# Presentation: 809843

## CMAQ and the New Air Quality Standards

- Air Quality Team, FHWA
- Summer, 2004

## Topics

- Background on CMAQ
- CMAQ and the New NAAQS
- CMAQ and Reauthorization
- New Areas and CMAQ Eligibility
- CMAQ Tracking System

## Background on the CMAQ Program

## CMAQ Background

- Created by ISTEA of ’91, reauthorized by TEA-21, expected to continue
- Funds transportation projects and programs to help achieve and maintain NAAQS for Ozone, CO, and PM-10
- Jointly administered by FHWA and FTA in consultation with EPA

## CMAQ Overview

- $14.1 billion program under ISTEA and TEA-21
- Apportioned to States based on:
- Population in ozone and CO areas
- Severity of the air quality problem
- All States guaranteed a 0.5% minimum apportionment
- More than $13 Billion invested in 15,000 AQ projects since 1992

## CMAQ Funding by Project Type (FY 1992-2000) 

## Flexible Funds for Transit (FY 1992 – FY 2002)

- Cumulative Transfers
**CMAQ  $5,051M**
**STP      $3,464M**
**Other       $699M**
**Total     $9,214M**

## CMAQ and the New NAAQS

## CMAQ and the New NAAQS

- Underlying Principle of CMAQ $$:
- Funding should be proportional to AQ problem
- The CMAQ formula is statutory (see 23 USC 104)
- New areas designated, but _not_ covered by current statute (Title 23)
- SAFETEA addresses 8-hr ozone, PM2.5

## Air Quality:  New Ozone Nonattainment Areas  

## Air Quality: Potential PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas

- EPA: 244 counties.  Designations expected by end of 2004.

**Notes:**
Both maps from EPA’s web site.

## CMAQ and Reauthorization

## Reauthorization of Surface Transportation Funding:  SAFETEA

- The last funding Act, TEA-21, covered FY ’98 – ‘03 and sunset 9/30/03.
- Administration proposed SAFETEA in May 2003...
- But Congress has yet to pass a new law
- Current: short-term reauthorizations and continuing resolutions

## CMAQ Authorization Levels

*** Administration proposal**

## Funding under 3 bills

- SAFETEA: $8.9 billion for CMAQ ($256 billion total)
- Senate: $13.4 billion ($341 billion)
- House:    $9.4 billion ($285 billion)

**Notes:**
The administration has threatened to veto anything over $256 billion.
Senate and house are well above this.  Highway trust fund sufficient?

## More Areas, More Funding??

- More than 120 new counties will be nonattainment for 8-hour ozone
- More than 240 counties projected to be nonattainment for fine PM

**Notes:**
Not a major increase, verses previous laws. 
SAFETEA increases CMAQ, total program $8.9 billion—a 9% increase
Ultimately, likely to be some increase in all programs compared to TEA-21—but increase in CMAQ not likely to be larger than for other programs.

## Reauthorization:  CMAQ and SAFETEA

- CMAQ Apportionment formula
- Administration proposed formula changes to adopt new NAAQS
- Senate (S.1072) adopted our changes
- House (HR 3550) has not
- Changes to reflect the new NAAQS are expected, but when?

## TEA-21 Weighting Factors

**Notes:**
Ozone : 0.8 to 1.4
CO: 0.8 to 1.0
Multiple pollutants

## SAFETEA Weighting Factors

**Notes:**
8-hr ozone: 1.0
PM2.5: 1.2
All Maintenance areas: 1.0
Submarginal: removed

## TEA-21, SAFETEA Differences 

## SAFETEA & New Pollutants

- New 8-hr ozone areas weight = 1.0
- New PM2.5 areas weight = 1.2
- Multiple pollutants earn extra weight
- 1-hr ozone factors (marginal to extreme) will take precedence in FY05

**Notes:**
Submarginal dropped

## Reauthorization Scenarios

- SAFETEA passes in FY04
- SAFETEA passes in FY05
- Wild card– New NAAQS provisions not adopted??

**Notes:**
Assume SAFETEA addresses new NAAQS.

## If SAFETEA (new NAAQS provisions) passes in FY04

- FY05 apportionments would reflect new law
- 8-hr areas would be included
- Where 1-hr and 8-hr overlap, 1-hr would take precedence
- No 1-hr areas removed from CMAQ apportionment formula
- PM2.5 areas will not be included

## If SAFETEA Passes in FY04

- FY2006-2009
- 1-hr ozone std. revoked (expected June 2005)
- 1-hr areas will be removed from formula
- 8-hr areas will remain in the formula
- PM2.5 areas designated (expected December 2004)
- Include in FY06 apportionments

**Notes:**
Areas that are NA/M for other pollutants, e.g. CO, still receive CMAQ funding.

## If SAFETEA passes in FY05

- Initial FY05 apportionments will be made according to TEA-21 formula
- Leave out 8-hr; PM2.5
- Final FY05 apportionments will be redone once SAFETEA is signed to include 8-hr areas

**Notes:**
Unlikely, but if SAFETEA were not passed until FY06, then FY06 apportionments would include: only CO areas, and 1-hr maintenance areas in EACs.

