# Presentation: 881257

## Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety

**Michael S. Lewis **
**Director**
** ****Aviation Safety Program**
**NASA Langley Research Center**

**NASA/FAA/Industry**
**Home & Home**
**Visit Series**
***Langley Research Center***
***November 15-16, 1999***

## “We will achieve a national goal of reducing the fatal aircraft accident rate by 80% within 10 years.”President William J. Clinton,   February 12, 1997

## 4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents (7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities)

**     **_**Location**__**	**__**Aircraft Type**__**	**__**Number**_** ****	**_**(Fatalities)**_
**TUES MAY-12-98**
**     ****CLARKSTON, MI       ****	****Cessna 150K                    ****	****N5876G ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****FRISCO, TX          ****	****Beech 76                       ****	****N6701C ****	****Fatal (1)     **
**     ****DAVIS, WV           ****	****Beech A36                      ****	****N72141 ****	****Fatal (4)****     **
**     ****CLEVELAND, OH       ****	****Grumman G-44                   ****	****N1AS   ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****HOLBROOK, AZ        ****	****Beech A23-24                   ****	****N6092N ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****SEMMES, AL         ****	****M2 SPORT 1000              ****	****NONE   ****	****Fatal (2)     **
**WED  MAY-13-98**
**     ****ISANTI, MN          ****	****Cessna A185F                   ****	****N7140H ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****GORMAN, CA          ****	****Bellanca 7GCBC                 ****	****N11867 ****	****Fatal (1)****     **
**     ****VILLA RICA, GA      ****	****Revolution MINI-500  ****	****N355RM ****	****Nonfatal      **
**THUR MAY-14-98**
**     ****MONTGOMERY, AL  ****	****Beech BE-45-T-34B              N9280Z ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****WEST CHICAGO, IL  ****	****Enstrom F28                    ****	****N86238 ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****DEWITT, AR          ****	****Ayers SR2-T34                  ****	****N393KW ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****CLARKSBURG, CA    ****	****Piper PA-22                    ****	****N198TP ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****TEMECULA, CA        ****	****Bell 206B                      ****	****N90215 ****	****Nonfatal      **
**     ****MCCALLA, AL         ****	****Taylorcraft BC-12D             ****	****N96750 ****	****Fatal (1)****     **
**FRI  MAY-15-98**
**     ****PALMER, AK          ****	****Cessna 172                     ****	****N9212H ****	****Fatal (2)     **
**     ****LAGRANGE, WI        ****	****Commander 114-B            ****	****N6059C ****	****Fatal (4)     **
**     ****ABILENE, TX         ****	****Cessna 180                     ****	****N4775B ****	****Nonfatal      **

**NTSB May 1998 General Aviation Accidents**

**4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents**** ****(7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities)**

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## Langley Research Center (Lead)
Ames Research Center
Glenn Research Center
Dryden Flight Research Center

1998 - 2004 
$500M

	Close coordination withFAA & Industry

**Langley Research Center (Lead)**
**Ames Research Center**
**Glenn Research Center**
**Dryden Flight Research Center**
**1998 - 2004 **
**$500M**
**	****Close coordination with****FAA & Industry**

**NASA’s Aviation Safety Initiative**

## NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives 

- NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives

**	****	****Aviation Safety Program Office**
**	****	**
**	**

**Focused**
**Program**

**Projects**

**System-Wide Accident Prevention**
**Tina Beard **
**(ARC)**

**Single Aircraft Accident Prevention**
**John White**
**(LaRC)**

**Synthetic**
**Vision**
**Daniel _x0008_Baize**
**(LaRC)**

**Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling**
**Yuri Gawdiak**
**(ARC)**

**Accident Mitigation**
**Douglas Rohn**
**(GRC)**

**2.6**

**2.3**

**2.1**

**2.5**

**Weather **
**Accident Prevention**
**Ronato Colantonio (GRC)**

**2.4**

-  System Monitoring
-  Data Sharing
-  Data Analysis

-  Human Error Modeling
-  Maintenance Human
-   Factors
-  Training

-  Health Management
-   & Flt Crit Sys Design
-  Control Upset Mgmt
-  Engine Containment

