# Presentation: 122370

## ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999

**Envelope Requirements**

**Merle F. McBride, Ph.D., P.E.**
- Owens Corning
- Past Chair of ASHRAE SSPC 90.1

## How to Get the Standard

- Standard 90.1-2001 is now available
- Visit the ASHRAE Bookstore at http://xp10.ashrae.org/bookstore/section.html or call 1-800-5 ASHRAE or 404-636-8400

## Status of State Adoption

- Meets or Exceeds 90.1-1989*Meets or Exceeds 90.1-1999
- In Process of reviewing/considering/adopting
- *Includes unique versions of the code

**Status of State Adoption**

## Overview

- 1 – Background
- 2 – Development
- 3 – Criteria
- 4 – Compliance
- 5 – Errata
- 6 – Addenda

**Notes:**
 - Welcome to the Satellite Broadcast
 - Appreciate the opportunity to present 
 - Intent is to provide insights not available by just reading the standard.

OVERVIEW
 - Eight topics to be covered.
 - Brief descriptions on Background and Development
 - Major focus is on the criteria
 - Finish up with remaining topics
 - We have scheduled time for questions at the end of the presentation

## 1 - Background

**Notes:**
1 – Explain the major underlying differences between 1989 and 1999 by focusing on 
	a.  Development process
	b.  Stringency

## Background

| Issues | 1989 | 1999 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Criteria Development | Professional Judgement | Life-Cycle Cost Economics |
| Simplified Criteria | U-Factor | Insulation R-Value |
| Component Tradeoffs | Equal Energy Consumption  | Equally Cost Effective |
| Envelope Tradeoffs | Windows and Walls | Entire Envelope |

**Notes:**
1 – Equal Energy Consumption – What is base construction?  Most prevalent or typical.  SSPC decides.
2 – Equally Cost Effective – Architect/Owner decide on construction then determine stringency for that construction.

## Criteria Development

**Objectives**
- Technically Feasible
- Economically Justified
- Balanced

**Approach**
- Analyze Actual Products
- Life Cycle Cost Analyses
- Equate All Marginal Costs to Savings Ratios

## Building Technology

**ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Relative Stringency**

**0**

**0.2**

**0.4**

**0.6**

**0.8**

**1**

**1.2**

**Envelope**

**Mechanical**

**Lighting**

**Building Technology**

**Relative Stringency**

**1999**

**1989**

## 2- Criteria Development

**Notes:**
Rigorous analytical process.

## Modeling Assumptions

**Modeling Assumptions**

- Building Types
- Retail
- Office
- HVAC
- Roof Top Units
- Gas Fired
- Evaporative Cooling
- Fuel Prices
- National Averages
- Heating	$0.66/therm
- Cooling	$0.08/kWh
- Locations
- 11 Cities from across all U.S. census divisions and regions

**Notes:**
INTERJECTION

 - WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR $0.66/THERM?

## Modeled Retail BuildingOne Story

- 12,000 ft2
- 13 ft floor to floor
- WWR = 0.15
- 100 ft x 100 ft core
- 15 ft. perimeter spaces
- Floor Construction
- 15% slab on grade
- 15% exposed to outside air
- 70% adjacent to plenum below

**Modeled Retail Building****One Story**

## Modeled Office BuildingTwo Story

- 22,000 ft2

- 13 ft floor to floor

- WWR = 0.2

- 100 ft x 100 ft core

- 15 ft. perimeter spaces

- Floor Construction

- 15% slab on grade

- 15% exposed to outside air

- 70% adjacent to plenum below

**Modeled Office Building****Two Story**

## Slide 13

## 3 - Criteria

## Criteria

**Notes:**
Mandatory provisions must be met regardless of which compliance method is followed.

## General - Building Envelope Scope

## Slide 17

## Slide 18

## Space-Conditioning Categories

- Nonresidential Conditioned Space
- Residential Conditioned Space
- Semiheated Space

**Notes:**
1 – Internal Load Density = Lighting Power
	Density + Equipment Power Density + Occupancy Load Adjustment

Lighting Power Density = Interior Lighting Power
Allowance x Gross Lighted Area
Interior Lighting Power Allowance = Unit Lighting
Power Allowance x Gross Lighted Area

2 – Project Factor
3 – SC – fenestration
4 – U-Factor – Fenestration
5 – VLT – if daylighting

## Slide 20

**Notes:**
1 - Space will only be semiheated.
2 - Space will remain unconditioned.
3 - Floor plans must mark all spaces.

## Mandatory Criteria

- Insulation
- Fenestration
- Air Leakage

## Insulation

- Rated R-Values per Manufacturer
- Substantial Contact
- Recessed Equipment
- Suspended Ceilings
- Exterior Insulation Protected

**Notes:**
1 – Rated R-Value (Loose Fill-3/12, baffles) [X-MB Roofs & Walls]

2 – Contact (inside surface) [X-reflective]

3 – Recessed equipment (X-<1%, area-weighted)

