# Presentation: 131352

## Session 7: Major and Minor Changes

- What are the principles and considerations for major and minor changes?
- What constitutes a major or minor change in title?
- What other changes require a new record?
- When is maintenance appropriate for changes to a record?

**Notes:**
References:

Trainers may want to consult with the following:
	CONSER Cataloging Manual Module 16
	AACR2 and LCRIs
	 	21.2C + LCRI
		21.2C1
		21.2C2
		21.3B1 + LCRI

## Harmonization

- Involvement by AACR, ISSN, ISBD communities
- Goal: universal rules for when to create a new record
- Result
- Revision of rules for title and other major changes
- Greater consistency and fewer title changes
- Certain changes in numbering no longer require a new record

**Notes:**
The rules for title and other major changes in the 2002 revision of AACR2 are a result of a major harmonization effort of three international standards: AACR2, the ISSN guidelines, and the ISBD(S) (now ISBD(CR)), which is developed by the Cataloging Section of IFLA--the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.

Harmonization of title changes in particular is important because it means that a new record would be made at the same time by catalogers in various countries, regardless  of which standards they are using.  This means that we can make more use of international records and that there will be a better chance of having a one-to-one match  of ISSN and cataloging records.

As a result of harmonization:
additions have been made to the list of minor title changes
provisions formerly in LCRIs are now in the rules
we will no longer make new records due to changes in numbering.

Complete harmonization is not possible because we use corporate body main entry and the ISSN and ISBD standards don’t address corporate body main entry as descriptive standards, although they will frequently have a uniform title qualified by corporate body. Also, there is no harmonization between AACR2 and ISBD (CR)/ISSN for construction of title proper for main series and subseries. 

## Guidelines

- In comparing a serial title to an existing record, use the title on the title page or t.p. substitute
- Consider any changes to the choice of entry separately from changes in the title proper
- A change in main entry may require a new record even if the title proper does not change
- Main entry may or may not be reflected in the description

**Notes:**
When comparing variant title presentations on different issues in order to determine whether a major change has occurred, do so following the prescribed sources for the title. In other words, compare the title that is found on the title page or on the highest ranking title page substitute in the later issue to the title given in the 245 field of the record.  

## Guidelines for Record Maintenance

- May need a note and added entry(ies) for changes not requiring a new record
- Minor title change rules from the 2002 AACR2 revision may mean that CONSER will consolidate some existing unauthenticated records on OCLC

**Notes:**
Generally, CONSER will not consolidate CONSER authenticated records that were made under the “old” rules. Members have decided they’d like to consolidate unauthenticated records found on OCLC for cases that would now be considered minor title changes. However, consolidating records can cause problems for previous ISSN assignments and affect holdings on OCLC records, so CONSER members have agreed to proceed cautiously with consolidating unauthenticated OCLC records.  

The ISSN Network has incorporated the new title change in the new version of the  ISSN Manual published in 2003. There may be some AACR2 unauthenticated records in OCLC that show separate ISSN for titles that would not be considered title changes under the 2002 revision, but it is hoped over time there will be fewer of these. CONSER members will consult with the ISSN Network centers in resolving problems with existing  records that seem out of synch with the current title change rules.

Similarly, CONSER members will consult with OCLC if  unauthenticated separate records for “new” minor changes have been online for a long time and have large numbers of holdings

## Major and Minor Changes

- Major changes (create new record) may include:
- Title proper
- Personal or corporate main entry
- Corporate body as uniform title qualifier
- Edition statement
- Physical medium

**Notes:**
“Major” and “minor” changes are new terminology adopted from the ISBD standard.

A major change in any of the areas of the description listed on this slide requires a new record, e.g., a change in title that is determined to be a major change requires a new record.  

Before the concept of major/minor, catalogers frequently used  “title changes” to mean any change that requires a new record.  Now we can more accurately refer to these as “major changes.”

