# Presentation: 480331

## Shared Roadways

- Lesson 14

- (This picture shows bicyclists not wearing helmets. FHWA strongly recommends that all bicyclists wear helmets.)

**Publication No. FHWA-HRT-05-112**

**Notes:**
Lesson #: 14
Lesson Title: Shared Roadways
Learning Objectives: 
Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to:
Describe the different types of shared roadways.
Explain the elements used in designing roadways for the shared use of vehicular and bicycle traffic.

Preinstruction:
Have the students describe the problems they encountered when they took their bicycle trip on a shared roadway.

Student Participation:
Ask the students if they feel comfortable riding on shared roadways and discuss why or why not.
Ask the students what roadway hazards they find most dangerous and why.
Ask the students whether shared roadways are recognized as shared by motorists. If not, what can be done? (See lesson 24 for education and promotion.)

Followup:
Assign reading for lesson 15.
Have the students take a bicycle ride on a road with bicycle lanes and note what problems they encounter on their trips.

Session Time: 30–50 minutes

## Lesson Outline

- Shared roadways:
- Pavement markings.
- Wide curb lanes.
- Paved shoulders.
- Signed routes.
- Bicycle boulevards.

- Design considerations:
- Rumble strips.
- Drainage grates.
- Railroad crossings.
- Avoid!!
- Sidewalk bikeways.
- Raised curb dividers.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Provide the students with an overview of the lesson.
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
This slide is optional.

## Shared Roadways

- Nearly all roads (except where bicycling is prohibited):
- Existing road.
- Wide curb lanes.
- Paved shoulder.
- Lower speeds and traffic volumes.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Nearly all roads (except where bicycles are prohibited) can be technically classified as shared roadways.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
The 1999 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide defines a shared roadway as “a roadway which is open to both bicycle and motor vehicle travel. This may be an existing roadway, street with wide curb lanes, or a road with paved shoulders.”  Since bicyclists are legally able to use nearly all roadways, most road mileage can technically be classified as shared roadways. The exception for shared roadways are where bicycling has been expressly prohibited by an ordinance or law, such as on some city streets or controlled-access freeways in some States (including most eastern States).
Shared roadways are suitable in urban areas on streets with low speeds—40 kilometers per hour (km/h) (25 miles per hour (mi/h)) or less—or low traffic volumes (3,000 vehicles per day or less, depending on speed and land use). Many urban local streets carry excessive traffic volumes at speeds higher than they were designed to carry. These can function as shared roadways if traffic speeds and volumes are reduced. There are many traffic calming techniques that can make these streets more amenable to bicycling on the road.

## Wide Curb Lanes

- Provide where inadequate width exists for bike lane or shoulder.
- 4.2–4.5 meters (m) (14–15 feet (ft)).
- Not greater than 4.5 m (15 ft)—cars use as two lanes.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Wide curb lanes add extra width to the outside travel lane, without any additional lane delineation.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
A wide curb lane may be provided where there is inadequate width to provide bike lanes or shoulder bikeways. Wide curb lanes can often be installed by narrowing inner lanes on a multilane arterial, thereby reallocating roadway space so that the outside (curb) lanes are wider (see lesson 15 for roadway retrofit solutions).
In general, 4.2 meters (m) (14 feet (ft)) of usable lane width is the recommended width for shared use in a wide curb lane. The usable width is normally measured from the edge stripe to the center line or adjacent lane stripe, and the gutter pan should not be included as usable width. A wider curb lane (up to 4.5 m (15 ft)) may be appropriate on steep grades where bicyclists need more maneuvering space. The increased width may also be appropriate in areas where drainage grates, raised reflectors, or other pavement features detract from usable width. With these exceptions in mind, wide curb lanes greater than 4.2 m (14 ft) that extend continuously may encourage two motor vehicles to share a lane, and, therefore, are not recommended. In situations where more than 4.5 m (15 ft) of pavement width exist, a bike lane or paved shoulder should be considered.

