# Presentation: 479106

## Indexing with 

**Indexing with **
**the Getty Vocabularies**
- Patricia Harpring, Senior Editor
- the Getty Vocabulary Program
*CENDI Conference*
*September 29, 1999*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Documentation and Access: 

**Indexing with the Getty Vocabularies**
*Abstract:*
- This paper explores the strengths, weaknesses, and issues surrounding the use of the three Getty vocabularies (the *Art & Architecture Thesaurus*® (AAT), the *Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names*TM(TGN), and the *Union List of Artist Names*® (ULAN)) in cataloging and retrieval. It discusses uses of the vocabularies 1) as sources of vocabulary for catalog records for art and cultural heritage, 2) as sources of names (including variant spellings, names in various languages, and historical names) for use in retrieval tools to gain access to information about art and architecture across different resources in digital form, and 3) as “knowledge bases” for researchers wishing to learn about the concepts they describe.

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Biography:

- Patricia Harpring is Senior Editor of the Getty Vocabulary Program in Los Angeles (http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies), and has worked on data standards and controlled vocabularies for art-historical materials for more than a decade. She holds a Ph.D. in Art History from Indiana University and a Master's Degree from the Syracuse University Florence Fellowship Program. She co-edited (with Murtha Baca) the publication of *Categories for the Description of Works of Art* as well as the special issue of the journal *Visual Resources* devoted to the CDWA.  Her publications include several articles on vocabularies and indexing, and a monograph on the fourteenth-century Sienese painter Bartolo di Fredi (London: Associated University Presses, 1993).

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Introduction

** ****Getty Vocabulary Program**
** *****Art & Architecture Thesaurus***** ® (AAT)**
** *****Union List of Artist Names***** ® (ULAN)**
** *****Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names***** TM (TGN)**
** ****Work hand-in-hand with standards**
** ****Focus on Visual Arts & Architecture**
** ****However, principles may be applied more broadly**

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Standards and Vocabularies

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Coverage of data standards 

*Controlled vocabulary is more effective when used in the context of standards*

- Coverage of data standards

-  Data _structure_: what constitutes a record?
- defines fields and their relationships (e.g. MARC [Machine-readable Cataloging] format)
- Data _content_: how should data be entered?
- includes cataloguing rules and syntax for data  (e.g. AACR2 [Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition])
- Data _value_: what is the actual data?
- specifies the vocabulary and character sets used in the fields  (e.g. Library of Congress Subject Headings, AAT, ICONCLASS)

**Notes:**
Data standards define the structure content and terminology used in databases.
Data structure standard
defines a record which is composed of the computer fields used to record information and the relationship between discrete pieces of information.   (MARC)
Data content standard
includes the rules and conventions for data entry such as cataloguing rules and syntax conventions.  (AACR2)
Data value standard
refers to the vocabulary and character sets used in the fields.  (Getty vocabularies)

## Technical standards
ISO 8879 (SGML)
Conventions/Professional Standards/Rules
Museum Documentation Association Data Standard
Guidelines
CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art)
ICOM-CIDOC (International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums) International Guidelines for Museum Object Information

- ISO 8879 (SGML)
- Conventions/Professional Standards/Rules
- Museum Documentation Association Data Standard
- Guidelines
- CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art)
- ICOM-CIDOC (International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums) International Guidelines for Museum Object Information

- Types of data standards

*Controlled vocabulary is more effective when used in the context of standards*

**Notes:**
Standards is broad--need some ways to categorize standards to be able to discuss them and easily understand new ones
One categorization is based on the rigidity or strictness of the standard or how its developers intend for it to be implemented
Technical standards are the most exacting; when they are followed correctly they yield identical results.  ISO 8879 (SGML)
Conventions/Professional Standards/Rules are more flexible than technical standards and accommodate some local variations. MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloguing) Museum Documentation Data Standard

## Sponsored by the Getty and CAA
Art Information Task Force (AITF) included art historians, museum professionals, visual resource professionals, and librarians
Consensus on categories of information required to enable research
Categories and subcategories of information to describe works of art and material culture

**Sponsored by the Getty and CAA**
**Art Information Task Force (AITF) included art historians, museum professionals, visual resource professionals, and librarians**
**Consensus on categories of information required to enable research**
**Categories and subcategories of information to describe works of art and material culture**

*http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard*

*© J. Paul Getty Trust*

*Guidelines vs. rules, allow community buy-in*
*Flexible, but broad coverage within scope*

## 27 Broad Categories, 150 Subcategories

**27 Broad Categories, 150 Subcategories**

- Object/Work
- Classification
- Orientation/Arrangement
- Titles or Names
- State
- Edition
- Measurements
- Materials and Techniques
- Facture
- Physical Description
- Inscriptions/Marks
- Condition/Examination History
- Conservation/Treatment History

- Creation
- Ownership/Collecting History
- Copyright/Restrictions
- Styles/Periods/Movements
- Subject Matter
- Context
- Exhibition/Loan History
- Related Works
- Related Visual Documentation
- Related Textual References
- Critical Responses
- Cataloging History
- Current Location
- Descriptive Note

- Exhaustive for given scope
- Only six are core

*© J. Paul Getty Trust*

*Accessibility across databases ensured by common “core”*

## Discussion of issues & potential problems
e.g., multiple artists working on a single object, multiple attributions, false signatures
Suggested Source of information
Subcategories: examples
Issues regarding access
 Terminology

**Discussion** of issues & potential problems
- e.g., multiple artists working on a single object, multiple attributions, false signatures
- Suggested** Source** of information
- Subcategories: examples
- Issues regarding access
-  Terminology

***Creation***

***Category***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Guidelines cover important concerns, including vocabulary*

## Product of Protecting Cultural Objects project
Describes the minimum information needed to protect art objects 
Audience includes museums, law enforcement agencies, appraisers, customs agents, and insurers 
Based on CDWA

- <date/time>

**Product of *****Protecting Cultural Objects *****project**
**Describes the minimum information needed to protect art objects**** **
**Audience includes museums, law enforcement agencies, appraisers, customs agents, and insurers**** **
**Based on CDWA**

*Related guidelines in same discipline differ to accomodate different needs*
*But map to larger set of guidelines (CDWA)*

## Architectural Drawings Advisory Group (ADAG) & Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA)
Consensus among architectural historians, museum professionals, information specialists, archivists, & librarians
110 categories and subcategories to describe architectural drawings and architecture

- <date/time>

**Architectural Drawings Advisory Group (ADAG) & Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA)**
**Consensus among architectural historians, museum professionals, information specialists, archivists, & librarians**
**110 categories and subcategories to describe architectural drawings and architecture**

*Vicki Porter & Robin Thornes*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Related guidelines for narrower subject*
*Map to related  set of guidelines (CDWA)*

## Getty Vocabularies

-  Structure & content are based upon standards *(e.g., International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA))*
-  Are compiled resources (not comprehensive)
-  Growth through collaboration, inside Getty & outside

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies*

*Determine how to create appropriate vocabularies*

##  personal names: Painter of the Wedding Procession (attributed to); Nikodemos (signed, as potter)
 geographic names: Athens
 object names: storage vessels, Panathenaic amphorae
 corporate names:  J. Paul Getty Museum
 iconographic subjects and themes:  Nike Crowning the Victor, with Judge on right and defeated opponent on left
 genre terms:  Antiquities, ceremonies
 multilingual terms: Athínaí (Greek) =  Athens (English) =  Athenae (Latin)

* **geographic names: ***Athens**
* **object names: ***storage vessels, Panathenaic amphorae**
* **corporate names:  ****J. Paul Getty Museum***
* **iconographic subjects and themes:  ****Nike Crowning the Victor, with Judge on right and defeated opponent on left***
* **genre terms:  ***Antiquities, ceremonies**
* **multilingual terms:** ***Athínaí** (*Greek*)* = * **Athens** (*English*) =  **Athenae **(*Latin*)

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Types of terms in vocabularies*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Vocabulary should fit the subject being indexed*

**Notes:**
relationships between terms--will look at this in detail
data value standard--gives you the terminology to fill in the fields in your database
what are these?
Examples:  LCSH, local authority file, Revised Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging, MeSH, ICONCLASS

