# Presentation: 172321

## U.S.Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)Update

**Mitch Narins**
**Air Traffic Organization**
**Navigation Services**
**May 2006**

**Notes:**
ICAO, (the International Civil Aviation Organization), has committed to transition to satellite navigation.
ICAO’s program for Satellite Navigation is called GNSS which stands for Global Navigation Satellite System.
A critical component of GNSS is the development of Space Based Augmentation Systems also called SBAS.
Today I am going to talk about the FAA’s implementation of SBAS which is the Wide Area Augmentation System.

## Evolution of IFR Navigation in the National Airspace

- 1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020

- Four-course
- range

- NDB

- VOR, DME,
- Tacan

- Instrument Landing System

- Microwave Landing
- System

- Loran C

- GPS

- WAAS

- LAAS

- Gone

- Gone

- Almost Gone

- Research

## FY 2004 Operations & Maintenance Budget Allocation for Navigation Systems

**FY 2004 Operations & Maintenance Budget Allocation for Navigation Systems**

**Precision Approach Systems Account for Approximately 42% of the Navigation Services Systems and almost 50% of the Annual O&M Budget Allocation for Navigation Services.**
- ALS – Approach Lighting System
- GS – Glide Slope
- IM – Inner Marker
- LOC - Localizer
- LOM – Locator Outer Marker
- MALS – Medium Intensity ALS
- MALSR – MALS w/Runway Alignment
- MM – Middle Marker
- OM – Outer Marker
- RVR – Runway Visual Range
- SSALR – Simplified Short ALS
- SSALS – Simplified Short ALS

## Intl Cooperation..... A Necessity

**Approx. 77 million sq. km of total airspace**
**Largest area of all ANSPs (Australia 2nd at 47 million sq. km)**
**15.15% of earth’s surface**

**Notes:**
The ATO provides Air Navigation Services to approximately 77 million square kilometers of domestic and international airspace delegated to the U.S. by the International Civil Aviation Organization, or ICAO.
US controlled airspace = 77,390,000 sq km  /  22,560,000 sq nmi  /  Controlled airspace is 15.17% of earth’s surface area
Ranked providers by size are  1) U.S.,  2) Australia (47,030,000 sq km), 3) S. Africa (31,160,000 sq km), 4) Russia (29,540,000 sq km), 5) New Zealand (28,990,000 sq km)

In support of this vast area, the ATO operates an air traffic management system that is by far the most complex and, with over 40 million aircraft handled each year, heavily used in the world.

As an integral part of this responsibility, the ATO directly interfaces on a range of ANS issues with some 18 foreign air navigation service providers that control adjacent airspace.  These issues range from cooperation on live Air Traffic Control operations to supporting infrastructure linkages like voice and data.

The ATO must maintain a high level of safety at all of our domestic and international borders.

## Moving To a Performance Based NAS

- Name:  Phil LemanDate:  June 2, 2005

**Moving To a Performance Based NAS**

**FAA’s Goal Is To Design An Integrated, Performance Based National Airspace System That Can Meet The Needs Of Tomorrow And Satisfy ICAO’s Vision Of A Safe, Secure, And Seamless International Air Transportation System**

## What Is “Performance-Based” Navigation?

**An End-to-End Air Transportation System Based On Performance Standards Rather Than Specific Technologies Or Equipment**
- Area Navigation (RNAV)
- Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
**Recognizes The Ability Of Modern Aircraft  To Operate Safely And Efficiently Using A Variety Of On-Board Systems and External Signals**

## GPS Background

**Designed as a dual-use system**
- Military applications for US and Allied use
- Civilian applications for worldwide use
- Open signal specification available to industry and all users, both US and International
**GPS not originally designed to do many of the civil applications being done today**
- Modernization program in progress
**Consistent U.S. National Policy from both Executive and Legislative branches**
- U.S. Public Law - December 1997
- U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Policy – March 1996; updated December 2004

## GPS User Range Error (URE) History

**Notes:**
While not actual accuracy available to the user today it translates to relative accuracy improvements and with the addition of an additional civil frequency (L2C or L5) it gets close to actual dual frequency performance.

