# Presentation: 362651

## Doug Michael
Sep. 16, 2002

- Sep. 16, 2002

- Proton Intensity for
-  the NuMI Beamline

## Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI)

- 1.9 second cycle time
- 4x1013 protons/pulse
- 0.4 MW!
- Single turn extraction (10s)
- 4x1020 protons/year
- 700 m x 2 m diameter decay pipe for neutrino beam.
- 200 m rock absorber.
- Near detector complex.

- Near detector

## The Fermilab Accelerator Complex

-  Current nominal plan for NuMI:
-  Booster filled with 5e12
-   protons and accelerated
-   to 8 GeV.
-  Six batches injected into
-   Main Injector, 5 of which
-   go to the NuMI target.
-  2.5e13 protons / 1.9 s cycle
-  2.3e20 protons/ year compared to design 3.8e20/year. Maybe Less!

## NuMI Proton Intensity Math

- Note: Other uses of Main Injector protons and cycles will decrease the
-           proton intensity for MINOS. Test beam running will presumably
-           be kept small enough to keep impact <10%. CKM or other
-           experiments could have larger impacts, possibly around 30-40%.

## Accelerates beam to 400 MeV for injection to the Booster.
Typical operating ability ~45mA of which only a fraction is used.
No serious issues here with the possible exception of details of injection of the beam into the Booster.
One can keep filling the Booster with more and more LINAC beam, the problem is keeping it in the Booster once it is there.

- Typical operating ability ~45mA of which only a fraction is used.
- No serious issues here with the possible exception of details of injection of the beam into the Booster.
- One can keep filling the Booster with more and more LINAC beam, the problem is keeping it in the Booster once it is there.

- The Proton LINAC

## 8 GeV Synchrotron with 15 Hz resonant magnet ramps.
Currently accelerates ~4.5e12 protons per cycle. Limited by proton losses (7e12 injected)
For NuMI/MiniBooNE, the Booster must:
Increase typical acceleration cycle rate from ~2 Hz capability to ~12 Hz (with many possible steps on the way)
Increase protons per cycle from typical 4.5e12 to 5-6e12.
Increase protons per year from ~3e19 to ~1.5e21... radiation and activation issues.
Decrease longitudinal emittance from ~0.15 eVs to ~ 0.07-0.1 eVs for MI stacking.

- Currently accelerates ~4.5e12 protons per cycle. Limited by proton losses (7e12 injected)
- For NuMI/MiniBooNE, the Booster must:
- Increase typical acceleration cycle rate from ~2 Hz capability to ~12 Hz (with many possible steps on the way)
- Increase protons per cycle from typical 4.5e12 to 5-6e12.
- Increase protons per year from ~3e19 to ~1.5e21... radiation and activation issues.
- Decrease longitudinal emittance from ~0.15 eVs to ~ 0.07-0.1 eVs for MI stacking.

- The 8 GeV Booster

## Hardware upgrades to permit faster cycle time. (Some already planned.)
New extraction septum magnet
New extraction power supplies
Upgraded/revamped RF power?
New hardware to help stabilize the beam, reduce proton losses and yield sufficiently small emittance on extracted beam to permit Barrier RF stacking in the Main Injector:
Ramped correctors (already planned/installed) 
New collimators  (already planned)
Larger diameter RF cavities 
Inductive inserts 
Additional acceleration RF harmonic cavities
Reduce space-charge at injection time by spreading beam out
Reduce longitudinal emittance at extraction

- New extraction septum magnet
- New extraction power supplies
- Upgraded/revamped RF power?
- New hardware to help stabilize the beam, reduce proton losses and yield sufficiently small emittance on extracted beam to permit Barrier RF stacking in the Main Injector:
- Ramped correctors (already planned/installed)
- New collimators  (already planned)
- Larger diameter RF cavities
- Inductive inserts
- Additional acceleration RF harmonic cavities
- Reduce space-charge at injection time by spreading beam out
- Reduce longitudinal emittance at extraction

- Booster Improvements

## 150 GeV synchrotron run at 120 GeV (or lower) for NuMI.
Circumference = 7x Booster: Room for 6 Booster batches. Antiproton production uses just one batch per cycle. The remainder are available for other experiments, NuMI being the primary user for the forseeable future.
Minimum cycle time at 120 GeV = 1.5 s. Cycle time for multi-batch NuMI operation = 1.9 s due to multiple Booster cycles for filling.
Nominal design for 2.5e13 protons per cycle. With only small modifications can probably handle up to 5-6e13. The main issue is how to get them there. There may be some stability issues too but this remains to be seen.
To go higher than ~6e13 protons per cycle, additional RF power will be needed as well as additional systems to maintain stability.

