# Presentation: 789264

## Framework, Strategies, and Issues for Future Lunar Payloads

**P.E. Clark**
**June, 2007**

## Future Lunar Payload Options

- Potential Precursors: Discovery, SMEX? Need Programs allowing use/cost for larger launch vehicle
- Landers (stationary networks, sample return, automated rovers) or orbiters
- Restrictive constraints for mass (tens kg for instrument payload), power (driven by battery size for prolonged cold and dark survival), communication (sizing antenna versus data storage), deployment

- Initiative Activities: Support Planned
- Variety of Applications (Automated package, Crew Lab, Rover, Orbiter)
- Less restrictive constraints for mass, power, size, communication, deployment but more competition with other constituencies (e.g., crew health, construction) for resources

**Future Lunar Payload Options**

## LSSO Selections

**Potential ‘Network’:**
- Geophysics Experiment Package 					Taylor/GSFC
- seismometer, magnetometer, dust detector, retroreflector, heat flow, tiltmeter, gas detector
- Autonomous Lunar Geophysics Experiment Package  			Banerdt/JPL
- Active and Passive Seismic, Heat Flow, Magnetometer, Retroreflector
- Laser Transponder/retroreflector science				Turyshev/JPL
**Polar/Human Habitat Focused:**
- Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith using Mass Spectrometry		 Glavin/GSFC
- Automated sampling and characterization of cold trap volatiles
- Autonomous Dust Observation 					Grund/Ball
- 3D backscatter from laser to characterize dust from anthropogenic/natural sources
- Lunar Radiation Environment and Shielding 				Hassler/SWRI
- GCR, SEP, neutron monitoring as a function of regolith depth
- Lunar Regolith Characterization 					Johnson/ERDC
- coring drill, penetrometer, measurements using  raman, neutron, GRS, electrometer

## Ranking LUNAR SURFACE SITES BY LOCATION & SCIENCE INTEREST

**Older Basin Mare Smythii******	****	****	****	****HIGHEST**
**Young Ringed Structures / Orientale******	****	****	****HIGHEST**
**Anomalous Nearside Basin / Aristarchus Plateau******	****	****HIGHEST**
**Marius Hills Nearside Complex / Oceanus Procellarum** ****	****HIGHEST**
**Nearside Mare Basin / Mare Tranquillitatis******	****	****	****HIGH**
**Anomalous Nearside Terrain / Rima Bode******	****	****	****HIGH**
**Anomalous Transitional Mare Marginis****	****	****	****HIGH**
**Nearside Basin Mare / Crisium Rings****	****	****	****MODERATE**
**Nearside Highlands/ Balmer Basin****	****	****	****	****MODERATE**
**Young Crater Tycho****	****	****	****	****	****HIGH**
_**FARSIDE**_
**Farside Highlands Hertzsprung/Korolev******	****	****	****HIGHEST**
**Anomalous Farside Basin / Aitken Mare Ingenii ****	****	****HIGHEST**
**Farside Highlands / Craters Mendeleev****	****	****	****HIGH**
**Basin Anomaly / Tsiolkovsky****	****	****	****	****HIGH**
**Farside Crater Anomaly / King Crater****	****	****	****MODERATE**
**Farside Anomalous Basin/ Pasteur****	****	****	****	****MODERATE**
**Farside Mare / Moscoviense****	****	****	****	****MODERATE**
_**POLAR**_
**North Pole******	****	****	****	****	****	****HIGHEST**
**South Pole******	****	****	****	****	****	****HIGHEST**
_**FARSIDE / POLAR**_
**Farside / South Pole Aitken Basin******	****	****	****HIGHEST**

