# Presentation: 438988

## MODIS Fire Products

- Chris Justice and Louis Giglio
-  with contributions from
- David Roy, J. Owens, Jack Descloitres,
- Jeff Morisette, Stefania Korontzi,
- Samuel Alleaume, Francois Petitecolin, Eric Vermote

**MODIS Fire Products**

## Science Rationale for the MODIS Fire Products 

**Fire is an important source of trace gas and particulate emissions **
**radiative forcing, atmospheric chemistry**
**Fire is a proximate cause / indicator of land cover change**
**Fire is an important biogeochemical process with a major role in the carbon and nitrogen cycles with considerable interannual variablity**
**Fire is an important ecological disturbance regime**
**Fire is a major land management practice in tropical and temperate systems**
**Fire frequency can be expected to change with climate change and variability**
**Changes in extent of fire danger, fire season length**
**Fire frequency will change with human population dynamics**
**Fire can be a natural hazard with large societal costs and impacts **
**Need information for fire management, post-fire recovery **

## ESE Expected Scientific Achievements

*ESE Question F2: What changes are occurring in global land cover and land use, and what are their causes?*

- _Expected new knowledge – 5 yrs_
-  1st quantitative inventory of global forest cover from Landsat
-  Global inventory of land cover and analysis of land cover change based on Landsat data, establishing a basis for periodic assessments of global land cover change
-  First ecological, biogeochemical cycling, and land use model simulation results incorporating actual land cover observations
-  **Global inventory of fire occurrence**

## Information needs for Global Change Research 

**Satellite Data**
**Primary Fire Information (stable record over decades)**
**Location**
**Timing of fires (as an input to emissions)**
***Burned area***
***Fire intensity***** / *****energy released***
***Return frequency***  - time series
**Related Products (associated w. annual emission estimates)**
**Vegetation type and *****parameters (e.g. *****% tree cover*****, biomass)***
***Vegetation moisture content***** **
**Aerosol optical thickness***** / Aerosol characteristics***
**Distribution of traces gases e.g. *****CO*****, Tropospheric Ozone**

**In-situ Data**
**Satellite Vicarious Calibration**
**Satellite Product Validation Data - Active fires, Burned area, others**
***Data Associated with Emissions Estimation***** **
**Sampled Emission Factors – representative conditions**
**Sampled Fuel Loads –model validation**
**Sampled AOT – model validation**
**Ground Level Wind Speed – assimilated data**

**Model Output Associated with Emissions Estimation**** **
**  ****Modeled annual primary production**** > fuel load **
**  ****Modeled trace-gas and particulate emissions**

**MODIS**
**FIRE**

## MODIS Fire Products 

**MODIS 8-Day Composite Fire Product MOD14A1**** **Chris Justice, Louis Giglio
- Level 3 daily, gridded (1 km) composite of the most-confident fire pixel detected in each grid cell. For convenience, eight days of data are packaged into a single file.
**MODIS 8-Day Summary Fire Product MOD14A2**** **Chris Justice, Louis Giglio
- Level 3 gridded (1 km) composite of the most-confident fire pixel detected in each grid cell over an eight-day compositing period.
**MODIS Daily Level 2 Products**** (intermediate 3 month archive only)***** ***Chris Justice, Louis Giglio
**L2  orbit granules @ 1km**
**L2G daily per tile @ 1km **
**MODIS Global Daily Fire QA Product MOD14QA**** **Jacques Descloitres, Louis Giglio
- Level 3 daily, coarse-resolution (5 km) global summary fire product indicating areas in which active fires were detected.
**MODIS Fire Rapid Response***** *****– Daily Global Active Fires on 250m Corrected Reflectance**** **– Jacques Descloitres, Louis Giglio, John Owens, Chris Justice
- Web availability within 2 –4 hours of acquisition at  http//Rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov
***MODIS 0.5 Degree Climate Modeling Product MOD14CMG2***** **Yoram Kaufman/Charles Ichoku
- Level 3A monthly gridded statistical summary of consolidated fire pixels intended for use in regional and global modeling
***MODIS Burned Area Product (Experimental Regional Product)*** David Roy /Chris Justice
- Level 3 500m daily/monthly, Regional products under development – establishing provisional status prior to production