##  Contains around 26,000 concepts, 125,000 terms 
Records contain terms, notes, relationships, bibliography

- <date/time>

-  Contains around 26,000 concepts, 125,000 terms
- Records contain terms, notes, relationships, bibliography

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Scope ranges from antiquity to present*
* **Global, but preponderance of Western concepts*
* **Terms describe Art, Architecture, Decorative Arts, Material Culture, & Archival Materials*

*Define the scope and range of the vocabulary*

## Elements of an AAT record

- <date/time>

**names/terms**
**pier glasses**
**pier mirrors**
**trumeaux**

**related concepts**
**pier tables**

**sources **
**Comstock, Helen. *****The Looking Glass in America, 1700-1825*****. **Page 17.

**scope note**** **
**Tall, narrow mirrors intended to fill the pier, the space between two windows...**

**parent concept**** **
**furnishings**
**   ****mirrors**
**     ****wall mirrors**

**concept**
**object, material, activity, style, attribute...**

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Note: The Focus of each vocabulary record is a concept - not a “term”*

**Notes:**
main unit is a concept
could be names of art objects, like statues, photographs, murals
could be descriptive terms like styles or periods, such as Victorian or Medieval
could be materials like marble or oak
relationships between these elements and the elements themselves

## Records for 900,000 places, 1,000,000 names
Names, coordinates, relationships, dates & bibliography 

- <date/time>

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

*Records for 900,000 places, 1,000,000 names*
*Names, coordinates, relationships, dates & bibliography*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Includes all continents and nations of modern political world, historical places
- Includes physical features
- Includes inhabited places, other administrative and political entities
- Emphasis on places important to art & architectural history

*Scope and range*

**Notes:**
*  TGN  currrently includes  records for around 900,000 places
*  Record for each place may include multiple names, and there are around 1,000,000 names in TGN, important access points
*  Scope of TGN is global, all continents and all nations of modern world included
*  Places arranged in hierarchies representing modern world
*  Database is relational -- 7 main tables, others primarily for tracking editorial work, 
--TGN was built and edited on Sun/Sybase platform, we used a custom-designed editorial system built by the talented technical team at Getty Information Insitute
*  Currently DB is 470 Megabytes in size

## Elements of a TGN record 

- <date/time>

***dates***
**settled by Etruscans (flourished 6th cen. BCE)**

***place types***
**inhabited place**
**provincial capital**

***bibliography***
**Annuario Generale (1980) **
**Dizionario Corografico Toscana (1977)                                             Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1984) Hook, Siena (1979), 6 ff. **
**TCI: Toscana (1984), 479 ff.                                             Times Atlas of the World (1992), 183**
**Canby, Historic Places (1984), II, 861**
**Milanesi, Storia dell'Arte Senese (1969)**

- Elements of a TGN record

***place***

***parent place***
**Italy**
**   ****Tuscany**
**      ****Siena province**

- .

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

***geographic coordinates***
**43 19 N, 011 21 E**

***notes***
**Founded as Etruscan hill town; later was Roman city of Sena Julia; thrived under Lombard kings; was medieval self-governing commune; was seat of Ghibelline power ...**

***names***
**Siena**
**Sena Julia**

*Focus is concept*

**Notes:**
*  Though called TGNames, logical focus of TGN record is place
--  a single place can have many name forms, ex.: St. Petersburg/Leniningrad
-- the places are structured hierarchically in the whole/part relationship, ex.:Belgravia is a neighborhood or part of London
--  other information incuding place types, geographic coordinates, dates for names, place types, parents

## ULAN contains records for 110,000 artists, 220,000 names
Records contain names, biographical information, relationships, & bibliography

- <date/time>

***ULAN contains records for 110,000 artists, 220,000 names***
***Records contain names, biographical information, relationships, & bibliography***

- Union
- List of Artist
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Scope is from Antiquity to the present
- Coverage is global, preponderance Western artists
- Identified individuals or groups of individuals working together (corporate bodies)
- Involved in the conception or production of visual arts & architecture

*Scope and Range*

## Elements of a ULAN record 

- <date/time>

*roles*
**painter**
**draftsman**

*geographic location*
**Ferrara (Italy)**
**Venice (Italy)**

*bibliography*
***Bénézit; Berenson; *Bolaffi; *Encyc. world art; **
**  ****Gibbons, DOSSO AND BATT. DOSSI (1968); Grove Dict of Art**

- Elements of a ULAN record

***artist***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*names*
**Dosso Dossi**
**Giovanni de Lutero**
**Dosso da Ferrara**
**Giovanni di Niccolò**

*notes*
**Although early biographers, including Vasari, noted a birth date of ca. 1475, modern scholars agree that he cannot have been born much before 1490...**

*related people*
**student of: **
**Lorenzo Costa di Ottavio, from 1507**

*life dates*
**born ca. 1490, active from 1512, died 1542**

*Focus is concept*

## Relationships in Vocabularies

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Goal is to allow access to visual arts & material culture information
People don’t always know what a person, place, or thing is called
Different people use different terms for same person, place ,or thing
Vocabularies gather related terms together to improve access to information for research and education

*People don’t always know what a person, place, or thing is called*
*Different people use different terms for same person, place ,or thing*
*Vocabularies gather related terms together to improve access to information for research and education*

- cup

- stein

- container

- vessel

**Why vocabularies?**

- earthenware

- ceramics

- pottery

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- mug

## As sources of standard terminology for use in description, cataloguing, and documentation

As “assistants” in on-line search engines, creating a semantic “road map” that shows links and paths between concepts

Knowledge bases

***As “assistants” in on-line search engines, creating a semantic “road map” that shows links and paths between concepts***
***Knowledge bases***

**apodyteria**
**apodyterium**
**gymnasteria**
**gymnasterium**
- SN: *Dressing rooms in ancient Greek and Roman baths and palaestrae.*

**Why vocabularies?**

## What is a structured vocabulary?

- A collection of words and phrases (=terminology) *structured to show relationships *between terms and concepts
- A tool for *consistency* in the language used in the recording and retrieval of information

**Notes:**
relationships between terms--will look at this in detail
data value standard--gives you the terminology to fill in the fields in your database
what are these?
Examples:  LCSH, local authority file, Revised Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging, MeSH, ICONCLASS

## Harlem Renaissance
Negro Renaissance
New Negro Movement
Renaissance, Harlem
Renaissance, Negro

**Harlem Renaissance**
**Negro Renaissance**
**New Negro Movement**
**Renaissance, Harlem**
**Renaissance, Negro**

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Structured vocabularies**

*<visual works by form>*

*	**	**dioramas*
*	**	**diptychs*
*	**	**medals*
*	**	**     **medallions (medals)*
*	**	**polyptychs*
*	**	**triptychs*

***Relationships include links that organize terms and provide context***

## Relationships in vocabularies

- Equivalence
- synonyms, spelling variations, language variations
- Hierarchical
- broader to narrower
- whole/part
- genus/species
- Associative
- related concepts

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Equivalence Relationships in AAT

**soft paste porcelain**
**soft-paste porcelain**
**artificial porcelain**
**frit porcelain**
**porcelaine de France**
**pâte tendre**

*multiple terms refer to the same concept*
*enables more powerful retrieval*
*one flagged as “preferred”*

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Equivalence Relationships in TGN

*All names in a place record have equivalence relationships*

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Equivalence Relationships in ULAN

*all names refer to same person, ****Italian painter, born in Dalmatia, ca. 1510-1563***

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## funerary sculpture

*relationships depicted with indention*
*brasses, effigies, gisants, haniwa, & ushabti are types of funerary sculpture*

**Hierarchical Relationship in AAT - Genus/Species **

**....brasses (memorials)**
**....effigies**
**.......gisants  **
**....haniwa  **
**....mintadi**
**.......bitumba  **
**....mma  **
**....niombo**
**....tomb slabs  **
**....ushabti**

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## 

		 Almería  (province)
          Cádiz      (province)
          Córdoba (province)
          Granada (province)
          Huelva    (province)
          Málaga   (province)
          Sevilla    (province)

