# Presentation: 182853

## Field sampling and analyses: Alvin and 2007 ROV cruisePart 1:  Overview(a look at the forest, before the trees)

## Field Activities by Study Type

**Descriptive studies**
**	****Species present (and biogeographic patterns)**
**	****Community descriptions**
**	****Visitations by mobile fauna **
**	****Chemistry surveys**
**	****Geological characterizations**
**	****Microbial community descriptions**
**Process oriented studies**
**	****Trophic interactions **
**	****Growth rates and growth patterns**
**	****Microbial activities**
**	****Temporal change**
- Result is a better understanding of the reasons for differences between sites and communities and why they change

## Field activities by site type

**Preliminary Survey Sites**
- 	Inventory of community types
- 	Inventory of species present
- 	Overview of geology
- 	Overview of geochemistry
- 	Overview of microbiology
- 	Limited quantitative and targeted collections
**Intensive Study Sites**
**	**All of the above, and...

## Field activities by site type

**Intensive Study Sites  (**All of the above, and...)
- 	Chemical surveys nested within community mosaics
- Community mosaics, pushcores, and collections nested
-     within high resolution geological maps from AUV surveys
- 	Time Lapse Camera deployments
- 		Visitation by mobile vagrants and colonists
- 		Imagery of study sites
- 	Trapping of mobile fauna
- 		On and off site
- 	Trophic studies
- 		Within aggregations and links to “normal” fauna
- 	Tubeworm (or coral) growth studies
- 	Changes between years (mosaics and chemistry)
- 	Mussel symbiont studies
- 	More extensive targeted and quantitative collections

## Field activities by year

**First field season**
**	****Work at 4 intensive and 3 preliminary study sites**
**	****Compose inventories (from collections)**
**	****	****Megafauna/Macrofauna**
**	****	****Meiofauna**
**	****	****Microbiology**
**	****	****Geological**
**	****Construct Maps and Mosaics**
**	****Chemistry surveys**
**	****Stain Tubeworms**
**	****Deploy RTLC systems**

## Field activities by year

**Second field season**
**	****Complement and finish all necessary**
**	****  ****sampling at sites initiated in 2006**
**	****Repeat mosaics **
**	****Repeat Chemistry surveys as appropriate**
**	****Collect stained tubeworms**
**	****Collect all deployments**
**	****Characterize additional sites as time allows.**

## Field sampling and analyses: Alvin and 2007 ROV cruisePart 1:  Some Details(a quick look at the trees)

## Collection and Census of fauna

- Quantitative collections whenever possible
- Bushmaster (Tubeworms and corals)
- Mussel pots (Mussels, clams, and ?)
- Targeted collections (manipulators, suction, nets)
- Attached fauna
- Mobile fauna
- Traps, trawling
- Imagery
- Mosaics
- RTLC
- Targeted

## Quantitative collections: Bushmaster

**Bushmaster Jr has been used by the JSL’s, Alvin, and Ropos **
**Bushmaster Jr has been used for vent and seep tubeworms and corals**
**A single collection from the Juan de Fuca Ridge contained:**
- 	49 distinct taxa
- 	From 8 phyla
- 	4,329 tubeworms
- 	95,000 individuals of a snail (*Depressigyra globulus*)
- 	Over 50,000 individuals of other species

## Bushmaster Jr. in action

## Bushmaster(s) in Action

## Quantitative collections: Mussel Pots

**The mussel pots are new, but based on a design used extensively by Dr. Cindy Van Dover**
**Used by Jason II in the Lau Basin in June **
**Up to six have been used in a singe dive**
**The new design is very robust and deploys a ring that allows quantification of “missed” fauna**
**A single collection from Lau contained:**
**76 *****Ifremeria*****, 4 *****Alvinoconcha*****, and 2 *****Bathymodiolus***** (all foundation species**
**At least 9 other species of megafauna (5 gastropods, 2 crustaceans, and 2 polychaetes)**
**A bunch more... (small stuff is not sorted yet)**

## A mussel pot in action

## Quantitative collections: Mussel Pots

## Processing the quantitative collections

**Identification, enumeration and biomass of all fauna (Wet weight and AFDW)**
**Additional measurements/analyses of foundation species **
**(Surface area, Size frequency)**
**Subsampling **
**Taxonomy/systematics (molecular and classical)**
**Phylogenetics/population genetics**
**Trophic studies**
**Symbiont studies (types, phylogenetics)**