## Fire Validation

**Approach**
- PI Validation
- EOS Validation Program – Ward/Hao
- Broad Community Participation in Validation – Global Observation Forest Cover (GOFC-GOLD)-Fire / CEOS Land Product Validation sWG – users will then understand the limitations of the product for their particular use – the findings will be documented as a user guide to help other users
**Elements**
- Satellite intercomparison
**Global Sample ASTER / MODIS Intercomparison**
**Regional Validation Initiatives (CEOS LPV / GOFC Regional Fire Networks) **
**AVHRR, DMSP, GOES, **BIRD
- Controlled burns & wildfires (instrument issues)
**SAFARI-2000**
- Canadian Forest Service-2002
- Field-based Product **Validation by Fire Management agencies (data access issues) using Fire Rapid Response organized through GOFC-GOLD** (2001/2002 season) - partnerships already developed in
- USFS, Russia, Thailand, Malaya, Brazil, Indonesia, Australia, southern Africa

## 45 ASTER scenes containing fires available for comparison with MOD14 

- 45 ASTER scenes containing fires available for comparison with MOD14

- 2001-05-30

- 2001-02-24

- 2001-06-05

- 2001-03-09

- ASTER composite bands 3, 2, 1 overlayed by band 9 saturated pixels at 2.43 m (Yellow)

## Example ASTER SWIR Scene

- Active Fire Front

- 1 km MODIS Fire Product Pixels

- S. Alleaume, UVa

## ASTER 30m Fire Detectability

- F. Petitecolin

- ASTER will saturate over very small fires (e.g.2m x 2m)
- Simple saturation criterion can be used to identify
- fires in cloud-free ASTER scenes.
- Clouds will saturate ASTER fire 2.4 channel

## Active fire comparison between MODIS and ASTER 

- MODIS Zoom
- Composite 2, 1, 4
- Red dots, from Daily Fire Product MODIS (MOD14)

- ASTER Scene
- Composite 3, 2, 1

**Active fire comparison between MODIS and ASTER**
- Terra Overpass :Nov. 23, 2000 ; 09:24:52 UT ; 9.54° Lat, 21.53° Lon

## Active 

**ASTER**

**MODIS ****MODIS**

**Active **
**Fire**
**Validation **

## 7 ASTER scenes analyzed to date 

- 7 ASTER scenes analyzed to date

## MODIS PIXELS SUPERIMPOISED ON ASTER IMAGE

## Regional Active Fire Validation 

**Number of 1km MODIS pixels containing one or more 30m ASTER fire pixels**

- ANO20/Experimental Threshold

**Algorithm**
**Detection **
**Rate**** **

**Regional Active Fire Validation **
**Preliminary Results - 7 ASTER scenes, Africa 2000**

**Alleaume, Petitecolin, Giglio, Morisette, Roy, Vermote**

- # of ASTER Fire Pixels

## Maximum size of ASTER clusters

- Average sizeof ASTER clusters

- Numberof ASTER clusters

- Left Column: MODIS non-fire pixels
- 	Right Column: MODIS fire pixels

- J. Morisette, GSFC

**MODIS **
**/ASTER**
**Comparison**
**ASTER**
**fire cluster**
**(contiguous**
**pixels)**
**statistics**

## MODIS/GOES Active Fire Comparison

- D. Westphal, K. Richardson,
- Naval Res. Lab, Monterey

- Red – GOES ABBA
- Green – MODIS
- Blue – AVHRR GAC

## MODIS Fire Validation: SAFARI 2000(Justice/Giglio/Roy et al.) 

**Active Fire Product**
**comparison with AVHRR SAFARI fire fields (GIMMS) **
**ASTER acquisitions for SAFARI sites (Mongu / Skukuza)**
**MAS fires of opportunity during SAFARI intensive (Aug/Sept 2000)**
**Ward/Hao (Validation Scientist ) – SAFARI fire activity -TBD**
**Burned Area Experimental Product (Emissions Driven Agenda)**
**Landsat burn scar mapping as a validation for MODIS product**
**Burned area validation sites selected Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Malawi**
**In-country collaborations formulated through MIOMBO Network Fire Group to participate in Landsat 7 scar assessment and MODIS product evaluation**
**Field protocol development in late June (Zambia, Zimbabwe) **
**Validation intensive (August – September)**
**Results meeting – 2001 & 2002**
**International coordination – SAFNET **
**GOFC Fire Validation Workshop,  March 2000 – GOFC Fire validation**