*map of Andalucia: *http://www.andalucia.com/

**	****	**** ****Almería  (province)**
**          ****Cádiz      (province)**
**          ****Córdoba (province)**
**          ****Granada (province)**
**          ****Huelva    (province)**
**          ****Málaga   (province)**
**          ****Sevilla    (province)**

**Hierarchical Relationship in TGN - Whole/Part **

*provinces are part of the region, which is part of the nation*

**Andalucía  (region)**

**España  (nation)**

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Hierarchical Relationship in ULAN - Whole/Part 

**Gobelins, Manufacture Royale des**
**   ****Painting Studio**
**   ****Sculpture Studio**
**   ****Tapestry Manufactory**
**	****   ****Dye Works**
**   ****Furniture Manufactory**
**        ****Marquetry Studio**
**        ****Pietra Dura Studio**
**   ****Metalwork Studio**
**         ****Engraving Studio**

*Departments or divisions are part of larger administrative structures in manufactories, architectural firms, studios, etc.*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Vocabularies are polyhierarchical

- <date/time>

*Vocabularies are polyhierarchical*

**.**

**.**

***Preferred parent***
**United States**

***Non-preferred parent***
**Hawaiian Islands**

**Hawaii**

*Hawaii has multiple parents*

**Notes:**
POLITICAL VS. PHYSICAL FEATURE HIERACRHY - NON PREFERED PARENTS
Our solution of the issue differed for inhabited places and administrative entities, however, because these places more important for our users
-- If necessary, we make necessary complex links to administrative parents.
-- For example, in USA cities often belong to two counties (second-level administrative subdivision in USA), linked to both counties
-- In example above, Bermuda is shown directly under physical parent, continent
--  recording the hierarchical position of inhabited places & administrative units was given higher priority than recording that of physical features, however.  We tried to accurately represent unusual or complicated relationships of inhabited places to their "parents." 
--  if the area of an inhabited place crosses administrative boundaries (as may happen in the USA with a city belonging to two counties), the inhabited place appears under both administrative subdivisions. 
-- if jurisdiction over an area is shared or disputed between two nations, that area may appear as part of both nations—it may have "multiple parents."
--  In this example, the dependent state  Bermuda is physically located in North and Central America; however, it is politically associated with the United Kingdom.  In TGN, Bermuda's main position in the hierarchy represents its physical location.
-- in Bermuda's alternate hierarchical view it displays under the United Kingdom.  This alternate view is indicated with an upper-case "N" (indicating "non-preferred") in this display of the hierarchy.

## Associative Relationship in AAT

- Descriptor**: *****charterhouses**** *
- Hierarchy: Built Complexes and Districts
- Scope note: Carthusian monasteries.
- Alternate Forms of Speech {ALT}:
-                  charterhouse
- Synonyms and spelling variants {UF}:
-                  certose
-                  charter houses
-                  chartreuses
- Related concepts:
*                 ****Carthusian***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*There may be associative relationships between concepts*

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Associative Relationship in TGN

*for deserted settlement in Israel*
- DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:
*Located over Huleh Valley, near modern town Hazor; for centuries was one of most important cities of Canaan, in control of rich agricultural area & vital trade & military route; according to Bible, site of victory of Joshua & other battles of Israelites.*

**Tel **_**H**_**a**_**z**_**or**

_**H**_**a**_**z**_**or**

*There may be associative relationships between places*
*deserted settlement may be related to modern town*
*date for relationship*

**Associative Relationship in TGN**

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Associative Relationships in ULAN

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- student/teacher relationships
- familial relationships if parent is also an artist
- dates of relationship

**RELATED PERSON*****:  ***
***son of***
***Albrecht Dürer the elder***
**RELATED PERSON:**
***student of ***
***Michael Wolgemut,  from 1486 through 1490***

**Notes:**
what makes a controlled vocabulary powerful in retrieval and use in cataloging is the relationships between terms
there are 3 types of relationships between terms
understand them to understand the structures of the vocabs and how they work
EQUIVALENCE--shown by a “see” in a book index or in LCSH
HIERARCHICAL--
ASSOCIATIVE--shown by “see also” in a book index or LCSH

## Other Information in Vocabularies

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## AAT record

- <date/time>

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

***Art ******&***
***Architecture***
***Thesaurus***

**[198841]**
**rhyta**

*Terms:*
*Descriptor:*
-     rhyta
*Alternate Forms of Speech {ALT}:*
-     rhyton
*Synonyms and spelling variants {UF}:*
-     protomai
-     protome
-     rhea
-     rheon
-     rheons
*Related concepts {RT}*
-     stirrup cups
-     sturzbechers
-     drinking vessels
-     <ceremonial vessels>

*Multiple terms for same concept, one “descriptor”*
*Related concepts*

*AAT record*

**Notes:**
main unit is a concept
could be names of art objects, like statues, photographs, murals
could be descriptive terms like styles or periods, such as Victorian or Medieval
could be materials like marble or oak
relationships between these elements and the elements themselves

## rhyta

- <date/time>

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**[198841]**
**rhyta**

*Scope note:*
- Vessels from Ancient Greece, the Middle East, or eastern Europe, often in the shape of a horn or an animal's head, typically used as a drinking vessel or for pouring wine into another vessel.

*Note describes meaning, use of term*

*Sources:*
- Dict. of Art; Gisela & Milne, Athenian Vases; Vermeule, Greece in Bronze Age; Chenhall, Nomenclature.

*Sources are standard reference books, articles or other sources*

***Art ******&***
***Architecture***
***Thesaurus***

**Notes:**
main unit is a concept
could be names of art objects, like statues, photographs, murals
could be descriptive terms like styles or periods, such as Victorian or Medieval
could be materials like marble or oak
relationships between these elements and the elements themselves

## rhyta

- <date/time>

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**[198841]**
**rhyta**

*Hierarchical Position:*
- <Containers>
- ...containers
- ......<containers by function or context>
- .........<culinary containers>
- ............<containers for serving and consuming food>
- ...............<vessels for serving and consuming food>
- ....................**rhyta**

*Hierarchical position indicated by indention*

***Art ******&***
***Architecture***
***Thesaurus***

**Notes:**
main unit is a concept
could be names of art objects, like statues, photographs, murals
could be descriptive terms like styles or periods, such as Victorian or Medieval
could be materials like marble or oak
relationships between these elements and the elements themselves

## TGN record 

- <date/time>

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

- [7001188]** **
**Alexandria ****(inhabited place)**** **

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*TGN record*

*Names:*
**Al-Iskandar********yah **(C,V-pref) ... *Arabic ......name used since 640 AD*
**El Iskandariya**  (C,V)
**Alexandria** (C,O-Engpref) ... *used since 4th   .....cen. BC, named after Alexander the Great*
**Alejandría** (C,O)
**Alexandrie** (C,O)
**Alessandria d’Egitto** (C,V)
**Alexandria ad Aegyptum** (H,V) ... *Roman*
**Alexandria Aegypti** (H,V)

* **names include preferred vernacular, English, historical, others*
* **dates*

**Notes:**
WHAT’S IN TGN?
* Records in TGN represent places, 
-- records contain names, coordinates, relationships including hierarchical relationships, and other information re. geog. places
* Info was contributed by several Getty projects including, the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA), the Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA), the Getty Reseacrh Institute Photo Study Collection (GCPS), and the Vocabulary Program. In the future, we hope to have outside contributuers as well.

*  In order to update and expand TGN  in the future , we plan to form partnerships with other institutions interested in contributing their expertise to the production and maintenance of the resource.

##  Coordinates indicate a point in the center of the place

- <date/time>

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

* **Coordinates indicate a point in the center of the place*
* **Notes describe the place, history, controversies*

*Lat:* 31 12 N   *Long:* 029 54 E

*Descriptive Note*:
- Located on narrow strip of land between Mediterranean Sea & Lake Mariut, now partially submerged; was center of Hellenic scholarship & science in Antiquity; was built by Greek architect Dinocrates for Alexander the Great; was renowned capital of Ptolemies; ...

