaces the current SP.
[CLICK]  A TAF is a terminal forecast to replace the current FT.
[CLICK]  And aTAF AMD is an amended terminal forecast.

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## Routine Aviation Weather Report  (METAR)

**MIA SA 1856 AO2A CLR BLO 120 10+  118/32/21/0807/997 **
**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 A2997  RMK  AO2 SLP118**

**Notes:**
Routine Aviation Weather Report
[CLICK]  This is the SAO as we are used to seeing, “Miami automated weather observation, clear below one two thousand, visibility more than one zero, temperature five four , dewpoint two five, wind one six zero at seven, altimeter  two niner eight two.”
[CLICK]  And this is what the future METAR will look like, “Miami automated weather observation, wind one six zero at seven, visibility more than one zero, clear below one two thousand, temperature one two Celsius , dewpoint minus four, altimeter two niner eight two.”

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## MeteorologicalAerodromeReport

**Notes:**
“METAR” is the contraction for a “Meteorological Aerodrome Report.”

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## ORDER OF ENTRY

**SURFACE ANALYSIS****LOCID / RPT TYPE / OBS TYPE / TIME /  AUTO / SKY  COND /  VSBY / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SLP / TEMP / DEW PT / WIND / ALSTG/ RMKS****METAR**
**RPT TYPE / LOCID / TIME / AUTO / SFC WIND / VSBY / RVR / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SKY COND / TEMP / DEW PT /  ALSTG / RMKS ****                                                                                                              **

## METAR

**METAR**** ****KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**TYPE OF REPORT**

**Notes:**
The first item is the ‘type of report’,
	a.  METAR
	b.  SPECI

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## METAR

**METAR**** KMIA ****231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**LOCATION ****in FOUR LETTERS**
**KDEN, PAFA, PHNL, CYYC, MMMX**

**Notes:**
Next is the station identification in four letters.  Weather stations and airports, with number and letter combinations that report weather, will be changed to four letter identifications.

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA ****231856Z**** ****AUTO 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**DATE/TIME ****group in UTC**
**Observation between H+50 & 00**
**International on the hour - 231900Z**

**Notes:**
The date/time group in UTC is next.

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z**** ****AUTO ****08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**AUTOMATED ****Weather Observations**
**Fully automated, no human intervention**
**AUTO removed when an observer is present**

**Notes:**
Next is “AUTO” to denote an automated weather observation.  It means there is no human intervention, and the observation is fully automated.  If an observer is logged on to the ASOS, then  “AUTO” is removed from the report.

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z**** ****COR**** 08007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**CORRECTION**
**Canada - CCA, **

**Notes:**
Another contraction we might see is “COR” for a corrected report.

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO ****08007KT**** 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**SURFACE WIND**
**Direction in Three Digits**
**Speed in Two or Three Digits plus Gusts  **
**    ****00000KT   VRB06KT   33012MPS 18032KPH    24015G25KT 200V270**

**Notes:**
The wind direction is given in three digits.
Wind speed is given in two or three digits as necessary, plus wind gusts as required.
In the report above, “Wind one six zero at seven.”
In the examples below:
“Wind calm.”
“Wind variable at six.”
“Wind three three zero at one two meters per second.”
“Wind two four zero at one five gust two five, wind variable two zero zero to two seven zero.”

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT ****10SM ****CLR 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**VISIBILITY **
**20SM****	****	****	****Statute Miles**
**M1/4SM****	****	****AUTO only **
**7000****	****	****	****Meters **
**15KM****	****	****	****Kilometers**

**Notes:**
Prevailing visibility is shown in two digits in statute miles.
“Visibility two zero.”
“Visibility less than one quarter,” is the lowest limit of the ASOS capability.
Some international reports may look like this:
“Visibility seven thousand meters.”
“Visibility one five kilometers.”

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## METAR

**METAR KJFK 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 1/4SM ****R21/1600FT ****+SN BKN045 M06/M10  A2982  RMK  AO2**
**RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE**
**R21/****	****	****Runway, plus L, C, or R**
**1600FT****	****Visibility, ****M****0600FT/****P****6000FT**
**R10L/1600V2000FT****	****Variability**
**Canada****	****1600/D, 1600/U, 1600/N**

**Notes:**
If a runway visual range is available, it is shown after the prevailing visibility.  
The runway is designated with an “R”, and the runway in two digits followed by a slant.
The range is shown in four digits followed by  “FT.”
“Runway two one R-V-R one thousand six hundred.”
“R-V-R less than six hundred.”
“R-V-R more than six thousand.”
“Runway one zero left R-V-R one thousand six hundred variable to two thousand.”

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 5SM ****-SHRA  ****BKN045 32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**SIGNIFICANT WEATHER**
**Present at the station or in the          vicinity**

**Notes:**
Following the visibility is any significant weather present at the station or in the vicinity of the station.

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## QUALIFIERIntensity

**	****-****	****	****Light**
**none****	****	****Moderate**
**	****+****	****	****Heavy**

**Notes:**
The intensity symbols of any weather phenomena is not changed, however the symbol is placed BEFORE the weather phenomena and its descriptor.  In addition, the intensity refers to the total amount of precipitation.

