# Presentation: 691390

## Deborah M. Galvin, Ph.D.

**Deborah M. Galvin, Ph.D.**

## Alcohol and drug abuse imposes significant economic costs on society, causing damages of more than $217 billion annually.
Approximately 75% of all illicit drug users in the United States are employed (NSDUH, 2006)
80% of all binge and heavy drinkers are employed (NSDUH, 2006)
Many workers report first onset of illicit drug use after entering the workforce (Cook and Schlenger, 2002) 

**Alcohol and drug abuse imposes significant economic costs on society, causing damages of more than $217 billion annually.**
**Approximately 75% of all illicit drug users in the United States are employed (NSDUH, 2006)**
**80% of all binge and heavy drinkers are employed (NSDUH, 2006)**
**Many workers report first onset of illicit drug use after entering the workforce (Cook and Schlenger, 2002) **

**Notes:**
Cook, R.F., and W.E. Schlenger (2002).  “Prevention of Substance Abuse in the Workplace:  Review of Research on the Delivery of Services.”  Journal of Primary Prevention, Vol. 23, pp. 115-142.
Mangione, TW, J Howland, B Amick, J Cote, M Lee, N Bell, and S Levine.  1999.  Employee drinking practices and work performance.  Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60: 261-270.
Trudeau, J., D.K. Deitz, and R.F. Cook (2002).  “Utilization and Cost of Behavioral Health Services: Employee Characteristics and Workplace Health Promotion.”  The Journal Of Behavioral Health Services and Research, Vol. 29, No. 1.

## 16- to 25-Year-Olds
Age group most likely to use illicit drugs (NSDUH, 2006)
Highest prevalence of binge and heavy drinking (NSDUH, 2006)
Substance use is linked to dropping out of school (Bray et al., 2000) and hastened entry into the workforce
This generation of young adults versus previous generations
Access to more potent drugs
Work to live versus live to work
If they don’t like a job, they’ll quit

**16- to 25-Year-Olds**
**Age group most likely to use illicit drugs (NSDUH, 2006)**
**Highest prevalence of binge and heavy drinking (NSDUH, 2006)**
**Substance use is linked to dropping out of school (Bray et al., 2000) and hastened entry into the workforce**
**This generation of young adults versus previous generations**
**Access to more potent drugs**
**Work to live versus live to work**
**If they don’t like a job, they’ll quit**

**Notes:**
Bray, J.W., G.A. Zarkin, M.L. Dennis, and M.T. French. 2000. “Symptoms of Dependence, Multiple Substance Use, and Labor Market Outcomes.” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 26(1):77-95.

## YIW is a multisite, multiprotocol collaborative agreement program among multidisciplinary teams studying the effectiveness of workplace-based substance abuse prevention and early intervention programs for young adults aged 16 – 24.
Service to Science Grant Program – Phase I (13 grants) enhance current NREPP/effective programs for YIW; Phase II (6 grants) implement and test enhanced interventions
Cross-Site Evaluation – process data; outcome data including employee survey data (adult OMB approved NOMS, cross-site scales, and grantee-specific items) & site level administrative data; cost data

**YIW is a multisite, multiprotocol collaborative agreement program among multidisciplinary teams studying the effectiveness of workplace-based substance abuse prevention and early intervention programs for young adults aged 16 – 24.**
**Service to Science Grant Program – Phase I (13 grants) enhance current NREPP/effective programs for YIW; Phase II (6 grants) implement and test enhanced interventions**
**Cross-Site Evaluation – process data; outcome data including employee survey data (adult OMB approved NOMS, cross-site scales, and grantee-specific items) & site level administrative data; cost data**

## School-based programs do not reach many employed young adults
Workplace-based programs can reach employed young adults 
Why are workplaces important settings for research/intervention? 
Most substance users are employed
Captive audience
Opportunity for repeated exposure to intervention
Messages can be integrated into work/life context
Culture influences life at work and home
How do you reach people in the workplace?
Integrate prevention messages into general health promotion efforts
Incorporate prevention efforts into mandatory trainings/orientations or professional development efforts
Provide incentives for employees 

**School-based programs do not reach many employed young adults**
**Workplace-based programs can reach employed young adults **
**Why are workplaces important settings for research/intervention? **
**Most substance users are employed**
**Captive audience**
**Opportunity for repeated exposure to intervention**
**Messages can be integrated into work/life context**
**Culture influences life at work and home**
**How do you reach people in the workplace?**
**Integrate prevention messages into general health promotion efforts**
**Incorporate prevention efforts into mandatory trainings/orientations or professional development efforts**
**Provide incentives for employees **

## ISA Associates, Inc. –Healthy WorkLife (Healthcare Industry)
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation – Prevent (Transportation Industry)
National Health Promotion Associates – LifeSkills Training (Supermarket Chain)
Organizational Wellness and Learning Systems –  Team Resilience (Restaurant Industry)
Peer Assistance Services, Inc. – Team Awareness (Employment/Job Readiness)
RMC Research Corporation – Team Awareness (Electrician Union)

