# Presentation: 506070

## NASA -- FAA General Aviation R&DNational General Aviation RoadmapSmall Aircraft Transportation SystemPresented toHome-Home ConferenceNASA Langley Research CenterNovember 15-16, 1999

**Bruce J. Holmes**
**NASA General Aviation Program Office **

## Outline

**Smart Air Travel System (SATS) Concept**
**National Market Opportunities and Challenges**
**Suggested Industry Actions**

**The “Golden Rule” of the information age is                                  “Time is the Scarce Commodity.”**
**Early in the 21st century,                                                                        the demand for personal transportation will soar beyond supply.**
**The Millennial Opportunity:                                                             SATS creates more time for more people.**

**Notes:**
Executive Summary:
PROBLEM: The nation’s 21st century transportation demand cannot be satisfied by the planned investments in hub-and-spoke and highway systems.  As the Information Age unfolds a “New Economy” is emerging, driven by knowledge-based industrial development such as on the internet.  However, the impending saturation of the highway and hub-and-spoke systems will limit this economic expansion.  For the New Economy to reach its full potential, a new transportation system is required.
SOLUTION:  The SATS concept will give more time to more people, satisfying a large portion of the emerging public demand for safe, higher-speed mobility and increased accessibility, while unleashing the full potential of the knowledge-based industrial expansion to more suburban, rural and remote communities.  The benefits include improved standards of living and quality of life for all in the new global economy.  SATS  technology innovations will provide the nation with (1) economic development for communities of all sizes enabled by localized air accessibility, (2) choices to bypass highway and hub-and-spoke transportation systems delays, (3) an efficient means for intermodal connectivity between small airports and the global aviation system, and (4) an exportable transportation revolution with affordable “instant infrastructure” for developing nations around the world.
ACTION:  Structure a Federal-States partnership based on the Interstate Skyway System concept, to focus on the emergence of a distributed transportation system for the New Economy.  Guide investments toward advancements in individual mobility, accessibility, and total transportation system costs (integrated vehicle/infrastructure costs).

## Solving 21st Century Transportation Challenges

**Solving 21st Century Transportation Challenges**

**The Smart Air Travel System**
**is a safe travel alternative,**
**freeing people and products from today’s system delays,**
**By creating access to more communities in less time.**

**Notes:**
The growing delays in the hub-and-spoke and highway systems will limit the economic expansion of the information age to well-connected regions and communities.  Increasing inequity in access to the nation’s air transportation system will deny the benefits of the information age economy to many Americans.  Human intellectual capital is fast becoming the basis for creation of jobs and wealth as the Information Age begins to unfold; thus, time is the scarce commodity and speed is a premium of this age.  The new economy, driven by knowledge-based industrial development, will demand ever safer transportation efficiencies, with more speed and time savings for people and goods to more destinations.  
SATS is an alternative that makes more speed safely available to more people in more diverse locations in this new age. SATS increases speed and accessibility.  Speed and accessibility promote economic growth.  SATS is an exportable transportation product that enhances the economic competitiveness of the nation.  SATS will provide increased equality of access by air throughout the nation’s suburban, rural, and remote communities.  Providing a safe, equitable, and efficient transportation infrastructure is an inherently governmental function.  SATS infrastructure and vehicle technologies are high risk, high payoff investments that demand a national partnership, led by NASA, with FAA, the DOT, DOC, and the States.
A national partnership between NASA, the Department of Transportation, FAA, State governments, as well as Department of Commerce, Industry, and Academia will be designed and implemented to focus on transportation system engineering, vehicle technologies, and enabling infrastructure technologies.

## Strategic Planning Tenets

**The innate **_**human desire for personal command of time**_** and space creates demand for distributed (personal) transportation systems.**
**The Information Age will usher in a new magnitude for the **_**value of time**_**.**
**The Baby Boom generation’s **_**peak spending (traveling) period**_** coincides with saturation of the hub-spoke airway and interstate highway systems. **
**The **_**Third Migration Wave**_** (beyond the suburbs), coupled with tele-commuting, creates new transportation demand and challenges.**
**The **_**revolution in digital bandwidth**_**  redistributes intelligence from centralized to distributed system nodes, enabling the aviation transition from centralized to distributed air traffic management (free flight).**

**Notes:**
The National General Aviation Roadmap Team has developed five strategic planning tenets.  These tenets are intended to frame the National General Aviation Roadmap goals, objectives and metrics.  Each of these tenets carries specific implications to the development of the Roadmap goal (“. . . four times the speed of highways . . .”).
Personal speed (or personal command of time) is a vital factor in the advancement of transportation capabilities, and ultimately the advancement of societies.   Simply stated, personal transportation is the most democratizing form of travel, and will continue to create demand for freedom of choice in transportation.  The automobile produced the most revolutionary advancements in civilization for these very reasons.  Evidence of the power of this tenet is illustrated by the history of  low load factors in American automobiles (about 1.7 riders/trip) and decade-long continuing decline in the percentage of overall travel in High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes on urban highways.  Mass transportation will continue to grow and play a vital role in the Nation’s ground and air transportation systems; however, given an affordable, safe, environmentally compatible, and convenient choice for personal air transportation, consumers can be expected to respond to the market for a Small Aircraft Transportation System. 
During the Industrial Age, physical capital was the basis for creation of wealth.  In contrast, as the Information Age unfolds, human (or intellectual) capital is displacing physical capital as the basis for creation of wealth.  This displacement carries significance for the increasing value of time as the scarce commodity during the Information Age.  Thus an increasing premium will accrue to transportation speed from doorstep to destination during the Information Age.
Two other factors, the Baby Boom generation’s maturing of spending (and travel) and the growth of the Third Migration Wave (from suburbs to rural America) will coincide with the maturing of the existing ground and air transportation infrastructure and industry.
Taken together, the first four tenets comprise the “market pull” for transportation changes.  The digital bandwidth revolution establishes one of the key “technology pushes” for these future changes.  Thus, these tenets provide the framework for the Roadmap goal (“. . . four times the speed of highways . . .”).

