# Presentation: 127424

## TEERM Energy/Water Management Task

- Brian Greene
- NASA Technology Evaluation for Environmental Risk Mitigation Principal Center
- August 3, 2007

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

- Source for a majority of the slides

**Notes:**
HQ FERP Division invited Wayne T to share energy management technology lessons learned from government and industry.
Wayne built presentation and send his regrets on not delivering in person.

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Drivers to Improve Efficiency
- Requirements of TEERM Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Rising energy unit costs eroding mission funding
$152M NASA facility energy cost in FY 2006
Trend:  Buying less yet spending more
Since FY 1995, use down 13% and unit costs up 60%

- $152M NASA facility energy cost in FY 2006
- Trend:  Buying less yet spending more
- Since FY 1995, use down 13% and unit costs up 60%

- Drivers to Improve Efficiency

**Notes:**
1st good reason to improve energy efficiency:  Energy bills consume mission $ resources
Blue:  Use down 13%.  NASA steadily reducing energy use for years (2001 Presidential Award for results of comprehensive program)
Red: Unit costs up 60%, average increase 8.8% per year since FY 2000
Buying less yet spending more
Implication for efficiency projects:  Ideas determined not cost effective 2 to 6 years ago might make sense now.
(Costs for key years:  FY 2000=$104M, FY 2005=$130M)

## Drivers to Improve Efficiency

- More stringent Federal efficiency requirements
- (Energy Policy Act of 2005 & Exec. Order 13423)
- Reduce energy intensity 3% annually from FY 2003 baseline in FY 2007-2015, or 30% by FY 2015
- Increase renewable energy percentage of electricity
- 3% FY 2007 – 2009, 5% 2010 –2012, 7.5% 2013
- At least half from sources built after 1/1/1999
- Achieve building efficiency design performance 30% better than ASHRAE 90.1-2004 industry standard
- Reduce water intensity 2% annually from FY 2007 baseline in FY 2008-2015, or 16% by FY 2015

**Notes:**
2nd good reason to improve energy efficiency:  Complying with law/EO benefits mission--Energy Policy Act of 2005 & Exec. Order 13423
Scored by OMB 2x/yr on major requirements of law & EO (President’s Management Agenda-style scorecard)

## Increasing international interest in carbon dioxide
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4/17/07
“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.”

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4/17/07
- “_Warming of the climate system is unequivocal_, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.”

- Drivers to Improve Efficiency

**Notes:**
3rd good reason to improve energy efficiency:  Global warming from CO2
(Quotes from recent IPCC report; read underlined text on this slide & next)

## “Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years.”
“Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas.”
“The primary source of the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide since the pre-industrial period results from fossil fuel use...”

info/image credit:  IPCC Working Group I Summary Apr 2007

- “_Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas_.”
- “_The primary source of the increased_ atmospheric concentration of _carbon dioxide_ since the pre-industrial period _results from __**fossil fuel use**_...”
- info/image credit:  IPCC Working Group I Summary Apr 2007

- Drivers to Improve Efficiency

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Drivers to Improve Efficiency
- Requirements of TEERM Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Requirements of TEERM Task

- Objective:
- Support NASA Environmental Management Division in energy/water management and new role with Interagency Task Force on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
- Help NASA meet requirements under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Executive Order (EO) 13423, and future federal requirements.

## Requirements of TEERM Task

- Scope:
- Assist NASA HQ in preparing reports and presentations on NASA energy/water consumption and conservation measures
- Annual reports and plans (to Congress/OMB, Dept. of Energy)
- NASA and inter-agency briefings
- Notably, how Centers are meeting their goals, both technical and financial
- Approach includes driving Centers to timely completion on data reporting, often via NETS

## Requirements of TEERM Task

- Facilitate information exchange among NASA energy/water community
- Modes and venues:
- Video Teleconferencing System (ViTS) sessions
- NASA Energy Efficiency Panel
- Types:
- Center energy/water success stories
- Technology breakthroughs
- Center needs and proposals
- Update NASA Policy Directive (NPD)

