# Presentation: 213590

## Session 1

**Introduction to  Integrating Resources**

## Goals for the Integrating Resources Cataloging Workshop

- Understand the new concept of integrating resources
- Be able to identify integrating resources and distinguish them from serials and monographs
- Be able to apply the new AACR2 rules for original description of integrating resources
- Be able to code MARC records for integrating resources
- Be able to update the description of existing records for changes to integrating resources
- Be able to identify and edit existing records for copy cataloging of integrating resources

**Notes:**
What are we covering in this workshop [today] and what should participants take with them?
This slide lists the six main goals of this entire workshop.
 The goals entail a combination of gaining understanding of:
 New concepts and categories for bibliographic resources
 New cataloging  rules for those resources
 How to apply these in practice.
 The focus of Session 1 is on goals #1-2 on this slide.
Make clear to participants that this workshop focuses on ELECTRONIC integrating resources and includes less detailed information on loose-leaf integrating resources.
Participants' Goals:
 You might ask the participants if they have any additional or more specific goals or areas they especially want to learn about in the course of this workshop.
 These can be recorded on a flip chart.  
 You may want to come back to these at the end of the workshop to see if they have been met and to do a basic review and summary of what has been learned in the workshop

## Outline of the workshop

- Session 1: Introduction to IRs and other new concepts
- Session 2: Original cataloging of IRs
- Apply new AACR2 rules, LCRIs, and MARC coding
- Focus on electronic IRs; some coverage of loose-leafs
- Session 3: Updating records for changes in IRs
- Apply “integrating entry” cataloging convention
- Session 4: Copy cataloging of IRs
- Issues in identifying, modifying, and maintaining existing records for IRs
*Optional Sessions:*
- Session 5: Case studies in cataloging electronic IRs
- Session 6: Issues in cataloging loose-leaf IRs
- Session 7: Selecting electronic IRs and options for access

**Notes:**
This slide lists the sessions in the workshop: 
 The first four sessions form the basic core of the workshop;
 The last three are optional sessions.
 Session 5 is, however, a very important part of covering the cataloging of electronic integrating resources.
 Session 6 includes some information on the cataloging of loose-leaf services, including transfer volumes.

## Goals of Session 1

- Review the background that led to the 2002 revisions of AACR2 and the new category of “integrating resources”
- Understand what an integrating resource is and how it relates to monographs and serials
- Know when to catalog a resource as a monograph, as a serial, or as an integrating resource

**Notes:**
Goals for this first session of the day.
 This is what we will be covering in this current session.

Participants' Goals:
 You might ask the participants if they have any additional or more specific goals or areas they especially want to learn about in this session.

## Background (1)

- Major effort to revise international standards (AACR, ISSN, ISBD) beginning in 1997
- Emergence of new types of electronic resources for which there were no rules
- Dissatisfaction with the current codes for serials and loose-leafs
- Desire to harmonize internationally to promote record usage

**Notes:**
Note the three reasons for major efforts during the past several years to revise international standards such as the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules.

The emergence of new types of Internet resources with dynamic, changing content, especially on the World Wide Web, has arguably been the most significant driving factor behind these efforts at revision.

## Background (2)

- Graham/Hirons* Issues Related to Seriality* paper
- Given at International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR in Toronto, 1997
- Effort to revise AACR2 from 1998-2001
- JSC charge to Jean Hirons
- ALA, CC:DA, LC, CPSO, CONSER, and others involved in the process
- Resulted in a complete revision of AACR2 Chapter 12 and other changes in 2002
- Incorporates most rules from Hallam’s manual for loose-leafs
- MARC changes have been agreed upon, and most implemented
- LCRIs have been revised
- BIBCO/CONSER documentation is available online

**Notes:**
The efforts that lead to the 2002 revision of AACR began concretely with the paper given by Jean Hirons and Crystal Graham at the 1997 JSC Conference in Toronto.

Because AACR did not adequately address the cataloging of loose-leaf resources, loose-leaf catalogers have long relied on this publication as their primary cataloging guide:
 Hallam, Adele. Cataloging Rules for the Description of Looseleaf Publications: With Special Emphasis on Legal Materials. 2nd ed. Washington: Office for Descriptive Cataloging, Library of Congress, 1989. 
 This full citation is included for participants in the Bibliography (Appendix E)
 Most of the principles from Hallam have been incorporated into revised chapter 12, with only a very few changes in practice.

## Implementation

- LC implemented new AACR2 rules and LCRIs on Dec. 1, 2002
- OCLC and RLG implemented most new 006/008 codes on Dec. 1, 2002
- New Leader Bibliographic level code “i” (integrating)

**Notes:**
This slide is included because the implementation of the new rules and LCRIs is so recent, and implementation of MARC coding is still in progress.

