# Presentation: 222542

## “Climate Science”A Joint Study Between The U. S. Department of Energy and P. R. C. Chinese Academy of Sciences-China Meteorological Administration

- To prepare climate data for validating and improving global and regional general circulation climate models
- To use the improved models to understand and project regional climate changes and the associated effect and impact caused by increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols due to anthropogenic activities

## Documents of Joint DOE-CAS & DOE-CMA Study Agreements

- Koomanoff, F., T. Ye, M.R. Riches, C. Zhao, W.-C. Wang, and S. Tao, 1988:  U.S. Department of Energy and P.R.C. Chinese Academy of Sciences joint research on greenhouse effect. _Bull. Amer. Meteoro. Soc._, _69_, 1301-1308.
- Riches, M. R., Zhao J., W.-C. Wang, and Tao, S., 1992:  The United States' Department of Energy and the People's Republic of China's Academy of Sciences joint research on the greenhouse effect:  1985-1990 research progress.  _Bull. Amer. Meteoro. Soc._ _73_, 585-594.
- Riches, M. R., W.-C. Wang, P.-Q. Chen, S.-Y. Tao, S.-G. Zhou, and Y.-H. Ding, 2000:  The Joint Agreements on “Global and Regional Climate Change” Studies Between the United States and the Peoples Republic of China.  _Bull. Am. Meteo. Soc_., _81_, 491-500.

##  Technical Research Areas 

**Area A**: Analysis of general circulation models
**Area B**: Climate data preparation and analysis
**Area C**:  Measurements of atmospheric trace constituents
**Area D**:  Effect and impact of climate change on human and natural systems

##  Area A: Analysis of general circulation models

- To analyze observations and GCM simulations of past and present global and regional climates
- To improve global and regional models for simulating regional climate
- To use the improved models for projecting global and regional climate changes.

## Contrast in vertical SAGE II cumulus cloud frequency over tropical Pacific Ocean between the Western region (5S-10N; 100-170E) and the eastern region (7.5S-7.7N; 200-280E).  Values are five-month means (DJFMA), with Dec. referring to the prior year.

## Observed Precipitation (mm/day) based on CMAP and the ensemble-mean precipitation of 21-AMIP models

## SUNYA regional model simulated May-July 1998 precipitation over East Asia

**SUNYA regional model simulated May-July 1998 precipitation over East Asia**

- (105-122E), mm/day

## PNNL regional model simulated June-July 1998 precipitation (mm/day)

**Notes:**
In most analyses, we calculate regional averages over 16 stations in the vicinity of Shouxian.  This region is similar to beta scale region defined for the HUBEX experiment. 

##  Area B: Climate data preparation and analysis

- To prepare *proxy* climate records derived from historical documents and tree rings in China
- To prepare quality controlled *instrumental* data at U.S.A. and P.R.C.
- To extract climate information (temperature, carbon dioxide and *methane* concentrations from ice core data in China.
- To use the datasets for conducting climate model-to-observation comparisons and to examine climate variability, and its association with extreme events.

## 1471-1998 Proxy drought/flood index

- 105-125E

## 1471-1950 Frequency of drought/flood(number/decade)

**Winter-half-year mean temperature change in eastern China with 30-year resolution during the past 2000 years, with 10-year resolution during 960-1109 and 1500-1999, respectively**
*(Dot line: Winter-half-year mean temperature; Bold solid line: 3-point running mean; Dash line: Error bar)*

## Annual station trends of Sun, Cld, Tmax, and Tmin (1954-1998)

## Annual departures of Sun, Cld, Tmax, and Tmin (1954-1998)

## Trends in annual-mean, midday cloud amount over China for 1951-94 (% sky cover/decade)

## Slide 16

**Notes:**
Trends in frost days (days where the minimum temperature is below 0C) and the frost-free season (difference between the last spring frost day, and first fall frost day),are shown.  These trends are calculated using 1000 observing stations from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network data set, a high quality data set developed for detecting climate variability and change.  Results show the
largest decrease in number of frost days occurs in the western portion of  the country.  The largest increase in the frost-free season also occurs in the western U.S.  These results are consistent with observed trends in annual temperatures for the U.S.

