# Presentation: 795348

## Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke:Results of Personal Exposure Studies Conducted by ORNL

- Roger A. Jenkins, Ph.D.
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
*Presented at the Johns Hopkins/OSHA ETS Exposure Assessment Workshop*
*September 12 - 13, 1997*

## Study Objective and Design:Determination of Personal Exposure to ETS

- Focus on subjects in urban areas.
- 100 **non-smokers** from each area.
- Each subject wears a sampling pump at their workplace (8 hours) and “away from work” (16 hours).
- Away-from-work includes commuting, shopping, dining, home, and sleeping.
- Particle and gas phase ETS components collected.
- Smoking status assessed using salivary cotinine.

## 16 Urban Areas Distributed Geographically

*Seattle*

*Boise*

*Fresno*

*Phoenix*

*San Antonio*

*New Orleans*

*Daytona Beach*

*Knoxville*

*St. Louis*

*Baltimore*

*Philadelphia*

*Portland*

*Buffalo*

*Columbus*

*Indianapolis*

*Grand Rapids*

## Sampling Pump

***Pump Unit***

***Sound-proofing***

## Sampler Head

***Particulate Filter***

***Cyclone Separator***

***XAD-4 Cartridge for***
***ETS vapors***

## Distribution of Average Cotinine Values

- Actual value:  1114 Subjects

- Actual value:  132 subjects

## “Misclassification” Rates of Subjects Claiming to be Non-SmokersAll Subjects Recruited on Basis of Non-Smoking Status

## Estimated Misclassification Rates of Subjects Claiming to be Never-SmokersAll Subjects Recruited on Basis of Non-Smoking Status

## Distribution of 24-hour TWA RSPLevelsSubject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status  Confirmed by Diary Observations(All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL)

## Distribution of 24-hour TWA Nicotine LevelsSubject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status  Confirmed by Diary Observations(All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL)

## Concentrations of  Selected ETS Markers:Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking LocationsMedian 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3

## Concentrations of  Selected ETS Markers:Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking LocationsMedian 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3Gender Related Differences?

- * Estimated

## Concentrations of  Selected ETS Markers:Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking LocationsMedian 16-hr Away-from-Work Levels, ug/m3Males who Work in Smoking Environments are Exposed to Higher Levels of ETS Away-from-Work

***Concentrations of  Selected ETS Markers:******Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking Locations***_***Median***_*** ***_***16-hr Away-from-Work Levels***_***, ug/m******3******Males who Work in Smoking Environments are Exposed to Higher Levels of ETS Away-from-Work***

## ETS Exposures of Subjects in Confirmed Smoking Environments

***Exposure:  Concentration x Time, in ug-hr/m3***

## Effect of Smoking Restrictions on Personal Levels of Workplace ETSMedian 8-hr TWA Concentrations, ug/m3

## 8-hr TWA ETS Personal Levels in Smoking Facilities as a Function of Job ClassificationMedian Levels, ug/m3

## Marker Levels in Smoking-Unrestricted Workplaces

- R2 = 0.683

## Exposures in Unrestricted Smoking Environments*Exposures in ug-hr/m3

**  Smoking confirmed by diary reports*

## Median ETS Exposures* in Environments Where Smoking is UnrestrictedExposure = Concentration x Time

**  Smoking confirmed by diary reports*

## Salivary Cotinine DistributionsSubject Cells Confirmed through Diary Observations

**Cell 1**

**Cell 2**

**Cell 3**

**Cell 4**

## Comparison of Salivary Cotinine Levels and Nicotine ExposureCell Classification by Screening Questionnaire and Diary Observations

## Avg. Salivary Cotinine Levelas a Function of Nicotine ExposureAll Subjects with Both Markers >95% CL above LODNicotine:  0.063 ug/m3; Cotinine: 1.01 ng/mL

**R****2**** = 0.105**

## Observations and ConclusionsBased on Study Design and  Subject Population

- Subjects who live and work in smoking environments are exposed to 30 - 60 times more ETS than subjects living and working in non-smoking environments.
- ETS levels are lower than those predicted from shorter duration or area measurements.
- ETS levels determined away-from-work (smoking homes) are comparable to slightly lower than those determined for previously reported residential studies.
- The home appears to be a more important source than the workplace for ETS exposure, due to time spent in the environment.

## Observations and Conclusions(continued)Based on Study Design and  Subject Population

- Gross subject smoking status misclassification ranges from 2.2% to 6.6%, depending on subject sex and cut-off level.
- Median average salivary cotinine level is proportional to median nicotine 24-hr TWA level on a cell by cell basis (100+ subjects per cell).  (R2 = 0.991)
- Median average salivary cotinine level is **NOT** predictive of 24-hr TWA nicotine level on an individual subject basis (R2 = 0.105) at levels of ETS exposure encountered under the protocol used for this study.

## Fanny pack eases wearing of sampling pump

## Area Samplers Placed in Most Facilities

**Overview**

**Detail**

## Levels to Which All Servers* Were Exposed4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3

- *Corrected for high salivary cotinine.

## Levels to Which Bartenders* Were Exposed4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3

- *Corrected for high salivary cotinine.

## Distributions of Bartenders:Multi-Room Bar/Restaurants vs. Single Room Bars

## Personal Exposure Comparisons in Multiroom 

- Personal Exposure Comparisons in Multiroom
- Restaurant Bar Combinations:  Servers vs. Bartenders

- 4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3

## Comparison of Median Exposures:Restaurant Servers vs. 16 Cities Subjects in Workplaces where Smoking was Unrestricted

- Exposure = concentration x time, ug-hr/m3

## Area vs. Personal Levels in Restaurants & Bars