# Presentation: 750754

## PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN:A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE US AND CHINA性能化设计一座中美之间的桥梁

**Martin H. Reiss, P.E., FSFPE**
**President & CEO**
**Rolf Jensen & Associates (RJA)**
**NIST/China Workshop **
**21 September 2004**
**马丁瑞斯****,****专业工程师**
**总裁及首席执行官**
**罗夫简森合伙人公司****(RJA)**
**美国国家技术标准局****/****中国研讨会**
**2004****年****9****月****21****日**

**Notes:**
KNEE HOW

## DEFINITIONS定义

- Prescriptive design is a methodology based upon meeting all of the specific requirements of the code.
- Performance-based design is a methodology using engineering methods to achieve stated fire protection and life safety goals.

- 处方式设计是一种基于满足规范中所有具体要求的设计方法.
- 性能化设计是一种运用工程方法达到既定消防及生命安全目标的设计方法

**Notes:**
The commonly use approach to building design around the world today is generally referred to as prescriptive design. It simply is a matter of strict compliance with the specific requirements of the code.

Performance-based design is based-on the use of engineering methods to achieve agreed-upon goals. Although the codification of this method is relatively new, the basic concepts have been used for almost 50 years.

## TWO DESIGN APPROACHES两种途径

- Prescriptive
-      - Code Approach
-      - Solution by Occupancy Type
- Performance-Based
-      - Engineering Approach
-      - Solution Matched to Hazards &
-         Goals

- 处方式
-   -按照规范要求
-   -由建筑使用用途提供解决方案
- 性能化设计
-   -工程计算方法
-   -按照火灾危险性和设计目标制定解决方案

**Notes:**
The basic differences of the two approaches are stated on the slide (read slide). It is important to note that performance-based design is typically used for certain parts or systems in a building design with the remainder of the design being prescriptive.

## EVOLUTION OF US PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN美国性能化设计方法的发展变化

- Early Provisions for Alternates & Equivalencies
- Development of Engineering Methods
- SFPE Design Guide
- Performance-Based Codes
-      - NFPA (2000)
-      - ICC (2001)

- 早前对于变通等效设计方法的规定
- 工程设计方法的发展
- 美国消防工程师协会的设计指南
- 性能化设计规范
-    -NFPA(2000)
-    -ICC(2001)

**Notes:**
In the very early editions of US fire and building codes, there was always a section dealing with approaches to follow if the specific requirements of the code could not be met. The section would permit alternate means to meet the code requirement provided that such method was demonstrated to be comparable or exceed the specific code requirement. The alternate method evolved over time to permit “equivalencies”.

The most significant events over the past 35 years, since Rolf Jensen was started, has been the quantification of the fire phenomenon to develop formulas that predict fire behavior and growth has moved the practice of fire protection engineering from an art to a science. Together with the rapid development in computing capability to perform these calculations in real time, qualified fire protection engineers can economically perform the performance-based analysis and design. NIST has led in the development of these tools and their computational fluid dynamics model, FDS, is considered the world-class leader. We used the FDS fire model regularly with our PathFinder egress model on projects all over the world. 

In the 1990’s, the Society of Fire Protection Engineers developed and jointly published with NFPA a Guide to the performance-based design process.

This led to the first codes in the United States that followed the process and codified performance-based design. In 2000, NFPA included it as a chapter in their Life Safety Code. As a side note, the 1997 edition of the Life Safety Code was translated into Chinese by a team led by Colonel Gao Wei in the audience together with Mr. Wu Qihong of the China Fire Protection Association. The most recent edition is in process of being translated. In 2001, the ICC published a document Performance Code for Buildings & Facilities.

## BENEFITS益处

- Greater Design & Use Flexibility
- Addresses Specific Hazards & Existing Conditions
- Analyze Unique & Complex Designs
- Addresses Local Code Intent
- Stakeholder Team Approach

- 较大的设计和使用灵活性
- 阐述了特别的危害和现有建筑情况
- 分析了独特和复杂的设计
- 阐述了当地规范要求的目的
- 设计小组风险承担人认同的步骤方法

**Notes:**
By allowing the designer and user to gain greater flexibility, the performance-based process generates a great benefit to both. In addition, it allows the fire and building officials to quantify the level of safety.

The process addresses the specific hazards in a building instead of the general occupancy type. Existing conditions, particularly in historic structures, are important when trying to maintain and protect the cultural fabric of the structure and the heritage impact on the country.

Unique and complex designs are not fully covered by the code or cannot comply with the prescriptive requirements. The only way that they are being addressed today is primarily through a performance-based approach.

In comparing the prescriptive code requirement with the performance-based approach, local code intent becomes a part of the demonstration of equivalent performanc.

A significant benefit is that the full stakeholder team needs to participate at the start of the process. These are all those who have a direct interest in the goals and objectives. They include the owner, architect, fire protection engineer, insurance interests, the local fire and building authority, and other similar groups.