4 – No roof ins. Above suspended ceilings

5 – Protection (Prevent damage)  Outside, below grade

## Fenestration

- U-factor Criteria
- Production line units or purchased by consumer
- NFRC 100
- Accredited Laboratory
- Labeled and Certified by Manufacturer
- Exceptions
- Glazed Wall Systems & Skylights - A.8.1
- Low Emissivity Coatings - NFRC
- Vertical Fenestration except for (a) - A.8.2
- Opaque Doors - A.7
- Garage Doors - NAGDM

## Fenestration

- SHGC Criteria
- NFRC
- Accredited Laboratory
- Labeled and Certified by Manufacturer
- Exceptions
- SC x 0.86 - NFRC
- Center of Glass - NFRC
- Glazed Wall Systems - A.8.1
- Vertical Fenestration - A.8.2

## Fenestration

- Visible Light Transmission
- NFRC
- Verified and Certified by Manufacturer

## Air Leakage

- Minimize air leakage by sealing, caulking, gasketing, or weather-stripping
- joints around fenestration & door frames
- junctions between walls and roofs
- utility services
- site built fenestration
- ducts and plenums
- vapor retarder joints, seams, and holes
- all other openings

## Air Leakage

- Seal
- Outside air intakes
- Exhaust outlets
- Relief outlets
- Stair shaft
- Elevator shaft smoke relief openings
- Shut off damper control - 6.2.3.2.4
- Gravity vent controls - 6.2.3.3

## Air Leakage

- Fenestration and Doors - NFRC
- Swinging Entrance - < 1.0 cfm/ft2
- Revolving Doors
- All other products -  < 0.4 cfm/ft2
- Exceptions
- Field Fabricated
- Garage Doors - NAGDM 105
- Expired on January 1, 2000

**Notes:**
C – ASTM E283 exception expired January 1, 2000

## Slide 29

**Notes:**
Loading Dock Weatherseals
> 3600 HDD65
Cargo Doors
Loading Dock Doors

## Slide 30

**Notes:**
Criteria for Vestibules
Exterior door to conditioned space
7 ft between interior and exterior door
Self-closing devices on all doors
Exceptions
a - < 1800 HDD65
b - < 4 stories above grade
c - Mechanical or electrical equipment doors
d - Directly from dwelling units
e -  < 3000 ft2
f - Revolving doors
g - Vehicular movement, material handling adjacent personnel doors

INTERJECTION
 - IS THIS A NEW CRITERIA?

## Prescriptive Criteria

- U-factors (Roofs, Walls, Floors, Fenestration)
- C-factors (Below Grade Walls)
- F-factors (Slab-On-Grade Floors)
- R-values (Roofs, Walls, Floors)
- Exception
- N/A No requirement
- SHGC (Fenestration)

**Notes:**
The NR can exist for R-Values and SHGC.

## Prescriptive Criteria

- Opaque Areas in Multiple Assemblies
- Allowed
- Area Weight within Single Class of Construction
- Area Weight U-factors, C-factors and F-factors
- Not Allowed
- Area Weight R-values
- Area Weight Across Multiple Classes of Construction
- Area Weight across multiple Space-Conditioning Categories

## Slide 33

**Notes:**
Review the major elements of the criteria tables.

## Slide 34

## Slide 35

## Slide 36

## Slide 37

## Nonresidential

**Nonresidential**

- Automotive Facility
- Convention Center
- Court House
- Dining:  Bar Lounge/Leisure
- Dining:  Cafeteria/Fast Food
- Dining:  Family
- Exercise Center
- Gymnasium
- Library
- Manufacturing Facility
- Motion Picture Theater
- Museum
- Office
- Performing Art Theater
- Post Office
- Religious Building
- Retail
- School/University
- Sports Arena
- Town Hall
- Transportation
- Workshop

## Slide 39

## Residential

**Residential**

- Dormitory
- Hospital
- Health Care
- Hotel/Motel
- Multi-family
- Penitentiary
- Police Station
- Fire Station

## Slide 41

## Semiheated - Warehouse

**Semiheated - Warehouse**

## Example - St. Louis

**Notes:**
Home town of current ASHRAE President Mr. Bill Coad

## St. Louis - Bin 13

## Example – St. Louis (cont’d)

**Example – St. Louis (cont’d)**

**Notes:**
ROOF INSULTATION
Criteria
Above Deck - Continuous R-value  (<1% interruptions due to framing and mechanical equipment pads)
Metal Buildings
First Layer - draped over purlins or 1 inch Thermal Block
Second Layer - parallel to purlins 
Attic and Other Roofs
Tapered Insulation at the Eaves
Single Rafter Roofs  (Lessor of Attics and Other Roofs or Table 5.3.1.1A)
Exception  (Decreased proposed U-Factor)
Solar Reflectance > 0.70 per ASTM E903
Thermal Emittance > 0.75 per ASTM E408

1 – Explain ci

2- Not equal energy use

3 – R-13 Minimum for batt insulation

## Slide 46

## Walls CriteriaExample - St. Louis (cont’d)

**Assembly**

**Insulation Min.**

**Opaque Elements**

**Maximum**

**R-value**

*Walls, Above Grade*

- Mass

- U-0.151*

- R-5.7 ci

- Metal Building

- U-0.113

- R-13.0

- Steel Framed

- U-0.124

- R-13.0

- Wood Framed and Other

- U-0.089

- R-13.0

*Walls, Below Grade*

- Below Grade Walls

- C-1.140

- NR

- * Exception to 5.3.1.2a applies.