OCLC implemented code “i” for integrating resources in June 2006. CONSER and BIBCO members began using code “i” in records for textual integrating resources in the continuing resources format after its implementation. The “interim” PCC approach of using monograph format records for integrating resources ceased to be used by PCC members. 

## Former Bibliographic Landscape

- Serials

- Monographs

**Notes:**
Before the 2002 revision to AACR2, we lived in a bibliographic world with two types of issuance: monographs and serials.

This slide depicts the virtual divide that often existed between the two worlds of cataloging practice: monographs on one mountain, serials on the other, and a deep chasm in between.  [Note: this slide may especially lend itself to some humor ]

The problem, of course, is that many kinds of resources, such as updating Web sites and updating loose-leafs, do not fit into either category.

___________________

[Note of acknowledgement: this and several of the following slides were originally created by Jean Hirons, CONSER Director, who at this workshop creator’s request agreed to share them for modification and use in this workshop.]

## The need for new concepts

- There are new (and old) forms of publication that have not been included in AACR2: updating Web sites, updating databases, and updating loose-leafs
- These are now called *Integrating Resources*
- Integrating resources differ from serials in the manner in which they are issued and require separate cataloging rules
- However, because they exhibit a high degree of *seriality*, they have much in common with serials and need to be closely aligned with them

**Notes:**
But now, for the first time, AACR2 includes rules for both new and old forms of material that are updated over time.  
These include updating Web sites, updating databases, and updating loose-leafs (the old!).  
Because these resources are updated and the updates are integrated into the resource, we call these integrating resources.  
Integrating resources differ from serials in that serials are issued in separate discrete parts --the issues of a journal-- while with integrating resources there is only one part at any given time.  
 The updates may be interfiled, as with a loose-leaf, or added electronically.  
 The end result is that there is only one source for a bibliographic description and that source may change over time. 
 For this reason, the cataloging rules for integrating resources are the same as the rules for serials in some cases and quite different in others.  
But because integrating resources are updated over time, they exhibit seriality, meaning that they can change.  
Thus, they have quite a bit in common with serials. 
As a matter of fact, some of them are the online versions of printed serials (directories are a good example)

## The New Bibliographic Landscape

- Integrating resources

- Serials

- Continuing Resources

- Monographs

**Notes:**
After the implementation of the 2002 revisions, we now have a new bibliographic landscape
 We have two new broader umbrella categories:  “finite” and “continuing”
 Under the broad category of “continuing resources ” we have both integrating resources and serials.

So, continuing the visual metaphor of two mountains (from slide 8), we now have a third peak in the middle, bridging the gap, so to speak, between the two other mountains.
 This is actually playing out in the cataloging world by bringing together catalogers of monographs and serials and their respective cataloging practices, in new and creative ways!

In place of the former two-fold categories of the past, we now have a three-fold set of categories within which to describe resources with different types of issuance. 

## The need for new concepts (cont.)

***Continuing Resources*** is a concept that serves as a collective term for both serials and  integrating resources
- It refers to resources that have no predetermined conclusion
- It is the title of Chapter 12
- It is the new name for the Serials fixed field in MARC records which will be used for both serials and integrating resources
- It is the scope of ISSN

**Notes:**
The term “continuing resource” was defined as an “umbrella” or connection between serials and most integrating resources that indicates that they are issued over time with no predetermined conclusion.  
[Note: as the slides ahead will show, there are some integrating resources that are finite, not continuing, because they do have a predetermined conclusion; therefore all IRs do not actually fall under the umbrella term of “Continuing resources.”  But that concept can be dealt with further ahead and this slide left as it is in order to gradually introduce participants to these new concepts and categories, without going into every complexity immediately, especially since the majority of integrating resources are continuing anyway.]
This concept is now the title of chapter 12.  
 It is also the name of the fixed field that we use in MARC records, although this may vary from utility to utility (e.g., in OCLC, as of the creation of this workshop, it was still called “Serials”)
 What is now the “serials” fixed field has had new codes added to it, and it has been renamed the “continuing resources” fixed field because it will be used for both serials and integrating resources.  
 [The name has already been changed in the MARC 21 Bibliographic format.]
In addition, continuing resources is also now the scope for ISSN assignments.

## Representation of bibliographic resources in AACR2

**Finite resources**

- Monographs

- Multi-parts

**Continuing resources**

- Serials

- Parts remain discrete

- Integrating resources

- Updates do not remain discrete

**Notes:**
This slide depicts how these types of resources are represented in AACR2.

For electronic resources, the electronic aspects are still covered by the rules in chapter 9, while the continuing aspects are now covered by the rules in chapter 12.  Catalogers of electronic integrating resources will need use both chapters for description.