## National General Aviation Roadmap Goal

**(Revision Draft in Review)**

***” ******Reduce public travel times by half in ten years and two-thirds in 25 years,”***
***(******at equivalent highway system costs,***
***increasing mobility for all of the nation's communities***
***through advanced small aircraft transportation)******.***

**Notes:**
The National General Aviation Roadmap is a 25 year strategy for the development of a national Small Aircraft Transportation System.  The focus of the current planning is on the nearer-term development and implementation of SATS technologies, initially in the U.S. during the early years of the 21st Century.  The roadmap strategy responds to both technology pushes and market pulls and establishes a desirable end-state that responds to requirements for the “public good” investments by the NASA Aero-Space Enterprise.
The Roadmap goal is to “enable doorstep-to-destination travel at four times the speed of highways to 25% of the Nation’s suburban, rural, and remote communities in 10 years and more than 90% in 25 years”  (the baseline year was 1997). The nearer-term goal in 2007 could be met by recapturing the so-called “current market” comprised of existing aviation enthusiasts.  The longer term 25 year goal would be met by creating the so-called “latent” market, or the market comprised primarily of transportation consumers.  The shape of the growth curve is modeled after the logistics curve, (also known as the S-wave, or Kondratieff cycle) used for business innovation life cycle modeling.
Progress toward the goal will be measured primarily in the percentage of the Nation’s 5,400 public-use landing facilities that are equipped for near all-weather operational support of SATS aircraft.  These facilities will be called “SATS Airports.”  A “SATS aircraft” refers to those  that employ new avionics, airframe, pilot training, and engine technologies derived from current investments on the Roadmap.  These new aircraft technologies create new features and capabilities that significantly improve affordability, safety, and ease-of-use for single-engine, single-pilot, transportation lightplanes.  Combining the SATS Airport and Aircraft capabilities creates the operational basis for expanded use of small aircraft and small airports for business and personal intercity transportation.

## The Pig in the Python

**5.5 Trillion pass.-km**
**1960**

**23.4 Trillion pass.-km**
**1990**

**53 Trillion pass.-km**
**2020**

**As *****per capita ***** income rises,**
***per capita ***** annual travel rises, **
**personal daily travel time budgets remain constant,**
**and**
**high-speed modes gain market share**
**(Schafer and Victor, **_**Sci. Amer**_**., Oct. 1997)**

**Global Travel Mode Shares will be driven by **
**the largest population and spending wave in history: **
**The Baby Boom**

**Notes:**
The longer-term global trends in transportation create significant challenges for the existing ground and air transportation infrastructure and industry to meet future travel demand.  The challenge is exacerbated by the emerging Baby Boom spending wave (estimated to peak during the 2005-2015 time period).  As illustrated above, from 1960 to 1990, the high-speed mode share increased threefold (while automobile mode share decreased slightly).  From 1990 to 2020, the authors (Schaefer, and Victor) estimate another near threefold increase in high-speed mode share (along with an even larger decrease in automobile mode share).  These estimates are conservative in that they do not fully account for the Baby Boom spending wave forecast by many analysts.  
The resulting challenge is how to accommodate such an expansion in travel demand within the existing, very congested hub-spoke infrastructure.   _x0008_The current NASA Throughput Roadmap sets a goal to “triple the aviation system throughput, in all weather conditions, within 10 years, while maintaining safety.”  The emergence of a Small Aircraft Transportation System that utilizes the Nation’s currently under-utilized airspace and airports would contribute substantially to the Throughput Goal while enabling the General Aviation goal.  
The 21st century impact of SATS will be to improve mobility, accessibility, quality of life, and economic equity throughout the Nation’s suburban, rural, and remote communities affected by current ground and hub-spoke transportation challenges (gridlock, congestion, and urban sprawl).  In addition, SATS can create potential for larger load factors, and therefore profitability, for existing hub-spoke scheduled service providers through the increased accessibility for smaller, more remote communities.  Furthermore, the abilities of next generation SATS aircraft to meet or exceed the most stringent Required Navigational Performance (RNP) standards will enable safer skies in more airspace than ever before.  The potential exists for the emergence of a very high dollar value worldwide market for SATS high-speed, intermodal personal transportation products and capabilities.

## The Third Migration Wave

**1. From the farm to the city****	**
**	****	****2. From the city to the suburbs**
**	****	****	****	****3. From the suburbs to rural America**

**1998**

**Notes:**
As America enters the 21st Century, a third wave of population migration is growing.  This third wave represents movement from the suburbs into rural America, which will affect more than 50 percent of the U.S. population by about 2025.  This new wave represents various opportunities and challenges to city and regional economic development and transportation planners.  One current challenge is characterized as “urban sprawl” and has engendered incentives and programs for renewal of urban centers as a growth management tactic.  While these tactics will have a certain impact, the forces behind the Third Wave will continue unabated.
The first migration wave, from about 1850 to the early 1900’s, was from the farm to the city.  This migration was driven by the forces of the industrial revolution, affordable power and the creation of jobs in city-center-based factories.  The second migration, from about 1900 to the 1960’s, was from the cities to the suburbs.  This migration was driven by the revolutions in communications and highway transportation, as well as by social factors associated with increasingly desirable suburban quality of life.  
The third migration wave is driven by forces similar to the others.  Those forces include continuing advancements in communications technology (InterNet, FAX, cellular, voicemail, email, and tele-commuting for example) and transportation (maturing of the InterState Highway and hub-spoke airway systems, and emergence of light rail).  
The historical paradox in the advancements of communications capabilities is that concurrent increases in demand for travel occur.  A case in point is the concurrent development of the railways with telegraph lines.  Thus, it is likely that as the Third Migration Wave matures, ever more demand will be created for more distributed transportation mobility and accessibility to more rural and remote regions of the Nation.  A Small Aircraft Transportation System has the potential to satisfy these emergent transportation demands.  Furthermore,  SATS vehicles and infrastructure have the potential to be highly competitive with alternatives in safety, affordability, and environmental impact.