**Nonresidential**

**Walls Criteria****Example - St. Louis (cont’d)**

**Notes:**
1 – Above Grade and Below Grade
2 – C-factor – Wall only, no films or soil included
3 – R-13 Minimum for batt insulation

ABOVE-GRADE WALL INSULATION
Mass Walls
Criteria
1 - Heat Capacity Calculations per A-6 or A-7
2 - Continuous Insulation R-values - metal clips
3 - U-factors with wood or steel studs
Exception
U-0.151*
ASTM C90 concrete block walls have ungrouted cores filled with k < 0.44 Btu-in/h-ft2-oF

Integral insulation shall meet “Partly Grounted Cells Insulated” in Table A-7

Metal Buildings
First Layer - Compressed
Second Layer - Covers Girts
Exposed to Conditioned Space
Faced Insulation
Seams Continuously Sealed

Steel and Wood Framed Walls
First Layer between Studs
Second Layer - Continuous Insulation (ci)
Above-Grade and Below-Grade Wall
Interior Insulation - Above-Grade Criteria
Exterior/Integral - Below-Grade Criteria

Opaque mullions in spandrel glass shall meet steel-wall requirments

## Slide 48

## Slide 49

## Floors CriteriaExample - St. Louis (cont’d)

**Floors Criteria****Example - St. Louis (cont’d)**

## Mass Floor Insulation

**Mass Floor Insulation**

**Notes:**
A – Mass floors with wood or steel joists use U-factors not R-Value requirements.
B – Waffle – slab floors – either above the slab or all exposed surfaces of waffle.
C – Floors with beams – insulate 24 inches below floor line

## Steel Joist Floors

**Steel Joist Floors**

## Wood Framed Floors

**Wood Framed Floors**

## Slide 54

## Slab-On-Grade Insulation

**Slab-On-Grade Insulation**

**Notes:**
A – Inside insulation – either to footer or specified depth-which ever is less.

## Slide 56

## Opaque Doors CriteriaExample – St. Louis (cont’d)

**Opaque Doors Criteria****Example – St. Louis (cont’d)**

**Notes:**
1989 Standard did not have a separate criteria for doors

## Slide 58

## Fenestration

## Slide 60

**Notes:**
Vertical fenestration limited to 50% WWR for prescriptive criteria then equal energy usage.

Criteria
Area Weighted SHGC < “All” Orientations
Exceptions
1 - North Orientations > 10 deg. North Latitude
2 - Permanent Projections
3 - Street Side of Street Level
Height < 20 ft
Projection Factor > 0.5
Fenestration Area < 75% of the Gross Wall 		
Area on the Street Side Street Level

INTERJECTION
 - WHAT ARE CRITERIA FOR > 50%

## Slide 61

## Slide 62

## Skylights

## Skylight Criteria

**Skylight Criteria**

## Slide 65

## Slide 66

## 4- Compliance

## Compliance Paths 

- Mandatory Requirements
- Prescriptive = R-values
- Components = U-factor, C-factor, F-factor, SHGC
- Envelope Tradeoffs = ENVSTD 4.0
- Whole Building Tradeoffs = ECB

## Appendix A - Assemblies

- U-factors
- Roofs/Ceilings
- Walls
- Floors
- Fenestration
- C-factors
- Foundations
- F-factors
- Slabs
- SHGC
- VLT

## Appendix B - 26 Criteria Tables

- Roofs
- Walls
- Floors
- Slabs
- Doors
- Vertical Glazing
- Skylights

## Appendix C - Envelope Trade-Offs

- Roofs/Ceilings
- Walls
- Fenestration
- Foundations

## ENVSTD 4.0

## Energy Cost Budget

## Appendix D - Climate Data

- United States
- 650 sites
- Canada
- 86 sites
- International
- 140 sites

## 5 - Errata

- May 2, 2001
- August 20, 2001

## 6 – Addenda

*a*	  Substantial Contact of Insulation
*b*	  Roof Insulation Exception 5.3.1.1
*d*	  Clarify Slab-On Grade F-Factor Trade-Offs
*e*	  Heat Capacity Calculations - A9
*f*	  Unheated Slab-On-Grade – Residential-  Appendix B
*g*	  Heated Slab-On-Grade - Tables 19-26
*ag*  Revised U-Factor - Vertical Glazed Walls
*ak*  Revise All SI U-Factors - Appendix B
*ao*  Editorial - easier to read and use

**Notes:**
A – Per mfg. recom. For the framing system used.
B – expanded test method references
D – down form top then horizontally int. or ext.
E – Notes that Heat Capacity is included in A2-A8
F – change Unheated Slab Criteria B19-20
G – Change heated Slab Criteria B19-26

## Questions?

## How to Get the Standard

- Standard 90.1-2001 is now available
- Visit the ASHRAE Bookstore at http://xp10.ashrae.org/bookstore/section.html or call 1-800-5 ASHRAE or 404-636-8400