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## QUALIFIERProximity

**VC****	****	****Vicinity**
**Within ****5**** to ****10****SM of station, except precipitation is ****0**** to ****10****SM. **
**VCTS****	****	****	****VCSH**
**VCFG****	****	****	****VCPO**
**VCBLSN****	****	****VCDS**
**VCBLDU****	****	****VCSS**

**Notes:**
New to our reports will be the proximity qualifier of  “VC” to denote “in the vicinity.”

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## QUALIFIERDescriptor

**MI****FG  ****BC****FG  ****PR****FG**
**BL****DU  ****SH****RA  ****DR****SN  ****FZ****DZ **
**TS****GR  VC****TS  ****VC****SH**

**Notes:**
The descriptors we will use are those from the ICAO system.  
Some of these descriptors are used only  with certain precipitation or restriction to visibility groups.
Only one descriptor can be used with each weather phenomena group.  There may be up to three groups.  The exceptions to this rule are VCSH and VCTS. 
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## QUALIFIERDescriptor

**MI****	****	****	****Shallow *****(mince)***
**MIFG**
**BC****	****	****Patches *****(banc)***
**BCFG**
**PR****	****	****	****Partial**
**PRFG**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  As you can see, a few of the descriptors are based on French words.
These descriptors are used ONLY with fog.
“Shallow fog.  mince (mince).”
[CLICK]  “Patches of fog. banc (bahn).”
[CLICK]  “Partial fog.”

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## QUALIFIERDescriptor

**SH****	****	****Showers**
**SHRA, SHSN, SHPE, SHGR, SHGS**
**DR****	****Low**** ****Drifting**
**DRSN, DRDU, DRSA**
**TS****	****	****Thunderstorm**
**TS, TSRA, TSGR, TSRASNGR**

**Notes:**
Continuing, we have:
[CLICK]  showers
[CLICK]  drifting
[CLICK]  and thunderstorms.
The thunderstorm descriptor is the only one that can also be used by itself.

[CLICK to the next slide[CLICK]

## QUALIFIERDescriptor

**FZ ****	****Freezing**
**FZRA, FZDZ, FZFG**
**BL****	****	****Blowing**
**BLSN, BLSA, BLPY, BLDU**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Freezing and 
[CLICK]  blowing can only be used in these combinations.

[CLICK to the next slide[CLICK]

## WEATHER PHENOMENAPrecipitation

**DZ****	****	****Drizzle**
**RA****	****Rain**
**SN****	****	****Snow**
**SG****	****Snow Grains**
**IC****	****	****Ice Crystals**

**Notes:**
Following the descriptors are the precipitation types.  Most of these are reasonably easy to decipher.
[CLICK] Drizzle.
[CLICK] Rain.
[CLICK] Snow.
[CLICK] Snow grains.
[CLICK] Ice crystals are also called diamond dust.

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## WEATHER PHENOMENAPrecipitation

**PE****	****	****Ice Pellets**
**GR****	****Hail *****(grele) *****(**_**>**_**1/4IN)**
**GS****	****Small Hail**** *****(gresil) *****or    ****	****	****	****	****Snow Pellets ****(<1/4IN)**
**UP****	****	****Unknown Precipitation    **

**Notes:**
[CLICK] Ice pellets.
[CLICK] Hail, which is based on the French word Grele (grayl), refers to the largest hailstone measuring one-quarter inch or more in diameter.
[CLICK] Small hail, which is based on the French word Gresil (gray-sill), refers to hailstones of less than one-quarter inch in diameter.
[CLICK] And unknown precipitation which is reported by ASOS stations when confused.

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## WEATHER PHENOMENAObstructions to Visibility

**BR****	****Mist *****(brume) *****(VIS 5/8 - 6)**
**FG****	****	****Fog (VIS <5/8)**
**FU****	****	****Smoke**** *****(fumee)***
**VA****	****	****Volcanic Ash**

**Notes:**
After precipitation, the restrictions to visibility groups are next. 
[CLICK] The first of these is new to the U.S.   Mist refers to suspended water droplets which restrict the visibilty from five-eighths of a mile to six miles.  This contraction is based on the French word brume (broom).
[CLICK] Fog is reported when suspended water droplets reduce the visibility to less than five-eighths of a mile.  The exception to this rule is when the water droplets are at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, where freezing fog refers to visibility's from zero to six miles.
[CLICK] Smoke is based on the French word fumee (few-meh).
[CLICK] Also new is the contraction VA for volcanic ash.
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## WEATHER PHENOMENARestrictions to Visibility

**SA****	****	****Sand**
**HZ****	****	****Haze**
**PY****	****	****Spray**
**DU****	****Dust**

**Notes:**
[CLICK] Sand.
[CLICK] Haze.
[CLICK] Spray.
[CLICK] Widespread Dust.

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## WEATHER PHENOMENAOther

**SQ****      Squalls (Sudden increase at least 16 kts, at 22 kts or more lasting at least 1 min.)**
**SS/+SS****	****	****Sandstorm **
**DS/+DS****	****	****Duststorm**

**Notes:**
Other weather phenomena are:
[CLICK] Squall.
[CLICK] A sand storm  is reported if  the visibility  is more than or equal to 5/16 mile and less than or equal to 5/8 mile.  If the visibility is less than 5/16 mile a plus sign is placed in front of the SS. With a visibility greater than 5/8 mile Blowing Sand is reported.
[CLICK] A dust storm is reported if the visibility is more than or equal to 5/16 mile and less than or equal to 5/8 mile.  If the visibility is less than 5/16 mile a plus sign is placed in front.  With a visibility greater than 5/8 mile Blowing Dust  is reported.
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## WEATHER PHENOMENAOther

