# Presentation: 179857

## MINERA (Main INjector ExpeRiment -A)

- A High-Statistics Neutrino Scattering Experiment
- Using an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector
- in the NuMI Beam

**Quantitative Study of Low-energy ******** - Nucleus Interactions**

- Indiana University
- 19 May 2006
- Jorge G. Morfín
- Fermilab

- MINERA (Main INjector ExpeRiment -A)

## Neutrinos Are Everywhere!

- Neutrinos outnumber ordinary matter particles in the Universe (electrons, protons, neutrons) by a huge factor.
- Depending on their masses they may account for a fraction (few % ?) of the “dark matter”
- Neutrinos are important for stellar dynamics:  ~ 6.61010 cm-2s-1 stream through the Earth from the sun. Neutrinos also govern Supernovae dynamics, and hence heavy element production.
- If there is CP Violation in the neutrino sector, then neutrino physics might ultimately be responsible for Baryogenesis.
**To understand the nature of the Universe in which we live we must understand the properties of the neutrino.**

## What are the Open Questions in Neutrino PhysicsFrom the APS Multi-Divisional Study on the Physics of Neutrinos

- What are the masses of the neutrinos?
- What is the pattern of mixing among the different types of neutrinos?
- Are neutrinos their own antiparticles?
- Do neutrinos violate the symmetry CP?
- Are there “sterile” neutrinos?
- Do neutrinos have unexpected or exotic properties?
- What can neutrinos tell us about the models of new physics beyond the Standard Model?
**The answer to almost every one of these questions involves understanding how neutrinos interact with matter!**
- Among the APS study assumptions about the current and future program:
- “determination of the neutrino reaction and production cross sections required for a precise understanding of neutrino-oscillation physics and the neutrino astronomy of astrophysical and cosmological sources. **Our broad and exacting program of neutrino physics is built upon **_**precise knowledge of how neutrinos interact with matter**_**.”**

## The MINERA Experiment

- _Objectives of the Experiment_
- Bring together the experts from two communities
- To use a uniquely intense and well-understood beam
- And a fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector
- To collect a large sample of and  scattering events
- To perform a wide variety of  physics studies
- 				1) The MINERA Collaboration
- 				2) Beam and Statistics
- 				3) Survey of Physics Topics
- 				4) Description and Performance of the Detector
- 				5) Cost and Schedule
- 				6) Summary

## Bringing together experts from two communities to study low-energy - Nucleus PhysicsRed = HEP,  Blue = NP,  Black = Theorist

- D.  Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis,  G. Tzanakos, M. Zois
**University of Athens, Athens, Greece**
- D. Casper, J. Dunmore, C. Regis, B. Ziemer
**University of California, Irvine, California**
- E. Paschos
**University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany**
- M. Andrews, D. Boehnlein, N. Grossman, D. A. Harris,  J. Kilmer,
- J.G. Morfin,  A. Pla-Dalmau, P. Rubinov,  P. Shanahan, P. Spentzouris
**Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois**
- I.Albayrak, M..E. Christy, C.E .Keppel, V. Tvaskis
**Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia**
- R. Burnstein,  O. Kamaev, N.  Solomey
**Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois**
- S.Kulagin
**Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia**
- I. Niculescu. G. .Niculescu
**James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia**
- W.K.  Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,,
- W. Melnitchouk,  S. Wood
**Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia**
- R. Gran
**University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth Minnesota**

- G. Blazey, M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin
**Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois**
**D. Buchholtz, H. Schellman**
**Northwestern University, Evanston, IL**
- S.  Boyd, S. Dytman, M.-S. K, D.  Naples, V.  Paolone
**University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania**
**L. Aliaga, J.L. Bazo, A. Gago, **
**Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru**
- A. Bodek, R. Bradford, H.  Budd, J. Chvojka,
- P. de Babaro, S. Manly,  K. McFarland, J. Park, W. Sakumoto,
- J. Seger, J. Steinman
**University of Rochester, Rochester, New York**
- R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki,
- R. Ransome, E. Schulte
**Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey**
- D. Cherdack, H. Gallagher, T.  Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver
**Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts**
- R. Ochoa, O. Pereyra, J. Solano
**Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria. Lima, Peru**
- J. Nelson, F.X.Yumiceva
**William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia**

