# Presentation: 842336

## METAR/TAF YOUR “NEW” AVIATION WEATHER FORMAT

- By: William Benhoff
- Safety Program Manager
- Cleveland FSDO

**Notes:**
This is a general overview to begin to familiarize pilots with this format.  This is not designed to make you an expert in METAR/TAF, only practice and use will do that.

In approximately 1992 the FAA reclassified the airspace to the ICAO format of A,B,C, etc..  In 1996 the FAA and National Weather Service will begin to use the ICAO weather format, so weather reports worldwide will be standardized.

The FAA and aviation in general is becoming more global in scope and these changes will help to bring everyone more in line with each other.

There has always been 2 formats used to report current & forecast weather conditions, the US, Canada, and Mexico used a Surface Aviation Observation or SAO.  The rest of the world used METAR’s and TAF’s.  With deregulation the number of pilots flying internationally increased and the need for a standardized format increased.  At a meeting in Geneva in 1989 an agreement was reached to blend the two formats into one.  Thus METAR/TAF was developed and approved y the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

## METAR/TAF?

- What  is

**Notes:**
What is METAR/TAF?

The first question most people will ask is “Just what the heck is METAR/TAF?

It is the new weather sequence format.

## METAR/TAF

- METAR
- AVIATION ROUTINE  WEATHER REPORTS
- TAF
- AERODROME FORECASTS

**Notes:**
METAR/TAF - is the international term for weather sequences.

METAR - literal Translation - “Meteorological Aviation Routine” - or in plain English - THE HOURLY SURFACE OBSERVATION
Today it is the SA report.

TAF - literal translation - “Terminal Aerodrome Forecast” - or in plain English - THE AIRPORT TERMINAL FORECAST
Today it is the FT report

Other weather products such as the Winds Aloft (FD), Area Forecast (FA), and Pilot Reports (PIREPs) will begin to incorporate the new weather coding and station identifiers. 

## JULY 1, 1996

- NEW METAR/TAF CODES BECOME EFFECTIVE
- MILITARY BASES CURRENTLY USING SIMILAR FORMAT

**Notes:**
At the present time the new formats will go into use on July 1, 1996.

The military SA reports use a very similar format right now.

With a little practice and the help of the tear-out “decoder” card in the METAR/TAF booklet, pilots will find it easy to understand the new code and will find the additional information included in the TAF’s very useful.

Those who use DUATs or commercially provided weather services will find all have included a plain language interpreter just as before.  FSS briefings will be slightly changed with the sequence of information possibly different and temperature and dew point in degrees Celsius.

The Aeronautical Information Manual, paragraph 7-1-29, addresses these new formats.

## METAR/TAF

- PIT SA 1955 10OVC 3/4 TRW 132/59/52/2215G25/992/
- R28RRVR2600

**Notes:**
Here is an example of the current format for weather, I’m sure you can all read it:
Pittsburgh, PA, surface observation at 1955 UTC, 1000’ overcast, 3/4 miles visibility in thunderstorms and moderate rain showers, sea level pressure is 1013.2 milibars, temperature is 59 degrees Fahrenheit and the dewpoint is 52 degrees Fahrenheit. The surface winds are from 220 degrees at 15 knots sustained with gust to 25 knots. The altimeter setting is 29.92.  The remarks say that Runway 28Right has a Runway Visual Range of 2600 feet.

Piece of cake - right??

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992

**Notes:**
This is that same report in the new METAR format.  Notice it is different, BUT it is all the same information!!!!

It is just presented in a different order - Let’s look at those differences

(Notice - do not read you will go over this same report in the example later)

## METAR/TAF

- SIGNIFICANT CODE CHANGES FOR METAR
- ELEMENTS PRESENTED IN A DIFFERENT ORDER

**Notes:**
There are some different codes for some of the weather conditions, but if you use the “decoder” card from the METAR/TAF booklet, they will soon become as familiar to you as the old ones.  As I continue with this program, I will cover most of them.

The most significant change is the different order the report is in.  It contains the same information as the current SA reports, it is just in a different order.

## METAR/TAF

- Visibility - Annotated by Statute Miles
- Weather Phenomena -SHSN +SHRA
- Present 2 Letter Weather Code Dropped
- Intensity/Proximity, Descriptor, Precipitation, Obscuration, Other
- Cloud Types Identified only if CB or TCU

**Notes:**
The visibility will still be statute miles, but now it will be annotated by SM ( for Statute Miles).  Most of the world uses Meters and internationally when meters are used, the visibility is reported in 4 digits with the direction of the lowest visibility sector.  In the United Sates we use prevailing visibility, in statute miles, not the lowest visibility, so the same conditions would be reported differently.

Weather phenomena’s will all be in a 2 letter code format.  Format is Intensity or proximity, a two letter descriptor,  followed by a two letter precipitation character, then an obscuration, ending with an other if required.  e.g. -SHSN  - = light (intensity) SH = shower (descriptor) SN = snow (precipitation)
     +SHRA  + = heavy (intensity) SH = shower (descriptor) RA = rain (precipitation)
+ = heavy, - = light, “no sign” = moderate
Currently Blowing Snow is BS.  In METAR/TAF it is: BL (descriptor) SN (precipitation)   

When the clouds are composed of towering cumulus or cumulonimbus TCU or CB will follow cloud heights.

