# Presentation: 830274

## Asphalt Concrete Mix Design

**Superpave**

**Notes:**
This block of instruction will cover the  Superpave procedures.

At the conclusion of this block the student will have a general understanding of:
    The principal procedures involved in the Superpave mix design.
    The relationship between these procedures and paving specifications.

This material is covered in detail in Chapter 4 “Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture Design Methodology” of the recommended textbook.

## Superpave Volumetric Mix Design

**Goals**
**Compaction method which simulates field **
**Accommodates large size aggregates**
**Measure of compactibility**
**Able to use in field labs**
**Address durability issues**
**Film thickness**
**Environmental**

**Notes:**
The goals of the first new mix design procedure for HMA pavements in over 50 years were to have a procedure that would simulate the real world.  In the past we may have “allowed the mold to design road”.  The Marshall and Hveem procedures used 4 inch (100 mm) molds with Superpave using 150 mm molds to use larger aggregates.
By monitoring compaction throughout the process, may  provide a measure of how the mix will compact during construction.
It was also desired to have equipment that could be used to for field quality control purposes.

## Specimen Preparation

**Mechanical mixer**
**0.170 Pa-s binder viscosity**
**Short  term oven aging**
**4 hours at 135°C **
**2 hours at 135°C (optional)**

**Notes:**
The asphalt and aggregates are mixed in a mechanical mixer.  Many years of experience have shown that it is necessary to have a binder with a minimum fluidity when mixing.   After the binder and aggregate are mixed the mixture is oven aged for a period of either 4 hrs or 2 hrs.   The 4 hour aging is used when the mix has more than 2% water absorption.  The short term oven aging is included to simulate the aging that  occurs in the manufacture and laydown of the HMA.

## Mixing/Compaction Temps

- .1

- .2

- .3

- .5

- 1

- 10

- 5

- 100

- 110

- 120

- 130

- 140

- 150

- 160

- 170

- 180

- 190

- 200

**Temperature, C**

**Viscosity, Pa s**

***Compaction Range***

***Mixing Range***

***Mixing/Compaction Temps***

**Notes:**
To establish mixing and compaction temperatures it is necessary to develop a temperature viscosity chart.   This can be done by determining the viscosity at two different temperatures - generally 135 and 165 C.   These two viscosities are then plotted on the graph above and a straight line is drawn between the two points.

The desired viscosity range for mixing is between 0.15 and 0.19 Pa-s and 0.25 and 0.31 Pa-s for compaction.  Appropriate mixing and compaction temperatures are selected as the temperature where  these viscosity requirements are met.  This information can be obtained from the suppliers.  In many DOTs this information is developed during the mix design process.

If using modified binders - it is recommended that to contact the supplier to determine the mixing and compaction temperatures.

## Specimen Preparation

**Specimen Height**
**Mix Design - 115 mm (4700 g)**
**Moisture Sens. - 95 mm (3500 g)**
**Loose Specimen for Max. Theor. (Rice)**
**varies with nominal max size**
**19 mm  (2000 g)**
**12.5 mm (1500 g)**

**Notes:**
Two different heights are used for specimens in Superpave.  Superpave also recommends that two specimens be mixed for use in determine the maximum theoretical specific gravity of the mixture.

## Mixing

- Place pre-heated aggregate in bowl and add hot asphalt

***Mixing***

**Notes:**
Pour the heated binder into a bowl with the heated aggregate.  Typically the temperature for this is about 275 to 325 C.

## Mixing

**Place bowl on mixer and mix until aggregate is well-coated**

**Notes:**
The mixture is typically mixed in a mechanical mixer.  The mix should be observed to insure that the aggregate and asphalt are thoroughly mixed.

## Short Term Aging

**Empty mix into pan and place in oven to simulate short term aging**
**2 hours for low absorption aggregates**
**4 hours for high absorption aggregates**

***Short Term Aging***

**Notes:**
The mix is subjected to short term oven aging (STOA) in flat pans.  The recommended rate is 21 kg per sq. meter; research has shown that 50 kg per sq. meter is also OK.  The dividing line for absorption is 2% water absorption.

## Short Term Aging Important

**Allows time for aggregate to absorb asphalt**
**Helps minimize variability in volumetric calculations**
**Most terms dependent upon volumes which change with changes in the amount (volume) of absorbed asphalt**

**Notes:**
The short term aging is used to simulate what is happening in the hot mix plant during the mixing, storage and placement operations.