- [7001188]** **
**Alexandria ****(inhabited place)**** **

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Notes:**
WHAT’S IN TGN?
* Records in TGN represent places, 
-- records contain names, coordinates, relationships including hierarchical relationships, and other information re. geog. places
* Info was contributed by several Getty projects including, the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA), the Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA), the Getty Reseacrh Institute Photo Study Collection (GCPS), and the Vocabulary Program. In the future, we hope to have outside contributuers as well.

*  In order to update and expand TGN  in the future , we plan to form partnerships with other institutions interested in contributing their expertise to the production and maintenance of the resource.

## [7001188] 

- <date/time>

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

- [7001188]** **
**Alexandria ****(inhabited place)**** **

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

*Place Types:*
**inhabited place** (C) ... *was probably ...settled in 13th cen. BCE; city was ...founded on site of existing village ...in 331 BC*
**city** (C)
**regional capital** (C)
**port** (C) ...*main port of Egypt*
**cultural center** (C) ...*was site of ...renowned ancient library*
**capital** (H) ...*of Alexander’s Egyptian ...domain*
- fishing community (H) *...was site of ...fishing village until city of ...Alexandria was built*

*terms describe important roles of the place*
*may have dates*

**Notes:**
WHAT’S IN TGN?
* Records in TGN represent places, 
-- records contain names, coordinates, relationships including hierarchical relationships, and other information re. geog. places
* Info was contributed by several Getty projects including, the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA), the Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA), the Getty Reseacrh Institute Photo Study Collection (GCPS), and the Vocabulary Program. In the future, we hope to have outside contributuers as well.

*  In order to update and expand TGN  in the future , we plan to form partnerships with other institutions interested in contributing their expertise to the production and maintenance of the resource.

## Africa...............................(continent)

- <date/time>

*Hierarchical Position:*
-         Msr............................(nation)
-              Urban.......................(region)
- 	       Al-Iskandaryah..(governorate)
-                          **Al-Iskandar********yah**..(inhabited place)
- 	                  Al-Hadrah.........(neighborhood)
- 	                  Antirrhodos.......(former island)
- 	                  Pharos..............(island)

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [7001188]** **
**Alexandria ****(inhabited place)**** **

* **part/whole relationships indicated with indention*

**Notes:**
WHAT’S IN TGN?
* Records in TGN represent places, 
-- records contain names, coordinates, relationships including hierarchical relationships, and other information re. geog. places
* Info was contributed by several Getty projects including, the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA), the Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA), the Getty Reseacrh Institute Photo Study Collection (GCPS), and the Vocabulary Program. In the future, we hope to have outside contributuers as well.

*  In order to update and expand TGN  in the future , we plan to form partnerships with other institutions interested in contributing their expertise to the production and maintenance of the resource.

## [7001188] 

- <date/time>

- Getty
- Thesaurus
- of Geographic
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [7001188]** **
**Alexandria ****(inhabited place)**** **

***Sources and contributors::***
**Al-Iskandariyah***...... Encyclopædia Britannica (1985), .......I, 250 [VP]                                             *
*...Times Atlas of World History (1994), 336 [VP]*
*...Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1984), 30 [VP]*
**Alexandrea ***....ARLIS/NA: Ancient Site Names (1995)*
**Alejandría***....... Rand McNally Atlas (1989), I-4 [VP]*
**Alessandria d'Egitto***..... Cassell's Italian Dictionary ......(1983), 21 [VP]*
**Alexandria**.....*Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer (1961) ......[GCPS]*
*...Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1984) [BHA]*
*...Princeton Encyclopedia (1979) [GRIPSC]*
*...Alexandria, Archaeology (1999) [VP]*
*...Pharos Sculpture, Archaeology (1996) [VP]*
**Alexandrie***.......  Rand McNally Atlas (1989) [BHA]*
**Rhakotis** *...... Britannica Online (1998) [VP]*

* **sources are standard, general reference works*
* **scholarly works, bulletins from USBGN, etc.*

**Notes:**
WHAT’S IN TGN?
* Records in TGN represent places, 
-- records contain names, coordinates, relationships including hierarchical relationships, and other information re. geog. places
* Info was contributed by several Getty projects including, the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA), the Foundation for Documents of Architecture (FDA), the Getty Reseacrh Institute Photo Study Collection (GCPS), and the Vocabulary Program. In the future, we hope to have outside contributuers as well.

*  In order to update and expand TGN  in the future , we plan to form partnerships with other institutions interested in contributing their expertise to the production and maintenance of the resource.

## ULAN record 

- <date/time>

- Union
- List of Artist
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [80976]
**Bulgarini, Bartolommeo**
*(Sienese painter, active by 1337, died Sept. 4, 1378)*

*Names:*
**Bulgarini, Bartolomeo        [BA,GC,PR,VP]**
- Bartolomeo Bolgarini         [GC]
- Bartolomeo Bolghini          [GC]
- Bartolomeo Bulgarini         [PR]
- Bartolommeo Bulgarini da Siena [PR]
- Lorenzetti, Ugolino             [GC,PR]
- Maestro d'Ovile                   [VP]
- Master of the Ovile Madonna  [BA,GC,PR,VP]
- Ovile Master                       [GC,VP]
- Ugolino Lorenzetti              [PR,VP]

*ULAN record*

*Names include spelling variations, former names*

## Union

- <date/time>

- List of Artist
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [80976]
**Bulgarini, Bartolommeo**
*(Sienese painter, active by 1337, died Sept. 4, 1378)*

*Male or female*
*Important relationships, student/teacher, firm/member*

*SEX:*
- male

*RELATED PERSON:*
-      *worked with*
- Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna, ca. 1350

## Union

- <date/time>

- List of Artist
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [80976]
**Bulgarini, Bartolommeo**
*(Sienese painter, active by 1337, died Sept. 4, 1378)*

*Note describing career, controversies*

*DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:*
- Phases of Bartolommeo’s career were formerly attributed to anonymous masters known as Ugolino Lorenzetti and the Master of the Ovile Madonna.  Bartolommeo’s early works are heavily influenced by Pietro Lorenzetti and Ugolino di Nerio.  During the 1350s, he followed the fashion in Siena by returning to the two dimensionality, fluid lines, and decorative details of Simone Martini. He worked primarily in Tuscany, painting extensively for various Sienese churches, including five panels for Santa Maria della Scala, where he and his wife were lay members of its charitable society. He held minor public offices in Siena.

## Union

- <date/time>

- List of Artist
- Names

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- [80976]
**Bulgarini, Bartolommeo**
*(Sienese painter, active by 1337, died Sept. 4, 1378)*

*Contributed Biographies:*
*(Sienese painter, born before 1337, *
*died Sept. 4, 1378)                                    [VP]*
* **(Italian artist, op.1345-1373)                 [WC]*
* **(Italian painter, act. mid-late 14th cent.) [PR]*
* **(Italian painter, act.1337-1378)               [BA]*
* **(Italian painter, d.1378)                           [GC]*

*BIBLIOGRAPHY:*
- *Bolaffi;  *Dict. of Art, 1996;  *Fredricksen & Zeri, Census;  *Thieme-Becker; E. Beatson, N. Muller and J. Steinhoff: ‘The St Victor Altarpiece in Siena Cathedral: A Reconstruction’, A. Bull., lxviii(1986), pp. 610–31

*Sources are standard, general reference books, articles, monographs*
*Biographies*

## Applications of Vocabularies

-  Used as *cataloguing aids*
-  Also used as *search assistants* and *knowledge bases*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Vocabularies as Cataloging Aids

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Establish criteria for indexing

- For example, three levels of subject description common in art history (CDWA)
- Important for access

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Display vs. Indexing

- Information must be indexed for access

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Should use structured or controlled vocabulary

## Index name of iconographical subject for access

- Adoration of the Magi
- Iconclass:
- A] [_[D](http://iconclass.let.uu.nl/cgi-bin/icwww.exe?RADIO=73B57&Browse_action=DESCEND)_] [_[K](http://iconclass.let.uu.nl/cgi-bin/icwww.exe?RADIO=73B57&Browse_action=KEYS)_] [S] [R]
- adoration of the kings: the Wise Men present their gifts to the Christ-child (gold, frankincense and myrrh)