_**Ranking LUNAR SURFACE SITES BY LOCATION & SCIENCE INTEREST**_

## Lunar Surface Operation Issues

**Lunar Surface Operation Issues**

- Lunar design constraints different from deep space (longer term complete darkness)
- Illumination/Target Field of View
- At poles, sun within 2 degrees of horizon, 360 degree excursion
- Site topography (<1 meter scale) largely unknown
- 2 weeks of diurnal night except at poles
- at poles, days of complete darkness (umbra), Weeks of partial darkness (Penumbra)
- On (or approaching farside), Earth not (always) in field of view
- Power/Thermal system design:
- Lack of availability of Pu238 based power or heat sources
- Reliance on Solar power, rechargeable batteries, and/or Plugging into base power
- Thermal cycling (50 to 220K poles; 170 to 125K equator)
- Extreme cold, particularly during Dark Periods at Like Polar Base Site
- Shielding
- Direct contact with space radiation, fields, and particles environment
- Dust contamination, particularly through mechanical contact
- Communication
- require comm satellite array or data storage/Earth download solution for automated packages

## National Academy Final Report: Lunar Science Goals and Implementation

- Priority Goal
- Bombardment History
- Lunar Polar Volatiles
- Interior Differentiation
- Characterize Crust
- Characterize Mantle
- Characterize Core
- Inventory Lunar Rocks
- Lunar Atmosphere
- Dust and its Interactions

- Implementation
- Orbital: Mine existing or planned hi res images
- Field: instruments for geochemistry context, in situ geochronology
- Lab: detailed geochemical and isotopic analysis
- Orbital: Mine existing or planned remote sensing data (images for morphology, photometry, topography, temperature, Hydrogen)
- Field: in situ gas measurements
- Lab: cryogenically preserved samples
- Orbital: Mine existing or planned geochemistry datasets
- Field: network of geophysical instruments, traverse instruments for elemental, mineralogy, rock type abundance context, sample unsampled locations
- Lab: detailed geochemical and isotopic analysis
- Orbital: mass spectrometer in low earth orbit
- Field: network of mass spectrometers
- Orbital: limb-scanning by instruments on LRO or other missions
- Field: network of surface-based dust deposition instruments

- Http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11954.html

## Science Priorities From Lunar Exploration Meeting January/February 2007

**Geoscience Goals Focus**: Investigation of the geological evolution of the Moon and other terrestrial bodies and implementation of sample return technologies and protocols
**Highest priority**: Measure seismicity, determine composition, dynamics, and structure of crust and mantle to constrain origin and evolution; Characterize impact processes and impact flux as function of time to constrain bombardment history; Develop protocols for sample handling and curation to prevent contamination
**High priority**: Characterize global geophysical state variables to constrain origin, evolution, and present processes; Study regolith materials to characterize crustal geology and history of radiation/plasma/field/surface interactions; Provide in situ sample analysis instruments to analyze selected lunar samples before Earth return

## Science Priorities From Lunar Exploration Meeting January/February 2007

**Heliophysics Goals Focus:**
- understand and protect from space weather by characterizing radiation/plasma/field /dust/surface interactions;
- perform lunar heliophysics science to understand dynamics of magnetotail interaction with moon surface and surrounding environment, to characterize pristine atmosphere; and to map EM field from orbit and on the ground;
- determine the lunar historical record by using regolith material to characterize nature and history of radiation/plasma/field/surface interactions;
- perform extra-lunar heliophysics observatory platform to observe the sun at low frequencies and determine the composition  of solar wind to understand the sun; to image Earth’s ionosphere magnetosphere interaction; measure its reflectance and emission to understand solar role in climate
**Earth Observing Goals Focus**: Determine Earth’s radiative balance and albedo, paleoclimate, lightning distribution, and the impact of solar flares and particle ejection.
**Astronomy/Astrophysics Goals Focus**: low frequency radio observatories on farside

## Slide 9

| Activities and Applications for Science Payloads |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Activity/Location | Instruments/Tools | Applications | Program | Science |
| EVA Field Work | Handheld Geology Tools Spectrometers&Meters, Cameras, Video&Audio | Sample Gathering Site Documentation | Human Return  | Geoscience Heliophysics |
| Rover/Robot Traverse | Mounted Spectrometers&Meters, Video | Site&Sample Characterization | Human Return or Precursor | Geoscience Heliophysics |
| IVA Laboratory | Size/Shape analysis, slice/polish/section
Pet Microscope&SEM
Spectrometers&Meters | Sample Preparation &Analysis | Human Return | Geoscience
Heliophysics |
| Orbital Traverse | Fields, charged particles, neutral species, radiation analyzers | Heliophysical and Geophysical analysis | Human Return or Precursors | Heliophysics Geoscience Hazards |
| Lunar Science Surface Package | Fields, charged particles, radiation, dust analyzers, seismicity, heat flow, E&M field characterizers | Interior and Exterior environment modeling network | Human Return or Precursors | Geoscience Heliophysics Hazards |
| Observatory Surface Package | Imaging Spectrometers | Earth, Sun, Extra-solar observation | Human Return or Precursors | Earth Obs Astro |