## Shared Lane Pavement Markings

- Indicate possible presence of bicyclists to motorists.
- Improve bicyclist positioning near parked vehicles and other obstacles.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Shared lane pavement markings are currently being tested but hold promise.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
A few cities in Canada and the United States (most notably Denver and San Francisco) have experimented with placing a bicycle symbol with an arrow along the right side of wide curb lanes at regular intervals. These shared lane pavement markings (called hybrid bicycle lanes in Canada) have not been endorsed by the AASHTO Guide or other U.S. bicycle facility design manuals. It is suggested that the use of this bicycle pavement marking offers both the advantages of and many of the problems associated with bicycle lanes. Proponents of this treatment indicate that the bicycle symbol clearly indicates the right side of the wide curb lane for bicyclists, while also alerting motorists to the potential presence of bicyclists on the road.

## Shoulders and Shoulder Bikeways

- Many other benefits besides bicycling.
- Min. 1.2 m (4 ft).
- Greater width for:
- Roadside barriers.
- High traffic volumes.
- High traffic speeds.
- Steep grades.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Paved shoulders have numerous benefits in less developed areas; primary among them is space for bicyclists.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Paved shoulders are provided on rural highways for a variety of safety, operational, and maintenance reasons:
1) emergency stopping; 2) crash avoidance; 3) improved sight distance in cut sections; 4) improved highway capacity; 5) space for maintenance operations such as snow removal and storage; 6) lateral clearance for signs and guardrail; 7) discharge of storm water further from the pavement; 8) structural support for the pavement; 9) an excellent place for bicyclists to operate—if paved shoulders are adequately maintained.
In general, the shoulder widths recommended for rural highways in AASHTO’s Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets serve bicyclists well since wider shoulders are required on heavily traveled and high-speed roads and those carrying large numbers of trucks. When providing paved shoulders for bicycle use, a minimum width of 1.2 m (4 ft) is recommended; however, even 0.6 m (2 ft) of shoulder width will benefit more experienced bicyclists. A shoulder width of 1.5 m (5 ft) is recommended from the face of guardrail, curb, or other roadside barriers. Certain situations may require a wider paved shoulder (a few examples are listed on the slide).

## Considerations:
Route continuity.
Bicyclist and vehicle demand.
Adjusted traffic control devices.
Removed or restricted parking.
Smooth pavement surface.
Sufficient street width.

- Route continuity.
- Bicyclist and vehicle demand.
- Adjusted traffic control devices.
- Removed or restricted parking.
- Smooth pavement surface.
- Sufficient street width.

- Designated Bike Routes

- Source: http://members.aol.com/rcmoeur/

**Notes:**
Key Message: A signed shared route places an engineering stamp of approval for bicyclists; thus, signed shared routes should meet certain criteria or considerations.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Bicycle routes are specially designated shared roadways that are preferred for bicycle travel for certain recreation or transportation purposes. The 1999 AASHTO Guide also refers to a designated bicycle route as a “signed shared roadway” and lists the following reasons for designating signed bike routes:
• The route provides continuity to other bicycle facilities such as bike lanes and shared use paths.
• The road is a common route for bicyclists through a high-demand corridor.
• In rural areas, the route is preferred for bicycling due to low motor vehicle traffic volumes or paved shoulder availability.
• The route extends along local neighborhood streets and collectors that lead to internal neighborhood destinations, such as a park, school, or commercial district.
Bike route signs may also be used on streets with bike lanes, as well as on shared-use paths. Regardless of the type of facility or roadway on which they are used, it is recommended that bike route signs always include destination, direction, and distance information.

## Bicycle Boulevards

- Direct, continuous route.
- Cross-traffic stops.
- Vehicle traffic diverted.
- Traffic calming used.
- Ample signing.
- Bicyclists protected at crossings.

- (This picture shows a bicyclist not wearing a helmet.
- FHWA strongly recommends that all bicyclists wear helmets.)

**Notes:**
Key Message: Bicycle boulevards are direct, continuous routes that provide preferential treatment to bicyclists and attempt to divert vehicle traffic.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
The bicycle boulevard is a refinement of the shared roadway concept, in that the operation of a local street is modified to function as a through-street exclusively for bicycles while maintaining local access for automobiles. Traffic calming devices reduce traffic speeds and extensive through traffic. Traffic controls limit conflicts between motorists and bicyclists and give priority to through-bicycle movement.
There are several elements typically considered in the design of a bicycle boulevard (listed in the Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Student Workbook (Student Workbook)). Discuss these elements with the students.