-  Wx Info Distribution & Presentation
-  Weather Information Communication
-  Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

-  Systems Approach
-   to Crashworthiness
-  Fire Prevention

- Elements

**2.2**

-  Commercial & Business Aircraft
-  GA & Rotorcraft
-  Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies

**R&T Base**
**Programs**

**Information**
**Technology**
**Eugene Tu**
**(ARC)**

**Propulsion**
**Frank Berkopec**
**(GRC)**

**Aerospace**
**Vehicle **
**Technologies**
**Darrel Tenney**
**(LaRC)**

**Aviation**
**Operations**
**Systems**
**Vic Lebacqz**
**(ARC)**

**Rotorcraft**
**John Coy**
**(ARC)**

-  Icing
-  Fatigue
-  Design Principles
-  Training
-  Human Error

-  Information Integrity
-  Data Sharing

-  Engine Fail. Containment

-  Rotorcraft                Pilot Aiding
-  SAFOR

-  Aging Aircraft
-  Crew Station Design and Integration

- Elements
- (R&T Base)

## Technology Strategies for 

**Aviation Safety **

**(7 of them)**

##  STRATEGY #1

**  “****Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal ****commercial *****and***** general aviation accidents”**** **

**(and at the same time address the #1 cause of airport delays)**

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#1**_

## Slide 8

## Slide 9

## Slide 10

## Slide 11

## “Eliminate the #1 cause of  non-fatal accidents and injuries” 

- Turbulence

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#2**_

## Turbulence Research Thrusts

**Turbulence Research Thrusts**

**Time (min.)**

**4**

**3**

**4**

**3**

**.**

**5**

**4**

**4**

**4**

**4**

**.**

**5**

**4**

**5**

**4**

**5**

**.**

**5**

**4**

**6**

**1**

**0**

**5**

**0**

**5**

**1**

**0**

**  **

**         ****Lidar**

** ****(lagged 9 sec)**

**           ****TAS**

## Weather Decision-making 

**Weather Decision-making **

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#3**_

## Text Printout of

**Text Printout of**
**Convective SIGMET**

**Cockpit Weather Presentation **

##  Weather Information Products 

** ****Weather Information Products **

## AWIN

**Weather Information Products **

**AWIN**

**Volcanic Ash**

**Winds**

**Turbulence**

**Icing**

**Ceiling &****Visibility**

**Lightning**

## Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) 

**Accomplishments:**
- Established data center
- Installed and tested multiple datalinks
- Developed pilot interface
- Installed and tested multiple data links between ground and aircraft
- Flight demonstrated complete end-to-end system on Cessna Citation
- Multiple products delivered to the flight deck:
- Turbulence Detection
- Weather Radar (US Only)
- Satellite
- Convective Forecast
- Convective Detection
- METARs
**Future Plans: **
- Installation of  WINN system in an airline transport aircraft flying normal revenue operations

- Air Carrier Cockpit Display of Weather Information (AOS)

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## Aviation Weather Information (AWIN)

**Accomplishment:**
- Uplink high resolution weather radar using compact low-cost ground stations
- Open standard digital protocol (VDL Mode 2)
- Selected by FAA to implement/provide national weather in the cockpit capability to general aviation beginning early ‘00
**Future Plans: **
- System will be expanded to 20 ground stations
- Three geographically diverse areas
-  Tested in “real-world”conditions using 32 participating aircraft

- General Aviation Cockpit Display of Weather Information

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

##  Digital Radio Technology

** ****Digital Radio Technology**

**WorldSpace Receivers**

- Low cost receivers
- Low cost bit rate
- Satellite broadcast
- Wide area coverage
- Ground up coverage

