# Presentation: 819033

## Candidate Stationary and Area Control Measures

- Chicago PM2.5 Workshop
- June 21, 2007
- Tim Smith, USEPA/OAQPS

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## Overview

- This talk:
- Overview of efforts to summarize control measures and promote info sharing
- Discuss stationary and area source control measures
- (other presentations:  mobile, state/local perspectives)

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## Topics

- Point sources:
- Direct PM2.5, SO2, NOx
- Generic issues
- Category-specific measures
- Area sources
- Available controls
- Categories being regulated

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## Point sources – general thoughts

- Direct PM has been regulated in some form since 1970s
- “Method 5” and total PM generally the focus, not PM2.5, so main question is “how is PM-fine different?”
- Completely uncontrolled stack sources of PM are relatively rare.

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## General thoughts (cont)

- Methods to achieve further reductions in the fine fraction include:
- Improving performance of existing controls
- Improving capture of particles
- Identifying and mitigating malfunctions
- Control device upgrades

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## General thoughts (cont)

- Analysis of impacts of these types of measures are pretty case-specific engineering
- Likely tough to work with inventory to assess whether:
- Control devices undersized
- Fine fraction well controlled
- Increased capture possible

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## How significant are point sources?

- Ref: EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL PM2.5 REDUCTIONS BY IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL DEVICES: PM2.5 EMISSION ESTIMATES.  Pechan/RTI report to OAQPS.  2005.

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- PM2.5 (g m-3)

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## Ways to improve performance of control devices

- Ref: Pechan/RTI report for OAQPS: “Evaluation of Potential PM2.5 Reductions by Improving Performance of Control Devices:  Conclusions and Recommendations.  Sept 30 2005
- Ref:  Note from ICAC, 16 papers on improving devices.  (Titles in binder; CD with papers available)

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## Types of control device improvements

- Two broad improvements:
- Improvements to existing devices
- Innovative upgrades or technologies

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## Improvements to existing devices

- Methods/Modifications:
- Improved monitoring (FF, ESP, WS)
- Addition of conditioning agents (ESP, WS)
- ESP upgrades
- Gas Conditioning
- Replace weight wire with rigid
- Modernization of electrical controls
- Improved filter fabrics
- Increased scrubber pressure drop
- Reduce temperature (to collect condensibles)

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## Fabric filters

- Bag leak detectors

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## Bag leak detectors

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## Innovative PM2.5 Controls

- Examples:
- Advanced Hybrid filter– combines ESP with FF
- Compact Hybrid Particulate collector (COHPAC).  “Polishing filter” collects fine PM2.5 escaping ESP.  High air-to-cloth.
- Indigo Agglomerator.  Upstream modification to ESP.  Charging + mixing  increased size to ESP, better collection
- Wet ESP

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## Category-specific point source topics

- Integrated iron and steel mills
- Stationary diesel retrofits
- Non-EGU Stationary source categories with controllable SO2

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## Steel Mills

- Upon request by Michigan, EPA did multi-pollutant controllability study at two Detroit area steel mills and coke oven facility.
- Contract report by RTI: Evaluation of PM2.5 Emissions and Controls at Two Michigan Steel Mills and a Coke Oven Battery.

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## Possible further Controls identified in Detroit study

- Capture and control system for blast furnace casthouse (now using flame suppression technology)
- Increased capture of charging/tapping emissions  at BOF shop
- Studies recommended for improving control efficiency of baghouses, ESP
- Coke oven gas desulfurization (study recommended testing to evaluate effect of desulfurization on condensable PM from the combustion stack)
- NOx combustion controls
- PM2.5 from sinter coolers (others, not Detroit issue)

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## Other steel mills	

- Case-by-case analysis may identify further control candidates
- Measures identified in Detroit study might apply to some other plants

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## Stationary Diesel Retrofits

- Prime uses (often backup only):
- Remote generation
- Power industrial motors and equipment
- Uncertain:
-  magnitude (especially in urban n/a areas
-  feasibility of retrofits
- Available PM controls:
- Oxidation catalyst (DOC) 10-30%
- Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) 80-90% requires low sulfur fuel
- New Jersey Pilot study underway
- Detailed emissions inventory
- Retrofit DPF on large 1970s engines

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## Retrofit pilot application

- Combined heat and power facility in Jersey City, NJ
- Facility has 6 large engines 500kW (680 hP)
- 3 in operation at all times
- NJ DEP working with Stevens Institute, facility owner and manufacturer (Engelhard)