## Monograph

- Definition
- Multipart Item

- A bibliographic resource that is **complete in one part** or intended to be completed in a **finite number of parts.**

- A monograph complete, or intended to be completed, in **a finite number of separate parts**.  The separate parts may or may not be numbered.

**Notes:**
Definitions taken from the Glossary of AACR2, 2002 Revision.

## Continuing resource

- Definition

- A bibliographic resource that has **no predetermined conclusion.**

- This is an umbrella concept that is used to group serials and integrating resources. It provides a collective term for serials and integrating resources.

**Notes:**
The key is “no predetermined conclusion.”

But remember that finite integrating resources are not ongoing (slide 11 notes).

## Serial

- Definition

- A continuing resource that is **issued in a succession of ****discrete parts**, **usually** bearing numbering, that has **no predetermined conclusion.**

- Examples include:  journals, electronic journals, newsletters, annual reports, newspapers, monographic series

**Notes:**
The key here is “discrete parts” – serial issues are parts that remain accessible and are themselves unchanged, while the serial title as a whole has new parts (issues) continually added.  The discrete parts of a serial may be issues, but in online serials they may be separate articles not organized around issues.

## Integrating resource

- Definition

- A bibliographic resource that is added to or changed by means of **updates that do not remain discrete and are integrated into the whole**.  An integrating resource may be finite or continuing.

- Includes: updating Web sites, updating databases, updating loose-leafs

**Notes:**
The key here is that updates do not remain discrete;  old content is continually replaced with new content, and that which is replaced is no longer accessible:
 Discarded loose-leaf pages
 Past iterations of a Web site
 Leaving in effect always only one current “part” (iteration) with past iterations no longer existing as “discrete parts.”

 [This is quite aside from the possibility that an individual institution or organization may decide to locally archive past iterations of a printed loose-leaf or an online Web site or database].

## Iteration

- Definition

- An instance of an integrating resource, either as first published or after it has been updated.

**Notes:**
We may contrast an “iteration” of an integrating resource--which does not remain discrete, with an “issue” of a serial--which remains discrete and usually bears numbering.

## Differences: integrating resources and serials

- The primary difference between an integrating resource and a serial is the **manner in which it is issued**
- Serials are issued in **discrete parts**
- Integrating resources are issued with **updates that do not remain discrete**

**Notes:**
So, the existence or absence of discrete parts after the resource is updated is the key to the difference between serials and integrating resources.

## Differences in cataloging 

- Basis of the description:
- Serials: First or earliest available issue
- IR: Latest iteration
- Change conventions:
- Serials: Successive entry (a new record each time there is a major change)
- IR: Integrating entry (the same record is used and updated for most changes)

**Notes:**
The bibliographic description / catalog record for a serial is based on the first or earliest issue available.
 Serials are cataloged according to the successive entry convention: a new record is created each time there is a major change.

In contrast, the bibliographic description / catalog record for an integrating resource is based on the latest iteration available.
 The same record is used and updated for most changes to the resource.  Only in a relatively few instances is a new record created [as will be covered later in this workshop].

## Three major types of IRs

- Updating Loose-leaf
- Examples: AACR2, CONSER Editing Guide, LCRIs, many law reporters and legal loose-leaf services
- Updating Database
- Examples: OCLC WorldCat, ProQuest, Books in Print online, Epicurious
- Updating Web Site
- Examples: LC Web site, CONSER Web site, University of Washington Web site

## Updating Loose-leaf

## Updating Database

## Updating Web Site

## Integrating resources may be continuing or finite

- While all integrating resources are intended to be updated, some are finite in scope
- E.g., ALA 2001 Midwinter Meeting Web site --has a predetermined conclusion
- Both are included in Chapter 12 because:
- There is no difference in the way they would be cataloged
- It might be difficult to make this distinction
- The distinctions are not useful to patrons

**Notes:**
Notes for instructors:
 Because some integrating resources may in fact have a “predetermined conclusion” (or, in the old language, they are “not intended to continue indefinitely”), they are not strictly speaking “continuing resources” –that is, they do not fit the formal AACR2 definition of a “continuing resource.”  
 Examples of finite IRs include Web sites for conferences or art exhibitions that are intended to be updated for a limited period of time, and then cease being updated.  In that sense they have a “predetermined conclusion.” 

 But this difference between continuing and finite IRs is primarily a logical, conceptual difference.  The way that these resources are cataloged is really the same.

 And in fact you may in many (perhaps even most) cases not know whether or not an integrating resource is finite or continuing at the time of cataloging.  
 In actual practice, if and when a cataloger discovers that the resource has ceased being updated, they can “close” the record by adding the concluding date of publication, if known.
 So there will end up being in effect little practical difference between whether the resource originally had a predetermined conclusion or not.

