# Presentation: 940020

***Fire & Life Safety Inspections***

## Established in 1939
Licensed Fire Protection Engineers and NICET Technicians
Wide range of expertise and services
Building/Fire Code consultation
Systems design and evaluation (fire alarm/fire sprinkler/special hazards/security)
System inspections and testing
Computer fire modeling
Performance-based designs
Repeat business greater than 85%

**Licensed Fire Protection Engineers and NICET Technicians**
**Wide range of expertise and services**
**Building/Fire Code consultation**
**Systems design and evaluation (fire alarm/fire sprinkler/special hazards/security)**
**System inspections and testing**
**Computer fire modeling**
**Performance-based designs**
**Repeat business greater than 85%**

**Who is Schirmer Engineering?**

## Who is Schirmer Engineering?

**21 Offices Nationwide**

- Atlanta	Miami
- Austin	New York
- Boston	Philadelphia
- Charlotte	Phoenix
- Cincinnati	Princeton
- Dallas	San Antonio
- Denver	San Diego
- Houston	San Francisco
- Las Vegas	Temecula
- Los Angeles	Washington, DC

- 	_**Headquarters**_
- 	Chicago, Illinois

## Current edition: 8th, Copyright 2002
Based upon 2000 Life Safety Code and other NFPA standards
Addresses fire protection and life safety inspections
Compilation of inspection procedures, requirements, and regulations 
Provides information on identifying a deficiency or dangerous condition
Spells out the major areas that should be focused on during an inspection

**Based upon 2000 Life Safety Code and other NFPA standards**
**Addresses fire protection and life safety inspections**
**Compilation of inspection procedures, requirements, and regulations **
**Provides information on identifying a deficiency or dangerous condition**
**Spells out the major areas that should be focused on during an inspection**

**NFPA Fire & Life Safety Manual**

## Long, tedious activity
Not glamorous
Not easy to do
Sometimes no immediate results
Typically not appreciated

HOWEVER ...
Has major impact on Owner, User, Public, and Insurance Carrier
Consequence: Critical equipment fails when needed
Consequence: Loss of use of a system, floor or building
Worst case: People are injured or die

**Not glamorous**
**Not easy to do**
**Sometimes no immediate results**
**Typically not appreciated**
**HOWEVER ...**
**Has major impact on Owner, User, Public, and Insurance Carrier**
**Consequence: Critical equipment fails when needed**
**Consequence: Loss of use of a system, floor or building**
**Worst case: People are injured or die**

**Importance of Inspections**

## Continuous process
Goes from very beginning to end of project
Very thorough; there is no time limit
Completed by trained and competent individuals
Closely coordinated with the Construction Process
Are done in a timely manner, including the documentation thereof
Repeated follow up to past inspections

**Goes from very beginning to end of project**
**Very thorough; there is no time limit**
**Completed by trained and competent individuals**
**Closely coordinated with the Construction Process**
**Are done in a timely manner, including the documentation thereof**
**Repeated follow up to past inspections**

**Successful Inspections**

## Codes listed in the construction contract?
Construction documents and all addenda?
Life Safety Code (if enforced by AHJ)
The 300+ standards issued by NFPA?
IBC and its referenced standards?
DOE Orders?
Local Fire Code?

**Construction documents and all addenda?**
**Life Safety Code (if enforced by AHJ)**
**The 300+ standards issued by NFPA?**
**IBC and its referenced standards?**
**DOE Orders?**
**Local Fire Code?**

**What Are We Inspecting To?**

## 
Excellent communication skills
Exceptional judgment
Detective skills
Reporter skills
Technical skills
Ability to be part missionary
Ability to be part educator

**Excellent communication skills**
**Exceptional judgment**
**Detective skills**
**Reporter skills**
**Technical skills**
**Ability to be part missionary**
**Ability to be part educator**

**The Inspector Should Have:**

## To conduct an inspection safely and efficiently, an inspector should have the following equipment:
Visible means of identification
Flashlight
A notebook or clipboard
Report forms
Pens/pencils
Tape measure
Floor plan drawings or “as-built” drawings
Hard hat, safety glasses, safety shoes (for areas under construction)

**Visible means of identification**
**Flashlight**
**A notebook or clipboard**
**Report forms**
**Pens/pencils**
**Tape measure**
**Floor plan drawings or “as-built” drawings**
**Hard hat, safety glasses, safety shoes (for areas under construction)**

**Equipment (Ch. 2)**

## Evaluate how the facility is used and determine which occupancy classification it falls under.  This will enable you to choose the appropriate checklist and code requirements to accurately conduct the inspection and make the appropriate evaluations.
If inspecting a large property, it is better to inspect the exterior first.  Tour the outside to observe how the buildings relate to one another and to adjacent properties.  The following features that can be noted while inspecting the exterior of the building:
Address
Names and type of occupancies
Exterior evidence of building construction type
Building height
Exterior housekeeping and maintenance
Potential exposures and outdoor storage
Locations of fire hydrants
Conditions affecting fire department response

**If inspecting a large property, it is better to inspect the exterior first.  Tour the outside to observe how the buildings relate to one another and to adjacent properties.  The following features that can be noted while inspecting the exterior of the building:**
**Address**
**Names and type of occupancies**
**Exterior evidence of building construction type**
**Building height**
**Exterior housekeeping and maintenance**
**Potential exposures and outdoor storage**
**Locations of fire hydrants**
**Conditions affecting fire department response**

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## It is important to accurately determine the construction type classification of the building
Based on NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, or local building code
Construction type influences the fire resistance ratings of the building’s structural elements  
The integrity of fire-rated walls must be assured:
Openings in fire-rated walls must be protected to retard or prevent the spread of fire
Doors in fire-rated walls must be kept closed or on automatic hold-opens
Penetrations in fire rated walls are to be sealed to prevent the spread of fire
Exit stair enclosures are to be rated from top to bottom of stairs

**Based on NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, or local building code**
**Construction type influences the fire resistance ratings of the building’s structural elements  **
**The integrity of fire-rated walls must be assured:**
- Openings in fire-rated walls must be protected to retard or prevent the spread of fire
- Doors in fire-rated walls must be kept closed or on automatic hold-opens
- Penetrations in fire rated walls are to be sealed to prevent the spread of fire
- Exit stair enclosures are to be rated from top to bottom of stairs

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## Hazards of Contents
The hazard level of contents will have a significant impact on the fire safety evaluation and the resulting recommendations.
Hazard of the contents of a building are categorized as low, ordinary, and high by Chapter 6 of the LSC.
Low-Hazard Contents:  Contents of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein can occur, and thus the only probable danger requiring the use of emergency exits will be from panic, fumes, smoke, or fire from some external source.
Ordinary Hazard Contents:  Contents that are liable to burn with moderate rapidity or that give off a considerable volume of smoke, but probably will not explode in the event of a fire.
High Hazard Contents:  Hazards that are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which explosions are likely in the event of fire.
Be aware that the classifications used by NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, are different.
Low hazard contents are rarely found in occupancies; thus this condition normally would not be a major classification during most inspections.

