# Presentation: 840189

## Novel detectors and 

**impact on new physics**
*I. Giomataris, DAPNIA-Saclay*
**	****	****1. MPGD developments and RD51 project **
**Micromegas detector**
**New developments: Bulk and ********-Bulk**
**New experiments**
**	****	****2.  A new concept: a spherical detector**
**Basic results and performance**
** ****Novel neutrino experiments**
** ****Massive ****3****He detector**

- I. Giomataris

## Micromegas & GEMs (MPGD)

- GEM

- Micromegas

**M**icro **P**attern **G**aseous **D**etector

- better spatial and time resolution
-  radiation resistance
-  no E×B effect

** ****NA48, COMPASS, LHC-B, TOTTEM, SLHC, CAST, n-TOF, STAR, CLAS12G, OAKRIDGE, T2K, DRIFT, MiMac, ILC....**

- Avalanche

-  fast signal
-  Integrated electronics
-  low ion backdrift

- Gas Electron Multiplier (F. Sauli, 1997)
- 2 copper foils separated by kapton
- multiplication takes place in holes
- use of 2 or 3 stages

- MICROMEsh GAseous Structure(Y. Giomataris *et al.*, 1996)
- metallic micromesh (typical pitch 50μm)
- sustained by 50μm pillars, multiplication between anode and mesh, high gain

- Gas Electron Multiplier (F. Sauli, 1997)
- 2 copper foils separated by kapton
- multiplication takes place in holes
- low gain

- I. Giomataris

## The RD51 Collaboration Institues:

**Universities of Aveiro and Coimbra (Portugal), IFAE Barcelona (Spain), INFN Bari (Italy), Bonn University (Germany), PTB Braunschweig (Germany)**
**Eotvos University Budapest (Hungary), Uludag University Bursa (Turkey), INFN Cagliari (Italy), MIT Cambridge MA (US), Carleton University and TRIUMF (Canada), AGH UST Cracow (Poland), GSI Darmstadt (Germany), PGE and Panalytical Eindhoven (Netherlands), Ecole des Mines Superior St. Etienne (France)**
**LNF-INFN Frascati (Italy), University of Freiburg (Germany), C-RAD Imaging AB Frösön (Sweden), CERN TS-DEM Geneva (Switzerland), CERN PH Geneva (Switzerland),ATLAS Upgrade Coll. Geneva (Switzerland), Athens Demokritos, Athens National Technical University, Athens University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bucharest NIPNE, CERN, Harvard University, Naples, Petersburg NPI, University of Science and Technology of China, University of South Carolina, **
**Thessaloniki Aristotle University, Washington University, Geneva University (Switzerland), CEA SACLAY Gif sur Yvette (France), LPSC Grenoble (France)**
**DESY FLC Hamburg (Germany), HIP Helsinki (Finland), Saha Institute Kolkata (India), Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL (US), University of Montreal (Canada), Technische Universität München (Germany), Yale University New Haven CT (US), TERA FOUNDATION Novara (Italy),Budker Institute Novosibirsk (Russia), IPN  CNRS-IN2P3 Orsay (France), INFN Pisa and University of Siena (Italy), University of Sheffield (UK),Technical University Prague (Czech Republic), Weizmann Institute Rehevot (Israel), INFN and University of Trieste (Italy), Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY (US), University of Victoria and TRIUMF (Canada), SMI Vienna (Austria), University of Zaragoza (Spain)**

**~ 50 institutes declared interest **
**in the MPGD R & D Collaboration**** **

**The goal of such a collaboration would be to bundle and coordinate detector development and simulation work. The collaboration will allow:**
**• ****Structure, coordinate and focus R&D efforts;**
**• ****Share common infrastructure (e.g. test beam, electronics, production and test facilities), develop common test and quality standards;**
**• ****Share investment of common projects (e.g. MPGD technology and electronics developments)**
**• ****Optimize communication and sharing of knowledge/experience/results**
** ****Setup a common maintainable software package for gas detector simulations**

- I. Giomataris

## In 1st Micromegas

**Anode strips**
**Or any other readout structure**

- Pillar

- micromesh

- Drift plane

**In 1st Micromegas**
**Fishing line spacers have been used**

- I. Giomataris

## Virtue of the small gap

** ****Stable gain and relative immunity to flatness defects or temperature and pressure variation**
** ****Good energy resolution**

- Ref: Y. Giomataris, NIM A419, p239 (1998)

- E1

- E2

- E1> E2

- V

- The gain variation  exhibits a minimum for :
**d =  V/Bp**

- I. Giomataris

## High radiation resistance : > 30 mC/mm2 > 25 LHC years

- G. Puill, et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-46 (6) (1999)1894.