## Requirements of TEERM Task

- EMD energy/water program administration
- Meeting preparation, including registration
- Energy award calls
- Suggest improvements to shared internet sites, e.g.
- NASA hydrogen and fuel cells
- _http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/hydrogen.html _
- Energy components of NETS
- Process Based Mission Assurance

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Renewable Energy

- Need to spread individual Center successes to other NASA sites

| NASA FY 2006 Renewable Energy Purchases |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Site | Million Btu | Type |
| GSFC | 187,680 | Landfill methane |
| JSC | 136,480 | Renewable energy certificates |
| DFRC | 40,449 | Green power |
| ARC | 5,459 | Renewable energy certificates |

**Notes:**
GSFC. In 2003, the Goddard Space Flight Center became the first Federal facility to heat its buildings by burning landfill gas on-site, using renewable energy from Prince George’s County’s Sandy Hill Landfill in Bowie to fire boilers that produce steam for the Center. This project is saving GSFC hundreds of thousands of dollars annually in energy costs and benefit the environment by eliminating more than 1.6 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions over ten years. That is the equivalent of taking more than 35,000 cars off the road every year for the next decade. 

JSC. On July 24, 2007, the press reported that NASA awarded Albuquerque, N.M.-based Native American company Sacred Power Corp. a contract to install a renewable energy system at a daycare facility at JSC.  It will be the first time renewable energy technology has been installed at JSC. 

DFRC.  NASA DFRC built a photovoltaic system to represent its transfer of technology from space applications of solar to earth.  This system is the first application of SunPower’s state-of-the-art 20% efficient cells.  The solar modules used are the highest efficiency silicon cells made. NASA used SunPower solar cells in its Helios solar-powered aircraft, which set an altitude record of 96,863 feet in 2001. REC was contracted by NASA and SunPower to design and install the system at NASA’s site at Edward’s Air Force Base.  The system was designed with (24) 200-watt SunPower solar panels, (12) 1980’s Vintage Solarex Modules, (2) SMA 2500-Watt Inverters, and (1) SMA 700-Watt Inverter.  This system generates 8,300 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually.

## Renewable Energy

- Solar thermal:  DFRC Bldg 1623 transpired wall

**Notes:**
Sept 2000:  Replaced two larger boilers with this system coupled with small high efficiency condensing boilers.
Federal Energy Saver Showcase facility.

## Renewable Energy

- Solar thermal:  KSC Film Storage Building evacuated tube heat pipe collectors

**Notes:**
Spring 2003:  KSC solar thermal offsets ~58,000 KWh/yr by pre-heating air stream to desiccant regeneration electric resistance heating.
Federal Energy and Water Management Award winner.

## Renewable Energy

- Solar photovoltaic (PV):  MSFC Building 4600 roof

**Notes:**
Mid-2005 new construction:  MSFC rooftop 30 KW PV system offsets 131,400 KWh/yr, and PV parking lot lights offset 39,420 KWh/yr.
NASA’s first LEED-rated building (Silver).  Federal Energy Saver Showcase facility.

## Renewable Energy

- Wind:  WSTF sewage lagoon aerators

**Notes:**
6 windmills producing compressed air for sewage lagoon aeration; equivalent to 2,200 KWh/yr

## Renewable Energy

- Geothermal:  Ground source heat pump (GSHP)
- Electric powered system that uses relatively constant subsurface temperature as heat source/sink
- Study on use of GSHP at NASA facilities, Jan 2007
- Provides 30 to 40% reduction in site-energy use for conditioning commercial space
- SSC designing upgrade/expansion to 1990 heat lift that used 100° F input water from geothermal aquifer
- GRC to receive FY 2009 Strategic Institutional Investment funding to implement GSHP at 5 facilities

