# Presentation: 034324

## Watermarking & Fingerprinting

*Ton Kalker**Philips Research*
- FCC TACIIDecember 4, 2002, Washington, USA

## Outline

- Definitions & Parameters
- Watermarking
- Fingerprinting
- Example
- Electronic Music Distribution
- Peer-to-Peer
- Conclusion

## Royalty Tracking

- Multi-mediaassets

- SatelliteTransmitter

- Monitoring and Control System

- CONTENT OWNER

- MONITORING SITE

- TerrestrialReceiver

- IDENTIFYAUDIO

## Two Alternatives to Audio Identification

- Watermarking
- _Actively change_ audio to imperceptibly embed _identity_ into sample values.
- _Active_
- Fingerprinting
- Compare (features of) audio with database of a large number of previously stored (features of) audio clips.
- _Passive_

## Digital Watermarking?

- The imperceptible, robust, secure communication of information by embedding it in and retrieving it from other digital data.

## Royalty Tracking by Watermarking

- Multi-mediaassets

- WATERMARKEMBEDDER

- SatelliteTransmitter

- Monitoring and Control System

- CONTENT OWNER

- MONITORING SITE

- TerrestrialReceiver

- WATERMARKDETECTION

- IDENTIFICATIONCODES

## Two Alternatives to Audio Identification

- Watermarking
- _Actively change_ audio to imperceptibly embed _identity_ into sample values.
- _Active_
- Fingerprinting
- Compare (features of) audio with database of a large number of previously stored (features of) audio clips: fingerprinting.
- _Passive_

## Fingerprint

## Royalty Tracking by Fingerprinting

- Multi-mediaassets

- FINGERPRINTEXTRACTOR

- SatelliteTransmitter

- Monitoring and Control System

- CONTENT OWNER

- MONITORING SITE

- TerrestrialReceiver

- FINGERPRINTEXTRACTION

- FINGERPRINT CODES

## Fingerprint Parameters

- Granularity
- Song recognition in less than 5 seconds interval possible
- Complexity
- Good algorithms & methods for fuzzy fingerprint matching exist
- Scalability
- Feasibility for large systems (millions of songs) has been proven

## Watermarking versus Fingerprinting

- Watermarking
- (+) Different identifiers in copies of the same content
- (+) Stand alone
- (-)  Modification of the content (active)
- (-)  Not present in legacy content
- Fingerprinting
- (+) Content is not affected (passive)
- (+) Works for legacy content
- (+) Impossible to inaudibly modify
- (-)  Cannot distinguish between different copies
- (-)  Connection to database required

## Demonstration

- Mobile music recognition
- Having a good time in the pub, you hear song that you like, but you missed the annoucement. What then?

## Electronic Music Distribution

- Secure environment

- Watermarked music

## Principles of Tracing

**KaZaa, **
**Gnutella, ...**

## Attacks

- Watermark Jamming
- Difficult but doable
- Definition of Success?
- SDMI
- Viable system remains
- Jamming will always be less than 100%
- System Compromising
- Creation of false watermarks
- System unusable
- Solutions
- Cryptography
- Fingerprinting

## Compromising the System

**SONG A **

**SONG B**

_**Client I**_

_**Client II**_

**Song A (Michael Jordan )**

**Song A (Ton Kalker )**

**Ton Kalker**

**Song B (Ton Kalker )**

- Pirates World

- Can **not** be prevented by cryptographic means

- Unauthorized reading difficult to prevent!

- Unauthorized writing can be prevented: **fingerprinting**!

## Content Dependent Watermarks

- Analogy
- Song is colored paper
- Paper color is fingerprint
- Watermark is written text
- Pirate can read
- Pirate can write
- Pirate is colorblind
- Prevent compromising by choosing ink color dependent on paper color.

**Ton Kalker**

## Compromising the System Prevented

**SONG A **

**SONG B**

_**Client I**_

_**Client II**_

**Song A (Michael Jordan )**

**Song A (Ton Kalker )**

**Ton Kalker**

**Song B**** ****(Ton Kalker )**

- Pirates World

- Unauthorized reading difficult to prevent!

- Unauthorized **valid** writing prevented by **fingerprinting**!

## Peer-to-Peer Networks

**Dido**

**Dido**

- ?????????????????

## Text-Based Filtering (I)

**Dido**

- ?????????????????

## Text-Based Filtering(II)

**Odid**

- ?????????????????

## Text-Based Filtering (III)

**Odid**

- ?????????????????

## Text-Based Filtering (IV)

**Ejen**

- ?????????????????

- Filtering based on Metadate is a never ending Cat-and-Mouse game (Napster).

## Watermark-Based Filtering

- Watermarks are susceptible to professional attacks
- Watermarks are not present in legacy content
- My ripped CDs will not be blocked
- Universal watermarking difficult to enforce
- Pure watermark-based filtering will not be 100% effective

## Fingerprint-Based Filtering

**Sinead**

- ?????????????????

## Fingerprint-Based Filtering

- Fingerprints are non-removable
- Fingerprints work with legacy content
- My ripped CDs will be blocked
- Enforcement is not needed
- Fingerprint-based filtering will be effective

## Conclusion

- Watermarking and Fingerprinting are both viable methods for consistent identification
- In a number of relevant cases fingerprinting is an essential addition
- EMD
- Peer-to-Peer
- Fingerprint Technologies have reached sufficient maturity to be put into the market