## Mongu, SAFARI Validation Site

- Landsat 7
- composite 5, 4, 3
- 1st Sept 2000

- MAS
- composite 20, 7, 1
- Sept 06 2000

- MODIS
- composite 6,5,2
- Aug 28 2000

- Ikonos
- Composite
- Aug 17 2000

## Regional MODIS burned area map showing date and location at 500m of burning 

**Regional MODIS burned area map showing date and location at 500m of burning**** **

**Rainbow color scale:**
**August 21 (Violet) **
**September 18  (Red)**
**Year 2000**

- D. Roy (UMd)

## Burned area validation sites,  Landsat ETM+ path/rows

**Burned area validation sites,  Landsat ETM+ path/rows**
**(distributed ****from dry savanna to wet miombo woodland to quantify product accuracy over range of representative biomass burning conditions)**

**2000 annual precipitation **
- derived from TRMM 1o data
**(****blue < 300mm, red > 1500mm) **

**MODIS 1km land cover product**

- D. Roy (UMd)

## Validation of MODIS 500m burned area product 

**Landsat ETM+ burned area maps, compiled by collaborators across Southern Africa, using multi-temporal Landsat data. **
**Consensus mapping protocol developed during a traveling meeting, Zimbabwe-Zambia ****11-19****th**** July 2000****. **

**Validation of MODIS 500m burned area product **

## Example burned area interpretation: Matabeleland Central Forest District, Zimbabwe

**Example burned area interpretation: *****Matabeleland Central Forest District, Zimbabwe***
- Burned areas (blue vectors) mapped between Landsat acquisitions 8/27/00 and 9/28/00 superimposed on 9/28/00 Landsat false color image

*Mapped by collaborator*
*Kolethi Gumbo*
*(Zimbabwe*
*Forestry Commission)*

**Fragmented and small burned areas  on communal land**

- D. Roy
- UMd

## Landsat interpretation showing burns occurring 8/27/00 - 9/28/00 (white vectors) superimposed on MODIS 500m burned areas (colors) 

- Landsat interpretation showing burns occurring 8/27/00 - 9/28/00 (white vectors) superimposed on MODIS 500m burned areas (colors)

- D. Roy
- UMd

## Red = MODIS burned areas detected in Landsat acquisition period 8/27/00 - 9/28/00

**Red**** **= MODIS burned areas detected in Landsat acquisition period 8/27/00 - 9/28/00
**Blue**** **=** **MODIS burned areas detected before or after 8/27/00 - 9/28/00
**White vectors **=** **Landsat interpretation showing burns occurring 8/27/00 - 9/28/00

- D. Roy
- UMd

## Modeling pyrogenic emissionsover southern Africa using MODIS burned area information

**FIRE EMISSIONS MODEL OUTLINE**

- S.Korontzi et al

## Modeling pyrogenic emissionsover southern Africa using MODIS burned area information

**Modeling pyrogenic emissions****over southern Africa using ****MODIS burned area information**

**SELECTED MODEL INPUTS**

- S. Korontzi, D. Roy et al

## Grasslands (UMD Tree Cover < 10%)

## Woodlands (UMD 10%<Tree Cover<80%)

## Regional Emissions

## NASA MODIS Fire Rapid Response Data System

- Daily global coverage with a 2~4 hour delay producing and distributing global fire detections and RGB imagery via. the Internet using FTP and ArcIMS feature server