## Innovation and Cost Life Cycles

- Young, Urban, Professional
- Leader Market

- Middle-Class, Wage-Earner
- Follower Market

- Older, Rural, Lower-Income
- Die-Hard  Market

**Notes:**
Innovation cycles exhibit strikingly common behavior, whether for radial tires, jet skis, CD players, laptops, or GPS navigators.  An innovation phase with market growth to about 10% of the saturation potential is followed by a growth phase where market penetration to about 90% is achieved over a  period.  In the maturity phase, the last margins of the market are captured.  This “S” shaped behavior is well modeled by a three parameter logistic function in the form:
Y(t) = K/[1+e-a(t-b)].
Y(t) is the value of market penetration at a point in time (say for passenger-miles per year in the hub-spoke system), K is the saturation level (for example for the fully saturated level of hub-spoke passenger-miles), a is an empirically derived factor associated with rate of growth (for example of passenger-miles per year in the hub-spoke system), and b is related to the time of origin of the cycle.  This logistic function can be used to approximate theoretical points of saturation.  Nakicenovic1 modeled the life cycles of several transportation modes, including the hub-spoke airway infrastructure system.  Using his analyses, saturation of the hub-spoke system can be approximated to occur in about the year 2008.  His 1988 estimation does not account for the actual rate of air carrier growth, which exceeded all forecasts; thus, saturation may actually occur earlier.  
At the maturity phase, the unique consuming traits of each new generation play a pivotal role in defining the opportunity for new innovations.  The peak spending (and travel) phase for this new generation will occur during the first 15years of the 21st Century.  This generation is individualistic to the extreme, even to the point of iconoclasm.  In other words, they are highly experimental and experiential, value the personal or human touch, place a premium on conserving time, look for convenience, and seek customized products and services.  This means that companies desiring the new generation’s business can only succeed by adapting to the customized market behavior.  This is very much in contrast to the past standardized market behavior.  Successful businesses will be those that respond to the new consumers’ value of  time (speed), independent flexibility, individual convenience, personal dignity, and customized service.
1 Nakicenovic, N.: Dynamics and Replacement of  U.S. Transport Infrastructures. Cities and their Vital Systems -- Infrastructure, Past, Present and Future.  Ausubel, J.H, and Herman, R, ed., National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1988.

## Life Cycle of the Piston Aircraft Market

**Notes:**
The figure illustrates GAMA data for piston aircraft deliveries from 1951 to 1995.  The data are also regressed against the “S” curve.  The correlation coefficient is 0.996.   Thus, as will virtually any maturing market behavior, piston-engine aircraft sales follow the “S” curve with strong correlation.   Similar market behavior have been observed for desktop computers, cellular telephones, VHS players, televisions, family vans, horse, canal, and  rail travel, or any product sold into a constrained market.  The lesson of this market behavior is that a new growth pattern requires a new product utility.  

## Life Cycles for Three GenerationsPiston Aircraft

**Notes:**
Plotted on an annualized basis, the sales behavior for any constrained market will always follow a bell curve.  The data for annual piston engine aircraft sales appears in the figure from 1951 to 1995.  These data roughly exhibit bell-shape behavior.
The regressed solid line illustrates the bell-shaped behavior of the piston aircraft sales.  Within this curve, several smaller trends are active that create and explain the more localized ups and downs.
The post World War II aircraft generation growth and decay appear under the first growth spurt that peaked in about 1960.
The second generation of piston aircraft, launched with such planes as the Cessna and Piper single-engine series, peaked in about 1968.
Finally, the third generation of these aircraft falls under the final peak of deliveries in 1978.  With that final generation, the life cycle of 20th century general aviation piston-powered products reached completion.  
As with any product life cycle at maturity, the ingredients can be present for a new beginning.  The ingredients for a new beginning in general aviation potentially include new engines, GPS navigation, digital communication, commercial-off-the-shelf-based computerized avionics, and new manufacturing and training paradigms.  However, for these ingredients to matter, a new market demand must also exist and be served.  
The Small Aircraft Transportation System concept represents an effort to integrate the ingredients for a new beginning with a market demand for transportation.  This new era of demand for travel is driven by a soaring demand for inter city speed that cannot be met by hub-and-spoke and highway systems alone.

## (R)evolutions in Higher Speed TravelWhat is Next?	More Speed to More Destinations

**(R)evolutions in Higher Speed Travel****What is Next?****	****More Speed to More Destinations**

**Notes:**
The seeds or triggers for change from any one of these transportation life cycles to the next are all sown during the maturity phase of the previous mode.  These triggers include both technology pushing and market pulling forces.  The first four strategic tenets for the Roadmap capture the dominant pulling forces associated with the current maturity phase of the hub-spoke infrastructure system (personal command of time, value of time and therefore speed, travel demand, and population migration).  The technology push from the bandwidth revolution in the emerging Information Age comes from advancements in microprocessors, displays, digital communications, and GPS navigation (among others).  These technologies form the basis to substantially simplify the ease-of-use, safety, affordability, and convenience for personally-flown small aircraft.  In addition, new engines for these aircraft will revolutionize the cost of propulsion for much higher speeds than current general aviation aircraft.  Together, these forces can provide for the advancement of air transportation in the first decades of the 21st Century. 
Predictably, as systems mature, they exhibit the following characteristics:
Consolidation of the infrastructure and industry into a fewer nodes and service providers
Standardized, “one-size-fits-all” (versus  customized) delivery of products and services
Depersonalization and loss of the “human touch” in customer service
Conservatism and resistance to innovation (due to financial processes in mature industries)
Reduced or flattened performance increases (for example, average speed will not likely increase in either the highway or the hub-spoke infrastructures)
System congestion with no where to grow (for example, added lane-miles of InterState or new hub or spoke airports are increasingly challenging to develop)
Consumer dissatisfaction (current examples include  “Road Rage” and “Airline Passenger Rage” )
Typically at this maturity phase, the emergence of a new innovation triggers the next “S” wave of logistic cycle growth.  A Small Aircraft Transportation System growth cycle could be triggered by these pulling and pushing forces.