## METAR/TAF

- V V = Indefinite Ceiling
- V V001 is an Indefinite Ceiling at 100’
- V V  indicates 8 eights of the sky is covered
- Not a partial obscuration
- A Partial Obscuration
- METAR makes no distinction between a partial obscuration and a cloud layer. It encodes by the amount of sky coverage and height.  If lower than 50’, sky condition, followed by 000
- SCT000, or BKN000

**Notes:**
VV may be listed for an indefinite ceiling, followed by the vertical visibility in feet. e.g.. VV001 = Vertical Visibility 100 Feet
VV indicates that there is 8 eights of the sky obscured, making ceiling determination indefinite.  METAR is based upon the sky being broken into eights instead of the current tenths.

A partial obscuration is encoded as a cloud layer of either FEW, SCT or BKN.  If is below 50’AGL it will be followed by three zero’s.  The amount and type of obscuration will be given in the remarks section.
SCT = Scattered Clods 3-4 eights of the sky covered
000 = cloud layer below 50’ AGL.    (“Scattered less than five zero”)
BKN = Broken Clouds 5-7 eights of the sky is obscured
000 = cloud layer below 50’ AGL,    (“Broken less than five zero”)

In the remarks it would indicate:  FG SCT000 = Fog obscuring 3 to 4 eights of the sky
or
FU BKN000 = Smoke obscuring 5-7 eights of the sky 

## METAR/TAF

- All temperatures and dewpoints will be in Celsius
- All temperatures in 2 digits
- Below zero temps indicated by “M”
- EXAMPLE: 02/M03
- Altimeter setting annotated by “A”
- EXAMPLE: A2992
- Cloud layers will no longer be classified as thin or partial

**Notes:**
All temperatures will be reported in two digits, Celsius.  Any temperature below zero degrees Celsius (i.e.. below freezing) will be preceded by an “M”.
e.g.. 02/M03 = temperature is 2 degrees Celsius and the dew point is minus 3 degrees Celsius.

The altimeter setting will be preceded by an “A”.  This indicates the altimeter is measured in inches of mercury for the Untied States.  Consists of 4 digits: inches and hundreds.  In other countries it will be reported in hectoPascals (milibars) and preceded by a “Q” e.g. Q1013.

A cloud layer that currently would be reported as thin broken and not be considered as a ceiling, under METAR would be reported as a broken cloud layer and be considered a ceiling.  Under METAR a cloud layer is a cloud layer and no longer will be thin or partial.

## METAR/TAF

- OK, LET’S TEST FLY
-     METAR !

**Notes:**
Are you ready to test fly a METAR? 

To help you remember the sequence of a METAR or a TAF, think of the 3 W’s at the beginning WHERE, WHEN, AND WIND 

Lets go !!!!

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Routine Hourly Observation

**Notes:**
Notice this is a METAR or a routine hourly weather report

## METAR/TAF

- SPECI KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Special or Record Special Report

**Notes:**
If it is a special report, it will be indicated by the term SPECI.  These are made when the weather changes, either up or down.  This is the National weather services or the Flight Services Stations responsibility and is transparent to pilots.

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Reporting Point Using Four Letters - Domestic U.S. Begins With “K”

**Notes:**
WHERE - this tells you that this report is for Pittsburgh, PA.  The “K’ in the front is the international format for a domestic US airport.  Canada’s airports begin with a “C”, Mexico starts with an “M”

Alaskan airports begin with a PA, and airports in Hawaii begin with a PH

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Observation taken on 20thday of month, at 1955 UTC (Zulu)
- Time always in 4 digits

**Notes:**
WHEN - This observation was taken on the 20th day of the month, at 19:55 UTC.  The time will always be in 4 digits.

The 2nd day of the month will be indicated by 02.

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Surface winds from 220 degrees at 15 Knots Gusting to 25 Knots

**Notes:**
WIND - The surface wind is the first reported item, and it will have the direction in a 3 digit direction to the nearest 10 degrees referenced to TRUE NORTH, followed by the speed.  This example is wind sustained from 220 degrees, at 15 knots of speed, “G” gusting to 25 knots.

Internationally you could see KPH = Kilometers Per Hour or MPS = Meters Per Second

## METAR/TAF

- Calm winds indicated by: 00000KT
- 22015KT 180V260 - When wind direction varies 60 degrees or more and wind is greater than 6 Knots
- VRB04KT - When wind direction is variable and speed < or = to 6 knots
- Only variable winds will be reported in the main body of the METAR, all other variables will be in the remarks section

**Notes:**
More wind facts - 

Calm winds will be indicated by three digits of direction and 2 digits of speed or 5 zero’s e.g. 00000KT. Calm winds are less than 1 knot.

If the winds directions varies more than 60 degrees and the speed is greater than 6 knots you will get the directions (in 3 digits) it is varying from, 
e.g. 180V260.    If the speed is less than or equal to 6 knots you will see the code VRB followed by the 2 digit speed, example VRB04KT

In the main body of the METAR the only variable weather item shown will be variable winds, variable visibility, and variable ceiling will be shown in the remarks section

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Visibility is 3/4 STATUTE MILES - Note annotation of “SM”
- Miles and fractions are also reported (e.g.., 2 3/4SM for 2 and 3/4 miles vis.)

**Notes:**
Next is the reported prevailing visibility - in statute miles.  e.g. 3/4SM means the prevailing visibility is 3/4 statue miles.

Miles and fractions of miles will be reported.

