# Presentation: 518992

## Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward

- April 10, 2008
- Mandy Carr, Ph. D.
- Executive Director, Beef Safety Research
- National Cattlemen’s Beef Association

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- History to the approach
- Focus 880,000+ cattle at 35+ processing facilities
- This began efforts to develop multiple interventions

- 800,000+

- 2,700
- 85%

- 35
- 95%

- 280,000,000+

## Safety Interventions & Best Practices

**1992**

**1994**

**1996**

**2002**

**1998**

**2000**

**2004**

**2008**

**2008**
**Video of BPs**

**Carcass microbial mapping**

**2003**
***E. coli***** Summit**

**1997**
**Founding of BIFSCo**

**Steam/thermal pasteurization**

**Acidified sodium chlorite**

**Steam vacuum**

**Organic acid wash**

**1993**
**Blue Ribbon Task Force**

**2006**

**Best Practice evolution**
** ****and Safety Summits**

**1990**

**Hide wash**

**Cattle washing**

**Vaccine**

**Sodium chlorate**

**On farm ecology**

**Neomycin**

**Direct fed microbials**

**2006**
**BIFSCo cited as model for other industries**

**Transportation and lairage**

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (at plant, part of post-harvest)
- Hide on wash
- Water
- Water w/chemical

## Slide 5

## Carcass Interventions

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Many options available
- Industry’s dedication to implementation

## Safety Interventions & Best Practices

**1992**

**1994**

**1996**

**2002**

**1998**

**2000**

**2004**

**2008**

**2008**
**Video of BPs**

**Carcass microbial mapping**

**2003**
***E. coli***** Summit**

**1997**
**Founding of BIFSCo**

**Steam/thermal pasteurization**

**Acidified sodium chlorite**

**Steam vacuum**

**Organic acid wash**

**1993**
**Blue Ribbon Task Force**

**2006**

**Best Practice evolution**
** ****and Safety Summits**

**1990**

**Hide wash**

**Cattle washing**

**Vaccine**

**Sodium chlorate**

**On farm ecology**

**Neomycin**

**Direct fed microbials**

**2006**
**BIFSCo cited as model for other industries**

**Transportation and lairage**

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Key knowledge learned for pre-harvest
- Hides
- Transfer to the carcass

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (at plant pre-harvest)
- Live wash

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Key knowledge for pre-harvest
- Environment

## Prevalence of food-borne pathogens in air samples collected from clean loadout areas and dirty, dusty loadout areas in beef feedyards

## Fecal prevalence for E. coli O157:H7

| Pen | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| # of Animal | 35 | 36 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 31 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 319 |
| Sep Feces % Positive | 6 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 5 |
| Oct Feces % Positive | 43 | 67 | 60 | 19 | 83 | 36 | 10 | 47 | 22 | 16 | 40 |
| Nov Feces % Positive | 34 | 61 | 67 | 38 | 67 | 39 | 10 | 72 | 63 | 38 | 49 |
| Dec Feces % Positive | 26 | 42 | 83 | 31 | 43 | 26 | 7 | 38 | 34 | 6 | 34 |
| Jan Feces % Positive | 3 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 3 | 3 | 8 |
| Feb Feces % Positive | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 17 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Mar Feces % Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 3 |
| Apr 04 Feces % Positive | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 2 |
| Apr 18 Feces % Positive | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 94 | 11 |
| May 02 Feces % Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 88 | 11 |

- Fecal prevalence for *E. coli *O157:H7

## Hide prevalence for E. coli O157:H7

| Pen | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| # of Animal | 35 | 36 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 31 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 319 |
| Sep Hide % Positive | 37 | 42 | 60 | 66 | 73 | 71 | 79 | 47 | 41 | 28 | 54 |
| Oct Hide % Positive | 89 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 98 |
| Nov Hide % Positive | 91 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97 | 100 | 97 | 97 | 100 | 100 | 98 |
| Dec Hide % Positive | 49 | 97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 86 | 88 | 38 | 84 | 84 |
| Jan Hide % Positive | 3 | 92 | 67 | 16 | 100 | 87 | 52 | 100 | 78 | 47 | 64 |
| Feb Hide % Positive | 3 | 11 | 13 | 9 | 97 | 16 | 3 | 84 | 9 | 3 | 24 |
| Mar Hide % Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 13 | 3 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Apr 04 Hide % Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 19 | 14 | 3 | 3 | 97 | 14 |
| Apr 18 Hide % Positive | 66 | 44 | 63 | 56 | 27 | 84 | 59 | 38 | 94 | 100 | 63 |
| May 02 Hide % Positive | 3 | 17 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 44 | 91 | 17 |

- Hide prevalence for *E. coli *O157:H7

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
- Research to demonstrate effectiveness
- In approval process
- Direct Fed Microbials
- Approved for animal health and performance, NOT as a pre-harvest intervention for pathogens

- Cumulative proportion of steers that were positive culture-positive for *E. coli* O157:H7 by treatment group and by sampling period.