## Compaction

**Place funnel on top of mold and place mix in mold.**
**Take care not to allow the mix to segregate.**

**Notes:**
Charging the mold should be done in one mass operation.  The mix is not to be rodded. A scoop or gyroloader are all acceptable.  The process should be done quickly to avoid loss heat loss.  Care should also be taken to ensure that the fine and coarse fractions of the mix are not separated.

## Compaction

**Place another paper on top of mix and place mold in compactor.**

**Notes:**
The filled mold is placed in the compactor.  Push button to start.

## Compaction

**Example of typical full-size compactors.**

***Compaction***

**Notes:**
These are typical full-size compactors.  There are now seven (June 98) different compactors on the market.  They all obtain comparable results.

## Compaction

**reaction**
**frame**

**rotating**
**base**

**loading**
**ram**

**control and data**
**acquisition panel**

**mold**

**height**
**measurement**

**tilt bar**

***Key Components of Gyratory Compactor***

***Compaction***

**Notes:**
These are the components of the machine.

## Compaction

**Gyratory compactor**
**Axial and shearing action**
**150 mm diameter molds**
**Aggregate size up to 37.5 mm**
**Height measurement during compaction**
**Allows densification during compaction to be evaluated**

**1.25****o**

**Ram pressure**
**600 kPa**

**Notes:**
The compactor puts 600 kPa of pressure on the specimen and operates at 30 rpm.

## Compaction

**After aging, take mix and preheated mold from oven.  Place paper in bottom of mold.**

***Compaction***

**Notes:**
The mold is made ready by first  placing a paper disk in the bottom.

## Compaction

**Once compaction is finished, extrude sample from mold.**

***Compaction***

**Notes:**
After compaction is complete the specimen is extruded from the mold and allowed to cool for 3 to 5 minutes.

## Compaction

**Remove the paper and label samples.**

**Notes:**
The paper disk is removed from the specimen.  The specimens are marked for tracking purposes.   After cooling and marking the specimens are tested to determine their bulk specific gravity.

## SGC Results

**% G****mm**

**Log Gyrations**

**10****	****	****100****	****	****1000**

**Notes:**
Using the measured bulk specific gravity of the final specimen and the recorded change in height during compaction, the change in density (%Gmm) with number of gyrations can be calculated.  It is typically plotted on a semi-log scale.  A smooth sided cylinder is assumed initially and then later corrected based on the measured value for specific gravity.

## Three Points on SGC Curve

**% G****mm**

**Log Gyrations**

**10****	****	****100****	****	****1000**

**N****ini**

**N****des**

**N****max**

***Three Points on SGC Curve***

**Notes:**
There are three critical points on the SGC compactor curve that are evaluated in Superpave.   Ninital  is  of importance because it is desirable not to have mixes that compact too easily.   Nmaximum  is of importance to prevent having mixes that continue to compact under traffic loading.

## Design Compaction

**N****des ****based on**
_**average**_** design high  **_**air**_** temp**
**traffic level**
**Log N****max**** = 1.10 Log ****N****des**** **
**Log N****ini**** = 0.45 Log ****N****des**

**% G****mm**

**Log Gyrations**

**10        100****	****   1000**

**N****ini**

**N****des**

**N****max**

**Notes:**
The level of Ndesign is based on the climate and traffic levels.

## Data Presentation

**Number of Gyrations**

**84**

**86**

**88**

**90**

**92**

**94**

**96**

**98**

**100**

**1**

**10**

**100**

**1000**

**Specimen 1**

**Specimen 2**

**Average**

**% G****mm**

**N****max**** = 174**

**N****des**** = 109**

**N****ini**** = 8**

***Data Presentation***

**Notes:**
Because the SGC compaction process is very repeatable, two specimens are used at each blend or binder content being evaluated.

## Superpave Mix Design Analysis

**Notes:**
Once the compaction is completed it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the test data to determine the optimum asphalt content.