## Processing the quantitative collections

**Shipboard processing**
- Preliminary identifications
- Sorting and enumeration as time allows
- Wet Weights (On MCSB as time allows)
- Subsampling
**Laboratory processing**
- Final identifications
- Additional measurements of foundation species
- (and processing of additional small attached species)
- AFDW of selected individuals for conversion factors

## Taxonomy+ (phylogenetics/pop genetics)

**Key Groups for Biogeography**
**Tubeworms (siboglinids) and symbionts **(PSU)
**Mussels **(PSU)
**Mussel symbionts **(Nicole Dublier)
**Polynoid polychaetes **(Stephane Hourdez)
**Vesicomyid clams and limpets **(Robert Vrijenhoek)
**Hard corals ****(*****Lophelia***** in particular;** Cheryl Morrison)
**Shrimp **(Tim Shank)
**Ophiuroids ****(Sabine Stohr)**

## Taxonomy+ (phylogenetics/pop gen)

**Our general approach**
**Start with standard genes that would identify new species ****(eg; mtCOI, mt16S for animals, 16S for symbionts).**
**If new group, then additional (more conserved) genes to place it appropriately ****(rDNA 18S, 28S, EF1alpha)**
**If known species with potential geographic isolation, then additional (more variable) genes to constrain degree of geographic isolation ****(mtND4, ITS2, microsatallites, introns)**

## Analyses of Communities

**Community Trophic Structure**
- Tissue stable C, N _and S_ content
- Knowledge of feeding mode (when known)
- Interpreted in the context of quantitative data
- Supplemented by analysis of interactions with more mobile background fauna
- Result will be well constrained food webs

## Analyses of Communities

**Correlations between community type**
**and density to:**
- Depth
- Geography
- Geophysics
- Geochemistry
- Microbiology
- Gas chemistry

## Analyses of Communities

**Comparisons between communities:**
- Site to site
- Upper slope to lower slope
- GoM to Atlantic (and the rest of the world)
- Tubeworms to mussels to corals etc.
- Young to old (successional changes?)

## Temporal studies

**Sclerochronology (Dr. R. E. Dodge) **
**Vestimentiferan growth rates and ages**
**Time Lapse Cameras **
**Establishment of long term monitoring stations (mosaics and chemistry)**

## Lophelia pertusa Branch                    Collected in 1886 Aboard the Steamer Albatross

*Lophelia pertusa* Branch                    Collected in 1886 Aboard the Steamer Albatross

**Sclerochronology**

## Lophelia pertusa                          sectioned longitudinally (1 mm thick)

*Lophelia pertusa*                          sectioned longitudinally (1 mm thick)

**REFLECTIVE**

**TRANSMISSIVE**

**X-RADIOGRAPHIC**

**Sclerochronology**

## Sclerochronology

**Sclerochronology**

**Three controls on carbonate stable isotopes in *****Lophelia***** skeleton**

## Vestimentiferan Growth

**Vestimentiferan Growth**

**The stainer in action**

**Notes:**
So, the “tub-worm-stainer” was born.  For this technique we slip the dome (about the size and shape of those things my mother used to sit under at the beauty parlor) over a large group of tubeworms (30 - 40 individuals) and then pump it full of a stain and leave it around the tubeworms for 5 minutes.  Then we pump the stain back into the reservoir and do it again (and again). With this technique we could stain hundreds of tubeworms in a single dive, instead of the 8 that we could band in a single dive.  (just recently we made a giant stainer that can stain an entire bush at once, but we haven’t collected those tubeworms yet...).  After one year we come back and....

## Growth data

## ULS Tubeworm Growth Models

***L. luymesi***

***S. jonesi***

## Submergence asset Pros and Cons

**Alvin and Jason II were both designed and used extensively for science, and have inherent advantages as a result:**
**Very high quality navigation (general and inertial)**
**Very experienced pilots for delicate work**
**One “strong” and one force-feedback manipulator**
**Several excellent imaging systems**
**Very adaptable work platforms**
**Extensive experience with user-supplied equipment**

## Submergence asset Pros and Cons

**Alvin over Jason II**
**We know how to use it (experience)**
**PI spatial understanding of sites (two eyes and 3D vision)**
**Heavy lifting**
**More work accomplished per unit bottom time**
**Jason II over Alvin**
**Significantly increased bottom time (24 hr operations)**
**Closed loop navigational control for mosaics/surveys**
**Observers can rotate during a dive**
**No HOV related safety concerns**
**(limitations on diving near a platform, working with implodable volumes, untested gear, etc.)**
**	**** **