# Presentation: 002158

## 100 Years of Science

**100 Years of Science**

**Dick Carrigan**
**Fermilab**

## Nancy Carrigan’s cosmology

## What 100 years are we talking about?

**Notes:**
Maxwell?
Planck?
Birth Of QM?
1950s with explosion of HEP, DNA, Rocket sceince?

Does it matter – wellyes for this lecture, we need to guess future to set direction, facilites

## Definitions

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (anthropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

- Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (athropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## Particle physics 

- Particle physics

**Notes:**
Mixture of accelerators, cr from start
Note that there are puzzles that are glossed over on the left
Left behind is Higgs, etc
Chris Quigg looking for new “wall charts”

## Chronology – mostly experimental discoveries

- 1897	Using a cathode ray tube Thomson discovers the electron at the Cavendish
- 1931	Anderson discovers the positron at Cal Tech
- 1934	Fermi develops theory of beta decay
- 1937	Neddermeyer and Anderson discover the muon in a cosmic-ray experiment
- 1951	First observation of strange particles in cosmic-ray experiments.
- 1955	Segre and Chamberlain discover the antiproton at Berkeley.
- 1956	Cowan and Reines detect the first neutrino at Savannah River.
- 1956	Gell-Mann explains kaon lifetime with the strangeness
- 1964	At Brookhaven Cronin and Fitch find kaons violate CP symmetry
- 1974	Physicists at SLAC and BNL independently discover charm quark
- 1977	The upsilon, a particle containing a bottom quark, is discovered at Fermilab
- 1979	Gluon observed at DESY.
- 1983	W and Z bosons observed at CERN
- 1995	CDF and D0 discover top quark at Fermilab

**Notes:**
Anti particles
Mesons
Quarks
Gluons
SM
Neutrino mass

A key ingredient - accelerators

## The future for particle physics

- From Quigg http://www.fis.puc.cl/~rlineros/research/cdmexico/talks/BeyondSM/BSM1.pdf

- Some of Quigg’s April 28, 04 “Questions for the Future”
- 1. Are quarks and leptons elementary?
- 2. What is the relationship of quarks to leptons?
- 3. Are there right-handed weak interactions?
- 4. Are there new quarks and leptons?
- 5. Are there new gauge interactions linking quarks and leptons?
- 6. What is the relationship of left-handed & right-handed particles?
- 7. What is the nature of the right-handed neutrino?
- 8. What is the nature of the new force that hides electroweak symmetry?
- 9. Are there different kinds of matter? Of energy?
- 10. Are there new forces of a novel kind?
- 11. What do generations mean? Is there a family symmetry?
- 12. What makes a top quark a top quark and an electron an electron?
- 13. What is the (grand) unifying symmetry?

**Notes:**
Beyond the SM
Extra dimensions
Something else

## Accelerators

**Notes:**
Pictures of cyclotron, Fermilab, LC,

Need to work in the future.

## Accelerators beyond LHC – everything has problems

**Notes:**
Both have problems – NLC cost lots, exotic accelerators are unproven and advancing too slowly

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (athropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## The Big Bang

- From http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~phy39/stellarE/starshine.html

- Big bang explained what came afterwards
- but not the big bang itself

**Notes:**
Make point that this links to particle physics. Also need links to various parts of physics eq Higgs, quarks, nucleons, etc.

## The Big Bang and the particle /cosmology connection

## The next forty years in particle cosmology

- Even more precise WMAP-type observations
- Dark matter and dark energy investigations continue
- Gravity waves
- The fabric of space
- Particle physics finds the key?

**Notes:**
Note that satellite observatories are key to most of these.

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

- Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (anthropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## History of Space and Astronomy

**Notes:**
V2, manned flight, Hubble, Mars rover
 Near 'Endurance' on Sol 1155/24/04This cylindrical-projection view combines several frames from the navigation camera on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. The rover acquired these frames during its 115th martian day, or "sol," in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars, on May 21, 2004. The rover was near the edge of "Endurance Crater," which dominates the right half of this view. The crater is about 130 meters (about 430 feet) in diamete

## Space and Astronomy

**Notes:**
Want planetary science – Europa,  WMAP, extrasolar planets, recent Hubble result
Ridges and lineaments crisscross the icy shell of Europa's surface. These are the most common landform on Europa and may represent either ejection of material from beneath its icy shell, or crumpling of the shell itself. Features as small as 54 meters (179 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 2,550 kilometers (1,560 miles) from Europa. 