## METAR/TAF

- When visibility is restricted to less than 7 miles the restriction will be shown
- The obscuration FG (fog) will be used without a descriptor if visibility is < 5/8 of a mile
- > 5/8 mile vis. BR (mist) must be used, and it can not have a descriptor

**Notes:**
When the visibility is restricted to below 7 miles the restriction to the visibility will be shown.  The only exception will be if Volcanic Ash (VA), Low Drifting Dust (DRDU), Sand (SA), or Snow (SN) are reported then they will be used even if visibility's are greater then 7 miles

Here is one you may want to ponder:  If you are thinking that it would be pretty rare to see BR (Mist) in any report.  Well think again.  BR will be seen far more than FG (fog).  the definition of mist and fog are the same.  However, FG will not be encoded unless visibility is less than 5/8 statute miles or a descriptor is used, otherwise BR is used.  Example 1/2SM MIFG = 1/2 statute mile visibility with shallow (MI) fog (FG), used with a descriptor.

BR (mist) IS NEVER USED WITH A DESCRIPTOR.  WHY???????

The separation of FG and BR came from the famous London Fog.  It seems the British do not think it is fog unless you can cut it with a knife, so a new name was established for “wimpy fog” thus MIST.

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: For Runway 28 Right, The RVR is Reported as 2600 Feet

**Notes:**
Next comes the Runway Visual Range if reported at the airport.  The format is R(XXX) runway designator including (L)left, (C)enter, or (R)eight/(XXXX) 4 digit visibility in feet.

e.g. Runway 28 Right has a visual range of 2600 feet.

## METAR/TAF

- More visibility codes you may see:
- “M” - Indicates RVR is less than lowest reportable sensor value (M600FT)
- “P” - Indicates RVR is greater than reportable sensor value (P6000FT)
- “V” - Indicates RVR is variable (R06L/2000V4000FT) - Runway 6L RVR is variable between 2000 feet and 4000 feet
- RVRNO - Indicates RVR is out of service and will be in the remarks section

**Notes:**
MORE VISIBILITY INFORMATION - 

With RVR equipment you may see some additional codes:

“M” = indicates the RVR is less than the lowest reportable sensor value                 (e.g. M600FT)
“P” =  indicates the RVR is greater than the highest reportable sensor value (e.g. P6000FT)
“V” = indicates the RVR is variable, format is the Runway name followed by the values the RVR is variable from/to. (e.g. R06L/2000V4000FT) is runway 6 left RVR is variable from 2000 feet to 4000 feet

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Thunderstorms and Rainshowers of Moderate Intensity at the time of observation
- [ “-” indicates light, “+” indicates heavy ]

**Notes:**
Next is the Significant Weather - again, the format is Intensity or Proximity, 2 letter descriptor,  followed by a 2 letter precipitation type, obscuration, then other if required

USE THE “DECODER” CARD FROM THE METAR/TAF BOOKLET
TSRA = thunder showers and moderate rain
TS = thunder showers (descriptor)
RA = Rain (precipitation type)
no sign = moderate  ( + = heavy, - = light)

As you can see they can be very easy or (switch slides)

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT FC +TSRAGR OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Codes are in the abbreviation section of METAR/TAF Booklet

**Notes:**
Very complicated !!  How many think this is a good day for VFR flight in a Cessna 172???

Use the “decoder” card - 

FC = Funnel Cloud
+ = Heavy
TS = Thunderstorms
RA= Rain
GR = Hail

The intensity refers to the precipitation not the descriptor, but the order puts before the descriptor.  We have heavy rain, not heavy thunderstorms.

The sequence is:
Intensity or Proximity, Descriptor, Precipitation, Obstruction to Visibility, Other

## METAR/TAF

- Significant Weather Codes:
- Format is a two letter character descriptor : (TS, SH, FZ, etc...)
- Followed by a two character precipitation phenomenon ( RA, SN, FG, etc...)
- All codes in the abbreviation section of METAR/TAF Booklet

**Notes:**
What would “BLSA” indicate???
BL = blowing
SA = sand

Try “BCFG”?
BC = Patches
FG = Fog

How about “FZDZ”???
Land ASAP!!!
FZ = Supercooled/Freezing,  DZ = Drizzle  (ATR in Roselawn, IL)

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Overcast Cloud Deck at 1000 Feet with Cumulonimbus Clouds

**Notes:**
Next is the information that the current SA’s have first.  The Sky Conditions.

Here we have an Overcast sky at 1000’ consisting of  Cumulonimbus clouds.

The format is the amount of cloud cover, followed by the height in feet AGL, and possibly the type of clouds. 

## METAR/TAF

- Clouds are categorized based on eights (octas) of sky.
- SKC  -    SKY CLEAR
- FEW -     1-2 OCTAS
- SCT  -     3-4 OCTAS
- BKN  -     5-7 OCTAS
- OVC  -       8 OCTAS

**Notes:**
The clouds are now categorized upon eight (octas) of the sky.  Currently they are categorized by tenths.

Notice we have a FEW new terms:

SKC means the sky is clear of clouds and replaces CLR.
(CLR will still be used at automated stations meaning no clouds are below 12,000’)
FEW is between clear sky and scattered clouds

Other than that OVC still means the sky is overcast, and BKN still means more than 1/2 the sky has cloud cover.

BKN & OVC still mean a ceiling.  (remember there will be no thin or partial)

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Temperature is 18 Celsius, Dew Point is 16
- Below Zero Reported With Minus as “M06”

**Notes:**
The temperature will only be reported in degrees Celsius, and is straight forward, (e.g. 18/16 =  18 degrees Celsius, and the dew point is 16 degrees Celsius)(64 degrees F temp. / 61 degrees F dewpoint)

All temps will be in 2 digits so 2 degrees will be shown as 02.