## Small Aircraft Transportation System Mobility“. . .doorstep-to-destination  at four times the speed of highways. . .”

**Hub-Spoke**

**General**
**Aviation**

**SATS**

- Hub-Spoke: OAG times for 28 destinations
- General Aviation: time-optimized flight plans
- Including intermodal penalties (:45 +:45 for airline & :30+:30 for GA departure & arrivals)
- No GA destination benefit (for proximity of airports)
- SATS with new GAP engines:   costs equal current General Aviation at 2 times the speed.

**Highways**

**SATS reduces travel times, **
**while highways and Hub-and-spoke travel times**
**will continue to increase.**

**Notes:**
Today, over a significant mission range, a general aviation (GA) airplane that cruises at significantly slower speed (~160 knots) can achieve faster average doorstep-to-destination speeds than airliners that actually cruise at much faster speeds (~300 to 600 knots) for hub-spoke routings.  In the comparison presented above, the average hub-spoke speed was computed by adding a 45 minute penalty to both the departure and arrival times from the Official Airline Guide and dividing that total time into the great circle distance between origin and destination.  The GA average speeds were computed by adding a 30 minute penalty to both departure and arrival times, plus a 30 minute fuel-stop penalty where required, to the trip time from a time-optimized flight plan.  For trips less than 1,000 miles, a current GA airplane is faster than the hub-spoke average speed, without taking any benefit at the General Aviation destination for proximity to the ultimate destination (due to more airports served by GA).
Future GA airplanes will have increased average speeds with new propulsion systems currently under development in the NASA General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) Program.  A future GAP-powered GA airplane will average as much as 100 mph faster speed than current GA airplanes.  At these speeds, the future GA airplanes will be faster than hub-spoke travel for  trips less than about 2,500 miles.  At higher volumes, these GAP-powered aircraft may be priced competitively with today’s slower aircraft.
The question is, “How can the small aircraft mode be made more available?”  The answer is that the bandwidth revolution makes it possible for the small aircraft mode of travel to become more available to more people in more weather conditions in more parts of the country, with more safety, affordability, and convenience than ever before.  Bandwidth permits the affordable, simplified, intuitive, graphical depiction of “virtual” highway-in-the-sky flight path guidance.  This technology has never before been affordably available to the General Aviation industry.  For many rural and remote communities in the nation, SATS has the potential to provide hub-spoke-like accessibility and affordability that currently only exists for the population that lives within reasonable ground travel times from about 500 airports with scheduled air carrier service.

## SATS Increases Accessibility and Mobility(“. . .creating access to more communities in less time. . .”)

**SATS Increases Accessibility and Mobility****(“. . .creating access to more communities in less time. . .”)**

**Fully utilized 5,400 public-use near-all-weather landing facilities can increase theoretical NAS Throughput by more than an order of magnitude**

**Of 5,400 public-use airports, only 715 (13%) have precision instrument approaches (ILS)**

***Expanded ***_***Accessibility ***_
***to several times ***
***more destinations***

***Improved ***_***Mobility***_*** saving more travelers more time***

## Current States Roles in SATS Planning

**SATS “Leader” States Committed to Support Program Planning**
**1.   Virginia**
**2.   Florida**
**3.   Nebraska**
**4.   North Dakota**
**5.   Oklahoma**
**6.   Kansas**
**7.   Illinois**
**8.   Indiana**
**9.   Wisconsin **
**10. Washington**
**Aerospace States Association SATS Resolution, July, 1999**
**Leveraged Research Funding:**
**EPSCoR  funding leveraged    (*****e.g.,***** Nebraska, Kansas)**
**NASA Space Grant Program potential leveraging**
**SBIR / STTR leveraging**

**Notes:**
Ten Leader States have stepped forward to engage with NASA and the FAA in planning SATS.  Several more states have indicated a strong interest in participating.  The motivation of the States is driven by the opportunity for economic development.  
The States recognize the unique opportunity for expanded accessibility throughout their regions, enabled by the SATS technologies.  These technologies include the Highway in the Sky (HITS) operating capability.  HITS can enable states to deploy instrument approaches to ALL runway ends and helipads, using VFR (Visual Flight Rule) approach patterns in instrument conditions.  This instrument approach design practice would virtually eliminate the requirement for the purchase of land for clear-zones under the approach path, saving the states billions of dollars.
An objective of the SATS Program would be to demonstrate this instrument approach design and operational procedures.  These demonstrations would support the necessary databases for instrument approach certification and regulation.

