# Presentation: 554164

## Status of Z-Pinch Fusion 

**Capsule compression                Z-Pinch Power Plant Chamber                       Repetitive Driver**
**experiments on Z                                                                                                   LTD Technology**

- Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

** ****Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting     **
**      ****and Symposium**
** ****Washington, DC**
** ****November 19-21, 2003**

**Craig Olson **
**Sandia National Laboratories**
**Albuquerque, NM 87185**

##  The  long-range goal of Z-Pinch IFE is to produce an economically-attractive power plant using high-yield      z-pinch-driven targets (3 GJ) at low rep-rate (0.1 Hz)

**Z-Pinch IFE DEMO (ZP-3, the first study) used 12 chambers, each with 3 GJ at 0.1 Hz, to produce 1000 MWe **

## Z-Pinch IFE Road Map

**Z-Pinch ETF**
**(ETF Phase 2)**
****** ******** ****$1B**

**Z-Pinch IRE**
****** ****$150M (TPC)**
**+op/year**

**Z-Pinch IFE PoP**
****** ****$10M /year**

**Z-Pinch High Yield**
****
**Z-Pinch Ignition**
**High Yield Facility**
**(ETF Phase 1)**

**Laser **
**indirect-drive**
**Ignition**

**2038**
**2024**
**2018**
**2012**
**2008**
**2004**
**1999**

**FI**
**ZR**
**Z**

**    ****NIF**

**    ****Year                        **_**Single-shot**_**, NNSA/DP                                            **_**Repetitive**_** for IFE, OFES/VOIFE**

**Z-Pinch IFE **
**target**
**design**
****** ****$2M /year**

**Z-Pinch IFE**
**target fab.,**
**power plant **
**technologies**
****** ****$2M /year**

**Z-Pinch IFE**
**target**
**design**
****** ****$5M /year**

**Z-Pinch IFE**
**target fab.,**
**power plant**
**technologies**
****** ****$5M /year**

**Z-Pinch IFE CE**
****** ****$400k /year**
**(SNL LDRD +)**

_**Z-Pinch IFE Road Map**_

## Z-Pinch IFE Matrix of Possibilities

***         ******(choose one from each category)***

_**Driver pulsed power:                                                                                 _________**_
**   ****Marx generator/               magnetic switching          linear transformer driver**
**   ****water line technology       (RHEPP technology)       (LTD technology)**
_**Power feed:                                                                                                            ____**_
**     ****                              ****triax                                           coax**
_**RTL:                                                                                                                      ____**_
**            ****Flibe/electrical coating           Flibe          immiscible material                                                                                                **
**                                                                                ****(e. g., low activation ferritic steel)**
_**Target:                                                                                                                         __**_
**    ****        ****double-pinch                dynamic hohlraum****                         ****fast ignition**
_**Chamber:                                                                                                                      _**_
**            ****dry-wall                wetted-wall              thick-liquid wall     solid/voids**
**                                                                                                                  **_**                                      **_

_**Z-Pinch Driver:                                                                                 ______________  **_
**   ****Marx generator/               magnetic switching          linear transformer driver**
**   ****water line technology       (RHEPP technology)       (LTD technology)**
_**RTL (Recyclable Transmission Line):                                                              _____                                                                                                       **_
**                  ****Flibe/electrical coating                              immiscible material                                                                                                **
**                                                                                ****(e. g., low activation ferritic steel)**
_**Target:                                                                                                                         _**_
**    ****        ****double-pinch                dynamic hohlraum****                         ****fast ignition**
_**Chamber:                                                                                                              ____                                                                                                                      **_
**            ****dry-wall           wetted-wall          thick-liquid wall            solid/voids**
**                                                                                                        ****(e. g., Flibe foam)**
**                                                                **

## Z-Pinch Driver

## Z

*Z*

**x rays**
**~1.8 MJ**

**Marx**
**11.4 MJ**

**water**

**vacuum**

_**Electrical to x-ray energy**_
**Conversion efficiency > 15%**

**Pulsed-power provides compact, efficient time compression and power amplification**

## Z-pinches offer the promise of a cost-effective energy-rich source of x-rays for IFE

**Z-pinches offer the promise of a cost-effective energy-rich source of x-rays for IFE**

**Supermite**

**Proto II**

**Saturn**

**Z**

- 

- ZR

**ZR will be within a factor of 2-3 in current (4-9 in energy) of a High Yield driver.**

**High Yield Facility**

## (1 MA)

**(1 MA)**

**(10 MA)**

**(******** 60 MA)**

**(******** 90 MA)**

##                       RTL 

**  ****(Recyclable Transmission Line)**

## Z-pinch power plant chamber uses an RTL (Recyclable Transmission Line) to provide the standoff between the driver and the target