Remember below zero is reported with an “M” in front of the temperature. (e.g. M06/M10 = Temperature is Minus 6 degrees Celsius, and dew points is Minus 10 degrees Celsius)

A conversion method: ( not the only one)
Multiply the temperature by 2, Subtract 10% and add 32 degrees.
(15 degrees C = 15 x 2= 30, 30 - 3 = 27, 27 + 32 = 59 degrees F)

Also remember standard lapse rate is 2 degrees C per 1000 feet, an advantage of METAR/TAF is an easier indication of air stability. When considering saturation of the air use 3 degrees Celsius instead of 5 degrees Fahrenheit. 

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KPIT 201955Z 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992
- Explanation: Altimeter Setting - Now Four Digits - In U.S. “A” Indicates Inches of Mercury.  “Q” is Metric (HectoPascals) Not used in U.S.

**Notes:**
Lastly we have the altimeter setting in inches of mercury.  In the US it will be preceded by “A”  (e.g. altimeter setting is 29.92)

After the altimeter setting will be remarks which will be preceded by the indication of RMK.  They have been omitted from this example for easier reading.  An upcoming example will have the remarks.  Use the “decoder” card to read the remarks.  Consider there will almost always be remarks with METAR’s.

## METAR/TAF

- Remarks will follow the altimeter setting and indicated by **“RMK”**
- Time will be shown as minutes past the hour of the observation
- Phenomena within 5 miles will be considered at the station, **VC** = 5 to 10 miles from the station, **DSNT **= greater than 10 miles

**Notes:**
Remarks will be included in all METAR’s when appropriate, which will be most reports.  They will follow the altimeter and be preceded with the contraction RMK.

The time entries will be shown as minutes past the hour if the time reported occurs during the same hour the observation is taken.  If the hour is different, hours and minutes will be shown.

The location of the phenomena within 5 statute miles of the point of observation will be reported as at the station.  Phenomena between 5  and 10 miles will be reported as in the vicinity VC.  Phenomena beyond 10 miles will be shown as distant, DSNT.  Direction of the phenomena will be indicated with the eight points of the compass.  Distance remarks are in statute miles, except for automated lightning remarks which are in nautical miles.  The movement of the clouds or weather will be indicated by the direction towards which the phenomenon is moving.

## METAR/TAF

- Most all METAR’s will have remarks, and they will contain important information
- The remarks will be shown in an order of priority as they occur
- 2 categories of remarks:
- 1. Automated, Manual & Plain Language
- 2. Additive and Automated Maintenance Data

**Notes:**
The remarks will appear in a set order of priority, but the order is essentially the same as the order of the METAR, 

Wind remarks
Visibility remarks
Weather Phenomenon remarks
Sky Condition remarks
Air Pressure remarks

The two types of remarks are:
     1. Automated, Manual, and Plain Language - these are the remarks pilots will need to know and read, some are only used at automated weather stations and some only used in manual weather observation.  There order of priority will follow what was described above.

   2. Additive and Automated Maintenance Data - these remarks will be on the report, but the information will be used by the weather service for data, pilots will not need this data, and will not be told this information when they call FSS for a weather briefing (THIS PROGRAM DOES NOT COVER THIS INFORMATION) 

## Remarks & Priorities:

- Volcanic Eruptions
- Tornado, Funnel Cloud, Waterspout (manual)
- Station type (A01 or A02)(automated)
- PK WND = peak wind
- WSHFT (FROPA) = wind shift or frontal passage
- TWR VIS or SFC VIS = tower or surface visibility
- VRB VIS = variable prevailing visibility
- Sector VIS = sector visibility
- VIS @ 2nd Site = visibility at second site (auto)
- (freq) LTG (type)(loc) = lightning
- Beginning/Ending of Precipitation/TSTMS

**Notes:**
These are what the remarks could cover and are listed in their order of priority in the METAR RMK section: (PICK ONE OR TWO TO READ)
1. Volcanic Eruptions - Name of volcano, Lat/Long., distance from station, date/time, size/description/height/movement of ash cloud.
2. Tornado, Funnel Cloud, Waterspout - (Manual Station Only) - Whenever they begin, are in progress, or end, beginning and/or ending time, location, movement
Example: TORNADO B13 DSNT NE = tornado began 13 past hour to distant Northeast
3. Station Type - (Automated Station Only) - AO1- AWOS/ASOS without weather discriminator, AO2 - AWOS/ASOS with weather discriminator
4. Peak Wind- whenever the peak wind exceeds 25 knots, 3 digits for direction, 2 or 3 for speed, followed by time.  Example: PK WND 28045/38 = Peak wind from 280 degrees at 45 knots at 38 past the hour.
5. Wind Shift - When a wind shift occurs WSHFT will be included followed by the time the shift began. The contraction FROPA will be added after the time if the shift was due to a frontal passage. Example:WSHFT 30 FROPA = wind shift at 30 past hour due to frontal passage.
6. Tower Visibility or Surface Visibility -If either tower or surface vis. is less than 4 miles, the lesser of the 2 will be reported in the main body of the METAR, the greater will be reported in remarks
7. Variable Prevailing Visibility- when prevailing visibility rapidly increases or decreases by 1/2 mile or more, and the average prevailing visibility is less than 3 miles. Example: VIS 1V2 = Visibility variable between one and two statute miles.
8. Sector Visibility - shown when it differs from the prevailing vis. by one or more reportable values and either is less than 3 miles. Example: VIS N2 = Visibility north two statute miles.
9. Visibility at a 2nd Site (Automated Station Only) - for station that have more than one visibility sensor.
10. Lightning - When lightning is seen by weather observer, the frequency of occurrence, type of lightning, and location will be indicated. Example:FRQ LTGICCG 2 NW = frequent lightning in cloud and cloud to ground 2 miles Northwest
11. Beginning and/or Ending time of Precipitation or Thunderstorms - will show type of precip. as well as the begin/end times.  Precipitation remarks are not required in a SPECI but thunderstorm remarks are required in SPECI. Example: RAB05E30SNB20E55 = Rain began at 5 minutes past, ended at 30 past, snow began at 20 past and ended at 55 past. or TSB05E40 = Thunderstorm began at 5 past and ended at 40 past.