*A. Delbart, ****Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A461:84-87,2001***

- Sub-nanosecond time resolution

- NA48-KABES

- 600 ps

- High accuracy

-  (m)

- Excellent single electron resolution

- I. Giomataris

## Bulk MicromegasI. Giomataris et al., DAPNIA-2004

- Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A560: 405-408,2006

-  Bulk Micromegas obtained by lamination of a woven grid on an anode with a photo-imageable film

-    **Large area and robustness**
**   ****Easy implementation**
-    **Low cost**
-   **Industrial process**

- « Bulk » : construction process

**Low material detectors**
**Goal : 5-10 lower of a standard silicon detector**

- I. Giomataris

## T2K Micromegas TPC project : about 12 m2 detector surface

**T2K Micromegas TPC project** : about 12 m2 detector surface

_**Goal:**_**  measure the ********e ****and**** ************  ****fluxes and spectra and study ******** cross-sections to predict               **
**           ****the response at the SK detector . **
** ****Main process at ~650 MeV is CCQE:  ************ n ******** ************ ****p ******** signal for E******** reconstruction**

**Expected resolutions for a **
**70 cm track in the T2K TPC**
**for B=0.2T:**
**     ********(p) / p < 8%  ****@ 1GeV/c**
**              ********(dE/dx) < 9%**

- I. Giomataris

## Full prototype tested

***36 x 34 cm******2  ******« Bulk »******  ******MicroMegas***

**    ****1726 pads**
**  ****9.7 x 6.9 mm****2**
**    ****128 m gap**

**2 x 6 modules**
**        ****per  **
** ****readout plane**
**  ****Total of 72 **
**    ****modules**

** ****Pre-production of MM modules satisfactory**
** ****Production of final modules (8/month) started**
** ****FEE production (AFTER ASICs) in course**
** ****Test of 1****st**** TPC (Module 0) at TRIUMF (Canada)**
**   ****started this summer **

- I. Giomataris

## Towards Larger Micromegas

- 50x50 cm2 under study for ILC-HCAL by Annecy-Lyon

- ATLAS-SPLC muon system,
*V. Polychronakos, J., Wotschack et al.,*
- Goal : 2mx1m detectors
- Second prototype 150x60 cm2
- Is under construction

**1****st**** prototype**
**45x35** cm2

- Beam test results

- I. Giomataris

## Medipix2 & Micromegas

- δ-ray!

- 5.9 keV photoelectron in Argon

- He/Isobutane 80/20

- Efficiency for
- detecting single
- electrons:
- > 90 %

- surface: 1.4 x 1.6 cm2
- Matrix of 256 x 256
- pixel size: 55 x 55 μm2

- I. Giomataris

## TIMEPIX + MICROMEGAS in Saclay,

**90Sr**

- alpha

- muon

- Great resolution
- Single electron counting!!

- I. Giomataris

## NEW    Micro-Bulk,

***I. Giomataris- R. De Oliveira idea***

**Very good energy resolution**
- 10.5% at 5.9 keV
-  5.5% at 22 keV
-  <1.5% with Am alpha source

**We must measure resolution at higher pressure and Xenon mixtures**

**50 ********m and 25 ********m gaps fabricated**

- Micromegas inside

- I. Giomataris

## 241Am resolution in a small TPC with Micromegas read-out

**241****Am resolution in a small TPC with Micromegas read-out**
***Saclay, Saragoza,Ottawa collaboration***

- RMS = 1.2%

** ****In Argon energy resolution was constant (RMS=1.2%) up to 4 bar**
** ****We must measure it at higher pressure and in Xenon mixtures**

- I. Giomataris

## Hunting a high energy resolution in the MeV range is a must Neutrinoless Double Beta (0nbb) using 136Xe target

- 2nbb

- 0nbb

- Q value

- 2nbb

- 0nbb

-  Energy resolution very important. **Only way to distinguish between both processes**

- I. Giomataris

## Micro-bulk installed in CAST

**Micro-bulk installed in CAST**

- I. Giomataris

## WIMP directional TPCs

**DRIFT PROJECT, ***N. Spooner et al.,*
*GEM and Micromegas read-out studies*

**WIMP directional TPCs**

**negative ion drift with CS****2**** idea by Jeff Martoff**

**Combination of TimePIX + MPGD could improve detector performance in both Solar axion and WIMP search**

**MIMAC-He3 MIcro-tpc Matrix of Chambers of He3**
- A new 3He detector for non-baryonic dark matter search
**Micromegas read-out**, Grenoble - Saclay collaboration