Inset is Fig. 7.3 A portion of Conamara Chaos (at 40 m/pixel). Here we see rafts of older tectonic
terrain which have been slightly displaced in a lumpy frozen matrix, giving the appearance of a
site of melting of the crust followed by refreezing. Two examples of cracks with double ridges
have formed subsequently, providing examples of a widespread process by which tectonics
have obliterated chaotic terrain to various degrees.

A global view of Europa's trailing hemisphere. Visible in this view are mottled terrain, triple bands, crater Pwyll, a macula, and IR bright and dark plains. The minimum feature size visible in this image is 14 kilometers (8.6 miles). This image was taken when Galileo was 677,000 kilometers (413,000 miles) from Europa. 
This image of Europa's southern hemisphere was obtained by the solid state imaging (CCD) system on board NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its sixth orbit of Jupiter. The upper left portion of the image shows the southern extent of the "wedges" region, an area that has undergone extensive disruption. South of the wedges, the eastern extent of Agenor Linea (nearly 1000 kilometers in length) is also visible. Thera and Thrace Macula are the dark irregular features southeast of Agenor Linea. This image can be used by scientists to build a global map of Europa by tying such Galileo images together with images from 1979 during NASA's Voyager mission. Such lower resolution images also provide the context needed to interpret the higher resolution images taken by the Galileo during both its nominal mission and the upcoming Europa mission. North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at -40 latitude and 180 longitude, covers an area approximately 675 by 675 kilometers. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 3.3 kilometers across. The images were taken on Feb 20, 1997 at 12 hours, 55 minutes, 34 seconds Universal Time when the spacecraft was at a range of 81,707 kilometers. 

This high-resolution image of Jupiter's moon Europa, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft camera, shows dark, relatively smooth region at the lower right hand corner of the image which may be a place where warm ice has welled up from below. The region is approximately 30 square kilometers in area. An isolated bright hill stands within it. The image also shows two prominent ridges which have different characteristics; youngest ridge runs from left to top right and is about 5 kilometers in width (about 3.1 miles). The ridge has two bright, raised rims and a central valley. The rims of the ridge are rough in texture. The inner and outer walls show bright and dark debris streaming downslope, some of it forming broad fans. This ridge overlies and therefore must be younger than a second ridge running from top to bottom on the left side of the image. This dark ~2 km wide ridge is relatively flat, and has smaller-scale ridges and troughs along its length.North is to the top of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the upper left. This image, centered at approximately 14 degrees south latitude and 194 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 15 kilometers by 20 kilometers (9 miles by 12 miles). The resolution is 26 meters (85 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 1300 kilometers (800 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, C

Wmap

If we make a temperature map of the Earth for the month of June 1992 we get a pattern of data that can be displayed in a colorful way to help us understand the results. If we turn our gaze upward and make a picture of the whole sky, we can display that data in a similar oval format for easy examination. 

The main features of the WMAP spacecraft are shown in the following collection of diagrams and photographs. The most prominent feature is a pair of back-to-back telescopes that focus the microwave radiation from two spots on the sky roughly 140° apart and feed it to 10 separate differential receivers that sit in an assembly directly underneath the optics. Large "elephant ear" radiators provide cooling for the sensitive amplifiers in the receiver assembly. The bottom half of the spacecraft provides the services necessary to carry out the mission including command and data collection electronics, attitude (pointing) control and determination, power services and a hydrazine propulsion system. The entire observatory is kept in continuous shade by a large deployable sun shield that also supports the solar panels. 

exo-solar planet with Hubble spectrograph:

DETECTION OF OXYGEN AND CARBON IN THE HYDRODYNAMICALLY ESCAPING
ATMOSPHERE OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HD209458B
A. Vidal-Madjar1, J.-M. D ́esert1, A. Lecavelier des Etangs1, G. H ́ebrard1,
G. E. Ballester2, D. Ehrenreich1, R. Ferlet1, J. C. McConnell3, M. Mayor4,
C. D. Parkinson5
Draft version February 2, 2004
ABSTRACT
Four transits of the planet orbiting the star HD209458 were observed with the STIS spectrograph on
board HST. The wavelength domain (1180-1710°A) includes Hi as well as Ci, Cii, Civ, Nv, Oi, S i, Si ii,
Si iii and Si iv lines. During the transits, absorptions are detected in Hi, Oi and Cii (5±2%, 13±4.5%
and 7.5±3.5%, respectively). No absorptions are detected for other lines. The 5% mean absorption over
the whole Hi Lyman  line is consistent with the previous detection at higher resolution (Vidal-Madjar
et al. 2003). The absorption depths in Oi and Cii show that oxygen and carbon are present in the
extended upper atmosphere of HD209458b. These species must be carried out up to the Roche lobe and
beyond, most likely in a state of hydrodynamic escape.
Subject headings: Star: individual (HD209458) – Stars: planetary systems