## HEP/NP Partnership

- This partnership is truly a two-way street
- significant NP participationin MINERvA because ofoverlap of physics withJefferson Lab community

- JLab program (JUPITER)
- data for neutrino cross-section modeling
- already one dedicated experiment

## To use a uniquely intense andwell-understood beam.  The NuMI Beam.

## The NuMI Beam Configurations.

- For MINOS, the majority of the running will be in the “low-energy” (LE) configuration.
- Post-MINOS: NOA would use the ME beam,
- MINERA would prefer the ME and HME beam

## To collect a large sample ofand  scattering events...

- ME-configuration: **Events**- 	    Epeak = 7.0 GeV, <E> = 8.0 GeV,   rate = **230 K events/ton - 10****20**** pot**
- HE-configuration: **Events**- 	    Epeak = 12.0 GeV, <E> = 14.0 GeV, rate = **525 K events/ton - 10****20**** pot**

- To collect a _**large**_ sample ofand  scattering events...

**With E-907 at Fermilab to measure particle**
**spectra from the NuMI target, expect to know **
**neutrino flux to  ****≈**** ****±**** **_**4 - 5%.**_

## Why study low-energy  scattering physics?Motivation: NP - Compliment Jlab study of the nucleon and nucleus 

- Significant overlap with JLab physics kinematic region and introduces the axial-vector current

- Four major topics:
- 	Nucleon Form Factors - particularly the axial vector FF
- 	Duality - transition from resonance to DIS (non-perturbative  			to perturbative QCD)
- 	Parton Distribution Functions - particularly high-xBJ
- 	Generalized Parton Distributions - multi-dimensional 			description of partons within the nucleon

## Why study low-energy  scattering physics?	 Motivation: EPP - Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Systematics

**NuMI Off-axis Neutrino Beam**

- We need to improve our understanding of
**low energy ********-Nucleus**
- interactions for
- oscillation experiments!

- Why study low-energy  scattering physics?	 **Motivation: EPP** - Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Systematics

- 10

- 1

## How MINERA Would Help MINOS -  How Nuclear Effects enter m2 Measurement

**Measurement of ********m****2  ****with MINOS**
- Need to understand the relationship between the incoming neutrino energy and the visible energy in the detector
- Expected from MINERA
- Improve understanding of pion and nucleon absorption
- Understand intra-nuclear scattering effects
- Understand how to extrapolate these effects from one A to another
- Improve measurement of pion production cross-sections
- Understand low- shadowing with neutrinos

## How MINERA Would Help NOA/T2K

- Current Accuracy of
- Low-energy Cross-sections
- QE = 20%
- RES
- DIS
- COHFe

- With MINERA
- Measurements of 
- QE = 5%
- RES(CC, NC)
- DIS
- COHFe

- Total fractional error in the predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle

## Further Motivation - Current Data SampleExclusive Cross-sections at Low E: Quasi-elastic - DISMAL

- World sample statistics is still fairly miserable!
- Cross-section important for understanding low-energy atmospheric neutrino oscillation results.
- Needed for all low energy neutrino monte carlos.
- Best way to accurately measure the axial-vector form factors

- S. Zeller - NuInt04

- 

- 

- K2K and
- MiniBooNe

- Iff MiniBooNe runs 

## Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E :1-Pion and Strange Particle- DISMAL

- n–n+

- p–p+

- Typical samples of NC 1-
- ANL
-  p n + (7 events)
-  n n 0 (7 events)
- Gargamelle
-  p p 0 (240 evts)
-  n n 0 (31 evts)
**K2K and MiniBooNe**
**Should produce interesting analysis of**
**          ****single ********0**** production. **
- Strange Particle Production
- Gargamelle-PS - **15 ** events.
- FNAL - ≈ 100 events
- ZGS - 30 events
- BNL - 8 events
- Larger NOMAD sample expected

- CC

- Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E :1-Pion and Strange Particle- DISMAL

- S. Zeller - NuInt04

## How about Tot?

- Low energy (< 10 GeV) primarily from the 70’s and 80’s suffering from low statistics and large systematics (mainly from  flux measurements).
- Mainly bubble chamber results --> larger correction for missing neutrals.
- How well do we model Tot?