**INSULATOR STACK**
**(connects to driver)**

**FLIBE**
**JETS**

**10-20 Torr**
**Inert Gas**

**RTL**

**Z-PINCH**
**TARGET**

**Yield and Rep-Rate:  few GJ every 3-10 seconds per chamber (0.1 Hz  - 0.3 Hz)**
**Thick liquid wall chamber:  only one opening (at top) for driver;  nominal pressure (10-20 Torr)**
**RTL entrance hole is only 1% of the chamber surface area  (for R = 5 m, r = 1 m)**
**Flibe absorbs neutron energy, breeds tritium, shields structural wall from neutrons **
**Eliminates problems of final optic, pointing and tracking N beams, high speed target injection**
**Requires development of RTL**

## RTL replacement requires only modest acceleration for IFE

**L = 0.5 a t****2 ****, or   a ~ 1/t****2**

**Acceleration is 10****4**** less than for **
**IFE target injection for ions or lasers**

**1,000 g**

**100 g**

**10 g**

**1 g**

**0.1 g**

**0.01 g**

**rifle bullet**

**Car (0 - 60 mph in 10 s)**

**Prometheus-L**

**OSIRIS, SOMBRERO,**
**Prometheus-H**

**IFE target injection **
**for ions and lasers**

**IFE RTL replacement **
**for rep-rated z pinches**

**10****4**** g**

**(~ 10 Hz)**

**(~ 0.1 Hz)**

## Status of RTL Research 

**RTL electrical turn-on      **_**Saturn experiments at 10 MA**_**   (2000)**
**                                                ****tin, Al, stainless-steel all show negligible losses**
**RTL low-mass and            **_**Saturn experiments at 10 MA**_**    (2001)**
**electrical conductivity          20******** mylar; 50********, 100********, 250******** steel**
**                                                ****RTL mass could be as low as 2 kg**
**                                                ****RTL mass ******** 50 kg has low resistive losses**
**RTL structural                  Calculations (U. Wisconsin)    (2002)**
**                                               ****full-scale RTL (********50 kg) of 25 mill steel ok for ******** 10-20 Torr**
**RTL manufacturing         Allowed RTL budget is a few $ for 3 GJ**
**                                               ****Flibe casting  (********$0.70/RTL)**
**                                               ****ferritic steel stamping  (******** $1.20-3.95/RTL)**

_**Current RTL research**_
**   ****structural integrity****                               **
**   ****shrapnel formation**
**   ****RTL manufacturing/cost                           **
**   ****vacuum connections                                                      **
**   ****activation/waste stream analysis                                        **
**   ****shock disruption to fluid walls**
**   ****foam Flibe **

## RTL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL constructed in ANSYS to perform structural analysis

**R = 50 cm**
**r = 5 cm**
**L = 200 cm**
**25 mil steel**
**disc 10 cm lip**

**Fusion Technology Institute**
**University of Wisconsin, Madison**

**RTL Structural**

## PRELIMINARY BUCKLING ANALYSIS of steel RTL

_**78 Torr**_
**    ****RTL buckles at **
**     ****1.52 psi = 78 Torr**
**     ****as shown**
_**20 Torr**_
**     ****no effect**
**     ****(safe operating point)**

**Fusion Technology Institute**
**University of Wisconsin, Madison**

**RTL Structural**

##      Targets 

## Z-pinch-driven-hohlraums have similar topology to laser-driven-hohlraums, but larger scale-size

**Z-pinch-driven-hohlraums have similar topology to laser-driven-hohlraums, but larger scale-size**

**Double ended hohlraum**

**35 mm**

**Dynamic hohlraum**

**6 mm**

## The baseline DEH capsule yields 380 MJ withan ignition margin similar to a NIF capsule

**Peak drive temperature**
**In-flight aspect ratio**
**Implosion velocity**
**Convergence ratio**
**Total RT growth factor**
**Peak density**
**Total rr**
**Driver energy**
**Absorbed energy**
**Yield**
**Burnup fraction**