The diagram is Fig 2. Red is on transit. Note the adsorption. HI. SiIII shows none. Fig. 2.— Comparison of o-transit and in-transit spectra for the Si iii, Hi, Oi and Cii lines with 1- error bars. The o-transit spectrum
is the addition of the first exposure of the 1st and 3rd visits (thin lines); the in-transit corresponds to the addition of the fully in-transit
exposure of each of the four HST visits (thick lines). Absorption is clearly detected in the Hi, Oi and Cii lines. No signal is detected in
other lines (e.g., Si iii) with about the same amplitude. The bottom panels show the high resolution spectra obtained in 2001 with the echelle
grating (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003).

## The future of space

- Man has a role but for the distant future
- Robotics ala the 2004 Martian landers is important
- Enormous importance for astronomy and cosmology
-    Spitzer Infrared Telescope now in operation
-    James Webb 6.5 m optical telescope
-    LISA – constellation to look for gravity waves
-    SIM – interferometry to look for exosolar planets
-    Kepler - exosolar planets by transit

**Notes:**
Man has a role but for the distant future
Robotics importance
Potential of space for astronomy is enormous- list some projects, WMAP continues, special telescope, searching for extrasolar planets, perhaps gravity, study of solar planets maybe as pictures

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

- Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (athropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## Dirt, Darwin, and DNA

**Notes:**
Note that it is actually Darwin/Wallace

## Big Bang of Biology

## Origin of life

- See :Astrobiology:The Quest for the Conditions of Life- Gerda Horneck Christa Baumstark-Khan (Eds.)

- T

- History of life on earth – the first billion years:
-   Birth of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago. Hot (molten)
-     atmosphere of H2O, CO2 and CO, N2 and H2 until 0.1 Gyr
-   Rain  0.1 to 0.3 Gyr, rocky crust 0.2 to 0.4 Gyr.
-   Biologically processed carbon 1 Gyr (self-replicating, carbon-based microbial life)
-      not much free oxygen - anaerobic life
-   And then photosynthesis began to produce oxygen

## Tree of life – not your parents biology

- Also viruses

- From http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/threedomains.html

**Notes:**
Some places Rare Earth p. 80, 81p 88 108  biology p 454

## Speeding up evolution

- Extremophiles
- Thermophiles-deep hydrothermal vents along mid ocean rifts -volcanic vents or "black smokers"
- Salty (halophiles)
- Cold, dry, high radiation, ...

## The astrobiology link

- Extraterrestrial signatures of life – the next fifty years
-    Meteors – Antartic collection
-    Planets and satellites (Mars, Europa) - Rovers
-    Atmospheres of extrasolar planets – spectroscopy, interferometry
-    Planetary and galactic habitable zones

**Notes:**
Panel of bullets – origin of life, dna, exoplanets, extemophiles and extension of habitable zones planetary and galactic
9THIS WILL BE A FIRST ROW WITH SMALL PICTURES, MAYBE REPEATS

Can we find signatures of life? Mars, Jovian planets like Europa (slightly related to Amanda engineering), exosolar planetary atmospheres. Second row with signatures

Fermi question and Fermi question generalized (Rare earth). SETI. Third row. In a discussion of UFO’s Fermi may have asked “Where is everybody?” His point may have been that an interstellar population  explosion only takes time even with slow space travel.

## Anthropic Principle – a perfect universe for us

- “... it is well known, ... that other properties of our universe are very finely tuned and will only exist over a quite small bandwidth. We shall pay special attention to such ‘‘anthropic’’ constraints, as discussed for example in the book by Barrow and Tipler and will be interested in the bandwidth in *R *for which they are satisfied.”

**Cosmology and the standard model**
- James D. Bjorken*
*Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309*
- Received 21 October 2002; published 26 February 2003
- PHYSICAL REVIEW D **67**, 043508 (2003)

- Brandon Carter (73)

-                              .... Crucial to the properties of nuclear and atomic matter are the values of the fine-structure constant ~here constrained to a reasonable range of values, the ratio of electron to proton mass, the ratio of pion to proton mass, and the neutron proton mass difference

-                                                                 ....Finally, we may consider the mechanism for producing carbon in stars. This depends upon the existence of the anthropically famous **triple-alpha**** ****reaction** ...with the resonance in 12C predicted by Hoyle ...  together with the absence of a crucial level in 16O.”