## Major and Minor Changes (cont.)

- Minor changes (make a note if necessary) may include:
- Title proper
- Uniform title qualifiers other than corporate body or medium (e.g., place)
- Numbering
- Edition statement

**Notes:**
A minor change (if important) MAY require:
changes to the description
adding or changing notes
additional access point(s)

## Changes in Title Proper: Considerations

- Consider only the title proper (subfields $a, $n, and $p) as given in the 245 when comparing against issue in hand
- Do not include other title information
- When making decisions for cases that are not clear cut, consider:
- Is there a change in the overall work?
- Would patrons be likely to see this as a change?
- What will the overall impact be?

**Notes:**
<Instructors: this is a good place to give a little general philosophy about title changes and how we make decisions.  You might mention that the emphasis of the revision of AACR2 has been to reduce the number of title changes, but this does not mean that we don’t follow the rules.  But acknowledge that there are many times when a clear cut decision is not possible and that they will have to use their judgment. >

## Major Changes in Title ProperAACR2 21.2C2a

**Notes:**
There are now separate rules for major and minor title changes.  The major change rule provides for three situations in which a major change occurs.  These are not new but are more clearly stated in the revised rule.

## Major Change: Change in the First 5 Words

- Addition, deletion, change, or reordering of any of first 5 words (first 6 words if the title begins with an article)
- Remember: Count all words, regardless of how small (e.g., of, the)
- Exception: the change belongs to one of the categories considered to be a minor change (in AACR2 21.2C2b.)

**Notes:**
This is NOT a change in practice – this has always been in the rules.

Count all of the words in determining the first 5 (or 6).  Do not just count the important words!

Examples are given on the next slide.

## Major Change: Change in the First 5 Words

- 245 00  Journal of alcohol education
- To:
- 245 00  Journal of alcohol and drug education

- 245 00  Polk city directory. $p Kelso-Longview, Washington
- 	To:
- 245 00  Polk city directory. $p Kelso, WA

- 245 00  American rowing
- 	To:
- 245 00  USrowing

**Notes:**
These are examples of changes in the first 5 words of a serial title that don’t fit any of the minor change categories;  they are not “new” to the rules.

## Major Change: Change in Scope

- Addition, deletion, or change of any word after first 5 words (first 6 with article) that changes the meaning of the title or indicates a different subject matter

- 245 00  Money for graduate students in the social 	sciences
-  	To:
- 245 00  Money for graduate students in the social &
- 	behavioral sciences

**Notes:**
This is NOT a change in the rules. 

In this example, the addition of the word “behavioral” changes the scope of this title.

## Major Change: Change in Name of the Corporate Body

- The name of a corporate body included in the title changes, and
- The change in name requires a new authority record

- 245 00 Journal of the African Society.
- 710 2   African Society.
- 	To:
- 245 00 Journal of the Royal African Society.
- 710 2   Royal African Society.

**Notes:**
This is NOT a change in the rules.

## Minor Changes in Title ProperAACR2 21.2C2b

**Notes:**
There are 9 provisions for minor changes in title proper.

## Three new provisions anywhere in the title
Same corporate body added/dropped/changed form
Words in a list
Words that denote the type of resource
AACR2 now includes categories from LCRIs
In case of doubt, treat a change as minor

- Same corporate body added/dropped/changed form
- Words in a list
- Words that denote the type of resource
- AACR2 now includes categories from LCRIs
- In case of doubt, treat a change as **minor**

- Minor Changes: 2002 Revision of AACR2 provisions

## Minor Change: Corporate Body in Title (AACR2 21.2C2b.iii)

- Difference involving name of the same corporate body and elements of its hierarchy or their grammatical connection *anywhere* in title

- Journal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
- 	To:
- Journal of the A.I.E.E.

- International Telecommunication Union.
- Report on telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space
- 	To:
- Report by the International Telecommunication Union on
- telecommunication and the peaceful uses of outer space

- The world
-     To:
- UUA world

**Notes:**
This rule allows for the corporate body to be added or dropped anywhere in the title or for a change in the way the name is presented.  What’s really new is that changes at the beginning are now minor.  Formerly the rule included only additions or deletions at the end of the title.  If the corporate name is different, the cataloger needs to first determine if a new heading would be needed for the body.

In the first example, the name is inserted into the title.

In the second example, an initialism for the corporate body is added at the beginning of the title. 