**223 eV**
**37**
**2.9 x 10****7**** cm/s**
**36**
**420**
**750 g/cm****3**
**3.15 g/cm****2**
**16 MJ **
**1.12 MJ**
**380 MJ**
**31%**

**Capsule Performance Parameters**** **

**J.H. Hammer, et al., Phys Plasmas***** *****6, 2129**

## Summary – Double-ended hohlraum ICF status

**Simulation codes and analytic modeling have been validated by measurements of time-dependent z-pinch x-ray production, z-pinch hohlraum temperatures, and capsule hohlraum temperatures**
**A reproducible, single power feed, double z-pinch radiation source with excellent power balance has been developed for ICF capsule implosion studies**
**The Z-Beamlet Laser (ZBL) is routinely used as an x-ray backlighter at x-ray energies up to 6.75 keV**
**Achieved capsule convergence ratios of 14-20**
**Capsule symmetry (P2 and P4) in double-pinch hohlraums on Z can be systematically controlled with demonstrated time-integrated symmetry of ≤ 3%**
**Optimum hohlraums on Z should produce time-integrated radiation symmetry of ≤ 1% for 5 mm diameter capsules and absorbed energies of 25 kJ**
**P4 shimming shots are scheduled in collaboration with LLNL and LBL HIF program**

## Double-Ended Hohlraum Concept Publications

**Cuneo, Vesey, Porter et al., Phys. Plas. **_**8**_**, 2257 (2001)**
**Cuneo, Vesey, Hammer et al., Laser Particle Beams, **_**19**_**, 481 (2001)**

**Hohlraum energetics**

**Foam ball radiation symmetry**

**Double pinch performance**

**Hanson, Vesey, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plas. **_**9**_**, 2173 (2002)**

**Cuneo, Vesey, Porter ****et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. **_**88**_**, 215004 (2002)**** **

**Symmetric capsule implosions**

**Symmetry control**

**Bennett, Cuneo, Vesey ****et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. **_**89**_**, 245002 (2002)**** **
**Bennett, Vesey, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plasmas, **_**10**_**, 3717 (2003)**

**Vesey, Cuneo, Bennett ****et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. **_**90**_**, 035005 (2003)**** **
**Vesey, Bennett, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plasmas **_**10**_**, 1854 (2003)**

**Diagnostics**

**Sinars, Cuneo, Bennett et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum., **_**74**_**, 2202 (2003)**
**Sinars, Bennett, Wenger, et al., Appl. Opt., **_**19**_**, 4059, (2003)**
**Stygar, ****Ives, Fehl, Cuneo et al., accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. E**
**Cuneo, Chandler, Lebedev et al., in preparation for Phys. Plasmas**
**Waisman, Cuneo, Stygar et al., in preparation for Phys. Plasmas**

**Concept**

**Hammer, Tabak, Wilks, et. al., Phys. Plasmas, **_**6**_**, 2129(1999)**

**Pinch physics**

## The initial dynamic hohlraum high yield integrated target design produces a 527 MJ yield at 54 MA

**Peak drive temperature**
**In-flight aspect ratio**
**Implosion velocity**
**Convergence ratio**
**DT KE @ ignition**
**Peak density**
**Total rr**
**Driver energy**
**Absorbed energy**
**Yield**
**Burnup fraction**

**350 eV**
**48**
**3.3 x 10****7**** cm/s**
**27**
**50%**
**444 g/cm****3**
**2.14 g/cm****2**
**12 MJ**
**2.3 MJ**
**527 MJ**
**34%**