- http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov

**J. Descloitres, L. Giglio, J. Owens**
**J. Seaton, M. Crisologo, R. Sohlberg**

## Global fires from the last 5 days

- MODIS
- Fire
- WEB/GIS
- J. Owens
- M. Crisologo
- UMd

## Active Fires in W. Africa, Dec 11-18 2001

- MODIS
- Fire
- WEB/GIS
- J. Owens
- M. Crisologo
- UMd

## Rapid Response Today’s FiresW. Africa  S. Mali /N Cote d’Ivoire

- J. Descloitres SSAI/GSFC

- MODIS active fires superimposed
- on corrected reflectance

## MODIS AQUA Fire

- Four fire observations per-day
- Instrument performance – detector issues?
- Channels 21,22,31 (Terra Experience)
- Comparison with TERRA (consistent product)
- Channel 21 not calibrated above 320K
- Will use rapid response for initial beta evaluation
- Will need global test runs on MODAPS (test system ?) – especially for composited fire products
- Will wait for provisional status before operational production and shipping data to the EDC/DAAC

## TRMM VIRS-Derived Diurnal Burning Cycle (July)

- Giglio/Kendall/Justice Jan. 2001

**MODLAND/Giglio et al**

## NPP Fire EDR Status

- Interest in building on the experience gained with MODIS
- Providing continuity for the user community and extending the MODIS data record
- Two components to the VIIRS active fire EDR
- Detect actively burning fires
- Retrieve instantaneous temperature and subpixel area of detected fires
- Current instrument design for fire detection has a good 4 micron fire channel with c. 670K saturation, a suboptimal 11 micron channel both at 750m spatial resolution
- Fire is a low priority EDR – although there is significant interest in MODIS fire capabilities from a number of federal and DOD agencies – asking for information on fire intensity and emissions

## NPP Fire Issues

- 11 micron channel saturation is too low (340K) for global fire temperature and area retrieval
- With current instrument design, retrieval cannot be performed for between 1-50% of all fires
- Three proposed fixes rejected
- Use of NIR/SWIR bands (Results in serious product discontinuities)
- Giving up a little SNR Margin on I5 band (Air Force Cloud Imager)
- Increasing range of M15 (Ocean SST)
- Last-hope workaround being evaluated
- Exploits non-linear folding of sensor response over very hot targets
- Final hardware specification deadlines imminent (within the month)
- If we miss this opportunity we will have to live with it for at least the next decade

## EDG Data Ordering Experience

- Not easy to obtain MODIS data, especially time-series (even for the Science Team !)
- Significant fraction of orders fail (20%)
- highly variable success rate
- Failed orders must be resubmitted by user
- takes time (≈20 minutes per order)
- Old product versions not properly deleted from archive
- Order Status Request not available
- “The specified Data Center does not accept Order Status Requests. Please contact them directly to inquire about your order.”
- Distribution and Ease of MODIS Data Access – needs close attention and is the next Tall Pole – requires innovative approaches

## Prospects for 2002

**Active Fire Product Algorithm Improvement - Version 4 Algorithm / ANO20 **
**MODIS Fire User Outreach Workshop (2002) ?**
**Continued Active Fire Validation (Validated Product by June 2003) **
**Continue MODIS / ASTER Global Sample Comparison**
**MODIS - GOES/AVHRR/DMSP intercomparisons - collaborations**
**GOFC/Fire - LPV Regional Validation Initiatives (fire and burned area) **
**Southern Africa (SAFNET) **
**SE Asia (SEARIN)**
**Pan Amazon (IBAMA) **
**Australia**
**Russia / Siberia Fire Network **
**Regional Burned Area Test Operational Production Runs and Validation **
**Tropical – Southern Africa **
**Boreal – Russia / Siberia **
**Regional Pyrogenic Emissions Estimation – prototyping**
**SAFARI regional emissions calculation and products (SCF)**
**GOFC-Fire Annual Workshop on Emissions Modeling (UMd, July) **
**MODIS Outreach to the Fire User Community through GOFC **
**USFS and National Interagency Fire Center  - MODIS fire locations**
**FTP Real Time Access – fire management agencies**
**Direct Broadcast Fire Code Packaging and Sharing**
**Research > Operations Transition**
**Rapid Response enhancement – data delivery / enhanced products **
**Fire Rapid Response System Operational Demonstration Activity with NOAA **
**NPP Fire Products **
**Technical input**