# Presentation: 367807

## What is new at Johnson Space Center?
JSC’s role post Shuttle and  ISS programs

***What is new at Johnson Space Center?***
*JSC’s role post Shuttle and  ISS programs*

## NASA’s Exploration Roadmap

***NASA’s Exploration Roadmap***

**Lunar Lander Development             **

**Lunar Heavy Launch Development**

**Earth Departure Stage Development**

**Surface Systems Development**

**CEV Development**

**Crew Launch Development**

**Commercial Crew/Cargo for ISS**

**           ****Space Shuttle Ops**

***Lunar Outpost Buildup***

**Initial CEV Capability**

**CEV Production and Operations          **

**Lunar Robotic Missions**

**Science Robotic Missions**

***Mars Expedition Design***

**1st Human CEV Flight**

**7th Human Lunar Landing**

**Early Design Activity**

**Early Design Activity**

**CSSS EVA**

**Sortie Development**

**CEV/ISS Development**

**CSS Operations **

**05**

**06**

**07**

**08**

**09**

**10**

**11**

**12**

**13**

**14**

**15**

**16**

**17**

**18**

**19**

**20**

**21**

**22**

**23**

**24**

**25**

***Lunar Surface******Operations***

**Notes:**
Need to add a bar for “Constellation Space Suit System” just below the Crew Launch Production and Operations line.  Bar should have three sections/colors CEV to ISS Development starting now and ending in 2012, Lunar Sortie Development in the next block starting in 08 and ending in 18 and CSS Operations 2012 thru 2018.
Add a note that says CEV contract award NLT 9/8/06 probably just below the Crew Launch Development bar.

## Typical Lunar Reference Mission

*Ascent Stage Expended*

*EDS, LSAM*

*Orion*

*LSAM Performs Lunar Orbit Insertion*

**100 km **
**Low Lunar Orbit**

*Vehicles are not to scale.*

**Low Earth Orbit**

**MOON**

**EARTH**

*Direct Entry*
*Land Landing*

*Earth Departure Stage (EDS) Expended*

*Service Module Expended*

## Post-ESAS Activity

**Exploration Strategy ****    ****Lunar Surface Objectives**
- Science
- Academia
- Commercial
- International Partners
**Lunar Campaign Refinement**
**Constellation Lunar Systems Definition**

## High Priority Lunar Exploration Sites

***High Priority Lunar Exploration Sites***

**+**

**Aristarchus Plateau**

**+**

**+**

**Oceanus**
**Procellarum**

**Mare Tranquillitatis**

**+**

**Rima Bode**

**+**

**Orientale Basin**
**Floor**

**+**

**Mare Smythii**

**+**

**Central Farside**
**Highlands**

**+**

**South Pole-Aitken Basin**
**Floor**

**South Pole**

**+**

**North Pole**

**+**

***Near Side***

***Far Side***

**11**

**12**

**14**

**15**

**17**

**16**

**5**

**6**

**3**

**1**

**7**

**24**

**21**

**20**

**17**

**16**

**13**

**9**

**3**

**Luna**

**Surveyor**

**Apollo**

## Lunar Environment

**Gravity 1/6 g **
**Escape velocity 2.38 km/s**
**Equatorial Temperature -159C to +120C **
**Polar Temperature -73C to -43C**
**Regolith - 45-100 ****μ****m; similar to silty sand**
**Mean atmospheric - 3 x 10^-12 atm**
**Magnetic field **
- Very weak (10^-7 to 10^-9 Tesla)
- Insufficient for a natural radiation shield
**Radiation environment**
- Solar Particle Events
- Galactic Cosmic Rays

## Lunar Surface Operations

**Phases of Lunar Surface Activity**
- Sortie (7 Day Mission)
- Outpost (180 Day Rotation)
**Conduct geologic investigations tackling major lunar science questions**
- Field work
- Drilling
- Geophysical investigations
**Other Science Objectives (in refinement) **
**Develop in-situ resources**
**Learn to live off the home planet**

## Lunar Lander

***Lunar Lander***

**Transports 4 crew to and from the surface **
- Seven days on the surface
- Lunar outpost crew rotation
**Global access capability**
**Anytime return to Earth**
**Capability to land 20 metric tons of dedicated cargo **
**Airlock for surface activities**
**Descent stage:**
- Liquid oxygen / liquid hydrogen propulsion
**Ascent stage:**
- Storable Propellants