**PO****	****Dust / Sand Whirls**
**FC****	****	****Funnel Cloud**
**+FC****	****Tornado ****or**** Waterspout**

**Notes:**
[CLICK] Well developed dust or sand whirls.
[CLICK] Funnel cloud.
[CLICK] And if a tornado or waterspout is reported a plus sign is placed in front of the symbol for a funnel cloud.
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## WEATHER PHENOMENAExamples

**MIFG****	****	****Shallow Fog**
**BLSA****	****	****Blowing Sand**
**VCTS****	****	****Thunderstorm in the  ****	****	****       ****	****   ****	**** Vicinity**
**FZDZ****	****	****Freezing Drizzle**
**-RASN****	****	****Light Rain & Snow**
**    ****+FC +TSRASNGR BLSN**

**Notes:**
Some examples are:
[CLICK] Shallow fog.
[CLICK] Blowing Sand.
[CLICK] Thunderstorm in the vicinity.
[CLICK] Freezing Drizzle.
[CLICK] And light rain and snow.  The total amount of rain and snow is light precipitation.
[CLICK] An example of weather phenomena in three groups is:  
TORNADO (or WATERSPOUT), 
Thunderstorm,
Heavy rain and snow,
Hail,
Blowing snow.
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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM ****CLR**** ****32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**SKY CONDITION**
**Automated report - ****CLR ****BLO 120**

**Notes:**
Following the weather phenomena is the sky condition.
In this example, clear below one two thousand is being reported by an automated station.
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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT 10SM**** BKN035 ****32/21 A2997  RMK  AO2**
**SKY CONDITION**
**Cloud bases in 3 digits, ****001, 011, 110**
**Sky cover in ****OKTA****s (eighths)**
**No ceiling designator, ****first**** BKN or OVC  layer aloft is the ceiling**

**Notes:**
Otherwise, cloud heights are reported using three digits, one hundred, one thousand one hundred, and one one thousand.
Sky coverage is given in OKTA’s (ahk-tah’s), or eighths of sky cover.
No ceiling designator is used, so we’ll have to look for the first broken or overcast layer that is not ground based.  The example in the Miami Metar is, “Ceiling, three thousand five hundred broken.”
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## SKY CONDITION

**SKC or CLR****	****Clear**
**FEW015****	****Few >0 - **_**<**_**2/8**
**SCT029****	****Scattered  3/8 - 4/8**
**BKN045****	****Broken  5/8 - 7/8 **
**OVC110****	****Overcast  8/8**

**Notes:**
[CLICK] “Sky clear.”
[CLICK] “A few clouds at one thousand five hundred.”
[CLICK] “Two thousand niner hundred scattered.”
[CLICK] “Four thousand five hundred broken.”
[CLICK] “one one thousand overcast.”

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## SKY CONDITION

**BKN060****TCU  **** ****Towering Cumulus**
**OVC090****CB  ****   Cumulonimbus**
**VV004****	****    Vertical Visibility**
**Indefinite ceiling 400**

**Notes:**
[CLICK] In most cases, the cloud types are not indicated in the new Metar.  The exception to this rule are: 
“Six thousand broken towering cumulus.”
[CLICK] “Niner thousand overcast cumulonimbus.”
[CLICK] An indefinite ceiling is indicated by the contraction VV followed by the vertical visibility in hundreds of feet.  
“Indefinite ceiling, four hundred sky obscured.”

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## SKY CONDITIONPartial Obscurations

**FEW000 ****>0 to 2/8 sky obscured**
**Few clouds less than five zero**
**SCT000****  ****3/8 to 4/8 sky obscured**
**Scattered clouds less than five zero**
**BKN000**** ****5/8 to 7/8 sky obscured**
**Broken clouds less than five zero**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  The next three conditions are ground based obscurations.  In each case we would state, “Sky partially obscured.”  Later, in the remarks section,  we would let the pilot know how much obscuring phenomena is being reported.
Few is one to two eighths of the sky obscured.
[CLICK]  Scattered is three to four-eighths obscured.
[CLICK]  Broken is from five to seven-eighths obscured.
[CLICK]  “Visibility four, mist, sky partially obscured.”
[CLICK]  “Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky partially obscured, ceiling seven hundred broken.”

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## SKY CONDITIONPartial Obscurations

**4SM BR BKN000 (RMK BR BKN000)**
**Visibility four, mist (fog), sky partially obscured five to seven eighths of the sky obscured by clouds **
**1/2SM SN FG BKN000 BKN007**
**Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky partially obscured five to seven eights of the sky obscured by clouds, ceiling seven hundred broken**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  The next three conditions are ground based obscurations.  In each case we would state, “Sky partially obscured.”  Later, in the remarks section,  we would let the pilot know how much obscuring phenomena is being reported.
Few is one to two eighths of the sky obscured.
[CLICK]  Scattered is three to four-eighths obscured.
[CLICK]  Broken is from five to seven-eighths obscured.
[CLICK]  “Visibility four, mist, sky partially obscured.”
[CLICK]  “Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky partially obscured, ceiling seven hundred broken.”