## 4 Year Cumulative Summary Reduction of E. coli O157 in Beef Feedlot Cattle Using NP 51

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
- Phages
- Viruses that target specific bacteria
- Have been widely used in Eastern Europe in place of antibiotics
- Invade targeted bacteria, replicate, kill the bacterium, but not other bacteria

## Slide 19

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
- Sodium chlorate
- Phages target and invade specific bacteria
- Chlorate kills bacteria that have the enzyme nitrate reductase only
- Kills *E*. *coli* O157:H7 and *Salmonella *but not other bacteria

## E. coli O157:H7 in cows

*E*. *coli* O157:H7 in cows

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
- Neomycin
- Labeled for use in cattle
- ‘treatment and control of colibacillosis (bacterial enteritis) caused by *Escherichia coli*’
- In-feed and in-water preparations
- 1-day withdrawal period

## O157 Reduction in Prev

- Feces – 98.2%
- Hides – 95%
- Theuninck - Cargill

- O157 Reduction in Prev
- Feces – 100%
- Hides – 78.9%
- Belk - CSU

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/ecoltest.htm

- Interventions (prior to plant pre-harvest)
- Vaccines

## Challenge Study

## 	Measure of effect	Magnitude

- 	_Measure of effect__	__Magnitude_
- Vaccine Efficacy(%)	86% reduction
- Concentration	98% reduction
- Performance		No effect (*P*>0.60)

- Both comparisons associated with *P *≤ 0.02

## 	“The most important finding of this study was that vaccinated cattle were less likely to be colonized at the TRM.”  

	“Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 percent less likely to be colonized by E. coli O157:H7 in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, P<0.0001).” 

- 	“Vaccinated cattle were 98.3 percent less likely to be colonized by *E. coli* O157:H7 in TRM (odds ratio = 0.014, *P*<0.0001).”

## Cattle in the vaccinated region were 62% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than cattle in the unvaccinated region (p=0.002)

- Cattle in the vaccinated region were 62% less likely to shed *E. coli* O157:H7 than cattle in the unvaccinated region (p=0.002)

- Within commingled pens vaccinated cattle were 58% less likely to shed *E. coli* O157:H7 than unvaccinated cattle (p=0.005)

## Beef Industry’s Commitment to Safety

- Interventions, both pre- and post-harvest are vital parts of a system of hurdles in beef production and processing
- No “silver-bullet” for common application and because of the multi-hurdle system, one intervention does not have to be

## These procedures cannot be applied to replace...
Good manufacturing practices such as:
Equipment hygiene during production
Employee hygiene and hand washing
Sanitation – before, during and after operations
Proper chilling:
proper time & temperature
product and carcass spacing to insure air flow
Continuous employee training for proper technique

- Good manufacturing practices such as:
- Equipment hygiene during production
- Employee hygiene and hand washing
- Sanitation – before, during and after operations
- Proper chilling:
- proper time & temperature
- product and carcass spacing to insure air flow
- Continuous employee training for proper technique

## Beef Safety FY 2007 Priorities

**Pathogen Management**
- Pre-harvest - pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions
- Post-harvest – sustained activity of multiple interventions
**Key knowledge**
- 	Non-O157
- In 10,159 samples (carcass, trim and ground beef),    15 isolates are serotypes that match CDC top 6; a fraction of these have the ability to cause disease

## 	Distillers grains
Few studies
Variations of corn with DG 
Conflicting data - too early to tell

	MDR Salmonela
Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness

	Effectiveness of interventions
MDR Salmonella
Non-O157
O157
Salmonella

- Few studies
- Variations of corn with DG
- Conflicting data - too early to tell
- 	MDR Salmonela
- Strains in cattle not the same as those linked to human illness
- 	Effectiveness of interventions
- MDR Salmonella
- Non-O157
- O157
- Salmonella

## Beef Industry Food Safety Council
Best practices evolvement
Beef Industry Safety Summit
Unify industry to address major safety issues
www.bifsco.org update and redesign

- Best practices evolvement
- Beef Industry Safety Summit
- Unify industry to address major safety issues
- _[www.bifsco.org](http://www.bifsco.org/)_ update and redesign

## Education/Dissemination
Research Annual Report
Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resources
Develop educational modules and meetings
Host industry meetings
www.beefresearch.org

- Research Annual Report
- Fact sheets, executive summaries, web resources
- Develop educational modules and meetings
- Host industry meetings
- _[www.beefresearch.org](http://www.beefresearch.org/)_

## Beef Safety FY 2008 Priorities

**Safety Threat Research**
- Pre-harvest – pathogen ecology, management practices, interventions, emerging pathogens, resistance development
- Post-harvest – survey use of BP and interventions, risk assessment for processed product, optimization of current interventions
- Projects completed May 2009

## Safety Threat Monitoring

BIFSCo
Safety Summit
Small plant outreach
Best Practices
Videos

Implementation & Knowledge Transfer
Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, fact sheets
Web resources

**BIFSCo**
- Safety Summit
- Small plant outreach
- Best Practices
- Videos
**Implementation & Knowledge Transfer**
- Annual report, executive summaries, white papers, fact sheets
- Web resources

## Safety Interventions & Best Practices

**1992**

**1994**

**1996**

**2002**

**1998**

**2000**

**2004**

**2008**

**2008**
**Video of BPs**

**Carcass microbial mapping**

**2003**
***E. coli***** Summit**

**1997**
**Founding of BIFSCo**

**Steam/thermal pasteurization**

**Acidified sodium chlorite**

**Steam vacuum**

**Organic acid wash**

**1993**
**Blue Ribbon Task Force**

**2006**

**Best Practice evolution**
** ****and Safety Summits**

**1990**

**Hide wash**

**Cattle washing**

**Vaccine**

**Sodium chlorate**

**On farm ecology**

**Neomycin**

**Direct fed microbials**

**2006**
**BIFSCo cited as model for other industries**

**Transportation and lairage**

## Perspectives, Research, and Moving Forward

- Mandy Carr, Ph.D.
- Executive Director, Beef Safety Research
- National Cattlemen’s Beef Association