## Technology Challenges -- 2007

**Technology Challenges -- 2007**

**Onboard Cyber-Tutor**
**InterNet Training**
**50% savings in time and cost**

**<$30 per lb. composites, assembled**
**Optimized ice,  lightning, & crash protection**
**Vertical Flight**

**<<$50,000 Turbine**
**<$15,000 Compr.-Ignition**
**Quieter propulsion**
**Non-hydrocarbon options**

**Close the Gap Between**
**Transportation Demand and Supply**

**“****Smart” Airports (Mini-LAAS, Datalink FIS, TIS, Airport Databus/CIS Standards) **
**ADS-B-based EnRoute & Terminal Free Flight at non-towered, non-radar airports**
**”****Virtual” TerPs**
**Simultaneous Non-Interfering (SNI) Approaches**
**Satellite-based Comm-Nav-Surveillance**

**Decoupled controls**
**Envelope protection**
**Ride quality**
**Affordable software certification**
**Virtual Highways in the Sky/Electronic VFR**
**Satcomm data radios**

***Airframe & Configuration***

***Propulsion Systems***

***Pilot Training***

***NAS Infrastructure***

***Single-Crew Flight Deck***
***Systems & Operations***

## Technology Investments

**Intermodal Transportation Systems ****	****Engineering **
***Program System Engineering***
***SATS Space Grant Partnerships***
***National Public Outreach***
**Digital Airspace Infrastructure**
***Airborne Internet ***
***Smart Landing Facilities***
***Runway Independent Aircraft Operations***
***Showcase Demonstrations***
**Robust Air Vehicles**
***Autoflight***
***Affordable Manufacturing***
***Ultra-Propulsion***
***Wireless Cockpit***
***Cyber-Tutor***

## Candidate Federal-States SATS Partnership Roles

**DOC**
**U.S. Innovation Partnership Facilitation**
**EPSCoT Collaboration**

**Industry**
**Competitive Subsystem Technologies**
**Industry Standards**
**Transportation Service Business Infrastructure**
**Non-Profit for Partnership Administration**

**NASA**
**Vehicle & Infrastructure Technologies R&T**
**Organize & Coordinate Partnerships**
**Integrate Requirements**

**Notes:**
A U.S. Innovation Partnership is being considered (among others) as the organizational basis for the SATS Infrastructure Technologies element of the Program.  The purposes of U.S. Innovation Partnerships include the following:
“Ensuring continued US leadership in science and technology...” President Clinton
“...help us meet our common goals of generating economic growth... and re-inventing government at all levels.” Vice President Gore
...improve collaboration between the Federal government and the states to ensure our Nation’s leadership in science and technology.
Promote public and private investment in technology research and development that results in economic development, employment opportunities and a better quality of life.
A strong Federal inter-agency and States partnership would serve as the means for nationwide deployment of SATS.  NASA is in a unique position, by virtue of charter and capability, to lead such a partnership during the technology phase.

## SATS Program Description

***Airspace & Airports Investments***

***Vehicle Investments***

**2000****	****2002****	****2004****	****2006****	****2008****	****2010****	****2025**

**“****. . .four times**
**Highway**
**speeds . . .”**

*General Aviation Roadmap*

**SATS Program Description**

## SATS Program Description

**SATS Program**

***Airspace & Airports Investments***

***Vehicle Investments***

**2000****	****2002****	****2004****	****2006****	****2008****	****2010****	****2025**

_***Infrastructure Technologies***_
**Develop Highway in the Sky Approach technology for  use at all runway ends for the Nation’s public use landing facilities.**

**“****. . .four times**
**Highway**
**speeds . . .”**

*General Aviation Roadmap*

**SATS Program Description**

**        ****Showcase Demonstrations**
**	****2003: Virginia, Florida**
**	****2005: Leader States**
**	****2007: Regional Demonstrations**

## SATS Program Description

**SATS Program**

***Airspace & Airports Investments***

***Vehicle Investments***

**2000****	****2002****	****2004****	****2006****	****2008****	****2010****	****2025**

_***Infrastructure Technologies***_
**Develop Highway in the Sky Approach technology for  use at all runway ends for the Nation’s public use landing facilities.**

**“****. . .four times**
**Highway**
**speeds . . .”**

_***Vehicle Technologies***_
**Reduce the AGATE/GAP-derived vehicle life-cycle cost by 25%(minimum success) to 50% (stretch goal) from AGATE Reference C vehicle.**

**        ****Showcase Demonstrations**
**	****2003: Virginia, Florida**
**	****2005: Leader States**
**	****2007: Regional Demonstrations**

**Enable State, Local, and Federal**
**public policy decisions to deploy SATS capabilities to 25% of public use facilities,**
**based on consumer/community response to**
**Showcase Technology Demonstration Projects.**

*General Aviation Roadmap*

**SATS Program Description**

## Action Planning

**SATS is:**
**“****Smart” airports designed for transportation utility (= economic development)**
**Highway In The Sky (HITS) guidance to virtually every runway end in America**
**Single-crew systems and operating procedures with two-crew levels of safety and mission reliability**
**LearJet-like performance for Mooney-like prices**

**Notes:**
Executive Summary:
PROBLEM: The nation’s 21st century transportation demand cannot be satisfied by the planned investments in hub-and-spoke and highway systems.  As the Information Age unfolds a “New Economy” is emerging, driven by knowledge-based industrial development such as on the internet.  However, the impending saturation of the highway and hub-and-spoke systems will limit this economic expansion.  For the New Economy to reach its full potential, a new transportation system is required.
SOLUTION:  The SATS concept will give more time to more people, satisfying a large portion of the emerging public demand for safe, higher-speed mobility and increased accessibility, while unleashing the full potential of the knowledge-based industrial expansion to more suburban, rural and remote communities.  The benefits include improved standards of living and quality of life for all in the new global economy.  SATS  technology innovations will provide the nation with (1) economic development for communities of all sizes enabled by localized air accessibility, (2) choices to bypass highway and hub-and-spoke transportation systems delays, (3) an efficient means for intermodal connectivity between small airports and the global aviation system, and (4) an exportable transportation revolution with affordable “instant infrastructure” for developing nations around the world.
ACTION:  Structure a Federal-States partnership based on the Interstate Skyway System concept, to focus on the emergence of a distributed transportation system for the New Economy.  Guide investments toward advancements in individual mobility, accessibility, and total transportation system costs (integrated vehicle/infrastructure costs).