GPS Spec
PDOP (Geometry) Availability
Specification - PDOP of 6 or Less, 98% of the time
Actual - 99.98798%
Horizontal Service Availability
Specification - 95% Threshold of 36 meters, 99% of the Time
Actual – 2.74 meters
Vertical Service Availability
Specification - 95% Threshold of 77 meters, 99% of the Time
Actual – 3.89 meters
User Range Error
Specification - 6 meters or Less, Constellation Average
Actual – see above

## GPS Modernization Path

**Block IIA/IIR**

**Block III**

**Block IIR-M, IIF**

_**Block IIIA**_**:**
**Increased anti-jam power**
**Increased security**
**Increased accuracy**
**Navigation surety**
**Backward compatibility**
**Assured availability**
**Controlled integrity**
**4th civil signal (L1C)**

_**IIR-M**_**: IIA/IIR capabilities plus**
**2nd civil signal (L2C)**
**M-Code (L1M & L2M)**
** **
_**IIF**_**: IIR-M capability plus**
**3rd civil signal (L5)**

_**Basic GPS**_
**Std Service (16-24m SEP)**
**Single frequency (L1)**
**Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation**
**Precise Service (16m SEP)**
**Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y)**
**Y-Code navigation**

**GPS Modernization Path**

**Notes:**
Now in orbit	II-3, IIA-17, IIR-9
To go   IIR-3, IIRM-7/8, IIF-16, III-30

IIR-M and IIF additional frequencies gets you to chart three values.

Block IIIA L1C gets better than chart 3, initial move towards providing space-based integrity

## GPS Modernized Signals

**L1 C/A – Available on all satellites**
- Backwards compatible for existing civil and military applications
**L2C - First available with IIR-M launch 21 Sep 05**
- Configuration of signal determined via interagency process
- Use for non-safety of flight applications, not in ARNS band
**L5 - First available with first GPS IIF launch (2007)**
- Improved signal structure enhances  performance
- WRC-2000 added signal component to protected aeronautical band
- Interoperable with Galileo L1
**L1C - First available with first GPS III launch (2013)**
- Data-less signal component improves tracking performance
- Interoperable with Galileo L1

## New U.S. Policy

**U.S. Space-based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Policy **
- Released by the President - December 15, 2004
- Replaced the 1996 U.S. GPS Policy
**Provide updated, comprehensive, and responsive guidance**
- Improved management processes for all space-based PNT issues

## WAAS

**Operational System – Commissioned July 2003**
**Enhances Navigation In All Phases Of Flight**
- Enroute, Arrival, and Departure:
- Provides 100% Availability Of GNSS For Even The Most Critical RNP or RNAV Operations
- Provides Coverage At All Altitudes From 100,000 Feet To The Surface
- Provides Navigation Services To Users That Are Not Currently Served
- Approach:
- Enhances Safety By Providing Vertical Guidance To Every Runway End In The Coverage Area
- No Ground Hardware Required At Airport to Acquire Signal
- Allows IFR Operations To All Qualified Airports

**Notes:**
Procedure #s as of Oct 27th:
GPS – 1222
LNAV – 2494
LNAV/VNAV – 823
LPV – 292

WAAS Avionics –
Currently over 3,000 Garmin units sold

## WAAS Operations

**FAA Technical Center continuously monitors the WAAS system Performance**
- 99% coverage over CONUS
- There have been no HMIs since system inception
- WAAS has experienced a number of outages since commissioning
- Omits short outages due to GUS switchovers and minor ionospheric disturbances
- Equates to 99.87% availability
**Outages are classified into 4 categories**
- Total SIS outage (AOR-W, POR, or both)
- Major IONO storm (loss of service over all or most of CONUS)
- Minor IONO storm (loss of service over a portion of CONUS
- GUS switchovers
- Many have occurred since commissioning.  Adverse effect when there is not dual GEO coverage
- User can lose LPV WAAS service for up to 5 minutes
**WAAS has experienced several outages as of late during the upgrade process**

**Notes:**
The integrity requirement for enroute is 10-7 per hour, the approach integrity requirement is 10-7 per approach
  The time to alert requirement is 6 seconds for all phases of flight
  The accuracy specification for WAAS is 2.5m in both the horizontal and vertical 95% of the time.  Currently, WAAS is experiencing 1.676m vertical and 1.040m horizontal accuracy (based on the Jan – Mar 2005 PAN report)
The availability requirement is 99.5% and 100% for LPV and LNAV respectively

## WAAS Architecture

## WAAS LPV Availability

## WAAS Schedule

**WAAS Commissioned**
**Full LPV Performance**
- 13 additional reference stations
- Improved software efficiency
- System improvements will be brought online incrementally
- End state performance will result in greater availability of approach with vertical guidance (LPV - 250 foot minimums)
- 99% CONUS
- 95% in most of Alaska
**Two GEOs in view to all users over all ****CONUS and Alaska**
**GLS Development**
- L5 frequency (block IIF & GPS III)
- Better interference mitigation
**Procedure Development ~ 300/yr**

**2003**
**2003 – 2008**

**2007**

**2015**

**2004 – 2028**

**Notes:**
L5 – 1176.45 MHz

Cost to develop a procedure – Approx 45K each.
So figure $13.5M a year for 300.  That includes cost of survey and procedure development.