**Capsule Performance Parameters**** **

**0.275 cm radius**

**0.249 cm radius**

**DT gas **
**(0.5 mg/cm****3****)**

**0.253 cm radius**

**solid DT**

**solid Be**

**Be+3% Cu**

**J.S. Lash et al., *****Inertial Fusion Sciences & Apps 99*****, p583**

**0.225 cm radius**

## Summary – Dynamic Hohlraum ICF status

**The primary radiation source is a thin radiating shock in the foam converter**
**Shock timing and capsule implosions in good agreement with rad-MHD modeling**
**Demonstrated >200 eV x-ray drive temperatures in dynamic hohlraums on Z**
**Imploded thin shell surrogate capsules absorbing 20-40 kJ of thermal x-rays (NIF-sized capsules)**
**Measured T****e****~1 keV, n****e****~1x10****23**** from Ar K-shell spectra from imploded capsules**
**Measured 2.6±1.3x10****10****  thermonuclear D-D neutrons from ICF capsules absorbing >20 kJ**
**Symmetry measurements of capsule core x-rays made through ‘thin walled’ dynamic hohlraums (a/b~0.6, CR~6)**
**Capsule x-ray emission history (PCDs) in good agreement with simulations**
**Capsule implosion time reproducible to 160 ps**

## Dynamic Hohlraum Concept Publications

**Concept**
**V.P Smirnoff, *****et al.,***** Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion **_**33**_**, 1697, (1991)**
**M. K. Matzen, Phys. Plasmas **_**4**_**, 1519 (1997)**
**J.H. Brownell, *****et al.,***** Phys Plasmas*****  ***_**5**_**,  2071, (1998)***** ***
**D.L. Peterson, *****et al.,***** Phys Plasma **_**6**_** (1999)**
**J.S. Lash, *****et al.*****, *****Proceedings of Inertial Fusion Sci. App. 1999*****, (Elsevier, Paris 2000), Vol. I, p 583**
**Energetics**
**T. W. L. Sanford, *****et al.,***** Phys. Rev. Lett., 5511 (1999)**
**T.J. Nash, *****et al, *****Phys Plasmas **_**6**_**,  2023 (1999)**
**R.J. Leeper, *****et al.,***** Nucl. Fusion **_**39**_**, 1283 (1999) **
**J.J. MacFarlane, *****et al.,***** Rev. Sci. Instrum. **_**70**_**, No. 1, p.1, (1999) **
**S. A. Slutz, *****et al.,***** Phys. Plasmas **_**8**_**, 1673 (2001) **
**T. W. L. Sanford, *****et al.,***** Phys. Plasmas **_**9**_**, No. 8, p. 3573 (2002)**
**T.J. Nash, *****et al.,***** , Rev. Sci. Instrum. **_**74**_**, 2211 (2003)**
**ICF capsule implosions and neutron production**
**S. A. Slutz, *****et al.,***** Phys Plasmas **_**10**_**, No. 5, p. 1875 (2003)**
**J.E. Bailey, *****et al.,***** Physical Review Letters **_**89**_**, No. 095004 (2002)  56 **
**J.E. Bailey, *****et al.,***** – LANL preprint server, physics/0306039 **
**ICF ignition scaling**
**T.A. Mehlhorn, *****et al.,***** Plasma Phys Controlled Fusion – to be published, 2003**

## Code calculations and analytic scaling predict z-pinch driver requirements for IFE DEMO

**Double-Pinch Hohlraum**

**Dynamic Hohlraum**

**current /x-rays**
**E****abs ****/ yield**

**2 x 62-68 MA**
**2 x (16-19) MJ**
**1.3 – 2.6 MJ**
**400 – 4000 MJ **

**54 – 95 MA**
**12-37 MJ**
**2.4 – 7.2 MJ **
**530 – 4400 MJ**

***J. Hammer,  M. Tabak, R. Vesey, S. Slutz, J. De Groot***

**current /x-rays**
**    ****E****abs ****/ yield**

**Based on these results, an IFE target for DEMO will require: **
**    **_**double-pinch hohlraum**_**          **_**dynamic hohlraum**_
** ****36 MJ of x-rays (2x66MA)    30 MJ of x-rays (86 MA)                                                           **
**            ****3000 MJ yield                        3000 MJ yield**
**                ****(G = 83)                                 (G = 100)**

**Notes:**
As many of you know, we are currently pursuing 2 approaches to high-yield ICF that utilize z-pinches as the x-ray source.

Left: Z-pinch driven hohlraum uses 2 wire array z-pinches as x-ray sources. The capsule is located at the center of a secondary hohlraum where it is isolated from the direct pinch radiation.  

Right: Dynamic hohlraum.  Key difference is that the capsule is located at the center of the wire array.  X-rays formed at impact of wire array on convertor(us. foam) are contained within the imploding wire and convertor material.
Offers potential for higher efficiency.  Joel Lash will describe the high-yield design for this concept on Friday morning.

