# Presentation: 761859

## High power targets for EURISOL and Beta -beams 

**High power targets for EURISOL and Beta ********-beams **

## The ISOLDE Collaboration at CERN, Switzerland:
http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/frames/isoframe.html
The CERN Superconducting Proton LINAC (SPL) working group
The beta -beam collaboration
The European EURISOL project:
 http://www.ganil.fr/eurisol/index.html
GANIL, Caen France:
http://www.ganil.fr/research/developments/spiral/

**The ISOLDE Collaboration at CERN, Switzerland:**
- _[http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/frames/isoframe.html](http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/frames/isoframe.html)_
**The CERN Superconducting Proton LINAC (SPL) working group**
**The beta ********-beam collaboration**
**The Europe****an ****EURISOL project:**
** ****http://www.ganil.fr/eurisol/index.**_[html](http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/frames/isoframe.html)_
**GANIL, Caen France:**
**http://www.ganil.fr/research/developments/spiral/**

**References and**** ****acknowledgements**

**Overview**

**Radioactive Ion Beam facilities (RIB) based on the Isotope Separator On-line principle (ISOL)**
**The targets for RIB facilities**
**The future extension of RIB facilities to MW driver beams like at EURISOL**
**How the ISOL-RIB facility can be the injector for precursors of intense beams of**
**         ****and            **
**Conclusion and outlook**

## Radioactive ion beams (RIB)

- Study nuclei under extreme conditions of spin and issopin
- Astrophysics
- Applications

**Radioactive ion beams (RIB)**

## Radioactive beam facilities

**Radioactive beam facilities**

## The Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) as injector to post accelerators

**The Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) as injector to post accelerators**

**Driver beams:**
**Spallation neutrons**
**Thermal neutrons**
**High energy protons**
**Heavy ions**

**Accecceleration to 60 kV**

**Electromagnetic mass separation**

**Integrated**** ****target and ion source**

**Delivered as **_**singly charged,**_** mono- isotopic, CW beams  of 60 kV energy**

**Target and ion-source techniques developed for beams of 600 isotopes of 70 elements**

## Reaction mechanisms

**Reaction mechanisms**

**The reaction products are **
**brought to rest in thick **
**~ 100g/cm****2**** targets**

**Ideal proton energy 1 to 5 GeV**

## The Isotope Separator On-Line ISOLDE at the CERN/PS-BOOSTER 

**The Isotope Separator On-Line ISOLDE at the CERN/PS-BOOSTER**** **

**Delivers yearly 3200 h of **
**radioactive ion-beam to 30 **
**Experiments by means of **
**two target stations**

_**Proton beam:**_
**1 -1.4 GeV**
**3E13 per pulse**
**2.4 ********s pulse length**
**Rep. Rate 0.5 Hz Max. current 4 ********A**
**5.6 kW beam power**

## The REX ISOLDE post accelerator

**1****+**** ions**

**HV platform**

- TRAP

- EBIS

**60 kV**

**Analyzing magnet,**

**Bunches and cools**
**ions**

**Charge **
**breeding**

**Triplet**

**Multiple charged**
**ions**

**Switched **
**HV platform**

**60 **** 20  kV**

- RFQ

- IH

**Accelerator **
**from**
**5 -> 300 keV/u**

**Accelerator **
**from**
**0.3 -> 1.2 MeV/u**

**Doublets**

**Triplet**

- 7-gap
- resonator

**Accelerator **
**from**
**1.2 -> max 2.2 MeV/u**

**Target and**
**detectors**

**ISOLDE**

**The REX ISOLDE post accelerator**

**Proton beam intensity limited !**

## Project

**http://www.ganil.fr/eurisol/index.html**

- EURISOL

**Project**

**The**

**Pre conceptual design study**

## SPL design parameters

**For neutrino physics, it has **
**to be compressed with an**
**Accumulator and a**
**Compressor ring into**
**140 bunches, 3 ns long,**
**forming a burst of 3.3 ********s**

**Note that the beam requested **
**by EURISOL is a CW beam**

## Layout of the  EURISOL Target stations 

**Driver accelerator 4 MW, **
**1-2 GeV proton LINAC **
**CW beam is needed**

**Fast neutron driven fission**
** ****target with Hg converter**

## Production rate in the target

**Production rate in the target**

**A = ******** ******
- ***REACTION CROSS SECTIONS***
- Spallation
- Fission
- Target fragmentation
- *** ******TARGET THICKNESS***
- 	Very thick targets  >100g/cm2
- *** ******DRIVER BEAM INTENSITY***
- Driver beam intensity presently 1 to 100 A