**The BU-MIT-Brandeis Collaboration**
**Low pressure CF4 TPC with CCD readout**

- I. Giomataris

## Micromegas

**Quenching Factor ****4****He in ****4****He at very low energy**

- I. Giomataris

## ILC TPC project

**ILC TPC project**
***See P. Colas talk***

- I. Giomataris

## COSMo TPC - Transverse Resolution B= 5 T DT= 19 m/cm

- Micromegas resistive readout

- 2 mm x 6 mm pads

**COSMo TPC - Transverse Resolution** B= 5 T DT= 19 m/cm
- M. Dixit et al., NIM581(2007)254-257

- ~ 50 m average

- Cosmic ray tracks

- I. Giomataris

## New

*Neutron beam monitor** *

*Fission veto for neutron capture** measurement of fissile element*

- Two Micromegas detectors equipped
- with very thin material
- Neutron flux extracted from known cross sections
- (U-235(n,f) and B-10(n,alpha)):
-  U-235 lot of resonances between 0.1 eV
-   and 10000 eV
-  not the case for B-10
- Combination of U-235 and B-10 very good
- neutron beam monitor

- I. Giomataris

## CLAS12G Micromegas in JLAB

- 600 mm for  500 mm

- FVT

- Silicium

- target

- Cylindrical
- bulks

- beam

- I. Giomataris

## dEDM polarimeter principle

**D**

**L**

**U**

**R**

**“****extraction” target ****– residual gas**

**“****defining aperture”**
**polarimeter target**

**detector**
**system**

**carries EDM signal**
**small**
**increases slowly with time**

**carries in-plane precession signal**

_**dEDM polarimeter principle**_

**beam**

- I. Giomataris

## Cross section and analyzing power

- I. Giomataris

##  The spherical detector 

** ****The spherical detector **

- I. Giomataris

## Low energy neutrino search

**Large Spherical TPC 10 m radius**
**200 MCi tritium source in the center**
**Neutrinos oscillate inside detector volume L****23****=13 m**
**Objectives**
**Measure ********13**** (systematic free)**
**Neutrino magnetic moment studies**** ****<< 10****-12**** ********B**
**Measurement of the Weinberg angle at low energy**

**Idea of a spherical detector**
**Low energy neutrino search**

- Challenge : detect electron recoils down to T=100 eV (Tmax=1.27 eV)
- 	         Low background level (to be measured and subtracted)
- 	         Measure the radial depth of the interaction

**I. Giomataris, J.D. Vergados,**** ****Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A530:330-358,2004,**

- I. Giomataris

## First prototype: Getting a large detector out of a LEP cavity

- First prototype: Getting a large detector out of a LEP cavity

- D=1.3 m
- V=1 m3
- Spherical vessel made of Cu (6 mm thick)
- P up to 5 bar possible (up to 1.5 tested up to now)
- Vacuum tight: ~10-7 mbar (outgassing: ~10-9 mbar/s)
- Operation in seal mode

- New Spherical DC concept

- New proportional amplifier

- I. Giomataris

## Radial TPC with spherical proportional counter read-out

**Radial TPC with spherical proportional counter read-out**
***Saclay-Thessaloniki-Saragoza***

**5.9 keV ****55****Fe signal**

** ****Very low electronic noise: low threshold**
** ****Good ****fit to theoretical curve including avalanche induction and electronics**

- E=A/R2

**20 ********s**

-  **Simple and cheap**
** ****single read-out**
** ****Robustness**
** ****Good energy resolution**
** ****Low energy threshold**

- 15 mm

**A Novel large-volume Spherical Detector with Proportional Amplification read-out, ****I. Giomataris***** et al. Jul 2008. 12pp,  e-Print: arXiv:0807.2802 [physics.ins-det]***

- I. Giomataris

## Electrostatics deal

**Electrostatics deal**
**How to keep radial field**
**Ideal solution: field 1/R****2**** degrador around the wire**

- No field corrector

- With field corrector

- I. Giomataris

## A simple electrostatic solution

**A simple electrostatic solution**

- I. Savvidis idea

- New idea by I. Giomataris and I. Irastorza
- Combines also second voltage corrector:
- “umbrella field corrector”
- Big improvement in stability

- I. Giomataris

## Early experimental results

-  Stability:
- tested up to ~3 months.
- No circulation of gas. Detector working in sealed mode. (1 pass through an oxysorb filter)
-  No absorption observed
- Signal integrity preserved after 60 cm drift.
- Not high E needed to achieve high gain.

