# Presentation: 524721

## Frontiers in science and engineeringNanotechnology 

**M.C. Roco**
**B. Kramer, Presenter**
**   ****	**

- F. Frankel - copyright

**ENG Advisory Committee **
**November 16, 2006**

## WHAT  IS  NANOTECHNOLOGY(definition based on international benchmark since 2000)

**Working at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, ****	****in the length scale **_**of approximately 1 – 100 nm range**_**, ****	****	****in order to understand and create materials, devices and ****	****systems with fundamentally new properties and functions ****	****because of their small structure    (see http://nano.gov)**
- NNI definition encourages new R&D that were not possible before:
- 	-   _***novel phenomena, properties and functions at nanoscale***_,          	 which are nonscalable outside of the nm domain
- 	-   _***the ability to measure, control, and restructure matter***_* at  the **	**nanoscale* in order to change those properties and functions
- 	-  _***integration along length scales, systems and applications***_
- Nanotechnology uniquely defined, while there are many applications

**Benchmark**
**“****Nanostructure  S&T”**
*Book Springer, 1999*

##  National Nanotechnology Initiative                 (NSF, DOD, DOE, NIH, NIST, EPA; total 25 agencies)

**	**

- *  Includes Congressionally
- directed additional funding

**Total budget in FY 2006 = $1.3 billion**

**Notes:**
NSF has been a pioneer among federal agencies and at the international level in fostering the development of nanoscale science and engineering.  In FY 2003, the NSF investment of $202 million will develop and strengthen research and education in nanobiotechnology, new structures and phenomena,  system architecture, environment, modeling and societal implications.  A special attention will be given to the creation of the nanoscale science and engineering infrastructure and workforce needed to exploit the outstanding opportunities presented by the new technology.

**	****	****     ****    ****National Nanotechnology Initiative at NSF**

-  McMillan, 2004

**Coordination with other 24 agencies in the NNI                    (WH priority, NSTC/NSET subcommittee, OMB cross-cut, several working groups, and joint R&D activities)**
**Nanotechnology is a priority element of the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI)   **
**New research priorities (change focus from passive nanostructures to active nanostructures and nanosystems)**
**Supports a strong infrastructure through 24 large centers, networks and user facilities, as well as research equipment**
**Interaction with industry (with electronic, chemical and other industry sectors, small business support, private sector – academic partnerships)**
**International collaboration (International Dialogue, OECD, bilateral agreements, workshops, awards)**

- Designed molecule
-  for selfassembling
- (UCSB)

## NSE:  Role of Engineering www.nsf.gov/nano

**Engineering has a leading role in NSE**** because:**
**	****  ****	****-  nanotechnology deals with systems at nanoscale**
**       ****	****-  integrative, interdisciplinary**
**	****   ****	****-  transforming tool**
**Collaboration with NSF Directorates: ****MPS, CISE, BIO, GEO, SBE, HER**
**	****Also, NNI - 24 departments and agencies (DOE,DOD, NASA, NIH, NIST, EPA, etc.)**
**Changing engineering disciplines (research, education, relevance)**

## NSF Program Emphasis in FY 2007

**Increased investments will be dedicated to research and education on:**
**Increased focus on complex large nanosystems.  **Research on nanoscale devices and system architecture, dynamic and emerging behavior, and their respective fabrication, will be emphasized
**Increased focused on three-dimensional measurements of domains of engineering relevance with good time resolution**
**Converging science, engineering and technology from the nanoscale, by integrating nanosystems into applications **(in manufacturing, information systems, medicine, environment, etc.)
**Expanded joint research program addressing potential implications of nanotechnology; **partner with NIOSH, EPA and FDA, USDA and NIST
**Earlier educational programs and teaching materials, **including for K-12, by using remote access to NSF educational networks (NU, NISE, NNIN)
**Expand partnerships of academic researchers with industry, medical facilities and states **through two programs (GOALI, PFI), using the CBAN (Collaborative Board for Advancing Nanotechnology)

##             ENG Priorities Research Areas (1)

- The long-term objectives of this broad initiative focus on building a foundation of fundamental research to understand nanoscale concepts in all areas of S&E.  Priority for new frontiers are:
- _A.  Development of nanotechnology_
- 	**Tools for measuring and restructuring with atomic precision **
**	****Understanding and use of quantum phenomena**
**	****Understanding and use of multi-scale selfassembling **
**	****Nanobiotechnology – sub-cellular changes and systems approach**
**	****Nanomanufacturing – for active nanostructures and nanosystems; use catalysts**
- _B.  Integration of nanotechnology in application areas_
- 	**Replacing electron charge as the information carrier in electronics                                                                                 Energy conversion and water filtration/desalinization using new principles                                                     Nano-bio interfaces  ****between the human body and manmade devices****                                                                                                                    Nano-informatics for better communication and nano-system design **