## TYPICAL APPLICATIONS典型的运用

- Scope
-      - Fire Compartments
-      - Smoke Compartments
-      - Means of Egress
-      - Roof Structure
- Building Types
-      - High Rise
-      - Historic
-      - Sports
-      - Large Public Assembly
-      - Malls

- 范围
-   -防火分区
-   -防烟分区
-   -疏散方法
-   -屋顶结构
- 建筑类型
-   -高层建筑
-   -历史文物建筑
-   -运动场馆
-   -大型公共建筑
-   -购物中心

**Notes:**
Performance-based design is used for areas of a building, in the design of fire safety systems or both. The typical scope for such design that is also applicable to buildings that we have worked on in both the United States and China are listed.

The typical building types that are unique or have compartment size and travel distance issues are listed.

## PROCESS过程

- Define Project Scope
- Identify Goals
- Define Objectives
- Develop Performance Criteria
- Design Fire Scenarios
- Evaluate Designs
- Select Design That Meets Criteria
- Prepare Design, Operating & Maintenance Documents

- 定义项目工作范围
- 明确设计目标
- 确定设计目的
- 制定性能参数
- 制定火灾假想
- 评估设计
- 选择符合设计参数的设计
- 准备建筑设计,运营及维护的相关设计文件

**Notes:**
The SFPE Design Guide developed this process that is used in the United States, and similarly in China, is shown. A few points to mention is that all stakeholders need to agree up front on the goals, objectives and particularly on the performance criteria for acceptance. The choice of design fire scenarios must be done by engineers who are knowledgeable on the type of hazards that need to be addressed. The final document should include proper operating and maintenance plans in addition to the design if the building is to continue to provide the desired level of safety after it is occupied. 

## DESIGN TEAM QUALIFICATIONS设计小组的资质

- Experience
-      - Company Staff & Similar Projects
-      - Individual Training & Education
- Functions
-      - Understand Prescriptive Code
-      - Identify Hazards
-      - Develop Realistic Fire Scenarios
-      - Determine Engineering Tools

- 设计经历
-    -公司成员及相似的项
-     目经验
-    -成员的培训和教育背
-     景
- 作用
-    -了解处方式规范
-    -确立危险性
-    -制定合理的火灾假想
-    -决定使用的工程计算方法

**Notes:**
The qualifications of the fire protection engineer design team should be demonstrated to the authority having jurisdiction, which is the fire official for fire protection design, so that the official is comfortable that both the company and the individual are qualified. 

Experience on similar projects with depth of staff are important for a company. The individual engineer should have the proper training and education. In the United States, there are universities that have programs in fire protection engineering, such as WPI where our China representative, Fang Li, received her Masters Degree in Fire Protection Engineering.

The functions that are particular to the specific project being designed are first an understanding of the local prescriptive code and its intent. The hazards for that building need to be identified and realistic fire scenarios developed. Finally, the engineer needs to determine the choice of engineering tools and how they are to be used. 

## GLOBAL BRIDGE国际间的桥梁

- Uses Science-Based Engineering Methods
- Compare Various Code Requirements
- Quantify Fire & Life Safety Performance

- 运用基于科学基础的工程方法
- 比较各种不同的规范要求
- 量化火灾及生命安全的性能表现

**Notes:**
Performance-based design can be the global bridge between the United States and China is achieving state-of-the-art fire and life safety. It uses science-based engineering methods that can be exchanged between the scientists and engineers in both countries. We have a memorandum of understanding with the Tianjin Fire Research Institute for technology exchange and are currently working jointly on the development of a China performance-based guide.

It allows a basis for comparing the various code requirements between countries.

And finally, quantification of fire and life safety performance can be achieved. 

## CONTACT INFORMATION联系方法

- United States
-      Martin H. Reiss
-      RJA
-      1661 Worcester Road
-      Framingham, MA 01701
-      Tel. +1-508-620-8900
-      Fax +1-508-620-0908
-      _[mreiss@rjagroup.com](mailto:mreiss@rjagroup.com)_
- China
-      Fang Li
-      RJA
-      Jim Mao Tower, 31/F
-      88 Shi Ji Avenue
-      Pudong, Shanghai 200120
-      Tel. +8621-2890-9735
-      Fax +8621-2890-9999
-      _[fli@rjagroup.com](mailto:fli@rjagroup.com)_
- www.rjagroup.com

- 美国
-    马丁瑞斯(RJA)
-      1661 Worcester Road
-      Framingham, MA 01701
-      电话 +1-508-620-8900
-      传真 +1-508-620-0908
-      电子邮件_[mreiss](mailto:mreiss@rjagroup.com)__[@](mailto:mreiss@rjagroup.com)__[rjagroup](mailto:mreiss@rjagroup.com)__[.com](mailto:mreiss@rjagroup.com)_
- 中国
-     李方(RJA)
-     上海浦东世纪大道88号
-     金茂大厦31层
-     邮编200120
-     电话 +8621-2890-9735
-     传真 +8621-2890-9999
-     电子邮件_[fli](mailto:fli@rjagroup.com)__[@](mailto:fli@rjagroup.com)__[rjagroup](mailto:fli@rjagroup.com)__[.com](mailto:fli@rjagroup.com)_

**Notes:**
You can contact us for more information at the information shown in the United States and also in China through our Shanghai office.

## 

THANK YOU
谢谢

**THANK YOU**
**谢谢**

**Notes:**
SHAY SHAY