# Presentation: 950698

## Land Use Regulations to Encourage Nonmotorized Travel

- Lesson 5

## Lesson Outline

- General elements of zoning and subdivision regulation.
- Development standards for commercial areas.
- Development standards for residential areas.
- Elements of a form-based code.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Provide the students with an overview of the lesson.
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
This slide is optional.

## General Elements of Zoning and Subdivision Regulation

- Subdivision layout.
- Cul-de-sacs.
- Future extension of streets.
- Staged implementation.
- Internal circulation.

**Notes:**
Key Message: There are many ways to improve land use regulations to support a multimodal transportation system that encourages access by walking, bicycling, and transit.
Est. Presentation Time: 2 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Bicycle and pedestrian access should be a key consideration in the development process―as central to community design as automobile access. This slideshow will explore a variety of issues that arise during the development process that can either help or hinder access for pedestrians and bicyclists.
(Instructor should refer to the Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Student Workbook (Student Workbook), section 5.2 for a more detailed discussion of each bullet on this slide.)

## Commercial Development Standards

- Building orientation and facades.
- Onsite circulation.
- Access between developments.
- Parking lots.

**Notes:**
Key Message: The physical layout of a development can often make the difference in a person’s choice to walk between stores or to adjacent developments. 
Est. Presentation Time: 2 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Careful attention should be given to building setbacks, onsite circulation, as well as the configuration of parking lots. Several provisions can ensure a better walking environment in commercial and office developments. The following photographs illustrate these concepts.

## Building Orientation

**Notes:**
Key Message: Building orientation can either attract pedestrians or discourage pedestrians. 
Est. Presentation Time: 2 minutes
Suggested Comments: 
Even in winter, this development attracts pedestrian activity. Describe how the building orientation affects the pedestrian environment in this scene.

## Onsite Circulation

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Onsite circulation is also critical.
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
There are many examples of successful commercial developments that are primarily oriented to pedestrians and bicyclists, rather than to automobiles. They look and feel like traditional main streets, although some simulate this environment with varying degrees of success. Locating pedestrian waiting areas and cafés out of main travel areas is important. 

## Development Connections

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Connections between developments are critical, as are the design of the passageways that connect adjacent developments.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Have you ever attempted to walk between two adjacent developments that were not designed to accommodate pedestrians? What types of difficulties did you encounter? 

## Suburban Parking Lot Design

**Notes:**
Key Message: Parking lot design can either inhibit or encourage pedestrian and bicycle access. 
Est. Presentation Time: 1 minute
Suggested Comments:
This is a common scene in many suburban areas. What other design alternatives could be used?

## Creative Parking Lot Design

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Creative approaches to parking lot design are needed. 
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Describe the types of parking you see in this photograph. How does it differ from the previous picture? Describe other creative parking solutions you have seen.

## Connectivity.
Short cuts for pedestrians and bicyclists.
Pedestrian- and bicycle-oriented streetscapes.
Streets with low vehicle speeds         (<32 km/h (<20 mi/h)).

- Short cuts for pedestrians and bicyclists.
- Pedestrian- and bicycle-oriented streetscapes.
- Streets with low vehicle speeds         (<32 km/h (<20 mi/h)).

- Residential Design Standards

**Notes:**
Key Message: Suburban neighborhood design can be modified to encourage bicycling and walking. It is not necessarily more expensive to build these communities; however, they require more careful design on the part of the developer.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
A pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly neighborhood includes the elements listed in this slide.

## Interconnectivity

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: An interconnected street system is critical.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
If there are multiple ways of accessing nearby destinations on foot, people begin to consider walking and bicycling as more efficient means of travel. Trails and other connections should be as direct as possible. Streets should include pedestrian-scale lighting, trees, sidewalks, and buildings that are within close walking distance to the sidewalk.

## Missed Connections

**Notes:**
Key Message: This is an example of a fairly obvious missed connection.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
This situation is common throughout suburban developments in the United States. The sidewalk that the developer was required to build does not connect to the school crossing that is located less than a quarter mile away. In some areas of the country, these missing links happen because planning regulations are not explicit enough. In other areas, planning agencies and review boards do not have the authority to require offsite improvements such as this one, and the responsibility falls back upon the transportation agency to build these connections.

## Cul-de-sacs

- Source: PBIC, www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Cul-de-sacs are not recommended because they tend to dump higher quantities of motor vehicles onto collector and arterial streets, rather than dispersing them evenly across the transportation system.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Cul-de-sacs have proven to be effective in restricting automobile through traffic; however, they can also have the effect of restricting bicycle and pedestrian mobility unless public accessways are provided to connect the cul-de-sac with adjacent streets. Trail connections between cul-de-sacs and adjacent streets should be provided wherever possible to improve access for bicycles and pedestrians.

## Trail Connections

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Another example of a short trail connection.
Est. Presentation Time: 2 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Look for opportunities to make these short, direct connections wherever possible.

## Rear-Access Parking

- Source: PBIC (Dan Burden), www.pedbikeimages.org

**Notes:**
Key Message: Rear-access parking helps to create an appealing streetscape.
Est. Presentation Time: 3 minutes
Suggested Comments:
By eliminating wide residential driveways and concentrating auto access to the rear in alleyways, you can provide a pedestrian-oriented streetscape along the fronts of homes.

## Purpose of a Form-Based Code

- To establish a basic prescription for good public space along a street.

- Source: Arlington County Form Based Code

**Notes:**
Key Message: Form-based codes set the parameters of community design based on ideal public spaces
Est. Presentation Time: 5 minutes
Suggested Comments: 
Refer to the example in section 5.4. Discuss why this approach may be needed and how it differs from standard land development and roadway design practices.
The form-based code approach is different from the typical development process in several ways: it preempts the development process, essentially preparing a prescription for what development should look like in a particular location. In this way, it differs from the reactionary approach to the development review process. Second, the usual method for sizing roadways is to establish projected traffic volumes and design the road to meet them. The form-based code is a multimodal approach that is less driven by traditional auto-oriented models and roadway design standards.

## Building placement (height, distance from street, width).
Streetscape standards.
Architectural standards.
Standards for other public spaces—civic greens, pedestrian walkways, etc.

- Streetscape standards.
- Architectural standards.
- Standards for other public spaces—civic greens, pedestrian walkways, etc.

- Elements of a Form-Based Code

**Notes:**
Key Message: Provide the students with the basic purpose and considerations in a form-based code, per section 5.4 of the Student Workbook.
Est. Presentation Time: 5 minutes
Suggested Comments:
Refer to the information in the Student Workbook.

## Lesson Summary

- Zoning and planning regulations can be effective tools in encouraging pedestrian and bicycle travel.
- Developers play a key role in accommodating and encouraging nonmotorized travel.
- There are a variety of strategies for achieving good design in residential and commercial areas.

**Notes:**
Key Message: Summarize the lesson and discuss any questions or issues with students.
Est. Presentation Time: 3–5 minutes 
Suggested Comments:
Summarize the lesson and discuss any questions or issues with students.