In the third example, the corporate name is first spelled out and then the initialism of the name is substituted. The name has not changed, however.

Note that personal names are not covered by this rule.

## Minor Change: Words in a List (AACR2 21.2C2b.viii)

- The addition to, deletion from, or change in the order of words in a list anywhere in a title, provided there is no significant change in the subject matter
- In most cases, consider a list to have at least three or more components (LCRI 21.2C)

- Philosophical magazine. A, Physics of condensed matter,
- 	defects and mechanical properties
- 	To:
- Philosophical magazine. A, Physics of condensed matter,
- 	structure, defects and mechanical properties

**Notes:**
In deciding whether there is a significant change in subject matter (which would make it a major change), consider the whole serial and the impact of the change on the overall contents.  Ask yourself if you would be likely to add a subject heading.  In most cases, the fewer items there are in the list, the more likely it will be that a change to one of them would be significant. But this will not always be the case, and decisions will have to be made on a case-by-case basis.  

In case of doubt, treat changes to words in a list as minor!

## Minor Change: Words Indicating Type of Resource (AACR2 21.2C2b.ix)

- Addition, deletion, or rearrangement *anywhere* in the title of words that indicate the type of resource, e.g., “magazine,” “journal,” “newsletter”

- Theatre
- 	To:
- Theatre magazine

- Bulletin des communications
- 	To:
- Communications

- BUT MAJOR:
- Theater journal
- 	To:
- Theater magazine

- European history
- 	To:
- European history series

**Notes:**
Words added or dropped at the beginning of the title now can also be minor changes.  This is really a “major” change for serials catalogers to get used to!!!

Publishers often put this type of word in a much smaller typeface above or below the rest of the title proper. 

Note that a change in the “type of resource” word is major.

Note that changes to words denoting frequency are not included and still may result in major changes.

## Minor Change: Words Indicating Type of Resource (LCRI 21.2C2b.ix)

- Organic chemistry review
- To:
- Review of organic chemistry

## Minor Change: Representation of Word(s) (AACR2 21.2C2b.i)

- Difference in representation of a word or words anywhere in the title
- One spelling vs. another
- Abbreviated word or sign or symbol vs. spelled-out form
- Arabic numeral(s) vs. roman numeral(s)
- Numbers or dates vs. spelled-out forms
- Hyphenated words vs. unhyphenated words
- One-word vs. two-word compounds, whether hyphenated or not
- Acronym or initialism vs. full form
- Change in grammatical form (e.g., singular vs. plural)

**Notes:**
These differences in representation of a word or words were already in the rules before 2002.

Note one difference after the 2002 revision is that acronym/initialism vs. full form is now a minor change.  
<Instructors:  don’t read out the entire slide, just give a few then move on to the examples on the next slide>

## Minor change: Representation of word(s)

- If the entire title is changed from full form or acronym to the opposite, consider the change to be minor
-  	Journal of applied mechanics          JAM

## Minor Change: Representation of Word(s)

- Los Angeles woman
- 	To:
- LA woman

- The twentieth century
- 	To:
- 20th century

- New York folklore newsletter
- 	To:
- New York folk lore newsletter

**Notes:**
The first example has a change from a spelled-out form of a word to a numeric form.  

The second example has a spelled-out form of Los Angeles that is changed to an initialism of the place name.

The third example has a one-word compound that is changed to a two-word compound.

## Minor Change: Articles, etc., and Punctuation

- Addition, deletion or change of articles, prepositions, or conjunctions anywhere in the title (AACR2 21.2C2b.ii)
- Addition, deletion or change of punctuation anywhere in the title (AACR2 21.2C2b.iv)
- Initialisms
- Letters with separating punctuation vs. those without

- A.W.R. bulletin
- 	To:
- AWR bulletin

**Notes:**
This was already in the rules before 2002.

## Minor Change: Fluctuating Titles (AACR2 21.2C2b.vii)

- Different titles used according to a regular pattern

- 245 00  DC versus Marvel/Marvel versus DC.
- 246 3    Marvel versus DC/DC versus Marvel
- 500       Title alternates between: DC versus Marvel/Marvel
- 		 versus DC, and Marvel versus DC/DC versus Marvel.

