# Presentation: 463185

## Southwest Region Runway Safety Briefing  

**Presented to:  Airports Partnership Conference**
**Presented by:  Paul Erway**
**Date:  March 29, 2006**

## Purpose of the Briefing

**Provide information on Runway Safety**
**Provide some historical context**
**Discuss airfield design issues**

## Why Emphasize Runway Safety? The Consequences Are Clear

**Notes:**
Example of breakdown in communication.
This was a Boeing 747 Dutch Airliner at Tenerife (largest of the Canary Islands).  It collided with another 747, burned and killed 583 people.  This was the worst aviation disaster in aviation history.

The Dutch Captain ignored his 1st officer and took an IFR clearance as a take-off clearance.  He was a revered pilot – and they even had pictures of him on travel posters.

## Slide 4

## Definition of a Surface Incident:

**Definition of a Surface Incident:**

**Any event where unauthorized or   unapproved movement occurs in the movement area that affects or could affect the safety of flight**

**Notes:**
Within 1 mile on final is a major point.  Sometimes when pilot deviation is declared, the rest of the situation does not get the proper attention.  We need to ask “Could ATC have contributed?”  (ie some specialists control the final by withholding landing clearance, this can lead a pilot down the path to a deviation).
Object – runaway stair

## Definition of Runway Incursion:

**Definition of Runway Incursion:**

-    **Any occurrence in the airport runway environment ****(**_***with an operating control tower***_***)***** involving:   **

*an aircraft,**	*
*a vehicle,                        a person, or *
*an object,*

**                                     ****on the ground**** that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of required separation with an aircraft taking off, ****intending**** to take off, landing, or ****intending**** to land *****(within 1 mile).****** ***

**Notes:**
Within 1 mile on final is a major point.  Sometimes when pilot deviation is declared, the rest of the situation does not get the proper attention.  We need to ask “Could ATC have contributed?”  (ie some specialists control the final by withholding landing clearance, this can lead a pilot down the path to a deviation).
Object – runaway stair

## Types of Runway Incursions

- Operational Errors

**Action of an Air Traffic Controller  that results in:**
**Less than required minimum separation between 2 or more aircraft, or between an aircraft and obstacles, (vehicles, equipment, personnel on runways)     or **
**Clearing an aircraft to take off or land on a closed runway**

- Pilot Deviations

**Action of a pilot that violates any Federal Aviation Regulation ****Example: a pilot crosses a  runway without a clearance while enroute to an airport gate**

- Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation

**Pedestrians or vehicles entering  any portion of the airport movement areas (runways/taxiways) without authorization from air traffic control**

**Notes:**
Nearly one runway incursion occurs everyday. 
There were 324 incursions in FY 2003.
There are over 65 million operations a year.
Prior to 9/11 there were 68 million.
It seems like a small number of incursions each year, but they can be and are deadly!

## 1

**All Categories**

**Tower Operations  (millions)**

**4.5**

**6.5**

**5.5**

**6.0**

**7.0**

**4.0**

**5.0**

**Runway Incursion Rate**
**Runway Incursions per 1,000,000 Tower Operations**

**6.2**

**YTD 09/30/05**

**5.2**

**5.2**

**66.19**

**64.96**

**62.78**

**63.11**

**Rate est. 5.1 **

**5.2**

**RUNWAY INCURSIONS**

## Runway Incursions Category A&B

**0.080**

**66.19**

**64.96**

**Tower Operations  (millions)**

**Category A&B Runway**** ****Incursion Rate**
**Runway Incursions per 100,000 Tower Operations**

**YTD 09/30/05**

**0.06**

**0.10**

**0.08**

**0.09**

**0.07**

**0.05**

**0.04**

**0.057**

**62.78**

**53**

**37**

**32**

**28**

** ****0.051**

**63.10**

**29**

**GPRA Annual (FY05) Performance Limit (36)**

** ****0.047**

**Rate est 0.047**

**3**

## Runway Safety Program

**Mission of ASW Runway Safety Team:**
***To improve Runway Safety in the Southwest Region by decreasing the number and severity of Surface Incidents and Runway Incursions.***

## Location of all Runway Collisions at Towered Airports Since 1990 in USA.

**10,000 x150**

- xx

- xx

**ATL**
**1/90**

**DTW**
**12/90**

**LAX**
**2/91**

**STL**
**11/94**

**SRQ**
**3/00**

**VNY**
**10/01**

**Traffic Flow**

**Location of all Runway Collisions at Towered Airports Since 1990 in USA.**

**Notes:**
Note the traffic flow.
Location covers approximately the 1st half of the runway.
Last example is where 2 general aviation aircraft collided and burned in  Van Nuys, CA.

## Location of Runway Fatalities at Towered Airports since 1990 in USA, with CY 2000 and 2001 Category A and B Runway Incursions.

**10,000 x150**

- xx

- xx

**Traffic Flow**

**Collisions**

**2001 A Events**

**2000 A Events**

**2001 B Events**

**2000 B Events**

**DTW**
**12/90**

**LAX**
**2/91**

**SRQ**
**3/00**

**ATL**
**1/90**

**STL**
**11/94**

- 2/3 of runway

**Location of Runway Fatalities at Towered Airports since 1990 in USA, with CY 2000 and 2001 Category A and B Runway Incursions.**

**Notes:**
Most A’s and B’s occurred on the first 2/3 of the runway or the first 60% of the runway.
Avoid crossing the runway on the first 2/3 of the runway.  
Don’t let the tower put you into position and hold and keep you there more than a minute or so – they can forget you are there.  Call the tower if that happens to you.

##      Airport complexity greatly influences the number and     rate of runway incursions

- LAX

- STL

- IAD

- 33 Incursions

- 29 Incursions

- 4 Incursions

**Notes:**
Airport geometry plays a major role as to the number of incursions.  LAX has closely spaced parallel runways. There is no room for perimeter taxiways.  Exiting onto a high speed taxiway can put you right back on the parallel active runway.
St. Louis has bad geometry!
Dulles is the only airport designed by the federal government (FAA).

## Some Intersections are Trickier than Others

**Some Intersections are Trickier than Others**

## Building a Safety Culture: What Organizations Can Do

**Define a clear policy regarding human error**
- Accept error but not intentional non-compliance
**Revise procedures where appropriate**
**Use confidential reporting systems to uncover threats (ASAP)**
**Analyze events**
**Provide formal training in threat and error management – CRM as Threat and Error Management**

## The Reason ModelDeveloped by Prof. James Reason

**Accident  Trajectory**

**Defenses or Barriers**

**Gaps or Weaknesses in the**
** ****Defenses or Barriers**

- BANG

## Linking Airport Hazards, Controls, Barriers & Recovery Measures to Tasks

**Linking Airport Hazards, Controls, ****Barriers & Recovery Measures to Tasks**

**H**
**A**
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**C**
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**RI**

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**ACCIDENT**

**Barriers**

**Threats**

**Recovery Preparedness Measures**

**Airport Owner**

**FAA ATM**

**Airport Ops**

**Rescue and Fire Fighting**

**Airport Security**

**State DoT**

**Airport Tenants**

**Policies**

**Culture**

**Activities**

**Activities**

**Projects A - Z**

**Operations**

**Oversight**

**Project A - Z**

**Oversight**

**Project A**

**Training**

**Cooperation**

**Compliance**