# Presentation: 470567

## Summary

**Rachel Webster**
**Widefield Imaging from Space**
**Berkeley, May 2004**

## Summary

**Rachel Webster**
**Widefield Imaging from Space**
**Berkeley, May 2004**

**MUSTFLY**

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate
- Savant:  _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)__ __[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)__ __[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)__; __[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)__ __[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)__; __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)__ __[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)__ __[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)__ __[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate
- Savant:  _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)__ __[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)__ __[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)__; __[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)__ __[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)__; __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)__ __[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)__ __[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)__ __[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate
- Savant:  _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)__ __[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)__ __[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)__; __[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)__ __[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)__; __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)__ __[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)__ __[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)__ __[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.
- Learned person: _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)__ __[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)__ __[has](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/has)__ __[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)__ __[admitted](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/admitted)__ __[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)__ __[membership](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/membership)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[scholarly](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/scholarly)__ __[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)_

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate
- Savant:  _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)__ __[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)__ __[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)__; __[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)__ __[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)__; __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)__ __[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)__ __[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)__ __[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.
- Learned person: _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)__ __[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)__ __[has](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/has)__ __[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)__ __[admitted](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/admitted)__ __[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)__ __[membership](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/membership)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[scholarly](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/scholarly)__ __[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)_
- Initiate: _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)__ __[new](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/new)__ __[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)__ __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[activity](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/activity)_

- Pundit: savant, learned person, initiate
- Savant:  _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)__ __[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)__ __[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)__; __[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)__ __[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)__ __[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)__ __[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)__; __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)__ __[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)__ __[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)__ __[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.
- Learned person: _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)__ __[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)__ __[has](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/has)__ __[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)__ __[admitted](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/admitted)__ __[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)__ membership in a scholarly field_
- Initiate: someone new to a field or activity

## Beyond Einstein Program: 

-  determine k
-  is  time-varying?

- Some hints:
-  high quality data
- 	z~0.5-2
-  109 pixels opt/NIR
-  2-metre, diff limited
- at 1m

## Beyond Einstein Program: 

- At our working dinner, Rocky Kolb told us something
- very important:
- there is nothing obvious about the model of the
- universe we are defining; its not even theoretically
- attractive.  So if we want to be convincing we need
- to not only make the ‘simplistic measurements’ that
- we have currently defined for ourselves, but we
- want 2 more things:
- (1)  **redundancy** ie confirmation in as many ways possible
- (2) **over-measurement**, in the hope that in cleaning out
- the corners we will learn something unexpected

**Notes:**
At our working dinner, Rocky Kolb told us something very important: there is nothing obvious about the model of the universe we are defining; its not even theoretically attractive.  So if we want to be convincing we need to not only make the ‘simplistic measurements’ that we have currently defined for ourselves, but we want 2 more things:
(1)  redundancy ie confirmation in as many ways possible
(2) over-measurement, in the hope that in cleaning out the corners we will learn something unexpected

## Attributions and Excuses

- no attempt has been made to summarise all talks [39 in 30 mins]
- tried to follow the main thread
- relax if I misrepresent:
- ‘create a new field and direct it’ (Fruchter)

## Triumverate: 

- Supernovae				[d(z)]
- Galaxy redshift surveys	[d(z),H(z)]
- Weak lensing		   [d(z),H(z),D1(z)]
- [‘Father, son and holy ghost’]
- [Weinberg]

## Scoping SNAP*

- ‘fairly well developed concept’*
- errors on w0 & w’:   0.05 & 0.3 resp.
- treasure trove of archival data
- Issues
- control of systematics**
- calibration (need 2% over 350-1700nm)***
- *Aldering             *Roe, Lampton, Kuznetsova, Carithers  **Conley poster  ***Kent poster

**See poster by Alex Conley**

## Detailed Systematics-Controlled Lightcurves

**SNAP**

**Ground 8m ONIR**

*z *= 0.8
*z* = 1.0
*z *= 1.2
*z* = 1.4
*z* = 1.6

## SNAP in Context

- [Wright]

## Figure  of merit: A

- Relative Survey Power

- Figure  of merit: A

- [Kahn]

## Destiny: an alternative

- grism/NIR for SNe sample (R~75)
- simple, inexpensive, focused
- ‘early days’ (little funding yet)
- spectral time evolution of SNe
- SNeII standard candle? (Kirshner)
- Issues
- photometry
- limited secondary projects
- (Lauer)

## Weak Lensing

- robust physics
- ground-based detections
- measures the growth of structure
- SNAP better on small scales;
- 		LSST on large
- are the WL measurements comparable
- 		to the SNe measurements?
- (Ellis, Refregier, Heymans)

## Space-based imaging vs ground

- Space-based imaging has a significantly higher surface density of resolved sources, which can probe the matter density power spectrum at higher redshifts than will ever be feasible from the ground.