- D. Naples - NuInt02

## Knowledge of  Nuclear Effects with Neutrinos: essentially NON-EXISTENT

_**Good reason to consider nuclear effects are DIFFERENT in **__****__**- A**_.
**Presence of axial-vector current****.  **
**SPECULATION: Much stronger shadowing for ********-A**** but somewhat weaker “EMC” effect.**
**Different nuclear effects for valance and sea --> different shadowing for xF****3**** compared to F****2****. **
**Different nuclear effects for d and u quarks.  ****	****	**

- Knowledge of  Nuclear Effects with Neutrinos: essentially NON-EXISTENT

**shadowing**

**EMC effect**

**Fermi ****motion**

*x *

**sea quark**

**valence quark**

## Nuclear Effects A Difference in Nuclear Effects of Valence and Sea Quarks?

- Nuclear effects similar in Drell-Yan and DIS for x < 0.1.  Then no “anti-shadowing” in  D-Y while “anti-shadowing” seen in DIS (5-8% effect in NMC).  Indication of difference in nuclear effects between valence & sea quarks?
- This quantified via **Nuclear Parton Distribution Functions**: K.J. Eskola et al  and S. Kumano et al

## High xBj parton distributionsHow well do we know quarks at high-x?

- Ratio of CTEQ5M (solid) and MRST2001 (dotted) to CTEQ6 for the u and d quarks at Q2 = 10 GeV2.  The shaded green envelopes demonstrate the range of possible distributions from the CTEQ6 error analysis.
- Recent high-x measurements indicate conflicting deviations from CTEQ: E-866  uV too **high,** NuTeV uV & dV too **low****	****	****	****	****	****	**
- CTEQ / MINERA working group to investigate high-xBj region.

## Indication that the valence quarks not quite right at high-x??E866 -Drell-Yan Preliminary Results (R. Towell - Hix2004)

**x****beam**** distribution measures *****4u + d***** as *****x--> 1.******	***
*	**	**	**	*
**Both MRST and CTEQ **_***overestimate***_** valence distributions as *****x ****-->**** 1***** by 15-20%.****	****	**
**Possibly related to *****d/u***** ratio as *****x --> 1*****, but requires full PDF-style fit.**
*Radiative corrections have recently been calculated. (Not yet fully applied)*

- xtarget

- xbeam

## NuTeV Compared to CCFR (currently in PDF fits)at High-x Indicates Effect Opposite to E866

- V. Radescu - DIS04

- nuclear effects?

## MINERA  Scattering Physics Program

**	****	****	****	****	**
- Quasi-elastic
- Resonance Production - 1pi
- Resonance/transition Region - npi** **resonance to DIS
- Deep-Inelastic Scattering
- Coherent Pion Production
- Strange and Charm Particle Production
- T , Structure Functions and PDFs
- s(x) and c(x)
- High-x parton distribution functions
- Nuclear Effects
- Generalized Parton Distributions

## What detector properties do we needto do this physics?

- Must reconstruct exclusive final states
- high granularity for charged particle tracking and ID, low momentum thresholds for particle detection such as n–p
- But also must contain
- electromagnetic showers (0, e±)
- high momentum hadrons (±, p, etc.)
- from CC need ± (enough to measure momentum)
- Nuclear targets for the study of neutrino induced nuclear effects

**Notes:**
exclusive final states with protons), means fine granularity, fully active
pi0, hadronic, muon reconstruction with low energy reactions => massive surrounding detectors
which can double as nuclear targets

## Basic Detector

- 

- MINER*v*A proposes to build a low-risk detector with simple, well-understood technology
- Active core is segmented solid scintillator
- Tracking (including low momentum recoil protons)
- Particle identification
- 3 ns (RMS) per hit timing(track direction, stopped *K*±)
- Core surrounded by electromagneticand hadronic calorimeters
- Photon (0) & hadron energy
-     measurement
- MINOS Near Detector as muon catcher

##  MINERA Detector

**DS HCAL:**
**30 tons**

**DS ECAL:**
**15 tons**

**Side HCAL:  116 tons**

**Fully**
**Active ****Target:**
**8.3 tons**

**Nuclear****Targets:**
**6.2 tons****(40% scint.)**

**Side ECAL Pb:  0.6 tons**

## MINERA Optics

## Extruded Scintillator and Optics

- Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout    in center hole

- Assemble
- into planes

## MINERvA Detector Module

**A frame with two planes has 304 channels**
**256 in inner detector**
**48 in outer detector****(two per slot)**
**43⁄4 M-64 PMTs per module**
**OD readout ganged in groups of four planes**

