# Presentation: 181816

## Cyber-Physical Systems Research Challenges

**Jeannette M. Wing**
- Assistant DirectorComputer and Information Science and Engineering DirectorateNational Science FoundationandPresident’s Professor of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon University

- National Workshop on High-Confidence Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems Troy, MI3 April 2008

## Cars Drive Themselves

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Cars are Networks of Computers

- A BMW is “now actually a network of computers”
- 	[R. Achatz, Seimens, Economist Oct 11, 2007]

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Cars are Nodes in a Network

- “As smart as in-car navigation devices are, they could be smarter.  They could talk to each other via the Internet and share information on how fast traffic is moving on the roads they have just traveled.  And they could also use the Internet to let you search for places of interest, get map updates, or even receive new destinations wirelessly.”

- Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2008

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Cars Are Sensors and Actuators

- Anti-locking braking
- Adaptive cruise control
- Automatic airbags
- Automatic collision notification
- Blind spot reduction
- Collision sensing bumpers
- Headlight glare reduction
- Pedestrian sensors
- Rearward visibility enhancement
- ...

- Warning: Driver Attention

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Zero Traffic Deaths 

- Lampson’s Grand Challenge:
- Reduce highway traffic deaths to zero.
- Butler Lampson, Getting Computers to Understand,** **Microsoft, *J. ACM* 50, 1 (Jan. 2003), pp 70-72.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## U.S Broader Research Agenda and Priorities

- PCAST/NITRD report [August 2007]
- Dan Reed and George Scalise
- 8 priority areas listed, with the recommendation that the first 4 get disproportionately larger funding increases.
- #1 Priority: Cyber-Physical Systems
- Our lives depend on them.

- Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

- President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## This is Not Science Fiction

**soldier on****smart stretcher with****smart dogtag**

**medic in****MASH unit**

**emergency supplies station**

**military records administration**

**medicbot**

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Research Challenges

## Drivers of Computing

*Science*

*Technology*

*Society*

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

**Notes:**
Interlude: I have been recently arguing that the field of computing is driven by scientific questions, technology innovation, and societal demands.  I make this argument for two reasons: first, for ourselves in the field of computing, we are often so swept up by our technological advances or societal expectations that we forget that there are some deep scientific questions that underlie our field. Second, for others outside of computing, it is important to explain that the weight of each, and moreover the combination of our three drivers—science, technology, and society—make our field unique, indeed distinctive from other sciences, mathematics, and engineering.  Why not celebrate this distinction?

Moreover, as shown by the bidirectional arrows, there is wonderful interplay—push and pull—among these three drivers: In the usual loop, scientific discovery feeds technology innovation which feeds new societal applications; in the reverse direction, new technology inspires new creative societal uses, which may demand new scientific discovery.

Underlying all three kinds of drivers to our field of computing, there are fundamental, basic research questions to be answered. 

## Users and Society

- Expectations: 24/7 availability, 100% reliability, 100% connectivity, instantaneous response, store anything and everything forever, ...
- Classes: young to old, able and disabled, rich and poor, literate and illiterate, ...
- Numbers: individual  cliques  acquaintances   social networks  cultures  populations

- Cyber-Physical Systems will be everywhere, used by everyone, for everything

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Societal Challenge

- How can we provide people and society with cyber-physical systems they can bet their lives on?

**Trustworthy**: reliable, secure, privacy-preserving, usable

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Important Trends in Systems

- Nature of tomorrow’s systems
- Dynamic, ever-changing, 24/7 reliability
- Self-* (aware, diagnosing, healing, repairing, managing)
- Two important classes converging
- Embedded and real-time
- Networked architecture, e.g., sensor nets (see below)
- Safety-critical apps, e.g., medical, automotive, aero&astro
- Pervasive and mobile
- Focus on sensors and actuators, not just the devices and communication links
- Prevalence of cell phones, iPods, RFIDs, ...