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## METAR

**METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR**** 12/M04 ****A2982  RMK  AO2**
**TEMPERATURE / DEW POINT**
**in Celsius          M for Minus****	**
**3 Degree spread for saturation**
**If temperature missing, group is omitted**
**If dew point missing, only temp shown ****32/**

**Notes:**
The next group is the temperature and dewpoint.  Temperatures are now reported in degrees Celsius, using an ‘M’ to denote minus or negative temperatures.  In Celsius, a three degree spread is the caution for saturated airmasses.  If the temperature is is missing, the whole group is omitted.  If only the dewpoint is missing, then the temperature is shown, followed by a slant and spaces where the dewpoint would normally go.
“Temperature one two, dewpoint minus four.”
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## METAR

**METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT 10SM CLR 12/M04 ****A2982 ****RMK  AO2**
**ALTIMETER SETTING**
**A2982****	****Inches of Mercury**
**Q1013****	****hectoPascals (Millibars)**

**Notes:**
The next reported item is the altimeter setting in inches of mercury, which is indicated by the ‘A’ beginning this item.  Most of the rest of the world, outside of North America, uses hectoPascals, formerly known as Millibars.

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## METAR

**METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 29007KT 10SM CLR 32/21 A2997  ****RMK AO2 WSHFT 1834 $**
**REMARKS**

**Notes:**
Last, but by nomeans last, are the remarks.  There are numerous abbreviations and additive data groups in this section.

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## REMARKS

**VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS**
**TORNADIC ACTIVITY**
**TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD, WATERSPOUT**
**TYPE OF AUTOMATED STATION**
**AO1, AO2**
**PEAK WIND**
**PK WND 20032/25**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  First, as always, is any tornadic activity.
[CLICK]  Next is the type of automated surface observing system.
[CLICK]  Following, as necessary, “Peak wind, two zero zero at three two at two five past the hour.”

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## REMARKS

**WIND SHIFT**
**WSHFT 15**
**TOWER OR SURFACE VISIBILITY **
**TWR VIS 2**
**SFC VIS 2 1/2**
**VARIABLE PREVAILING VISIBILITY**
**VIS 3/4V1 1/2**
**SECTOR VISIBILITY**
**VIS N 2**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Windshift at one seven one five.”
[CLICK]  “Tower visibility two.”
[CLICK]  “Surface visibility two and one-half.”
[CLICK]  “Visibility three-quarters variable to one and one-half.”

[CLICK to next slide

## REMARKS

**VISIBILITY AT 2ND SITE**
**VIS 3/4 RY11**
**LIGHTNING**
**FRQ LTGCC NE, CONS LTGCG SW**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Runway one one visibility three-quarters.”
[CLICK]  “Frequent lightning northeast.  Continuous lightning southwest.”
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## REMARKS

**DSNT**
**Distant, 10 to 30 miles from station**
**OCNL**
**Occasional**
**FRQ**
**Frequent**
**CONS**
**Continuous**
**OHD**
**Overhead**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Distant phenomena is occurring from ten to thirty miles from the station.
[CLICK]  Occasional.
[CLICK]  Frequent.
[CLICK]  Continuous.
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## REMARKS

**BEGINNING AND ENDING **
**TSB20E44, RAE50, SNB1254E41**
**THUNDERSTORM LOCATION**
**TS OHD MOV N, TS DSNT S MOV N**
**HAILSTONE SIZE**
**GR 1 3/4**
**VIRGA**
**VIRGA SW**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Thunderstorm began at two zero one four.  Rain ended at one three five zero.  Snow began at one two five four, ended at one three four one.”
[CLICK]  “Virga southwest.”
[CLICK]  “Ceiling one thousand three hundred variable to one thousand seven hundred.”

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## REMARKS

**VARIABLE CEILING HEIGHT**
**CIG 013V017**
**OBSCURATIONS**
**FG FEW000, VA SCT000, FU BKN020**
**VARIABLE SKY CONDITION**
**SCT V BKN, BKN025 V OVC**
**SIGNIFICANT CLOUDS**
**CB W MOV E, TCU OHD, ACSL W**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Runway one one ceiling one thousand seven hundred.”
[CLICK]  “Pressure rising rapidly.  Pressure falling rapidly.”
[CLICK]  “Sea level pressure one zero one four point five hecto- Pascals.  Sea level pressure not available.”

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## REMARKS

**CEILING AT 2ND SITE**
**CIG 020 RY11**
**PRESSURE RISING/FALLING RAPIDLY**
**PRESRR, PRESFR**
**SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE**
**SLP145, SLPNO**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Runway one one ceiling one thousand seven hundred.”
[CLICK]  “Pressure rising rapidly.  Pressure falling rapidly.”
[CLICK]  “Sea level pressure one zero one four point five hecto- Pascals.  Sea level pressure not available.”

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## REMARKS

**AIRCRAFT MISHAP**
**(ACFT MSHP)**
**NO SPECIAL AVAILABLE**
**NOSPECI**
**SNOW INCREASING RAPIDLY**
**SNICR 3/17**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Hourly precipitation totals reported by  automated stations.  Three hundredths.
[CLICK]  Three and six hourly precipitation totals.  Nine hundredths.
[CLICK]  Twenty four hour precipitation totals reported at 1200Z.  Fifteen hundredths.