**The hazard level of contents will have a significant impact on the fire safety evaluation and the resulting recommendations.**
**Hazard of the contents of a building are categorized as low, ordinary, and high by Chapter 6 of the LSC.**
- Low-Hazard Contents:  Contents of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein can occur, and thus the only probable danger requiring the use of emergency exits will be from panic, fumes, smoke, or fire from some external source.
- Ordinary Hazard Contents:  Contents that are liable to burn with moderate rapidity or that give off a considerable volume of smoke, but probably will not explode in the event of a fire.
- High Hazard Contents:  Hazards that are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which explosions are likely in the event of fire.
**Be aware that the classifications used by NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, are different.**
**Low hazard contents are rarely found in occupancies; thus this condition normally would not be a major classification during most inspections.**

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
The purpose of a fire detection/alarm system is to detect the presence of a fire, alert the occupants, notify the fire department, or a combination of these functions.
An inspector should understand the function of, and be able to identify, the major components of these systems.
Fire Suppression Systems
Typically includes sprinkler systems, standpipes, and portable fire extinguishers
Routine inspections should determine that:
Sprinkler control valves are open
Sprinklers are unobstructed
The system has not been altered
The sprinkler system has been extended to cover building additions
Fire extinguishers are accessible and have been serviced within the past year

**The purpose of a fire detection/alarm system is to detect the presence of a fire, alert the occupants, notify the fire department, or a combination of these functions.**
**An inspector should understand the function of, and be able to identify, the major components of these systems.**
**Fire Suppression Systems**
**Typically includes sprinkler systems, standpipes, and portable fire extinguishers**
**Routine inspections should determine that:**
- Sprinkler control valves are open
- Sprinklers are unobstructed
- The system has not been altered
- The sprinkler system has been extended to cover building additions
- Fire extinguishers are accessible and have been serviced within the past year

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## Observations (Ch. 2)

**A written report should be generated after each inspection to describe the conditions found and the corrections needed.**
**In general, every report should include the following information:**
- Date of inspection
- Name of inspector
- Name and address of property, noting the name and title of the person(s) interviewed, and phone numbers
- Name, address, and phone number of owner
- Names of major tenants of a multiple occupancy building (not necessarily the name of every tenant)
- Type of occupancy
- Dimensions of building, including height and construction type

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## Reports (cont.)

- Factors that could contribute to fire spread inside buildings, such as lack of vertical and horizontal separations
- Common fire hazards, such as open flames, heaters, and inaqueate wiring
- Special fire hazards, such as hazardous materials and their storage, handling, use, and processes
- Fire extinguishing, detection, and alarm equipment
- Exits
- Outside exposures, including factors making fire spread possible between buildings
- Recommendations or notations of deficiencies

**Observations (Ch. 2)**

## Fire lanes should be marked and unobstructed
Vehicular activity should be limited to passenger pick-up and drop-off in the fire lane.  Parking is prohibited.
Fire lanes must be wide enough to allow fire apparatus to pass
Fire hydrants and other sources of water must be visible and accessible from the fire lane.
Sprinkler/standpipe connections must be capped, free of debris, and accessible.

**Vehicular activity should be limited to passenger pick-up and drop-off in the fire lane.  Parking is prohibited.**
**Fire lanes must be wide enough to allow fire apparatus to pass**
**Fire hydrants and other sources of water must be visible and accessible from the fire lane.**
**Sprinkler/standpipe connections must be capped, free of debris, and accessible.**

**Fire Department Access**

## 
Eliminate unwanted fuels
Remove obstructions
Control sources of ignition
Improve access for emergency responding forces

**Eliminate unwanted fuels**
**Remove obstructions**
**Control sources of ignition**
**Improve access for emergency responding forces**

**Housekeeping/Building Procedures (Ch. 3)**

**Effective indoor/outdoor housekeeping practices accomplish the following:**

## How contractors use, arrange and layout their equipment
Material storage and handling
Flammable/combustible liquid spills and waste disposal
Paints/coatings/lubricants
Waste and rags
Shipping materials and packing
Compressed gas cylinders
Smoking
Ignition sources

**Material storage and handling**
**Flammable/combustible liquid spills and waste disposal**
**Paints/coatings/lubricants**
**Waste and rags**
**Shipping materials and packing**
**Compressed gas cylinders**
**Smoking**
**Ignition sources**

**Look for:**

## Need to document findings...
What is the issue?
Where is it located?
Who is responsible?
Why was it identified as an issue?
How should it be corrected?
When is it to be corrected by?

Document findings via email, letter, field reports, etc., BUT IT NEEDS TO BE DONE!

**What is the issue?**
**Where is it located?**
**Who is responsible?**
**Why was it identified as an issue?**
**How should it be corrected?**
**When is it to be corrected by?**
**Document findings via email, letter, field reports, etc., BUT IT NEEDS TO BE DONE!**

**Documentation (Ch. 4)**

## Fire Wall – A fire-resistance rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.
Fire Barrier – A fire-resistance rated vertical or horizontal assembly designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected.
Smoke Barrier – A continuous membrane such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.
Through-Penetration Firestop System – An assemblage of specified materials or products that are designed, tested and rated to resist the spread of fire through penetrations for a prescribed period of time.

**Fire Barrier – A fire-resistance rated vertical or horizontal assembly designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected.**
**Smoke Barrier – A continuous membrane such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.**
**Through-Penetration Firestop System – An assemblage of specified materials or products that are designed, tested and rated to resist the spread of fire through penetrations for a prescribed period of time.**

**Fire-resistance Rated Construction (Ch. 5)**

## Fire-Protective Coating
Fire-resistance ratings for steel structural framing are usually achieved by the application of a spray-applied fire protective coating.
The coating is applied at a specified thickness that equals the rating required by the code
The thickness should be measured and verified against the listing requirement, such as UL Fire Resistance Directory
Verifying the density is also important because the thickness may be adequate but the material may not be sufficient enough to protect the surface

**Fire-resistance ratings for steel structural framing are usually achieved by the application of a spray-applied fire protective coating.**
**The coating is applied at a specified thickness that equals the rating required by the code**
**The thickness should be measured and verified against the listing requirement, such as UL Fire Resistance Directory**
**Verifying the density is also important because the thickness may be adequate but the material may not be sufficient enough to protect the surface**

**Fire-Protective Coatings (Ch. 5)**

## Fire-resistance rated construction is determined by the construction type of the building.  The following is an excerpt from the 2006 International Building Code, Table 601:

**Fire-resistance Rated Construction (Ch. 6)**

## Vertical Openings
Floor/Ceiling Penetrations
These penetrations are created when holes are made through floor/ceiling assemblies for routing cables, conduits, or pipes and thus permit the passage of smoke and fire from floor to floor.
Methods to seal these openings include:
Modular devices sized for the pipe, conduit, or cable that contain an organic compound that expands when heated to seal the penetration.
Foamed-in-place fire-resistant elastomers
Various caulking materials
Poured- or troweled-in-place compounds
These method/materials are required to be listed and/or approved by either UL or FM.
An inspector should be aware of penetrations that may be hidden in concealed spaces (i.e. above drop ceilings)