## Remarks & Priorities:

- TSTM Location & MVMT = TS location & movement
- Hailstone Size (GR)
- Virga
- VRB CIG Height = variable ceiling height
- Obscuration = partial obscuration
- VRB Sky Condition
- Significant Cloud types = CB, CBMAM, TCU
- Sky @2nd Site = (automated)
- PRESFR or PRESRR = pressure falling or rising rapidly
- SLP = Sea Level Pressure

**Notes:**
12. Thunderstorm Location - location and movement will be shown in remarks as TS followed by location and movement. Example: TS OHD MOV N = Thunderstorm overhead, moving North 
13. Hailstone Size -The size of the largest hailstone, in 1/4” increments, if GS is used in main body of METAR no size will follow in remarks. Example: GR 3/4 = Hailstones 3/4” in diameter
14. Virga -When precipitation is observed but is NOT reaching the ground VIRGA will be shown.  The direction from the station may also be reported. Example: VIRGA DSNT NE = Virga is distant to the northeast.
15. Variable Ceiling - Whenever the ceiling is below 3000 feet and is variable, the remark, CIG will be shown followed by the lowest and highest cloud heights. Example: CIG 007V015 = Ceiling is variable between 700’ and 1500’
16. Obscurations - When an obscuration surface or aloft is observed, the obscuration phenomenon followed by the amount of obscuration, FEW, SCT, or BKN, followed by base height above ground. Less than 50’ AGL = 000.  Example: FG FEW000 = fog obscuring 1 to 2 eights of the sky or FU BKN020 = Broken layer of smoke aloft, based at 2000’
17. Variable Sky Conditions - When a layer that is 3000’ AGL or less is varying in sky cover, remarks will show the variability range. If there is more than one cloud layer, the variable layer will be identified by including the layer height. Example: SCT V BKN = scattered variable broken, or BKN025 V OVC = 2500’ broken layer variable overcast.
18. Significant Clouds - When significant clouds are observed, they are shown in remarks. The following types are shown: CB=Cumulonimbus, CBMAM=Cumulonimbus Mammatus, TCU=Towering Cumulonimbus, ACC=Altocumulus, SCSL=Stratocumulus Standing Lenticular or ROTOR= Rotor Clouds.
19. Ceiling at Second Site (Automated Station Only)- when an automated station has a second ceiling sensor.
20. Pressure Rising/Falling Rapidly - Used when pressure is rising or falling at a rate of at least 0.06 inches per hour.
21. Sea-Level Pressure - at designated stations that report sea-level pressure

## Remarks & Priorities:

- (ACFT MSHP), this remark not transmitted
- NOSPECI = no special available (manual)
- SNINCR = Snow increasing rapidly
- Other SIG Info = other significant information
- All after is Additive & Automated Maintenance Data
- There is significant information that you _**must read**_** in** the remarks section

**Notes:**
22. Aircraft Mishap - if a report is taken to document weather conditions when notified of an aircraft mishap, the remark (ACFT MSHP), including the parenthesis, is included.  This remark is not transmitted.
23. No SPECI Available - at manual weather observation stations that do NOT take SPECI reports, NOSPECI will be included in the remarks of ALL METAR reports 
24. Snow Increasing Rapidly - Reported when ever snow depth increases by 1 inch or more in the past hour.  The remark SNINCR is followed with the depth increase in the past hour, a solidus “/” and the total snow depth on the ground at the time of the report.
Example: SNINCR 2/10 = Snow increased 2” during the past hour and the total depth on the ground is 10”
25. Other Significant Information - Operationally significant information such as fog dispersal operations, runway conditions, or first and last reports may be added to remarks here.

All other data is not of concern to the pilot and will not be transmitted during a weather briefing.  It is additive and automated maintenance data.

Pilots MUST learn to read the remarks section and understand what is being said.

EXAMPLE: the main body of the METAR says the ceiling is 012 BKN.  But in the remarks it says CIG 007V015 = Ceiling is variable from 700’ to 1500’.  1200’ BKN is VFR but 700’ BKN is IFR.

The only variable information in the main body of the METAR is wind, all other variable conditions are in the remarks.

## METAR/TAF

- OKAY, LETS TRY A SHORT QUIZ ON METAR !

**Notes:**
Does anyone have any questions up to this point?   If so lets cover them now before we go any further.

Are you ready for a few short quizzes on METAR???

Remember to use the “decoder” card in the METAR/TAF booklet, just as you will in the real world.

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KATL 101050Z 00000KT 15SM SKC 26/18 A3021
- Easy Right ?

**Notes:**
This is an Aviation Routine Weather Report or METAR - 

WHERE - Atlanta, GA - KATL  (“K” domestic United States)
WHEN - observation taken on the 10th day of the month, at 10:50 UTC
WIND - the wind is calm (no direction, no speed)
Prevailing Visibility is 15 Statute Miles
The sky is clear (no clouds)(SKC = sky clear)
The temperature is 26 degrees Celsius and the dewpoint is 18 degrees Celsius 
(79 degrees F temperature/ 64 degrees F dewpoint)
The altimeter setting is 30.21 inches of mercury

Easy right !!!

