# Presentation: 185433

## Cingular Wireless Continuity Planning andCrisis Management:Wireless 101

**Christopher L. Maltese, CBCP**
**Southeast Regional Program Manager**
**Cingular Wireless**
**chris.maltese@cingular.com **
**561.371.0007**** **

## Preface

- The author would like to acknowledge material contributions from:
**Brough Turner and Marc Orange, NMSS**
- Murtaza Amiji, NMS Communications
- Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray
- Others as noted on specific slides

## Focus

- Rationale: Why cellular?
- Genesis & history of cellular wireless telephony
- Wireless today: GSM & EDGE
- Cellular network design and architecture overview
- Call scenarios
- COLT tour

##            First mobile telephone 1924

**Courtesy of Rich Howard**

##            Rationale: Why cellular?

- Recognized need for mobility!  People wanted to take their telephones with them
- No longer a requirement to be tethered to the telephone
- Workforce evolution towards “mobile offices”
- Efficient use of time

## Genesis and History

- Cellular Mobile Telephony

- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Antenna diversity
- Cellular concept
- Bell Labs (1957 & 1960)
- Frequency reuse
- Typically every 7 cells
- Handoff as caller moves
- Modified CO switch
- HLR, paging, handoffs
- Sectors improve reuse
- Every 3 cells possible

##         Genesis and History

- First Generation

- Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
- US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
- 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
- TIA-553
- Still widely used in US and many parts of the world
- Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
- Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
- Launched 1981; now largely retired
- 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
- Total Access Communications System (TACS)
- British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
- Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

##               Genesis and History

- Second Generation — 2G

- Digital systems
- Leverage technology to increase capacity
- Speech compression; digital signal processing
- Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
- Improve fraud prevention
- Add new services – Bright future for rich feature sets
- There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
- IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
- iDEN
- DECT and PHS
- IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
- GSM

##       Genesis and History

- GSM – 3G

- « Groupe Special Mobile », later changed to  « Global System for Mobile »
- Joint European effort beginning in 1982
- Focus on seamless roaming across Europe
- Services launched 1991
- Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)
- 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz
- Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
- GSM is dominant world standard today
- Well defined interfaces; many competitors
- Network effect (Metcalfe’s law) took hold in late 1990s
- Tri and Quad-band GSM phone can roam the world today

##  	Genesis and History

- Migration To 3G

##        Wireless Today

- 3G Vision

- Universal global roaming
- Multimedia (voice, data & video)
- Increased data rates
- 384 kbps while moving
- 2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations
- Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
- IP architecture

##        Wireless Today

- 3G — CDMA*Code Division Multiple Access*

- Spread spectrum modulation
- Originally developed for the military
- Resists jamming and many kinds of interference
- Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
- All users share same (large) block of spectrum
- One for one frequency reuse
- Soft handoffs possible
- Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are based on CDMA
- CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA

##        Wireless Today

- GSM Evolution for Data Access

**1997**

**2000**

**2003**

**2003+**

**GSM**

**GPRS**

**EDGE**

**UMTS**

**9.6 kbps**

**115 kbps**

**384 kbps**

**2 Mbps**

**GSM evolution**

**3G**

-        Wireless Today

##        Wireless Today

- 			     EDGE

- Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
- Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
- Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA
- 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate
- Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)
- GAIT — GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team
- Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE
- New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network

## Network Design - Overview

- Mobile Wireless Spectrum

## Network Design - Overview

**Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard**

- Digital 101

## Network Design - Overview

- Digital 101

**Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard**

## Network Design - Overview

**Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard**

- Digital 101

## Network Architecture - Overview

## Network Architecture – Cell Sites

- Cell Site
- Basic Components
- Tower/ antenna
- Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
- Voice Component Redundancy
- Auto shed traffic to neighboring sites
- Facility Structural Resiliency
- Secured; fencing, electronic card key access, etc.
- Battery back-up
- Rectifiers (redundant)
- Generator
- Permanent at critical facilities
- Hook-up capability at majority of other sites
- HVAC redundancy

## Network Architecture – BSC

- Base Station Controller (BSC)/ Transcoder (TRC)
- Components
- Transcoder
- Voice processing components
- Voice Component Redundancy
- Voice processing components
- Rectifiers
- Facility Structural Resiliency
- Unmarked, inconspicuous, low-profile location
- Secured; card/ badge access, onsite security, security camera recording
- Power
- Battery back-up; A and B Power Plants (majority of BSCs)
- Generator Back-up (N+1 or N+2)
- Portable generator hook-up

## Network Architecture – MTSO

- Mobile Telecommunications Switching Office (MTSO; a/k/a MSC, CO)
- Components
- DAC
- Switch
- Voicemail (hub locations only)
- Voice Component Redundancy
- DAC, switch and voicemail redundant
- Rectifiers
- Dual entrance facilities to the MSCs
- Structural Resiliency
- Unmarked, inconspicuous, low-profile, location
- Secured; card/ badge access, onsite security, security camera recording
- Power
- Battery back-up; A and B Power Plants
- Generator Back-up (N+1 or N+2)
- Portable generator hook-up

## Network Architecture – MTSO

- MTSO – Other processing:
- Components
- Home Location Register (HLR)
- SS7 (Signaling)
- Component Resiliency/ Redundancy
- HLR: National Node: Mirror Site with geographic diversity
- SS7: Fully redundant

## Network Architecture – Transport

**The PSTN is our weakest link!**
**TSP is key!**
**GETS & WPS are good adjuncts!**

## Network Architecture – Monitoring/ Management

- Network Monitoring
- Automatic alarms for power, smoke/ fire, extreme temperature, water and unauthorized access
- 24/7 network monitoring by the National Service Delivery Network Operations Centers (NSD-NOCs) and Regional Network Operations Centers (RNOCs)
- Deployable assets
- Cells-on-Wheels (COWs) – base station radios, on-board power, tower and antenna
- Portable generators

## Call Processing

## Call Processing

## SMS Paging

## Thank you!

- Questions and Comments
- COLT Tour