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Technical Challenge

- (How) can we build systems that interface between the cyber world and the physical world?  Ideally, with predictable, if not adaptable behavior.
- Why this is hard:
- We cannot easily draw the boundaries.
- Boundaries are always changing.
- There are limits to digitizing the continuous world by abstractions.
- Complex systems are unpredictable.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Characteristics of System Complexity

- Emergent phenomena
-  Evolution of new traits
-  Development of cognition,      e.g., language, vision, music
-  “Aha” moments in cognition

- Tipping points
-  Stampeding in a moving crowd
-  Collapse of economic markets
-  “Mac for the Masses” – P. Nixon

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Predictable Behavior

- Predictable is ideal

- A complicated system is a system with lots of parts and whose behavior as a whole can be entirely understood by reducing it to its parts.

- A complex system is a system with lots of parts that when put together has emergent behavior.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Systems Research Challenges

- We need systems that are compositional, scalable, and evolvable.
- Big and small components
- One component to billions of components
- New and old technology co-exist, e.g., from standard cars to autonomous cars, all on smarter and smarter highways
- We need ways to measure and certify the “performance” of CPS.
- Time and space, but multiple degrees of resolution
- New metrics, e.g., energy usage
- New properties, e.g., security, privacy-preserving
- We need new engineering processes for developing, maintaining, and monitoring CPS.
- Traditional ones won’t work.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Software, the Great Enabler

- Good: You can do anything in software!
- Bad: You can do anything in software!
- It’s the software that effects system complexity.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Software Research Challenges

- We need new notions of “correctness”.
- Factor in context of use, unpredictable environment, emergent properties, dynamism
- What are the desired properties of and metrics for both software (e.g., weak compositionality) and systems (e.g., power)?
- We need new formal models and logics for reasoning about cyber-physical systems.
- E.g., hybrid automata, probabilistic real-time temporal logic
- For verification, simulation, prediction
- We need new verification tools usable by domain engineers.
- Push-button, lightweight
- Integrated with rest of system development process

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Research Vision

- To provide automotive engineers with lightweight “push-button” tools, each checking a specific application-specific property.

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Fundamental Scientific Challenges

- Co-existence of Booleans and Reals
- Discrete systems in a continuous world

- Understanding complex systems
- Emergent behavior, tipping points, ...
- Chaos theory, randomness,  ...

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Communities Needed to Meet These Challenges

## Disciplines and Sectors

- Academic Disciplines
- Civil engineering
- Control systems
- Electrical engineering
- Embedded systems
- Formal methods
- Human-computer interaction
- Hybrid systems
- Mathematics
- Mechanical engineering
- Probability and statistics
- Real-time systems
- Robotics
- Security and privacy
- Software engineering
- Systems engineering
- Usability
- ...

- Industrial Sectors
- Aeronautics
- Automotive
- Buildings
- Consumer/Home
- Energy
- Finance
- Medical
- Telecommunications
- ...

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Broader Implications

- Nature of research
- Interdisciplinary
- Collaborative across disciplines, between industry and academia
- Education: Workforce and training
- Discrete and continuous mathematics
- Software, hardware, device and systems engineering
- Need major improvements in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education in K-12

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Partnerships

- Theoreticians, experimentalists, domain experts
- Computer scientists, electrical and mechanical engineers
- Industry, Academia, Government
- domain experts, domain problems
- general solutions that work for specific problems

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## A Model for Expediting Progress

- FundamentalResearch

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## New Models for Academia-Industry-Government Partnership

- For example: Google+IBM and NSF
- Google+IBM providing software and services on large data cluster to academic community reached by NSF.  Why?
- NSF’s broad reach: all US academic institutions, all sciences and engineering
- NSF’s merit review process and infrastructure
- Other companies welcome!
- Other models of engagement welcome!

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## NSF’s Interests in CPS

- Two directorates, CISE and ENG, working together
- Within CISE, across all three divisions
- Foundations (CCF), systems (CNS), AI/appl’ns (IIS)
- Plans for a new FY09 initiative.
- Please be on the lookout for our solicitation!
- Related foundation-wide initiative: Cyber-Enabled Discovery and Innovation (CDI)
- Understanding Complex Systems

- Jeannette M. Wing

- Automotive CPS

## Thank you!