# Presentation: 048366

## U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies

- September, 2003

**Hydrogen Production and Delivery**

## National Energy SecurityDIVERSE DOMESTIC RESOURCES

**Transportation**

**The Environment**
**ZERO/NEAR ZERO GHG****and other EMISSIONS**

*Why Hydrogen?*

**Biomass**

**Hydro**

**Wind**

**Solar**

**Coal**

**Nuclear**

**Natural **

**Gas**

**Oil**

**S**

**e**

**q**

**u**

**e**

**s**

**t**

**r**

**a**

**t**

**i**

**o**

**n**

**Biomass**

**Hydro**

**Wind**

**Solar**

**Biomass**
**Water**

- Wind
- Hydro
- Solar
- Geothermal

**Coal**

**Nuclear**

**Natural **

**Gas**

**Oil**

**S**

**e**

**q**

**u**

**e**

**s**

**t**

**r**

**a**

**t**

**i**

**o**

**n**

## Coal
Supply: 5,780 Quads recoverable reserves 
Process options: central production from gasification
Cost: Current: $0.90-1.80/kg 
		        Projected: $0.50-1.10/kg 
Requires sequestration and near-zero other emissions

- Supply: 5,780 Quads recoverable reserves
- Process options: central production from gasification
- Cost: Current: $0.90-1.80/kg
- 		        Projected: $0.50-1.10/kg
- Requires sequestration and near-zero other emissions

- Production Feedstock/Process Options

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

- Natural Gas
- Supply:
- 188 Quads proven reserves
- Currently importing 15% of our needs
- Process Options
- Central Reforming
- Cost: Current: $0.60-1.00/kg    Projected: $0.40-$0.90/kg
- Requires sequestration
- Lowest cost current route
- Distributed Reforming
- Cost: Current: $4.00-$6.00/kg      Projected: $1.50-$3.00/kg
- Lowest cost current route for delivered hydrogen
- Very sensitive to NG price
- GHG emissions unavoidable

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

-   Biomass
- Supply
- 6-10 Quads/yr. currently possible
- Could be much more with biotech advancements
- Feedstock Cost and Infrastructure are Key Issues
- Central Production Process Options
- Gasification
- Cost: Current $2.00-$4.00/kg	Projected: $1.00-$3.00/kg
- Fermentation
- Relatively unexplored
- Anaerobic Fermentation       Methane       Hydrogen
- Agriculture, MSW or industrial sites
- Existing biomass “collection” infrastructure
- Co-Gen power and hydrogen possible
- Sensitive to scale of operations and required distribution infrastructure

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

- Biomass
- Central/Distributed Process Options
- Trades hydrogen delivery costs for liquid carrier costs plus reforming
- Fermentation        Ethanol          Hydrogen
- Fungible transition from ethanol fuel
- Cost ??
- Gasification        Syngas        Methanol (Ethanol)         Hydrogen
- Pyrolysis         Bio-Oil           Hydrogen
- Sugar Hydrogenation        Sugar Polyols (e.g., Sorbitol)      Hydrogen

## Water: Electrolysis
Distributed and central production
Requires non-GHG emitting clean power: wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, fossil with sequestration
Supply:
Essentially unlimited
Need purified water

- Distributed and central production
- Requires non-GHG emitting clean power: wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, fossil with sequestration
- Supply:
- Essentially unlimited
- Need purified water

- Production Feedstock/Process Options

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

- Distributed Electrolysis
- Cost: Current: $4.00-$8.00/kg   Projected: $2.50-4.50/kg
- Electricity cost is the driver/controlling
- Eliminates hydrogen delivery costs and infrastructure
- Central Electrolysis
- Cost: need better analysis
- Enables more efficient use of intermittent renewables
- Enables more efficient use of off peak power availability
- High temperature steam electrolysis may be more efficient
- Requires hydrogen delivery

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

- Water: Photolytic Production
- Supply: Unlimited
- Central Production Utilizing Photosynthetic Organisms (Algae)
- Cost: Current  ~$200/kg         Projected:  <$5.00/kg
- Requires breakthroughs in biotechnology and systems engineering
- Land area requirements or ocean operations
- Central or Distributed Direct Photoelectrochemical Production
- Cost: Current: N/A	Projected: <$3.00/kg
- Requires breakthroughs in materials
- Intermittent: diurnal cycle
- The ultimate system if successful: renewable, unlimited, _simple_

## Production Feedstock/Process Options

- High Temperature Thermochemical Water Splitting
- Process Options
- High temperature (500-1000 C) central production utilizing advanced nuclear energy heat source (or other source) and S-I or CaBr (or other) cycles
- Ultra-high temperature (1000-3000 C) water splitting chemical cycles utilizing concentrated solar energy
- Direct water splitting
- Unproven Chemical Cycles
- Materials Issues

- Production Feedstock/Process Options

## Summary

| Route | $/kg     Current | $/kg 
Projected | %EE WTP1 | GHG
WTW Reduc.1,2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Coal: Central Gasification | $0.90-1.80 | $0.50-1.10 | _ | High
W/Sequest. |
| Coal: C/D Gasification/Reforming | _ | _ | _ | Low-Medium |
| NG: Central Reforming | $0.60-1.00 | $0.40-0.90 | 62% | 61% |
| NG: Distributed Reforming | $4.00-6.00 | $1.50-3.00 | 60% | High |
| Biomass: Central Gasification | $2.00-4.00 | $1.00-$3.00 | _ | High |
| Biomass: Central Fermentation | _ | _ | _ | High |
| Biomass: Central Ferm./Methane/Hydrogen | _ | _ | _ | High |
| Biomass: C/D Gasification/Methanol or Ethanol/Hydrogen | _ | _ | _ | High |
| Biomass: C/D Pyrolysis | _ | _ | _ | High |
| Biomass: C/D Ferm./Ethanol/Hydrogen | _ | <$3.00 | 41% Total
92% Fossil | 98% |
| Biomass: C/D Sugar Hydrogenation/Polyols/Hydrogen | _ | _ | _ | High |