**Floor/Ceiling Penetrations**
- These penetrations are created when holes are made through floor/ceiling assemblies for routing cables, conduits, or pipes and thus permit the passage of smoke and fire from floor to floor.
- Methods to seal these openings include:
- Modular devices sized for the pipe, conduit, or cable that contain an organic compound that expands when heated to seal the penetration.
- Foamed-in-place fire-resistant elastomers
- Various caulking materials
- Poured- or troweled-in-place compounds
- These method/materials are required to be listed and/or approved by either UL or FM.
- An inspector should be aware of penetrations that may be hidden in concealed spaces (i.e. above drop ceilings)

**Vertical Openings (Ch. 8)**

## Here is an example of a listed assembly for protecting through-penetrations per UL.

**Penetrations (Ch. 8)**

## Vertical Openings (cont.)
Stair enclosures, shafts, and chutes
These vertical openings cannot be sealed because their functions require that they communicate between floors.
Such openings should be enclosed in fire-resistive construction
Fire rating is determined by the local building code
Door openings in the walls of stair enclosures, elevator shafts, and chutes must be protected by self- or automatic-closing fire door assemblies

**Stair enclosures, shafts, and chutes**
- These vertical openings cannot be sealed because their functions require that they communicate between floors.
- Such openings should be enclosed in fire-resistive construction
- Fire rating is determined by the local building code
- Door openings in the walls of stair enclosures, elevator shafts, and chutes must be protected by self- or automatic-closing fire door assemblies

**Vertical Openings (Ch. 8)**

## Horizontal Openings – openings in fire rated walls and partitions
If left unprotected will allow smoke and fire to spread horizontally through the building.
Fire Door Assemblies
Means for protecting door openings in fire-resistive walls
Fire doors are given an hourly rating
Listed fire doors must be identified by a label, a listing mark, or a classification mark that is readily visible.
Labels or classification marks may be of metal, paper, or plastic and is commonly located on the hinge side of the door.
Occupants tend to prop open these doors with wood blocks, wedges, or rope.  If these materials are located near a door it is a sign that this is happening.  Having the door open defeats the purpose of the door, and is a condition that should be corrected immediately.

**If left unprotected will allow smoke and fire to spread horizontally through the building.**
**Fire Door Assemblies**
- Means for protecting door openings in fire-resistive walls
- Fire doors are given an hourly rating
- Listed fire doors must be identified by a label, a listing mark, or a classification mark that is readily visible.
- Labels or classification marks may be of metal, paper, or plastic and is commonly located on the hinge side of the door.
- Occupants tend to prop open these doors with wood blocks, wedges, or rope.  If these materials are located near a door it is a sign that this is happening.  Having the door open defeats the purpose of the door, and is a condition that should be corrected immediately.

**Horizontal Openings (Ch. 8)**

## The following table shows the required ratings of fire doors per the rating of the wall with the opening:

**Horizontal Openings (Ch. 8)**

## Horizontal Openings (cont.)
Fire Door Assemblies
Inspection
Highly combustible material should not be stored near the opening.  A fire may spread through the opening before the protective device can operate.
Fire doors are not to be obstructed or blocked in any way or intentionally wedged open so that self-closing is not possible.
Test the door to ensure that the door closes and latches.
Check the label provided on the door for proper rating. 

**Fire Door Assemblies**
- Inspection
- Highly combustible material should not be stored near the opening.  A fire may spread through the opening before the protective device can operate.
- Fire doors are not to be obstructed or blocked in any way or intentionally wedged open so that self-closing is not possible.
- Test the door to ensure that the door closes and latches.
- Check the label provided on the door for proper rating.

**Horizontal Openings (Ch. 8)**

## Smoke control systems are complex systems involving the:
Exhaust and make-up air supply systems
HVAC control system
Fire detection and alarm system
Building’s architectural features
Smoke control systems are normally required for underground buildings, malls, high-rise buildings, and buildings having an atrium

**Exhaust and make-up air supply systems**
**HVAC control system**
**Fire detection and alarm system**
**Building’s architectural features**
**Smoke control systems are normally required for underground buildings, malls, high-rise buildings, and buildings having an atrium**

**There are two types of smoke control systems:**
**Passive (barriers, partitions, natural vents)**
**Active (mechanical)**

**Smoke Control Systems (Ch. 12)**

## Smoke Control Systems (Ch. 12)

**Smoke Control Systems (Ch. 12)**

**Passive Smoke Control System**
**Definition: A system of smoke barriers arranged to limit the migration of smoke.**

- Usually incorporated in institutional buildings (e.g., hospitals, detention centers)
- Smoke-tight barriers provide smoke control
- Amount of leakage limited by code
- Can be tested by “door fan” method or by HVAC fan system

## Smoke Barrier Allowable Leakage

**Walls:****	**** *****A/A******W***** = 0.00100**
**Exit enclosures:****	**** *****A/A******W***** = 0.00035**
**Other shafts:****	**** *****A/A******W***** = 0.00150**
**Floors/roofs:****	**** *****A/A******f***** = 0.00050**
**Smoke Barrier Construction**
**Doors:  Tight-fitting, gasketed, 20-minute assembly required**
**Dampers:  Class 2 smoke dampers required**
**Penetrations:  Must be properly sealed**

## Pressurization method
Exhaust method

**Active (Mechanical) Smoke Control System**

**Active (Mechanical) Smoke Control System**
**Definition: An engineered system that uses mechanical fans to control smoke movement.**

- Pressurization method
- Exhaust method

## Pressurization Method

**Primary means of controlling smoke by pressure differences across smoke barriers**
**Method relies on reasonably air-tight construction around smoke zones**
**This method is used in high-rise buildings**
**Minimum pressure difference across smoke barrier is 0.05 inches water gauge (w.g.)**
**Maximum pressure difference is dictated by door opening force (30 lbs)**
**Calculate volume of air necessary to provide a pressure differential**

**Determine leakage in smoke zone**
**	****	****Q = 2610 A (P)****1/2****   (Q = K (P)****1/2**
***	******	******Q = Volume of air cfm***
***	******	******A = Leakage area in square foot***
***	******	******P = Pressure differential (inches w.g.)***

## Exhaust Method

**For large enclosed volumes (e.g., atria and malls), the exhaust method may be used**
**Identifies minimum exhaust rates based on ‘design fire’ and space geometry**
**Can be used when permitted by the Code Official**
**Smoke layer must be maintained at least 6 feet above any walking surface **
**Equal amount of supply air to be introduced**
**Maximum air supply velocity not to exceed 200 ft per minute**

## Inspections are time consuming and labor intensive.
Must verify that: 
Smoke barrier partitions are of 1 hr. fire resistive construction
Smoke barriers are continuous from outside wall to outside wall and above suspended ceilings
Smoke barrier doors have a 20-minute fire resistance rating
Ducts and air transfer openings have smoke dampers
Pipe, conduit, and cable penetrations are properly sealed
Each means for system activation must be functionally tested (e.g., smoke detectors, sprinkler waterflow switch, manual override switch)
Periodic testing of the system is required semi-annually
For large and complex systems, inspections and tests are normally done by third party specialists.