**Ar + 2% Isobutane**

**Early experimental results**
*S. Aune et al., AIP Conf.Proc.785:110-118,2005.*
*I. Giomataris et al.,Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.150:208-213,2006.*
*I. Giomataris and J. D . Vergados, AIP Conf.Proc.847:140-146,2006*

- I. Giomataris

## Signal dipersion  with depthto estimate distance of interaction

**Signal dipersion  with depth*****to estimate distance of interaction***

- Even with a very simple (and slow) readout, we have proved the use of dispersion effects to estimate the position of the interaction (at least at ~10 cm level).
- Further test are under preparation to better calibrate (external trigger from Am source )

**Average time dispersion of 5.9 keV deconvoluted events VS.Distance drifted**

**Ar+CO2**
**P=0.25 bar**

- Depth (cm)

- I. Giomataris

## NEW Excellent energy resolution

**NEW** **Excellent energy resolution**
- Measured Radon gas emission spectrum with spherical detector

**Energy resolution under amplification: a world record !!**

- RMS = .5%

- 214Po

- 222Rn

- 218Po

- I. Giomataris

- Neutron energy and flux measurement
- 3He + n         	1H + 3H (Q= 760 keV)
- Results at ground
- Saclay Ar-CH4(98-2)+80mg He3

**10****Po peak**
**.13 cps !!**

- .03 cps

- I. Giomataris

## In 2008

**In 2008**
**Detector installed in  LSM laboratory**
***goal: measure thermal neutron background***
***and estimate fast neutron flux***
***with 10 gr  ******3******He***

- I. Giomataris

## LSM-Modane, same sphere, same gas, without He3

**10****Po peak**
**.13 cps !!**

- I. Giomataris

## 3 g of 3He have been introduced on June 30

- 3 g of 3He have been introduced on June 30
**Detector is stable operating in seal mode**

- 210Po

- 760 keV

- 5 weeks

- 760 keV

- 210Po

- 218Po

- 214Po

- I. Giomataris

## Results in LSM

- Rise time (ms)

**Thermal  neutrons**
**760 keV **

**Results in LSM**
**(preliminary)**
**Thermal neutron flux**
**3,6x10****-6****/cm****2****/s**

- Amplitude

- After rise time cut

- I. Giomataris

## Short term 

- ≈N2E 2, *D. Z. Freedman, Phys. Rev.D,9(1389)1974*

**Short term **
**Develop the spherical detector and study**
**Neutrino-nucleus coherent elastic scattering**

**Nuclear reactor measurement sensitivity with present prototype**
**At 10 m from the reactor, after 1 year run (2x10****7****s)********assuming full detector  efficiency:**
- Xe (≈  2.16x10-40 cm2)xneutrinos detected, Emax=146 eV
-  Ar (≈  1.7x10-41 cm2)xneutrinos detected, Emax=480 eV
-  Ne (≈  7.8x10-42 cm2)xneutrinos detected, Emax=960 eV
**Challenge : Very low energy threshold**
**We need to calculate and measure the quenching factor**
**Application : Remote control of nuclear reactors**

*JI ****Collar****, Y Giomataris - Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, 2001*
*H. T. Wong,  arXiv:0803.0033**-2008*
*PS Barbeau, JI ****Collar****, O Tench - Arxiv preprint nucl-ex/0701012, 2007*

- I. Giomataris

## How to get simple and cheap Supernova counter

**How to get simple and cheap Supernova counter**
**Neutrino-nucleus coherent elastic scattering**
**Supernova neutrino detection with a 4 m spherical detector **
*Y. Giomataris, J. D. Vergados, Phys.Lett.B634:23-29,2006*
- For E = 10 MeV ≈N2E 2 ≈ 2.5x10-39 cm2, Tmax = 1.500 keV
- For E = 25 MeV  ≈ 1.5x10-38 cm2, Tmax = 9 keV
- Expected signal : 100 events (Xenon at p=10 bar) per galactic explosion
- Idea : A European or world wide network of several (tenths or hundreds) of such dedicated Supernova detectors robust, low cost, simple (one channel)
**To be managed by an international scientific consortium and operated by students**

- e

- e

- -

- ,

- 0.1

-    1

-  10 s

- I. Giomataris

## Conclusions

_**Conclusions**_
-  **MPGD are under intense development and RD51 approved**
** ****Many experiments and applications**
** ****Micromegas detector, performance, applications**
** ****Axion search, neutrino physics, dark matter search**
**A new spherical detector is born and developed**
** ****Good energy resolution, robust and stable**
** ****Many applications in low energy neutrino physics are open**
** ****Massive high-sensitivity neutron detector**
** ****Simple and cheap Supernova detection**

- I. Giomataris