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## NJ Stationary Engine Retrofit Pilot

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## Status of project

- Design/fabrication complete
- In operation soon
- Differences from typical mobile source retrofit
- Large engines, much larger DPF
- Older engines with much higher particulate loading
- Steady-state loads
- Not sure application like this fits typical “installation of verified technology” model

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## Stationary diesel retrofits

- Regulations:  CA, WI
- EPA petition on diesel exhaust
- August 2003:  Environmental Defense  petition to add diesel exhaust to the HAP list.
- EPA considering whether the Agency should take further action to address stationary diesel emissions and, if so, what actions may be appropriate.
- EPA intends to address this petition in the context of this process.
- Further info:  Chris Stoneman OAQPS 919 541- 0823

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## Point Source SO2

- Industrial Boilers:
- FGD
- Fuel switching
- Ultra low-sulfur distillate
- Refineries:  measures identified in settlements
- FCC units
- Sulfur recovery plants
- Process heaters

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## Point source SO2 (cont)

- Sulfuric acid plants– emissions factors:

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## NonEGU Point source SO2

- Cement Kilns
- NESCAUM looked at SO2 controls in BART review
- _[http://bronze.nescaum.org/regionalhaze/BART/MANE-VU_BART_Resource_Book/AppendixC_Cntl_Tech_Opts/(09)%20BART_Control_Assessment.pdf#search=%22%22cement%20kilns%22%20%2B%20%22NESCAUM%22%20%2B%20%22SO2%22%22](http://bronze.nescaum.org/regionalhaze/BART/MANE-VU_BART_Resource_Book/AppendixC_Cntl_Tech_Opts/(09)%20BART_Control_Assessment.pdf#search=%22%22cement%20kilns%22%20%2B%20%22NESCAUM%22%20%2B%20%22SO2%22%22)_
- Controls:
- In-process removal
- Process changes (e.g. raw material change)
- Wet or dry FGD

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## Area source topics

- Woodstoves
- Restaurants
- Land clearing open burning
- Home heating oil sulfur content

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## Residential Wood Smoke:What is EPA doing?

**Residential Wood Smoke:****What is EPA doing?**

**Outdoor Wood Boilers**
- 	- Helped States develop Model Rule
- 	- Partnership with Industry to bring cleaner units to market
**Fireplaces**
- 	- Consensus ASTM Method complete
- 	- Working on Consensus emission standard
**Great American Wood Stove Changeout**
-  	- Partnership program to replace inefficient wood stoves with cleaner-burning technologies
- 	- Replacing one old stove is equivalent to taking 5 diesel buses off the road

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## Wood Stove PartnershipProgress to Date

**Wood Stove Partnership****Progress to Date**

**Over 20 communities implementing wood stove changeouts**
**Partners have invested over $5 million nationally**
**	**
**7 Supplemental Environmental Projects supporting wood stove changeouts**
**Over 3000 stoves and/or fireplaces changed out**
**More than 100 tons of PM reduced/year from changeouts**
**SIP Credit Guidance Document (www.epa.gov/woodstoves)**

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## Restaurants

- Commercial cooking significant in inventories.
- In 16 Eastern N/A areas:
-  Total PM:  typically 2-4%
-  OC:  typically 6-12%
- Inventory consists of:
- Conveyorized (“Burger King”) readily controlled 10%
- Underfire (controllable but expensive) 75%
- Other cooking /deep frying (controls not identified) etc 15%

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## Catalyst controls

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## Conveyorized charbroilers

- Agencies regulating:
- South Coast AQMD Rule 1138 (1997)
- San Joaquin Rule 4692 (2002)
- Ventura County Rule 74.25 (2004)
- Catalysts controls in place at many corporate-owned Burger Kings.   Fewer at franchise-owned.

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## Underfire grilling

- Catalyst technology not feasible due to higher flowrates, lower temperatures
- Recent rulemaking proposal by Bay Area AQMD.
- Cost information developed in staff report
- Board deferred for further study

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## ESP “Smog-Hog” Technology

- Has been used to address zoning concerns in retail developments and near high-rise buildings

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## Land clearing open burning

- State of Washington bans land clearing open burning in “Urban Growth areas”
- http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0602016.pdf#search=%22%22urban%20growth%20areas%22%20%2B%20%22land%20clearing%22%22
- Alternative:
- Chipping/shredding/landfilling
- EPA RIA analysis:   $3500/ton
- 1997 EPA report suggests “air curtain” not effective in reducing emissions

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## Land clearing (cont)

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## Resources for Control Info

- STAPPA/ALAPCO menu of options
- EPA website: _[http://www.epa.gov/pm/measures.html](http://www.epa.gov/pm/measures.html)_
- We want to use website to link to useful efforts on controls
- Current links:  NJ, CA 656, CA Goods Movement, OTC, LADCO, SCAQMD
- EPA summary tables [just released]
- Need your input/comments!