**Notes:**
(Most of original SSC system no longer functional because exceeded equipment service life)

## Renewable Energy

- Upcoming assessment will determine “sweet spots” for NASA to invest in renewable energy
- HQ Infrastructure & Administration contracting to conduct renewable energy assessment of sites
- Will assess feasibility based on key variables
- Mission compatibility, renewable resource quality, utility rates, rebates/incentives, space availability, etc.
- Will identify potential projects and prioritize within site and on NASA-wide basis

## Recent industry example:  Wal-Mart Stores
Info/image credit:  Wal-Mart Stores
Rockton, IL
2nd High-Efficiency store prototype opened Mar 2007
New Wal-Mart facilities include daylight harvesting with sensor control system to dim and turn off lamps
Side note:  New motion-sensor controlled white light-emitting diode illumination in enclosed food cases

- Info/image credit:  Wal-Mart Stores
- Rockton, IL
- 2nd High-Efficiency store prototype opened Mar 2007
- New Wal-Mart facilities include daylight harvesting with sensor control system to dim and turn off lamps
- Side note:  New motion-sensor controlled white light-emitting diode illumination in enclosed food cases

- Renewable Energy

## Renewable Energy

- Daylight harvesting:  Wal-Mart Stores

**Notes:**
Also notice white roof membrane

## Renewable Energy

- Recent industry example:  Tony’s Fine Foods
- Info/image credit:  Distributed Energy, Mar/Apr 2007
- West Sacramento, CA
- 1 MegaWatt (MW) PV system activated May 2006
- 5,782 modules, 25 year warranty, no roof penetration
- Lighting retrofit to T5 fluorescent cut lighting energy 50%, reduced waste heat in refrigerated space
- $7.5M project, or 7.5 $/W installed
- Roughly six year payback considering tax benefits and $3.5M incentives

**Notes:**
(Sharp Electronics brand PV modules)

## Renewable Energy

- Solar photovoltaic:  Tony’s Fine Foods

## Renewable Energy

- Coming soon:  Concentrator PV with high-efficiency semiconductors
- Already used on satellites
- Mirrors or lenses reduce amount of semiconductor material required by concentrating sunlight
- Multijunction semiconductors convert more sunlight into electricity by capturing different parts of solar spectrum via layers of different semiconductors
- Expecting 3 $/W installed--less than half of Tony’s

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Combined Heating and Power

- CHP produces electricity, heat, and in some cases cooling from single fuel source
- Info/image credit:  Department of Energy
- Generate electricity/heat with engine, turbine, fuel cell
- Utilize heat for heating, cooling (absorption chillers), or dehumidification (desiccant regeneration)

| Source Energy Perspective Total Efficiency |  |
| --- | --- |
| Central plant electricity generation and site use | CHP |
| 30 to 51% | 70 to 85% |

**Notes:**
diagram on next slide

## Combined Heating and Power

**Notes:**
CHP makes better use of heat from electricity generation than traditional central station power plant, and avoids electricity transmission/distribution losses

## Combined Heating and Power

- GRC gaining non-CHP fuel cell experience

**Notes:**
Pilot project on-line February 2007.
30 KW, agreement with Plug Power to run 1 year as pilot project; propane fuel.

The units provide grid-connected power for portions of the lab facility for aerospace research and development.  The installation will provide the opportunity to demonstrate Plug Power’s latest product improvements, including an enhanced stack membrane and new fuel processor reactor design. 

## Combined Heating and Power

- Recent government example:  Santa Rita Jail
- Info/image credit:  Distributed Energy, Mar/Apr 2007
- Alameda County, CA
- Efficiency upgrades
- Replace chiller with high efficiency variable speed chiller
- Relamp 12,000 light fixtures & change to electronic ballast
- Upgrade 550 exhaust fan motors
- Apply cool roof coating where PV not installed
- PV installation began Jul 2001
- Largest rooftop system in US
- 1.2 MW, 9,000 modules, no roof penetration

