# Presentation: 764377

## PHENIX of the Future

**Ed O’Brien**
**2007 RHIC/AGS Users Meeting**
**June 22, 2007**
**Brookhaven National Lab**

## The RHIC Physics Program

**The RHIC Physics Program**

**RHIC**

## The PHENIX Detector (2007 Run)

**Detector Redundancy**
**Fine Granularity, Mass Resolution**
**High Data Rate**
**Good Particle ID**
**Limited Acceptance**

_**Charged Particle Tracking:**_
**Drift Chamber**
**Pad Chamber**
**Time Expansion Chamber/TRD**
**Cathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking)**
_**Particle ID:**_
**Time of Flight (East and West)**
**Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counter**
**TEC/TRD**
**Muon ID (PDT’s)**
**Aerogel Cerenkov Counter**
**Hadron Blind Detector**
_**Calorimetry:**_
**Pb Scintillator**
**Pb Glass**
**Muon Piston Calorimeter**
_**Event Characterization:**_
**Reaction Plane Detector**
**Beam-Beam Counter**
**Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector**
**Forward Calorimeter**

## The RHIC Run History

**PHENIX             Year                Species             s****1/2 ****[GeV ]                ****         ********Ldt****                        ****N****tot ****(sampled)****         ****Data Size**
**Run1               2000            Au-Au              130                   1     ********b****-1****          10 M                          3 TB   **
**Run2             2001/02         Au-Au              200                24      ********b****-1****        170 M                        10 TB                                                       ****	****                        Au-Au                19                      ------             <1 M****	****                                         ****	****                           ****	****	****      p-p                 200                 0.15   pb****-1****        3.7  G                        20 TB**
**Run3             2002/03           d-Au               200                2.74   nb****-1****         5.5  G                ****	****       46 TB                            ****	****                          p-p                  200                0.35   pb****-1****         6.6  G                       35 TB**
**Run4             2003/04         Au-Au              200              241      ********b****-1****         1.5  G                     270 TB****	****	****                     ****	****	****   Au-Au                62.4****	****           9       ********b****-1               ****58 M                       10 TB****	****                            **
**Run5****	****   2005    ****	****   Cu-Cu              200                  3       nb****-1****          8.6 G        ****	****    173 TB****	****	****     ****	****	****   Cu-Cu                62.4               0.19  nb****-1****          0.4 G          ****	****      48 TB                 ****	****	****	****   Cu-Cu                22.4               2.7    ********b****-1****             9 M                       1 TB                                                          ****	****	****      p-p                 200                  3.8    pb****-1****           85 G                   262 TB**
**Run-6****	****   2006****	****      p-p                 200                 10.7  ****	**** pb****-1****        233 G                    310 TB****	****	****	****	****      p-p****	****          62.4****	****            0.1    pb-1          10 G****	****      25 TB**
**Run-7****	****   2007            Au-Au               200              725 ****	**** ********b****-1****         4.6 G****	****    570 TB**

**The RHIC machine performance has been very impressive:**
**Collided 4 different species in 7 years**
**AuAu, dAu, pp, CuCu**
**6 energies run**
**9.2 GeV, 19 GeV, 22.5 GeV, 62.4 GeV, 130 GeV, 200 GeV**

**Transferred **
**0.6 PB of data to **
**Japan via the **
**GRID for **
**Analysis in 2005/06**

**Most machine design luminosity specs have been surpassed ! **

## Comparable Data Archiving Rates

**Comparable Data Archiving Rates**

**ALICE**

**~25**

**~40**

**~100**

**~100**

**All in MB/s**
**all approximate**

**~100**

**~150**

**~1250**

- ~**600**

## Processing of PHENIX Data

**Data Production takes place at 5-6 sites**
**RHIC Computing Facility, CC-J (RIKEN), CC-F( Ecole Polytechnique), PHENIX Counting House, ORNL, Vanderbilt**
**We have made substantial use of the GRID     (> 600 TB transferred to Japan)**
**With the exception of some specialized jobs, data production from earlier runs is complete **
**We anticipate MB data production for Run-7 will start in the early summer at RCF.**
**Preliminary data production for Run-7 is ongoing at CC-F and Vanderbilt.**

