# Presentation: 061640

## Impact of trail network on landscape

**MSc. Ondřej Vítek**
**Impact of road and tourist trail network on alpine and subalpine landscape in the Krkonoše Mts. - GPS measurements and GIS evaluation**

- GIS Laboratory, Institute for Environmental Studies
- Charles University, Faculty of Science
- Praha, Czech Republic
- The Krkonoše Mts. National Park Administration
- Vrchlabí, Czech Republic

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## Krkonoše - outstanding nature
visible problem - road effect:			expansion & invasion
indicators: individuals vs. communities
area of interest

targets: 

**visible problem - road effect:****	****	****	****expansion & invasion**
**indicators: individuals vs. communities**
**area of interest**
**targets:**** **

- Find out the **extent** of non-natural growths
- Find out main **reasons** for distribution/extinction
- Propose **improving** activities

## KRKONOŠE MTS.

**National park (1963)**
**Krkonoše/Karkonosze Biosphere reserve (1992)**
**Weak subalpine nature vs. tourism**
**grassland, peat-bogs, corries, Swiss Mountain Pine stands, ...**
**trails & roads, chalets, viewpoints, tourists, ...**

## natural state

- naturally occuring species
- (no influence)

## expansion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)

## expansion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)

## expansion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)

## expansion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)

## expansion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)

- f

## natural state

- naturally occuring species
- (no influence)

## invasion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)
- invading species

## invasion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)
- invading species

## invasion

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)
- invading species

## invasion

- f

- stable species
- expanding species (positive influence of trail network)
- disappearing species (negative influence of trail network)
- invading species

## Indicators:  individuals vs. communities

**expansion & invasion - pictures of individuals**
**summarising research - mapping of communities (all or only several types)**

## Area of interest

**Krkonoše Mts. - high tourism exploatation and outstanding nature**
**alpine nature - little visible influence on vegetation**
**mountain veg. belt - giant impact of forestry**
**subalpine communities - effect of trails best visible**

## Area of interest II

**6.8 km****2**** on Czech side until 1999**
**ca 10 km****2**** on both Czech and Polish sides since 1999**

## Krkonoše - outstanding nature
visible problem - road effect:			expansion & invasion
indicators: individuals vs. communities
area of interest

targets: 

**visible problem - road effect:****	****	****	****expansion & invasion**
**indicators: individuals vs. communities**
**area of interest**
**targets:**** **

- Find out the **extent** of non-natural growths
- Find out main **reasons** for distribution/extinction
- Propose **improving** activities

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## target 1: Find out the extent of non-natural growths

GPS - position & info (database)
GIS - maintenance and evaluation of data

**GPS - position & info (database)**
**GIS - maintenance and evaluation of data**

## target 2: Find out main reasons for distribution/extinction

GIS - combination of GPS data (e.g. average width of TMV vs. trail stabilising material)
other sampling methods (counting tourists, botany, water, soil etc.)

**GIS - combination of GPS data (e.g. average width of TMV vs. trail stabilising material)**
**other sampling methods (counting tourists, botany, water, soil etc.)**

## target 3: Propose improving activities

complex analysis of all data, field observations and experience

**complex analysis of all data, field observations and experience**

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## TRIMBLE data dictionary (.ddf)

**community**** **
- according to** ****dominant **(menu)
**	****Senecio hercynicus**
**	****Rumex alpinus**
**	****Cirsium heterophyllum**
**	****Calamagrostis villosa**
**	****Deschampsia cespitosa**
**	****ruderal comm. around chalets**
**	****trampled grass**
**	****veg. covering < 20%**
**other comm. **(text) - different type or co-dominants

## TRIMBLE data dictionary (.ddf)

**trail**** **
- according to** ****restrictions **(menu)
**	****open**
**	****closed**
- according to** ****stabilising material **(menu)
** ****	****asphalt**
**	****dolomite**
**	****melaphyre**
**	****dolomite/melaphyre mix.**
**	****autochthonous stab.**
**	****non-stabilised**
- according to** ****seasonality **(menu)
**	****summer**
**	****winter**
**	****full-year**

## TRIMBLE data dictionary (.ddf)

**individual**** ****species **(menu)
**sampling point **(number)
**viewpoint **(text)
**drainage **(menu)
**phytosociological relevé **(number)
**bunker**
**crossroad sign **(text + number)
**frontier stone **(text)
**anthropogenous relief shapes **(menu + number)

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## Definition of borders

**trails**
**vegetation types**

## Difference between area/line/point

**species occurrence (area/point)**
**	**how many idividuals are 1 point?
**roads/trails/paths (area/line)**
**community (area/0) **- comm. width  < GPS accuracy

## PDOP

**max. 6 → accuracy +- 40 cm**
**max. ****?**** → inaccuracy  max. 40 cm**
**periods of PDOP >> 6**
**distance to the reference station (150 km)**

## other problems of field measurement

**stormy weather**
**„****swinging“ of antenna while walking**
**inquisitive tourists**

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## ArcView, ARC/INFO

**u****n****d****e****r**** c****o****n****s****t****r****u****c****t****i****o****n**
**precision checked with othophotos and digitalised maps**
**GIS database - sums of area, length (total or by categories)**

## average width of TMV

## trails according to tourist load

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## oldest trail: map from 16th century
new roads & bunkers before II.ww
trail density: > 4.5 km/km2
trails: 1 % of the area (71 % trails stabilised with allochthonous mat.)
summer use: 19 km (on 6.8 km2 area)
	winter use: 15.5 km
max. tourists: > 700 in ave. day

**new roads & bunkers before II.ww**
**trail density: ****> 4.5**** km/km****2**
**trails: ****1 %**** of the area (****71 %**** trails stabilised with allochthonous mat.)**
**summer use: ****19**** km (on 6.8 km****2**** area)**
**	****winter use: ****15.5**** km**
**max. tourists: > ****700**** in ave. day**

## area of TMV 3 %of AOI
absolutely dominating Senecio hercynicus (expanding species)
bioindicator of worst stands: Rumex alpinus
ave. TMV width along asph. r.: 32 m
non-stabilised trails: no TMV

**absolutely dominating *****Senecio hercynicus****** *****(expanding species)**
**bioindicator of worst stands: *****Rumex alpinus***
**ave. TMV width along asph. r.: ****32 ****m**
**non-stabilised trails: ****no**** TMV**

## dolomite (limestone): Ca2+

**road**

## WHAT - introduction
HOW - methods
WHICH - overview of collected data
WHY - problems of measurement
HOW - GIS evaluation
WHAT - some interesting results

**HOW - methods**
**WHICH - overview of collected data**
**WHY - problems of measurement**
**HOW - GIS evaluation**
**WHAT - some interesting results**

## Ondřej Vítek

_**ovitek@natur.cuni.cz**_
**www.labgis.natur.cuni.cz**
**	****	**- our GIS laboratory @ FSc, ChU, Praha
**www.krnap.cz**
**	****	**- The Krkonoše Mts. NP Administration, Vrchlabí