# Presentation: 175328

## Overview of the New Vehicle and Engine Exhaust Emission and Fuel Quality Standardsin the United States

**Mary T. Manners**
**U.S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality**

- Cleaner Trucks,
- Cleaner Fuel, Cleaner Air

## Presentation Overview

- Key elements of the Phase 2 rule
- Highway diesel NOx and PM standards
- Air quality benefits of the HD 2007 program
- Highway diesel fuel standards
- 80/20 Temporary Compliance Option
- Hardship Provisions
- Refinery modifications and technology
- Interaction with other programs
- The road ahead

## Key Elements of the Phase 2 Rule

- January 18:  Final Rule Published
- National program for heavy-duty vehicles
- PM standards in 2007
- NOx & HC standards phasing in 2007-2010
- 15 ppm sulfur cap for highway diesel fuel by mid-2006
- Voluntary compliance flexibilities for refiners

## Highway HDVs: Phase 2

- 2007 and later Highway Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards & Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control
- Regulate vehicle and fuel as a system
- Low sulfur fuel enables advanced aftertreatment technology
- 90%+ emission reductions in NOx & PM
- Low sulfur diesel fuel also benefits design of light-duty diesels for Tier 2 standards

## Highway Diesel NOx Standards

**2**

**4**

**6**

**8**

**10**

**12**

**   ****g/hp-hr**

**~ uncontrolled levels**

**1990**

**1991**

**1998**

**2004**

**1985**

-  NOx aftertreatment-based
-  0.2 g/bhp-hr
-  ~90% reduction

**2007**

## NOx Emissions

- Nationwide Heavy-duty Vehicle NOx (million tons / year)** **

## Highway Diesel PM Standards

**0.1**

**0.2**

**0.3**

**0.4**

**0.5**

**0.6**

**0.7**

** ****g/hp-hr**

**1988**

**1991**

**1994**

**truck**

**bus**

** ****Catalyzed PM Trap based**
** ****0.01 g/bhp-hr **
** ****90% reduction**

**2007**

## PM Emissions

- Nationwide Heavy-duty Vehicle PM (thousand tons / year)

**Calendar Year**

## Slide 9

## International Diesel Fuel Quality Standards

- International Diesel Fuel Quality Standards

## Highway Diesel

- Fuel Program

## 80/20Temporary Compliance Option

- Refinery standard:  80% 15 ppm and up to 20% 500 ppm diesel fuel in 2006 (until 2010)
- PADD-restricted ABT program
- Nearly half of all highway diesel refineries can delay investment by 4 years
- Extra time allows refineries to select the best performing technology based on at least 2 years actual experience
- Provides more time for new technologies to develop

## Hardship Provisions

- Small refiner provisions
- 500 ppm Option
- Small Refiner Credit Option
- Gasoline/Diesel Compliance Date Option
- Geographic Phase-in Area provision
- General hardship provisions
- Extreme unforeseen circumstances (e.g., natural disaster)
- Extreme hardship circumstances (e.g., financial hardship)

## Highway Diesel FuelAvailability in 2006

- Diesel Fuel Refining under the Highway Diesel FRM
- Refineries produce either 100% 15 ppm S diesel fuel (invest) or 100% 500 ppm S diesel fuel (purchase credits)
- PADD-by-PADD evaluation of refineries’ proximity to each other, pipelines, terminals, & other major fuel consuming markets

- PADD

## Refinery Modifications to Produce 15 ppm Diesel Fuel

- Second reactor
- Increase residence time
- Possibly counter-current flow or new second stage
- More active catalysts
- Greater hydrogen purity
- Possibly higher pressure

## Refining Technology Announcements

- Phillips S Zorb
- commercial unit at the Borger refinery scheduled for start-up in 2004
- could reduce costs of meeting 15 ppm cap by roughly 25%
- UNIPURE, SulphCo, Petrostar
- mild temperature and pressure
- oxidative process
- does not require hydrogen

## Per-Refinery Capital, Operating, & Per-Gallon Cost to Meet 15 ppm S Cap

- Assumption:  80% revamped units, 20% grassroots units.

## Cost of Fuel Change

- Refining cost	 				4.3 ¢/gal
- Distribution system cost		  	0.5
- Lubricity additive 				_0.2_                                             	Net: 	5 ¢/gal
- Net consumer cost			       ~4 ¢/gal*(considering the ~1 ¢/gal maintenance savings provided by the cleaner fuel)*

## Interaction with Other Programs

- Capital Procurement
- Design & Construction Services
- front-end designers
- detailed designers
- construction workers

## Number of Desulfurization Units Becoming Operational

## Capital Expenditures for Gasoline & Diesel Fuel Desulfurization

## Refiners Compliance Schedule

## For More Information...

- 2007 Heavy-duty Engine and Vehicle
- home page:
**http://www.epa.gov/otaq/diesel.htm**

## The (Non)Road Ahead

- We recognize the connection between highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control for refiners and distributors
- We recognize the lead time issues for refiners as well as engine and equipment manufacturers
- We are considering an ANPRM later this year

## Thank you