[CLICK to next slide]  

## REMARKSExamples

**TS NE MOV E**
**DARK NW**
**BR SCT000**
**FU BKN020**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Other examples of remarks that might be reported:
 “Thunderstorm in the vicinity northwest, shower in the vicinity northwest.”
[CLICK]  “Dark northwest”
[CLICK]  “Mist obscuring three to four eighths of the sky.”
[CLICK]  “Smoke layer aloft at two thousand.”

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## REMARKSExamples

**TORNADO**
**SCT V BKN**
**BKN014 V OVC**
**LAST**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “No special.”
[CLICK]  “Aircraft mishap.”
[CLICK]  “Broken layer at one thousand four hundred variable to overcast.”
[CLICK]  “Last report.”

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## Example

**METAR KATL 221451Z 00000KT 25SM OVC030 05/03 A3018 RMK SLP145**

**Notes:**
“Miami, wind calm, visibility two five, ceiling three thousand overcast, temperature five Celsius, dewpoint three, altimeter three zero one eight.”

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## Example

**METAR KATL 221456Z AUTO 33009KT 5SM -RA BR BKN012 OVC023 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2**

**Notes:**
“Billings automated weather observation, wind three three zero at niner, visibility five, light rain, mist, ceiling one thousand two hundred, two thousand three hundred, temperature eight Celsius, dewpoint seven, altimeter three zero zero niner.”

[CLICK]

## Example

**METAR KBOS 221456Z AUTO 08024KT 3/8SM +SN FG BLSN  VV003 M10/   A3011 RMK AO2**

**Notes:**
“Kalispell automated weather observation, wind zero eight zero at two four, visibility three-eighths, heavy  snow, fog, blowing snow, indefinite ceiling three hundred sky obscured, temperature minus one zero Celsius, dewpoint missing, altimeter three zero one one.”

[CLICK to next slide]

## Example

**METAR KORD 221352Z VRB04KT     1SM R3/5200FT FZFG BKN000 BKN009 M05/M05 A3018 RMK AO2 FZFG BKN000 VIS 3/4V1 1/4**

**Notes:**
“Great Falls, wind variable at four, visibility one and one-quarter freezing fog, runway three R-V-R five thousand two hundred, sky partially obscured, ceiling niner hundred broken, temperature  minus five Celsius, dewpoint minus four, altimeter three zero one eight, remarks freezing fog obscuring five to seven-eighths of the sky, visibility three-quarters variable to one and three-quarters.

[CLICK]

## Some More Examples

**METAR VHHH 241500Z 00000KT 4000 -DZ SCT005 15/15 Q1027**
**METAR NZAA 241500Z 14005KT 25KM SCT034 11/08   Q1017.5**
**METAR VVTS 241500Z 16003MPS 8000 -SHRA SCT015 SCT017 29/25 Q1008**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Hong Kong, wind calm, visibility  four thousand meters, light drizzle, five hundred scattered, temperature one five Celsius, dewpoint one five, altimeter one zero two seven hectoPascals.”
[CLICK]  “Auckland, New Zealand, wind one four zero at five, visibility two five kilometers, three thousand four hundred scattered, temperature one one Celsius, dewpoint eight, altimeter one zero one seven point five hectoPascals.”
[CLICK]  The next location ident may not be familiar, but some folks will recognize the name.  Tan Son Nhut (Tahn Sun Newt) is an airport outside Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam, which was once known as Saigon.  “Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam, wind one six zero at three meters per second, visibility eight thousand meters, light rain showers, one thousand five hundred scattered, one thousand seven hundred scattered, temperature two niner Celsius, dewpoint two five, altimeter one zero zero eight hectoPascals.”

[CLICK]

## SpecialAerodromeReport

**Notes:**
SPECI is the contraction for a special aerodrome report.

[CLICK to next slide]

## SPECI

**SPECI ****KTYS 221236Z 32009KT 5SM    RA BR SCT015 OVC027 20/18 A2979 RMK AO2 MTNS OBSCD ALQDS**
**SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS**
**between H+00 and H+50**
**Aircraft Mishap (not transmitted)**
**Significant Weather Change**

**Notes:**
Special observations are taken between the top of the hour and fifty minutes past the hour, whenever there is an aircraft mishap or a significant change in the weather.
“Salt Lake City special report, three six observation, wind three two zero at niner, visibility five, moderate rain, mist, one thousand five hundred scattered, ceiling two thousand seven hundred overcast, temperature two zero Celsius, dewpoint one eight, altimeter two niner seven niner, remarks mountains obscured all quadrants.”

[CLICK to next slide]

## A Few More Examples

**SPECI KBNA 221536Z AUTO 01013KT 10SM -RA BKN014 OVC025 06/03 A3004 RMK AO2 SLP164**
**SPECI KMEM 221513Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM BKN018 BKN024 OVC033 10/06 A3013 RMK AO2 CIG 017V019**
**SPECI KMCN 221609Z AUTO 02005KT 7SM -RA OVC016 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  “Glendive special report, three six automated weather observation, wind zero one zero at one three, visibility one zero, light rain, ceiling one thousand  four hundred broken, two thousand five hundred overcast, temperature six Celsius, dewpoint three, altimeter three zero zero four.”
[CLICK]  “Havre special report, one three automated weather observation, wind calm, visibility one zero, ceiling one thousand eight hundred broken, two thousand four hundred broken, three thousand three hundred overcast, temperature one zero Celsius, dewpoint six, altimeter three zero one three, remarks ceiling one thousand seven hundred variable to one thousand niner hundred.”
[CLICK]  “Glasgow special report, zero nine automated weather observation, wind zero two zero at five, visibility seven, light rain, ceiling one thousand six hundred overcast, temperature eight Celsius, dewpoint seven, altimeter three zero zero niner.”