## Summary

| Route | $/kg Current | $/kg 
Projected | % EE 
WTP1 | GHG
WTW Reduc.1,2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Water: Electrolysis: Distributed | $4.00-8.00 | $2.50-4.50 | 28% Grid
68% Renew. | (22%) Grid
~100% Renew. |
| Water: Electrolysis: Central |  | _ | _ | Low: Grid
High:  Renew. |
| Water: Central Photolytic: Organisms (e.g. algae) | ~$200 | <$5.00 | _ | High  |
| Water: Central or Distributed Photolytic: Photoelectrochemical | _ | <$3.00 | _ | High |
| Water: Central HT Splitting Chemical Cycles  | _ | <$2.00 | _ | High |
| Water: Central U-HT Splitting Chemical Cycles | _ | _ | _ | High |
| Water: Direct Water Splitting | _ | _ | _ | High |

- The estimates, except for the distributed water electrolysis case using renewable electricity, are from “Guidance for Transportation Technologies: Fuel Choice for Fuel Cell Vehicles, Final Report prepared by Arthur D. Little for U.S. Department of Energy, February 6, 2002, http://www-db.research.anl.gov/db1/cartech/document/DDD/192.pdf.  The distributed water electrolysis estimates are from Wang, M., “Fuel Choices for Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Well-to Wheels Energy and Emissions Impacts,” *Journal of Power Sources*, **112(1): **307-321, October 2002.
- GHG well-to-wheels reduction is the reduction of GHG emissions as compared to the emissions from standard/today’s gasoline ICE.

## Distributed: NG, Liquids (including biomass derivatives), Electrolysis
Central NG, Coal and Biomass
Renewable Power: Wind, Solar, Hydro, Geothermal
Central Coal with Sequestration 
Photolytic: Photoelectrochemical, Photosynthetic organisms
Thermochemical Water Splitting Nuclear, Solar, Other

- Central NG, Coal and Biomass
- Renewable Power: Wind, Solar, Hydro, Geothermal
- Central Coal with Sequestration
- Photolytic: Photoelectrochemical, Photosynthetic organisms
- Thermochemical Water Splitting Nuclear, Solar, Other

- Short Term

- Long Term

- Potential Scenarios

## Hydrogen Delivery

***Hydrogen Delivery***

- _Barriers_

**Hydrogen Delivery: **Develop cost effective, energy efficient delivery technologies for hydrogen to enable the introduction and long term viability of hydrogen as an energy carrier.

-  Lack of hydrogen/carrier infrastructure options analysis
-  Capital cost of hydrogen pipelines
-  Cost of hydrogen compression and liquefaction
-  Cost of gas or liquid truck or rail transport
-  Hydrogen capacity and cost of known solid or liquid carriers.
-  Chemical carriers (i.e. ethanol, bio-oils, naphtha) require two processing operations

## Delivery Options

- End Game
- Pipeline Grid
- Other as needed for remote areas
- Breakthrough Hydrogen Carriers
- Truck: HP Gas & Liquid Hydrogen
- Electrolysis and Distributed reforming of NG, Renewable Liquids (e.g. ethanol etc.)
- Transition
- Electrolysis and Distributed reforming of NG, Renewable Liquids (e.g. ethanol etc.), other liquids
- Truck: HP Gas & Liquid Hydrogen
- Regional Pipeline Grids
- Breakthrough Hydrogen Carriers

## Technoeconomic Analysis

- Basic economic analysis of individual processes to produce or deliver hydrogen
- Project by project basis: Project Team or other resources
- H2A Core effort

## Timeframe: 2005, 2015, 2030
Most better known routes to hydrogen
Consistent, comparable, transparent approach
Central Production
Coal Gasification
NG Reforming
Biomass Gasification
Nuclear: S-I, HT Steam Electrolysis
Wind Electrolyis

- Most better known routes to hydrogen
- Consistent, comparable, transparent approach
- Central Production
- Coal Gasification
- NG Reforming
- Biomass Gasification
- Nuclear: S-I, HT Steam Electrolysis
- Wind Electrolyis

- H2A Core Effort

## H2A Core Effort

- Forecourt/Distributed
- Dispensing Only
- NG Reforming
- Electrolysis
- Ethanol Reforming
- Methanol Reforming
- Delivery: Hydrogen Pipeline, Tube Trailer, Liquid Truck
- Components
- A few basic metropolitan and interstate cofigurations

## Infrastructure: Transition & End Game

- In what scenarios (under what conditions) will the hydrogen economy succeed?
- How do individual technologies affect the transition to and functioning of the system?
- How do alternative energy sources affect the transition to and functioning of the system?
- How will the evolution of the system over time and geographically affect costs and benefits?
- What is the role for policy in the transition and maintenance of the hydrogen economy?
- What are the costs and benefits (including the global macroeconomic effects) of a hydrogen economy?

## Infrastructure: Transition & End Game

- FY04 Plan: Learn by Doing
- Insert some hydrogen pathways and  FCVs into TAFV (ORNL) model
- GIS level modeling of infrastructure in the mid-west (Joan Ogden)
- Metropolitan infrastructure modeling (Tellus)
- All energy systems modeling (LLNL)
- Small region/U.S. modeling (WINDS: NREL)
- Infrastructure NPV analysis (TIAX)
- Delivery options analysis (Solicitation)
- Transitions analysis (Solicitation)