**Notes:**
(PowerLight brand PV modules)

## Combined Heating and Power

- Santa Rita Jail (continued)
- Fuel cell CHP plant dedicated in 2006
- One of largest such plants in US
- 1 MW molten carbonate fuel cell
- Supplies 50% of power and 20% of hot water consumption
- Complementary fit between fuel cell generating baseload electricity and PV generating peak electricity
- $16M project, $7.2M incentives, balance financed
- Next ideas:  Flow battery for peak shaving, anaerobic digester to turn foodwaste into methane for fuel cell

**Notes:**
(FuelCell Energy brand fuel cell)

## Combined Heating and Power

- CHP and PV:  Santa Rita Jail

## Combined Heating and Power

- Recent government example:  Veterans Affairs
- Info/image credit:  Veterans Affairs (VA)
- North Chicago, IL
- VA utilized Enhanced-Use Leasing (EUL) authority to construct CHP plant in 2003, expanded in 2005
- VA leased land to energy provider
- Energy provider designed/built/owns/operates/maintains
- VA buys output from provider via 2-year agreements
- $37M plant financed by long-term municipal bonds
- VA also utilized agreement to finance $10M project by provider to improve efficiency in other facilities

## Combined Heating and Power

- CHP by EUL:  VA North Chicago Energy Center

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Metering and Tune-Ups

- Utility metering and information systems provide feedback on building operation
- Deliver actionable facility-level utility information to operators, occupants, and managers
- Analyze trends, compare buildings, identify building needing further attention, monitor results of efforts
- Building tune-ups (retro-commissioning)
- Systematically review and correct building’s control system and equipment operation
- Identify problems in control system settings, equipment, communications, and personnel actions

## Metering and Tune-Ups

- Recent industry example:  Walt Disney World
- Info/image credit:  Walt Disney World (WDW) presented at Jun 2006 NASA Energy Efficiency Panel
- Utility Reporting System
- Executive-level annual report fosters competition
- Compares each area against its own percent change from last report; WDW awards best improvement
- Monthly report card to managers via email
- Compares building-level current month consumption and cost to previous twelve months
- Hyperlinks in report card to drill down to daily details
- Web-based access to yesterday’s hourly data

## Metering and Tune-Ups

- WDW (continued)
- Building Tune-Up (BTU) process
- Energy management engineer facilitates BTU team of building’s engineering and operations staff
- Weekly one-hour coordination meetings
- Between meetings, review single system’s service area, control programs, schedules, setpoints, and actual run data
- Typically reduce utility consumption 5 to 20%
- Excessive run time and setpoints; faulty programming
- Failed hot/chilled water valve controllers
- Failed sensors and control communications
- Manual override

## Metering and Tune-Ups

- BTU:  WDW energy program’s best return

**Notes:**
BTU:  Small grey cost, large white savings

## Agenda

- TEERM Energy/Water Management Task
- Renewable Energy
- Combined Heating and Power
- Metering and Tune-Ups
- Conclusion

## Conclusion

- NASA faces compelling reasons to improve facility energy efficiency
- Life-cycle cost-effective renewable energy applications exist for retrofit and new construction
- Combined heat and power offers NASA ways to reduce life-cycle costs & improve total efficiency
- Utility metering/information systems feeding building tune-up teams can yield quick returns
- TEERM experience and approach--staying abreast of cutting-edge technology, information sharing, collaborative projects--is directly applicable and beneficial to this HQ support task on energy & water

## Environmental Management Division
Wayne Thalasinos
202-358-3811
wayne.b.thalasinos@nasa.gov

- Environmental Management Division
- Wayne Thalasinos
- 202-358-3811
- wayne.b.thalasinos@nasa.gov

## Related Links

- http://oim.hq.nasa.gov/oia/emd/
- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/about/legislation.html
- http://www.ipcc.ch/
- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/renewable_energy/index.html
- http://www.walmartfacts.com/articles/4892.aspx
- http://www.distributedenergy.com/de.html
- http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/der/
- http://energy2006.net/presentations/cjcordova.pdf
- http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/media/enews/2007/pdf/HowDisney
-     SavesEnergy.pdf