## METAR/TAF

- METAR CYUL 151050Z 31015G27KT 280V350 1400SW 6000N R24LP1500 +SHRA SCT005 SCT010 BKN018 OVC025CB 10/03 Q0995

**Notes:**
Looks complicated, but use your “decoder” card and you will be able to read this !!!

It is a METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report)
WHERE - CYUL  “C” = Canada, YUL = Montreal, Quebec (Dorval Airport)
WHEN - Observation taken on the 15th day of the month, at 10:50 UTC
WIND - From 310 degrees at 15 knots sustained, Gusting to 27 Knots.  The wind is variable from 280 degrees to 350 degrees, (the winds are over 6 knots, and the direction varies more than 60 degrees)
Visibility is 1400 Meters to the Southwest, and 6000 meters to the North.  (When the visibility is reported using meters, the direction of the lowest visibility sector is reported.) 
The Runway Visual Range for Runway 24 Left is greater than the highest reportable sensor value of 1500 Meters (P = plus or over, 1500 meters)
Significant present weather is SH = showers, and + = heavy, RA = rain
The clouds cover 3-4 Octas of the sky at 500’ AGL and 1000’AGL, they cover 5-7 Octas of the sky at 1800’AGL, and 8 Octas at 2500’AGL.  The clouds are made up of cumulonimbus clouds.
The temperature is 10 degrees C and the dew point is 3 degrees C (50 F/37 F)
The altimeter is 995.0 Milibars or Q = HectoPascals

See, it is easy to read using the decoder card and knowing the sequence.  Remember take your time. 

## METAR/TAF

- METAR KOWA 251955Z AUTO 31005KT 3SM BR BKN012 02/M01 A2992 RMK AO2 VIS 2V4 CIG 007V015 SLP132

**Notes:**
Again this is a METAR ( Aviation Routine Weather Report)
WHERE - “K” = domestic United States, OWA = Owatonna, MN
WHEN - Observation taken on the 25th day of the month, at 19:55 UTC
AUTO = means observation was taken by an AWOS or ASOS 
WIND - is from 310 degrees at 5 knots
The prevailing visibility is 3 Statute Miles (However in remarks you see the visibility is variable from 2 miles to 4 miles)
Significant weather is BR = Mist   > 5/8 mile vis and no descriptor
The clouds cover Broken at 1200’ AGL, 5-7 Octas of the sky is covered, (Again check the remarks - 1200 BKN is VFR but the ceiling is variable between 700’ (not VFR) and 1500’ AGL)
Temperature is 2 degrees C and dew point is minus 1 degrees C. (3 degree spread look for Mist)
The altimeter setting is 29.92 inches of mercury

After the altimeter setting is the REMARKS section (RMK), use the decoder card to read.  These remarks are:
A02 = Automated Observation with precipitation discriminator (rain/snow)
VIS 2V4 = Visibility is variable between 2 miles and 4 miles
CIG 007V015 = Ceiling is variable between 700’ and 1500’ AGL
SLP = Sea Level Pressure (e.g. SLP013 = 1013 milibars) always will be the last item, use 9 or 10 to convert just as you would currently.
Now you know why the remarks were left off previous examples !!! 

## Attention On Deck ...

- New Incoming !!!

**Notes:**
Now it is time to move on to something new !!!

## Slide 39

**Notes:**
T erminal 
A erodrome
F orcast  

TAF’s

## METAR/TAF

- All flights require planning and the checking of weather - especially the forecast
- TAF, contains a definitive forecast for specific time periods and will replace the Terminal Forecast

**Notes:**
FAR 91.103(a) states that for a flight under IFR or not in the vicinity of an airport the PIC must become familiar with weather reports, and FORECASTS.

Most flights require planning and weather checking, and it is always important to check the forecast.

The TAF is a concise statement of the expected weather at an airport during a specified period (usually 24 hours).  They are scheduled four times daily beginning at 00:00 UTC, 06:00 UTC, 12:00 UTC and 18:00 UTC.  (Every 6 hours)

## METAR/TAF

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
This is a TAF for St. Louis.  It may look complicated but, -----

(show then go to the next slide, you will read and cover as you continue with the program)
.

## IT’S

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

- S I M P L E R
- than it looks!!!

**Notes:**
It is SIMPLER THAN IT LOOKS !!!!  To read TAF’s it is not very complex at all

## Break it down

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

- THE SECRET:
- by time frames!

**Notes:**
Once you know the secret it is easy - and that secret is to break the TAF down by time frames!!

You have to know what time you will be flying and match that time to the time frame in the TAF.

So how do you identify the time frames?   ----

IF you remember anything about TAF’s, remember the next three slides !!!

## METAR/TAF

***METAR/******TAF***

- HOW TO IDENTIFY THE TIME FRAMES:
- FM2000 - FroM and 4-digit hour: indicates significant change
- BECMG 1315 - BECoMinG, changes expected during 2-digit beginning and 2-digit ending time period

**Notes:**
A significant, permanent change in existing conditions during the valid period of the TAF is indicated by the change groups FROM and BECOMING.

The FROM change group is used when a rapid change, usually less than 1 hour, in conditions is expected.  The hour the change is expected is attached to the FM indicator, it is a 4 digit time, hour and minute, example is 20:00, but could be 20:15, 20:30, etc.