- GEMS

- COMBO-17         (Brown et al. 2003)

- ~ 100 galaxies per sq arcmin

- ~ 35 galaxies per sq arcmin

- [Heymans]

## Constraints with Redshift Bins 

**Redshift tomography tightens parameter constraints more than increasing the area or measuring higher order correlation functions.**

- [Refregier
- Massey, etal]

## Complementarity with SNe

**Constraints comparable and complementary to those from SNe with the same telescope but in a sixth of the time!**

- [Refregier
- Massey etal]

- Issues
- what can space-WL achieve?
- psf variations and resolution

## PSF anisotropy

-  95% of GEMS imaging taken within the space of 20 days → stable PSF
-  Wide-field ~1000 stars map anisotropy of PSF consistenty within data set without relying on models (Tiny-Tim) or archived stellar cluster imaging
-  Distortions ~ 5%
-  After correction < 0.1%

- Before PSF correction

- After PSF correction

- PSF for GOODS & GEMS differ in magnitude and direction ~2% due to different dithering patterns and time variation in the  PSF.  CTE signature not seen.

- [Heymans]

## Galaxy Redshift Surveys

-  Low NIR 1–2μm background in space
-  High line luminosities z>1 objects
-  Efficient spectroscopy/redshifts
-      with slitless grism (R=700)
-  WF 1m/0.5o FOV telescope
- ~ 108 objects 1<z<2 over 104 deg2

- Glazebrook:
- ‘Baryon Oscillation Telescope’

## Riess et al 2004

- [Glazebrook]

- Issues
- R=700 grism?
- may be able to use photo-z’s [Eisenstein]
- time required?  parallel?

## Bonuses

- Galaxy phenomenology: fundamental correlations (Hogg)
- GC systems for nearby galaxies (Zepf)
- Searches of sources within EoR (z>7) (Malhotra)
- Strong lensing (Marshall)
- Deep lenses        H0 (not likely)
- Galaxy lenses     measure galactic DM halos
- 				(resolution)

## Bonuses II

- Reverberation mapping: repeated measurements but R=200 (Elvis)
- Hi-z SF and galaxy evolution (resolution) (Giavalisco, Bouwers, Bunker, Moustakis)
- Is galactic DM WDs? (Goldman)
- Faint end of stellar mass function (Newman, Goldman)

## Bonuses III

- Hi-z quasars z=6-17: map the EoR (Fan)
- Galactic stellar archeology: baryonic evolution in small DM halos;  resolution (Skillman)
- Galaxy evolution in cluster infall region: NIR & resolution (van Dokkum)

## What have we learned ?

- At the same time, morphological mix evolves
- This may affect age estimates of early-type galaxies (“progenitor bias”; vDF01)
- Current idea: evolution driven by **infall** from the field

- Kodama et al 01
- (z=0.41; Subaru)

- Van Dokkum

## Multiplexing multi-

- area, sensitivity, many 
- 		(insatiable appetite)
- legacy datasets
- power and range of multi- science
- GOODS  (Giavalisco)

## HUDF vs. GOODS

- GOODS CDFS – 13 orbits

- HUDF – 400 orbits

## CDFS

- 2003ak
- (1.57)

- 2002fz
- (0.839)

- 2003aj
- (1.4)

- 2002ga
- (0.988)

- 2002kb
- (0.474)

- 2002fv
- (~1.0)

- 2002lg
- (0.61)

- 2002fw
- (1.3)

- 2002hs
- (0.388)

- 2002hp
- (1.3)

- 2002hq
- (0.74)

- 2002kd
- (0.735)

- 2002fx
- (~1.8)

- 2003al
- (0.91)

- 2002ke
- (0.578)

- 2002kc
- (0.214)

- 2002hr
- (0.526)

- 2002fy
- (0.88)

- 2002ht
- (?)

