# Presentation: 674569

## Peter A. Bandettini, Ph.D.

Section on Functional Imaging Methods
http://fim.nimh.nih.gov
Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
&
Functional MRI Facility
http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

- Section on Functional Imaging Methods
- http://fim.nimh.nih.gov
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition
- &
- Functional MRI Facility
- http://fmrif.nimh.nih.gov

**Recent Advances in Functional MRI **

**Notes:**
50 minutes

## “fMRI” or “functional MRI”

**“****fMRI” or “functional MRI”**

## Motor (black)

**J. Illes, M. P. Kirschen, J. D. E. Gabrielli, Nature Neuroscience, 6 (3)m p.205**

**Motor (black)**
**Primary Sensory (red)**
**Integrative Sensory (violet)**
**Basic Cognition (green)**
**High-Order Cognition (yellow)**
**Emotion (blue)**

## Methodology

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

## Technology

**Parallel Acquisition**
**SENSE Imaging**
**High Fields**

## Parallel Acquisition

- J. Bodurka, et al, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 51 (2004) 165-171.

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**J. Bodurka**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Segmentation using EPI Transient

**J. Bodurka**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Simulated gains in TNSR with doubling sensitivity**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Bellgowan et al.**

**Technology**

## Parallel Acquisition

**Bellgowan et al.**

**Parallel Acquisition**

**Technology**

## ≈ 5 to 30 ms

**≈ ****5 to 30 ms**

**Pruessmann, et al. **

**SENSE Imaging**

**Technology**

## SENSE Imaging

**SENSE Imaging**

**Technology**

## 7T head coil 			3T head coil

**7T head coil ****	****	****	****3T head coil**

**7T**					**3T**
- white matter SNR =65			white matter SNR =26
- Gray matter SNR = 76			Gray matter SNR = 34

- TSE, 11 echoes, 7 min exam, 20cm FOV, 512x512 (0.4mm x 0.4mm), 3mm thick slices.

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## Susceptibility field (in Gauss) increases w/ Bo

**1.5T****	****	****	****   3T****	****	****	****	****     7T**

**Ping-pong ball in H****2****0:**
**Field maps (DTE = 5ms), black lines spaced by 0.024G (0.8ppm at 3T)**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T: Single Shot whole head EPI

- single shot EPI, 7T.
- 64x64, 19cm FOV(3mm resolution), 3mm slice.
- TE=20ms

**3mm isotropic**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T: Single Shot whole head EPI

- single shot EPI, 7T.
- 128x128, 20cm FOV (1.5mm resolution), 2mm slice,
- TE = 20ms

**7T: Single Shot whole head EPI**

**1.5mm inplane**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## 7T Blood flow and BOLD based fMRI

-  6 minute pulse Arterial Spin Labeling blood flow image
- 1.56mm x 1.56mm x 4mm
- (3T typical resolution: 3mmx 3mm x 5mm)

**Longer T1 means better ASL...**

**Courtesy Larry Wald**

**High Fields**

**Technology**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

## Methodology

**New Contrasts**
**Paradigm Designs**
**Temporal Resolution**
**Spatial Resolution**
**Processing Methods**

## fMRI Contrast

**BOLD**
**Perfusion (ASL)**
******CMRO****2**
******Volume (VASO)**
**Neuronal Currents**
**Diffusion coefficient**
**Temperature**

**fMRI Contrast**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## fMRI Contrast

**BOLD**
**Perfusion (ASL)**
******CMRO****2**
******Volume (VASO)**
**Neuronal Currents**
**Diffusion coefficient**
**Temperature**

**fMRI Contrast**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## Perfusion (ASL)

**Better than BOLD for long duration activation...**

**Perfusion (ASL)**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## Perfusion vs. BOLD: Low Task Frequency

- Wang et al., 2002

## Single Subject

- Group (Random Effects)

- Aguirre et al., NeuroImage, in press

- ASL Perfusion fMRI vs. BOLD*Improved *_*Intersubject*_* Variability vs. BOLD*

**Perfusion (ASL)**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

## CBF

**CBF**

**BOLD**

**Simultaneous Perfusion and BOLD imaging during **
**graded ****visual activation**** and ****hypercapnia**

**40**

**CMRO****2**

**Hoge et al, PNAS 96: **
**9403-9408 (1999)**

******CMRO****2**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Notes:**
here we see the resultant perfusion and BOLD responses;
on the left, we see that the perfusion increases evoked by the two stimulus types are well matched...
while on the right we see that the BOLD signals are significantly different.
what is happening here is that increased dHb production associated with accelerated aerobic metabolism during brain activation is attenuating the visually evoked BOLD signal.

## New Contrasts

- Lu et al, MRM 50 (2): 263-274 (2003)

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**VASO**

## New Contrasts

**Intracellular**
**Current**

**Magnetic Field**

**Surface Fields**

- 100 fT at on surface of skull
- And 0.2 nT near source

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Neuronal Currents**

## New Contrasts

**J. Xiong, P. T. Fox, J.-H. Gao, ***Direct MRI Mapping of neuronal activity.*** Human Brain Mapping, 20: 41-49, (2003)**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Neuronal Currents**

## New Contrasts

-  Size: in-plane:~1-2mm2, thickness: 60-100m
-  Neuronal Population: 10,000-100,000
-  Spontaneous synchronized activity < 2Hz
-  Epileptiform activity
-  Spontaneous beta freq. activity (20-30Hz)
-  Network Activity Range: ~ 0.5-15V

**Cortex**

**100 mm**

- Plenz, D. et al. *Neurosci* 70(4): 861-924, 1996

**Basal **
**Ganglia**

**In Vitro Results**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Neuronal Currents**

## Active condition: black line

**B: activity**
**C: scanner noise (cooling-pump)**

_**Active**_** condition: black line**
_**Inactive**_** condition: red line**

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Neuronal Currents**

## New Contrasts

**New Contrasts**

**Methodology**

**Temperature**

## New Contrasts

**Methodology**

**Diffusion Coefficient**

- ADC increase precedes BOLD increase

- Gangstead and Song, MRM 48, 385-388, 2002

**ADC**

**BOLD**

- Song et al., NeuroImage, 20, 955-961, 2003.