- 150 GeV synchrotron run at 120 GeV (or lower) for NuMI.
- Circumference = 7x Booster: Room for 6 Booster batches. Antiproton production uses just one batch per cycle. The remainder are available for other experiments, NuMI being the primary user for the forseeable future.
- Minimum cycle time at 120 GeV = 1.5 s. Cycle time for multi-batch NuMI operation = 1.9 s due to multiple Booster cycles for filling.
- Nominal design for 2.5e13 protons per cycle. With only small modifications can probably handle up to 5-6e13. The main issue is how to get them there. There may be some stability issues too but this remains to be seen.
- To go higher than ~6e13 protons per cycle, additional RF power will be needed as well as additional systems to maintain stability.

- The Main Injector

- Recycler Ring

- Main Injector

## Additional RF power
 More power for extra proton intensity
 Reduction in cycle time
Reduction in Cycle Time
Machine tuning
Additional RF with modified RF cavities
Additional magnet power supplies
New  damper electronics and components.
 Necessary to go to higher intensity.
Immediate gains of 30% or more
Collimators to protect sensitive components from beam losses.
Barrier RF stacking: 
Appears promising for increasing protons accelerated to 120 GeV by 60%. Compared to single batch slip stacking for pbar production will increase the protons to NuMI by as much as a factor of 2.4!
Requires well-behaved Booster
Requires new barrier RF systems in Main Injector.
Fast “Recycler” stacking:
Uses barriers and an RF ramp to stack. Very similar to barrier stacking but possibly with less longitudinal emittance blow-up.

-  More power for extra proton intensity
-  Reduction in cycle time
- Reduction in Cycle Time
- Machine tuning
- Additional RF with modified RF cavities
- Additional magnet power supplies
- New  damper electronics and components.
-  Necessary to go to higher intensity.
- Immediate gains of 30% or more
- Collimators to protect sensitive components from beam losses.
- Barrier RF stacking:
- Appears promising for increasing protons accelerated to 120 GeV by 60%. Compared to single batch slip stacking for pbar production will increase the protons to NuMI by as much as a factor of 2.4!
- Requires well-behaved Booster
- Requires new barrier RF systems in Main Injector.
- Fast “Recycler” stacking:
- Uses barriers and an RF ramp to stack. Very similar to barrier stacking but possibly with less longitudinal emittance blow-up.

- Main Injector Improvements

## Barrier RF Stacking

- The injection is done with normal 53 MHz RF off. The first Booster batch is injected.

## Barrier RF Stacking

-  A square-wave accelerating barrier moves through the first batch, increasing
- the momentum and shifting the position of the coasting protons.
-  A second Booster batch is then injected just at the leading edge of the square wave.

## Barrier RF Stacking

-  The barrier keeps moving and new Booster batches are added until the MI is full.
-  At this point, the 53 MHz RF is switched on slowly and the protons are adiabatically
-   captured (takes 10 ms) for acceleration.
-  Nominally twice as many protons are then in the Main Injector.

## Very new idea from Foster and MacLachlan
De-bunched Booster batches are injected into the MI and then an RF ramp is applied along with moving barriers at each end. The ramp does most of the work of stacking.
Once the beams are stacked, they are adiabatically captured in 53 MHz buckets.
Many similar issues as barrier stacking.
See the movie!

- De-bunched Booster batches are injected into the MI and then an RF ramp is applied along with moving barriers at each end. The ramp does most of the work of stacking.
- Once the beams are stacked, they are adiabatically captured in 53 MHz buckets.
- Many similar issues as barrier stacking.
- See the movie!

- Fast "Recycler" Stacking

## 2002-2003: Define 5 year improvement program
Relatively small factors from several improvements can make a big overall difference:
Year		Possible Protons	Tasks
   2002		1.5e20		Current capability
	2003		2.0e20		Booster/MI damping
	2004		2.5e20		Booster/MI RF
	2005		4.0e20		Booster/MI RF/power, stack
	2006		5.0e20		Booster/MI RF/power, stack
	2007		5.5e20		MI cycle time, stack
	2008 		6.0e20

.