## Tool Time on the Moon

- New Tool Challenges:
- imagers, spectrometers, meters with minimized, mass, power, size with point-and-click multi-platform (hand, rover, robot) operation, especially multi-functional tools
- Fully functioning drills, human driven or automated
- Particulate Sample Collection material and sealing
- Dust Mitigation on tools, suits, samples and containers

## Experiment Time on the Moon

- 1) ASE Mortar Package Assembly
- 2) Heat Flow Experiment electronics box
- 3) Solar Wind Spectrometer
- 4) Suprathermal Ion Detector/Cold Cathode Ion Gauge
- 5) Lunar Surface Magnetometer
- 6) Charged Particle Lunar Environment
- 7) Passive Siesmic Experiment
- 8) Laser Ranging Retroreflector
- 9) Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
- 10) Lunar Atmosperic Composition Experiment
- 11) Lunar Surface Gravimeter

_**Experiment Time on the Moon**_

- Surface Experiment Packages Challenges:
- Build on limited seismic network which indicated Moon mostly solid and highly resonant, potentially damaging quakes, diurnal and precessional cycles)
- Extend limited magnetic and electric field measurements to characterize systematic variations suggested within diurnal and precessional cycles plus anomalies and interactions with plasma environment
- Extend two shallow heat flow measurements which indicated lunar heat flow 1/4-1/3 of earth, with variations suggested between major terranes and within diurnal and precessional cycles
- Perform systematic monitoring of environment including solar wind, plasma, cosmic ray, atmosphere, charged particle, and atmospheric species.
- Measure systematics of dust behavior in context of fields and particles environment.
- Extend Retroreflector network to measure global geophysical state variations.

## Exterior (Environmental) Monitoring Context

- Potential Instrument Types:
- Fields (AC and DC Electric Field and Magnetic Field)
- Radiation (Solar X-ray, High Energy neutrons&protons, Gamma-ray Spectrometers)
- Charged Particles (
- Neutral Gas (Mass Spectrometer or UV Spectrometry)
- Dust (UV Photometry)
- Distribution: At earliest (relative to human occupation), >ten kilometer from base, widely distributed spatially to show variations in environment as a function of diurnal cycle, relative to terminator, elevation, solar or earth activity.
- Platform Options: Human Deployed with Automated Operation, Orbital, Crew Monitors

## Interior Monitoring Context

- Potential Instrument Types:
- Seismometer
- Heat Flow (>2 meters to bottom of regolith)
- Automated, Low Power Drill Technology
- Laser Retroreflector/Transponder
- Distribution: Global Network (especially higher latitude and farside coverage to compliment Apollo coverage), >10 km from base
- Platform Options: Human deployed and automated operation, Orbital (Geophysical State Variable from Gravity, Topography measurements)

## Lab Time on the Moon

_**Lab Time on the Moon**_
- Potential Instruments/Tools:
- Work Area: Glovebox (0), Gloves (10), Clean Bench (12), Storage (7)
- Sample Handling: Sample Containers/Transfer Equipment (1)
- Sample Preparation: Scale (2), Sieve (3), Rock Polisher (4), Slicer/Sectioner (5)
- Microscopes: Polarizing (6a), Soil Size Shape Analyzer (6b), SEM (9)
- Portable Spectrometers/Meters (8)
- Dust Removal (11)
- Challenges/Issues: Degree of Automation, Manual Dexterity, Cleanliness/Decontamination, ‘Rock Depot’ Storage, IVA/EVA