## Superpave Testing

**Specimen heights**
**Mixture volumetrics**
**Air voids**
**Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)**
**Voids filled with asphalt (VFA)**
**Mixture density characteristics**
**Dust proportion**
**Moisture sensitivity**

**Notes:**
This data is available or must be calculated to complete the development of the Superpave mix design.

## Gmb (estimated) =      Wm 

***Superpave Mix Design***

- gw Vmx

**Where:**
**	****W****m**** = mass of specimen, g**
**	****V****mx**** = volume of compaction mold (cm****3****)**
**	****g****w****   = density of water, g/cm****3**

**Assumption:  specimen is smooth-sided cylinder**

**Notes:**
If the mass of the specimen is known and the volume at each point in the compaction process is known then it is possible to calculate the bulk specific gravity  of the specimens at each point on the gyration curve.  

## However, surface irregularities cause the volume of the specimen to be slightly less than volume of cylinder
Actual bulk specific gravity measurement of compacted sample used to determine correction factor, C:

**Actual bulk specific gravity measurement of compacted sample used to determine correction factor, C:**

***Superpave Mix Design***

**C = **

**G****mb**** (measured)**
**G****mb**** (estimated)**

**% G****mm**** = G****mb**** (estimated) C / G****mm**** (measured)**

**Notes:**
It is necessary to determine a correction factor for each specimen and apply that to the calculated (estimated) values.

## Superpave Mix Design

**Determine mix properties at N****Design**** and compare to criteria**
**Air voids ****	****	****            ****4% (or 96% G****mm****)**
**VMA****	****	****	****	****     See table**
**VFA****	****	****	****	****     See table**
**%G****mm**** at N****ini****	****	****	****          ****< 89%**
**%G****mm****at N****max****	****	****	****         ****< 98%**
**Dust proportion****	****	****    0.6 to 1.2**

**Notes:**
These properties are determined and compared to the specification criteria.

## SGC Results

**% G****mm**

**Log Gyrations**

**10****	****	****100****	****	****1000**

***Increasing asphalt cement content***

**Each line = avg. of two samples**

**N****ini**

**N****des**

**N****max**

**96% **
**(4% Voids)**

**Notes:**
In the development of a Superpave mix design the binder contend is varied.  The binder content is selected at 96% of the maximum specific gravity.   At this binder content each of the other criteria is checked.

## VMA requirements:
Nominal max agg size		Min. VMA	
 9.5 mm				15
 12.5 mm				14
 19 mm				13
 35 mm				12
 37.5 mm				11

**Nominal max agg size****	****	****Min. VMA****	**
** ****9.5 mm****	****	****	****	****15**
** ****12.5 mm****	****	****	****	****14**
** ****19 mm****	****	****	****	****13**
** ****35 mm****	****	****	****	****12**
** ****37.5 mm****	****	****	****	****11**

***Superpave Mix Design***

**Notes:**
The VMA is calculated and checked against the requirement for that gradation.

## VFA requirements:
Traffic (millions of ESALs)	Range of VFA

**Traffic (millions of ESALs)****	****Range of VFA**

***Superpave Mix Design***

**< 0.3****	****	****	****	****	****70 to 80**
**1 to 3****	****	****	****	****65 to 78**
**> 3.0****	****	****	****	****	****65 to 75**

**Notes:**
The VFA is calculated and checked against the criteria for the traffic level.

## Superpave Mix Design

- Effective asphalt content is asphalt on surface of aggregate
- (asphalt not absorbed by aggregate)

***Superpave Mix Design***

**Notes:**
The FHWA Technical Advisory 5040.27 recommends that the dust level in the mix be controlled.  If the dust level is too high the mix will be brittle, if it is too low the mix will have insufficient stability.

## Moisture Sensitivity
Prepare set of 6 specimens
6 to 8% voids
Represents anticipated in-service voids
Determine tensile strength of 3 of specimens
Condition remaining 3 in water bath (60oC, 24 hr.)
Option for freeze cycle
Bring to test temperature (25oC) and determine wet (conditioned) tensile strength

**Prepare set of 6 specimens**
**6 to 8% voids**
**Represents anticipated in-service voids**
**Determine tensile strength of 3 of specimens**
**Condition remaining 3 in water bath (60****o****C, 24 hr.)**
**Option for freeze cycle**
**Bring to test temperature (25****o****C) and determine wet (conditioned) tensile strength**