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Index generic description for access
- specifically Virgin Mary and Jesus

- more broadly mother and child

- Combine subject with other fields
- Adoration of the Magi
- artist nationality = Italian (i.e., from Artist authority)
- date of work =    15th-18th centuries

## Object Type: sculpture
Title: Queen Nefertiti
Measurements: height: 50 cm
Material: limestone
Technique: sculpting
Creator: Tuthmosis (Egyptian master sculptor, 14th cen. BCE)
Role: sculptor
Nationality/Culture: Egyptian
Date: ca. 1340 BCE
Repository Name: Egyptian Museum
Repository Place: Berlin, Germany
Repository Number: 21-300
Original Site: Amarna, Egypt
Style/Period: New Kingdom, Eighteenth Dynasty
Subject: woman, Egyptian, portraiture, court of Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti, Queen Nofretete

- <date/time>

*Object Type: **sculpture*
*Title: *Queen Nefertiti
*Measurements: *height: 50 cm
*Material: **limestone*
*Technique: **sculpting*
*Creator: **Tuthmosis* (Egyptian master sculptor, 14th cen. BCE)
*Role: ****sculptor***
*Nationality/Culture: **Egyptian*
*Date: *ca. 1340 BCE
*Repository Name: *Egyptian Museum
*Repository Place:* *Berlin, Germany*
*Repository Number:* 21-300
*Original Site: **Amarna, Egypt*
*Style/Period: **New Kingdom, Eighteenth Dynasty*
*Subject: *woman, *Egyptian, portraiture*, court of Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti, Queen Nofretete

- Vocabulary applied to art object or architecture

***Getty vocabularies provide terms for the fields indicated***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Author: Cole, Bruce
Title: Masaccio and the Art of Early Renaissance Florence
Date of Publication: 1980
Object Type: fresco
Title: Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise
Creator: Masaccio (Florentine, 1401-ca. 1428)
Date: ca. 1425
Repository Name: Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine. Florence, Italy
Subject: Adam and Eve, Expulsion from Paradise, Garden of Eden, Original Sin
Other Indexing Terms: giornate, fresco, Renaissance, chiaroscuro, modeling

- <date/time>

*	**	**Masaccio: The Frescoes**	**	**157*
-      In Masaccio’s *Expulsion* (Plate 90), on the chapel’s left-hand entrance pilaster, Adam and Eve are being driven from the gate of Paradise by a red angel hovering above their heads. One glance reveals both the fresco’s kinship with Masaccio’s earlier work and the increased artistic power of the Brancacci paintings. The *Expulsion* shows Masaccio to be a master of fresco technique, although we do not know what experience he had with it before the Brancacci paintings. It may well be that he had already executed works in that medium. However, Masaccio was a born painter, with a rare natural feeling for materials, an instinct shared by artists such as Donatello, Rembrandt, and Picasso. From the San Giovenale triptych, his earliest know work, he demonstrates an ease and a confidence in the handling of paint that belie his youth.
-      One of Masaccio’s great contributions to the art of fresco painting was his shaping of form exclusively through the use of light and dark. Unlike his Florentine predecessors (with the exception of the late Giotto in the Peruzzi Chapel), he does not use line to delineate figures; this is why the repainied reinforcement of the silhouette with line is so disfiguring to his frescoes. The light, which always comes from the direction of the window in the Brancacci Chapel, defines the massive shapes of Adam and Eve and gives their bodies palpable form. So solid are the sharply highlighted protruding planes, and so deep are the shaded hollows, that the figures remind one of free-standing sculpture. The sure, rapid brush has quickly and brilliantly formed the concavities and convexities of the bodies’ surfaces in a manner akin to the cuts made by the sculptor’s chisel.

*Author: *Cole, Bruce
*Title: *Masaccio and the Art of Early Renaissance Florence
*Date of Publication: *1980
*Object Type: **fresco*
*Title: *Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise
*Creator: **Masaccio* (Florentine, 1401-ca. 1428)
*Date: *ca. 1425
*Repository Name: *Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine. *Florence, Italy*
*Subject: *Adam and Eve, Expulsion from Paradise, Garden of Eden, Original Sin
*Other Indexing Terms: **giornate, fresco, Renaissance, chiaroscuro, modeling*

- Vocabulary applied to texts

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

***Abstracting and indexing***
***Index what text is about - not just what is on the page***

## V1.Vis. Doc. Type: color slide
V2.VD Format: 35 mm
V3.VD Measurements: 2 x 2 inches
V4.VD Date: 1982
V5.VD Owner: Collins College, Norton, OK, USA
V5.VD Owner No.: 52436-a
V7.VD View Descript.: Overview from the entrance
V8.VD Subject : Cappella degli  Scrovegni (Arena Chapel): Life of the Virgin and Christ
V9. VD Source: Scala, Set OM 010:Giotto, Scrovegni Chapel

*V1.Vis. Doc. Type: **color photograph*
*V3.VD Measurements: *8 x 10 inches
*V4.VD Date:* 1997
*V5.VD Owner:* Collins College, Norton, OK, USA
*V5.VD Owner No.:* 52436-c
*V7.VD View Descript.:* Overview from the entrance
*V8.VD Subject : *Cappella degli  Scrovegni (Arena Chapel): Life of the Virgin and Christ
*V9. VD Source: *Pittura murale in Italia, 1995, p. 121

*V1.Vis. Doc. Type: **color slide*
*V2.VD Format:* 35 mm
*V3.VD Measurements: *2 x 2 inches
*V4.VD Date:* 1982
*V5.VD Owner:* Collins College, Norton, OK, USA
*V5.VD Owner No.:* 52436-a
*V7.VD View Descript.:* Overview from the entrance
*V8.VD Subject : *Cappella degli  Scrovegni (Arena Chapel): Life of the Virgin and Christ
*V9. VD Source: *Scala, Set OM 010:Giotto, Scrovegni Chapel

*V1.Vis. Doc. Type: **digital image*
*V2.VD Format:* JPEG
*V3.VD Measurements: *1560 x 1709 pixels
*V4.VD Date:* 1995
*V5.VD Owner:* Collins College, Norton, OK, USA
*V5.VD Owner No.:* 52436-b
*V7.VD View Descript.:* Overview from the entrance
*V8.VD Subject : *Cappella degli  Scrovegni (Arena Chapel): Life of the Virgin and Christ
*V9. VD Source: *Pittura murale in Italia, 1995, p. 121

- Vocabulary applied to “surrogates”

***Also used for visual documents***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Vocabulary applied to Web pages

- <date/time>

- On a Web page for the
- Tate Collections
- (http://www.tate.org.uk/),
- this drawing is depicted:
-                 *J.S. Laing active 1847 *
*                **Figure of Christ from the Tympanum at Vezelay*
*                **Pen and ink on paper (D[pi])*
*                **support 175 x 145 mm*
*                **support, secondary 258 x 228 mm*
*                **Purchased as part of the Oppé Collection with*
*                **assistance from the National Lottery through the*
*                **Heritage Lottery Fund 1996*
*                **T09080*
*                **type: on paper, unique*
*                **work identifier: T09080*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

***Indexing the Web page depends upon target audience***
***Subject of the page (drawing)***
***Subject in the drawing (sculpture)***

- <HTML><HEAD><!-- begin title --><TITLE>Figure of Christ from the Tympanum at Vezelay</TITLE>
- <!-- end title --><!-- begin meta -->
- <META name="description" content="J.S. Laing active 1847 | Figure of Christ from the Tympanum at Vezelay ">
- <meta name= "keywords" content=”J.S. Laing, active 1847, drawing, T09080,Christ, tympanum, Vézelay, Burgundy, **Gislebertus d’Autun, Ghislebertus, Giselbertus,** Romanesque, French, 12th century "><!-- end meta -->

*Note: this is an example of how this page COULD be indexed, not how it actually is indexed by the Tate.*

