# Presentation: 852904

## Peter A. Bandettini, Ph.D.

Section on Functional Imaging Methods
http://fim.nimh.nih.gov 
Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
&
Functional MRI Facility
http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

- Section on Functional Imaging Methods
- http://fim.nimh.nih.gov
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
- &
- Functional MRI Facility
- http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

**Functional MRI at the NIH **

**Notes:**
50 minutes

## Fiber Track Imaging

**Fiber Track Imaging**

**Angiography**

**Venography**

**Anatomy**

**Perfusion**

**T1 weighted   T2 weighted**

## MRI vs. fMRI

- MRI

- fMRI

**one image**

**many images**
- (e.g., every 2 sec for 5 mins)

- high resolution
- (1 mm or less)

- low resolution
- (1.5 to 4 mm)

- ...

- Time

## blood flow

**blood flow**
**oxygenated-blood**
**MR signal**

## Basis of BOLD Contrast

- red blood cells

- L. Pauling, C. D. Coryell, *Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 22, 210-216*, **1936**.
- K.R. Thulborn, J. C. Waterton, et al.,  *Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 714: 265-270*, **1982**.
- S. Ogawa, T. M. Lee, A. R. Kay, D. W. Tank, *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9868-9872*, **1990**.

- oxygenated

- deoxygenated

*Oxygenated and deoxygenated red blood cells have different magnetic properties*

## BOLD Contrast Imaging

**BOLD Contrast Imaging**

## Slide 7

## Activation Statistics

- <date/time>

- Statistical Map
- superimposed on anatomical MRI image

- ~2s

- Functional images

- Time

- Condition 1

- Condition 2

- ...

- ~ 5 min

- Time

- fMRI
- Signal
- (% change)

- ROI Time Course

- Condition

**Activation Statistics**

- Region of interest (ROI)

## 3

**Log Size (mm)**

- 2
- 1
- 0
- -1

- Brain
- Map
- Column
- Layer

**Log Time (sec)**

- -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

- NIRS NIRS

- Millisecond   Second   Minute  Hour  Day

**MEG, EEG**

**NIRS**

**fMRI**

**MRI**

**PET**

**Notes:**
Might include other scales for ease of implementation, as well as robustness

## Spatial and Temporal Resolution

- P. A. Bandettini*, *(1999) "Functional MRI" 205-220.

**Latency Variation...**

**Spatial and Temporal Resolution**

- Cheng, et al. (2001) Neuron,32:359-374

- Spatial

- Temporal

## ?

**Hemodynamics**

**?**

**?**

**?**

**Measured Signal**

**Noise**

**?**

**Interpretation**

## Slide 12

## Motor 

**J. Illes, M. P. Kirschen, J. D. E. Gabrielli, Nature Neuroscience, 6 (3) p.205, 2001**

**Motor **
**Primary Sensory**
**Integrative Sensory**
**Basic Cognition**
**High-Order Cognition**
**Emotion**

**Type of fMRI research performed**

## fMRI Studies at the NIH..

- Epilepsy
- Visual processing
- Mood disorders
- Learning
- Habituation
- Plasticity/Recovery
- Motor Function
- Auditory processing
- Attention
- Language
- Speech
- Stroke
- Social Interaction
- Development
- Aging
- Genetics
- Decision making
- Mood disorders

## Principle Investigators doing fMRI:

- Peter Bandettini, Ph.D.
- Karen Berman, M.D.
- James Blair, Ph.D.
- Robert Cohen, M.D., Ph.D.
- Christian Grillon, Ph.D.
- Wayne Drevets, M.D.
- Ellen Liebenluft, M.D.
- Daniel Pine, M.D.
- Jun Shen, Ph.D.
- Leslie Ungerleider, Ph.D.
- Daniel Weinberger, M.D.

**NINDS: **
- Leonardo Cohen, M.D.
- Jeff Duyn, Ph.D.
- Jordan Graffman, Ph.D.
- Mark Hallet, Ph.D.
- Alan Koretsky, Ph.D.
- Chrsity Ludlow, Ph.D.
**NIAAA:**
- Daniel Hommer, M.D.
**NICHD:**
- Peter Basser, Ph.D.
- Allen Braun, M.D.

**Principle Investigators doing fMRI:**

## Methodology

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

**Neuroscience**

## fMRI Setup

## Scanners: 

- “3T-1” 		GE 3T 	(June 2000)
- “3T-2” 		GE 3T    	(Nov 2002)
- “FMRIF 1.5T” 	GE 1.5T 	(Sept 2004)
- Currently being Cited	GE 3T	(Aug 2003)

- 3T-1

- 3T-2

- 1.5T

- 1.5T

## Radiofrequency Coils

***Head “Bird-cage” coils***

**Radiofrequency Coils**

## A

**A**

**B**

**C**

**D**

## Radiofrequency Coils

***8-channel acquisition:***

- GE birdcage

- GE 8 channel coil

- Nova 8 channel coil

**Radiofrequency Coils**

## Slide 22

## Haxby et al (2001)

**Haxby et al (2001)**

## Clinical Applications

**Comparison of two groups of *****normal***** individuals with differences in the Serotonin Transporter Gene**

**Clinical Applications**

## Uses

**Future Uses**

- Understanding normal brain organization and changes
- 	-networks involved with specific tasks (low to high level processing)
- 	-changes over time (seconds to years)
- 	-correlates of behavior (response accuracy, performance changes...)
- Clinical research
- 	-correlates of specifically activated networks to clinical populations
- 	-presurgical mapping