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## The People 

**chain’s most frequent link” **

**The People **

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#4**_

## Human Factors Research Thrusts

**Maintenance Human Factors**

**Training Effectiveness**

**Human/Automation Integration**

**Human Error Modeling**

## Health Management 

**Health Management **

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#5**_

## Aircraft System Failure Prevention

## In-Flight Operation of Active Side-Stick/HUMS Sensors

**In-Flight Operation of Active Side-Stick/HUMS Sensors**
**in UH-60 RASCAL Aircraft**

** ****Advanced Robust  **
**  ****Digital Sensors**
-    Full-time High-Bandwidth Component and System  Monitoring

** ****On-Board Signal **
**  ****Processing**
-   Real-time fatigue monitoring
-   and limit exceedance predictions

** ****Pilot Cueing to **
**  ****Reduce Workload **
-    Usage management
-    Damage  avoidance
-    Maneuver envelope
-     enhancement/safety

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## “Quantifiably and continually assess aviation system operations”

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#6**_

## Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring

**Example: ****Targeted Queries**
_**	**__**Search any**__**portion of the **__**database**_** ****prescribed by****the user **
_**	**__**for any pattern**__**of flight **__**parameters**_** ****defined by ****the user.**
**                                              **

**Notes:**
Another tool is the APMS “Search Daemon” that enables the analyst to search any portion of, or the entire, database for any pattern of flight parameters that he/she specifies.  For example,  there may be a set of criteria that an analyst chooses to use for identifying an unstabilized approach. These criteria are usually composed of a series of IF, AND, and OR statements, but the descriptions could be more complex.  The analyst is able to define any set of parameters composed of a combination of IFs, ANDs, and ORs to define any pattern of interest. After defining the criteria for a data pattern, the analyst assigns a name to that set [such as  “Unstabilized Approach (1500-500 HAT)”]. 
This capability to set up the specifications of a data pattern is transparent to most of the users of the Search Daemon.  Most users of the Search Daemon access it to select a pattern of interest from the pre-set list of names of patterns.  The analyst will then select the portion of the database he/she wants to explore for the selected pattern, and click on search.  In its current implementation, it takes about a minute to search about 600 flights. The Search Daemon produces a tabulation of the flights in which the specified criteria had been found.  A click on any one of these highlights it and selection of “View Data” initiates the presentation of the flight data time traces in the Viewer.
In another mode, the Search Daemon could be implemented to search automatically for a prescribed subset of such patterns as the data from each flight are processed.

## Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

- LAX Departures to SFO,OAK,SJC,SMF Colored by Climb/Descent Rate

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

- _Example:_
- Simple
- System
- Measures

## Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

- LAX Arrivals – Colored by Runway

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

- _Example:_
- Simple
- Local
- Airport
- Measures

## Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

- Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 5%  (above FL200)
- May 6, 1999

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

- _Example:_
- Operational
- Efficiency
- Measures

## SFO Arrival Tracks Colored By Closest Aircraft

- Less Than:
-        2nm and 3000ft
-        3nm and 3000ft
-        5nm and 2000ft
-      10nm and 1000ft
-            Default

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

- _Example:_
- Safety
- Measures

- Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

## Proliferating Software
Digital Systems
Capacity Growth
GA High Flyers
Aging Aircraft

**Digital Systems**
**Capacity Growth**
**GA High Flyers**
**Aging Aircraft**

**  “****Plan for the Future”**

_** **__**STRATEGY**__** **__**#7**_

## Summary

## 1) 	Make every flight the equivalent of clear-day operations
2)	Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for severe turbulence
3)	Bring real-time graphical weather into the cockpit
4)	Improve the human/machine integration in design, operations, and maintenance
5)	Track the long-term and real-time health of on-board systems
6)	Continuously monitor and assess all the data from every flight for both known and unknown issues
7)	Prepare for future issues