## Slide 17

**Notes:**
Trends in frost days (days where the minimum temperature is below 0C) and the frost-free season
(difference between the last spring frost day, and first fall frost day), are shown.  These trends are calculated using 1000 observing stations from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network data set, a high quality data set developed for detecting climate variability and change.  Results show the
largest decrease in number of frost days occurs in the western portion of the country.  The largest increase in the frost-free season also occurs in the western U.S.  These results are consistent with observed trends in annual temperatures for the U.S.

##  Area C:  Measurements of atmospheric trace constituents

- To study the sources of greenhouse gases and emissions in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
- To produce more accurate estimates of emissions of these gases from China and their contributions to global budgets with focus on the emissions from agricultural systems and the effects of agriculture on the carbon cycle

## Methane emissions from rice fields at TuZu 1988-94

## Slide 20

**Notes:**
Figure 1:  This figure shows the large range of fluxes that have been measured from rice fields all over the world.  Because of this large variability ranging from almost no emissions to some 35 milligrams per square meter per hour, the current estimates of methane emissions from rice fields are highly uncertain.  Significant progress has been made to understand why there are such large differences from place to place.  Still, there are important unanswered questions that need to be addressed before the measurements can be translated into accurate country-wide of global estimates of methane emissions from rice fields.  Our current task is aimed at arriving at robust estimates based on the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for controlling methane emissions from rice fields. 

## Slide 21

**Notes:**
Fig 3a:  Nitrous oxide concentration and world fertilizer use.

## Slide 22

**Notes:**
Figure 3b:  This figure shows that recent changes in atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations are likely to be driven by nitrogen fertilizer use. The figure shows the world nitrogen fertilizer use and the global average concentration of nitrous oxide.  In both time series the increasing trend has been subtracted to show the relationship.  In fact, both nitrogen fertilizer use and nitrous oxide concentrations are increasing as shown in Fig. 3a.

##  Area D:  Effect and impact of climate change on human and natural systems

- To examine the regional scale effects of climate change and climate variability on natural resources (water and unmanaged ecosystems) and on agriculture, grazing and forestry.
- To apply process models (for crop yields, soil erosion, runoff, stream flow and changes in bio-geography) to selected regions of China and the U. S. using validated data sets on climate, soils and management practices.
- To use historical, instrumental and remote sensing data to validate the process models and as inputs to global and regional climate models, which will be used to drive the process models mentioned above.

##  EPIC-model-simulated and measured regional yields of irrigated winter wheat, corn and soybean at three locations in the North China Plain

-  EPIC-model-simulated and measured regional yields of irrigated winter wheat, corn and soybean at three locations in the North China Plain

## Time series of simulated yield for irrigated winter wheat (2010-2099) in Tangshan under the HadCM2 scenarios of climate change. 

- Time series of simulated yield for irrigated winter wheat (2010-2099) in Tangshan under the HadCM2 scenarios of climate change.

- 1961-1990 mean

## Participating institutions

- People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences: Institute of Atmospheric Physics and Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research
- China Meteorological Administration: National Climate Center and National Meteorological Center
- United States of America
- Universities:  State University of New York at Albany; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Portland State University; Oregon Graduate Center
- DOE National Laboratories: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- National Climatic Data Center
- National Center for Atmospheric Research

## Key contacts

- People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences: Yiyu Chen, Vice President; Panqin Chen, Deputy Director General, Bureau of Science and Technology for Resources and Environment
- China Meteorological Administration: Dahe Qin, Administrator; Shuguang Zhou and Yihui Ding
- United States of America
- Department of Energy: Michael R. Riches, Office of Biological and Environmental Sciences:
- State University of New York at Albany: Wei-Chyung Wang