## Traverse Experiments: Orbital Flown and Planned Flights

**Traverse Experiments: Orbital Flown and Planned Flights**
- X-Ray Fluorescence	Apo, Chnd, SEL, Chng		Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, Fe
- Gamma-ray Spectrometer	Apo, Prsp, LRO, Chnd, Chng		Fe, Ti, K, Th
- Alpha-particle spectrometer	Apo				Po (LTEs)
- Neutron Spectrometer	Prsp, LRO			Protons
- Altimeter			Apo, Clem, LRO, Chnd, SEL, Chan	Topography
- Far UV Spectrometer	Apo				Al Minerals
- Magnetometer		Apo, Prsp			Magnetic Field
- Electron Backscatter	Apo, Prsp			Impact Features
- Radio Science (Gravity)	Apo, Prsp, SEL			Gravity Anomalies
- IR Radiometer		Apo, LRO, Chang			M-scale roughness
- Imaging			LO, Apo, Clm, LRO, Chnd, SEL, Chng	Photogeology
- UV Spectrometer		LRO				Surface ice, exosphere
- Near IR Spectral Reflectance	Clem, Chnd, SEL			Fe and Ti Minerals
- Particle Analyzers		Chnd, SEL, Chng			Plasma Environment

- LO Lunar Orbiter Apo Apollo
- Prsp Prospector
- Clem Clementine
- Chnd Chandrayan
- SEL Selene
- Chng Chang’E

- Potential Orbital Payloads: Instruments Showing temporal variations in lunar/solar/terrestrial particle and field interactions and providing context to interpret dust behavior. Comprehensive Environmental Package to compliment Surface Environmental Monitoring Packages ‘Ground Truth’

## Rover/Robotic Traverse Payload Challenges: Local-Scale Variations 

- Build on comprehensive orbital database mapping compositional features 10-50 km scale, to establish ‘ground truth’, site variations, and anomalies on local-scale with portable X-ray (XRF, XRD), Gamma-ray, neutron, Raman and Near to Mid IR spectrometers.
- Study spatial anomalies indicated by orbital field measurements of gravity, magnetic on local-scale with portable magnetometers, gravimeters.
- Characterize variations in mechanical, electrostatic potential, dielectric, and electromechanical properties of lunar regolith with handheld or tire-embedded meters to confirm underlying structure, presence of ice.
- Develop capability for high mobility robotic rover capable of carrying 5 to 10 kg payload to perform automated traverses of impact or volcanic features for detailed characterization.
- Imagers, spectrometers, meters with minimized mass, power, size, with point-and-click multi-platform (hand, rover, robot) operation, especially multi-functional tools

## How useful are local ‘anomalies’ in compositional or physical properties?

**How useful are local ‘anomalies’ in compositional or physical properties?**
- Impact events generate craters and associated debris fields. These areas show increased roughness in ways which depend on their ages and allow us to date the formation event.  They also have anomalous compositional signatures due to the excavation of underlying material (to a diameter-dependent depth) and create ‘horizontal stratigraphy’.

## Challenges met by Apollo

**Apollo firsts in the study of another terrestrial planet:**
**direct sampling**
**geological field study**
**systematic monitoring with in situ instruments**
**systematic reconnaissance with remote sensing instruments**
**many technological firsts accomplished by Apollo precursors: Ranger (deep space ops), Orbiter (orbital imaging), Surveyor (soft landing)**

## Challenges to be met for lunar exploration initiative SCIENCE

**deployment long term operational autonomous packages without RTGs**
**Communication capability for ‘sortie’, autonomous packages**
**Navigation/Location within meters capability for ‘sortie’ **
**Dust mitigation for IVA and EVA **
**first working lab on another planetary surface**
**surface operations in more rugged environments**
**robotic exploration with/without human in the loop**
**Shielding and decontamination for IVA and EVA**
**Can we meet mobility requirements for traversing volcanic terrane (vents, tubes) and impact deposits, thus dealing with more debris, looser soil at the foot of slopes, higher slopes, and greater variability in all these parameters?**
**cold temperature operation**
**adequate <1 meter scale characterization of field sites beforehand**
**minimal sample return payload**