# Presentation: 940371

## Update on EPA’s Arsenic Removal Technology Demonstration Program

- Abraham Chen, Ph.D., P.E.
- Lili Wang, P.E.

## Timelines and Major Events

- 1975		SDWA set As MCL at 0.05 mg/L
- 1996		SDWA amended to require EPA to develop an As research 		strategy and publish proposal to revise As MCL by 01/00
- 02/98		EPA published Arsenic Research Plan
- 01/22/01	EPA finalized As MCL at 10 μg/L
- 10/31/01	EPA Administrator announced As final standard as 10 μg/L 		and pledged to provide $20 M for R&D of more cost-			effective technologies and technical assistance and training 		to operators of small systems (Arsenic Rule Implementation 		Research Program)
- 03/25/03	EPA revised rule text to express MCL as 0.010 mg/L
- 02/22/06	Final rule to become effective
- 02/23/06	Final rule to be enforced

## EPA Arsenic Removal Technology Demonstration Program

- Round 1: 12 sites
- Round 2: 31 sites
- Full-scale, long-term (1 year) in scope
- Focused on commercially ready technologies or engineering approaches

## Goals of Demonstration

- Determine/document construction costs/operational costs of the new system or the modifications of existing systems to achieve compliance
- Determine/document performance of the new process or process modifications of existing treatment for 1 year in achieving compliance
- Determine the operational and maintenance requirements of treatment system
- Characterize the residuals produced by the process; quantity and chemical characteristics
- Evaluate impact of the treatment process on the distribution system

## Selection Process

- 	**Site Selection****	****Technology Selection**

- RFTP

- Site Solicitation

- Technical
- Peer Panel

- Best Candidate
- Site/Technologies

- Site Selection
- - Location
- - As level
- - System size
- - Water quality

- Process
- Optimization

- New
- Processes

**FINAL DEMONSTRATION**
**SELECTION **

## Major Activities

- Conduct Introductory meeting with EPA, State drinking water official(s), facility, vendor, and engineering firms
- Issue Letter of Understanding
- Issue study plan
- Establish contract(s) with vendor for equipment/system engineering, site engineering, installation/shakedown, and operator training, and coordinate O&M and troubleshoot needs
- Obtain permit(s)
- Oversee system installation/shakedown
- Provide operator training for sampling and on-site measurements and As speciation
- Track system performance for one year with weekly sampling and monthly As speciation
- Prepare progress reports to EPA/prepare reports for Office of Budget and Management
- Prepare final technology evaluation report

## Round 1 – 12 Sites in 9 States 

- Round 1 – 12 Sites in 9 States** **

## Summary of Round 1 Sites

- States – 9
- Sites per state - 1 to 2
- CWS – 12
- NTNCWS – 0
- Multi contaminant sites– 1 (As, nitrate)
- Size – 37 to 640 gpm

## Technologies Selected/Evaluated

- Adsorptive media system (9)
- Iron-based media: E 33 (6), GFH (1), G2 (1)
- Alumina-based media: AAFS (1)
- Anion exchange system (1)
- Iron removal system (1)
- System modification (1)
- Iron removal process: iron addition

## Sites/Technologies Evaluated

| 

State | 

Facility | 

Technology | 

Vendor | 
Flowrate
(gpm) | Conc. (μg/L)/Unit |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  | As | Fe | pH |
| NH | Bow | G2 | ADI | 70 | 39  | <25 | 7.7 |
| NH | Rollinsford | E33 | AE | 100 | 36  | 46 | 8.2 |
| MD | Queen Anne’s County | E33 | STS | 300 | 19  | 270 | 7.3 |
| MI | Brown City | E33 | STS | 640 | 14  | 127 | 7.3 |
| MN | Climax | C/F | K | 140 | 39  | 546 | 7.4 |
| ND | Lidgerwood | SM | K | 250 | 146  | 1,325 | 7.2 |
| NM | Desert Sands MDWCA | E33 | STS | 320 | 23  | 39 | 7.7 |
| NM  | Nambe Pueblo | E33 | AE | 145 | 33  | <25 | 8.5 |
| AZ | Rimrock | E33 | AE | 90 | 50  | 170 | 7.2 |
| AZ  | Valley Vista  | AAFS | K | 37 | 41  | <25 | 7.8 |
| ID | Fruitland | IX | K | 250 | 44  | <25 | 7.4 |
| NV | STMGID | GFH | USF | 350 | 39 | <25 | 7.4 |

- AE = AdEdge; K = Kinetico; STS = Severn Trent Services; USF = USFilter;
- MDWCA = Mutual Domestic Water Consumer’s Association;STMGID = South Truckee Meadows General Improvement District

## Adsorptive Media Systems Design

| Media
Type | Site | Media Vessels |  |  | Media Volume per
Vessel (ft3) | EBCT at Design Flow
(min) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | No. | Configu-ration | Material |  |  |
| G2 | Bow, NH | 2 | Series | SS | 85 | 18(a) |
| E33 | Desert Sands MDWCA, NM | 2 | Parallel | FRP | 80 | 3.7 |
| E33 | Brown City, MI | 4 | Parallel | FRP | 80 | 3.7 |
| E33 | Queen Anne’s County, MD | 2 | Parallel | FRP | 80 | 4.0 |
| E33 | Nambe Pueblo, NM | 3 | Parallel | FRP | 27 | 4.2 |
| E33 | Rimrock, AZ | 2 | Series | FRP | 27 | 4.5(a) |
| E33 | Rollinsford, NH | 2 | Parallel | FRP | 27 | 4.0 |
| GFH | STMGID, NV | 3 | Parallel | CS | 80 | 5.1 |
| AAFS50 | Valley Vista, AZ | 2 | Series | FRP | 22 | 4.4(a) |

- (a) EBCT is for one vessel only.