## Examples of Recent Progress

## The RHIC Physics Program

**The RHIC Physics Program**

**RHIC**

## Detector Redundancy
Fine Granularity, Mass Resolution
High Data Rate
Good Particle ID
Limited Acceptance

**Fine Granularity, Mass Resolution**
**High Data Rate**
**Good Particle ID**
**Limited Acceptance**

_**Charged Particle Tracking:**_
**Drift Chamber**
**Pad Chamber**
**Time Expansion Chamber/TRD**
**Cathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking)**
_**Particle ID:**_
**Time of Flight (East and West) **
**Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counter**
**TEC/TRD**
**Muon ID (PDT’s)**
**Aerogel Cerenkov Counter**
**Hadron Blind Calorimeter**
_**Calorimetry:**_
**Pb Scintillator**
**Pb Glass**
**Muon Piston Calorimeter**
_**Event Characterization:**_
**Multiplicity Vertex Detector (Si Strip,Pad)**
**Beam-Beam Counter**
**Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector**
**Forward Calorimeter**

_**Charged Particle Tracking:**_
**Drift Chamber**
**Pad Chamber**
**Time Expansion Chamber/TRD**
**Cathode Strip Chambers(Mu Tracking)**
**Forward Muon Trigger Detector (MuTrig)**
**Si Vertex Tracking Detector- Barrel (VTX)**
**Si Vertex Endcap (FVTX)**
_**Particle ID:**_
**Time of Flight **
**Ring Imaging Cerenkov Counter**
**TEC/TRD**
**Muon ID (PDT’s)**
**Aerogel Cerenkov Counter **
**Multi-Resistive Plate Chamber Time of Flight**
**Hadron Blind Detector**** **
_**Calorimetry:**_
**Pb Scintillator**
**Pb Glass**
**Nose Cone Calorimeter (NCC)**
**Muon Piston Calorimeter**
_**Event Characterization:**_
**Beam-Beam Counter**
**Zero Degree Calorimeter/Shower Max Detector**
**Forward Calorimeter**
**Reaction Plane Detector**
_**Data Acquisition:**_
**DAQ Upgrade**** **

**The Upgraded PHENIX Detector**

## Future PHENIX Acceptance for Hard Probes  

**-3              -2             -1                 0                1               2               3    rapidity**

****** ****coverage                 2******

**Heavy flavor with precision vertex tracking with silicon detectors**
**Direct ******** and ********0**** with combination of all electromagnetic calorimeters**
**Combine a) & b) for jet tomography with ********-jet **

**Future PHENIX Acceptance for Hard Probes**

## Future Upgrades

**Nose Cone Calorimeter**

**Silicon VTX**** ****and FVTX**

**MuTrig Station 1**

**MuTrig Station 2**

**MuTrig Station 3**

## Upgrade Schedule Scenario

|  | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aerogel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| TOF-W |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| MPC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| RXNP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| HBD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| VTX-barrel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| FVTX-endcap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NCC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| MuTrigger |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| DAQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

**R&D Phase**

**Construction Phase**

**Ready for Data**

## RHIC Physics Program

**Heavy Ion Physics:**
**QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (sQuark Gluon Plasma)**
**Global (dN/d********, HBT, E****T****, fluctuations)**
**Particle Spectra and ratios**
** ****Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e****+****e****-**** continuum)**
** ****Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2)**
**J/******** Production/ Absorption**
**Energy Loss, R****AA**** **
**Jet Modifications**
**Heavy Quark/Open Charm**
**Polarized Protons:**
**Nucleon Spin**
**Gluon spin: ********G **
**W-parity sea quark spin:  ********ubar,  ********dbar**
**Nucleon transverse spin distr., transversity**
**Proton-Nucleus:**
**Structure function physics**
**Gluon saturation**
**Shadowing, anti-shadowing...**
**Color Glass Condensate**
**Cold nuclear physics (Cronin effect)**
**Search for the QCD Critical Point:**
**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, ********B****) ?**
**Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p****T****>******
**Particle spectra and ratios**
**e****+****e****-**** continuum**
**Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2), v2 scaling with quark number**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak**