- 245 00  Occupational compensation survey—pay only.
-               $p Alaska.
- 246 1    $i Some issues have title: $a Occupational
- 	compensation survey—pay and benefits. $p Alaska

**Notes:**
Fluctuating titles occur when two or more titles proper are used on different issues of a serial according to a regular pattern.  This can usually be determined only retrospectively.

In the second example, this difference in title occurs every fourth or fifth year.

## Minor Change: Words That Link to Numbering (AACR2 21.2C2b.vi)

- Addition, deletion, or change of words anywhere in the title that link the title to the numbering

- 110 2    Harvard University. $b Library.
- 245 10  Annual report for the year ... / $c Harvard
- 	University Library.
- 246 1    $i  Vols. for 1983/1984-   have title: $a Annual
- 	report

## Minor Change: Titles in More Than One Language (AACR2 21.2C2b.v)

- Different order of titles when title is given in more than one language on the chief source
- Title chosen as title proper must still appear as a parallel title on the chief source

- Türk Zooloji Dergisi
- Turkish Journal of Zoology

- To:

- Turkish Journal of Zoology
- Türk Zooloji Dergisi

**Notes:**
Serials issued in multiple languages often change the order of the titles so that no one language predominates.  In most cases, such changes are considered to be minor and a note may be made, such as “Order of titles varies.”

A minor change applies if additional titles are added and the original is still also retained. Per LCRI 21.2C2: Do not consider there to be a major change if the addition of the title in another language or script on a later issue would affect the choice of title proper if the description were based on that issue.

In this example, the primary language of the text presumably changed at the same time as the order of the titles was changed, but both titles remained on the serial.

## Major Change: Titles in More Than One Language

- But if the title chosen as title proper is not retained, the change is **major** (AACR2 21.2C2b.v)

- Agricultura
- Landbrug
- Landwirtschaft
- Georgia [in Greek]
- Agriculture [English]
- Agriculture [French]
- Agricoltura
- Landbouw

- On issue:

- Landbrug
- Georgia [in Greek]
- Agriculture [English]
- Agriculture [French]
- Landbouw

- Changes to:

**Notes:**
In a case where the title chosen as title proper is no longer retained, however, the change would be major.

In this example, the title proper disappears, although the parallel titles continue on the later issues, with one of them becoming the title proper.  FYI: it is clear from subtitle information that the “Agriculture” titles are English or French.

## Major and Minor Changes in Main Entry and Uniform Title QualifiersAACR2 21.3B1

## Major Change: Main Entry(AACR2 21.3B1.a)

- A change in the name of the corporate body used as the main entry, or
- A change in responsibility: corporate body used as main entry is no longer responsible for serial

- 110 2    American Telephone and Telegraph Company.
- 245 10  Annual report of the American Telephone and
-  	Telegraph Company for ...

- 110 2   AT & T.
- 245 10 Annual report / $c AT&T.

- To:

**Notes:**
In this example, the body changed its name from a full form to an abbreviated form and a new name authority record was created.  Because the serial is entered under corporate body, this is a major change.  The fact that the body is given in the title and has changed also constitutes a major change.

## Major Change: Corporate Body Qualifier in Uniform Title  (AACR2 21.3B1)

- A change in the name of the corporate body used as the qualifier in the uniform title main entry, or
- A change in responsibility from the corporate body used in the uniform title to a different corporate body

- 130 0   Technical report (Idaho Cooperative Fishery Research Unit)
- 245 10 Technical report / $c Idaho Cooperative Fishery Research
- 	Unit.

- 130 0    Technical report (Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife
-            Research Unit)
- 245 10  Technical report /$c Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife
-            Research Unit.

- To:

**Notes:**
The corporate body is used as the qualifier for titles that are generic, i.e., those that consist solely of words indicating the type and/or periodicity of the serial.  Because a change in body requires a new record, the corporate body isn’t normally used as a qualifier in other situations (although some people think it would be more meaningful than place of publication).