***Superpave Mix Design***

**Notes:**
The mix must also be checked to insure that it is not susceptible to moisture damage.

## Moisture SensitivityAASHTO T 283

**Measured on proposed aggregate blend and asphalt content**
**Reduced compactive effort to increase voids**

**3 Conditioned Specimens**

**3 Dry Specimens**

**Vacuum saturate specimens**
**Soak at 60****o****C for 24 hours**
**Soak at 25****o****C for 2 hours**

**Notes:**
The procedure is detailed in AASHTO T283.

## Moisture SensitivityAASHTO T 283

***Minimum of 80%  needed ***

***Moisture Sensitivity******AASHTO T 283***

- Determine the tensile strengths of both sets of 3 specimens

**Notes:**
The tensile strength of the mix is determined both before and after conditioning.

## Moisture SensitivityAASHTO T 283

**Indirect tensile strength apparatus for 100 mm specimens**

**Notes:**
Many laboratories use the same load frame which used to be used for Marshall stability (Note the Marshall stability breaking heads in the background).  The indirect tensile test uses the same specimen orientation but the breaking head has been modified to induce a more theoretically correct application of the load.  Note the narrow loading strip.

## Example of Superpave Mix Design

## Trial Gradations

***Trial Gradations***

**Sieve Size (mm) raised to 0.45 power   **

**% PASSING**

**0.0**

**10.0**

**20.0**

**30.0**

**40.0**

**50.0**

**60.0**

**70.0**

**80.0**

**90.0**

**100.0**

**19.0**

**2.36 **

**0.075**

***19.0 mm Nominal Mixture***

***Trial Blend 1***

***Trial Blend 2***

***Trial Blend 3***

**Notes:**
Typically more that one gradation is evaluated in the mix design process.   Remember the goal is to develop and economical mix that meets the specification requirements.  

## Aggregate Consensus Properties

**Blended Aggregate properties are determined**
**Property****	****Criteria****	****	****Blend 1        Blend 2       Blend 3**
**Coarse Ang.****	****95%/90% min.****	****96%/92%      95%/92%     97%/93%**
**Fine Ang.****	****45% min.****	****    46%****	****             46%****	****       48%**
**FLat/Elong.     10% max.****	****      0%                0%****	****         0%**
**Sand Equiv.      45 min.****	****     59****	****              58****	****         54**
**Combined G****sb****	****    n/a****	****	****  2.699****	****            2.697****	****      2.701**
**Combined G****sa****	****    n/a****	****	****  2.768****	****            2.769****	****      2.767**

**Notes:**
The aggregate blends are checked to insure that the aggregate requirements are meet which varies with the traffic levels.  For example with a mix with  ESALs of greater than 3,000,000 will meet the requirements as shown.

## Compaction Characteristics

**1****	****      4.3%        86.9%****	****	****96.0%****	****       97.4%**
**2****	****      4.5%        85.9%****	**** ****	****96.0%****	****       97.7%**
**3****	****      4.7%        87.1%****	****	****96.0%****	****       97.3%**

**%G****mm**

***Compaction Characteristics***

**Notes:**
Then the design binder content is determined for each of the gradations.   In this example it can be noted that the mixes meet all of the Superpave compaction criteria.

## Volumetric Properties

**1****	****	****    4.3% ****	****   4.0%****	****  12.7%****	****   68.5%    0.86**
**2****	****	****    4.5%****	****   4.0%****	****  13.0%****	****   69.2%    0.78**
**3****	****	****    4.0%****	****   4.0%  ****	****  13.5%****	****   70.1%    0.88**

***Volumetric Properties***

**Notes:**
These were 19 mm mixes.  Mix 1 did not meet the VMA criteria which was 13%.   Mix 2 was border line on the VMA requirement.   HMA mixes will generally have a slightly lower VMA in the field than they have in the laboratory.   Therefore,  Mix 2 would not be chosen.  Mix 3 would be selected.  It meets all the criteria and has the lowest AC content thus making it the most economical mixes if the aggregates are roughly the same in all three blends.

## Selection of Design Asphalt Binder Content

**% binder**

**VMA**

***Selection of Design Asphalt Binder Content***

**Notes:**
The final results for blend 2 are plotted.

## Questions - ?

**Notes:**
The goals of the first new mix design procedure for HMA pavements in over 50 years were to have a procedure that would simulate the real world.  In the past we may have “allowed the mold to design road”.  The Marshall and Hveem procedures used 4 inch (100 mm) molds with Superpave using 150 mm molds to use larger aggregates.
By monitoring compaction throughout the process, may  provide a measure of how the mix will compact during construction.
It was also desired to have equipment that could be used to for field quality control purposes.