## Upgrade Physics 

|  | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aerogel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| TOF-W |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| MPC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| RXNP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| HBD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| VTX-barrel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| VTX-endcap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NCC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| MuTrigger |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| DAQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

**Quark spin structure, W-production**

**Upgrade Physics **

**R&D Phase**

**Construction Phase**

**Ready for Data**

**Flavor Tagged high pT Physics**

**Flavor Tagged high pT Physics**

**Low mass di-electrons**

**heavy quark spectroscopy********-jet,  jet tomography **

**heavy quark spectroscopy, ********-jet, jet tomography, CGC **

**heavy quark physics********-jet, CGC,  jet tomography, **

**New subsystems, higher luminosity, higher data rates**

**A**** LL****, A ****N  ****Spin  structure****  ****forward ******

**Elliptic flow, esp. heavy quark v2**

## PHENIX Upgrades

**The VTX, FVTX and NCC both individually and in combination make the following measurements possible:**
**Heavy quark behavior (c, b quark characteristics in dense medium)**
**Charmonium spectroscopy (J/********, ********’ , ********c**** and ********)**
**Gluon spin structure (********G/G)  through g-jet correlations**
**Transversity **
**A-, p****T****-, x-dependence of the parton structure of nuclei**
**Gluon saturation and the color glass condensate at low x**

## Specifications:
Large acceptance (  and  < 1.2)
Displaced vertex measurement  < 40 m
Charged particle tracking p/p ~ 5% p at high pT
Detector must work for both HI and pp collisions.
Technology Choice
Hybrid pixel detectors developed at CERN for ALICE 
Strip detectors, sensors developed at BNL with FNAL’s SVX4  readout chip

**Large acceptance (********  and ******** < 1.2)**
**Displaced vertex measurement ******** < 40 ********m**
**Charged particle tracking ********p****/p ~ 5% p at high pT**
**Detector must work for both HI and pp collisions****.**
**Technology Choice**
**Hybrid pixel detectors developed at CERN for ALICE **
**Strip detectors, sensors developed at BNL with FNAL’s SVX4  readout chip**

**Barrel VTX Detector**

**Hybrid Pixel Detectors  (50 ********m x 425 ********m) at R ~ 2.5 & 5 cm**
**Strip Detectors (80 ********m x 3 cm) at R ~ 10 & 14 cm**

**|********|<****1.2**
** ****~ 2******
**z********±********cm******

## VTX Separation of c, b v2

**v2 of single electron is measured by PHENIX in RUN4**
**The measured v2 is mixture of b********e and c********e**
**With VTX, we can separate b********e and c********e component**

- PHENIX RUN4 preliminary

**Kaon contribution is subtracted**

## VTX Measurement of RAA for c and b

## Nose Cone Calorimeter

**Nose Cone Calorimeter**

**Tungsten-Silicon Calorimeter**
**Combination EM and Hadronic section**
**Includes both preshower and shower max sections to optimize ********0**** identification**
**Smallest practical Moliere radius needed due to location 40 cm from PHENIX IP**
**Covers 2******** in azimuth and 1.0 < ******** < 3.0**

## Nose Cone Calorimeter

**Physics Program of NCC includes:**
**Factor of 5 increase in coverage for  ********-jet measurements**
**Energy loss at forward rapidiites**
**Charm through electron channel at forward rapidities**
**Suppression effects of******** ****c**** in HI collisions**
**Nuclear modification factor (CGC effects) in dAu using******** 0****, ******
**Transverse Spin Physics**

## Forward Silicon Vertex Detector - FVTX

**FVTX Specifications:**
**2 endcaps**
**4 pixelpad layers/endcap**
**~550k channels/endcap**
**Electronics a mod of BTeV readout chip**
**Fully integrated mech design w/ VTX**
**2******** coverage  in azimuth and 1.2 < | ******** | < 2.4**
**Better than 100 ********m displaced vertex resolution**