The BECOMING change group is used when a gradual change in conditions is expected over a longer time period, usually 2 hours.  The times the change is expected is a four-digit group with the beginning and ending times of the change period which follows the BECMG indicator

## METAR/TAF

- HOW TO IDENTIFY THE TIME FRAMES:
- PROB40 2022- PROBability of condition during 2-digit beginning and 2-digit ending time
- TEMPO 0407 - TEMPOrary, changes expected for less than 1 hour and in total, less than 1/2 of 2-digit beginning and 2-digit ending time period

**Notes:**
A PROBability group in a TAF indicates the probability of occurrence of thunderstorms or other precipitation events.  The PROB group is used when the occurrence of thunderstorms or precipitation is in the 30% to less than 50% range, thus the probability value 40 is attached to the PROB contraction.  This is followed by a 4 digit group giving the beginning time and ending time of the period during which the thunderstorms or precipitation is expected.

The TEMPO group is used for any conditions in wind, visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to last for generally less than 1 hour in time.  The time period which to temporary conditions are expected are given by a 4 digit group, giving the beginning time and ending time following the TEMPO indicator.

These groups are used to quantify a forecast, or in other words they are used as a way for the weather forecaster to say “but”.   From and Becoming weather is what the weather will be  - “BUT” Temporarily or there’s a Probability that this weather will happen.

## METAR/TAF

- Another Secret:
- You MUST remember the weather sequence:
- WIND, VISIBILITY, WEATHER PHENOMENON, SKY CONDITION

**Notes:**
You MUST learn and remember the sequence of the weather format (by the way it is the same sequence as in the METAR)

WIND - VISIBILITY - WEATHER PHENOMENON - SKY CONDITIONS

Why ?????

The main weather body or a change group will always have: WINDS, VISIBILITY & SKY CONDITIONS -----   BUT ------
IF A WEATHER PHENOMENON OR WIND SHEAR IS NOT MENTIONED IN THE MAIN  WEATHER BODY OF THE TAF (1st group of weather information) OR IN  A FROM GROUP - IT MEANS THEY ARE NOT HAPPENING

IF ONE OF THESE SEQUENCE ELEMENTS IS NOT MENTIONED IN A BECOMING OR TEMPORARY GROUP - IT MEANS IT DID NOT CHANGE
Treat the PROB40 group as it’s own package of weather.

## METAR/TAF

**TAF **
**KSTL 161715Z 161818 **16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
TAF’s are issued in the format of:

TYPE of report, LOCATION, Issuance Time, Valid Time, Forecast

There are two types of TAF issuance's, 1. A routine forecast (TAF) or 2. An Amended Forecast (TAF AMD)

## METAR/TAF

**              ****TAF **
**KSTL 161715Z 161818**
- Explanation: St. Louis, MO, Terminal Forecast Issued on the 16th at 17:15Z and Valid from the 16th starting at 18:00Z until the 17th at 18:00Z

**Notes:**
TYPE - A routine Terminal Forecast (TAF)
LOCATION - Four digit ICAO Station Identifier Kstl
Issuance Time - 16th day of the month, at 17:15 UTC
Valid Time - 18:00 UTC on the 16th, until 18:00 UTC on the 17th

Another TAF is scheduled to be issued at 00:00 UTC on the 17th

## METAR/TAF

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
As with the METAR you can see the sequence is WHERE, WHEN, and WIND -- now we get into the forecast for the first time period which runs from 18:00 UTC until 23:00 UTC or for 5 hours.

Remember the body sequence of the TAF is like the METAR:
WIND, VISIBILITY, WEATHER, SKY CONDITIONS

## METAR/TAF

- 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120
- Explanation: From the beginning of the forecast period (18:00) until 23:00, the forecast winds are 160 degrees at 14 knots, gusting to 20 knots, visibility of Plus 6 statute miles, scattered clouds at 12000’, Temporary conditions between 18:00 and 23:00 of broken clouds at 12000’

**Notes:**
From 18:00 UTC for the next 5 hours the wind will be from 160 degrees at 14 knots, gusting to 20 knots
The visibility is expected to be more than 6 Statue Miles
The clouds are expected to cover 3 to 4 Octas of the sky at 6000’AGL and 3 to 4 Octas at 12,000’ AGL

Between 18:00 and 23:00 for less than 1 hour the clouds at 12,000’ AGL will cover 5-7 Octas of the sky.

NOTE: the wind, visibility, or 6000’ layer of clouds will not change during this whole period. 

## METAR/TAF

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
A gradual,  permanent change in the conditions over a longer time period has prompted the use of the BECOMING change group. In this case between 23:00 UTC and 24:00 UTC.

Notice this change is expected to last until 0600 UTC or for 7 hours.

During this change, the weather will be a combination of the previous weather and the new weather.  This is a more  realistic look at the weather.  If a pilot is looking to see if he needs and alternate during this time, he should consider the worst of conditions will exist during this time period.

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030
**Remember Time Frames? There are two Within This Example.**

**Notes:**
But, remember in this example there are two time frames, one from 23:00 UTC until 06:00, and another that covers the 6 hour time period of 00:00 until 06:00.

Lets look at this forecast and see why it is written like this.

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030
**Explanation: In the first part, a gradual change will happen, BECoMinG between 23:00 and 24:00 UTC, winds from 190 at 12 knots, with scattered clouds at 5000’, and a broken ceiling at 12000’**

**Notes:**
The significant permanent change for the time from 23:00 until 06:00 UTC is: 
WIND - from 190 degrees at 12 knots
VISIBILITY - still more than 6 Statue Miles
SKY CONDITION - Clouds covering 3 to 4  Octas of the sky at 5000’AGL and 5-7 Octas at 12,000’

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030
**Explanation: In the second part, there is a >30% and <50% chance between 00:00 and 06:00 UTC, winds will be from 190 at 12 knots, gusting to 30 knots, 3 statute miles visibility with thunderstorms and moderate rain, with a ceiling at 3000’ of cumulonimbus clouds **

**Notes:**
Remember PROBability will be used to indicate the probability of occurrence of thunderstorms or other precipitation in the 30% to 50% range.  Followed by the 4 digit group giving the beginning and ending time which this weather is expected.