**2)****	****Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for severe turbulence**
**3)****	****Bring real-time graphical weather into the cockpit**
**4)****	****Improve the human/machine integration in design, operations, and maintenance**
**5)****	****Track the long-term and real-time health of on-board systems**
**6)****	****Continuously monitor and assess *****all***** the data from *****every***** flight for both known and unknown issues**
**7)****	****Prepare for future issues**

**Seven Technology Strategies ****for Aviation Safety**

## Breakout Sessions

- Weather
- Jai Shin, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Glenn Research Center
- Paul Stough, AWIN Element Manager
- Synthetic Vision
- Dan Baize, Synthetic Vision Systems Project Manager

- Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling
- System Wide Accident Preventon
- Brian Smith, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Ames Research Center
- Single Aircraft Accident Prevention
- Accident Mitigation
- George Finelli, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Langley Research Center
- John White, Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Project Manager
- Lisa Jones, Crashworthiness Element Manger

**Session #1**

**Session #2**

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## Thank You

## AvSP Organization

**	****	****Aviation Safety Program Office**
**	****	****Michael Lewis, Director**
**	****	****George Finelli, Deputy Director**
**	****	**** ****Connie Smith, Secretary ****	****	**
**Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC)****	**** ****	****Frank Jones, Asst Tech Mgmt**
**Jaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC)****	****	****Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst**
**	**

**Technical Integration**
**Vincent Schultz  (LaRC)**

**Program**

**Projects**

**System-Wide Accident Prevention**
**Tina Beard **
**(ARC)**

**Single Aircraft Accident Prevention**
**John White**
**(LaRC)**

**Synthetic**
**Vision**
**Daniel _x0008_Baize**
**(LaRC)**

**Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling**
**Yuri Gawdiak**
**(ARC)**

**Accident Mitigation**
**Douglas Rohn**
**(GRC)**

**2.6**

**2.3**

**2.1**

**2.5**

**1.1**

**Program Integration**
**	****Michael Basehore  (FAA)**
**	****Carrie Walker (Hq)**
**	****Michael Durham (LaRC)**

**1.2**

**Weather **
**Accident Prevention**
**Ronato Colantonio (GRC)**

**2.4**

-  System Monitoring
-  Data Sharing
-  Data Analysis

-  Human Error Modeling
-  Maintenance Human
-   Factors
-  Training

-  Health Management
-   & Flt Crit Sys Design
-  Control Upset Mgmt
-  Engine Containment

-  Wx Info Distribution & Presentation
-  Weather Information Communication
-  Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

-  Systems Approach
-   to Crashworthiness
-  Fire Prevention

- Elements

**2.2**

-  Commercial & Business Aircraft
-  GA & Rotorcraft
-  Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies

***	******Aviation Safety Program***

## Full-scale crash test of Sikorsky Advance Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter at NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility

**Full-scale crash test of Sikorsky Advance Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter at NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility**
**Addressed issues with composite materials, landing gear, energy-absorbing subfloor and seating**
**Test to provide data for validation of computer crash simulation.**

## FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal Accident Category Tall Poles: 1990-1996

**FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal ****Accident Category Tall Poles: 1990-1996**

## Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 20% (5000-FL200)

- May 6, 1999

## Selected LAX  Departures Colored by Destination

## Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring

**Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring**

**At Gear Retraction**

**Notes:**
The Chief Pilot might be interested in looking at a “snapshot” at each of these Routine Events.  This, for example, is a “snapshot” taken at the moment of initiation of gear retraction that shows histograms of airspeed, height above runway, vertical speed, and pitch angle representing all flights of that fleet of aircraft during the past month (or for certain city pairs, or for last winter, or...)

Comparisons of such distributions over time can be the bases for meaningful trend analysis.  Information at the Routine Events complements the identification of special events in presenting a picture of the overall operation. 

Similar presentations with the appropriate performance metrics will provide comparably meaningful information for users from engineering, or maintenance, or training.