- Complementary use for clinical diagnosis
- 	-utilization of clinical research results
- 	-prediction of pathology
- Clinical treatment and assessment
- 	-drug, therapy, rehabilitation, biofeedback
- 	-epileptic foci mapping
- 	-drug effects
- Non clinical uses
- 	-complementary use with behavioral, anatomical, other modality results
- 	-lie detection
- 	-prediction of behavior tendencies
- 	-brain/computer interface

## Some Anatomical Images from our Human 7 T ScannerAlan KoretskyTie Qiang LiJeff Duyn

## Slide 27

## fiber bundles?

## FSE images at 0.2x.2x1mm3

- FSE **images** at 0.2x.2x1mm3

## Slide 30

## Slide 31

## Layered structure i

**Layered structure i**
**n the visual cortex**

## Functional MRI Facility

## Core Facility Staff:

- Peter Bandettini, Ph.D.	– Director
- Sean Marrett, Ph.D. 		– Staff Scientist
- Jerzy Bodurka, Ph.D. 		– Staff Scientist
- Wen-Ming Luh, Ph.D. 	– Staff Scientist
- Adam Thomas 		– Computer Administrator
- Kay Kuhns 			– Program Assistant
- Karen Bove-Bettis 		– Technologist
- Janet Ebron 			– Technologist
- Alda Ottley 			– Technologist
- Ellen Condon 			– Technologist
- Sahra Omar 			– Technologist

## Stimulus presentation equipment

- Back projection screen  48X36in (DaLite Polacoat 100) mounted on an aluminum stand.
- Sharp LCD projectors with Buhl lens
- Avotec Silent Vision fiber-optic glasses for visual stimulus with integrated eye-tracking system
- SMI iView system with long-range lens for video-camera based eye-tracking
- Avotec Silent Scan earphones
- Phone-Or Dual Channel Noise-canceling Microphone

***Software and response devices***
- Presentation software
- e-prime (biological)
- Psychophysics Toolbox
- SuperLab
- Custom designed button response units and physiological interfaces  RSB

***New Devices****** (acquired in the last year)***
- EEG
- Custom DLP projection (higher temporal resolution)
- DLP Backprojection
- Fiber-optic response systems
- MRI compatible power-injector
- Drug infusion pump

## Pulse Sequences

***EPI-RT :*** General purpose BOLD imaging with real time display
***epi3, epi4***** :** NIH EPI sequences, epi4 for use with 16 channel system
***SPEP:*** Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD -spiral/EPI sequence with perfusion and diffusion modules and multi-echo and combined SE and GE capability
***Clustered volume EPI-RT:*** (for auditory studies)
***NIH-EPI*** (for use with 16 channel receiver system)
**Anatomical Imaging**:
** ****MP-RAGE:** T1 weighted sequence with excellent Gray/White matter contrast
-  standard product multi-shot sequences like: SPGR, SE, FSE etc.

- High-resolution venogram

- EPI

- IR-EPI

- Pulsed ASL (QUIPSS II)

**Pulse Sequences**

## “Real – Time” fMRI

**“****Real – Time” fMRI**

**motion tracking**

## Website:

**FMRIF.NIMH.NIH.GOV**

## 3T-1

- 3T-2

## Education / Support:

- Weekly fMRI discussions (Fridays, 1pm, 10/4N230)
- Bi-Monthly user meetings (First Monday every other month, 3pm, 10/4N230)
- Bi-Monthly steering committee meetings (First Monday every other month, 3pm, 10/4N230)
- Meetings with each PI to address needs and concerns & guide purchases
- Training in scanner operation and use of subject interface devices
- Consulting on paradigm design

## PI Research:

- Peter Bandettini, Ph.D.
- Karen Berman, M.D.
- James Blair, Ph.D.
- Robert Cohen, M.D., Ph.D.
- Christian Grillon, Ph.D.
- Wayne Drevets, M.D.
- Ellen Liebenluft, M.D.
- Daniel Pine, M.D.
- Jun Shen, Ph.D.
- Leslie Ungerleider, Ph.D.
- Daniel Weinberger, M.D.

**NINDS: **
- Leonardo Cohen, M.D.
- Jeff Duyn, Ph.D.
- Jordan Graffman, Ph.D.
- Mark Hallet, Ph.D.
- Alan Koretsky, Ph.D.
- Chrsity Ludlow, Ph.D.
**NIAAA:**
- Daniel Hommer, M.D.
**NICHD:**
- Peter Basser, Ph.D.
- Allen Braun, M.D.

**PI Research:**

## Research Protocols on FMRIF Scanners

- 32

- 20

- 17

## 2003:

**2003:**
**Up days:**
**3T-1: 303**
**3T-2: 280**** **
**Total budget (including salaries):**
**$1,746 000.00**
**Cost per usage hour (only counting**
** ****up days x 10 hrs day): $309**
**Cost per Gigabyte: $2.35**

## Functional MRI 

**Papers Published at the NIH:**

- 2000: **20**
- 2001: **11**
- 2002: **24**
- 2003: **26**
- 2004: **31**
- 2005: **5**

## Ongoing Projects and Directions

**More routine access to advanced subject interface devices (eye tracking, skin conductance).**
**Better dissemination of methods information to and across groups. **
**Simultaneous EEG/fMRI.**
**Higher resolution single shot fMRI (1.5 mm****3****).**
**More routine access to perfusion imaging methods and processing.**
**Better shimming techniques (to image base of brain more effectively).**