- Relatively small factors from several improvements can make a big overall difference:
- Year		Possible Protons	Tasks
-    2002		1.5e20		Current capability
- 	2003		2.0e20		Booster/MI damping
- 	2004		2.5e20		Booster/MI RF
- 	2005		4.0e20		Booster/MI RF/power, stack
- 	2006		5.0e20		Booster/MI RF/power, stack
- 	2007		5.5e20		MI cycle time, stack
- 	2008 		6.0e20
- .

- Improvement Schedule?

## Intensity vs Funding

- Rough correlation between the total funding level
- and the number of protons which can be accelerated
- to 120 GeV per year in 2005 and 2008.

## Very Rough Costs

## Fermilab Beams Division is currently very busy with collider issues. These overlap with NuMI proton intensity issues at perhaps the 20% level. Currently, there is a large effort on the Recycler, nominally lasting through January 2003.
We are beginning to work with Fermilab Management to define a directed investment program for NuMI proton intensity. Some level of investment will certainly be undertaken for MINOS.
The Directors indicate that the level at which they are prepared to invest in the NuMI beamline may depend on plans for future experiments, off-axis in particular.
We are working on building a “MINOS army” of people working on accelerator issues. We have a bi-weekly meeting to help integrate new people into the work and to keep focus on the relevant issues. (This is a phone/Web meeting so it is possible to join from afar.)
There are many opportunities for outside collaboration and contribution. Work on this could/should be considered a contribution towards a new off-axis experiment.

- We are beginning to work with Fermilab Management to define a directed investment program for NuMI proton intensity. Some level of investment will certainly be undertaken for MINOS.
- The Directors indicate that the level at which they are prepared to invest in the NuMI beamline may depend on plans for future experiments, off-axis in particular.
- We are working on building a “MINOS army” of people working on accelerator issues. We have a bi-weekly meeting to help integrate new people into the work and to keep focus on the relevant issues. (This is a phone/Web meeting so it is possible to join from afar.)
- There are many opportunities for outside collaboration and contribution. Work on this could/should be considered a contribution towards a new off-axis experiment.

- What is Happening Now

## Use the recycler ring as a stacker for Booster protons and injector to the MI.
MI can spend its entire time ramping. (Hopefully with as little as 1.0 s ramp cycle time for the MI.)
Is recycler needed for BTeV?
Beam power approaching 1 MW should be possible
Build a new 8 GeV proton driver to replace the current LINAC/Booster.
Synchrotron Option
Initial MI beam power of 1 MW, upgradable to 2 MW
~$200M first phase + $?M second phase
LINAC Option
Build ala TESLA... Acts as a prototype?
Good for electrons and protons
Straight to 2 MW capability?
$300M?
Either option needs additional MI RF and stability improvements. ~$25M.
http://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/8GeV  for latest update on Study II report.

- MI can spend its entire time ramping. (Hopefully with as little as 1.0 s ramp cycle time for the MI.)
- Is recycler needed for BTeV?
- Beam power approaching 1 MW should be possible
- Build a new 8 GeV proton driver to replace the current LINAC/Booster.
- Synchrotron Option
- Initial MI beam power of 1 MW, upgradable to 2 MW
- ~$200M first phase + $?M second phase
- LINAC Option
- Build ala TESLA... Acts as a prototype?
- Good for electrons and protons
- Straight to 2 MW capability?
- $300M?
- Either option needs additional MI RF and stability improvements. ~$25M.
- _[http://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/8GeV](http://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/8GeV)_  for latest update on Study II report.

- The Longer Term Future

## It is possible to make investments in the existing accelerator complex at Fermilab to make major increases in the proton intensity for the NuMI beamline. 
0.3 MW by 2005
0.6 MW by 2008
1.2 MW by 2010
A new proton driver (replacing the current 8 GeV Booster) can bring the proton power up to ~2(+?) MW.
It is clear that for an off-axis experiment that investment in the proton intensity will be very attractive in addition to construction of a very massive detector. 
There is much work which can be done now and many opportunities for new collaboration.

- 0.3 MW by 2005
- 0.6 MW by 2008
- 1.2 MW by 2010
- A new proton driver (replacing the current 8 GeV Booster) can bring the proton power up to ~2(+?) MW.
- It is clear that for an off-axis experiment that investment in the proton intensity will be very attractive in addition to construction of a very massive detector.
- There is much work which can be done now and many opportunities for new collaboration.

- Conclusions