## Mass transport

**Mass transport**

**A = ******** ******** ************1******************
- How to get the products out and transferred into an ion beam for separation and** **acceleration.
- Beam intensities and Target heat load ****
- Production mechanisms and formation cross sections ****
- Uranium and Thorium target materials for neutron rich products ****
**Decay losses due to diffusion and effusion from the target to ion source ********1  ********2**
**Acceleration efficiecy **********

## Diffusion effusion models

**Diffusion effusion models**

- Analytical model J. R. J Bennett

- Monte Carlo simulation
- Brahim Mustapha

## Release efficiency 1determined by the decay losses

**Release efficiency ********1************determined by the decay losses**

## The ISOLDE target and ion-source system

**The ISOLDE target and ion-source system**

**Target unit for **
**selective production of **
**He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe **
**and Rn beams**

**Separate systems **
**developed for each **
**element or group **
**of elements**

**Liquid metal target **
** ****materials used:**
**Thorium alloys**
**Lanthanum**
**Lead**
**Tin**

## Stepwise resonant laser ionization of Tin

**Stepwise resonant laser ionization of Tin**

**Ionization efficiency 10-20%**

## High power targets

**High power targets**

- 30kW RIST Ta target

- 6kW GANIL C target

**Power density ~5 MW/m****3**

## 1 MW target for 1015 fissions per s

**Converter technology:**
** ***J. Nolen et al., NPA, RNB-5, in press***.**

## ISOLDE converter targets

- Ta-converter mounted below the UC target before irradiation

- Ta-rod after irradiation with 6E18 protons in 2.4 s pulses of 3E13

## Sn yields from a UC target

**EURISOL:**
**1.0 GeV protons instead of 1.4 GeV        0.7**
**1 mA protons****	****	****	****   400**
**cylindrical target****	****	****	****   10**
**RILIS improvement****	****	****     5**
**Total****	****	****	****               ****14000**
**Expected intensity:**** **
**7E12 per s = 1 ********A ****132****Sn****+**

**Today at ISOLDE:**
**132****Sn****+**** intensity: ****	****	****5.0E8 per s**
**with 2.5 ********A of 1.4 GeV protons **
**onto 12.7 mm W converter**
**(release efficiency about 80%)**

**Sn yields from a UC target**

## Mercury-jet p-n converter surrounded by a Uranium carbide target

**75% of the protons **
**continues to the beam dump**

**Fission target**** **

**kept at 2200 C**

## --beam baseline scenario

- PS

- SPS

- Why not solve the muon production and cooling problem by deriving
- neutrinos beams from stored short-lived beta emmitters (P. Zuchelli)

**Beta ********-beams**

## 6He production by 9Be(n,)

**9****Be(n,********)****6****He reaction favorable:**
**Threshold: 0.6 MeV****	**
**Peak cross-section 105 mb**
**Good overlap with evaporation part of spallation neutron spectrum: n(E)********E*exp(-E/E****e****)**
**E****e****: 2.06 MeV for 2 GeV p on Pb ***G.S. Bauer, NIM A463 (2001) 505*
**BeO very refractory**

**6****Li(n,p)****6****He reaction less interesting:**
**Threshold: 2.7 MeV**
**Peak cross-section 35 mb**
**Li compounds rather volatile**

## 6He production by 9Be(n,)

**Ref: **
**Ulli Köster**

- U

## He and Ne beam intensities

**He and Ne beam intensities**

## GANIL/ISOLDE ECR ion-sources 

- Within standard target unit

***Expected performances***
**Aimed for noble gases****  and N****2**** and S****2**
**      ****Efficiency      T****response****(50%)**
**He    0.01% to 20%****	**** 20 ms**
**Ne    0.05% to 35%****	**** 30 ms**
**Ar      7.0% to 95%  40 ms**
**Kr        40% to 95%****	**** 40 ms**

- + **Jacques Lettry Fredrik Wenander**

***         ******Present status***
- Plasma ignited
- Beam extracted
- Ar+ efficiency of 25%
- Severe sparking problems!
- Upgrade power supplies
- Complicated puller design
- Off-line tests October
- On-line next year?