## Minor Change: Other Uniform Title Qualifiers

- A change in place name, frequency, or other qualifier used in the uniform title is **minor**
- Add note with information on the change, if considered important

- 130 0   Molecular crystals & liquid crystals bulletin (New York,
- 		N.Y. : 1991)
- 245 10 Molecular crystals & liquid crystals bulletin.
- 260      New York : $b Gordon & Breach Science Publishers,
- 		$c 1991.
- 362 0   Vol. 6, no. 1-2 (Jan./Feb. 1991)-v. 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1991).
- 500      Place of publication varies: Philadelphia, Pa., May-Aug. 1991.

**Notes:**
Fixed field value for place of publication should also be changed to current place of publication in this example.

## Major and Minor Changes in Physical Mediumand Edition Statement

## Major Change: Physical Medium (LCRI 21.3B)

- A change in the physical medium at the
- level of the SMD

- 130 0   Serials directory (Birmingham, Ala.)
- 245 14 The serials directory : $b an international reference book.
- 300      v. ; $c 28 cm.

- 130 0   Serials directory (Birmingham, Ala. : CD-ROM ed.)
- 245 14 The serials directory $h [electronic resource] : $b
- 	EBSCO CD-ROM : the serials directory database
- 	compiled by EBSCO Publishing.
- 300      CD-ROMs ; $c 4 3⁄4 in.

- To:

**Notes:**
Also, per the LCRI, a change from CD to DVD would be a reason to create a new record.   

Changes that would not impact the SMD, such as file formats or reduction ratios do not require new records.

## Major Change: Edition Statement (LCRI 21.3B.3, 12.2F)

- A change in the wording of an edition statement indicating a change in the scope of the serial

- 130 0    Outlook (Seattle, Wash. : Greenwood ed.)
- 245 10  Outlook.
- 250       Greenwood ed.

- To:

- 130 0    Outlook (Seattle, Wash. : Greenwood-Ballard ed.)
- 245 10  Outlook.
- 250       Greenwood-Ballard ed.

**Notes:**
In many cases such as this, there may be multiple editions with mergers and splits.  This is a made-up example of a local newspaper that adds a neighborhood in the edition statement (and this edition actually does exist) and therefore requires a new record.

## Minor Change: Edition Statement(AACR2 12.2F1)

- Changes in the edition statement that do not imply a significant change in scope

- 245 00 National underwriter
- 250	Property & casualty insurance ed.
- 500	Issues for Dec. 29, 1986-Jan. 2, 1989 called Property & casualty/employee benefits edition; for Jan. 9, 1989 called Property & casualty/risk & benefits management edition.

**Notes:**
If in doubt, consider change to be minor.

## Minor Change: Edition Statement(AACR2 12.2F1)

- The edition statement is added or dropped and no significant change is implied

- 245 00  International textile bulletin.
- 		$p Dyeing/printing/finishing / $c ITS.
- 250       World ed.
- 362 0    1965, 1-1997, 4.
- 500       Lacks edition statement, 4th
- 		 quarter, 1981-1997.

## Minor ChangeinNumbering

## Minor Change: Numbering(AACR2 12.3G1)

- Numbering changes are all minor!
- Serials that repeat the same numbering scheme without the use of “new series” may be kept on the same record with “new ser.” (or its equivalent) supplied by the cataloger

- 362 0    Vol. 1, no. 1 (July 1972)-v. 18, no. 5 (Nov. 1989) ;
- 	 [new ser.], v. 1, no. 1 (July/Aug. 1990)-

**Notes:**
Most numbering changes have always been minor.  Prior to the revision of AACR2, an LCRI directed catalogers to make a new record when the same system of numbering was used again, beginning with vol. 1, no. 1 (or its equivalent).  

With the new provision in AACR2 12.3G, catalogers can supply the designation “[new. ser.]” in order to distinguish one vol. 1, no. 1 from the other.  However, the old LCRI was based on needs of  check-in, shelving and binding;  internal practices may need to be reviewed.

## Summary

- Major changes may include: title proper, corporate body used as main entry or uniform title qualifier, edition statement, physical medium
- Three new minor title change provisions anywhere in the title will mean fewer new records
- Same corporate body added/dropped/changed form
- Words in a list
- Words that denote the type of resource
- If in doubt whether a change is major or minor, **consider it minor**