[CLICK to next slide]

## AerodromeForecast(TAF)

**Notes:**
TAF is the contraction for a terminal aerodrome forecast.

[CLICK to next slide]

## TAF

**The expected meteorological conditions significant to aviation at an airport during the specified time.**
**Airport defined as the area within a 5sm radius of the center of the airport layout plan (ALP).**

**Notes:**
This is a terminal forecast for Sea-Tac.  As you can see the format is basically the same as used in the Metar and Speci.

[CLICK to next slide]

## ORDER OF ENTRY

**TAF****LOCID / ISSUE TIME / VALID TIME / WIND / VSBY / SIG WX / SKY COND / WS****FT****LOCI / VALID TIME / FROPA / SKY COND / VSBY / WX + OBVIS / WIND / RMKS**

## TAF

**TAF **
**KATL ****091720Z 091818 ****22020KT 3SM **
**-SHRA BKN020TCU ****BECMG**** 2023 30015G25KT 3SM  SHRA OVC015  ****PROB40**** 2022 1/2SM TSRA OVC008CB **
**FM2300**** 27008KT 5SM -SHRA BKN020 OVC040 ****TEMPO**** 0407 00000KT 1SM SHRA**
**FM1000**** 22010KT 5SM -SHRA OVC020 ****BECMG**** 1315 ****P6SM NSW ****SKC=    **

**Notes:**
This is a terminal forecast for Sea-Tac.  As you can see the format is basically the same as used in the Metar and Speci.

[CLICK to next slide]

## TAF

**091720Z ****	****DATE/TIME GROUP**
**When forecast was produced**
**091818 ****	****VALID DATE/TIME**
**24-hour forecast at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z**
**All forecast elements, no PROB40/PROB30 in first 6 hours**
**FM 2000****	****TIME DIVIDER**
**From 2000Z, a rapid change, <1 hr**
**All forecast elements**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## TAF

**BECMG 1315****	****CHG INDICATOR**
**Becoming between 1300 and 1500Z**
**Gradual change - 2 hours**
**TEMPO 0407****	****CHG INDICATOR**
**Temporarily between 0400 and 0700Z**
**Occurs only within time group**
**Each occurence less than 1 hour**
**Sum of occurences less than 1/2 time**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  If a short duration weather phenomena is expected to occasionally occur in a time segment, such as a thunderstorm, then a forecast of  Temporarily is inserted.
[CLICK]  Shower and thunderstorm occurrences, for instance, are given a Probability percentage and the time expected.
[CLICK]  If the visibility is expected to be more than six miles, the contraction Plus six statute miles is used.  In an international forecast, four nines are used to signify a visibility of more than ten thousand meters.
[CLICK]  And if no significant weather is forecast, N-S-W will be inserted.

[CLICK to next slide]

## TAF

**PROB30 2024/PROB40 2123 **
**Probability of 30-39% between 2000 and 2400Z of precip or TS/Probability of 40-49% between 2100 and 2300Z**
** **
**P6SM**
**Visibility Plus 6SM, ****9999**** ****in Meters**
**NSW**
**No Significant Weather**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  If a short duration weather phenomena is expected to occasionally occur in a time segment, such as a thunderstorm, then a forecast of  Temporarily is inserted.
[CLICK]  Shower and thunderstorm occurrences, for instance, are given a Probability percentage and the time expected.
[CLICK]  If the visibility is expected to be more than six miles, the contraction Plus six statute miles is used.  In an international forecast, four nines are used to signify a visibility of more than ten thousand meters.
[CLICK]  And if no significant weather is forecast, N-S-W will be inserted.

[CLICK to next slide]

## TAF

**  ****TAF**
**   ****KSRQ NIL UNTIL 14Z**
**No forecast until a given time**
**  ****TAF**
**   ****KGNV NIL AMD AFT 04Z**
**No amendments after a given time**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  If a short duration weather phenomena is expected to occasionally occur in a time segment, such as a thunderstorm, then a forecast of  Temporarily is inserted.
[CLICK]  Shower and thunderstorm occurrences, for instance, are given a Probability percentage and the time expected.
[CLICK]  If the visibility is expected to be more than six miles, the contraction Plus six statute miles is used.  In an international forecast, four nines are used to signify a visibility of more than ten thousand meters.
[CLICK]  And if no significant weather is forecast, N-S-W will be inserted.