## Action Planning

**SATS is:**
**“****Smart” airports designed for transportation utility**
**Highway In The Sky (HITS) guidance to virtually every runway end in America**
**Learjet-like performance for Mooney-like prices**
**Single-crew systems and operating procedures with two-crew levels of safety and mission reliability**

**Strategy:**
**Infrastructure will create pull for demand and products**
**States are willing to invest in infrastructure**
**Federal sector can be persuaded to invest**

**Notes:**
Executive Summary:
PROBLEM: The nation’s 21st century transportation demand cannot be satisfied by the planned investments in hub-and-spoke and highway systems.  As the Information Age unfolds a “New Economy” is emerging, driven by knowledge-based industrial development such as on the internet.  However, the impending saturation of the highway and hub-and-spoke systems will limit this economic expansion.  For the New Economy to reach its full potential, a new transportation system is required.
SOLUTION:  The SATS concept will give more time to more people, satisfying a large portion of the emerging public demand for safe, higher-speed mobility and increased accessibility, while unleashing the full potential of the knowledge-based industrial expansion to more suburban, rural and remote communities.  The benefits include improved standards of living and quality of life for all in the new global economy.  SATS  technology innovations will provide the nation with (1) economic development for communities of all sizes enabled by localized air accessibility, (2) choices to bypass highway and hub-and-spoke transportation systems delays, (3) an efficient means for intermodal connectivity between small airports and the global aviation system, and (4) an exportable transportation revolution with affordable “instant infrastructure” for developing nations around the world.
ACTION:  Structure a Federal-States partnership based on the Interstate Skyway System concept, to focus on the emergence of a distributed transportation system for the New Economy.  Guide investments toward advancements in individual mobility, accessibility, and total transportation system costs (integrated vehicle/infrastructure costs).

## Action Planning

**SATS is:**
**“****Smart” airports designed for transportation utility**
**Highway In The Sky (HITS) guidance to virtually every runway end in America**
**LearJet-like performance for Mooney-like prices**
**Single-crew systems and operating procedures with two-crew levels of safety and mission reliability**

**Strategy:**
**Infrastructure will create pull for demand and products**
**States are willing to invest in infrastructure**
**Federal sector can be persuaded to invest**

**Suggested Actions:**
**Establish strategic action plan between manufacturing and airports sectors (PEARC-like)**
**Industry engage Leader States directly in advocacy for public policies supporting SATS**
**Support and engage in NASA and FAA SATS partnership initiative**

**Notes:**
Executive Summary:
PROBLEM: The nation’s 21st century transportation demand cannot be satisfied by the planned investments in hub-and-spoke and highway systems.  As the Information Age unfolds a “New Economy” is emerging, driven by knowledge-based industrial development such as on the internet.  However, the impending saturation of the highway and hub-and-spoke systems will limit this economic expansion.  For the New Economy to reach its full potential, a new transportation system is required.
SOLUTION:  The SATS concept will give more time to more people, satisfying a large portion of the emerging public demand for safe, higher-speed mobility and increased accessibility, while unleashing the full potential of the knowledge-based industrial expansion to more suburban, rural and remote communities.  The benefits include improved standards of living and quality of life for all in the new global economy.  SATS  technology innovations will provide the nation with (1) economic development for communities of all sizes enabled by localized air accessibility, (2) choices to bypass highway and hub-and-spoke transportation systems delays, (3) an efficient means for intermodal connectivity between small airports and the global aviation system, and (4) an exportable transportation revolution with affordable “instant infrastructure” for developing nations around the world.
ACTION:  Structure a Federal-States partnership based on the Interstate Skyway System concept, to focus on the emergence of a distributed transportation system for the New Economy.  Guide investments toward advancements in individual mobility, accessibility, and total transportation system costs (integrated vehicle/infrastructure costs).

## Conclusions

***“******The Small Aircraft Transportation System is a safe travel alternative***
***That frees people and products from transportation system delays***
***Creating access to more communities in less time.” ***

**SATS is an investment that preserves America’s options for mobility and accessibility in an era of saturation of the highway and hub-and-spoke systems.**
**SATS investments build on a solid track record of accomplishment by American industry working in partnership with NASA and the FAA.**
**SATS strategies position the U.S. General Aviation industry for significant future growth potential.**

## Recommendations

***“******The Small Aircraft Transportation System is a safe travel alternative***
***That frees people and products from transportation system delays***
***Creating access to more communities in less time.” ***

**Industry must influence technology-based infrastructure development and deployment.**
**States need to see appropriate evidence of industry intentions regarding new transportation products and services.**
**Industry must engage in public demonstration and education of new SATS transportation service concepts.**

**Notes:**
Industry must influence technology-based infrastructure development and deployment.
For the first time, infrastructure can create demand
Public policies needed require an integrated strategy between manufacturers, states, federal sectors
Establish appropriate evidence of industry intentions regarding new transportation products and services.
For FAA strategic planning purposes for safety and infrastructure investments
For NASA advocacy for major technology investments
For States economic development and transportation system planning strategies
Industry must engage in public demonstration and education of new SATS transportation service concepts.
Consumer acceptance of transportation service
Community acceptance of airport utility, traffic, etc.