DH relies on internal pinch radiation while ZPDH relies on external pinch radiation transported to the capsule by wall re-emission.

##   Chambers/Power Plant

## Thick liquid walls essentially alleviate the “first wall” problem,             and can lead to a faster development path 

**Thick liquid walls essentially alleviate the “first wall” problem,             and can lead to a faster development path **

## Steel RTL Remanufacture Process

##         Z-IFE DEMO produces 1000 MWe

**ZP-3 (the first study) used 12 chambers, each with 3 GJ at 0.1 Hz**

***Z-Pinch power plant studies:   G. Rochau, et al. : ZP-3***
***                                                   ******J. De Groot, et al.: Z-Pinch Fast Ignition Power Plant***

**DEMO parameters:**
**   ****yield/pulse:                                            3 GJ**
**   ****driver x-rays/pulse  (86 MA)               30 MJ**
**   ****energy recovery factor:                         80%**
**   ****thermal recovery/pulse:                       2.4 GJ**
**   ****time between pulses/chamber:         3 seconds**
**   ****thermal power/unit                             0.8 GWt**
**   ****thermal conversion efficiency              45 %**
**   ****electrical output/unit                        0.36 GWe**
**   ****number of units                                         3**
**   ****total plant power output                    1.0 GWe**
**Major cost elements:**
**   ****LTD z-pinch drivers (3)                      $900 M**
**   ****RTL factory                                          $500 M**
**   ****Target factory                                       $350 M**
**   ****Balance of Plant                                   $900 M **
**               ****Total Cost                                 $2.65 G               **

##   Z-Pinch IFE near-term plans

## Z-IFE PoP is a set of four experiments (shown here)

_**plus**_** IFE target studies **_**plus**_** IFE Power Plant studies**

_**RTL experiments**_
**     ****issues: shape, inductance, mass, electrical/structural, manufacture, cost**
**      ****power flow: limits, optimal configuration, convolute location**
**      ****chamber/interface issues:  vacuum/electrical, debris removal, shielding**
**      ****RTL experiment test on Z**
_**Repetitive driver- LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) experiment**_
**     ****1 MA, 1 MV, 100 ns, 0.1 Hz driver design/construction/testing**
**      ****LTD is very compact (pioneered in Tomsk, Russia) no oil, no water**
**      ****LTD technology is modular, scalable, easily rep-ratable**
**      ****1 MA, 100 kV cell is being developed this year (SNL/Tomsk) **
_**Shock mitigation scaled experiments**_
**     ****3 GJ yield is larger than conventional IFE yields of 0.4-0.7 GJ**
**      ****coolant streams, or solids/voids, may be placed as close to target as desired**
**      ****shock experiments with explosives and water hydraulic flows**
**      ****validate code capabilities for modeling full driver scale yields**
_**Full RTL cycle @ 0.1 Hz experiment**_
**     ****integrated experiment (LTD, RTLs, z-pinch loads, 0.1 Hz)**
**     ****demonstrate RTL/z-pinch insertion, vacuum/electrical connections, firing of z-pinch,**
**          ****removal of remnant, repeat of cycle **
**     ****z-pinches have 5 kJ x-ray output per shot**** **

**$4M for Z-Pinch IFE for FY04 is in House-Senate Conference Agreement**

**Cost:  $14M/year for 3-5 years,  $5M for FY04 to start**

##   HEDP with Z

## High current pulsed power accelerators drive many different load configurations

**Z-pinch x-ray source**

**Hohlraum source**
**(Planckian)**

**K-shell source**
**(Non-Planckian)**

**• ****ICF**
**	****-**** ****Ignition & high yield**
**	****- Inertial Fusion Energy**
**• ****Weapon physics**
**• ****Shock physics**
**• ****Basic science**

**• ****Radiation effects**
**• ****Weapon effects**
**• ****IFE chamber materials**
**• ****Basic science**

**High Z**

**Low to mid Z**

**High Current**

**Magnetic pressure**

**• ****Isentropic ****	****	****	****	****	****	****	****Compression **
**	****   ****Experiments****	**** (ICE)**
**• ****Flyer Plates**
**• ****Basic science**

**ICF/WP**

**IFE**

**ICE/Flyer Plates**

**RES**

**High Current  ******** Laser**