So between 00:00 UTC and 06:00 UTC the forecast calls for:
Winds to be from 190 at 12 knots, gusting to 30 knots
Visibility - to 3 Statue mile 
Weather - Thunderstorms and Moderate Rain Showers 
Sky Condition - Ceiling to lower to 3000’ AGL with Cumulonimbus Clouds covering 8 Octas of the sky.

## METAR/TAF

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
Again between 06:00 UTC and 07:00 UTC a gradual a significant, permanent change in the existing conditions is expected, which will last until 14:00 UTC or for the next 8 hours

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
**Remember Time Frames? There are two Within This Example.**

**Notes:**
But we also have an additional weather change in the 8 hours and 2 time frames in this weather group.  This additional change will only last for a short period of time , less than 1 hour, between the hours indicated.

Lets look closely at this.

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- Explanation: Becoming between 06:00 and 07:00 UTC and lasting until 14:00 UTC, winds from 200 degrees at 10 knots, with thunderstorms and light rain, with a ceiling at 3000’ AGL with cumulonimbus clouds

**Notes:**
The significant, permanent change that will happen between 06:00 and 07:00 UTC and last until 14:00 UTC is:
WIND - from 200 degrees at 10 knots
VISIBILITY - 3 Statue Miles ( from last time frame, no change mentioned)
WEATHER - Thunderstorms and light rain
SKY CONDITION - Covering 8 Octas of the sky at 3000’AGL with cumulonimbus clouds

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- Explanation: Temporary change in conditions that will last for less than 1 hour between 0800Z and 1300Z will be winds from 200 degrees at 10 knots gusting to 40 knots, 2 statute miles visibility, with thunderstorms and heavy rain, and a ceiling at 1500’ with cumulonimbus clouds

**Notes:**
The TEMPOrary group is used for any condition in wind, visibility, weather or sky condition which is expected to last for less that an hour at a time during the time period given.

So, between 08:00 and 13:00 UTC you can expect temporary contains of less than an hours duration of:
WIND - from 200 degrees at 10 knots, gusting to 40 knots
VISIBILITY - 2 Statute mile
WEATHER - Thunderstorms and Heavy Rain 
SKY- Clouds covering 8 Octas of the sky at 1500’AGL with cumulonimbus clouds

## METAR/TAF

- TAF
- KSTL 161715Z 161818 16014G20KT P6SM SCT060 SCT120 TEMPO 1823 BKN120 BECMG 2324 19012KT SCT050 BKN120 PROB40 0006 19012G30KT 3SM TSRA OVC030 BECMG 0607 20010KT -TSRA OVC030CB TEMPO 0813 20010G40KT 2SM +TSRA OVC015CB
- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =

**Notes:**
At 14:00 UTC another significant and permanent rapid change, happening in less than 1 hours time will happen so the FROM change group is used. 

## METAR/TAF

- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =
- Explanation: From 1400Z (Until 1800Z) winds are expected from 250 degrees at 10 knots, with a broken ceiling at 3500’ and 10,000’

**Notes:**
WIND - blowing from 250 degrees at 10 knots
VISIBILITY - plus 6 statute miles
NO SIGNIFICANT WEATHER TO AVIATION - because no change is indicated after the FROM change ---(when weather is omitted from the FroM group it implies NSW)
SKY CONDITION - Clouds at 3500’AGL covering 5-7 Octas of the sky, and at 10,000’ covering 5-7 Octas.  Probably stratus clouds

## METAR/TAF

- FM 1400 25010KT P6SM BKN035 BKN100 PROB40 1518 5SM -TSRA =
- There is a >30% and <50% Probability that between 15:00Z and 18:00Z the visibility will be 5 statute miles, with thunderstorms and light rain

**Notes:**
However within this time period from 15:00 UTC until 18:00 UTC there is a greater than 30% but less than a 50% chance of thunderstorms or precipitation.

Visibility = 5 Statute Miles
Weather = Thunderstorms with Light Rain

## METAR/TAF

- TAF’s Exclude Temperature, Turbulence and Icing Forecast
- TAF AMD - Amended Forecast
- NSW - No Significant Weather
- SKC - Clear Skies

**Notes:**
Some additional TAF facts:

TAF’s will exclude forecast for: Temperature, Turbulence and Icing.  International TAF’s include these items, the US ones will not. These will continue to be forecast via SIGMETS and AIRMETS

2 types of TAF’s issued: 1. A routine forecast - TAF
                                        2. An amended forecast - TAF AMD

Remember to use the “Decoder” Card in the METAR/TAF booklet to decode these new terms:

NSW = No Significant Weather - If, after a time period in which significant weather has been forecast, a change to a forecast of no significant weather occurs, the contraction, NSW will appear as the weather group in the new time period.  However, NSW is only included in BECMG or TEMPO groups.

SKC = Sky Clear

## METAR/TAF

- BECMG CLR ?

**Notes:**
IS IT BECOMING CLEAR YET ?????

METAR/TAF’s are easy to read if you understand the sequence they are presented in:

WHERE, WHEN, WIND

The body of the reports are always:

WIND, VISIBILITY, WEATHER, SKY CONDITION

## METAR/TAF

- QUESTIONS ?

**Notes:**
ANY QUESTIONS ?????

## METAR/TAF

- Thank You!

**Notes:**
This program was presented as part of the Aviation Safety Program of the Cleveland FSDO