##             ENG Priority Research Areas (2)

- _C.  Societal dimensions_
- 	**Environmental, health and safety (EHS)  including research for the three sources (natural, incidental, manufactured) of nanomaterials **
**     ****Earlier K-12 and public education                                                               **
**     ****Social issues and public engagement**

**  ****Key EHS priorities** (for knowledge creation, infrastructure, and education):                                                                                                            -  New instrumentation for nanoparticle characterization and nanotoxicity                                                                                                -  Transport phenomena and physico- chem.- biological processes of nanoscale dispersions                                                                                                   -  Interaction of nanomaterials with cells and living tissues                                                           -  Separation of nanoparticles from fluids
**  ****Safety of manufacturing nanoparticles** is being investigated in four Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers (NSECs at Rice U., NE U., UPA and UWI) and one Network (NNIN)

## Novel Membranes Researchers at the University of Kentucky have fabricated membranes from billions of aligned carbon nanotubes.  The surfaces of the membranes are almost friction-free.  The theory has been verified in the same year by SNL

**In this illustration, water is shown flowing through carbon nanotube membranes at ****a rate up to 100,000 times faster than models predict.****  **

- MC. Roco,  11/08/06

## Direct Thermo-electric Energy Conversion

- -

- +

- I

- N

- P

- I

- I

- HOT SIDE

- COLD SIDE

**Bi****2****Te****3**** alloy**

**PbTe alloy**

**Si****0.8****Ge****0.2**** alloy**

**(JPL)**

**PbSeTe/PbTe**
**Quantum-dots**

**Bi****2****Te****3****/Sb****2****Te****3**
**Superlattices**
**(RTI)**

**AgPb****m****SbTe****2+m**
**(Kanatzidis)**

**After Dresselhaus**

- Electron flux vs. phonon flux

**NANO**
**materials**

- Credit: (MIT)

##  Example: Designing molecules for hierarchical selfassembling 

**EX:  SAMUEL  I.  STUPP,  *****Northwestern University***

- Application: biomaterials for human repair, reactive  filters, others

**Notes:**
Reference:
G.A, Silva, C. Czeisler, K.L. Niece, E. Beniash, D. Harrington, J.A. Kessler and S.I. Stupp, Selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells by hsh-epitope density nanofibers.  Science, 2003 
Selfassembled molecular fibers for nerve repair (S. Stupp, NU, NSF Award 0108342, NIRT,
in collab with NIH and DOE )
Professor Samuel Stupp (Northwestern University) and his colleagues have created bioactive and electroactive self-assembled nanostructures.  They designed self-assembled molecular nanofibers that promote the growth of neurons (nerve cells).  These nanofibers could therefore potentially be used for nerve repair, a long-sought-after "holy grail" in neuroscience and rehabilitation medicine.  The way the authors succeeded in promoting nerve growth on these nanofibers was to design them so that when they self-assemble they will have a specific sequence of aminoacids on their outer envelope that promotes growth of nerve cells.  The major scientific breakthrough was in the exquisitely creative design of these polymeric nanofibers that allowed the aminoacids to be placed on the outside of the fibers in the exact positions and with the precise sequences that are required to enable nerve-cell growth.

## Nano-cars driven by light-activated or thermally driven nanomotors (rolling molecules).	J. Tour group, Rice University.

**Nano-cars driven by light-activated or thermally driven nanomotors (rolling molecules).**	J. Tour group, Rice University.

- M.C. Roco, 11/08/06

- Nano Letters, Vol. 5, 2005; JACS, Vol. 128, 2006

- a

## Nanocluster tools with multiple processes conducted on the same substrate

- (courtesy of X. Zhang, SINAM NSEC, University of California, Los Angeles)

- Ultra molding & imprint lithography
- Parallel nanoassembly

- Resolution in
- 2006: 40 nm
- Target: 20 nm

## Center for Nano Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical                         Manufacturing Systems  (NanoCEMMS- P. Ferreira, UIUC)

- Nanoscale molecular            gate arrays
- Nano-photodetector array sensing

- Center for Nano Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical                         Manufacturing Systems  *(NanoCEMMS- P. Ferreira, UIUC)*

## National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN)

**NSF:  Four NSECs **
- 	-  Center for Scalable and Integrated Nanomanufacturing,                     	UCLA (2004- )
- 	-  Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical 	Manufacturing Systems**,                                                   ****	**University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2005- )
- 	-  Center for High Rate Nanomanufacturing,                                 	Northeastern University (2005- )
- 	-  Network for Hierarchical Manufacturing                                                           	U. Mass. - Amherst  (2006- ) ***(Main Node of NNN)***
**DOD**
**NIST, ****Laboratory for Nanoscale Science and Technology**