**Must verify that: **
**Smoke barrier partitions are of 1 hr. fire resistive construction**
**Smoke barriers are continuous from outside wall to outside wall and above suspended ceilings**
**Smoke barrier doors have a 20-minute fire resistance rating**
**Ducts and air transfer openings have smoke dampers**
**Pipe, conduit, and cable penetrations are properly sealed**
**Each means for system activation must be functionally tested (e.g., smoke detectors, sprinkler waterflow switch, manual override switch)**
**Periodic testing of the system is required semi-annually**
**For large and complex systems, inspections and tests are normally done by third party specialists.**

**Smoke Control Systems (Inspections & Tests)**

## Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)

**Types of initiating devices monitored by fire alarm systems include:**
**Manual fire alarm stations**
**Heat detectors**
**Smoke detectors**
**Flame detectors**
**Fire suppression system supervisory devices**

**Types of notification appliances connected to fire alarm systems include:**
**Bells**
**Horns**
**Chimes**
**Speakers**
**Strobes**
**Rotating Beacons**

**Fire alarm systems are to be installed per NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code**

## Types of Initiating Devices
Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (pull stations)
Verify that the installer has installed manual fire alarm boxes at unobstructed, readily accessible locations
Are required at each exit from the floor and building
Travel distance to a pull station should not exceed 200 feet
Pull station is to be located within 5 feet of the exit doorway
Pull station should be mounted so that the operable part is between 3.5 feet and 4.5 feet above the floor
Waterflow-actuated 
The fire alarm system is to monitor the operation of automatic sprinkler systems by means of a listed waterflow detector or waterflow pressure switch
In the event the sprinkler system activates, a means to detect to the flow of water and sound an alarm is needed

**Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (pull stations)**
- Verify that the installer has installed manual fire alarm boxes at unobstructed, readily accessible locations
- Are required at each exit from the floor and building
- Travel distance to a pull station should not exceed 200 feet
- Pull station is to be located within 5 feet of the exit doorway
- Pull station should be mounted so that the operable part is between 3.5 feet and 4.5 feet above the floor
**Waterflow-actuated **
- The fire alarm system is to monitor the operation of automatic sprinkler systems by means of a listed waterflow detector or waterflow pressure switch
- In the event the sprinkler system activates, a means to detect to the flow of water and sound an alarm is needed

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Heat Detectors
Heat detectors respond to the thermal energy (temperature) of a fire and are located on or near the ceiling
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors
Initiate an alarm when the detecting element reaches a predetermined fixed temperature.
For some older detectors, once operated the device must be replaced

**Heat detectors respond to the thermal energy (temperature) of a fire and are located on or near the ceiling**
**Fixed-Temperature Heat Detectors**
- Initiate an alarm when the detecting element reaches a predetermined fixed temperature.
- For some older detectors, once operated the device must be replaced

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Heat Detectors (cont.)
Rate-of-rise detector
Operates when the rate of temperature increase from a fire exceeds a predetermined level, typically around 5°F in 20 seconds or 15°F per minute
These detectors are restorable
Combination detector
Detectors can contain more than one element to respond to a fire.
Examples include:
Combination rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector
Combination smoke-and-heat detector
Line type detector
Made of heat sensitive cable         
Testing
A heat detector should be tested by exposing the detector to a safe heat source, such as a hairdryer or a shielded heat lamp, until it activates.
The detector should reset automatically after each heat test.

**Rate-of-rise detector**
- Operates when the rate of temperature increase from a fire exceeds a predetermined level, typically around 5°F in 20 seconds or 15°F per minute
- These detectors are restorable
**Combination detector**
- Detectors can contain more than one element to respond to a fire.
- Examples include:
- Combination rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector
- Combination smoke-and-heat detector
**Line type detector**
- Made of heat sensitive cable
**Testing**
- A heat detector should be tested by exposing the detector to a safe heat source, such as a hairdryer or a shielded heat lamp, until it activates.
- The detector should reset automatically after each heat test.

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Smoke Detectors
Three types of smoke detectors:
Spot type smoke detector (ionization and photoelectric)
Projected beam detector
Air-sampling smoke detector
Ionization smoke detector
Uses radioactive material to ionize air and detect smoke particles

**Three types of smoke detectors:**
- Spot type smoke detector (ionization and photoelectric)
- Projected beam detector
- Air-sampling smoke detector
**Ionization smoke detector**
- Uses radioactive material to ionize air and detect smoke particles

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

**Photoelectric smoke detector**
- A light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged such that the rays from the light source normally fall on the photosensitive sensor.  When smoke particles enter the light path, the intensity of the light is reduced, causing the detector to initiate a fire alarm signal.

## Smoke Detectors (cont.) - Projected beam detector
Consists of two units arranged such that one unit sends a beam of light across a space to a separate photoelectric receiving unit.

- Consists of two units arranged such that one unit sends a beam of light across a space to a separate photoelectric receiving unit.

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Smoke Detectors (cont.)
Air-sampling smoke detector
A system of tubing installed around the protected area with small ports that draw in samples of the air.  The air is monitored by a device that detects the smoke and initiates a fire alarm signal.

**Air-sampling smoke detector**
- A system of tubing installed around the protected area with small ports that draw in samples of the air.  The air is monitored by a device that detects the smoke and initiates a fire alarm signal.

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Smoke Detectors (cont.)
Testing
Smoke detectors should be inspected visually to detect any debris or obstructions that may prevent the smoke detector from operating properly. 
To test the detectors, introduce smoke or some other aerosol acceptable to the manufacturer into the detector at its installed location to ensure that smoke can enter the chamber and initiate an alarm.

**Testing**
- Smoke detectors should be inspected visually to detect any debris or obstructions that may prevent the smoke detector from operating properly.
- To test the detectors, introduce smoke or some other aerosol acceptable to the manufacturer into the detector at its installed location to ensure that smoke can enter the chamber and initiate an alarm.

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Location of Heat and Smoke Detectors
The following illustration indicates the proper location for heat and smoke detectors:

**The following illustration indicates the proper location for heat and smoke detectors:**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Ceiling Surfaces as defined by NFPA 72
Smooth Ceiling: A ceiling surface uninterrupted by continuous projections, such as solid joists, beams, or ducts, extending 4 inches or less below the ceiling surface.
Beam Construction: Ceilings that have solid structural or nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface more than 4 inches and spaced more than 3 feet, center to center.
Solid Joist Construction: Ceilings that have solid structural or nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface more than 4 inches and spaced at 3 feet or less, center to center.

_**Smooth Ceiling**_**: A ceiling surface uninterrupted by continuous projections, such as solid joists, beams, or ducts, extending 4 inches or less below the ceiling surface.**
_**Beam Construction**_**: Ceilings that have solid structural or nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface more than 4 inches and spaced more than 3 feet, center to center.**
_**Solid Joist Construction**_**: Ceilings that have solid structural or nonstructural members projecting down from the ceiling surface more than 4 inches and spaced at 3 feet or less, center to center.**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Location of Heat Detectors (cont.)
The following illustrations indicate the proper location and spacing requirements for heat detectors installed on smooth ceiling construction:

**The following illustrations indicate the proper location and spacing requirements for heat detectors installed on *****smooth ceiling***** construction:**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Location of Heat Detectors
For solid joist construction, detectors should always be mounted on the bottoms of solid joists. Use spacing for smooth ceilings, except in direction perpendicular to the joists use 1⁄2 smooth ceiling spacing.
For beam construction, detectors can be installed on the bottoms of beams that are less than 12 inches deep and less than 8 feet on center. Use spacing for smooth ceilings, except that in direction perpendicular to the beams use 2/3 smooth ceiling spaces.
For beam construction where beams are more than 18 in. deep and beam spacing is more than 8 ft. , each bay must be treated as a separate area.
For ceiling heights exceeding 10 ft., heat detector spacing must be reduced by factors that range from 0.91 times the listed spacing for up to 12 ft. to 0.34 times the listed spacing for ceiling heights up to 30 ft. 
Reductions due to ceiling height and construction are cumulative.
Sloped or Peaked Ceilings:  A row of detectors is required within 3 feet of the peak or high side. The spacing of additional detectors, if any, are based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling in accordance with the type of ceiling construction.

