# Presentation: 487380

## Crew Rest and Duty Restrictions for 

- Shappell, 1997

**Crew Rest and Duty Restrictions for **
**Commercial Space Flight:**
**Recommendations Based Upon**
**the Scientific Literature**
- Scott Shappell, PhD
- Michael Sawyer, MS
- Jessica Patterson, MS
- Work sponsored by:
- FAA
- Volpe Center
- Aerospace Corporation

## Code of Federal Regulations (sub part 431.43)

** ***Reusable launch vehicle mission operational requirements and restrictions*** **

## Performance Effects of Fatigue

**Increased reaction time**_** **_
** ****Timing errors in response sequences**
** ****Less smooth control**
**Reduced attention**** **
** ****Preoccupation with single tasks**
** ****Reduced audiovisual scan**
**Diminished memory **
** ****Forget peripheral tasks**
** ****Revert to “old” habit patterns**
**Withdrawn mood **
** ****Less likely to converse**
** ****Less likely to perform low-demand tasks**
**Increased risk taking**

**Performance Effects of Fatigue**

## Subjective vs. Physiological Fatigue

**Subjective vs. Physiological Fatigue**

**The worst person to ask if he is fatigued or sleepy is the person that  you are worried about!**

## Circadian Rhythms

**Circadian Rhythms**

## Sleep

**Sleep**

**Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature**
**a) Cave studies**

## Circadian Rhythms

**Circadian Rhythms**

## Stages of Sleep

## Circadian Rhythms

**Circadian Rhythms**

## Sleep

**Sleep**

**Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature**
**	****	****   ****a) Cave studies**
**It is the **_**timing**_** of sleep, **_**not necessarily the amount**_** of sleep, that is important.**

## How Much Sleep Do You Really Need?

**Sleep requirements vary among individuals.**
**A minimum of 5 hours of uninterrupted “core” sleep during the circadian trough is necessary to maintain 80% performance in the **_**lab**_**.**
**In space, where environmental factors, and physical and mental workload can exceed normal limits, the minimum amount of sleep needed to sustain performance is more.**

**Source: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research**

## What We Know About Sleep

## Commercial Aviation Crew Rest Requirements

|  | United States | European Union (EASA, JAA) | United Kingdom | Canada | Australia  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maximum flight hours in 24 consecutive hours | 10 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 8 |
| Maximum flight hours in 7 consecutive days | 30 | N/A | N/A | 60 | 30 |
| Maximum flight hours in 30 consecutive days | 100 | N/A | N/A | 120 | 100 |
| Maximum flight hours in 28 consecutive days | N/A | 100 | 100 | N/A | N/A |
| Maximum flight hours in 365 consecutive days | 1000 | 900 | 900 | 1200 | 900 |
| Minimum consecutive rest hours during 7 consecutive days | 24 | 36 | N/A | 36 | 9 hrs. btw 10pm and 6am on 2 consecutive nights |

**Commercial Aviation Crew Rest Requirements**

## Unique Crew Rest Considerations

**Unique Crew Rest Considerations**

** ****Lodging Considerations in Space**
** ****Long Duration Flight**
** ****Limited Trained Relief Pilots**
** ****Restrictive Work Environment**
** ****Workload**
** ****Stress**
** ****Others ...**

## Code of Federal Regulations (sub part 431.43)

** ***Reusable launch vehicle mission operational requirements and restrictions*** **

## CURRENT  DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION

*A maximum 12-hour work shift with at least 8 hours of rest after 12 hours of work, preceding initiation of an RLV reentry mission or during the conduct of a mission.*

## CURRENT  DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION

*A maximum of 60 hours worked in the 7 days, preceding initiation of an RLV mission.*

## CURRENT  DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION

*A maximum of 14 consecutive work days.*

## CURRENT  DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION

*A minimum 48-hour rest period after 5 consecutive days of 12-hour shifts.*

**Flightcrew & Groundcrew**
**This seems like a reasonable recommendation since actual flight time is capped at 30 hours. **
**Although we are still researching this particular topic area, a 48-hour recovery should be sufficient to restore most performance deficits incurred by 5 consecutive days of 12-hour shifts.**

## RECOMMENDED  DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION

|  | Suborbital Flights |  | Orbital Flights |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flight crew | Ground crew | Flight crew | 
Ground crew |
| Sleep (hrs) in 24 hours | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Crew rest (hrs) before and after shift | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Max. flight time (hrs) in 24 hours (non-augmented) | 8 | N/A | 8 | N/A |
| Max. flight time (hrs) in 24 hours (augmented) | N/A | N/A | 12 | N/A |
| Max. duty time (hrs) in 24 hours (non-augmented) | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 |
| Max. duty time (hrs) in 24 hours (augmented) | N/A | N/A | 14 | N/A |
| Max. flight time (hrs) in 7 days | 30 | N/A | 30 | N/A |
| Max. duty time (hrs) in 7 days | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |

## QUESTIONS

## Countermeasures to Fatigue and Insomnia

*Break glass in case of emergency*

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| FATIGUE | INSOMNIA |
| Non-Pharmacological | Non-pharmacological |
|   Napping |   Diet |
|   Light Exposure |   Exercise |
| Pharmacological |   Routine Sleep Times |
|   Caffeine   | Pharmacological |
|   Other Stimulants |   Melatonin |
|  |   Alcohol |
|  |   Sedatives |