*The Small Aircraft Transportation System is a safe travel alternative**freeing people and products from transportation system delays,**by creating access to more communities in less time.*

**Notes:**
The Small Aircraft Transportation System development and deployment leverages from the investments in vehicle technologies (AGATE and GAP) that are nearing completion in 2001.  These vehicle technologies include new avionics and flight systems, new engines, new airframe manufacturing and crashworthiness features, and new pilot training capabilities.  
With this first generation of new vehicle and pilot training technologies nearing completion, NASA and their FAA, industry and university partners believe that the stage is set for the next generation of advanced single-engine, single-pilot transportation, near-all-weather lightplanes to emerge in the marketplace during the 2001-2004 time period.  NASA is preparing for the next investments on the Roadmap.  
With the vehicle technologies nearing completion, logically, the next investments should expand to include a focus on the infrastructure technologies.  The Roadmap team believes that infrastructure technology investments and deployment will create very strong demand (or market pull) for SATS aircraft.  Along with second generation vehicle technologies,for engines, flight controls & displays, pilot training, and automotive synergies in manufacturing, the team believes that SATS can flourish in the early decades of the 21st century.
SATS provides the Nation with a revolution in mobility and accessibility that responds to the 21st Century challenges in highway and hub-spoke airway growth.  SATS can also provide the Nation with a revolution in transportation equity for the population of traveling citizens in our   suburban, rural, and remote communities.

## Backup Charts

## Program Products

**SATS technologies include:**
**“****Smart Landing Facilities” provide automation-enabled separation and sequencing in non-towered, non-radar airspace**
**Client-server-based architecture for information services on an “Airborne Internet” to support collaborative air traffic management**
**Simplified automotive-like flight controls and displays for “Autoflight”**
**Quiet, clean, non-hydrocarbon-based “Ultra Propulsion” technologies for small engines**
**Automotive-like design and manufacturing of safe and affordable “Robust Personal Air Vehicles”**
**Integrated avionics standards and systems for tomorrow’s “Wireless Cockpit”**
**Integrated advanced “Cyber-Tutor” technologies to reduce training time & cost for all-weather safe flying skills**
**“****Intermodal Transportation Systems Engineering” integrates and coordinates national requirements, technologies, consumer/community response, and program deliverables.**
**“****SATS Space Grant” partnerships for State and Local research and education using SATS aircraft and infrastructure**
**“****Public Education” products for schools (K-12), university design competitions, and media information**
**Showcase Demonstrations validate integrated technologies for safe, near all-weather accessibility for potential deployment to virtually all landing facilities in the nation with affordable, user-friendly vehicles.**
**SATS provides public policy makers with consumer and community responses to SATS transportation capabilities and environmental considerations in support of policy, regulatory, and funding decisions.**
**SATS assesses integrated system safety.**
**SATS technologies are validated to TRL Level 6 and 7.**

## SATS Planning Assumptions

**Alliance-based program**
**Cost-sharing (50/50 model)**
**Collaboration for pre-competitive technologies**
**Competition for competitive technologies**
**FY 2001 to FY 2008 program with major demonstrations on 2-year centers**
**FAA SATS Mission Need Statement influences NAS Architecture (5.x)**
**U.S. industry and States will meet the challenge**

## SATS Concept & Benefits

***SATS Includes:***
**“****Smart Landing Facilities” provide automation-enabled separation and sequencing in non-towered, non-radar airspace**
**Client-server-based architecture for information services on an “Airborne Internet” to support collaborative air traffic management**
**Simplified automotive-like flight controls and displays for “Autoflight”**
**Quiet, clean, non-hydrocarbon-based “Ultra Propulsion” technologies for small engines**
**Automotive-like design and manufacturing of safe and affordable “Robust Air Vehicles”**
**Integrated avionics standards and systems for tomorrow’s “Wireless Cockpit”**
**Integrated advanced “Cyber-Tutor” technologies to reduce training time & cost for all-weather safe flying skills **
**“****SATS Space Grant” partnerships for State and Local research and education using SATS aircraft and infrastructure**
**“****Intermodal Transportation Systems Engineering” coordinated to integrate and coordinate national requirements, technologies, consumer/community response, and program deliverables**
**“****Public Education” products for schools (K-12), university design competitions, and media information**
**“****Showcase Demonstrations” implemented with State and Local Government partners to integrate SATS products as basis for public policy decisions on SATS infrastructure**

## Demand Will Soon Exceed Supply

- Capacity limit

- Transportation demand

## All-Weather Accessibility Means Economic Development

- VFR - Visual Flight Rules
- IFR - Instrument Flight Rules

- State of Michigan Study

## Resolution of the Aerospace States Association

**RESOLUTION REGARDING THE PROPOSED**
**SAFE SMALL AIRCRAFT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (SATS)**
**WHEREAS** a variety of forces are converging to reduce the effectiveness of the nation's existing highway and hub-spoke air transport system to meet the growing needs of short distance, inter and intra-state travel; and
**WHEREAS** these forces include the maturing of the hub-spoke air transport system, the increasing gridlock on the nation's highways, and the increasing value of human time; and
**WHEREAS** the nation has an existing infrastructure of 17,000 airports for small, General Aviation Aircraft, of which at least 5,000 could be modified to meet the nation's emerging short distance transportation needs; and
**WHEREAS** the Federal Government, acting through NASA, has undertaken cooperative technology development efforts with the nation's General Aviation industry to develop a new era of aircraft capable of effectively using these 5,000 airports; and
**WHEREAS** the investment in, and control of ground infrastructure associated with such airports is under the jurisdiction of the nation's State and local authorities; and
**WHEREAS** the Federal Government has offered to develop, with State governments, the means to upgrade those 5,000 airports with new capabilities, such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and link them together into a system to be known as the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS); and
**WHEREAS** the development of a SATS has the potential to generate transportation-driven economic development benefits; and
**WHEREAS** the coordinated development of a SATS would be of substantial benefit to the State governments in meeting the transportation needs of their citizens; and
**WHEREAS** it is the purpose of the Aerospace States Associations to identify, support, and assist in the implementation of aerospace policies which involve coordination between the Federal and State governments,
**NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED** that the Aerospace States Association endorses and supports efforts by the Federal Government to undertake the planning and implementation associated with the creation of a Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS).
- Resolved this 19th day of July, 1999 by a unanimous vote of the members voting.
- The Honorable Joseph E. Kernan (Lt. Governor, Indiana)
- Chair