**For *****solid joist construction*****, detectors should always be mounted on the bottoms of solid joists. Use spacing for smooth ceilings, except in direction perpendicular to the joists use 1⁄2 smooth ceiling spacing.**
**For *****beam construction*****, detectors can be installed on the bottoms of beams that are less than 12 inches deep and less than 8 feet on center. Use spacing for smooth ceilings, except that in direction perpendicular to the beams use 2/3 smooth ceiling spaces.**
**For *****beam construction***** where beams are more than 18 in. deep and beam spacing is more than 8 ft. , each bay must be treated as a separate area.**
**For ceiling heights exceeding 10 ft., heat detector spacing must be reduced by factors that range from 0.91 times the listed spacing for up to 12 ft. to 0.34 times the listed spacing for ceiling heights up to 30 ft. **
**Reductions due to ceiling height and construction are cumulative.**
**Sloped or Peaked Ceilings:  A row of detectors is required within 3 feet of the peak or high side. The spacing of additional detectors, if any, are based on the horizontal projection of the ceiling in accordance with the type of ceiling construction.**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Location of Smoke Detectors
In general, smoke detectors are spaced at 30 feet on flat, smooth ceilings
Solid joists are considered equivalent to beams for smoke detector spacing
For ceilings with beam depths less than 10% of ceiling height, use smooth ceiling spacing (2007)
For ceilings with beam depths equal to or greater than 10%, and beam spacing equal to or greater than 40% of ceiling height, spot type detectors are required in every beam pocket (2007)
For sloped ceilings, use spacing requirements for level beamed ceilings. Ceiling height is taken as average height over slope.
For rooms having an area of 900 sq.ft. or less, only one smoke detector is required, regardless of ceiling surface (2007)
Smoke detectors should not be located within 3 feet of a supply air diffuser or return air opening

**In general, smoke detectors are spaced at 30 feet on flat, smooth ceilings**
**Solid joists are considered equivalent to beams for smoke detector spacing**
**For ceilings with beam depths less than 10% of ceiling height, use smooth ceiling spacing **(2007)
**For ceilings with beam depths equal to or greater than 10%, and beam spacing equal to or greater than 40% of ceiling height, spot type detectors are required in every beam pocket **(2007)
**For sloped ceilings, use spacing requirements for level beamed ceilings. Ceiling height is taken as average height over slope.**
**For rooms having an area of 900 sq.ft. or less, only one smoke detector is required, regardless of ceiling surface **(2007)
**Smoke detectors should not be located within 3 feet of a supply air diffuser or return air opening**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Audible Notification Appliances
Basic Rule:  Audible signals must have a sound level that meets the greater of the following two conditions:
A sound level at least 15 dBA above the average ambient sound level
A sound level at least 5 dBA above the maximum sound level having a duration of at least 60 seconds
The sound level is measured at 5 feet above the floor
Audible appliances used in sleeping areas
A sound level of at least 75 dBA, measured at the pillow, must be achieved
Wall mounted audible appliances are to be installed at least 90 inches above the floor but not closer than 6 inches to the ceiling
NFPA 72 does not indicate the specific locations for audible devices, however they are to provide the required sound levels throughout the entire occupiable area.
Speakers for emergency voice/alarm communications are required to produce the same sound levels for the evacuation tone signals (not the voice messages) as other audible appliances

**Basic Rule:  Audible signals must have a sound level that meets the greater of the following two conditions:**
- A sound level at least 15 dBA above the average ambient sound level
- A sound level at least 5 dBA above the maximum sound level having a duration of at least 60 seconds
- The sound level is measured at 5 feet above the floor
**Audible appliances used in sleeping areas**
- A sound level of at least 75 dBA, measured at the pillow, must be achieved
**Wall mounted audible appliances are to be installed at least 90 inches above the floor but not closer than 6 inches to the ceiling**
**NFPA 72 does not indicate the specific locations for audible devices, however they are to provide the required sound levels throughout the entire occupiable area.**
**Speakers for emergency voice/alarm communications are required to produce the same sound levels for the evacuation tone signals (not the voice messages) as other audible appliances**

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Visible Notification Appliances
Are required in all public areas, including corridors, lobbies, conference rooms, meeting rooms, dining areas, lounges, toilet rooms, etc.
Are not required in exit stair enclosures, exit passageways, or elevator cars
Visible notification in rooms is based on providing a minimum illumination of 0.0375 lumens/ft2
Visible notification in corridors is based on the direct viewing of the appliance.
Visible notification devices can be either wall or ceiling mounted.
Wherever more than two visible notification appliances are located in any field of view, they must be spaced a minimum of at least 55 feet apart or they must be synchronized
Wall mounted notification devices are required to be between 80 and 96 inches above the floor
Ceiling mounted devices are limited to 30 feet in height

**Are required in all public areas, including corridors, lobbies, conference rooms, meeting rooms, dining areas, lounges, toilet rooms, etc.**
**Are not required in exit stair enclosures, exit passageways, or elevator cars**
**Visible notification in rooms is based on providing a minimum illumination of 0.0375 lumens/ft****2**
**Visible notification in corridors is based on the direct viewing of the appliance.**
**Visible notification devices can be either wall or ceiling mounted.**
- Wherever more than two visible notification appliances are located in any field of view, they must be spaced a minimum of at least 55 feet apart or they must be synchronized
- Wall mounted notification devices are required to be between 80 and 96 inches above the floor
- Ceiling mounted devices are limited to 30 feet in height

**Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)**

## Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)

## Fire Alarm Systems (Ch. 13)

## NFPA 25, Standard for Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-based Fire Protection Systems
The inspector should be familiar with the requirements of NFPA 25.
There are standardized forms in Annex B for the inspection of automatic sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, private fire service mains, fire pumps, water storage tanks, etc.
The inspector should  inspect the facility’s water supply arrangements before inspecting the water based extinguishing systems.
Water supply may come from private or public water system.

**The inspector should be familiar with the requirements of NFPA 25.**
**There are standardized forms in Annex B for the inspection of automatic sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, private fire service mains, fire pumps, water storage tanks, etc.**
**The inspector should  inspect the facility’s water supply arrangements before inspecting the water based extinguishing systems.**
**Water supply may come from private or public water system.**

**Water Supplies (Ch. 14)**

## Water used for fire protection may have to be segregated by backflow preventers from the potable water delivered through the public water system.
Reduced pressure type backflow preventers are generally required where the systems can be supplied by additional non-potable water supply sources or where additives are used (antifreeze/corrosion inhibitors).
All backflow preventers must be tested annually by a forward flow test.
Backflow preventers have inherent pressure losses. They should not be installed on existing fire protection systems without being analyzed by a fire protection engineer.