## Vocabularies are incorporated into catalogers’ editorial system

- The
- Museum
- System

- for information, contact http://gallerysystems.com

***Catalogers consult Web browsers & cut & paste or transcribe terms***
***Vocabulary is incorporated into cataloging application***
** *****advantage is that vocabulary structure may be used for retrieval***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Title : The Story of Adam and Eve
Giovanni Boccaccio, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes
Artist: Master of the Swans 
Object Type: manuscript leaf
Medium: tempera colors, gold leaf, and gold paint on parchment
Date of Execution: ca. 1415
Dimensions: leaf: 42 x 29.6 cm
 Location: J. Paul Getty Museum, 96.MR.17.FOL. 3 

- Giovanni Boccaccio, *Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes*
***Artist*****: **Master of the Swans
***Object Type*****: **manuscript leaf
***Medium: ***tempera colors, gold leaf, and gold paint on parchment
***Date of Execution*****: **ca. 1415
***Dimensions:*** leaf: 42 x 29.6 cm
*** ******Location:*** J. Paul Getty Museum, 96.MR.17.FOL. 3

***Vocabularies may control terminology***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Controlled vocabulary

## Boucicaut Master                               [BHA,GRIPSC, JPGM]

- 		*(French artist, active ca. 1405-ca. 1420)*
- Master of the Book of Hours of the Maréchal de Boucicaut  [BHA]
- Master of the Hours of Maréchal de Boucicaut                    [GRIPSC]
- Master of the Marshall of Boucicaut                                     [WittC]
- Master of the Swans                                                               [BHA]
*Bibliography:* Art Bull. idx.; *Bénézit; *Encyc. world art; Getty Photo Study Coll.; Harthan.BOOK OF HOURS,p.72; *Thieme-Becker

- Union
- List of Artist
- Names

**Master of the Swans**

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

***May choose ULAN “preferred” form of the name = “controlled”***
***May choose an alternate name, use structure in retrieval***

## Title : Bamana Headdresses
Artist: Bamana peoples, Bamako region, Mali 
Object Type: headdresses
Medium: wood, iron, fiber 
Date of Execution: 20th cen.
Dimensions: heights: 55.2 cm and 59.1 cm 
Location: National Museum of African Art, gift of Dr. Ernst Anspach and museum purchase 

***Artist*****: **Bamana peoples, Bamako region, Mali
***Object Type*****: headdresses**
***Medium: ***wood, iron, fiber
***Date of Execution*****: **20th cen**.**
***Dimensions: ***heights: 55.2 cm and 59.1 cm
***Location:*** National Museum of African Art, gift of Dr. Ernst Anspach and museum purchase

- Vocabularies inform usage

***Vocabularies may inform usage of terminology***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Object type: headdresses

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

*Object type:* headdresses

**Costume Hierarchy**
**  ****...<accessories worn on the head>**
**  ****.......headgear**
**  ****........headdresses**
**  **

-  **...............chi wara**
**  ****...............commodes (headdresses)**
**  ****...............cornets (headdresses)**
**  ****...............crowns (headdresses)**
**  ****...................coronets (crowns)**
**  ****...............English hoods**
**  ****...............hennins**
**  ****...............poloi**
**  ****...............pschents**
**  ****...............tiaras**

**Scope Note****: ****Bamana carved wooden headdresses representing antelopes or aardvarks, and worn by males who perform a masquerade in pairs, with one dancer representing a male animal and the other a female.**

-   J. Paul Getty Trust

***AAT may suggest a more specific term, “chi wara” instead of “headdresses”***

## W1.Work Type: sculpture, votive figures
W2.Title : Ploughman of Arretium
W3.Measurements: 7  1/4 in. length
W4.Material: bronze
W6.Creator: unknown Etruscan
Nationality: Etruscan
Dates:active 6th cen. BCE
W8.Date: 6th cen. BCE
W13.Original Site:
W14.Style: Etruscan
W15.Natlty/Culture: Etruscan

*W2.Title : *Ploughman of Arretium
*W3.Measurements: *7  1/4 in. length
*W4.Material*: bronze
*W6.Creator*: unknown Etruscan
- Nationality: *Etruscan*
- Dates:*active 6th cen. BCE*
*W8.Date*: 6th cen. BCE
*W13.Original Site:*
*W14.Style: *Etruscan
*W15.Natlty/Culture:* Etruscan

*W.16.Subject*: ploughman, oxen, labor, afterlife, ceremonies
*W19.Notes: *This figure was found in one of the many sanctuaries from Etruscan Arretium, and was probably a votive offering. The subject reflects a natural preoccupation of the inhabitants of Arretium, which was an outpost of Chiusi  in a fertile farming region.

-  J. Paul Getty Trust

- Vocabularies solve riddles

***TGN provides modern name for ancient site***

## Search:                            

**[****7006072]**
**   ****Arezzo (inhabited place) **
**Lat: 43 25 N Long: 011 53 E**
**Note - *****Was one of 12 ancient cities of Etruria; allied with Rome from 3rd cen. BC; was thriving medieval center; taken by Florence in 1384, later was part of grand duchy of Tuscany; ruled by French after Napoleonic Wars, then by Hapsburgs; damaged during WW II.***
**Hierarchical Position: **
**    ****Europe..........................(continent)**
**      ****Italia..........................(nation)**
**        ****Toscana.........................(region)**
**          ****Arezzo..........................(province)**
**Names:**
**    ****Arezzo (C,V)**
**    *****Arretium***** (H,V).......................... ancient name**
**Place Types:**
**    ****inhabited place (C)..................... inhabited since Etruscan period**
**    ****city (C)**
**    ****provincial capital (C)**
**    ****agricultural center (C)**
**    ****manufacturing center (C)................ produces clothing, footwear, **

**Getty **
**Thesaurus **
**of Geographic **
**Names**

- Search:

**Arretium**

***Search on ancient name retrieves record including modern name and modern hierarchical position ***

-  J. Paul Getty Trust

## Vocabularies solve riddles

*W2.Title : *Ships on the Maas at  Dordrecht
*W3.Measurements: *1.149 x 1.702 m (45 1/4 x 67 in.)
*W4.Material: *oil on canvas
*W6.Creator*: A Cuyp
*W8.Date*: ca. 1650
*W14.Style: *Northern Baroque
*W15.Natlty/Culture: *Dutch

*W16.Subject*: ceremony, ships, war, soldiers,
*W19.Notes: *In the early morning light, the river Maas and famous island city in present-day Zuid-Holland are the focus of great activity. Cuyp was probably commissioned to portray the arrival of a fleet of ships carrying 30,000 soldiers in the summer of 1646, two years before the Treaty of  Münster ended hostilities with Spain.

***Vocabularies may help supplement incomplete information                        ***

-   J. Paul Getty Trust

## Search:                                      

- Union
- List of Artist
- Names

***Number of Matching Records: 6***
**1.  Cuyp, A.B.**
**       ****(Netherlands artist, op.1594/7(?))**
**2.  Cuyp, Aelbert**
**       ****(Dutch painter, 1620-1691)**
**          ****A. Cuyp**
**          ****Albert Cuyp**
**          ****Albert Kuyp**
**          ****Cuijp, Aelbert**
**3.  Cuyp, Benjamin Gerritsz.**
**       ****(Dutch painter, 1612-1652)**
**          ****Cuyp, Benjamin**
**          ****Cuijp, Benjamin Gerritsz.**
**4.  Cuyp, Gerrit Gerritsz.**
**       ****(Dutch painter, glass painter, ca.1565-1644)**

- Search: **  ****                       ****            **

**Cuyp***

-   J. Paul Getty Trust

***Painter is identified ***

## Vocabularies solve riddles

*Title : *Head of a Buddha* *
*Material: *limestone
*Creator*: unknown Chinese
*Date*: Tang dynasty, ca. 700
*Original location*:
*Current Location*: Sackler Gallery, Washington DC; Gift of Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
*Subject*: Buddha

*Notes: *The sculpture was probably created for the Lonmien cave-temple complex in Henan province. It is a good example of Tang dynasty (618-907) sculpture, suggesting worldliness by the naturalistic modeling and decorative patterns, along with transcendent spirituality that is signified by the Buddha's downcast eyes and enigmatic pout.This head would have belonged to a seated or standing Buddha attached to the cave walls.