- Lead Sheets for EM calorimetry

- _Outer Detector_  (OD)Layers of iron/scintillator for hadron calorimetry.  6 “Towers”

- _Inner Detector_ (ID) Hexagonal  X, U, V planes for 3D tracking

**162 in**

## Parts of MINERvA Modules(cont’d)

- Calorimeter modules are built by adding absorbers
- one 1” steel absorber and one scintillator plane in DS HCAL
- two 5/64” Pb absorbers and two scintillators in DS ECAL

## Complete Detector

- Thin modules hang like file folders on a stand
- Attached together to form completed detector
- Different absorbers for different detector regions

- 5.2m

## MINERvA as Calorimeter

- Material in Radiation lengths
- Relevant for photon andelectron analysis
- Side & DS Pb has 2mm plates

## MINERvA as Range Tracker

- Material Thickness in (dE/dx)min
- Relevant for ranging outlow energy particles

## MINERvA with MINOS Near

- (dE/dx)min inadequate for μ
- Rely on MINOS
- For high momentum, analyze by bend in field, δp/p~12%

**MINOS****Near****Coverage**

## Electronics/DAQ System

- Data rate is modest
- ~1 MByte/spill
- but many sources!(~31000 channels)
- Front-end board based on existing TriP-t ASIC
- sample and hold
- few ns TDC, 2 range ADC
- C-W HV.  One board/PMT
- DAQ and Slow Control
- Front-end/computer interface
- Distribute trigger and synchronization
- Three VME crates + server

## Performance: Optimization of Tracking in Active Target

- technique pioneered by D0upgrade pre-shower detector

- Excellent tracking resolution w/ triangular extrusion
- ~3 mm in transverse direction from light sharing
- More effective than rectangles (resolution/segmentation)
- Key resolution parameters:
- transverse segmentation and light yield
- longitudinal segmentation for z vertex determination

## Performance: 0 Energy and Angle Reconstruction

- 0’s cleanly identified
- 0 energy resolution: 6%/sqrt(E)
- 0 angular resolution better than smearing from physics

- Coherent, resonance events with 0

## Performance:  Particle Identification

- 

- 

- p

- Chi2 differences between right
- and best wrong hypothesis

- Particle ID by dE/dx in strips and endpoint activity
- Many dE/dx samples for good discrimination

- R = 1.5 m -  p: =.45 GeV/c,  = .51,  K = .86,  P = 1.2
- R = .75 m -  p: =.29 GeV/c,  = .32,  K = .62,  P = .93

## Performance: Energy Containment

- Fraction of hadronic energy escaping active detector for DIS events

- Probability that **any** visible hadronic energy escapes active detector undetected  for DIS events

## Performance: Quasi-elastic n–p

- Reminder: proton tracks from quasi-elastic events are typically short.  Want sensitivity to pp~ 300 - 500 MeV
- “Thickness” of track proportional to dE/dx in figure below
- proton and muon tracks are clearly resolved
- precise determination of vertex and measurement of Q2 from tracking

- 

- p

- 

**Notes:**
challenge: wide angle, low momentum proton.  plenty of hits!

## Performance: 0 Production

- two photons clearly resolved (tracked).  can find vertex.
- some photons shower in ID,some in side ECAL (Pb absorber) region
- photon energy resolution is ~6%/sqrt(E) (average)

- 

- 

- 

## Location in NuMI Near Hall

- MINERA preferred running position is as close as possible to MINOS, using MINOS as high energy muon spectrometer

**Notes:**
Initially want to locate in front of MINOS.
If not desirable or acceptable after study from MINOS, plan B is to go elsewhere and build MR.  Not a cost driver.

