# Presentation: 262533

## APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE-SCALE HABITAT SUITABILTY MODELS TO BIRD CONSERVATION PLANNING

- Frank R. Thompson III,
- USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, Columbia, MO

## Application of landscape-scale habitat suitability models to bird conservation planning

- Review concept of HSI
- Look at historical application
- Adapt HSI to landscape-scale, GIS-based applications for conservation planning

## HSI model basics

- Numerical index of habitat suitability on a 0.0 to 1.0 scale
- Models can be based on published knowledge, data, expert opinion
- Documentation explains the model's structure, data sources, and assumptions
- Models should be viewed as hypotheses of species-habitat relationships
- Their value is to serve as a basis for improved decision making and increased understanding of habitat relationships; they specify hypotheses of habitat relationships that can be tested and improved.

## Original HSI formulation

- HSI = (V1 x V2 x V3)1/3

- V1....Vx = limiting factors or life requisites; if any one variable=0 then HSI = 0

## USFWS HSI model series

- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980a. Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP). USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Division of Ecological Services. ESM 102.
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. Standards for the development of habitat suitability index models for use in the Habitat Evaluation Procedures, USDI Fish and Wildife Service. Division of Ecological Services. ESM 103.

## Slide 6

## Yellow warbler HSI model (USFWS 1982) 

- % deciduous
- shrub cover

- Mean height decid. shrub cover

- % hydrophytic
- shrubs

- HSI   =   (V1 X V2 X V3) 1/3

- Yellow warbler HSI model (USFWS 1982)

## HSI models for conservation planning

- Applicable to larger scales
- Applicable in GIS
- Utilize available data
- Address concepts of abundance and viability

## Adapting HSI models to raster-based GIS

- SIs and HSI values calculated for each pixel
- Results in a new data layers representing maps of SI and HSI values
- SIs can be based on pixel attributes or attributes of surrounding pixels
- Can utilize wide range of GIS functions or landscape statistics
- HSI values can be summarized for the landscape

## Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

- SI1:  We considered birds to be densest (relative density = 1.000) in mature (Pagen et al. 2002) woody wetlands (Sallabanks et al. 2000) along floodplains and valleys (Klaus et al. 2005) and scarcest in sapling evergreen stands along xeric slopes and ridges.

## Acadian flycatcher SI1

| Table 1. Relationship between landform, forest type, age class, and relative density of Acadian flycatchers. |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Age class |  |  |
| Landform | Forest type | Sapling | Pole | Sawtimber |
| Floodplain/valley | Woody wetlands | 0.350 | 0.700 | 1.000 |
|  | Deciduous  | 0.315 | 0.630 | 0.900 |
|  | Mixed  | 0.210 | 0.420 | 0.600 |
|  | Evergreen  | 0.105 | 0.210 | 0.300 |

## SI2: We fit an inverse logistic function to describe the relationship between Acadian relative density and increasing distance to water.  Acadians normally align at least 1 edge of their 1-ha territory along a stream or wetland (Woolfenden et al. 2005). 

- Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

## Acadian flycatcher SI2

- Suitability

- Distance to water

- Acadian flycatcher SI2

## SI3:  .....included canopy closure (SI3) because of its strong effect on Acadian flycatcher density (Prather and Smith 2002).  ...we utilized a smoothed logistic function to extrapolate between the known break points in the canopy cover-relative density relationship.

- Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

## Acadian flycatcher SI3

- Suitability

- Percent canopy closure

- Acadian flycatcher SI3

## SI4: Forest patch size was included as a model factor because of the susceptibility of Acadian flycatchers to fragmentation (Robbins et al. 1989) and increasing edge density (Parker et al. 2005). We used a logarithmic function to describe the relatively quick increase in suitability of a forest patch as area increased (Robbins et al. 1989). 

- Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

## Acadian flycatcher SI4

- Forest-patch size

- Suitability

- Forest-patch size

- Suitability

- Acadian flycatcher SI4

## SI5:  This factor accounted for the higher parasitism (Robinson and Robinson 2001) and predation rates (Ford et al. 2001) of increasingly non-forested landscapes.  The smoothed logistic function was derived from data collected by Ford et al. (2001) on the difference between sites 80 and 90% forested.  The dramatic decline in productivity in increasingly non-forested landscapes was hypothesized from the edge avoidance of this species (Parker et al. 2005) and the absence of Acadians from small fragments (Robbins et al. 1989).

- Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

## Acadian flycatcher SI5

- Suitability

- Percent forest cover

- Acadian flycatcher SI5

## SI1: forest type and age-class
SI2: distance to water
SI3: canopy closure
SI4: patch size
SI5: percent forest cover

Relative density HSI = ((SI1 * SI2 * SI3)1/3) * SI4
Relative  productivity HSI = SI5

- SI2: distance to water
- SI3: canopy closure
- SI4: patch size
- SI5: percent forest cover
- Relative density HSI = ((SI1 * SI2 * SI3)1/3) * SI4
- Relative  productivity HSI = SI5

- Acadian flycatcher HSI model(in development)

## GIS-based HSI models

**GIS-based HSI models**

## Mid-late successional forest species
Area/edge sensitive

- Illustration by Trevor Boyer, Linden Artists Ltd.

- Mid-late successional forest species
- Area/edge sensitive

- GIS data layers
- Forest-type groups
- Forest/tree age class
- Ecological land types based on landform

## Ovenbird SI1

- Ovenbird SI1

## Ovenbird SI2

- If species = pine, then SI2 = 0
- Otherwise, SI2 = 1

## Ovenbird SI3

- Ovenbird SI3

**SI****1**

**SI****3**

- SI=0.5

- SI=1

- SI=0

- SI=1

- 30 m

## Ovenbird

- SI2

- SI3

**HSI**

**Ovenbird**

- 0.25 km

- HSI = (SI1  SI2  SI3)1/3

## Ecological and landscape effects

- Area sensitivity
- Edge effects
- Interspersion
- Composition
- Juxtaposition of resources

## Slide 28

## Slide 29

## Slide 30

## Slide 31

## Slide 32

## Summarizing HSI values for a landscape

- Maps
- Descriptive statistics
-     (mean, median, sum)
- Frequency distributions
- Input to other programs that map home ranges, model population dynamics

## Tree size class

- OVEN HSI

- PRWA HSI

- PIWA HSI

## Summarizing HSI values for a landscape

**Landscape 1**

**Landscape 2**

## Summarizing HSI values for a landscape

**Ovenbird 0.70**

**Prairie warbler 0.02**

**Gray squirrel**

**0.44**

## Cerulean

- warbler HSI

## Summarizing HSI values for a landscape

- Input to other models
- Link HSI values to density
- directly with data
- map territories
- Use HSI maps as input to spatially explicit population models

## HSI modeling approaches

- Can be developed from existing knowledge or data which can include data, published knowledge, and expert opinion.  (+)
- Can use multiple sources of information for SIs or multiple scales within a model. (+)
- Models can be developed for at any desired scale as long as have hypotheses for that scale. (+)
- Can adapt habitat relationships from research studies to available data sources for conservation planning. (+)

## HSI modeling approaches

- Predict habitat suitability or quality, not necessarily abundance or density.  (+ or -)
- Methods for weighting and combining habitat and landscape factors (suitability indices) are  somewhat ad-hoc.  (-)
- Models are based on hypotheses (+)
- Models are essentially hypotheses until validated (-)