# Presentation: 200371

## JOG YOUR MEMORY FOR SAFETY

- ELLEN M. TOM
-  AVIATION SAFETY INSPECTOR

## OR......

- MNEMONICS, FORMULAE AND OTHER AVIATION TRIVIA

## Introduction

- REVIEW
- MANY SUBJECTS QUICKLY
- WEATHER
- AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
- WEIGHT AND BALANCE
- NAVIGATION
- STUFF

**Notes:**
remembering lots of things from day one
all the things you stuffed your head full of....walked in took a written exam, walked out, someone bumped you and they fell out...

a quick review for sure because of the volume of things that I want to cover, some of the areas are

## WEATHER WISE

- STANDARDS:  SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
-                                29.92
-                                TEMPERATURE
-                                59F/15C
- CONVERTING TEMPERATURES
- EASY WAY: C to F/Double + 30
-  Example: 15 C  15 x 2=30 + 30 = 60F (59)

**Notes:**
in the example, 15 degrees centigrade is multiplied by 2
equaling 30
30 plus 30 = 60F

## FORMULA

- C = 5/9 X (F - 32)
- Example:  15C = 5/9 x (59 - 32)
-                             5/9 x 27
-                       5 x 27=135 div. 9 = 15

**Notes:**
in this example, 32 is subtracted from 59 equaling 27
5 is multiplied by 27
equaling 135
135 is divided by 9 equaling 15
15Centrigrade (standard) equals 59F(standard)

## FORMULA

- F=(9/5 X C) +32
- Example: 59F=(9/5 x 15) + 32
-                           9 x 15 = 135
-                           135 div. 5 = 27
-                           27+32 = 59F

**Notes:**
In this example, we are solving for F
15 Centrigrade is multiplied by 9
that amount is divided by 5 equaling 27
27 is added to 32=59F to match these two standard temperatures

## TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE

- NORMAL: 3.5deg F per 1000’Altitude
-     Example: 75F on ground
- WHERE (APPROX.)IS FREEZING LEVEL?
- 	75 - 32 = 43 degrees to drop to freezing
- 	43 divided by 3.5 = 12.3
- 	freezing level approx. 12,500 AGL

**Notes:**
temperature lapse rate, remember this is for ‘average’ air, not overly moist or overly dry
it is always nice to know without looking to FS approximatley where is the freezing level

if it is 75 on the ground we want to know how many degrees to drop to get to 32 (freezing_), then we divided that by our factor 3.5deg F
this gives us an approximation in thousands of feet where it willbe freezing.

## HEIGHT OF CLOUD BASE

- Ceiling Definition:  Lowest Level of clouds described as broken, overcast, not thin or partial.
- TO CALCULATE:
- SURFACE TEMP - DEW POINT
- DIVIDED BY 4.4F  or  2.5C

**Notes:**
lets look at clouds and cloud bases 
first a quick review of the definition of ceiling
to approx calculate the base of those clouds, we need the surface temp and dew point.

subtract the dew point from the temp and divide the result by one of those values, this gives us the approximate cloud base altitude in thousands

## CLOUD BASE FORMULA

- Surface temperature minus dew point
- Example:  77F-53=24div4.4=5.45(5500AGL)
-                  33C-25=18div2.5=7.2(7200AGL)

**Notes:**
in both examples, we have given values of dew points and temperatures in Centigrade and Fahrenheit, simple math completes our scenarios

## CLOUDS

- STRATUS CLOUDS:
-   SURFACE (LOW TO GROUND)
- 	SMOOTH AIR
- 	STABLE SYSTEM
- 	SHOWERY PRECIPITATION

**Notes:**
remember weather related items that you tried to comprehend when you first started fly.......seemed like all you needed to know was the phone number for FSS, but the FAA felt differently,
by the way, what is the phone number for FSS
1-800-wxbrief

Stratus clouds, smooth air, a stable weather system, not my dynamics in place, precip when occuring tends to by showery, not a downpour expected from a cumulous cloud, sometimes visibiity obscured by fog or pollution