- ISA Associates, Inc. –Healthy WorkLife (Healthcare Industry)
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation – Prevent (Transportation Industry)
- National Health Promotion Associates – LifeSkills Training (Supermarket Chain)
- Organizational Wellness and Learning Systems –  Team Resilience (Restaurant Industry)
- Peer Assistance Services, Inc. – Team Awareness (Employment/Job Readiness)
- RMC Research Corporation – Team Awareness (Electrician Union)

## Interventions Across Sites

**Interventions Across Sites**

## Skills training
Focusing on work-life balance
Using multimedia technology (Internet, message boards, MySpace, etc.) to deliver the message
Framing substance use prevention in larger holistic context of health (both physical and emotional) 
Emphasis on social and peer influences

**Skills training**
**Focusing on work-life balance**
**Using multimedia technology (Internet, message boards, MySpace, etc.) to deliver the message**
**Framing substance use prevention in larger holistic context of health (both physical and emotional) **
**Emphasis on social and peer influences**

## Less emphasis on promoting healthful behaviors for health’s sake and more emphasis on the connection between healthy behaviors and getting ahead at work (being on the top of your game)
Conduct focus groups with target population – young adults to learn about their specific issues
Train staff on issues related to young adults
Talk with managers about issues of emerging adults
Framing substance use prevention in larger holistic context of health (both physical and emotional) 
Emphasis on social and peer influences

**Less emphasis on promoting healthful behaviors for health’s sake and more emphasis on the connection between healthy behaviors and getting ahead at work (being on the top of your game)**
**Conduct focus groups with target population – young adults to learn about their specific issues**
**Train staff on issues related to young adults**
**Talk with managers about issues of emerging adults**
**Framing substance use prevention in larger holistic context of health (both physical and emotional) **
**Emphasis on social and peer influences**

## Process evaluation - establishes the overall evaluation’s context and consequently aids in the interpretation of its findings
Outcome evaluation - provides information on what effect the YIW interventions had on the youth and the workplaces involved (includes adult NOMS data) 
Economic evaluation - provides information on the cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of the interventions 

**Process evaluation - establishes the overall evaluation’s context and consequently aids in the interpretation of its findings**
**Outcome evaluation - provides information on what effect the YIW interventions had on the youth and the workplaces involved (includes adult NOMS data) **
**Economic evaluation - provides information on the cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of the interventions **

## How do you reach people in the workplace?
Cooperation of management & unions
Integrate prevention messages into health promotion efforts
Incorporate prevention efforts into mandatory trainings/orientations
Allocate time and resources to training and professional development
Provide incentives for employees 
Share results & outcomes with employers

**How do you reach people in the workplace?**
**Cooperation of management & unions**
**Integrate prevention messages into health promotion efforts**
**Incorporate prevention efforts into mandatory trainings/orientations**
**Allocate time and resources to training and professional development**
**Provide incentives for employees **
**Share results & outcomes with employers**

## Ages are within the 16-24 year old target age range, but a significant number of those sampled are over 21 and legally able to drink alcohol. 
Approximately 50% held their current job for over one year. Workforce stability provides employers the expectation that they will realize the benefits of workplace prevention and intervention programs. 
The average age of first use occurs before or as the individual surveyed turned 16 – 24 years old.  Prevention and early intervention activities should be useful to this young adult population.
Baseline data shows that perceived risk of harm is associated with the use of the substance.   
The prevalence of some degree of sadness or depression is higher for those individuals who reported substance use than for those who have not.  	

**Ages are within the 16-24 year old target age range, but a significant number of those sampled are over 21 and legally able to drink alcohol. **
**Approximately 50% held their current job for over one year. Workforce stability provides employers the expectation that they will realize the benefits of workplace prevention and intervention programs. **
**The average age of first use occurs before or as the individual surveyed turned 16 – 24 years old.  Prevention and early intervention activities should be useful to this young adult population.**
**Baseline data shows that perceived risk of harm is associated with the use of the substance.   **
**The prevalence of some degree of sadness or depression is higher for those individuals who reported substance use than for those who have not.  ****	**

## YIW early findings illustrate the need and opportunity for workplace programs to address substance use among young adult workers.  
Such programs have the potential to realize significant benefits for employers by supporting employees that already abstain from use, by reducing the frequency and intensity of use for those employees already engaged in risky behaviors, and by limiting other health concerns correlated with substance use.

- YIW early findings illustrate the need and opportunity for workplace programs to address substance use among young adult workers.
- Such programs have the potential to realize significant benefits for employers by supporting employees that already abstain from use, by reducing the frequency and intensity of use for those employees already engaged in risky behaviors, and by limiting other health concerns correlated with substance use.

## Visit our Workplace Resource Center

- Visit our Workplace Resource Center

**http://workplace.samhsa.gov**