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## Summary tables

- “Lists of Potential Control Measures for PM2.5 and Precursors”
- Informational listing of potential measures
- Stationary/Mobile
- Listing of costs, reductions, references
- Intended as complement to other sources of info (e.g. Menu of Options)
- We want your feedback!!

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## New Jersey Workgroups

- [presentation later in this session]

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## LADCO White Papers

- _[http://www.ladco.org/Regional_Air_Quality.html](http://www.ladco.org/Regional_Air_Quality.html)_
- White Papers (list of white papers)
-      1. EGUs
-      2. ICI Boliers
-      3. Portland Cement Plants
-      4. Industrial Surface Coating
-      5. Degreasing
-      6. AIM Coatings
-      7. Portable Fuel Containers
-       8. Auto Refinishing
-      9. Consumer Solvents
-     10. Gasoline Dispensing Facilities (Stage I and Stage II)
-     11. Asphalt   Applications
-     12. Petroleum Refineries
-     13. Asphalt Plants
-     14. Glass/Fiberglass M

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## South Coast AQMP

- Draft on South Coast Website:
- Control technology info in Appendix A
- _[http://www.aqmd.gov/aqmp/AQMPintro.htm](http://www.aqmd.gov/aqmp/AQMPintro.htm)_
- Modified recently

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## Ozone Transport Commission (OTC)

- Identification and Evaluation of Candidate Control Measures
- Technical Support Document at http://www.otcair.org/document.asp?fview=Report#

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## Fugitive Dust

- WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook
- Excellent resources for fugitive dust controls and costs for:
-  Fugitive Dust Handbook
- Agricultural Tilling
- Construction & Demolition
- Materials Handling
- Paved Roads
- Unpaved Roads
- Agricultural Wind Erosion
- Open Area Wind Erosion
- Storage Piles Wind Erosion
- Agricultural Harvesting
- Mineral Products Industry
- Abrasive Blasting
- Livestock Husbandry
- _[http://www.wrapair.org/forums/dejf/fdh/index.html](http://www.wrapair.org/forums/dejf/fdh/index.html)_

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## NOx

- Much work has been done on NOx for ozone, CAIR, NOx SIP call
- Many references for NOx developed in 1990s e.g ACT documents:  see http://epa.gov/ttn/catc/products.html
- Technology advancing

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## NOx -- Cement Kilns

- EPA/OAQPS Reports on NOx controls for cement kilns :  1994 and 2000
- OAQPS has prepared detailed draft report on NOx from recent permitting (all are preheater/precalciner kilns).
- New sources:
- 10 BACT determinations for NOx since 2002, 3 pending
- Emissions limits of 2.0 lb/T in recent permits
- Controls vary:  all require combustion controls, most require SNCR, none SCR
- Contact is Bill Neuffer:  neuffer.bill@epa.gov

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## Industrial sources – other example NOx controls

- Glass plants
-  –Container (LNB, SNCR 40% control)
- Glass plants –flat (Oxyfiring 40%; SCR 75%; SNCR 40%)
- Pressed (LNB 40%, SCR 75%)
- Asphalt plants: LNB + flue gas recirc 50%
- Refineries-FCC units LNB + FGR
- Iron and steel mills:
- Annealing furnaces 50-80% LNB  LNB + SCR
- Galvanizing  LNB 50% ; LNB + FGR 60%
- Reheating Furnaces:  LNB 50%  LNB + FGR 77%
- Fiberglass- recuperative furnaces (LNB 40%)
- Lime kilns (Mid kiln firing, LNB 30%)

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## Time needed to install NOx controls

- ICAC White Paper available from their website:
- http://www.icac.com/files/public/ICAC_NOx_Control_Installation_Timing_120406.pdf

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## Bottom Line

- Local measures are available
- [note: this presentation is examples, not exhaustive]
- Agencies are working to identify
- Work needed to assess most effective strategies for given nonattainment area

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