# Presentation: 029003

## The Heavy Oil Storage Tank (HOST) Project

***The Heavy Oil Storage Tank (HOST) Project***

**Donald Lucas**
**David Littlejohn**
** **
**Ernest Orlando Lawrence**
** ****Berkeley National Laboratory**

## The Problem: Do Heavy Oil Storage Tanks Need Air Pollution Controls? 

***The Problem: Do Heavy Oil Storage Tanks Need Air Pollution Controls? ***

**Regulatory agencies are tightening allowed emissions of VOCs and ROCs to meet ozone requirements**
**Existing regulations require action based on vapor pressure of liquid**
**It is recognized and accepted that current measuring protocols do not work for heavy crudes **
**There are thousands of tanks in California that do not have vapor recovery **

## Vapor Composition of Various Organic Liquids

***Vapor Composition of Various Organic Liquids***

**ROC**

**METHANE**

**ROC**

**ROC**

**METHANE**

**CO2**

**CO2**

**WATER **
**VAPOR**

**Gasoline**

**Light Crude**

**Heavy Crude**

## HOST Working Group Members

***HOST Working Group Members***

**California Air Resources Board (CARB)**
**Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)**
**Monterey Unified Air Pollution Control District **
**San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District **
**Santa Barbara Unified Air Pollution Control District **
**U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)**
**U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)**
**Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) and Oil Industries **

## HOST Working Group

***HOST Working Group***

**Voluntary organization**
**Headed by Richard McVeigh (SJVUAPCD)**
**Meeting sites rotate**
**Meetings held every month or two**
**Meetings depend on work schedule **
**Teleconference and videoconferences possible   **
**Decision by consensus **
**Trained facilitator provided by Chevron **
**Varied viewpoints, deadlines, and concerns **

## Host Project Goals

***Host Project Goals***

**Compare various organic liquid vapor pressure measurement methods for tank emission estimation and regulatory decision making**
**Study existing vapor pressure methods**
**Modified RVP (high T, GC analysis)**
**EPA 25E**
**CARB 150**
**Develop new, scientifically valid procedures for heavy crudes**

## Money and Contracts

***Money and Contracts***

**Work co-funded by DOE and WSPA**
**Same work statement used for both proposals**
**Funding: 1996 - $75K by DOE, $50 K by WSPA**
**	****	****         ****1997 (Expected)- **
**	****	****                   ****$30 K by DOE, $30 K by WSPA**
**Legal problems numerous, time-consuming**
**Work done on industry sites by UC employees funded by WSPA and DOE**
**Liability issue most onerous**
**Individual oil companies have different requirements**

## New Methods Developed and Tested at LBNL

***New Methods Developed and Tested at LBNL***

**“****LBNL” liquid sampler**
**High temperature RVP/GC analysis**
**Modified EPA 25E headspace vial protocol**
**CARB 150**
**Gas Sampling in Vapor Space**
**“****Minivap” automated vapor pressure  **

## Gas Flow in Texaco Shipping Tank

- -2000

- 0

- 2000

- 4000

- 6000

- 8000

**Time (hours)**

**Cubic Feet**

- 0

## Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Texaco Shipping Tank

- 0%

- 1%

- 2%

- 3%

- 4%

- 0.0

- 21.1

- 38.7

**Time (hours)**

**Fraction of Gas**

***CO2***

**Methane**

## Selected Tank Results

***Selected Tank Results***

## What Produces ROC Emissions?

**Three driving mechanisms**
**Breathing **
**Working **
**Flashing **
**Equilibrium?**
**High molecular weight components probably are**
**	****(C****6**** and above)**
**Low molecular weight components may not be**
**	****(air, methane, CO****2****)**

## Composition of Vapor in Selected Tanks

***Composition of Vapor in Selected Tanks***

**Vapor **
**Pressure **
**(atm.)**

**10**

**.005**

**.0**

**.79**

**.048**

**.03**

**.13**

**Values are #ROC/day**

## Why Work with a National Lab?

***Why Work with a National Lab?***

**Pluses:**
**Impartial **
**Scientific understanding of difficult problems**
**Flexibility **
**Access to lab capabilities **
**Co-funding possible**
**Drawbacks:**
**Contracting and intellectual property**
**Time needed to build confidence**
**“****Ivory Tower” **

## Future Plans 

***Future Plans ***

**20 - 50 additional tank measurements **
**Liquid and vapor methods**
**Representative samples from different fields and locations**
**Attempt to validate relationships among various methods and actual emissions**
**Develop scientifically sound protocol acceptable to regulatory agencies and industry**
**Report and publish results**
**SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference (March, 1997)**
**Air and Waste Management Section Meeting (March, 1997) **

## Acknowledgments

***Acknowledgments***

**Tim Stoner, Texaco**
**David Todd, CARB**
**Art Hartstein and Rhonda Lindsey, DOE**
**Steve Arita, WSPA**
**This work was funded by the Office of Fossil Energy, DOE, and WSPA **