- GANIL/ISOLDE ECR ion-sources

- * Original design GANIL’s MINIMONO, G. Gaubert, P. Jardin, R. Leroy

***    ******Design principle***
- Permanent magnets
- RF=2.45 GHz, <50 W
- Simple
- Radiation sensitive

- ISOLDE construction team

- Measured beam phase-space

- 43  mm mrad (95%) at 30 keV

## Intensities: 6He

- From ECR source: 		2.0x1013 ions per second
- Storage ring: 		1.0 x1012 ions per bunch
- Fast cycling synch:		1.0 x1012 ion per bunch
- PS after acceleration: 	1.0 x1013 ions per batch
- SPS after acceleration:	0.9x1013 ions per batch
- Decay ring: 			2.0x1014 ions in four 10 ns 					long bunch
- Only -decay losses accounted for, efficiency <50%

- SPL

- ISOL
- Target
- + ECR

- Storage
- ring

- Cyclotrons
- or FFAG

- Fast
- cycling
- synchrotron

- PS

- SPS

- Decay
- ring

## Intensities: 18Ne

- From ECR source: 		0.8x1011 ions per second
- Storage ring: 		4.1 x1010 ions per bunch
- Fast cycling synch:		4.1 x1010 ion per bunch
- PS after acceleration: 	5.2 x1011 ions per batch
- SPS after acceleration:	4.9 x1011 ions per batch
- Decay ring: 			9.1x1012 ions in four 10 ns 					long bunch
- Only -decay losses accounted for, efficiency <50%

- SPL

- ISOL
- Target
- + ECR

- Storage
- ring

- Cyclotrons
- or FFAG

- Fast
- cycling
- synchrotron

- PS

- SPS

- Decay
- ring

## Optimization of the release from ISOL targets  by determination of diffusion and desorption parameters (EU Project: TARGISOL) 
Participation in R&D of the liquid metal cooled p to n converter target.
High power fission-target design and and cooling.
Improvement of the bunching and charge breeding
Layout and safety aspects of the target station and support laboratory.

**Participation in R&D of the liquid metal cooled p to n converter target.**
**High power f****ission****-****target design and and cooling.**
**Improvement of the bunching and charge breeding**
**Layout**** and safety aspects of the target station**** and support laboratory.**

**Subjects  for Target R&D**

**Road map**

**Next 10 years RIB physics covered by the existing facilities or their possible upgrades**
**Pre conceptual design study for EURISOL exists**
**Next 4 years a design study of the facility is planned**
**Next 4 years several joint R&D networks on ion-source developments are planned**
**CERN, GANIL and Legnaro are possible sites for EURISOL**

## Conclusion and outlook

**The ISOL methods has reached a stage where it may become the target       and source in new high intensity RIB********and beta-******** facilities.**
**Optimization of the release from ISOL targets by determination of diffusion and desorption parameters will make further intensity increases.**
**Proton driver beams in the 0.1-4 MW class may be used.**
**Collaboration between high power target users needed in order to achieve the R&D on the liquid metal targets.**** **
**A baseline scenario for the beta-beam at CERN exists**
**While, possible solutions have been proposed for all identified bottlenecks we still have problems to overcome and...**
**...****it is certainly possible to make major improvements!**
**Which could result in higher intensity in the decay ring!**
**First results are so encouraging that the beta-beam option should be fully explored.**

## RILIS elements

**RILIS elements**

## Principles of radioactive ion-accelerators

**Principles of ****radioactive ion-accelerators**

**Fragment separator**

**ISOL**

**Fragment separator + ISOL**

## Result of CERN study

- A baseline scenario for the beta-beam at CERN exists
- While, possible solutions have been proposed for all identified bottlenecks we still have problems to overcome and...
**...****it is certainly possible to make major improvements!**
- Which could result in higher intensity in the decay ring!
- First results are so encouraging that the beta-beam option should be fully explored
- Investigate sites at other existing accelerator laboratories
- Study a “Green field” scenario

## Slide 35

## The principle of the integrated target and ion source

**The principle of the integrated target and ion source**

## The need for selectivity

- N=50

- Z=28

- 102

- 104

- relative

**The need for selectivity**

**Spallation of La with 0.6 GeV **
**protons**

**Fission of U with 1 Gev **
**protons**

- 10-2