## Finite Updating Web Site

**Notes:**
This is an example of a finite integrating resource: a Web site for the the 2000 Annual IFLA Conference: updated with new content, integrated into whole, but has predetermined conclusion (intended that updates will cease).

## Online and loose-leaf format resources may be monographic, serial, or integrating

**Online** and **loose-leaf** format resources may be monographic, serial, or integrating

- Online monographic document

- Online journal

**Notes:**
This is a very important point to emphasize for the workshop participants as a reminder:  

 Not all online resources are integrating!
 There are lots of online monographs and online serials.
 If time permits, you might ask workshop participants to name some examples of each, especially of online monographs vs. online IRs.  Examples of the former include e-books, government documents, reports, etc., especially those in pdf format; digitized images, digital sound and video recordings, etc.

 Not all loose-leaf format resources are integrating!
 There are some monographs and serials published in loose-leaf format.
 Simply having pages with punched holes in a loose-leaf binder does make a resource integrating!  
 You have to assess its content and whether or not it is finite or continuing, and if it is continuing, whether its updates remain discrete or are issued as replacement pages.

## Deciding what’s what--LCRI 1.0 (formerly LCRI 12.0A)

- In deciding how to catalog a resource, consult LCRI 1.0 and ask the following questions:
- Will the resource be issued/updated on a continuing basis?
- If it is basically complete, but may have been corrected, catalog as a monograph
- If it is likely to be updated or added to over time, treat as a serial or integrating resource

**Notes:**
This is the first of three slides listing some of the fundamental questions that a cataloger needs to ask about an online and or a loose-leaf resource before cataloging it.

The full text of LCRI 1.0 is included in Appendix C for this workshop.

 Instructors might want to encourage participants to read, re-read, and get to know LCRI 1.0 very well!  
 Even for libraries that do not strictly follow LC rule interpretations, it is very helpful for getting a grasp on the new bibliographic landscape!

## Decisions (2)

- Is the resource a direct access e-resource?
- LCRI 1.0 assumes that a direct access resource *cannot* be an integrating resource
- Ongoing CD-ROMs thus are serials, even when cumulative
- Is the resource issued in loose-leaf format?
- Consider whether the base volume will be issued on a regular basis (serial) or not (IR)

**Notes:**
We don’t have to worry about how to treat CD-ROMs and other tangible electronic resources: they are always monographs or serials, not integrating resources!
Extract from LCRI 1.0 (bold face added to highlight portion especially relevant to this workshop slide):
Situations Requiring Further Consideration 
 1) Electronic resources  
 If the resource was/is published in print, make the decision to catalog the electronic resource as a serial, integrating resource, or monograph based on the electronic resource itself, not on how it was issued in print. Information about the planned type of issuance may be given in the resource's “read me” files, etc. 

a) Catalog as serial: 
   i) Remote access resource: a resource having material added as discrete, usually numbered issues (an “issue” can consist of a single article). The resource might contain a listing of back volumes, back issues, images of journal covers for sequential issues; only current issue may be available as a separate issue 
   ii) Direct access resource: a resource whose carrier is issued successively (this situation is analogous to a print serial whose latest volume supersedes any earlier volumes) 
   Note that such resources can be mounted on networks such that the successive issuance of the carrier is not observable to the cataloger or end user; when contributing cataloging in a shared environment (e.g., bibliographic utility), the record should reflect the carrier and type of issuance as published. 

b) Catalog as an integrating resource: 
   i) Remote access resource: a resource having material added, changed, or deleted via updates that do not remain discrete — might contain articles from more than one journal, [other situations and examples from group] 
   ii) Direct access resource: no direct access resource can be issued as an integrating resource (assumption that would be changed if proven incorrect) 

c) Catalog as a monograph: Remote or direct access resource: a resource complete in one part or intended to be complete in a finite number of parts, including those resources that are corrected via “errata” information.

## Decisions (3)

- Is the resource a remote access (online) resource?
- Can you access any earlier issues or updates?
- If no, consider to be integrating
- If yes, treat as serial or as a multipart monograph

**Notes:**
The parts of a serial are issued successively and remain discrete.  In most cases the discrete parts of a serial will also bear numbering.

## Summary

- Many electronic resources and loose-leafs are *integrating resources* -- not monographs
- All direct access resources (e.g., CD-ROMs) issued in successive parts are to be cataloged as serials
- LCRI 1.0 provides guidance

**Notes:**
Essential points for workshop participants to take with them from Session 1.

This may be a good time to invite questions from participants on the content of what has been covered in Session 1.