## Event Rates 13 Million total CC events in a 4 - year run

- Assume 16**.0x**1020** in LE********ME, and sHE NuMI beam configurations in 4 years**

**Fiducial Volume = 3 tons CH, ≈  0.6 t C, ≈ 1 t Fe  and ≈ 1 t Pb**
**Expected CC event samples:**
**8.6 M ******** events in CH**
**1.5 M ******** events in C**
**1.5 M ******** events in Fe**
** ****1.5 M ********events in Pb**

**Main CC Physics Topics (Statistics in CH)**** **
**Quasi-elastic**** ****	****	****	****	****0.8 M events **
**Resonance Production**** ****	****	****	****1.6 M total**
**Transition: Resonance to DIS****	****	****2 M events**
**DIS, Structure Funcs. and high-x PDFs**** ****	****4.1 M DIS events**
**Coherent Pion Production****	********85 K CC / 37 K NC**
**Strange and Charm Particle Production**** ****	****> 230 K fully reconstructed events**
**Generalized Parton Distributions ****	****	****order 10 K events****	**
**Nuclear Effects**** ****	****	****	****C:1.5 M, Fe: 1.5 M and Pb: 1.5 M**

## MINERA CC Quasi-Elastic MeasurementsFully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction

- Average: eff. = 74 % and purity = 77%

**Expected MiniBooNE **
**and K2K measurements**

- Quasi-elastic ( + n --> + p, around **800 K events**)
- Precision measurement of E) and d/dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies.
- Precision determination of axial vector form factor (FA), particularly at high Q2
- Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets)

## Coherent Pion Production Fully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction

- Selection criteria reduce the signal by a factor of three - while reducing the background by a factor of ≈ 1000.

- signal

- Coherent Pion Production ( + A -->  /**85 K CC / 37 K NC**
- Precision measurement of for NC and CC channels
- Measurement of A-dependence
- Comparison with theoretical models

## Coherent Pion Production

- MINERA

**Expected MiniBooNe **
**and K2K measurements**

- Rein-Seghal

- Paschos-
- Kartavtsev

**MINER********A’s nuclear targets allow the**
**first measurement of the A-dependence**
**of ********coh**** across a wide A range**

## Recent K2K SciBar ResultM. Hasegawa et al. - hep - ex/0506008

- Expect 470 CC coherent events according to Rein-Sehgal
- Find 7.6 ± 50.4

## Resonance Production - 

- Total Cross-section and d/dQ2 for the ++ **- Errors are statistical only**

- T

- Resonance Production (e.g.  + N --> /**1600 K total, 1200K 1********)**
- Precision measurement of and d/dQfor individual channels
- Detailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production,
- 		the resonance-DIS transition region -- duality
- Study of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1   2  3  final states

## Nuclear Effects

- Q2 distribution for SciBar detector

***MiniBooNE***
*From J. Raaf*
*(NOON04)*

- 	All “known” nuclear effects taken into account:
- Pauli suppression, Fermi Motion, Final State Interactions
-            They have **not included** low- shadowing that is only
-         allowed with axial-vector (Boris Kopeliovich at NuInt04)
- 	Lc = 2 / (m2 + Q2)  ≥  RA	**(not **m2**)**
-  _L__c__ __**100 times shorter with **_m_**allowing low **____**-low **__Q__2__** shadowing**_
**     **ONLY MEASURABLE VIA NEUTRINO - NUCLEUS
-     INTERACTIONS!**  MINER********A WILL **_**MEASURE**_** THIS **
**   ****ACROSS A WIDE **** AND **Q2** RANGE WITH  C : Fe : Pb**

- Problem has existed
- for over four years

- Larger than expected rollover at low Q2

## Nuclear EffectsDifference between  and  nuclear effects

- Sergey Kulagin

## Strange and Charm Particle Production

**Existing Strange Particle Production**
- Gargamelle-PS - **15 ** events.   FNAL - ≈ 100 events
- ZGS -30 events 	   BNL - 8 events
-       Larger NOMAD **inclusive** sample expected

- Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70’s due to lack of constraining data.
- MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - **fully reconstructed events **(small fraction of total events) but still		.
**Important for background calculations of nucleon decay experiments****	****	****	**
- With extended running could study single hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses
- New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effective mass.

