# Presentation: 392100

## Advanced Nuclear SpectroscopyPart IV - Physics of Semiconductor Interactions

**Prepared for**

**July 2006**
**Ronald A. Zeszut**

***BNL Nuclear Chemistry Summer School Career Opportunities Symposium***

## Review of Basic Atomic Particles

**Alpha  - He nucleus - 2 protons, 2 neutrons, no electrons, +2 charge, very short range (2 - 5cm in dry air)**
**Beta  - electron-sized particle, + or - charge, medium penetrating power ( ~ 1 meter in dry air)**
**Gamma - no charge, no rest mass, ‘infinite’ penetrating power**
**Neutron - no charge, 1 AMU mass, high penetrating power**
**Proton - + charge, 1 AMU mass, high penetrating power**

## Decay Processes

** ****Alpha Decay**
** ****Beta Decay**
** ****Isomeric Transition**
** ****Positron Emission**
** ****Electron Capture**
** ****Internal Conversion**

## Alpha Decay

**Am-241 Decay**
**Alpha particle is a He-4 nucleus - the parent nucleus loses 4 mass units, 2 charge**

## Career Opportunities in the Nuclear Measurements Industry

**Ron Zeszut**

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:

*** ******Academic ***
*** ******Nuclear Power***
*** ******Government***
*** ******Commercial***

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:Nuclear Power

*** ******Health Physics***
*** ******Chemistry - Primary and Secondary***
*** ******Emergency Planning***

## Nuclear Power - Chemistry, Radiation Protection, Environmental Monitoring

***Nuclear Power - Chemistry, Radiation Protection, Environmental Monitoring***

## Nuclear Power Skills - Chemistry:Corrosion Sciences, Radiation Embrittlement, Environmental Transport, Laboratory Analyses

## Nuclear Power Skills - Radiation Protection:Biokinetics, Dosimetry, Radiation Physics, ALARA Management

## Nuclear Power Skills - Environmental Monitoring:Ecosystems Science, Radiological Material Transport Science, Food Pathway Dosimetry

## Three consortia responded in 2004 to the U.S. Department of Energy's solicitation under the Nuclear Power 2010 initiative and were awarded matching funds.

**    ***** The Dominion-led consortium includes GE Energy, Hitachi America, and Bechtel Corporation, and has selected General Electric's Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR, a BWR).**
**    ***** The NuStart Energy LLC consortium consists of Constellation Generation Group, Duke Energy, EDF International North America, Entergy Nuclear, Exelon Generation, Florida Power & Light Co., Progress Energy, Southern Company, GE Energy, TVA, and Westinghouse Electric Company and has chosen the General Electric Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) and the Westinghouse Advanced Passive 1000 (AP1000, a PWR) reactor as candidates.**
**    ***** The third consortium, led by TVA, includes General Electric, Toshiba, USEC Inc., Global Fuel-Americas, and Bechtel Power Corp., and will develop a feasibility study for a TVA site based on the General Electric Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR).**

## A few U.S. areas with nuclear units are campaigning for more (Oswego, New York, Clinton, Illinois, Port Gibson, Mississippi, etc.). NuStart Energy selected a site from Oswego, Port Gibson, St. Francisville, Louisiana, Aiken, South Carolina, Lusby, Maryland and Scottsboro, Alabama - four of the sites have operating reactors, one has an unfinished nuclear power plant, and one is the Savannah River Site. Note that the other two consortiums may also be looking at Lusby and Scottsboro.

**On September 22, 2005 NuStart Energy selected Port Gibson (the Grand Gulf site) and Scottsboro (the Bellefonte site) for new nuclear units. [1] Port Gibson will host an ESBWR and Scottsboro an AP-1000. Entergy announced it will prepare its own proposal for the River Bend Station in St. Francisville. Also, Constellation Energy of Baltimore had withdrawn its Lusby and Oswego sites from the NuStart finalist list after on September 15 announcing a new joint venture, UniStar Nuclear, with AREVA to offer EPR (European Pressurized-water Reactors) in the U.S. [2] Finally, in October, 2005, Progress Energy announced it was considering constructing a new nuclear plant and had begun evaluating potential sites in central Florida.**

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:Government

*** ******Department of Defense (DOD)***
*** ******Department of Homeland Security (DHS)***
*** ******Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)***
*** ******Centers for Disease Control (CDC)***
*** ******Food and Drug Administration (FDA)***

***Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:******Government***

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:Government

*** ******Basic Research***
*** ******Safeguards***
*** ******Medical Applications***
*** ******Materials Properties - Chemistry and Physics***
*** ******Attribution and Forensics***
*** ******Public and Environmental Protection***
*** ******Emergency Response***

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:DOD

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:DOD

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:DHS

***Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:******DHS***

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:EPA

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:CDC

## IAEAhttp://www.bnl.gov/ispo/

## Nuclear Measurements ‘Communities’:Commercial

*** ******Process and Environmental Radiochemistry***
*** ******Health Physics***
*** ******Waste Management Technology***
*** ******Environmental Restoration***
*** ******Decommissioning***
*** ******Product Development***
*** ******Applications Training***

## Commercial Radiochemistry - To Name a Few

**Paragon - Fort Collins, CO**
**STL - St. Louis, MO, Richland, WA, Denver, CO**
**GEL - Charleston, SC**
**PACE - Pittsburgh, PA**
**ERA - Golden, CO**

## ORTEC - 44 years of innovative products and support for nuclear measurements

## Our Mission - To Provide Our Customers with Products and Services that help them to “Do What They Do Better”

## ORTEC - Instruments for measurement of optical photons, X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, charged or neutral molecules or atoms

## Skills we need:Physics, Semiconductor Technology, Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Applied Nuclear Measurements, Software and Electronics development, Sales and Technical Support

## (Not-So)-Cool Stuff:(937 C)Single crystals of germanium are grown using the Czochralski technique

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| Figure 5 shows a crystal during the growth process. High-purity germanium crystals  |
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## Current Openings: Detector Manufacturing Engineer Oak Ridge TN USA Detector Manufacturing Engineer Oak Ridge TN USA Detector Process Engineer (R&D) Oak Ridge TN USA Facilities Manager Oak Ridge TN USA Hardware Engineer Oak Ridge TN USA Cryostat Design Engineer Oak Ridge TN USA Software Engineer Oak Ridge TN USA

## Finally:"Predetermine the objectives you want to accomplish. Think big, act big and set out to accomplish big results." – Mark Victor Hansen