## Forward Silicon Vertex Detector - FVTX

**Physics Program of FVTX includes**
**Resolving J/******** and********’ in Muon arms**
**Resolving ******** at y=0 using Muon arms**
**Direct measure of B meson through displaced J/******
**Drell-Yan Measurements in dAu at both forward and midrapidities**
**c, b ID for both HI physics & ********G spin measurements**
**Nuclear modification factor (CGC effects) in dAu using hadrons, c, b, and J/******

## Muon Trigger

**The Muon Trigger Upgrade consists of:**
**6 Stations of Resistive Plate Chambers**
**3 North, 3 South**
**Addition of LVL1 electronics to MuTracker**
** ****St2, St3 North and St2, St3 South**
**Increases LVL1 rejection by 2 orders of magnitude**

## Muon Trigger

**Measuring sea quark contributions to proton spin via W production at RHIC**
**Ws in polarized p-p:**
**limited x-coverage **
**high Q****2 ******** theoretically clean**
**no Form Factor-info needed**
** **

## RHIC Physics Program

**Heavy Ion Physics:**
**QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (sQuark Gluon Plasma)**
**Global (dN/d********, HBT, E****T****, fluctuations)**
**Particle Spectra and ratios**
** ****Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e****+****e****-**** continuum)**
** ****Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2)**
**J/******** Production/ Absorption**
**Energy Loss, R****AA**** **
**Jet Modifications**
**Heavy Quark/Open Charm**
**Polarized Protons:**
**Nucleon Spin**
**Gluon spin: ********G **
**W-parity sea quark spin:  ********ubar,  ********dbar**
**Nucleon transverse spin distr., transversity**
**Proton-Nucleus:**
**Structure function physics**
**Gluon saturation**
**Shadowing, anti-shadowing...**
**Color Glass Condensate**
**Cold nuclear physics (Cronin effect)**
**Search for the QCD Critical Point:**
**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, ********B****) ?**
**Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p****T****>******
**Particle spectra and ratios**
**e****+****e****-**** continuum**
**Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2), v2 scaling with quark number**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak**

## RHIC Physics Program

**Heavy Ion Physics:**
**QCD Phase Transition: new state of partonic matter (sQuark Gluon Plasma)**
**Global (dN/d********, HBT, E****T****, fluctuations)**
**Particle Spectra and ratios**
** ****Photons and Thermal Radiation (including e****+****e****-**** continuum)**
** ****Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2)**
**J/******** Production/ Absorption**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modifications**
**Heavy Quark/Open Charm**
**Polarized Protons:**
**Nucleon Spin**
**Gluon spin: ********G **
**W-parity sea quark spin:  ********ubar,  ********dbar**
**Nucleon transverse spin distr., transversity**
**Proton-Nucleus:**
**Structure function physics**
**Gluon saturation**
**Shadowing, anti-shadowing...**
**Color Glass Condensate**
**Cold nuclear physics (Cronin effect)**
**Search for the QCD Critical Point:**
**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, ********B****) ?**
**Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p****T****>******
**Particle spectra and ratios**
**e****+****e****-**** continuum**
**Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2), v2 scaling with quark number**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak**

**Topics addressed by PHENIX Upgrades **

## Nucleon Spin Structure: Physics Impact ofVTX, FVTX, NCC & Muon Trigger Upgrades 

-    ** ****Present vs ****with upgrades**
- Inclusive hadrons + photons
- heavy flavor, photons, photon-jet
-           increase x-range
-           parton kinematics
- not possible without upgrades
- ,
*A**N ** *for inclusive hadronen
- AT  in Interference-Fragmentation
- AT  Collins FF in jets
- AN    for back-to-back hadronen
- AN,T  jets, Ds, DY

-         **Physics Goals**
- determine first moment of
- the spin dependent gluon
- distribution, ∫01ΔG(x)dx.
- flavor seperation of quark
- and anti-quark spin distri-
- butions
- measurement of trans-
- versity quark distributions.
- Measurement of the
- Sivers distributions