## Wild card??

- Congress could pass something different
- Impossible to guess
- OR
- Congress could fail to adopt new NAAQS provisions
- FY05: 8-hr not included (formula based on 1-hr and CO areas)
- FY06: 8-hr, PM2.5 not included (formula based on CO only!)

## Even if No Bill is Passed...

- New areas can spend CMAQ funds once they have been designated
- However, States will not be apportioned funds for 8-hr / PM2.5 areas without new legislation

## Early Action Compacts

- No statutory basis for including EACs in  apportionments—nonattainment is deferred
- No draft bill brings EACs into the formula
- Exception is EACs that are 1-hour ozone maintenance—they remain in the formula

## Areas no longer identified as NA or maintenance are out of the formula and ineligible for CMAQ investment

Existing CMAQ guidance features some flexibility and transition for these areas

Updated guidance is under discussion

- Existing CMAQ guidance features some flexibility and transition for these areas
- Updated guidance is under discussion

- Former CMAQ Areas

## New Areas and CMAQ Eligibility

## CMAQ Projects Must

**...****be a Transportation  Project**
**...****in a NA/Mtce area**
**...****that reduces emissions**

**Notes:**
Since there are presumably some new areas represented here:
Go over basic eligbility criteria and categories.
2) then, for old and new, talk about some recent issues

## CMAQ and Creativity:  Examples

- Station Cars/ Car Sharing
- Boston, Seattle
- HD Diesel Retrofits
- CA
- Truck Stop Electrification
- NYC
- Intermodal Freight
- Ohio, Maine, NYC
- New Fuels - Fuel Cell Buses
- Chicago, Houston, Atlanta, LA

- ITS – Transit and Road
- Everywhere
- Public-Pvt. Partnerships
- Jersey City, Chicago, Atlanta
- Parking Cash Out
- Glendale
- I/M & Remote Sensing
- WI, NY, DC, IN, IL, NJ
- Transit-Oriented Dev.
- Portland, Minneapolis

## Areas New to CMAQ?

- MPOs need to develop a CMAQ project selection process
- Involve partners and stakeholders
- Transparent, codified
- Annual CMAQ reports

## Basic CMAQ Eligibility...

- Eligible projects include:
- transit improvements
- shared ride services
- traffic flow improvements
- demand management
- bicycle and pedestrian projects
- alternative fuels
- inspection and maintenance programs
- freight services
- experimental pilots
- public / private partnerships

## CMAQ Eligibility

- Idle Reduction projects
- Freight projects (intermodal)
- Rail / truck / barge
- Diesel Retrofit projects
- On-road: Freight and buses
- Off-road: construction equipment
- Conformity credit issue

**Notes:**
Intermodal: take trucks off the road, shift to rail or barge.

## Traffic Congestion

**Truck and Rail Flows**

**Notes:**
Left: Freight flows by truck, 2020 (daily truck volumes), FHWA.
Right: Freight flows by rail: 1998 (tons), FRA.
The amount of freight moved grew by 50 percent between 1980 to 1999.
Trucks hauled 49 percent of the freight in 1999, more than doubling the
tonnage they carried in 1980. Rail carriers hauled 25 percent of the
freight in 1999, down from 29 percent carried in 1980. 

## Alternative Fuels

- Biodiesel Projects
- Yes,  but probably not in NOx-limited areas
- Hybrids

## Other Issues

- Operating costs-3 year limit
- Vehicle lease as capital cost
- Increased emphasis on meeting ADA requirements

**Notes:**
CMAQ for starting new service.  Limit op costs also saves money for other projects.

## CMAQ Reporting Requirements

**Notes:**
States required to report how used funds annually.
Never fear, the reporting system is here.

## CMAQ Tracking System

## CMAQ Tracking System

- Benefits of using the system
- Standardize data
- Create reports for your State
- Upload vs. entering individual projects

## Expected Emissions Benefits (VOC, FY2000)

**Notes:**
Expected benefits.
Most projects produce small benefits.

## http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/cmaqpgs/index.htm

- Michael.Koontz@fhwa.dot.gov (CMAQ Coordinator)
- Diane.Turchetta@fhwa.dot.gov
- Victoria.Martinez@fhwa.dot.gov
- Robert.Kafalenos@fhwa.dot.gov
- Michael.Savonis@fhwa.dot.gov (AQ Team Leader)

## Questions??