**Reduced pressure type backflow preventers are generally required where the systems can be supplied by additional non-potable water supply sources or where additives are used (antifreeze/corrosion inhibitors).**
**All backflow preventers must be tested annually by a forward flow test.**
**Backflow preventers have inherent pressure losses. They should not be installed on existing fire protection systems without being analyzed by a fire protection engineer.**

**Water Supplies (Backflow Prevention)  (Ch. 14)**

## Water supply control valves must be in the “open” position.
Each control valve must be identified and have a sign indicating the system or portion of the system it controls. 
NFPA 25 requires each valve to be secured in its normal open or closed position by means of a seal or lock, or that it be electronically supervised.
NFPA 25 requires all valves to be inspected monthly, except for sealed valves:
Sealed valves are to be inspected weekly. 
Inspect valves to verify that they are:
Accessible
Free from external leaks
Provided with appropriate signage
NFPA 25 requires that all control valves be tested annually.

**Each control valve must be identified and have a sign indicating the system or portion of the system it controls. **
**NFPA 25 requires each valve to be secured in its normal open or closed position by means of a seal or lock, or that it be electronically supervised.**
**NFPA 25 requires all valves to be inspected monthly, except for sealed valves:**
**Sealed valves are to be inspected weekly. **
**Inspect valves to verify that they are:**
- Accessible
- Free from external leaks
- Provided with appropriate signage
**NFPA 25 requires that all control valves be tested annually.**

**Water Supplies (Inspecting Valves) (Ch. 14)**

## Must be inspected quarterly
Items that must be verified:
Visibility
Accessibility
Couplings and swivels have not been damaged
Plugs and caps are in place
Gaskets are in place and in good condition
Identification sign
Automatic drain valve is operating properly

**Items that must be verified:**
**Visibility**
**Accessibility**
**Couplings and swivels have not been damaged**
**Plugs and caps are in place**
**Gaskets are in place and in good condition**
**Identification sign**
**Automatic drain valve is operating properly**

**Water Supplies (Fire Dept. Connections) (Ch. 14)**

## The inspector could use the following checklist when inspecting hydrants:
The hydrant is set up plumb with outlets at least 18 inches above the ground.
Open and close the hydrant to verify it is working properly.
Check that the hydrant drains properly.  If the drain is working properly, a suction can be felt at the outlets immediately after the valve is closed.
Check for leaks.  The main valve should close tightly.
Flush hydrants annually to remove debris. (Flow for approximately 60 seconds)

**The hydrant is set up plumb with outlets at least 18 inches above the ground.**
**Open and close the hydrant to verify it is working properly.**
**Check that the hydrant drains properly.  If the drain is working properly, a suction can be felt at the outlets immediately after the valve is closed.**
**Check for leaks.  The main valve should close tightly.**
**Flush hydrants annually to remove debris. (Flow for approximately 60 seconds)**

**Water Supplies (Private Fire Service Mains and Yard Hydrants) (Ch. 14)**

## Types of Fire Pumps
Centrifugal – Single or multistage pumps
Horizontal or vertical type
Pump of choice for providing water under pressure to fire protection systems
Available in capacities up to 5000 gpm and pressures from 40-400 psi.
Vertical Turbine
Used in streams, ponds, and pits
Consists of a motor of right-angle gear drive, a column pipe and discharge fitting, a drive shaft, a bowl assembly housing the impellers, and a suction strainer
Fire Pump Assembly
Includes the water supply suction and discharge piping and valving, the pump, the driver, the controller, and auxiliary equipment
Auxiliary equipment consists of the shaft coupling, the automatic air release valve, pressure gauges, the circulation relief valve (not for diesel drive) with heat exchanger, pump test devices, pump relief valve, alarm sensors and indicators, and jockey pump

**Centrifugal – Single or multistage pumps**
- Horizontal or vertical type
- Pump of choice for providing water under pressure to fire protection systems
- Available in capacities up to 5000 gpm and pressures from 40-400 psi.
**Vertical Turbine**
- Used in streams, ponds, and pits
- Consists of a motor of right-angle gear drive, a column pipe and discharge fitting, a drive shaft, a bowl assembly housing the impellers, and a suction strainer
**Fire Pump Assembly**
- Includes the water supply suction and discharge piping and valving, the pump, the driver, the controller, and auxiliary equipment
- Auxiliary equipment consists of the shaft coupling, the automatic air release valve, pressure gauges, the circulation relief valve (not for diesel drive) with heat exchanger, pump test devices, pump relief valve, alarm sensors and indicators, and jockey pump

**Water Supplies (Fire Pumps) (Ch. 14)**

## Inspecting Fire Pumps
Inspected weekly to verify it is in proper condition
Weekly run test for electric motors should last at least 10 minutes
Weekly run test for diesel engines should last at least 30 minutes
These tests are conducted with an automatic start, but without flowing water
Fire pumps are also tested annually by flowing water at “no load, “rated load”, and “peak flow” conditions
The purpose of the annual test is to compare the performance of the pump assembly to the performance recorded in earlier tests and at the time of initial field acceptance

**Inspected weekly to verify it is in proper condition**
- Weekly run test for electric motors should last at least 10 minutes
- Weekly run test for diesel engines should last at least 30 minutes
- These tests are conducted with an automatic start, but without flowing water
**Fire pumps are also tested annually by flowing water at “no load, “rated load”, and “peak flow” conditions**
- The purpose of the annual test is to compare the performance of the pump assembly to the performance recorded in earlier tests and at the time of initial field acceptance

**Water Supplies (Fire Pumps) (Ch. 14)**

## Inspecting Fire Pumps
With the pump started, the inspector should check the following:
Signs of leakage
Overheating
Irregular performance
All alarms and relief valves are operating correctly
Pressure gauges for erratic performance
Gauges performing erratically could indicate poor suction, obstructions, in adequate water supply, or insufficient immersion of the suction pipe
All valves and outlets should be closed at the end of the test to note whether the pump shuts off at the correct pressure
Fire pump rooms should be kept clean, dry, and free of miscellaneous stored materials

**With the pump started, the inspector should check the following:**
- Signs of leakage
- Overheating
- Irregular performance
- All alarms and relief valves are operating correctly
- Pressure gauges for erratic performance
- Gauges performing erratically could indicate poor suction, obstructions, in adequate water supply, or insufficient immersion of the suction pipe
**All valves and outlets should be closed at the end of the test to note whether the pump shuts off at the correct pressure**
**Fire pump rooms should be kept clean, dry, and free of miscellaneous stored materials**