**CDFS**

- 2003dz
- (0.48)

- 2003er
- (0.63)

- 2003be
- (0.64)

- 2003dx
- (0.46)

- 2003bb
- (0.89)

- 2003bc
- (0.51)

- 2003ew
- (0.66)

- 2003eu
- (0.76)

- 2003ba
- (0.47)

- 2002kh
- (0.71)

- 2003et
- (0.83)

- 2003en
- (0.54)

- 2003es
- (0.968)

- 2003en
- (0.54)

- 2003dy
- (1.37)

- 2003ea
- (0.89)

- Vilas
- (0.86)

- 2003eb
- (0.92)

- 2003bd
- (0.67)

- 2003eq
- (0.85)

- 2002kl
- (0.39)

- 2003az
- (1.27)

- 2002ki
- (1.14)

**HDFN**

**Notes:**
We inspected these fields for a year and found 42 weapons of mass destruction
About half were type Ia’s, median redshift 1, many significantly higher

## Multiplexing multi-

- area, sensitivity, many 
- 		(insatiable appetite)
- legacy datasets
- power and range of multi- science
- GOODS  (Giavalisco)
- SXDS (Sekiguchi)
- COSMOS (Koekemoer)

## Parallel Opportunities

- TPF(2014): deep Hi-res optical; low-res spectroscopy.  No WFI (Stapelfeldt)
- PRIME: Broadband NIR MIDEX to uncover sources to z=10 (Zheng)
- EXIST: BH Finder ‘sibling mission’; hard X-ray; (Grindlay)
- GALEX: UV to study SF (Martin)
- Kepler: (Basri)

## Parallel Opportunities

- ALMA, SKA: future mm and radio (Helfand)
- Ground-based: Panstarrs,  LSST (2012) will take 10 years to measure DE (Kahn)
- CHANDRA and XMM: vast surface densities of AGN; need opt/NIR to study galaxies and BHs (Brandt)
- SPITZER: IR first results give new objects (Yan)

## Use Data in ELAIS N1: 24um: 3sigma 40uJy, EROs with (R-K>5.3), K<20.2 (6sigma).

- 24um

- K

- (Yan)

## Messages

- ‘think of datasets as a source of information’ (Hogg)
- Any WF imaging mission (esp. dark energy!) should consider a grism component (Glazebrook)
- ‘increase the amount of information’ (Hogg)
- ‘SNe piggy-backed on GOODS...now its time for hi-z galaxies to piggy-back.. (Giavalisco)
- ‘likely to be a real project’ (Glazebrook)
- ‘resolution..’  (Skillman, Somerville, Rich......)

## Issues (2004)

- Resolution: dithering with give psf of 0.12arcsec; can the substantive science deliver better results with smaller pixels?
- NIR: take full advantage of low background

- Low Ecliptic

- High Ecliptic

- H Ground Background (–14.4)
- ≃1000× space

- Curves from Aldering et al

## Issues (2004)

- Resolution: dithering with give psf 0.12arcsec; can the substantive science deliver better results with smaller pixels?
- NIR: take full advantage of low background
- Grisms?; R?
- Systematics for broader range of science

## How good does the data need to be?

*	**	**Will JDEM be the last word on DE?*
- 3is  this good enough?
- model ‘forward problem’; however need to actually solve the ‘inverse problem’
- [Rocky Kolb’s scepticism]

## SNe alone can’t measure w’

- Model with w’ = 0 and w’ = -0.1 agree to within ± 1 millimag

- flexibility in on-going studies
- incorporate new developments: ossify when funded
- mission lifetime: too short by many factors
- program definition: simple v. comprehensive

## Magnificently 

- Useful

- Supernova

- Telescope

- For

- Learning about the

- Yooniverse

## Mapping the 

- Universe with

- Supernova,

- Theory, and

- Finally

- Lensing: its

- Ylem!

- Alpher and Herman
- inserted this slide
- into a talk by Gamow.

**Ylem:** a fanciful primordial form of
- matter, which Gamow assumed
- consisted entirely of neutrons...
- new role in era of inflationary cosmology...

## Our thanks:

- Particularly to Andy Fruchter, for demanding an incredibly high standard for and of our speakers

## Our thanks:

- Particularly to Andy Fruchter, for demanding an incredibly high standard for and of our speakers
- 	‘Create a field and direct it’

## Our thanks:

- Particularly to Andy Fruchter, for demanding an incredibly high standard for and of our speakers
- Greg Aldering, Eric Linder, Kathleen Brower, Masaaki Yamato, Joy Kono, MarQuee De’garion for a comfortable environment, great weather, seamless organisation...