## SATS Accessibility = Economic Development

**INSTRUMENT LANDING FACILITIES**
**VISUAL ONLY**

_**Virginia General Aviation Today**_
**~$175 Million in Economic Impact  **(Primary & Secondary)
**2,400 jobs from General Aviation **(Primary & Secondary)
**68 Public-Use Airports ****	****	****   (54 IFR; 9 Air Carrier)**
**54 Hospital Heliports**
**227 Private Landing Areas**
**4,104 Aircraft**
**15,525 Active Pilots**

**SATS will enable ~90% more accessibility by air for all Virginia’s communities, expanding economic opportunities for all regions**

**Example for one state**

**Notes:**
Each state maintains the responsibility for the small airport infrastructure that serves communities throughout their borders.  The SATS concept represents potential economic development opportunities through increased accessibility to more communities by more travelers in more weather conditions that in the past.

## HITS System: Lowers Cost, Minimizes Dislocation,and Increases Safety

- 1,750’

- 1,000’

**Runway**

***ILS***
***78.9 acres***

*DGPS*
*29.5 acres*

- 1,700’

- 1,010’

- 500’

- 2,500’

***FAA Advisory Circular “Airport Design” AC 150/5300-13 CHG 4 Chapter 2 “Airport Geometry” Table 2-4**

**A Highway in The Sky (HITS) DGPS-based approach guidance system may save over 49 acres per runway end compared to installing new ILS***

**Runway Protection Zone (RPZ)**

**Avoids land and system acquisition costs**
**Minimizes dislocation of existing land holders**
**Increases safety for operators and community**
**Reduces noise outside of airport boundary**

**HITS System: Lowers Cost, Minimizes Dislocation,****and Increases Safety**

## A New Beginning

**(Resulting from Current NASA Aeronautics Investments)**

**AGATE Alliance: 70 industry competitors collaborated under NASA leadership to create new, far-reaching technologies cockpit, airframe manufacturing, and flight training (1994 - 2001)**
**Two newcomers represent the first new Single-Engine, Type-Certificated Airplanes in 15 years.  Technologies derived from past 20 years of NASA Aeronautics research.**
**Corporate commitments to new products and services signal the long-term potential for payoffs from these technology strategies **
**Highway in the Sky (HITS) capabilities offer potential to deploy GPS/graphically guided approaches to all virtually all landing sites in the nation, leading to a 21st century Small Aircraft Transportation System**

**Notes:**
The industry is poised for a new beginning.  The General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994 has created a new climate for investment in small aircraft production.  The economic boom of the 1990’s, which will continue for some years following the turn of the century, creates a healthy consumer market.  The technologies from over 20 years of NASA investments in general aviation research are mature.  The industry-wide investments in the Be-A-Pilot program and related exposure to flight efforts by the trade and consumer associations create new student pilot population growth.   All of these factors combine to create the conditions necessary for a new life cycle in small aircraft.

## GA Roadmap Milestones FY 2000 - 2004

**GA Roadmap Milestones FY 2000 - 2004**

**SATS Market Analyses**

**Infrastructure technologies**
**Aircraft technologies**

**Validate SATS**
**Concept & Architecture Rqmts.**

**Establish SATS Baseline Requirements**

**Identify**
**SATS**
**Integration**
**Options**

**FY 1999 ****	****	****FY 2000****	****	****FY 2001****	****	****FY 2002****	****	****FY 2003****	****	****FY 2004 **

**Integrate**
**&**
**Evaluate**
**SATS**
**Alternatives**

**GAP Engines    ****	****  **
**Flight Validated       **

**Initiate Federal-States****	**
**SATS Partnership****	****  **

**Preliminary Measurements****	****	**** **
**Of SATS Consumer          **
**& Community Response          **

**	****Initiate**
**	****SATS Pre-Cursor**
**	****Analysis &**
**	****NRC Study**

**AGATE Avionics      **
**& Airframe Technologies       **
**Complete       **

***1999 ***

**States Deploy**
**SATS Infrastructure**

**	****Initiate SATS States**
**	****Demonstrations**

**SATS Products**

**FIS Datalink**
**	****      ****Communications**
**	****	****	****	****	****	****            ****Approaches**

**Select SATS         **
**Demonstration Sites         **

## NASA & FAA Collaboration in GA R&D Investments

**AGATE****	****New Aircraft**
**GAP****	****New Engines**
**HeliSTAR (1996 Atlanta Olympics)****	****Free Flight**
**Aviation Safety Program****	****Safety Intervention Technologies**
**Capstone (Alaska)****	****Airspace, Procedures & CNS**
**Cargo Airlines Ohio River Valley****	****ADS-B**
**Safer Skies****	****Safety Intervention Procedures**
**2002 Olympics (Salt Lake)****	****Airspace, Procedures & CNS**
**Low Altitude Infrastructure (Gulf of Mexico)****	**** EnRoute & Terminal****	**** Procedures**
**	****	**** ****for low altitude infrastructure**
**SATS****	****Aircraft & Infrastructure**

_**Lead**_

**Notes:**
The shared investments by NASA and the FAA working, with industry and state partners, have set the stage for the emergence of 21st century air transportation capabilities.  These new capabilities will appear as increased safety, a modernized National Airspace System (NAS), reduced delays in the hub-and-spoke system, lower cost aircraft and avionics, reduced training time and cost, better accessibility to non-towered/non-radar landing facilities, and overall efficiency and cost of the NAS.  Together, these investments set the stage for the emergence of a Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS).

## Slide 39