***Browse hierarchies to find appropriate terms                        ***

-   J. Paul Getty Trust

- image from http://www.si.edu/asia

## Lonmien? cave complex

**      ****Zhonghua........................(nation)**
**         ****Henan...........................(province)**

**Getty **
**Thesaurus **
**of Geographic **
**Names**

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Angao.........................(inhabited place) Anping........................(inhabited place) Anyang........................(inhabited place) Baiqiu..........................(inhabited place) Baiqueyuan.................(inhabited place)**
** ****[...]**
** ****Liuta...........................(inhabited place) Liuyuan......................(inhabited place) Liuyuankou.................inhabited place) Longkou.....................(inhabited place) Longmen....................(caves) ****	****	****	****	****Bingang ..............(cave) **
**	****Feng Xian Si .......(cave) ****	****    Longqu..........................(inhabited place) Luanchuan.......................(inhabited place)**

***Browse through likely names in Henan province***

## Title : Portrait of a Young Man
Artist: 
Name: Bronzino
Nationality: Florentine
Dates: 1503-1572
Place: Florence (Tuscany, Italy)
Culture: Florentine
Style: Mannerist
Object Type: painting, portrait
Medium: oil on wood
Date of Execution: ca. 1540
Dimensions: 95.6 x 74.9 cm
Subject Matter: portrait, Medici court, literature

*Title : *Portrait of a Young Man
*Artist*:
- Name: *Bronzino*
- Nationality: *Florentine*
- Dates: *1503-1572*
*Place: *Florence (Tuscany, Italy)
*Culture: *Florentine
*Style: *Mannerist
*Object Type*: painting, portrait
*Medium: *oil on wood
*Date of Execution*: ca. 1540
*Dimensions: *95.6 x 74.9 cm
*Subject Matter*: portrait, Medici court, literature

- Limiting catalogers’ choices can ensure consistency

***May use sections of vocabulary appropriate to field***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

##     	Mannerist

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

**Styles and Periods**
**   **

**<styles and periods by region>**
**       ****European**
**          ****<European styles and periods>**
**               ****<Early Christian-Byzantine styles and periods>**
**	****Early Christian**
**	****Byzantine ...**
**               ****<Medieval styles and periods>**
**   ****	****Medieval**
**               ****<Renaissance-Baroque styles and periods>**
**    ****	****Renaissance ...**
**   ****	****Reformation**
**   ****	****Counter-Reformation**
**  ****	****Baroque ...**
**   ****	****Rococo**
**               ****<Renaissance-Baroque styles>**
**    ****	*****Mannerist***
**   ****	****Proto-Baroque**

*** ******E.g. may wish to limit “style” field to Styles & Periods hierarchy in AAT***
***May need to provide facility for accessing rest of AAT if necessary***

-   J. Paul Getty Trust

- Mannerist

## Title : Broad-rimmed bowl
Artist: workshop of
Giorgio Andreoli of Gubbio (Umbrian ceramist, pottery painter, born 1465/70-died after 1553)
Original Location: Orvieto (Umbria, Italia) 
Physical Descriptors: palmette, cornucopia, coat-of-arms
Style: Renaissance
Object Type: bowl
Medium: tin-glazed earthenware (maiolica)
Date of Execution: ca. 1525-1528
Dimensions: .236 m

*Artist:* workshop of
- Giorgio Andreoli of Gubbio* *(Umbrian ceramist, pottery painter, born 1465/70-died after 1553)
*Original Location: **Orvieto (Umbria, Italia) *
*Physical Descriptors: *palmette, cornucopia, coat-of-arms
*Style: *Renaissance
*Object Type*: bowl
*Medium: *tin-glazed earthenware (maiolica)
*Date of Execution*: ca. 1525-1528
*Dimensions: *.236 m

*Subject Matter*: Saracinelli family
* **Description: *Broad-rimmed bowl with palmette and cornucopia                                                      border; in the center, shield of                                                      arms of the Saracinelli of Orvieto

*** ******Consider if structure of hierarchy or other information is to be used in retrieval***
***If not, may need to include broader context in record***

- Indexing with broader context

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

##     Europe..........................(continent)

**      ****Italia..........................(nation)**
**        ****Umbria..........................(region)**
**           ****Terni.........................(province)**
**	****       ****Aquasparta..................(inhabited place)**
**                  ****Allerona......................(inhabited place)**
**                  ****Alviano.......................(inhabited place)**
**                  ****Alviano, Lago di.........(reservoir)**
**                  ****Amelia........................(inhabited place)**
**                  ****Arrone.........................(inhabited place)**
**                  ****Attigliano....................(inhabited place)**
**	****        ****[...]**
**	****        ****Nera Montoro.............(inhabited place)**
**                  *****Orvieto........................(inhabited place)***
**                  ****Otricoli........................(inhabited place)**

**Getty **
**Thesaurus **
**of Geographic **
**Names**

***E.g., if “parents” not linked for retrieval, may need to record them  in object record***

- Orvieto, Umbria, Italia

-  *1998 by J. Paul Getty Trust*

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Built Work Name: La Madeleine
Location: Vézelay (Burgundy, France) 
Built Work Type: basilica, church
Style: Romanesque, Gothic
Date of Execution: original church was rebuilt after fire of 1120, choir was rebuilt after 1200

*Location: *Vézelay (Burgundy, France)
*Built Work Type: *basilica, church
*Style: *Romanesque, Gothic
*Date of Execution*: original church was rebuilt after fire of 1120, choir was rebuilt after 1200

*** ******Vocabulary may separate unique concepts to make it more powerful and more versatile***
***“******bronze sculpture,” “Romanesque basilica” are compound concepts***

- Indexing with compound concepts

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Romanesque basilica

- Styles and Periods
-      Medieval
-           **Romanesque**
- Refers to the style and period most evident during the 11th and 12th centuries in western Europe. The style ... in general is characterized by the interpretation of ancient Roman style, including great size, round arches, ...

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

***Concepts are separate in the AAT***
***“******Romanesque” is the style and period***
*** “******basilica” is the form of the building ***

- Single Built Works
-     <single built works by form>
-            **basilica**
- Refers to religious or secular buildings characterized by an oblong plan divided into a nave with two or more side aisles, the former higher and wider than the latter and lit by clerestory windows, usually terminated by an apse.

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## compound pier

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

- Components
-     piers (supporting elements)
-         <piers by form>
-               **compound pier**
*UF:*
*clustered columns*
*compound pillars*
- Refers to piers composed of several engaged columns or pilasters grouped around a central core.

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- image is from http://vrlab.fa.pitt.edu/medart/menufrance/vezelay/vezintro.html

***But one concept may comprise multiple words ***

## Title : Unicorn in Captivity
Artist: 
Name: Pieter van Aelst the elder
Nationality: Netherlandish
Dates: ca. 1450 - ca. 1531
Place: Brussels (Flanders, modern Belgium)
Culture: Flemish
Object Type: tapestry
Medium: wool and silk, with metallic gold and silver thread
Date of Execution: 1495-1505
Dimensions: 368 x 252 cm
Inscriptions: monograms: FR; AE
Subject Matter: Unicorn in Captivity, Passion of Christ, pomegranate tree, virginity, marriage, fertility

*Title : *Unicorn in Captivity
*Artist*:
- Name: *Pieter van Aelst the elder*
- Nationality: *Netherlandish*
- Dates: *ca. 1450 - ca. 1531*
*Place: *Brussels (Flanders, modern Belgium)
*Culture: *Flemish
*Object Type*: tapestry
*Medium: *wool and silk, with metallic gold and silver thread
*Date of Execution*: 1495-1505
*Dimensions: *368 x 252 cm
*Inscriptions: *monograms: FR; AE
*Subject Matter*: Unicorn in Captivity, Passion of Christ, pomegranate tree, virginity, marriage, fertility