## Development Activities: LPV

**Hardware**
- 13 Additional Wide Area Reference Stations To Improve Availability And Coverage
- 4 Alaska
- 5 Mexico
- 4 Canada
- Equipment Upgrade Using Commercial Off The Shelf Hardware When Feasible
**Communications**
- Enhancing The Terrestrial Communications Network
**Software**
- More Efficient Integrity Monitor Algorithms
- Enhanced O&M Efficiency
**Prime Contractor - Raytheon**

## Predicted Availability Gains

- WAAS Commissioning - 2003

- Full Capability - 2008

**Availability over the majority of CONUS improves from 99.5% to 99.9%**
**Alaskan availability improves from less than 75% to 99 – 99.9%**
**Significant availability gains in northeast and southern California, Texas, and Florida**

## Regional Cooperation

**USA, Canada, and Mexico Are Working Through The North American Aviation Trilateral (NAAT) To Cooperate On The Implementation of GNSS In The North American Region**
**Canada And Mexico Will Host Additional WAAS Reference Stations **
- 5 Mexico
- Mexico City – Installed August 2005
- Merida – Installed October 2005
- Puerto Vallarta – Installed November 2005
- La Paz – Surveyed in December, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
- Tapachula – Surveyed in December, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
- 4 Canada
- Gander – Installed June 2005
- Goose Bay – Installed September 2005
- Iqaluit – Site Survey Completed August 2004, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
- Winnipeg – Site Survey Completed October 2004, Installation Scheduled for August 2006
**Provides WAAS Coverage In Canada And Mexico, Improves Availability For U.S.**
**Expect Operational In 2006 And 2007 Respectively**

## GEO Satellite Improvements

**Commissioned system utilizes two Inmarsat satellites**
- Main problem is single coverage over the majority of the United States
**Contract Awarded to Lockheed Martin to provide:**
- Leased payloads on up to 3 satellites
- Ground infrastructure to support signal in space
**Currently acquiring two satellite links**
- Provides dual coverage over entire United States
- PanAmSat:  Launched October 13th
- Telesat:  Launched September 9th
**Preliminary acceptance testing for both satellites expected to be complete Spring  2006**
**Expect operational by first quarter FY 07**

**Original AOR/W **
**Position**
**54****W**

**POR**
**178****E**

**New AOR/W **
**Position**
**142****W**

## WAAS – GLS Development

**Will Commence In 2008**
**In USA, GLS Capability Will Require Modernized GPS Constellation**
- Addition Of Second Frequency, L5
- Availability Of L5 For Operational Use By Aviation Expected By 2013
- FAA Ground Upgrade Complete In 2013
**Hardware: **
- Upgrade of Reference Station Receivers To Receive L5
**Software:**
- Broadcast Of WAAS Message On L5
**Will Eliminate Loss Of Vertical Guidance Caused By Ionospheric Storms**
**Full GLS Capability Throughout Coverage Area**
**System Will Be Capable Of Augmenting Other Satellite Navigation System Constellations**

## Summary

**GPS**
- System is robust and operating above specifications
- Modernized system will meet all aviation needs
**WAAS**
- Commissioned For IFR Use On July 10, 2003, Incrementally Improving to Add Capability
- Benefits All Classes Of Aviation Users, Enhancing Navigation In All Phases Of Flight
- Supports RNP And Performance Based NAS
- Aviation Receivers Available Today, More Coming To Market Over Next Three Years
**FAA POC:**
- Leo Eldredge, GNSS Program Manager
- ATO-W, Navigation Services
- 800 Independence Avenue, S.W.
- Washington, D.C. 20591
- leo.eldredge@faa.gov

**Notes:**
In Summary,

WAAS development is on schedule and we expect to commission the system by September.

We are presently engaged in discussions to acquire additional GEO satellite services and expect to have a contract awarded this year.

We have begun our planning to continue the development of WAAS to its full operating capability which we have scheduled for 2007.

And finally, WAAS remains a cornerstone of the modernization of the navigation infrastructure of the national airspace system.