## A Grand Unified Model of Dark Energy

## Initiate

- [n]  _[people](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/people)_ _[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)_ _[have](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/have)_ _[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)_ _[introduced](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/introduced)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[the](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/the)_ _[mysteries](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/mysteries)_ _[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)_ _[some](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/some)_ _[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)_ _[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)_ _[activity](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/activity)_; "_[it](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/it)_ _[is](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/is)_ _[very](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/very)_ _[familiar](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/familiar)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[the](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/the)_ _[initiate](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/initiate)_"
- [n]  _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)_ _[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)_ _[has](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/has)_ _[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)_ _[admitted](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/admitted)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[membership](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/membership)_ _[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)_ _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[scholarly](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/scholarly)_ _[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)_
- [n]  _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)_ _[new](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/new)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)_ _[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)_ _[activity](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/activity)_
- [adj]  _[having](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/having)_ _[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)_ _[introduced](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/introduced)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[something](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/something)_ _[new](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/new)_
- [v]  _[prepare](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/prepare)_ _[the](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/the)_ _[way](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/way)_ _[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)_; "_[Hitler](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/hitler)_'_[s](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/s)_ _[attack](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/attack)_ _[on](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/on)_ _[Poland](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/poland)_ _[led](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/led)_ _[up](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/up)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[World](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/world)_ _[War](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/war)_ _[Two](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/two)_"
- [v]  _[bring](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/bring)_ _[up](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/up)_ _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[topic](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/topic)_ _[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)_ _[discussion](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/discussion)_
- [v]  _[bring](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/bring)_ _[into](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/into)_ _[being](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/being)_; "_[He](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/he)_ _[initiated](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/initiated)_ _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[new](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/new)_ _[program](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/program)_"; "_[Start](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/start)_ _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[foundation](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/foundation)_"
- [v]  _[take](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/take)_ _[the](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/the)_ _[lead](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/lead)_ _[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)_ _[initiative](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/initiative)_ _[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)_; _[participate](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/participate)_ _[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)_ _[the](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/the)_ _[development](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/development)_ _[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)_; "_[This](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/this)_ _[South](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/south)_ _[African](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/african)_ _[surgeon](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/surgeon)_ _[pioneered](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/pioneered)_ _[heart](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/heart)_ _[transplants](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/transplants)_"
- [v]  _[accept](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/accept)_ _[young](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/young)_ _[people](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/people)_ _[into](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/into)_ _[society](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/society)_, _[usually](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/usually)_ _[with](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/with)_ _[some](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/some)_ _[rite](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/rite)_; "_[African](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/african)_ _[men](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/men)_ _[are](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/are)_ _[initiated](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/initiated)_ _[when](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/when)_ _[they](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/they)_ _[reach](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/reach)_ _[puberty](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/puberty)_

## Learned person

- _[someone](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/someone)__ __[who](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/who)__ __[has](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/has)__ __[been](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/been)__ __[admitted](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/admitted)__ __[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)__ __[membership](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/membership)__ __[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)__ __[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)__ __[scholarly](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/scholarly)__ __[field](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/field)__ _

## savant

-  \_[Sa](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/sa)_`_[vant](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/vant)_"\, _[n](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/n)_.; _[pl](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/pl)_. {_[Savants](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/savants)_} (_[F](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/f)_. ?; _[E](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/e)_. ?). [_[F](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/f)_., _[fr](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/fr)_. _[savoir](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/savoir)_ _[to](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/to)_ _[know](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/know)_, _[L](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/l)_. _[sapere](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/sapere)_. _[See](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/see)_ {_[Sage](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/sage)_}, _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_.] _[A](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[man](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/man)_ _[of](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/of)_ _[learning](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/learning)_; _[one](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/one)_ _[versed](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/versed)_ _[in](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/in)_ _[literature](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/literature)_ _[or](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/or)_ _[science](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/science)_; _[a](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/a)_ _[person](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/person)_ _[eminent](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/eminent)_ _[for](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/for)_ _[acquirements](http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/acquirements)_.

## The idea

- Low NIR 1–2μm background in space
- High line luminosities z>1 objects
- Efficient spectroscopy/redshifts with small telescope and slitless grism
- WF 1m/0.5o FOV telescope ~ 108 objects 1<z<2 over 104 deg2

## SNe alone can’t measure w

- Model with w = -1 and w = -0.9 agree to within ± 2 millimag

- [Wright]