**?**
**“****What is Life?”**
**Erwin Schr****ð****dinger (1944)**

**Notes:**
Our universe selects us. The universe is the way it is because we exist. A problem for me is that we can’t seem to draw conclusions.

Another factor to consider is what is “us”/, for example robots, etc. The galactic and cosmological habitable zones.

“... it is well known, ... that other properties of our universe are very finely tuned and will only exist over a quite small bandwidth. We shall pay special attention to such ‘‘anthropic’’ constraints, as discussed for example in the book by Barrow and Tipler and will be interested in the bandwidth in R for which they are satisfied.”...Crucial to the properties of nuclear and atomic matter are the values of the fine-structure constant ~here constrained to a reasonable range of values, the ratio of electron to proton mass, the ratio of pion to proton mass, and the neutron proton mass difference.... Finally, we may consider the mechanism for producing carbon in stars. This depends upon the existence of the anthropically famous triple- a reaction ...with the resonance in 12C predicted by Hoyle ...  together with the absence of a crucial level in 16O.” .”...Crucial to the properties of nuclear and atomic matter are the values of the fine-structure constant ~here constrained to a reasonable range of values, the ratio of electron to proton mass, the ratio of pion to proton mass, and the neutron proton mass difference.... Finally, we may consider the mechanism for producing carbon in stars. This depends upon the existence of the anthropically famous triple- a reaction ...with the resonance in 12C predicted by Hoyle ...  together with the absence of a crucial level in 16O.”

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

- Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (athropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## Computing

**This computer – 18.5 Gbytes, 650 MHz.**

**Notes:**
History (do as a personal history)
Moore’s law
WWW Berners-Lee, Fermi historical site
We are in the middle of this including some distressing problems like viruses.

## Human genome-3 billion DNA base pairs, actual information content is on the order of 0.05 Gbytes (about size of Word)
Old Fermilab  tape robot – 6*106 Gbyte – mostly colliding beam, Monte Carlo
Sloan Telescope at Fermilab – 1000 Gbytes
106 Gbytes of material printed every year
Typical education through graduate school subsumed in 1-10 Gbytes
Lifetime of images stored on DVD might be 1000 Gbytes
Knowledge base in a human brain-0.25 to 2.5 Gbyte range (1011 neurons). 6*109 people gives 1.5 to 15*109 Gbytes to profile everyone on earth 

- Old Fermilab  tape robot – 6*106 Gbyte – mostly colliding beam, Monte Carlo
- Sloan Telescope at Fermilab – 1000 Gbytes
- 106 Gbytes of material printed every year
- Typical education through graduate school subsumed in 1-10 Gbytes
- Lifetime of images stored on DVD might be 1000 Gbytes
- Knowledge base in a human brain-0.25 to 2.5 Gbyte range (1011 neurons). 6*109 people gives 1.5 to 15*109 Gbytes to profile everyone on earth

- Size of some databases

## Computing and the future

**Computing speed**
- Speed of human brain - 200*103 Giga computations/s (Kurzweil) or
-    105 times this computer.
-    Kurzweil calls the crossover a singularity
-       (maybe better is “phase change”)
-    Cross over point is 2020 to 2030 at present rate of progress
- QCD - 1000 Giga Flops – getting in range

**Quantum computing**

**Problems and challenges**
-    viruses
-    the approach of the Kurzweil “singularity” (or phase change)
-    qualifying internet and World Wide Web
-    qualifying programs
-    and ...**theories of computing, knowledge, mind**

**Notes:**

SETI signals, what can be sent.
Other technologies, e. g. quantum computing

## Technical revolutions of the last half century

- Technical revolutions of the last half century

**Notes:**
NOT ON CHART-Geology. May be something else.  Also accelerators.
Two missing links – cosmology to DNA (athropic), particles to space.
I assume particles means accelerators also.
Space includes astronomy
This is a slide I will keep coming back to.

## The bottom line

-    Computers and computer science are reaching human capabilities

-    Scientific experiments have moved into space

-    We may find extraterrestrial life

-    Biology has become a mathematical science

-    Particle physics and cosmology linked - explains much of the universe

**Notes:**
Particle physics has made direct contributions, instrumentation, etc, to other fields.

...

## Questions?