**Nucleon Spin Structure: Physics Impact of****VTX, FVTX, NCC & Muon Trigger Upgrades**

**Sivers Effect**

## Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running

**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m****B****) ?**
**Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure:**
**Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p****T****>)**
**Particle spectra and ratios**
**e****+****e****-**** continuum**
**Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2), v2 scaling with quark number**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak**

## Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running

**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m****B****) ?**
**Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure:**
**Azimuthal Anisotropy (v2), v2 scaling with quark number**
**Energy Loss, R****AA **
**Jet Modification, shape of away-side peak**

## Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running

**Physics studies with Low Energy RHIC Running**

**Is there a QCD Critical Point and if so where is it (T, m****B****) ?**
**Vary energy and possibly beam species and measure:**
**Global (Correlation functions, Fluctuations <n>, <p****T****>)**
**Particle spectra and ratios**
**e****+****e****-**** continuum**

## Low Energy Running

**Hypothetical Run Strategy**
**~few M events/energy point**
**4-5 points s ****1⁄2**** ranging from s ****1⁄2**** =5 GeV to 30 GeV**
**Run once in next 2-3 years with current detector including HBD  **
**Run a second time with enhanced luminosity and Central region upgrade**
**VTX+FVTX+NCC **
**A small diamond would really help here**

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid

**Azimuthal anisotropy observed**
**For charged particles vs centrality**
**STAR:     PRL 86, (2001) 402**

**Jet Quenching  observed in charged **
**hadrons and ********o**** vs centrality**
**PHENIX:  PRL 88,(2002) 022301**

**dn/d******** ~ 1 + 2 v****2****(p****T****) cos (2********) + ...**
**Azimuthal asymmetry of charged particles**
**observed as a function of p****T**** and Centrality**

**Hadron production in Central collisions**
**was nearly a factor of 5 less than what **
**was observed in peripheral collisions.**** **

**Two of the most important discoveries at RHIC came in the first year**

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid

**The Matter Created is Very Opaque.**
** ********0**** is Suppressed out to 20 GeV/c**

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid:Energy Loss

**The energy loss mechanism is far from understood**
**Suppression level for non-photonic electrons (****presumably leptons from c,b decays)**** is the almost same as ********0**** and ******** in high p****T**** region**

## Physics of the Perfect FluidElliptic Flow: v2

**If partonic thermalization is driving the flow of the light quarks, then does v2 of non-photonic electrons mean both the c and b quarks are thermalized too? Do the c and b quarks flow differently?**** **

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid:J/ Suppression Mechanisms

**Less suppression at central rapidity than at forward rapidities**
**Same suppression levels at RHIC as seen at NA-50 **

- It is hard for existing suppression
- mechanisms to explain this data.
- More data needed for J/, ’, c and 

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid:Jet Modification

**The physical processes governing Jet Modification at RHIC are not understood, separating medium effects from geometric and surface effects are difficult and  require both sophisticated detectors and analysis tools **

## Physics of the Perfect Fluid

**   ****RHIC has produced billions of events, from which we have created thousands of plots, publishing over a hundred papers in seven years of operation. **
**    ****No models come close to explaining the many characteristics of the partonic matter we have created at RHIC **

## Conclusion - 1

**RHIC**

**We have a four component physics program which uses RHIC to explore some of the most important questions in QCD**
**RHIC capabilities make it uniquely suited to carry out this program**
**We have a detailed upgrade plan for the future that we are starting to implement**

## Conclusion - 2

**Conclusion - 2**

**RHIC**

**RHIC II is:**
**10X Luminosity Upgrade**
**Order of Magnitude increase in Detector Acceptance or DAQ Rate**
**Order of Magnitude S/B improvement for many physics signals**
**Potentially a  3 order of magnitude improvement in physics performance**
**When RHIC started running in 2000 many were looking to create a QGP that would display many interesting QCD characteristics.**
**Instead we have created partonic matter (The Perfect Fluid) that may be as fundamental to QCD as the proton. **
**With RHIC II we will create more of that matter, capture more of the events and study it more precisely.****  **