## CLOUDS

- CUMULUS CLOUDS
- 	CHOPPY AIR
- 	CLEAR VISIBILITY
- 	CHIMNEY LIKE   	  DEVELOPMENTS

**Notes:**
and then, we have cumulous clouds
of course the things that thunderstorms are made of cumulonimbus-
what does nimbus mean (rain)
choppy air (vertical developments take you with them)
vis is clear (no stable settling of air masses) expect when obscured by a downpour
chimney like developments of the cumulous into mature thunderstorms

## FOG

- EXPECT WHEN ?
- WHEN TEMPERATURE AND DEWPOINT
- SPREAD OF 2 DEGREES OR LESS

**Notes:**
how about fog, we had radiation fog (remember forms on a clear night, no clouds to hold in the earth’s heat)

but, more importantly when do you expect fog?  look for the temperature and dewpoint spread of 2 degrees or less.

## VISIBILITY

- WHEN SURFACE IS JUST VISIBLE OVER NOSE OF AIRCRAFT, GROUND VISIBILITY IS APPROXIMATELY 1 MILE FOR EVERY 1000 FEET OF ALTITUDE.

**Notes:**
keeping your mind active when you a cruising along for an hour or more, something to think about, match your cruising altitude with the approximation that when you can just see the ground over the nose of the aircraft, surface visibilty is 1 mile for every thousand feet of altitude.....helps keep you awake and sharp for that next frequency change

## CALCULATING VISIBILITY

- 	EXAMPLE:  When cruising at 5000 AGL, ground is visible over nose....surface visibility is roughly 5 miles.

**Notes:**
just a quick example

## PRESSURE PATTERNS

- NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
- 	HIGH PRESSURE:CLOCKWISE CIRCULATION
-       LOW PRESSURE:  COUNTER CLOCKWISE CIRCULATION

**Notes:**
a good one to know
certainly the subject of many test questions
this applied is the northern hempisphere, southern, it is reversed due to Coriolis effect

## HIGH PRESSURE

- MEMORY AIDE:  Use Thumb up, fingers travel clockwise (high)
- Use Thumb down, fingers travel counter clockwise (low).

**Notes:**
remember this one, thumb up (high) fingers rotate clockwise, thumb down (low) they rotate counter clockwise, 

## PRACTICAL USE

- On Extended Flight from East to West
- Fly North of Low
- and South of High

**Notes:**
this is one you can actually use when you are planning an extended trip, on a long journey, from east to West, fly north of a low to pick up those easterly tail winds circulating up out of a low
and south of a high to pick up the easterly winds  filling in the high

## SURFACE WEATHER MAPS

- ISOBARS
-          Lines of equal pressure
- 		bars		barometer
- ISOTACHS
-          Lines of equal wind velocity
-          tach into the wind

**Notes:**
on surface weather maps, lines drawn in continum mean areas of equal something, isobars equal pressure
isotachs equal wind

What do you expect with isobars close together?  expect pretty strong winds due to packing tightly of gradients and the pressure attempting to equalize itself

## SURFACE WEATHER MAPS

- ISOTHERMS
-          Lines of equal temperature
-          therm     thermometer

**Notes:**
lines of equal temperature are called isotherms

## AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

- ENGINE FAILURE  (FLR)
- Fly the aircraft
- Look for a place to land
- Restart attempt

**Notes:**
this memory device is not on a written exam but
when it gets quiet out there, it might help keep you focused

F
L 
R

## 	PRESSURE CHANGES

- 1 INCH OF PRESSURE = 1000 FEET
- example:  actual altimeter		29.94
-                  aircraft’s setting		29.69
- 	              error in altitude		    .25
- 	250 feet in error  (1000 x .25)

**Notes:**
1 inch of barometric pressure is equal to 1000’ of altitude
therefore, in this case, when the aircraft lands,the altitude indicated onthe altimeter will be 250 feet HIGHER than the field elevation

## TEMPERATURE CHANGES

- FROM HIGH TO LOW LOOK OUT BELOW
- Colder than standard temperature or pressure will place aircraft lower than the altimeter indicates.