**MINER********A Exclusive States**
**400 x earlier samples**** **
**3 tons and 4 years**
- S = 0
- - K+  
- -  K+  
- - + K0  
- -  K+ p
- -  K+  p
- S = 1
- - K+ p 
- - K0 p 
- - + K0n 
- S = 0 - Neutral Current
- K+ 
- K0 
- K0 

## Generalized Parton Distribution FunctionsWeak Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering

- 

- p

- W> 2 GeV, t small, Elarge  - Exclusive reaction

- First measurement of GPDs with neutrinos
- Weak DVCS would allow flavor separation of GPDs
- According to calculation by A. Psaker (ODU), MINERA would accumulate **10,000** weak DVCS events in a 4-year run

## MINERA Costs

|  |  |  | FY'06 | FY'07 | FY'08 | FY’09     FY’10 | TOTAL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MIE |  |  | 0 | 0 | 5860 | 3420         390 | 9670 |
| R&D |  |  | 2855 | 4420 |   340 |       0          0 | 7615 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total                               |  |  | 2855 | 4420 | 6200 | 3420         390 | 17285 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

- Costs (in k$) - including contingency, escalation and burdened
- We are revisiting all costs in detail for baselining
- R&D only in FY06-07, Mostly Construction Funds in FY08-10

## Proposed Schedule

- 2006 Continue R&D with Vertical Slice Test
- 2007 Multi-plane Tracking Prototype:
- Roughly 20% of the full detector
- Full EM Pb Calorimeter, no hadron Calorimeter
- Tests to be performed
- Scintillator spacing uniformity
- Plane uniformity across many planes
- Planes stacked as close as physics dictates?
- How to replace PMT Boxes /front end boards
- 2008 Construction Begins
- 2009 Cosmic Ray Data and our goal-
-         **neutrino events from NuMI**

## Model for Installation Procedure

-      Similar to MINOS Near Detector:
- Assemble “modules” on surface
- Mostly University Technicians, Fermilab oversight and space.
- 6 months prototyping
- 12 months assembly
- Install final stand
- Bring modules down the shaft using strongback and cart:max load 5.3 tons
- 2 “modules” a day for most of detector
- Physicists commission after each layer installed
- Low voltage, coil, and coil power supply installed by Fermilab folks

| Detector Region | Modules | Mass (t) | Time (days) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Inner Detector | 30 | 3.6 | 15 |
| Nuclear Targets | 9 | 3.9 | 5 |
| Downstream ECAL | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Downstream HCAL | 5 | 5.3 | 5 |
| Total |  |  | 28 |

## Milestones

- December 2002 - Two EOIs for neutrino scattering experiments using the NuMI beam and similar detector concepts presented to the PAC. PAC suggests uniting efforts and preparing proposal.
- December 2003 - MINERA proposal presented to PAC.  PAC requests more quantitative physics studies and details of MINERA’s impact on Fermilab.
- April 2004 - Proposal addendum containing additional physics studies and report from the Impact Review Committee presented to PAC.  **Receive Stage I approval**.
- Summer 2004 - **Very Successful** R&D Program concentrating on front-end electronics, scintillator extrusions and a “vertical slice test”
- January 2005 - **Successful Director’s Review** of MINERA  	**	****	****	****	****	****	**
- March 2005 -** **Fermilab submits **MIE** for full funding of MINERA to DOE**.****	****	**
- June 2005 -** **Establish MINERA project at FNAL.  Increase R&D funds by 300%
- Dec 2005 - Successful CD1/trial CD-2 Director’s Review
- Fy 2006 - Continue R&D Program
- FY 2007 - Construct Tracking Prototype
- FY 2008 - Start Construction
**Summer/Fall 2009 - ****Commission Detector in NuMI Near Hall**

## Summary

- The MINERA experiment brings together the expertise of the HEP and NP communities to study low-energy -A physics.
- MINERA will accumulate significantly more events in important exclusive channels across a wider E range than currently available as well as a huge sample of DIS events. With excellent knowledge of the beam,  will be well-measured.
- With C, Fe and Pb targets MINERA will undertake a systematic study of nuclear effects in -A interactions, known to be different than well-studied e-A channels.
- MINERA results will dramatically improve the systematic errors of current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.
**MINER********A has Stage I approval and is an established Fermilab project, with an evolving (Fermilab/DOE) funding scenario, **_**that should be completed in Fall of 2008 with physics data-taking starting end CY2008 or start of CY2009**_**.**

## MINERA Summary

**Physics Objectives**
- Precision study of  - nucleus scattering including cross sections and nuclear effects.
- Important for minimizing systematic errors of neutrino oscillation experiments.
- Significantly augments studies by the nuclear physics community at Jefferson Lab.
**Detector**
- High-granularity, fully-active scintillator strip based design using WLS fibers and MAPMT.  Triangular-shaped scintillator strips yield precision through light-sharing.
- Installation schedule: 20-24 months for construction and installation.
**Location**
- Installed upstream of the MINOS near detector. Needs neither new beam nor new hall.
**Status**
- Stage I approval in April 2004 and successful Director’s Review in January, 2005
- Funding mainly via Fermilab (DOE-MIE) with supplements from DOE-University and NSF.
- Projected construction & installation schedule: completed Fall of 2008 with physics data-taking at the start of 2009.