## Possible South Pole Outpost

***Possible South Pole Outpost***

**The lunar South Pole is a likely candidate for outpost site**
**Elevated quantities of hydrogen, possibly water ice (e.g., Shackelton Crater)**
**Several areas with greater than 80% sunlight and less extreme temperatures**

## Outpost Build-Up

**Incremental deployment options**
- LSAM Delivery
- Goal - tons per mission
- Dedicated Cargo Landers

## Lunar Surface Systems

**Habitation**
**Surface Mobility**
**Power**
**In-Situ Resource Utilization**
**Communication/Navigation**

## Surface Mobility

**Space Suits**
**Surface Mobility**
**Unpressurized Rovers**
**Pressurized Rovers**
**Lander Servicing**
**Payload Unloading**
**Payload Deployment**
**Site Preparation**

## Habitation

***Habitation***

**Habitats (modules)**
**Habitats (inflatables)**
**Habitats (lunar resource derived)**
**Airlocks**
**Greenhouses**
**Resupply/Logistics Subsystems **

## Power

***Power***

**Fuel Cell**
**Photovoltaic (PV) Array/ Battery**
**Photovoltaic (PV) Array/ Regenerative Fuel Cell  **
**Radioisotope Power**
**Fission Surface Power**

## In-Situ Resource Utilization

**Regolith Mining/ Manipulation**
**Gas/Liquid Production**
**Construction Materials Production**
**Product Handling, Transfer, and Storage**
**Power Generation**

## Communication/Navigation

**Orbital Infrastructure**
**Surface Infrastructure**

## The Moon - the First Step to Mars and Beyond....

***The Moon - the First Step to Mars ******and Beyond....***

**Regaining and extending operational experience in a hostile planetary environment**
**Developing capabilities needed for opening the space frontier**
**Preparing for human exploration of Mars**
**Science operations and discovery**

## Where we’ve been

***Where we’ve been***

## Where we’re going

## Background

**The only planetary surface habitat NASA has ever developed is the 2-person, 3-day duration Lunar Module from the 1960’s-era Apollo Program.  **
**Today’s *****National Vision for Space Exploration will require***** safety, performance and operational requirements beyond that of the Lunar Module**
**Evaluating and comparing a variety of habitat configurations will provide NASA with a cost-effective basis for trades to support lunar and (eventually) Martian habitat design selection. **

**1960’s**

**2006 +**

## Background

- _Historical Space Habitat Pressurized Volume_

- Planetary habitats will have to address usable floor area as well as volume

## Habitation System

**Habitats**
**Airlocks**
**Greenhouses**
**Resupply/Logistics**
**Pressurized Rover**

**Types of Structure**
**Preintegrated (modules)**
**Prefabricated (inflatables)**
**ISRU Derived**

## Habitation Strategic Challenges

|  | Margins and  Redundancy | Determine crew volume and floor space requirements and acceptable margins; determine habitat system redundancy requirements for crew needs.   |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Reusability | Use of a single habitat by multiple crews over multiple missions.   |
|  | Modularity | Include design solutions that result in connectable modular habitat elements for ease of expansion.   |
|  | Autonomy | Investigate schemes for automated deployment of habitat elements for pre-determination of system health and minimizing crew time required for habitat set-up operations.   |
|  | Human Presence in Deep Space | Investigate habitability systems with respect to current safety requirements, such as radiation shielding, critical systems redundancy, crew medical requirements, etc.   |
|  | Reconfigurability | Investigate use of movable walls, reconfigurable utility delivery schemes, and repositionable equipment and furniture.   |
|  | Affordable Logistics Pre-Positioning | Determine habitat-related logistics needs and logistics storage needs for single and multiple missions.   |
|  | Access to Surface Targets | Investigate short-distance and long-distance habitat surface mobility systems.   |
|  |  |  |

## Types of Habitats

***Types of Habitats***

**Support 42-180 day stays with ****reuse and dormancy**
**Safe-haven radiation protection for extended durations**
**Closure of Life Support**
**More required functions and greater duration drive requirements for greater volume**
- Ex: Volume for “preliminary examination” of samples
- Ex: Dedicated IVA volume(s) for cleaning, maintenance, and repair of systems, EVA suits, and possibly rover or components
**EVA suit donning, doffing, and storage**
**Increased medical care for immediate life saving measures and life science using dual purpose medical equipment**
**More robust dust mitigation including EVA “mudrooms”, greater habitat housekeeping, and maintenance**
**Interfaces with surface elements, such as ISRU, deployed power and thermal, and cargo resupply**