[CLICK to next slide]

## TAF

**FORECAST CONDITIONS**
**Wind**
**Visibility**
**Weather**
**Sky Condition**
**Optional Data**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## TAF

**WIND**
**00000KT****	****	****3KT or less**
**VRB04****	****	****Too light to forecast**
**VRB25G45KT****	****Forecast TS**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## TAF

**VISIBILITY**
**P6SM****	****No obstructions to visibility except VA **
**WEATHER**
**VCFG****	****Vis <3sm**
**VCSH****	****No qualifiers**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## TAF

**WEATHER**
**NSW****	****	****not used in predominate groups (1st period and FR)**
**NSW****	****	****no precip or obstruction to visibility**
**NSW****	****	****does not exclude wx advisories or cloud layers**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## TAF

**SKY CONDITIONS**
**CB****	****	****Only cloud type in TAF**
**OPTIONAL ****	****WS010/18040KT**
**Low Level Wind Shear - Surface to 2000 feet AGL**
**Non-convective**
**WS010****	****Wind shear bases at 1000 feet**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Following the station ident is the date and time the forecast was produced.
[CLICK]  Next is the date and time the forecast is valid.
[CLICK]  Each time segment in the forecast is proceeded by either From
[CLICK]  or Becoming.

[Click to next slide]

## Example

**TAF **
**KATL 091720Z 091818 08014KT 5SM BR OVC008 TEMPO 1819 2SM TSRA OVC005CB BECMG 1920 OVC010 TEMPO 1922 2SM -SHRA BR OVC006 BECMG 2123 08019KT P6SM NSW**
**   ****FM 0300 06005KT 3SM BR BKN000 OVC008 TEMPO 0307 1SM BR VV006 BECMG 0607 03015KT 5SM BR OVC015=**

**Notes:**
This is a forecast for Minneapolis-St. Paul produced on the ninth at one seven two zero zulu.  The valid time is the ninth at one eight zero zero zulu until the tenth at one eight zero zero zulu.  Wind zero eight zero at one four, mist, ceiling eight hundred overcast, temporarily between one eight zero zero zulu and one nine zero zero zulu, visibilty two, thunderstorm, moderate rain, ceiling five hundred overcast cumulonimbus.  
From between one nine zero zero zulu and two zero zero zero zulu, ceiling one thousand overcast, temporarily between one nine zero zero zulu and two two zero zero zulu, visibility two, light rain showers, mist, ceiling six hundred overcast.
From between two one zero zero zulu and two two zero zulu, wind zero eight zero at one nine, visibility more than six, no significant weather.

Go to next page.

## Another Example

**TAF AMD **
**KSDF 091819Z 091918 17009KT P6SM SCT100 TEMPO 0005 OVC040CB PROB40 0005 3SM TSRA BR **
**FM 0400 18010KT P6SM SCT015 OVC040 TEMPO 0510 3SM TSRA BR OVC015CB **
**FM 0900 15011KT 3SM -SHRA BR SCT008 OVC012 TEMPO 1017 2SM TSRA BR OVC008CB=**

**Notes:**
Here is an amended forecast for Dulles International.  
Dulles amended forecast for the ninth from one nine zero zero zulu until the tenth at one seven zero zero zulu, wind one seven zero at nine, visibility more than six, one zero thousand scattered, temporarily  between zero zero zero zero zulu and zero five zero zero zulu, ceiling four thousand overcast towering cumulus, a probability of four zero percent between zero zero zero zero zulu and zero five zero zero zulu, visibility three, thunderstorm, moderate rain showers, mist.
From between zero four zero zero zulu and zero five zero zero zulu, visibility more than six, one thousand five hundred scattered, ceiling four thousand overcast, temporarily between zero five zero zero zulu and one zero zero zero zulu, visibility three, thunderstorm, moderate rain showers, mist, one thousand five hundred overcast cumulonimbus.

Go to next page.

## Just Another Example

**TAF **
**KMSY 101120Z 101212 18012KT 5SM            SHRA SCT007CB BKN025 TEMPO 1822 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB **
**FM 2100 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 2223 2SM TSRA **
**FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB40 0007 4SM -TSRA **
**FM 0600 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015 PROB040 0710 -TSRA BECMG 0910 00000KT 3SM BR=**

**Notes:**
And here is a forecast for New Orleans.
New Orleans forecast for the ninth at one seven two zero zulu, valid from the ninth at one eight zero zero zulu until the tenth at one eight zero zero zulu, wind one eight zero at one two, visibility five, light rain showers, seven hundred scattered, ceiling two thousand five hundred broken, temporarily  between one eight zero zero zulu and two two zero zero zulu, wind one eight zero at one seven gust three five, visibility one, thunderstorm, heavy rain showers, mist, ceiling seven hundred overcast cumulonimbus.
Becoming between two one zero zero zulu and two two zero zero zulu, wind one seven zero at on two, visibility more than six, no significant weather, one thousand five hundred scattered, ceiling three thousand broken, temporarily  between two two zero zero zulu and two four zero zero zulu, visibility two, thunderstorm, moderate rain showers.

Go to next page.

