# Presentation: 045937

## Norman Brinkman
GM Research & Development

EPA Fuel Cells Workshop
June 27, 2001

**GM Research & Development**
**EPA Fuel Cells Workshop**
**June 27, 2001**

**Well-To-Wheel Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Analysis**

**Notes:**
Good morning/afternoon.  It’s a pleasure to be here today to speak on well to wheel analyses.

I’m here really to talk about the vehicle and fuel as one system -- a system that is highly dependent upon one another

## What is a Well-to-Wheel Analysis?

**Systems approach**
**Assessment of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions**

## Why Do We Need Well-Tank-Wheel Analysis?

**Evaluate emerging propulsion technologies**
**Advanced Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)**
**Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)**
**Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)**

**Evaluate new fuels**

**Aid public policy development and business strategy**

## Background

**Considered 75 fuel “pathways”  and 15 advanced and conventional powertrain systems**

## Key Study Features

** ****Time frame:  2005-2010**
** ****Predicts energy use and CO****2 ****emissions**
** ****GM full-size pickup truck**
** ****All vehicles have equal performance**

**Key Study Features**

## Fuel Pathways

***Results presented today for underlined resources only**

## Well-to-Tank Energy Consumption

**BTU per Million BTU Fuel Delivered**

**Well-to-Tank Energy Consumption**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Renewable/**
**Electricity**

## Conventional Powertrain

-   Gasoline PFI
-   Diesel
-   CNG ICE
-   E85 ICE
- (conventional automatic
- transmission)

**To be added in Phase 2: **
-  Gasoline SIDI
-  Gasoline w/ cylinder deactivation
-  6-Spd MTAs
-  CVTs

**Conventional Powertrain**

## Parallel Hybrid Configuration

**(Input Power Assist)**** **

## Fuel Cell Parallel Hybrid Configuration

**Fuel Cell Parallel Hybrid Configuration**
**(Input Power Assist)**** **

## All Powertrains Sized to Meet Minimum Vehicle Performance Targets

**Vehicle Acceleration, 0-60 mph****	****	****	****	****10 sec**
**Vehicle Acceleration, 0-30 mph****	****	****	****	****4 sec**
**Vehicle Acceleration in Top Gear, 50-80 mph****	****20 sec**
**Maximum Vehicle Acceleration****	****	****	****	****5 m/s****2**
**Time to Maximum Acceleration****	****	****	****	****1 sec**
**Vehicle Gradeability at 55 mph for 20 minutes****	****6 %**
**Top Vehicle Speed****	****	****	****	****	****	****110 mph**

## Tank-to-Wheel Vehicle MPG

**Tank-to-Wheel Vehicle MPG**

**Conventional**

**Conventional**
**Hybrid**

**Fuel Cell**

**MPG**
**(Gasoline**
**Equivalent)**

**Fuel Cell**
**Hybrid**

## Well-to-Wheel Integration Process

**13 Pathways Reviewed Today**

## Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption

**BTU/mile (fuel production and vehicle)**

**Better**

**Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Renewable/**
**Electricity**

## Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption

**BTU/mile (fuel production and vehicle)**

**Better**

**Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Renewable/**
**Electricity**

## Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption

**BTU/mile (fuel production and vehicle)**

**Better**

**Well-to-Wheel Energy Consumption**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Renewable/**
**Electricity**

**fuel cell hybrid**

## Well-to-Wheel Greenhouse Gases

**0**

**200**

**400**

**600**

**800**

**Gasoline conventional**

**Diesel  conventional**

**Diesel hybrid electric**

**Gasoline fuel cell hybrid**

**Naphtha fuel cell hybrid**

**Fischer Tropsch diesel**

**CNG conventional**

**LH2 fuel cell hybrid**

**Methanol fuel cell hybrid**

**CH2 fuel cell hybrid**

**E-85 conventional**

**Ethanol fuel**
** ****cell hybrid**

**g CO****2****/mile **
**(fuel production and vehicle)**

**Petroleum**

**Natural Gas**

**Renewable/**
**Electricity**

**Better**

**Electrolysis **
**CH2 FC**
** ****hybrid**

## Well-to-Wheel Study Conclusions

**Fuel cell vehicles powered by clean gasoline offer greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissions vs. today’s powertrains/fuels**

**Diesel hybrid is very competitive and a clear leader among non-fuel cell powertrains/fuels**

**CNG does not offer significant benefit versus conventional fuels for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles**

**Methanol fuel cell vehicles do not offer significant advantage vs. gasoline fuel cell vehicles**

**Renewable fuels and nuclear power offer the lowest greenhouse gas emissions**

## Principal Investigators

**Michael Wang,  Argonne National Labs (lead)**
**Norm Brinkman and Thomas Gibson,  GM - R&D**
**Tony Finizza,  GM - GAPC consultant**
**Andrew Armstrong and Jim Simnick,  BP**
**Gilbert Jersey and John Robbins,  Exxon Mobil**
**Jean Cadu,  Shell**
**Tank-to-Wheels**
**Trudy Weber,  GM - R&D (lead)**
**Dave Masten,  GM - GAPC**
**Gerald Skellenger,  GM - R&D**
**Martin Fasse and Peter Kilian,  Adam Opel AG - GAPC**
**Well-to-Wheels**
**Tony Finizza,  GM - GAPC consultant (lead)**
**Raj Choudhury,  Adam Opel AG - GAPC**
**Jim Wallace,  GM - GAPC consultant (lead, overall project)**

**The report is available on the Web at:**
**   ****http://www.transportation.anl.gov**