-  *1998 by J. Paul Getty Trust*

***Choosing appropriate terms may require analyzing homographs ***

## wool and silk, with metallic 

- gold and silver thread

**<hair by form>**
**      *****wool (hair)***

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

***wool (hair)***
**wool (textile)**

***silk (fiber)***
**silk (textile)**

***gold***
**gold (color)**

***silver***
**silver (color)**

***May want to consider hierarchical position***
***Is it an issue for retrieval? ***

**alpaca**
**angora wool**
**cashmere**
**mohair**
**giviut**
**virgin wool**

## Using the AAT

-  **Which fields may be controlled by the AAT?**

-  *1998 by J. Paul Getty Trust*

*Art &*
*Architecture*
*Thesaurus*

**Physical Description**
**Condition**
***for Surrogate***
**Visual Document Type**
**Visual Document Format**
**Visual Document Subject**

**Object Type**
**Material and Medium**
**Technique**
**Role **
**Style/Period**
**Nationality/Culture**
**Subject**
**Relationship Type**

*Define which vocabulary applies to which fields*

## Using the TGN

-  **Which fields may be controlled by the TGN?**
** ****Current Location**
**Original Site**
** ****Nationality/Culture**
** ****Subject**

-  *1998 by J. Paul Getty Trust*

**Getty **
**Thesaurus **
**of Geographic **
**Names**

## Using the ULAN

-  **Which fields may be controlled by the ULAN?**
**Artist/Maker**
** ****associated information**

-  *1998 by J. Paul Getty Trust*

- Union
- List of Artist
- Names

## Scope of one vocabulary may not cover all needs

*Title : *Chat Noir
*Artist:* Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen (Swiss,** **1859-1923)
*Original Location: *Montmartre
*Style: *fin-de-siecle
*Object Type*: poster
*Medium: *lithograph
*Date of Execution*: 1896
*Dimensions: *11 3/8 x 15 3/4 in
*Subject Matter*: **"shadow theater", guignols, cabaret, photomechanical relief- printing** domestic cat, *Felis domesticus*, Chat Noir, Rodolphe Salis

***How to index with terms not in Getty vocabs?***
***Generic & specific subjects***
***animals, plants***
*** ******scientific terms***
*** ******etc.***
***Persons not artists***
***subjects, sitters***
***patrons***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Terms not found in the Getty vocabs., cont.

*Artist:*  unknown Northern Indian
*Object Type*: sculpture
*Medium: *sandstone
*Date of Execution*: ca. 2nd half 11th cen.
*Subject Matter*: Ganesha, Hindu god of good fortune, elephant, good nature, strength, ritual “circumambulation”

*Title : *Cathedral of Saint John at ‘s-Hertogenbosch
* *Pieter Jansz. Saenredam (*Dutch, 1*597-1665)
*Place: *‘s-Hertogenbosch (Noord-Brabant, Netherlands)
*Culture: *Dutch
*Style: *Northern Baroque
*Object Type*: painting
*Medium: *oil on panel
*Date of Execution*: 1646
*Dimensions: *1.289 x .870 m
*Subject Matter*: **Gothic cathedral, apse, clerestory,** iconoclasts, St. John the Apostle cathedral, Protestant Reformation

***Iconography***
***religion***
***mythology***
***literature***
***General concepts***
***Museum names***
***Building names***
***Events***
***Dates***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Candidate terms & local vocabulary

******Choose AAT term**
****** ****Choose TGN term**
****** ****Choose ULAN term**
****** ****Add local term**** **
******Add Getty candidate term**
- ____________________________
***ULAN candidate form:***
**Name: **
**Nationality:**
**Dates:**
**Roles:**

- Randall, A. F.

*Title : *Naiche , youngest son of Cochise
* **Artist: *A. F. Randall* *
*Object Type*: photograph
*Medium: *albumen
*Size:* 14 x 22 cm
*Date of Execution*: 1884
*Subject Matter*: General George Crook's expedition in 1883, Indian Wars, Westward Expansion, San Carlos Reservation, Naiche , Chokonen branch of the Chiricahua Apaches

**VOCABULARY**
******Choose AAT term**
****** ****Choose TGN term**
****** ****Choose ULAN term**
****** ****Add local term**** **
- ____________________________
***Local term:***
**Term: **

- Indian Wars

***Method for recording candidates & local vocabulary***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Vocabularies as Search Assistants

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Giambologna?**
**Giovanni da Bologna?**
**Jean de Boulogne?**

- Retrieval on networked  systems

***Users call concept by various names***
***Items have been cataloged using various names for the same artist***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

##  User does subject keyword search in IRIS on “Giambologna” and retrieves 18 items 
  User does general keyword search in IRIS on “Giambologna” and retrieves 25 items
  User searches IRIS on “Giovanni da Bologna” and retrieves 84 items
  User does keyword search in IRIS on “Jean Boulogne” and retrieves 10 items, 9 of which are false hits 
  User searches Photo Study Collection database on “Giovanni da Bologna” and retrieves 0 items
  User searches Photo Study Collection database on “Jean Boulogne” and retrieves 0 items
 User uses ULAN to search both IRIS and PSC and retrieves a total of 125 items

-   User does general keyword search in IRIS on “Giambologna” and retrieves 25 items
-   User searches IRIS on “Giovanni da Bologna” and retrieves 84 items
-   User does keyword search in IRIS on “Jean Boulogne” and retrieves 10 items, 9 of which are false hits
-   User searches Photo Study Collection database on “Giovanni da Bologna” and retrieves 0 items
-   User searches Photo Study Collection database on “Jean Boulogne” and retrieves 0 items
-  User uses ULAN to search both IRIS and PSC and retrieves a total of 125 items

***Case study,  library & photo study collection***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

- Retrieval with synonyms

## Retrieval with “siblings”

- Argiano OR
- Asciano OR
- Buonconvento OR
- Chiusi OR
- Montalcino OR
- San Gimignano OR
- Siena OR ...

***Links between siblings may allow better retrieval***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Retrieval using “a.k.a.”

- "ushabti" OR "shabti" OR "shawabti" OR "ushabtis" OR "ushabtiu"

***From AAT***
**ushabti**
**shabti**
**shawabti**
**ushabtis**
**ushabtiu**

***Implementation in search engine***
***E.g., User chose databases to query***
***User could use Getty vocabulary to broaden or refine search***

- User has concept in mind
- Search Scope Note for “Egyptian funerary”

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Vocabularies as Knowledge Bases

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Information in Vocabularies

- [6003334]
**La Tène** (deserted settlement)
- Lat: 47 01 N   Long: 007 02 E
*Note - Located in the shallows at the E end of Neuchâtel  lake; site of important Iron-Age remains, giving its name to an archaeological period of European Celtic culture; in original settlement, Celts had driven piles into the edge of the lake & constructed 2 timber causeways; artifacts include iron swords & other weapons, & everyday objects made of iron and wood, some decorated with distinctive curvilinear & abstract designs.*
*Hierarchical Position:*
-     _Europe_............................(continent)
-       _Schweiz_.........................(nation)
-         _Neuchâtel_.....................(canton)
-            _La Tène_ ................(deserted settlement)
*Names:*
-     La Tène......................*meaning “the shallows”*  (C,V)
*Place Types:*
-     deserted settlement (C)............flourished in early Iron Age
-     archaeological site (C) ............excavated 1907-1917
-     inhabited place (H)
*Sources:*
-     La Tène................................. Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1988), 653 [VP]

- http://www.lonelyplanet.com/dest/eur/graphics/map-swi.htm

*** ******Vocabularies provide terms, context, and other information to researchers***

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

## Conclusion

-  Vocabularies work best with Standards & Guidelines
-  Create or choose vocabularies appropriate to your subject area
-  *Provide method of dealing with additional terminology as needed*
-  Provide instruction for indexing
-  Consider critical issues: controlled? homographs? broader contexts?

## Conclusion

-  Getty vocabularies are compilations, not comprehensive
-  Target audience is visual arts and architecture community
-  Grow through contributions
-  Vocabularies are available on Web “browsers,” *http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies*
-  Data files may be licensed

## Patricia Harpring

- Vocabulary Program
- Senior Editor
- 1200 Getty Center Drive
- Suite 1100
- Los Angeles, CA 90049
- 310/440-6353
- pharpring@getty.edu
- http://www.gii.getty.edu

- © J. Paul Getty Trust

**Notes:**
*  Questions?