**Notes:**
watch out for areas of extremely rapid drops of tremp or pressure

##     ALTITUDES

- TRUE: 	Height above sea level
- ABSOLUTE:Height above terrain
- PRESSURE: Height above standard data plane at 29.92
- DENSITY:  Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.

**Notes:**
see graphics

## AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

- Airspeeds
- ICE TEA
- I			Indicated Airspeed
- C		Calibrated
- E		Equivalent
- T		True

## AIRSPEEDS

- Add 2% of indicated for each 1000’ of altitude
- Example:  150KIAS at 5000’ MSL
- 2% of 150=3
- 3X5 (1000’s of feet)=15
- 150+15=165K approximate TAS
- Give

**Notes:**
computing approximate true, sometimes this is included inthe AFM in a graphic version, otherwise, something else to do with your brain capacity while cruising for a length of time.

## ALTIMETERS

- ACCEPTABLE ERROR = +/- 75 FT.
- PITOT STATIC TEST: 24 CAL. MO

**Notes:**
sitting on the ground at a known elevation, dial in the known altimeter setting and read off your altimeter, should be within tolerances for
IFR flight, checked every 24 cal mo. by your repair (avionics) station

## TIRE HYDROPLANING 

- square root of tire pressure X 9
- example:  100 psi tire
- square root is 10
- 10 x 9 = 90 K approx hydroplaning speed

## AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

- V SPEEDS
- Vne:		do not exceed
- Va:		maneuvering speed
- Vle:		gear extended speed
- Vlo:		gear operating speed
- Vfe:		flap extended speed

## AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

-   Vso:  Stall speed in landing configuration
-   Vs1:  Stall speed in clean configuration

## WEIGHT AND BALANCE

-       W A M
- WEIGHT X ARM=MOMENTS

**Notes:**
needless to say, all this stuff is in the AFM, but at the strangest times, you can’t find it, or find the page, simple things,

## WEIGHT AND BALANCE

- Total Momemts divided by Total Weight=
-     Center of Gravity  TMTGCG

## WEIGHT AND BALANCE

- ARM=MOMENTS DIVIDED BY WEIGHT
- WEIGHT=MOMENTS DIVIDED BY ARM

## WEIGHTS

- 100LL and 80 Oct= 6lbs gallon
- Jet A= 6.72 lbs. per gallon
- 100LL=Blue
- 80Oct=Red
- 100Oct=Green
- JetA=Clear

## FORMULA

- Jet Fuel Weight Calculation:
- Request 1000 lbs of Jet A
- Drop Last Zero        100
- Divide in half             50
- Add both                   150 gal equal 1000#Jet A

## NAVIGATION

- ALTITUDES TO FLY
- EAST IS ODD

## DIRECTIONS 

- EAST IS ODD
- EAST ODD PLUS 500  VFR
- WEST EVEN PLUS 500 VFR
- IFR SAME ONLY DROP 500

## TRIVIA

- IFR ABOVE FL 290
- EAST IS 290/330/370/410/450/490
- WEST IS 310/350/390/430/470/510

## NAVIGATION

- VARIATION
- EAST IS LEAST AND
- WEST IS BEST
- Subtract Easterly variation and add
- Westerly variation

## COMPASS TRICKS

- ANDS
- ACCELERATE NORTH
- DECELERATE SOUTH
- MOST APPARENT ON EAST OR WEST HEADINGS.

## COMPASS TRICKS

- Why?
- Due to the dip of the earth’s magnetic field.  The aft end of the compass card tilts upward when accelerating and tilts downward when decelerating.

**Notes:**
when accelerating, the aft end of the card lefts up and points the compass north as it tries to seek mag north
and vice versa whenslowing down.

## COMPASS TRICKS

- LAGS NORTH/LEADS SOUTH
- If you are on a northerly heading and turn East or West, compass lags your turn.
- If you are on a southerly heading and turn East or West, compass leads your turn.
- Leads and lags by degrees of latitude of your location, i.e., CLE 41 deg. North.