## Rumble Strips

- Provided to alert motorists, but hazardous to bicyclists.
- Min. 4 ft of usable shoulder width required.
- Periodic gaps may be provided.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Rumble strips provide safety benefits to errant vehicles but also serve as a hazard for bicyclists.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Rumble strips are provided to alert motorists that they are wandering off the travel lanes onto the shoulder or across the center line on an undivided highway. One of a bicyclists’ main concerns about rumble strips is the ability to control the bicycle when the rider needs to travel across or along the rumble strip for such maneuvers as a left turn or to avoid debris or an obstacle on the paved shoulder. According to the 1999 AASHTO Guide, if installed to discourage or warn motorists they are driving on the shoulder, rumble strips or raised pavement markers are not recommended where shoulders are used by bicyclists unless there is:
• A minimum clear path of 0.3 m (1 ft) from the rumble strip to the traveled way.
• A width of 1.2 m (4 ft) from the rumble strip to the outside edge of the paved shoulder (or 1.5 m (5 ft)) to adjacent guardrail, curb, or other obstacle.
If existing conditions preclude achieving the minimum desirable clearance, the width of the rumble strip may be decreased or other appropriate alternative solutions should be considered. For example, some States provide periodic gaps of 3.0 m (10 ft) to 3.6 m (12 ft) between groups of the milled-in elements throughout the length of the shoulder rumble strip.

## Drainage Grates

**Notes:**
Key Message: Drainage grates can be another roadway hazard for bicyclists if the drainage slots are not perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
Care must be taken to ensure that drainage grates are bicycle-safe. If not, a bicycle wheel may fall into a slot in the grate, causing the bicyclist to fall. Replacing existing grates with bicycle-safe grates or welding thin metal straps across the grate perpendicular to the direction of travel is required. These should be checked periodically to ensure that the straps remain in place. 
The most effective way to avoid drainage grate problems is to eliminate them entirely with the use of inlets in the curb face.
It should be noted that public agencies could be found liable for injuries or damages where there are known hazards, such as drainage grates that are not safe for bicycles (refer to chapter 22, Tort Liability).

## Railroad Crossings

**Notes:**
Key Message: The metal rails at railroad crossings can be a slipping hazard for bicyclists if the road crosses the tracks at a sharp angle.
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
Special care must be taken wherever a bikeway intersects railroad tracks. The most important improvements for bicyclists are smoothness of the crossing, angle of crossing, and flange openings.

## Treatments to Avoid

- Sidewalk bikeways:
- Conflict at driveways/intersections.
- Conflict with pedestrians.
- Lead to confusion about right-of-way.
- Raised concrete curbs (or other barriers) separating motor vehicles from bicycles.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Sidewalk bikeways and raised concrete curbs or barriers should be avoided.
Est. Presentation Time: 5–8 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Sidewalk bikeways should be avoided in most cases, as sidewalks are not suited for bicycling for several reasons (slide bullets list several examples).
One of the basic principles behind cycling is that, in most cases, bicyclists are safer when they are allowed to function as roadway vehicle operators, rather than as pedestrians. There are some exceptions where this may not be true, such as a left turn along a high-speed roadway.
Raised concrete curbs create an undesirable condition when used to separate the motor vehicle lane from a bike lane or paved shoulder: either vehicle may hit the curb and lose control, with the motor vehicle crossing onto the bikeway or the bicyclist falling onto the roadway. At night, the curbs cast shadows on the lane, reducing the bicyclist’s visibility of the surface. Extruded curbs make bikeways difficult to maintain and tend to collect debris. They are often hit by motor vehicles, causing them to break up and scatter loose pieces onto the roadway surface.

## Lesson Summary

- There are many ways to allow motor vehicles and bicycles to share the same roadway.
- Use of specific design elements creates a shared roadway that is bicycle-friendly.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Summarize the lesson and discuss any questions or issues with students.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments: 
Summarize the lesson and discuss any questions or issues with students.