**Support 7-10 day stays**
**Open loop Life Support**
- Requires maintenance of consumables, such as disinfected water, and safe storage of wastes
**Highly constrained living and working volumes **
- Drives to shared spaces and minimal habitability functions
- Ex: Rehydration and warming for food
**Minimal medical care and resistive exercise**
**No planned maintenance, only emergency spares replacement**
**No other surface elements to physically interface with**

- Sortie

- Outpost

## Habitat Functional Elements

***Habitat Functional Elements***

**Structure and Radiation Protection**
**Power Management and Distribution**
**Life Support**
**Thermal Control**
**Lunar Surface Science and Technology Demonstrations**
**Communications**

**Crew Accommodations**
- Sleep Accommodations
- Operations Center
- Crew Personal Equipment
- Food Storage, Prep, and Consumption
- Personal Hygiene
- Space Medicine and Health Care System
- Adaptation and Countermeasures
- Airlock and Alternate Egress System
- Stowage, Inventory, and Trash Management
- Supportability
- General and Task Illumination

## Habitat Interfaces and Functions

**Interfaces with nearly every other surface system**
- Power and External Thermal
- Navigation and Communications
- ISRU
- EVA
- Surface Mobility
- Logistics/Resupply
- Landers (Structure)

## Key Technology Needs: Lunar Exploration

**Structure and Radiation Protection**
**Power Management and Distribution**
**Life Support**
**Thermal Control**
**Lunar Surface Science and Technology Demonstrations**
**Communications**

**Habitat Functional Elements**

**Crew Accommodations**
- Sleep Accommodations
- Operations Center
- Crew Personal Equipment
- Food Storage, Prep, and Consumption
- Personal Hygiene
- Space Medicine and Health Care System
- Adaptation and Countermeasures
- Airlock and Alternate Egress System
- Stowage, Inventory, and Trash Management
- Supportability
- General and Task Illumination

## Habitation Operational Challenges

- _Radiation Protection_

-     **General Radiation**.  The Habitat will have to provide general radiation protection against accumulated dosage while living in the Habitat.
-     **Single High Dose Events**.  The Habitat will have to act as the “safe haven” for high dose radiation events.  The requirement could be for as long as 4 days to “shelter in place”.

**Dust Mitigation.  **The Habitat will be required to provide a means to deal with the regolith that will accumulate during surface EVAs.** **
**Maintenance and Repair.  **The Habitat will be required to provide for maintenance and repair of EVA system hardware.  The location for this stowage and the amount of volume required could be a major consideration in internal layout of the Habitat.
**EVA Consumable Plug-ins.   **The Habitat will need to provide a primary plug-in location for EVA consumables.  There should also be additional plug-in ports around the perimeter and inside the Habitat (in the event of depressurization).*** ****** ***

- _EVA_

## Habitation Operational Challenges

**Glovebox Interface.  **The Habitat will need to provide a volume with a glovebox to the exterior for “preliminary examination” of samples.
**Interaction with Earth-based Experts.  **The Habitat will also need to provide an interactive capability for conferencing with scientific experts on Earth.

- _Lunar Surface Science_

**Dormancy Periods.  **The Habitat will need to survive during possible dormancy periods when crews might not be present.  In some cases, this could be for months at one time.* *

- _Power_

## Post- Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) work has focused on optimizing the space transportation system Earth-Moon-Earth
Next phases of Constellation Program definition will address surface mission operational concepts and requirements (Sortie, Outpost)
Advanced Project Office will be responsible for formulating the operational concepts and requirements
Habitation Systems will be a key component
Keep in mind - while we will be using our lunar experience as a test-bed for Mars, we need to also use Earth analogs to learn from the experience that already exists in other extreme environments

- Post- Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) work has focused on optimizing the space transportation system Earth-Moon-Earth
- Next phases of Constellation Program definition will address surface mission operational concepts and requirements (Sortie, Outpost)
- Advanced Project Office will be responsible for formulating the operational concepts and requirements
- Habitation Systems will be a key component
- Keep in mind - while we will be using our lunar experience as a test-bed for Mars, we need to also use Earth analogs to learn from the experience that already exists in other extreme environments

***Future Considerations - Habitation***

## Thank you! 

**Thank you!***** ***