**Notes:**
another good one, that Bill likes on this is OSAN

compass overshoots south and undershoots the heading when turning from North, approximately the degrees of latitude

## TIME TO STATION

- 60 X MINUTES BETWEEN BEARING CHANGE
- DIVIDED BY DEGREES OF BEARING CHANGE

**Notes:**
wow, everyone with GPS or loran is probably thinking, did we really used to do that, of course and once again, when you are cruising along with time, move the OBS ,change bearings and calculate these things -brain cells used are brain cells retained.

## TIME TO STATION EXAMPLE

- 60 X 4 (TIME TO FLY 10 DEG. BEARING CHANGE)
- DIVIDED BY 10 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE
- 240 DIVIDED BY 10=APPROXIMATELY 24 MINUTES TO STATION

## DISTANCE TO STATION

- TAS X MINUTES BETWEEN BEARING CHANGE
- DIVIDED BY
- DEGREES OF BEARING CHANGE

## DISTANCE TO STATION EXAMPLE

- 125 ktas X 2.5 MINUTES (TIME TO FLY 5 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE)
- DIVIDED BY
- 5 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE
- 125 X 2.5=312.5
- DIVIDED BY 5 =
- 62.5 NM APPROX TO STATION

## NAVIGATION

- ADF ORIENTATION
- True Bearing to Station=TH+Rel Bearing
- Mag Bearing to Station=MH + RB
- Relative Bearing=MB - MH

**Notes:**
wow, we could do hours on this subject, see your CFI if you want a good refresher on this one,just don’t have time here to hit all the high points 

## COURSE

- True Course +/- WCA= TH
- TH +/- Mag Variation=MH
- MH +/- Deviation=Compass Hdg.
- Mag Variation: Off the chart
- Deviation:  Compass Corr. Card

## STUFF

- AIRSPACE
- A		Above FL 180
- B		Busy Airport
- C		Crowed Airport

## AIRSPACE

-   D		Directly above Control
- 				Tower and its approach 			path
- E			Everything else
-                       Controlled
- G			Ground to Controlled

## LIGHTS

- VASI
- RED OVER RED
-                 YOU ARE DEAD
- WHITE OVER WHITE
-                  HIGH AS A KITE

**Notes:**
don’t forget PAPI
white,white, red, red, on glidepath

## LIGHTS

- VASI
- RED OVER WHITE
-        YOU’RE ALRIGHT.

## TRANSPONDER

- 7500		HIJACK
- 7600		LOST COMM.
- 7700		EMERGENCY
- 7777		NEVER

**Notes:**
lost comm remember 7700 for one minute then 7600 for 15
7777 is reserved for military intercept

## ALTERNATES

- 1-2-3
- Alternate not needed if:

**Notes:**
of course, this pertains to IFR flights and filing of alternates

## ALTERNATES

- FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE TO ONE HOUR AFTER SCHED ARRIVAL, DESTINATION IS ATLEAST 2000/3

**Notes:**
then of course, we could throw in alternate weather min.needed for an approach, can use the alternate if they have a precision approach and weather is 600/2, nonpreciison approach 800/2

## RECIPROCALS

- YES, SOME PEOPLE STILL HAVE TROUBLE WITH THIS!!!!!
- WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN
-      020-189 DEGREES:

## RECIPROCALS

- ADD 2 TO THE FIRST NUMBER
- SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 2ND NUMBER
- EXAMPLE:  025 DEG.
-                     +2
-                       225
-                      -  2
-                       205 DEGREE RECIPROCAL

## RECIPROCALS

- WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN 200 AND 360 DEGREES:
- SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 1ST NUMBER
-     ADD 2 TO THE 2ND NUMBER

## RECIPROCAL EXAMPLE

- 320 DEGREE HEADING
-    -2
-    120
-   + 2
-    140 DEGREE RECIPROCAL HEADING

## AND ON AND ON ..............

- OAT	OUTSIDE AIR TEMP
- MSL	MEAN SEA LEVEL
- EGT	EXHAUST GAS TEMP
- TT		TOTAL TIME
- TTSN	TOTAL TIME SINCE NEW
- NDH	NO DAMAGE HISTORY
- CHT	CYLINDER HEAD TEMP

## THANKS!

- REMEMBER, FOR BEST RESULTS,
- JOG YOUR MEMORY FREQUENTLY!

## <footer>

- <date/time>