# Presentation: 330434

## A critical review and comparison of power reactor blankets from nuclear technology and socio-economic aspects

- Satoshi Konishi
- Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
- May.25, 2005

- Contents
-     - Broader “Externality” aspect
-     - Tritium release to the environment
-     - Waste strategy
-     - Fuel supply
-     - Deployment to hydrogen market

- 7th International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology

- Special Thanks to Kunihiko Okano, Yusuke Ichimasa and  Kenji Tobita

## Socio-Economic Aspect of Fusion

- ・Such evaluation will consider all the possible impacts and
-   effects to future society and environment.

- Fusion

- Other Energy

- Energy
- Supply

- Damage/cost/
- ”Externality”

- Future
- Social
- Demand

- Government

- funding

- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

- Public

- Industry

- Different outcome are expected for sponsors.

## How fusion affects? 

- How fusion affects?

- Plasma

- Blanket

- Facility

- Environment,Society

- Fuel, Material
- (D,Li-6,..)

- Heat Transfer

- Wastes
-  (Solid nuclides,
-    T,C-14)

- Exhausts
- (T,heat)

- (Recycle)

- Energy
- (Electricity)

-   Fusion will be evaluated
-        - what it consumes
-        - what it exhausts
-        - what it generates , and
-        - what it leaves

- Blanket is the key
- For Socio-economic
- Feature of fusion

- Economy

## How fusion will benefit public? 

-             →”Externality” ; economical effect out of the market

- How** fusion will benefit public?**** **

-  ・Impact by various pathways
-   	**-outside of energy market**
**	****- estimated with economical  value (monetary term)**
-  environmental negative:pollution, global warming
-  environmental positive:recycling, cleaning, reduced emission
-  social negative:nuclear proliferation, terrorism, fear of risk
-   social positive :security, backstop, technology

- positive

- negative

- benefit

- security

- risk

- cost

- pollution

- warming

- cleaning

- recycle

- ・All the risks and benefits
- ・evaluated from the viewpoint
-   of sponsor
- ・market sales is only a part
- ・cost is not a good measure
-   but cost affects the market share

- social

- Environ.

## Investment for nuclear technology

- ・various sponsors provide funding
- ・different purpose, different phase of development
- ・investment for research is a certain fraction of total sales
-      **→****investment must yield benefit to sponsors**

- 1960

- transfer

- industry

- utility

- Research
- institute

- Basic
- research

- Fission reactor case

- sales

- Further competitiveness

- improvements

- commercialization

- Research
- institutes

## Variety of fission reactors developed

## Strategies for blankets

- - Fusion has multiple generations with single plasma

- 1) Technically possible.
-          (liquid metal)
- 2) Governments policy
-     and social preferences.
-         (graphite, heavy water)
- 3) Market selection.
-         (light water reactor)

- Each generations has
- different purpose.
-    -expected functions of blanket differs.

- Learn from the history of
-  fission.

## Fusion development strategy

- 2000

- 2010

- 2020

- 2030

- Power
- Demo

- ITER

- TBM

- Tokamak

- IFMIF

- Const.

- BPP

- Test

- Generation

- EPP

- module1

- module2

- High beta, long pulse

- KEP

- EVEDA

- Const.

- New line

- 10dpa/y

- 20dpa/y

- RAF

- In pile irradiation

- Full irrad.

- 1/2 irrad.

- Drawn from Fast track working group in Japan, 2002,Dec.

- Evolution required
- In a same facility

- The 1st Blanket will aim at “earliest power generation”.
- Next target will be “deployment into the future society.

## Energy Conversion Issue

- Steam ~ 500 °C or high temperature He ~ 900°C

- Blanket heat transfer media will have to fit advanced energy.

## Introduction into the market

**65**

**92**

**109**

**125**

**0**

**25**

**50**

**75**

**100**

**125**

**150**

**2050**

**2060**

**2070**

**2080**

**2090**

**2100**

**year**

**Possible Introduction price **

**145**

- Target cost of electricity varies as a function of
- Introduction time.

- Possible introduction price of Fusion :
-                                    increases with time as fossil price increases.

- Current target of the development

## Tritium processing systems

- Emission dominated by normal detritiation

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- Water based heat transfer requires isotope separation.

## Impact pathway of tritium

- Tritium is detectable far below the level that affects health.

## Impact of radioactive emission

- Tritium released from
- the facility diffuses
- but not disappear.

- According to the LNT
- hypothesis by ICRP,
- detriment increases
- with distance.

- Normal release accumulates in the environment.

- Dose is negligible compared with natural radiation, but detectable in environment, foods and drinking water.
- Same thing happens with C-14 and worse.

## Waste Disposal Issue

##    expansion volume : He

- TRITIUM containing medium will be
-  confined :
-    expansion volume : He
-    expansion pool : water
-    (easy) : other liquids
- IN CASE OF SPILL, TRITIUM IS RECOVERED BEFORE GOING OUT TO THE NEXT BARRIER**  **** **

**DETRITIATION**
**SYSTEM**

## Slide 16

## Slide 17

## Slide 18