## BACKUP SLIDES

## How MINERA Helps NoA/T2K:Background Predictions

- Current Accuracy of Cross-sections
- QE = 20%
- RES
- DIS
- COHFe

- With MINERA Measurements of 
- QE = 5%
- RES(CC, NC)
- DIS
- COHFe

- Total fractional error in the background predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle

**With MINER********A measurements of ****cross sections******** **
**decrease fractional error on background prediction **
**by a factor of FOUR**

## Experimental Results in  Scattering: Nuclear Effects?

- Bubble Chamber:
- Ne/D2

- FNAL E-545

- CERN BEBC

- Where is the
- “EMC” effect?

## Nuclear Effects - Formation length

- Adler, Nusinov, Paschos model (1974)

- One obvious omission, this model does not include
**hadron formation length corrections**

- +

- -

- LH on

- LH off

**MINER********A can measure L****H**** off of C, Fe and Pb**

- E = 5 GeV

- NEUGEN

- +

## R&D Goals for this summer -Electronics / Vertical Slice Test

- Phase 1:  Testing the TriP Chip
- Test board being designed by P. Rubinov (PPD/EE); piggy back on D0 work
- Reads out 16 channels of a MINOS M64 in a spare MINOS PMT box
-  (coming from MINOS CalDet)
- Questions:
- Noise and signal when integrating over 10 s.
- Test self-triggering and external triggering mode for storing charge.
- Test the dynamic range (2 TriP Channels / PMT channel)
- Procedure to get timing from the TriP chip.

- Phase 2:  Test our full system

- Build a small tracking array in the new muon lab
- using strips and fibers of the proposed design
- and the readout system from Phase 1.
- Use CR and  sources.

- Questions:
- Light yield – does it match our expectations?
- Spatial resolution via light sharing in a plane
- Timing
- Uniformity

- Early summer

- Late summer

## Calorimeters (cont’d)

- OD: 4” and 2” steel between radial sampling layers
- coil at bottom of the detector provides field in steel

- OD steel

- OD strips

- coil pass-through

## Extruding Scintillator

- Process is inline continuous extrusion
- improvementover batchprocessing(MINOS)
- Tremendous capacity at Lab 5
- the 18 tons of MINERA in < 2 months, including startup and shutdown time

## Extruding Scintillator (cont’d)

- Design of the die in order to achieve the desired scintillator profile
- collaboration with NIU Mech. E. department(Kostic and Kim)

- 2x1cm rect. die developed at NIU for Lab 5

- simulation of performance (design tool)

## PMT Boxes

- Design is similarto MINOS MUXboxes
- but no MUX!
- Mount on detector
- minimizes clearfiber length

## Front-End Electronics

- FE Readout Based on existing TriP ASIC
- builds on FNAL work.  existing submission “free”.
- ADC (dual range) plus few ns resolution timing
- TriP ASIC provides sample and hold slices
- four-sample mode works on bench; this is our default
- each time over threshold also recorded in spill

## Light Yield

- Critical question:does light yield allow forlow quantum efficiencyphotosensor?
- Study: use MINOS lightMC, *normalized to MINOS**results*, MINERA strips
- Need roughly 5-7 PEs for reconstruction
- Must mirror fibers!

**Notes:**
light yield is sufficient.  this is including WLS fiber attenuation everywhere.  lose as much as 40% of this due to connectors, aging of scint, etc.  still ok.

## Fiber Processing

- Mirrors are clearly necessary
- Lab 7 vacuum deposition facility (E. Hahn)
- Fibers (WLS, clear) bundled in connectors
- working with DDK to develop an analog to MCP-10x series used in CDF plug upgrade
- polishing also most effectively done at FNAL
- MRI proposal included costs for contracting FNAL effort through Universities