## Still Another Example

**TAF **
**KMEM 150523Z 150606 18012KT 5SM            SHRA SCT007 BKN025 TEMPO 1115 18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB **
**FM 1500 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030 TEMPO 1923 2SM TSRA **
**FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB30 0004 4SM -TSRA **
**FM 0400 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015**
**NIL AMD AFT 03Z**

**Notes:**
And here is a forecast for New Orleans.
New Orleans forecast for the ninth at one seven two zero zulu, valid from the ninth at one eight zero zero zulu until the tenth at one eight zero zero zulu, wind one eight zero at one two, visibility five, light rain showers, seven hundred scattered, ceiling two thousand five hundred broken, temporarily  between one eight zero zero zulu and two two zero zero zulu, wind one eight zero at one seven gust three five, visibility one, thunderstorm, heavy rain showers, mist, ceiling seven hundred overcast cumulonimbus.
Becoming between two one zero zero zulu and two two zero zero zulu, wind one seven zero at on two, visibility more than six, no significant weather, one thousand five hundred scattered, ceiling three thousand broken, temporarily  between two two zero zero zulu and two four zero zero zulu, visibility two, thunderstorm, moderate rain showers.

Go to next page.

## Any Questions?

**OK, then I have a few!**

**Notes:**
Are there any questions about the material we have covered?

[CLICK]

[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**An aviation routine weather report is called a _________________.**
**a.  METAR**
**b.  TAF**
**c.  SPECI**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**An aviation routine weather report is called a _________________.**
**a.  METAR**
**b.  TAF**
**c.  SPECI**

**Notes:**

[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**METAR KTYS 1452  00000KT 10SM SCT015  BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD**
**The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.**
**A.  1500**
**B.  3200**
**C.  4000**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**METAR KTYS 1452  00000KT 10SM SCT015  BKN032 OVC040 06/03 A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD**
**The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.**
**A.  1500**
**B.  3200**
**C.  4000**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN V SCT**
**The temperature at Denver is about ________ degrees F.**
**A.  41**
**B.  48**
**C.  57**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2  BKN V SCT**
**The temperature at Denver is about _________ degrees F.**
**A.  41**
**B.  48**
**C.  57**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15**
**What type of report is this?**
**A. Aviation routine weather report.**
**B. Aerodrome forecast.**
**C. Special aviation weather report.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15**
**What type of report is this?**
**A. Aviation routine weather report.**
**B. Aerodrome forecast.**
**C. Special aviation weather report.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM           -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15**
**The restriction to visibility at MACON  is ______________.**
**A.  mist**
**B.  brief rain**
**C.  light rain**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM           -RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972 RMK RB15**
**The restriction to visibility at MACON is ______________.**
**A.  mist**
**B.  brief rain**
**C.  light rain**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**The contraction for “smog” is _________.**
**A.  FK**
**B.  FG SK **
**C.  FG FU**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**The contraction for “smog” is _________.**
**A.  FK**
**B.  FG SK**
**C.  FG FU**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## QUESTION

**SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OVHD MOV NE**
**What weather phenomena is occurring?**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## ANSWER

**SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM +TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS OVHD MOV NE**
**What weather phenomena is occurring?**
**Thunderstorm, heavy rain, hail.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**The contraction for Ice Pellets is _______.**
**A.  PE**
**B.  IC**
**C.  PO**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## RESPONSE ITEM

**The contraction for Ice Pellets is _______.**
**1.  PE**
**2.  IC**
**3.  PO**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## QUESTION

**TAF**
**KATL 241115Z 1212 14007KT 1SM  BR SCT030 **
**FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM  BR TEMPO 1922  1/4SM  FG BKN002 **
**What is forecast at Atlanta after 2300Z?**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## ANSWER

**TAF**
**KATL 241115Z 241212 14007KT 1SM  BR SCT030 **
**FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM  BR TEMPO 1922  1/4SM  FG BKN002 **
**Wind 150 at 15, visibility 5/8 fog, occasionally between 1900 and 2200 1/4 fog,ceiling 200 BKN.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## QUESTION

**TAF **
**KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300 **
**FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100 **
**What is forecast at Gainsville between 18-20Z?**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## ANSWER

**TAF **
**KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM SCT023 SCT300 **
**FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023 OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT P6SM SCT022 BKN100 **
**Wind 110 at 8, visibility greater than 6, 2300 SCT  30000 sct.**

**Notes:**
[CLICK to next slide]

## QUESTION

**1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU       **
**        ****What in the world is that?**

**Notes:**
[CLICK for the answer]

## ANSWER

**1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU**
**Visibility 1/2**
**Funnel Cloud**
**Thunderstorm**
**Light Rain**
**Hail**
**Blowing Dust**

**Notes:**
[CLICK]  Visibility one-half.
[CLICK]  Funnel cloud.
[CLICK]  Thunderstorm
[CLICK]  Light rain.
[CLICK]  Hail.
[CLICK]  Blowing dust.

[CLICK to next slide]

## Summary

**METAR****	****      **
**Aviation Routine Weather report**
**SPECI ****         **
**Special Aviation Weather report**
**TAF ****             **
**Aerodrome Forecast**
**TAF AMD     **
**Amended Aerodrome Forecast**

## ICAO Weather 

**OBJECTIVE**
**Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather products.**
**MOTIVATION**
**US will comply with ICAO procedures by  July 1, 1996.**

## Where to get more information

**Other training sessions**
**List books, articles, electronic sources**
**Consulting services, other sources**

## Oh, no!

***Oh, no!***

## RESPONSE ITEM

**The first slide in this presentation showed ___________________.**
**1.  a star**
**2.  an airplane**
**3.  SOUTHERN REGION**
**4. ****	****all of the above**

**FAA**
**SOUTHERN REGION**

## Thank you very much !

**Thank you very much !**
**Your comments are welcome.**

## The End

**The End**