## Pre and Post-Treatment

| Media
Type | Site | Pre-Cl2 | Pre-pH Adjustment | Post-Cl2 | Post-pH Adjustment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G2 | Bow, NH | Yes | H2SO4 | No | NaOH |
| E33 | DSMDWCA, NM | Yes | No | No | No |
| E33 | Brown City, MI | No | No | Yes | No |
| E33 | QAC, MD | No | No | Yes | No |
| E33 | Nambe Pueblo, NM | Yes | CO2 | No | No |
| E33 | Rimrock, AZ | Yes | No | No | No |
| E33 | Rollinsford, NH | Yes | CO2 | No | No |
| GFH | STMGID, NV | No | No | Yes | No |
| AAFS50 | Valley Vista, AZ | Yes | H2SO4 | No | No |

## Round 1 Status

- 8 systems operational
- 1 system under iron-addition testing (Lidgerwood, ND)
- 1 system installation complete (Fruitland, ID)
- 2 systems to be installed/tested by end of year (Nambe Pueblo, NM and STMGID, NV)

## APU-300 Systems

- Top: Desert Sands MDWCA, NM
- Right: Queen Anne’s County, MD
- Left: Brown City, MI

## APU-100 System at Rollinsford Site

## G2 System at Bow Site

## AAFS50 System at Valley Vista Site

## Anion Exchange and C/F Systems

- Right: Fruitland, ID
- Left: Climax, MN

## System Modification at Lidgerwood Site 

## Residuals Generation and Disposal 

| Technology | Site | Spent Media
(ft3) | Backwash Water 
(kgal) (Bed Volume) | Backwash Water Disposal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G2 | Bow, NH | 170 | 2.3 – 3.4 (2 – 3 BV) | Surface leach field |
| E33 | DSMDWCA, NM | 160 | 12 – 18 (10 – 15 BV) | Holding pond |
| E33 | Brown City, MI | 320 | 24 – 36 (10 – 15 BV) | Ditch |
| E33 | QAC, MD | 160 | 12 – 18 (10 – 15 BV) | Off-site disposal |
| E33 | Nambe Pueblo, NM | 81 | 6.1 – 9.1 (10 – 15 BV) | Holding pond |
| E33 | Rimrock, AZ | 54 | 4 – 6 (10 – 15 BV) | Recycling |
| E33 | Rollinsford, NH | 54 | 4 – 6 (10 – 15 BV) | Subsurface septic system |
| GFH | STMGID, NV | 240 | 13 – 17 (7 – 10 BV) | Sanitary sewer |
| AAFS50 | Valley Vista, AZ | 44 | 1.1 – 1.4 (3 – 4 BV) | Recycling |
| C/F | Climax, MN | N/A | 1.6 – 2.0 | Sanitary sewer |
| IX | Fruitland, ID | N/A | 7 – 10 | Sanitary sewer |
| SM | Lidgerwood, ND | N/A | 9.6 | Recycling |

## Round 2 – 31 Sites in 19 States

## Round 2 Demonstration Sites 

**     **** ****East**
- Felton, DE
- Wales, ME
- Goffstown, NH
- N. Springfield, RI
- Dummerston, VT
-          **(5)**

**Central Midwest**
- Grove City, OH
- Newark, OH
- Springfield, OH
- Pentwater, MI
- Sandusky, MI
- Sabin, MN*
- Sauk Centre, MN
- Stewart, MN
- Delavan, WI
- Greenville, WI*
-           **(10)**

**Midwest**
- Arnaudville, LA
- Lyman, NE
- Stromsburg, NE
- Alvin, TX
- Bruni, TX
- Wellman, TX*
-          **(6)**

**      ****Far West**
- Tohono O’odham Nation, AZ
- (Sells)*
- Lake Isabella, CA
- Susanville, CA
- Techachapi, CA*
- Homedale, ID
- Three Forks, MT
- Klamath Falls, OR
- Vale, OR
- Taos, NM
- Okanogand, WA
-             **(10)**

- *  Site selected, but not funded in Round 1

## Summary of Round 2 Sites

- States – 19
- Sites per State - 1 to 3
- CWS – 28
- NTNCWS – 4
- Multi contaminant sites – 4 (As, U, gross alpha, nitrate)
- Size – 7 to 600 gpm

## Changes from Round 1

- Includes non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWS)
- Allows for demonstration of POU/POE approaches
- Multi-contaminant treatment

## Round 2 Technologies 

- Proposals received – 148
- Companies – 24
- Proposals per site – 2 to 8
- Technology proposed
_*Adsorption technologies*_
- Oxidation/filtration
- Iron coagulation/filtration
- Reverse osmosis
- Ion exchange
- Process modification
- Dissolved air flotation/filtration
- Distillation
- __________
- **POUs (included in above technologies)

## Round 2 Status

- Introductory meetings for technology selection held at 19 sites
- Project planning meetings held at 5 sites to define roles and responsibilities
- Draft Letter of Understanding issued for 2 sites

## Further Information

- _[www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/arsenic/](http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/arsenic/)_
- _[Sorg.Thomas@epa.gov](mailto:Sorg.Thomas@epa.gov)_
- _[Lytle.Darren@epa.gov](mailto:Lytle.Darren@epa.gov)_
- _[chena@battelle.org](mailto:chena@battelle.org)_
- _[wangl@battelle.org](mailto:wangl@battelle.org)_