**Water Supplies (Fire Pumps) (Ch. 14)**

## Water Supplies (Fire Pumps) (Ch. 14)

## Flow Testing Water Main
Underground pipe is required to have a flow test every 5 years minimum per Chapter 7 of NFPA 25, 2002 edition
A flow test is to be conducted at the two hydrants nearest to the point at which the building fire service main connects to the main water supply
The following is the procedure taken to conduct a flow test:
Attach the gauge to Hydrant A and obtain the static pressure
Attach a second gauge to Hydrant B and remove the cap from the other 2 1⁄2-in. outlet
While Hydrant B is uncapped, measure the diameter of the outlet to check its size.  Although the inside diameter of the hydrant opening is usually close to 2 1⁄2-in., some butts are sufficiently different to require a fairly close measurement.  For convenience, this should be taken to the nearest hundredth of an inch.
Feel inside the outlet to determine its shape, that is, either smooth, right angle, or projecting
Slowly open Hydrant B and flush thoroughly, making sure a full flow is established for accurate measurement

**Underground pipe is required to have a flow test every 5 years minimum per Chapter 7 of NFPA 25, 2002 edition**
**A flow test is to be conducted at the two hydrants nearest to the point at which the building fire service main connects to the main water supply**
**The following is the procedure taken to conduct a flow test:**
- Attach the gauge to Hydrant A and obtain the static pressure
- Attach a second gauge to Hydrant B and remove the cap from the other 2 1⁄2-in. outlet
- While Hydrant B is uncapped, measure the diameter of the outlet to check its size.  Although the inside diameter of the hydrant opening is usually close to 2 1⁄2-in., some butts are sufficiently different to require a fairly close measurement.  For convenience, this should be taken to the nearest hundredth of an inch.
- Feel inside the outlet to determine its shape, that is, either smooth, right angle, or projecting
- Slowly open Hydrant B and flush thoroughly, making sure a full flow is established for accurate measurement

**Water Supplies (Flow Testing) (Ch. 14)**

## Flow Testing a Water Main
The figure below illustrates a water main fed by a city connection, which provides an example of how water flow in such a system is tested:

**The figure below illustrates a water main fed by a city connection, which provides an example of how water flow in such a system is tested:**

**Water Supplies (Flow Testing) (Ch. 14)**

## Flow Testing Water Main
A pitot tube is placed in the center stream of the flowing hydrant to obtain an accurate reading
To calculate the flow of water, the inspector uses the following equation:

		Q = gallons/minute
		c = coefficient of discharge for the opening
		d = opening’s diameter in inches
		p = Pitot pressure reading

**A pitot tube is placed in the center stream of the flowing hydrant to obtain an accurate reading**
**To calculate the flow of water, the inspector uses the following equation:**
***	******	******Q *****= gallons/minute**
***	******	******c***** = coefficient of discharge for the opening**
***	******	******d***** = opening’s diameter in inches**
***	******	******p***** = Pitot pressure reading**

**Water Supplies (Flow Testing) (Ch. 14)**

## Classifying the Occupancy
An important step in inspecting fire sprinkler systems is to know the fire hazard presented by the occupancy.
Occupancies are categorized into three basic hazards:
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard
Extra Hazard
These occupancy classifications are defined in NFPA 13.
The Occupancy Hazard Classification  impacts sprinkler spacing and types of sprinklers that can be used.

**An important step in inspecting fire sprinkler systems is to know the fire hazard presented by the occupancy.**
**Occupancies are categorized into three basic hazards:**
- Light Hazard
- Ordinary Hazard
- Extra Hazard
**These occupancy classifications are defined in NFPA 13.**
**The Occupancy Hazard Classification  impacts sprinkler spacing and types of sprinklers that can be used.**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## There are two occasions when an inspector must be at their most observant and critical:
When a new sprinkler system is installed
When a system is shut down for repairs, inspection, or modifications
If the system is to be taken out of service for any reason, the proper authorities (fire department, owner, etc.) must be notified
Sprinkler System Water Supply
One of the first items to be inspected is the water supply
Inspect all control valves to verify that they are open/closed as per the drawings and/or signs present
The main drain test required by NFPA 25 can be used as an indicator to determine whether there has been a reduction in the available water supply

**When a new sprinkler system is installed**
**When a system is shut down for repairs, inspection, or modifications**
- If the system is to be taken out of service for any reason, the proper authorities (fire department, owner, etc.) must be notified
**Sprinkler System Water Supply**
**One of the first items to be inspected is the water supply**
**Inspect all control valves to verify that they are open/closed as per the drawings and/or signs present**
**The main drain test required by NFPA 25 can be used as an indicator to determine whether there has been a reduction in the available water supply**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## The Sprinkler System
Sprinklers are to be inspected annually for signs of:
Leakage
Physical damage
Corrosion
Foreign materials (paint, grease, dirt, etc.)
Loss of fluid (glass bulb sprinklers)
Sprinklers should be checked for any obstructions that may prevent proper discharge.  Obstructions include light fixtures, HVAC equipment, cables, and stored materials.
Sprinkler system piping should be inspected to make sure that it is in good condition, free from mechanical damage, and not being used to support fixtures, ladders, or any other loads.
Sprinkler system inspections are to be conducted from the floor level.  Sprinklers in inaccessible spaces are not required to be checked annually.

**Sprinklers are to be inspected annually for signs of:**
- Leakage
- Physical damage
- Corrosion
- Foreign materials (paint, grease, dirt, etc.)
- Loss of fluid (glass bulb sprinklers)
**Sprinklers should be checked for any obstructions that may prevent proper discharge.  Obstructions include light fixtures, HVAC equipment, cables, and stored materials.**
**Sprinkler system piping should be inspected to make sure that it is in good condition, free from mechanical damage, and not being used to support fixtures, ladders, or any other loads.**
**Sprinkler system inspections are to be conducted from the floor level.  Sprinklers in inaccessible spaces are not required to be checked annually.**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## The Sprinkler System
Sprinkler orientation should be checked that the sprinklers are installed in the correct position
Sprinklers installed before 1920 must be replaced
Sprinklers installed more than 50 years ago need to be submitted for operational testing
The inspector should record pressure gauge readings of the system and compare them with information provided during the acceptance test and with previously recorded readings
The inspector should make arrangements for testing the water flow alarm devices
Internal inspections of the pipe should be conducted when abnormal conditions from a routine system test are observed.  These conditions include:
Defects on an intake screen from a raw water supply source
Foreign objects in the pump suction line, dry pipe valves, or deluge valves
Obstructions in the sprinkler pipe
False trips in a dry-pipe system
Verify that a sufficient supply of spare sprinklers are available

**Sprinkler orientation should be checked that the sprinklers are installed in the correct position**
**Sprinklers installed before 1920 must be replaced**
**Sprinklers installed more than 50 years ago need to be submitted for operational testing**
**The inspector should record pressure gauge readings of the system and compare them with information provided during the acceptance test and with previously recorded readings**
**The inspector should make arrangements for testing the water flow alarm devices**
**Internal inspections of the pipe should be conducted when abnormal conditions from a routine system test are observed.  These conditions include:**
- Defects on an intake screen from a raw water supply source
- Foreign objects in the pump suction line, dry pipe valves, or deluge valves
- Obstructions in the sprinkler pipe
- False trips in a dry-pipe system
**Verify that a sufficient supply of spare sprinklers are available**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Wet-Pipe Sprinkler System
A wet-pipe system is a system that contains water and is connected to a water supply so that water immediately discharges from activated sprinklers
Dry-Pipe System
A system where water does not enter the system until the system air pressure drops below a predetermined point.
When one or more sprinklers operate in a fire area, the air pressure drops, the dry pipe valve automatically opens, and water enters the system
Water is then discharged from any open sprinkler
The inspector should check that the air pressure in the system corresponds to that listed on the manufacturer’s data sheet for the dry pipe valve