## Neuronal Activation Input Strategies

**1. Block Design**
**2. Frequency Encoding**
**3. Phase Encoding**
**4. Event-Related**
**5. Orthogonal Block Design**
**6. Free Behavior Design.**

**Methodology**

## 2

- 3

- 4

- 5

- 6

- 7

- 8

- 9

- 10

- 11

- 12

- 13

- Overt Word Production

**Methodology**

## Methodology

- R.M. Birn, R. W. Cox, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage,* **23 1046-1058 (2004) **

**Methodology**

## Neuronal Activation Input Strategies

**1. Block Design**
**2. Frequency Encoding**
**3. Phase Encoding**
**4. Event-Related**
**5. Orthogonal Block Design**
**6. Free Behavior Design.**

**Methodology**

## Resting State Correlations

- Rest:
- seed voxel in motor cortex

- Activation:
- correlation with reference function

**B. Biswal *****et al*****., MRM, 34:537 (1995)**

**Resting State Correlations**

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## NAIS

**Goldman, et al (2002), Neuroreport**

- BOLD correlated with 10 Hz power during “Rest”

**Positive**

**Negative**

**10 Hz power**

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## NAIS

- BOLD correlated with SCR during “Rest”

- J. C. Patterson II, L. G. Ungerleider, and P. A Bandettini, *NeuroImage ****17****: 1787-1806, (2002). *

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## NAIS

**McKiernan, et al (2003), Journ. of Cog. Neurosci. 15 (3), 394-408**

- Regions showing decreases during cognitive tasks

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## NAIS

- ROI

- Lexical Task

- Functional Connectivity

**J. Diamond, M. Smith, R. Birn**

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## Right

**Left**

- Brain regions showing strong correlation with left and right amygdala activity.

**D. Knight, H. Nguyen**

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## NAIS

- Fit coefficient

- *

**D. Knight, H. Nguyen**

**NAIS**

**Methodology**

**Free Behavior**

## Temporal Resolution

**Temporal Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Temporal Resolution

**Temporal Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Spatial Resolution

**Spatial Resolution**

**Methodology**

## Processing Methods

**N. Kriegeskorte**

**Processing Methods**

**Methodology**

## Processing Methods

**Y. Kamatani and F. Tong, Nature Neuroscience, 8, 679-685.**

**Processing Methods**

**Methodology**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

## Interpretation

**Post Undershoot**
**Linearity**
**Local Field Potentials vs Spiking**
**Inhibition and Decreases**

## BOLD post-stimulus undershoot

- A BOLD undershoot without a CBF undershoot could be due to a slow return to baseline of either CBV or CMRO2

**Courtesy Rick Buxton**

**Post Undershoot**

**Interpretation**

## BOLD Signal Dynamics

**Post Undershoot**

**Interpretation**

**Courtesy Rick Buxton**

## Increases: linearity

**Logothetis et al. (2001) Nature, 412, 150-157.**

**P. A. Bandettini et al, (2001) Nature Neuroscience, 4:  864-866.**

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

## Increases: duty cycle

- R.M. Birn, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage*, *(in press)*

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

## Decreases: linearity

- R.M. Birn, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage*, *(in press)*

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

## We also see increases during stimulus cessation... 

- We also see increases during stimulus cessation...

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

- R.M. Birn, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage*, *(in press)*

## Increase: duration on

- Decrease: duration off

- Increase: duty cycle

**Linearity**

**Interpretation**

- R.M. Birn, P. A. Bandettini. *NeuroImage*, *(in press)*

## LFP vs Spiking

**LFP vs Spiking**

**Interpretation**

## Inhibition

**Mathiesen, et al (1998), J Physiol 512.2:555-566**

- 0            50           100         150
-                    Time / s

- Neg. BOLD

**Schmuel et al. (2003) OHBM, 308**

**Inhibition and Decreases**

**Interpretation**

## Methodology

**Methodology**

**Interpretation**

**Applications**

**Technology**

## Applications

**Real Time Feedback**
**Clinical Applications**

## Clinical Applications

**Comparison of two groups of *****normal***** individuals with differences in the Serotonin Transporter Gene**

**Clinical Applications**

**Applications**

## Highest Citation Rate as of December 2004

**Highest Citation Rate as of December 2004**

**Keywords “fMRI” or “functional MRI”**

**M = Methods, I = Interpretation, A= Applications**

## Section on Functional Imaging Methods

**Rasmus Birn**
**David Knight**
**Anthony Boemio**
**Nikolaus Kriegeskorte**
**Kevin Murphy**
**Monica Smith**
**Najah Waters**
**Marieke Mur**
**Natalia Petridou**
**Jason Diamond**
**Functional MRI Facility**
**Kay Kuhns**
**Sean Marrett**
**Wen-Ming Luh**
**Jerzy Bodurka**
**Adam Thomas**
**Jon West**

**Karen Bove-Bettis**
**Ellen Condon**
**Sahra Omar**
**Alda Ottley**
**Paula Rowser**
**Janet Ebron**