**A wet-pipe system is a system that contains water and is connected to a water supply so that water immediately discharges from activated sprinklers**
**Dry-Pipe System**
**A system where water does not enter the system until the system air pressure drops below a predetermined point.**
**When one or more sprinklers operate in a fire area, the air pressure drops, the dry pipe valve automatically opens, and water enters the system**
**Water is then discharged from any open sprinkler**
**The inspector should check that the air pressure in the system corresponds to that listed on the manufacturer’s data sheet for the dry pipe valve**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Preaction and Deluge Systems
Preaction and deluge systems use a supplemental fire detection system to initiate the flow of water
In a preaction system, only one or a few sprinklers will open
In a deluge system, all sprinklers are open and will flow water upon activation
Preaction systems with more than 20 sprinklers and all deluge systems are to be supervised automatically
The automatic water control valve must have a manual means of activation that is independent of the fire detection system.

**Preaction and deluge systems use a supplemental fire detection system to initiate the flow of water**
**In a preaction system, only one or a few sprinklers will open**
**In a deluge system, all sprinklers are open and will flow water upon activation**
**Preaction systems with more than 20 sprinklers and all deluge systems are to be supervised automatically**
**The automatic water control valve must have a manual means of activation that is independent of the fire detection system.**

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Testing Sprinkler Systems
Wet-pipe and Dry-pipe Sprinkler Systems
A main drain test should be conducted annually as follows:
Record the pressure on the water supply gauge
If the system is equipped with an alarm check valve, close the alarm line
Open the main drain valve
When the flow has stabilized, record the residual pressure from the water supply gauge
Close the main drain valve and note the time it takes the gauge to reach its original static reading
Place the valve on the alarm line back in its normal open position
No flow measurements are taken during this test, only readings from the pressure gauges
Test each water flow alarm by opening the inspector’s test valve (wet-pipe) or the alarm test valve (dry-pipe).
Test each valve supervisory switch by closing/opening the valve.

**Wet-pipe and Dry-pipe Sprinkler Systems**
- A main drain test should be conducted annually as follows:
- Record the pressure on the water supply gauge
- If the system is equipped with an alarm check valve, close the alarm line
- Open the main drain valve
- When the flow has stabilized, record the residual pressure from the water supply gauge
- Close the main drain valve and note the time it takes the gauge to reach its original static reading
- Place the valve on the alarm line back in its normal open position
- No flow measurements are taken during this test, only readings from the pressure gauges
- Test each water flow alarm by opening the inspector’s test valve (wet-pipe) or the alarm test valve (dry-pipe).
- Test each valve supervisory switch by closing/opening the valve.

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Wet-pipe and Dry-pipe Sprinkler Systems
The gauges used on a sprinkler system must be replaced or tested every 5 years
Gauges not accurate within 3% of the full scale reading must be recalibrated or replaced
Preaction and Deluge Systems
The same basic procedures used to test wet-pipe systems may be applied to preaction and deluge systems
The interior of the preaction or deluge valve should be inspected annually for any corrosion that might impair the device
Preaction and deluge systems should be flow tested annually. (Under special conditions, flow test may be postponed for up to 3 years).

- The gauges used on a sprinkler system must be replaced or tested every 5 years
- Gauges not accurate within 3% of the full scale reading must be recalibrated or replaced
**Preaction and Deluge Systems**
- The same basic procedures used to test wet-pipe systems may be applied to preaction and deluge systems
- The interior of the preaction or deluge valve should be inspected annually for any corrosion that might impair the device
- Preaction and deluge systems should be flow tested annually. (Under special conditions, flow test may be postponed for up to 3 years).

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Standpipe and Hose Systems
There are five types of standpipe systems:
Automatic wet system – The most common standpipe system, charged with water at all times
Semiautomatic dry system – Equipped with remote control devices at each hose station that admit water into the system
Automatic dry-pipe system – Used for unheated buildings.  A dry-pipe valve prevents water from entering the system until the stored air pressure in the discharge side falls below the water supply pressure
Manual dry system – Has no permanent water supply.  System is composed of a pipe that contains air at atmospheric pressure and receives its water supply from a fire department pumper
Manual wet system – Has a permanent water supply.  Composed of a small-diameter water supply pipe that is connected to the system to keep it filled at all times.  The water supply for both flow and pressure is provided by a fire department pumper

**There are five types of standpipe systems:**
- _Automatic wet system_ – The most common standpipe system, charged with water at all times
- _Semiautomatic dry system_ – Equipped with remote control devices at each hose station that admit water into the system
- _Automatic dry-pipe system_ – Used for unheated buildings.  A dry-pipe valve prevents water from entering the system until the stored air pressure in the discharge side falls below the water supply pressure
- _Manual dry system_ – Has no permanent water supply.  System is composed of a pipe that contains air at atmospheric pressure and receives its water supply from a fire department pumper
- _Manual wet system_ – Has a permanent water supply.  Composed of a small-diameter water supply pipe that is connected to the system to keep it filled at all times.  The water supply for both flow and pressure is provided by a fire department pumper

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Inspecting and Testing Standpipes
Inspectors should make sure that the valves in the automatic sources of water are open (monthly) and should test the supervisory means of such valves (quarterly)
The inspector should check the valve at each discharge outlet or hose station for leakage and should examine the hose threads (quarterly)
Check the condition of the hose and nozzle (annually)
Any pressure regulating valves provided must be tested every 5 years to ensure that they are properly set and adjusted
Chapter 6 of NFPA 25 provides additional information on inspecting, testing, and maintaining standpipe systems

- Inspectors should make sure that the valves in the automatic sources of water are open (monthly) and should test the supervisory means of such valves (quarterly)
- The inspector should check the valve at each discharge outlet or hose station for leakage and should examine the hose threads (quarterly)
- Check the condition of the hose and nozzle (annually)
- Any pressure regulating valves provided must be tested every 5 years to ensure that they are properly set and adjusted
- Chapter 6 of NFPA 25 provides additional information on inspecting, testing, and maintaining standpipe systems

**Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)**

## Automatic Sprinkler and Other Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (Ch. 15)

## 
Water Mist Systems, Chapter 16
Special Agent Extinguishing Systems, Chapter 17
Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems, Chapter 18
Portable Fire Extinguishers, Chapter 19

**Water Mist Systems, Chapter 16**
**Special Agent Extinguishing Systems, Chapter 17**
**Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems, Chapter 18**
**Portable Fire Extinguishers, Chapter 19**

**Other Types of Systems**

## 
NFPA Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual, Appendix, page 587
NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm Code, Chapter 10
NFPA 25 – Water Based Fire Protection Systems, Annex B

**NFPA Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual, Appendix, page 587**
**NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm Code, Chapter 10**
**NFPA 25 – Water Based Fire Protection Systems, Annex B**

**Inspection Checklist Forms**

## Questions

**Questions**

## Slide 79